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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S.
+Rafinesque
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The American Nations, Vol. I.
+
+Author: C. S. Rafinesque
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF‐8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
+
+
+
+
+                          The American Nations;
+
+                                   Or,
+
+                     Outlines of A National History;
+
+                                  Of The
+
+                        Ancient and Modern Nations
+
+                                    Of
+
+                         North and South America
+
+                        By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.
+
+                                Volume I.
+
+                               Philadelphia
+
+                      Published by C. S. Rafinesque,
+
+                       No. 110 North Tenth Street.
+
+                                   1836
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Prospectus.
+Dedication.
+Preface.
+Chapter I.
+Chapter II.
+Chapter III.
+Chapter IV.
+Chapter V.
+Chapter VI.
+Chapter VII.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PROSPECTUS.
+
+
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in advance for Six Numbers or Volumes,
+similar to this, of nearly 300 pages—each separate Number sold for one
+Dollar, or more when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter. At present the principal
+Booksellers may act as such.
+
+The Names of the Subscribers will be printed in a subsequent Number.
+
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals and their illustrations in 12
+Numbers or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to subscribers will only be
+$10, for which a complete American Historical Library will be obtained.
+
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes are secured whatever be their
+future price, and will be sent by mail: a similar sum will be due when the
+7th number is issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 at once, will be
+deemed Patrons of the work.
+
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, is entitled to a 6th gratis.
+Agents will be allowed 20 per cent commission.
+
+The price of this Number by itself is One Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six
+copies.
+
+It contains an introduction, general view, account of materials and
+cataclysms, the Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian Language,
+notes, tables, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+To The
+
+Society Of Geography
+
+Of Paris.
+
+GENTLEMEN:—
+
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and weary researches. This
+homage is due to the public approbation you gave to my first analogous
+labor, my Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of Mankind: which
+I endeavored to trace philologically to the centre of Asia. I had
+announced long ago this history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a
+whole hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. I now offer the
+outlines of it under your auspices.
+
+You have furnished the example of cultivating along with Geography, all
+the auxiliary and connected sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly
+the ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one of its bases. You
+will see that I have followed this practice in availing myself of all the
+sciences to enlighten the history of mankind, the Ethnography and annals
+of nations: above all Philology with Chronology and Geography.
+
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and of the American nations,
+were two subjects quite obscure and neglected, or the least known, of the
+history of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the history of the
+Negro nations: a labor so difficult and luckless as to be despised.
+
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps furnish the bases of such
+history. All the histories of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general and faithful
+history of this hemisphere. I now offer the results of this weary labor.
+
+You will perceive in it many things which have already been said; since it
+is impossible to write history without repetitions; but my plan, the whole
+point of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. You will also
+find many things which were never told or were very improperly presented.
+I shall destroy many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in them
+alone often consist our works upon America.
+
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much is to be related, all
+cannot be told: and I shall be compelled to neglect several minute
+details. I wish to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending _universal histories_, which however, dwell only
+upon one-third of the globe or even less.
+
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ them: I quote only when
+authorities are required to render an opinion more forcible. Every where
+else I merely give the abridgement of my great historical materials in
+manuscript, which are arranged by extracts of authorities, and where they
+may be sought for in case of need.
+
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+
+The Author.
+
+PHILADELPHIA,
+_October 22d, 1833_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In venturing to open a new path in historical researches on the earth and
+mankind, it is incumbent on the bold pioneer to state his views, or at
+least to furnish adequate reasons for deviating so far from the usual
+track.
+
+While every science and branch of knowledge is improving, and has, with
+rapid strides, made continual advances for fifty years past or more, is
+the noble muse of history to be kept stationary forever, by compilers and
+classical plodders? and for America by the foes of the ancient and modern
+nations of a whole hemisphere? No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and tell it.
+
+As the human mind is yet more swayed by authorities, than genius or
+wisdom; high authorities will be given instead of long explanations. Ever
+since the time of Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to write
+historical truth: men often prefer to be amused, deceived, or helped in
+strife; than to be instructed, or receive sketches of former times. Yet
+there is always a secret delight in viewing faithful pictures of ages
+past, of our ancestors on earth, and our predecessors on the soil of our
+homes, or where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+
+The worthies who have been taken for models or guides in this arduous
+undertaking, are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, Plato,
+Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, Gebelin, D’Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly,
+Russell, Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. They shall speak for
+themselves, in quotations of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge and understanding—SOLOMON Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find her—SOL. Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear
+instruction and be wise, and refuse it not—SOL. Pr. 8. v. 33.
+
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM in
+manifestation. BRA in realization. ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH in
+identic passage. ALEIM angels. OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.—MOSES.
+_Genesis ch, 5. v. 1._ Genuine mosaic words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+
+When I laid the foundations of the earth ... the morning stars sung
+together, and the sons of God shouted for joy.—SPEECH OF GOD HIMSELF IN
+JOB ch. 38., _Vulgar translation: the original is still more striking_.
+
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or _Shamaim_, the Heavens—the lower was SHEOL; but SHEOL-TAHTITH or
+inferior, was the place of bad souls and Rephaim. (The true SHEOL was
+America, or the southern hemisphere). The Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job
+had spoken of America.—PETERS, _Dissertation on Job_.
+
+It is very possible for modern learning to understand better the books of
+Moses, Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, than the Egyptian, Greek
+and Roman commentators: because the intellectual knowledge of languages is
+improving; and those ancient writers have, by their genius, approximated
+to us, while removed from the blindness of their ages.—GEBELIN, _Primitive
+World_.
+
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.—ST. PAUL _Corinth._ II. ch.
+3. v. 6. We use great plainness of speech, and not as MOSES who put a veil
+before his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to
+the end of that which is abolished.—_Cor. II. 3. v. 12, 13._—and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart, nevertheless
+when it shall please the Lord, this veil shall be taken away.—_Cor. II. 3.
+v. 15, 16._
+
+To have a right apprehension of words or names, is a good step to the
+knowledge of things.—PLATO _in Cratylo_.
+
+The confusion of words is the cause of all disputes and sects.—D’ISRAELI.
+
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses or total neglect, contradictions
+are inseparable from days of tradition.—There exist no instance of a
+people really savage having spontaneously advanced to civilization. Savage
+men are degenerated or imperfect creatures.... Words and even few are the
+rules of analogies in nations.—NIEBUHR, _Roman History, Vol. I._
+
+It is manifest that there are noble resources (for history) still
+remaining, if we will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. There are
+in every climate some scattered fragments of original history, some traces
+of a primitive and universal language. _Even America would contribute to
+this purpose, the more rude the monuments, the more ancient they may
+possibly prove, and afford greater light on enquiry._ BRYANT, MYTHOLOGY;
+conclusion of the work.
+
+To accumulate materials without generalizing any idea is a method as
+sterile in history as in natural philosophy.—The geology of America does
+not differ essentially from that of the old world, the strata and the
+emersion from the waters are not newer: species long extinct have also
+preceded those now peopling the earth, the waters and the air.—The problem
+of the first population of America is no more the province of history,
+than the questions on the origin of plants and animals. When we shall
+better know the brown men of Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less insulated—They have extended from
+lat. 68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, in plains and mountains,
+assuming various complexions and stature. If Africa has 140 languages,
+America has still more; resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before the
+Romans; but they are susceptible of classification into families. The
+multiplicity of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, perhaps those
+which we call American, belong no more to America, than the Magyar and
+Choud or Finn to Europe.—HUMBOLDT, _American Researches, Introduction_.
+
+If we desire to be fully informed of a nation’s history, we must not
+reject the fables under which the few traces that remain of its origin are
+concealed. These, however extravagant, always merit attention they have an
+influence on the character of the people to whom they relate.—_First words
+of_ MALCOLM, _History of Persia_.
+
+The Chinese often call the king, the kingdom and the nation by the same
+name, nay, even also the capital city.—REGIS, _History of Corea, in
+Duhalde China_.
+
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50;
+which is also the native place of all the domestic animals, fruits and
+grains.—_Adelung, Bailly, Higgins, &c._
+
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses from older annals, some perhaps by
+Noah himself.—_Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder._
+
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of Hindus were nations,
+personifications of early tribes.—_Drummond, D’Olivet, Wilford._
+
+The early gods and kings of Greece and Italy, were probably tribes, the
+chiefs and followers being called by the same name. This is true also of
+the various Hercules or wandering Heroes.—_Dodwell, Jamieson._
+
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans will appear to be children of
+the earliest human families.—BARTON, _Physical Journal_.
+
+A flood of historical light has lately flown from India and Asia; but we
+lack still the real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America may yet supply
+many facts and fill some blanks.—The original seat of civilization was
+between the Ganges and the Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.—The first
+tribes after the flood were fishermen and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and shepherds south west, as far as
+Cape of Good hope.—PRITCHARD, _Physical History of Man_.
+
+The genealogy of the kings of England is derived direct from Noah in 25
+generations only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex in 495; and through SCEAF
+born in the ark! giving more than 125 years for each generation, which is
+impossible, and proves these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.—INGRAM, _Saxon Chronicle_.
+
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians are a peculiar race, perhaps in
+Africa before the flood.—CHAMPOLLION, _Systeme Hieroglyphique_.
+
+The languages are better guides than physical characters for researches on
+mankind, and roots more important than grammars.—KLAPROTH.
+
+Language belongs to man from origin, he never was a dumb animal, else he
+would always have remained so. All languages have something in common, and
+something peculiar.—BEATTIE, _Theory of Language_.
+
+A thousand nations with a thousand idioms, are spread over a thousand
+places on earth. Thrown against each other like the waves of the sea, they
+blend and tend to unity. Several rival languages are formed, polished by
+contract, which overspread the earth; and break to pieces as well as
+nations and empires. Others arise from their ruins, and strive again for
+ascendency, until at last a people and language, son and daughter of all
+the previous nations and idioms, heirs of their dominion and wealth; shall
+perhaps invade the whole earth, and produce again the unity of speech and
+rule.—D’OLIVET, _End of Hebrew Grammar_.
+
+It is said, _In the beginning God made Heaven and Earth_, that is to say,
+the seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter was yet in confusion in
+a potential way.—ST. AUGUSTINE _on Genesis_.
+
+In the whole _Mosaic text_ there is no Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no
+woman, no snake, no ark ... but other words thus improperly translated to
+veil the sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, _Aish_ intellectual
+men, _Ashe_ mate or potent will, HUE our Eve is living existence!... The
+names of patriarchs are all expressive of operations of mankind.... Yet
+Moses’ Unity of God, and Belief in Immortality is evident throughout;
+although so obscured by the translation as to have been doubted.... Moses
+with his veils is made absurd; raising the veils he appears wise, deep,
+consistent, even more enlightened than our age on many points.—D’OLIVET,
+_Notes on Genesis_.
+
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses are taken in their material sense,
+inextricable difficulties have arisen; and which is the true version out
+of the 3 is doubtful: the deep mosaic meaning and import shall never be
+known, until the ancient lost science of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and Europe.—D’OLIVET, _last note_.
+
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, where Rezoan was his successor,
+and exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and Peacock tribes his followers,
+Adam was exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.—PRICE, _Translation of
+Abijauffer’s History of Arabia_.
+
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven Menus, the seventh was Noah.—SIR W.
+JONES, _Laws of Menu_. WILFORD.
+
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years after the flood, 2790 years after
+Adam.—RUSSELL, _Connection of Sacred History_.
+
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved in fables; but all ancient
+fables have a historical base.—BAILLY, _on Atlantis_.
+
+Before Adam God created the _Dives_ (angels) who had 72 kings or
+_Sol-i-man_ for 7000 years, and after them the _Peris_ govern for 2000
+years.—HERBELOT, _Oriental Library_.
+
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his Ararat was in the Imalaya
+mountains.—SHUCKFORD, WELLS, _Sacred Geography &c._
+
+As early as 4600 years before Christ, there was a communication between
+the Americans and the east by astronomical coincidences.—CARLI, _American
+Letters_.
+
+Two great wars or _Mahabharat_ followed by dispersions of mankind,
+happened in India in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); and the Indian solar
+empire of _Berhut_ at Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations beyond
+the first, at least to 3750 years B. C.—_Institutes of the Emperor_ AKBAR,
+_translated by_ GLADWIN.
+
+Such are my guides. Are not those quotations sufficient?
+
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken for guide, _Isaac Taylor’s_
+excellent history of the transmission of ancient books, London, 1827. They
+may be analysed as follows, from his own summary.
+
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived of their authority, we
+should also be deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+
+2. Dates are of little importance; being anciently expressed by letters,
+they are liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern christians reckon
+5508 years from Adam to Christ.
+
+3. Geography and natural facts are open to criticism.
+
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not always fabulous, but doubtful.
+Natural phenomena if unconnected with omens, may be right.
+
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not belong to history, they are
+ornaments of rhetoric or mere surmises.
+
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they become more certain, if
+corroborated by monuments, inscriptions, coins &c.
+
+7. The silence of a historian does not invalidate the assertions of
+others.
+
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, party spirit, national
+dislike, must be allowed for. The arrogance of the Greeks and Chinese, who
+call barbarians, nations as good as they, is shameful, and must be
+noticed, as well as errors arising from hiding defeats &c.
+
+The independent sources of history besides writers are, 1. remains of
+literature. 2. Chronological documents and astronomical calculations, 3.
+Natural features of nature and mankind, with permanent physical facts, 4.
+Permanent institutions, manners, monuments, languages &c. Lastly, remote
+facts may be certain; although a long while elapsed: whatever be the
+consequence; and even if the first evidence may have been erroneously
+transmitted, or not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence ought never to
+be doubted.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+    GENERAL INTRODUCTION.—_Natural Regions of America._—_Ancient and
+    Modern Nations._—_Historical Periods._
+
+
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no longer divided into 4
+Continents; but must be divided into 3 great parts of the world or
+_Tholomeres_, each containing 3 lesser divisions or _Geotomes_, viz:
+
+I. PROTHOLIA or THOLARKON, the ancient world, containing, 1. Asia, 2.
+Africa, 3. Europe, which are continents.
+
+II. NEOTHOLIA or HESPERIA, the new world, containing, 1. _Atalia_ or North
+America, 2. _Columbia_ or South America, which are two continents ... and
+3. the _Antilles_ or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the East and North,
+Carib and Lucayes islands.
+
+III. OCEANIA or THOLONESIA, the Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1.
+_Australia_, which is a continent, 2. _Meganesia_ or the great Islands
+from Japan till Ceylan and Madagascar, 3. _Polynesia_, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense groups of archipelagos, or clustered
+islands.
+
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes 6 continents, and 3 groups of
+archipelagos, forming 9 geotomes.
+
+It is of NEOTHOLIA that I write the history, of this third of the world,
+named likewise America, or the two Americas; a double continent, crowned
+in the East and towards the two poles by archipelagos.
+
+Such an extensive part of the world, reaching nearly to both poles, offers
+to our notice and researches a crowd of objects, nations and events. If
+our universal histories which are confined to a small part only of the old
+world, form already bulky collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it. But, notwithstanding the scanty
+materials which have reached us on its ancient history; the modern annals
+and the old traditions of the nations dwelling there, afford many facts:
+and many auxiliary means contribute to enlarge the previous history, in
+unfolding the origins and revolutions of the nations and empires of both
+Americas. Thus, we shall often have to make a choice or abridge these
+materials, particularly in these outlines of a general history.
+
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles of the empires, kingdoms and
+republics; which were often mere biographies of monarchs and chiefs,
+conquerors and tyrants. We begin now to think more of mankind and the
+nations. I shall follow this principle, and trace at last a national
+history of America; this subject is so new, that we have not even yet a
+good history of mankind in Europe, much less in Asia and Africa.
+
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, having settled in it since
+1815, and having travelled in it every year to study the monuments and
+productions thereof: it was since 1818 that I began to conceive the
+possibility of raising the veil that was thrown over the annals of this
+third of the world. I have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to
+consult all the historical works on America, and every other part of the
+world. I have read nearly all the travels in America and other distant
+countries. In the Ebeling library deposited in that of Cambridge
+University near Boston, I have found many ancient works on America, often
+unique in the United States, and very rare even in Europe. There is but a
+small number of rare works, which I have not yet been able to see; I shall
+give a list of them, in order that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My researches upon the languages and
+monuments of America, will compensate this unavoidable neglect, since they
+exceed whatever had been undertaken of the kind. I have thus endeavored to
+collect and compare all the facts relating to my subject.
+
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy writers, who have pretended to
+give us histories of America, and have commonly produced mere sketches of
+it, full of neglects and defects. Such were Robertson, Holmes, Touron,
+Herrera, &c., with a crowd of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region, or the mere first Spanish
+invasions. They have, however, acquired some reputation either by style or
+manner; but they have degraded history, by giving sketches instead of it.
+We must except Herrera, who does not shine by the style; but is at least a
+faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds and colonies during 62 years, from
+1492 till 1552. But Robertson, although praised for his style, is only his
+unfaithful and imperfect imitator, and the obvious slanderer of the
+American nations.
+
+A complete criticism of the writers on America, would be desirable; but
+cannot enter into the plan of these historical outlines; although it may
+find a place in ulterior illustrations. It will be sufficient now to
+indicate that the best works, or those which furnish the greatest number
+of historical materials, are the old writers and travellers, since the
+modern historians and travellers (except Humboldt and a few more) appear
+to forget whatever has already been written on America.
+
+The historian of such an extensive continent, should not be a mere
+annalist; but he ought to know well all the comparative sciences, sisters
+of history, such as chronology, geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &c. He ought also to be a philosopher and a
+philanthropist, to know the natural sciences which become connected with
+history by civilization, agriculture, and geology; he ought, above all, to
+be impartial and a good critic, in order to discard national prejudices,
+and avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. What historian has ever
+united such acquirements? I have tried to acquire them: Have I succeeded?
+I offer my writings as the answer.
+
+My method has been to make copious extracts of all the authors that I
+read. These materials already form a collection of over one hundred books
+of 6000 pages on the history of the earth and mankind: whereof I avail
+myself for all my historical works. I have formed besides another
+collection of iconographic illustrations, maps, plans, monuments, views,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; which may serve
+for proofs and atlas of these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American, consists already in ten great
+books or portfolios; having little hope to be enabled to publish them, I
+wish they might be deposited in a great public library, where they might
+be consulted.
+
+Instead of beginning this history of the Americans by generalities, I
+should wish to conclude the work by such results; but it may frequently be
+needful to deviate from this plan, and present results as they happen to
+arise from the facts and events.
+
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere are often distantly remote,
+and insulated, or little connected in their historical relations. Austral
+America and Boreal America have for instance hardly any historical
+connection: they are as widely separated as China and Europe; but all the
+central parts of America are intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which offer the same relation of
+civilization, languages and annalogies, as the Hindu-European regions and
+nations.
+
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains many distinct regions; but the natural
+or physical regions are not always identic with the historical regions.
+The isthmus of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide the nation as it
+does the two continents of America: and many groups of nations are
+intermingled throughout. The group of ancient ARUAC nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil to Tucuman and
+Magellania. The elder group of TALA or atlantic nations could be traced
+from the Ohio to Mexico, Guatimala and South America in the west.
+
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to keep in mind the great natural
+regions of America, so as to trace through them the vicissitudes of
+mankind in ancient and modern times. Thus we find six such regions in
+North America, and six in South America, with 3 in the Antilles.
+
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, stretching across North America,
+from the streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska in the west, to
+Labrador, Canada and Nova Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by a
+rocky soil, many large lakes and millions of small ones, surrounded near
+the pole and on either side by groups of islands. Its southern limits are
+undefined, but Lake Erie forms one of them.
+
+2. The Californian or Oregon region, stretching from north to south along
+the Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico and Guatimala. It is a region
+of plains and hills.
+
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains and table lands from the
+sources of the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished by volcanoes, a
+dry lofty soil, &c.
+
+4. The Missouri region, extending in vast grassy plains from latitude 50
+to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in woody hills and mountains from
+Maine to Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains and the whole of New
+England appear detached portions of it.
+
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching from Long Island to Florida,
+Mexico, Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long but narrow region of level
+plains, sands and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and islands.
+
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; divided into 3 very natural
+groups.
+
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+
+3. The Carib Islands east and south, commonly volcanic.
+
+The regions of South America are 1. That of the Andes or high volcanic
+mountains extending from Santa Marta to the Island of Chiloé, stretching
+branches east as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The hills of Panama from
+Nicaragua to Choco, are a detached part of it, probably once an island of
+the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached from the Andes, with the
+archipelagos of Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, &c. often
+volcanic.
+
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands along the Pacific Ocean from the
+valleys of Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished by sterility.
+
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded plains east of the Andes from the
+strait of Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by fertile hills, mountains and
+valleys, forming a vast group of high lands connected to the Andes by an
+isthmus.
+
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of shady hills perfectly insulated
+(once a large island) by the plains of the Maranon and Oronoc.
+
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc and Maranon, surrounding the
+mountains of Parima: where deserts, swamps and forests are mixed.
+
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished by peculiar physical,
+and geological features; but they do not coincide with the ethnological
+regions, where the American tribes have spread and intermixed. It would be
+difficult to state here even the most striking of these last. It will be
+the aim of this work to seek for them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern times the European colonies
+and states have invaded them in all directions.
+
+Meantime the population of both Americas, must be distinguished in ancient
+and modern.
+
+In proceeding from the known to the unknown: we ascertain that a multitude
+of nations have come to America since 1492, as colonists or visitors. The
+principal were
+
+1. _Spanish_: who have colonized or conquered from New Mexico to Chili,
+and from Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came not alone, and have
+brought along with them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, 3.
+Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and
+6. Many African-negro nations.
+
+2. _Portugueze_: who have colonized the whole of Brazil, and brought there
+besides many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, Chinese, &c.
+
+3. _English_: Who have colonized the whole eastern side of North America,
+Jamaica and other islands of Antilles, with parts of Yucatan, Honduras,
+Guyana, &c. But they have brought with them, the Welsh, Scotch, Irish,
+Germans, Jews and many African nations.
+
+4. _French_: They colonized Canada, Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib
+islands, Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although conquered in North America
+and Hayti, their language remains. They brought along the Provençals,
+Bretons, Basks, speaking distinct languages, with several African nations.
+
+5. _Scandinavians_: Who partly settled in North America since the 10th
+century, did laterly colonize again Groenland, with Delaware and some
+Carib Islands. They include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+
+6. _Dutch-Hollanders_: Sent colonies to New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c.
+brought Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+
+7. _Russians_: Have invaded and partly settled the north west shores and
+islands of North America; bringing there Cozacs, Calmucs, and several
+other Tartarian subjects.
+
+8. Besides these, several other nations have laterly visited America, or
+settled therein, blending with the above. All the nations of Europe, even
+Hungarians, Polanders, Greeks and Turks, have been brought there. Pirates
+of all nations, even Algerines, have wandered to America. Almost all the
+nations of Africa have been led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and Tartars: while Oceania has sent
+Malays, Madagascars, Hawayans, &c.
+
+This well known fact of the various and anomalous modern population of
+both Americas within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly help us to form a more
+correct estimate of the ancient population and colonization of such vast
+countries during many thousand years previous to 1492.
+
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete list of all the ancient
+nations, who have, or may have colonized the Western hemisphere: this can
+only be done afterwards as a result of the instituted enquiries on the
+subject. Meantime I state as highly probable, even by mere analogy, that
+all the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans, in the Eastern
+hemisphere, have either visited or colonized the Americas; particularly
+from the east, the bold navigators, Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians,
+Lybyans, Etruscans, &c., and from the west the ancient tribes of Tartars
+and Chinese, the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout these historical
+outlines find ample proofs of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated the whole of the Western
+Hemisphere. It shall appear also that these early settlers must have
+brought along many foreign tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be found a kind of classification of
+the ancient nations of both Americas, divided into 25 groups, 14 in North,
+11 in South America. But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: it
+requires a close study of all the American languages, before we can
+ascertain correctly all their mutual affinities, and reduce each to the
+real parent group. Meantime this attempt, and the further correction of it
+in this work, will become very useful historical bases. I give therefore
+the list of the 25 groups, with a well known nation and language as the
+type, to which others may be gradually reduced.
+
+In North America 1. _Uski_ or _Innuit_, type the Esquimaux.
+
+2. _Ongwi_, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+
+3. _Linni_, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+
+4. _Wacash_, type the Chopunish, and Nutkas.
+
+5. _Skerreh_, type the Panis.
+
+6. _Nachez_, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+
+7. _Capaha_, types the Washas or Ozages, and Dacotas or Sioux.
+
+8. _Chactah_, types the Chactahs and Chicasas.
+
+9. _Otali_, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+
+10. _Atalan_, type the Tarascas.
+
+11. _Otomi_, type the Otomis.
+
+12. _Anahuac_, type the Aztecas.
+
+13. _Maya_, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+
+14. _Chontal_, type the Tzendals and Chols.
+
+In South America 15. _Aruac_, types the Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c.
+
+16. _Calina_, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+
+17. _Puris_, type the Maypuris.
+
+18. _Yarura_, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+
+19. _Cuna_, type the Dariens.
+
+20. _Mayna_, type the Panos.
+
+21. _Maca_, type the Muyzcas.
+
+22. _Guarani_, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+
+23. _Mara_, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+
+24. _Lulé_, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+
+25. _Chili_, type the Chilians.
+
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of these outlines, the ample materials
+to be brought together, will extend them perhaps beyond the desirable
+limits. In order to lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing that is
+new or important, the work will be divided into three series.
+
+1st. The annals of South America, where many generalities will be
+introduced, that need not be repeated in the 2d series, on the annals of
+North America.
+
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where will be thrown and collected
+all the collateral proofs, documents, vocabularies of languages,
+manuscript facts and events, essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of South America will first be
+introduced, because of paramount importance. By the Peruvian region is
+meant the whole western part of South America from the equator to the
+southern tropic, and by Austral America, the whole of it from that tropic
+to the Magellanic Islands. The gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil, both physically and
+historically. Austral America includes the countries and nations of Chili,
+Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall often
+be needful to mention their neighbors, with whom they are more or less
+related, and even distant nations that are not always strangers to them.
+
+The ancient nations of Austral America are the least known on many
+accounts, and those on whom most fables and systems have been based. It is
+there that dwell the _Patagons_, who have been believed a peculiar species
+of giants; and those tribes of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed peculiar
+men, with languages without affinities with any other: which will easily
+be proved to be quite false.
+
+If America has had an aboriginal population, or _Autoctons_, men born from
+the soil: it is there they should be found, driven to the south and those
+remote climes by the ancient colonies of other nations; and they should
+offer features, complexions, languages and manners totally different from
+any other. If all the Americans derive from ancient colonies, it is still
+there that ought to be found the primitive tribes, driven on by the
+subsequent colonies and tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most ancient relics of American
+population.
+
+But the origin of the American nations and tribes are only to be
+considered as a branch of their history. The accounts of their dispersion
+and successive settlements, the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions or annals, those of the
+empires which have been founded there in ancient and modern times, the
+study of their civilization and ethnography ... offer surely much more
+interest, and a wide field of historical facts or enquiries.
+
+It appears that as soon as we speak of the ancient Americans, we ought to
+cut the gordian knot, and say whence they came. I do not wish to explain
+beforehand, all my views on this subject. I wish to reserve them for the
+results of the enquiries to be pursued in this work. Yet to satisfy the
+general curiosity expressed on the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any people or tribe totally
+different from any other, or without philological affinities: nor with
+features, complexions, and other physical characters quite peculiar. But
+instead, all the ancient American tribes have numerous affinities between
+each other, and with races of mankind in the Eastern hemisphere: both
+physical and moral, as well as philological.
+
+If the American nations sprung from ancient colonies; it is among the
+primitive population of the earth, that their parents must be sought and
+found: since America appears to have been partly peopled even before the
+flood. Therefore the systems which would derive them all from the
+Phenicians, Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later ages, or any single people
+whatever, must be absurd and improbable: since traces of many ancient
+nations are found in this western hemisphere.
+
+It has always appeared probable to me that most of the ancient colonies to
+America, must have come there by the nearest and most direct way; the same
+nearly followed again by Columbus in 1492: either from north Africa or
+south Europe. This becomes still more probable if there were formerly a
+land or large islands in the Atlantic Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida and Mexico to Chili, appear to
+have reached America from the east, through the tropical islands or
+Antilles; but the ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt once in
+Asia, which appears the cradle of mankind.
+
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana are more recent and of African
+origin; while nearly all those of North America appear to have reached
+America by the opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through Alaska or the
+Streight of Behring, once an Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes came
+here from the East, and the North West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+
+What is now needful, is to trace these colonies, their travels, epochas,
+and ascertain the nations which they have produced in both Americas. This
+I will endeavour to do, without being prevented by the difficulties of the
+task. I shall always seek to ascertain the true names of each nation or
+tribe: which have often been disguised under a crowd of nicknames and
+erroneous orthographies. These names when thus restored will often furnish
+an original key, to supply the scarcely known languages, or lost
+traditions.
+
+The Brigands who brought desolation over both Americas during two
+centuries, and the careless travellers who visited them in search of
+wealth, took little notice of the languages and traditions of their
+victims or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss of many valuable
+materials, merely indicated. However, a few enlightened visitors, and the
+missionaries have preserved some of them. The first attempt of the kind
+was the outlines of historical songs and traditions of Hayti, collected as
+early as 1498 by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; printed by his
+son, and by Barcias. Yet this valuable document has escaped the notice of
+nearly all the writers on America! evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical traditions of the Muyzcas;
+Juarros the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; Ayeta and Herrera those
+of the Mayas of Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected by our historians.
+They have merely dwelt, and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico and
+Peru. We have besides fragments on the early history of the Ongwis,
+Linapis, Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; but we have to regret
+the loss of the written annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, as those of the Ongwis and
+Linapis have lately been.
+
+It is only since last age that the study of comparative philology has
+begun to be appreciated: and quite recently that languages have been made
+subservient to historical researches. Pigafetta had, however, set the
+examples as early as 1520 to collect American vocabularies, of which he
+gave two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which are quite important, since by
+them we trace both tribes seen by him to the ARUAC race. For lack of
+frequent ancient vocabularies, we must often grope in the dark; but I do
+not despair to be able to restore many lost languages, by fragments
+escaped from the common ruin. I have already succeeded with the _Taino_ of
+Hayti, the _Cahiri_ of Trinidad, _Talega_ and _Apalachi_ of North America,
+the _Chontal_ of central America, the _Colla_ of Peru, and the _Séké_ of
+old Chili; whereby I shall draw some happy conclusions.
+
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa of monsters, and America of
+systems, for those who prefer opinions to reality. The systems and
+hypotheses of philosophy or ignorance upon America, exceed all the Asiatic
+fables. A crowd of prejudices, false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often mistaking a small part of it for
+the whole. Some have declared all the Americans a red, beardless, naked
+and barbarous race, or a peculiar species of men. Others that they came
+out of the ground or from the clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all Jews, or Malays, or Tartars.
+Lastly, even that Eden was here and Noah built the ark in America! All
+these systems and fifty more brought forth by ignorance or pride, are
+based upon the most absurd proofs, or a few insulated facts: while there
+are historical facts easy to prove that are neglected or forgotten.
+
+Thus it is a positive fact that many ancient nations of the east, such as
+the Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, Hindus, &c. had heard of
+America, or knew nearly as much of it, as we did of Australia and
+Polynesia 100 years ago. It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct nations and tribes; some of
+which were quite civilized, perhaps as much as the Spaniards led by
+Columbus; the others more barbarous, but not entirely savage. There were
+but few, if any, real savages in America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes of fishermen or hunters.
+
+There were formerly in America as now, tribes of all complexions, as
+elsewhere: yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, brown, incarnate or
+white, and even blackened or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men from 8 to 4
+feet in size, called giants and pygmies—men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the eastern hemisphere.
+
+The Americans had long before Columbus, large cities; built of stones,
+bricks or wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. Some of which were
+of immense size and population. One of them _Otolum_ near Palenque was 28
+miles long, equal to Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and monuments.
+Nearly all the ancient sciences and useful primitive arts were known in
+America, as well as commerce and navigation, symbolic and alphabetic
+writing, nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The most civilized nations
+had even colleges and universities, canals and paved roads, splendid
+temples and monuments, &c.
+
+It would be tedious to designate all what has not been told, or been very
+unworthily noticed, upon America. The whole of these outlines shall be
+comments upon the forgotten facts relating to this third of the world.
+Such as are found recorded by chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by nearly all the other writers.
+
+Respecting the chronology of the American annals, it is rather obscure and
+doubtful; but perhaps not more so than that of all ancient nations except
+the Chinese. It frequently ascends as far as the floods and even the
+creation. The most ancient dates are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is
+difficult to make those dates agree among themselves, or with our oriental
+dates. However the American annals may be divided into great periods,
+which can be admitted as certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+
+Here is their tabular view.
+
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus in 1492.
+
+1. _Antidiluvian period_, beginning at the creation, about 6690 years
+before Columbus according to the Tols, and ending with the last cataclysm
+of Peleg, about 3788 years before Columbus.
+
+2. _Doubtful period_, from that epocha till the reform of Tol astronomy,
+1612 years before Columbus. This includes several subordinate periods and
+epochas.
+
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement of the Linapis in Shinaki or
+Firland or Oregon in N. W. America.
+
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars of the Towancas and Ongwis, the
+hero Yatatan, &c. in North America.
+
+3. _Certain period_, from 1612 till Columbus’ arrival in 1492. Many lesser
+periods and epochas.
+
+442, after Christ—End of the Tollan kingdom.
+
+492,—Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of Ongwis.
+
+558,—Empire of Tol-tecas begins in Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+
+840,—Beginning of the wars of Zipanas and Caris in South Peru.
+
+947,—Foundation of the kingdom of Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+
+985,—Discovery of America by the Norwegians.
+
+1000,—Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+
+1105,—Beginning of the Incas empire.
+
+1322,—Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or Mexico.
+
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our days.
+
+1. _Colonial Period_, from 1492 till 1776.
+
+2. _Independent Period_, beginning in 1776. The foundation of the empire
+of Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate period.
+
+Each age may bear the name of a wise legislator or eminent personage: the
+ages of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, 2. Las-Casas, 3. William
+Penn, 4. Washington, 5. Bolivar.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+    MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICANS.—_Authors, Documents,
+    Sciences.—Languages, Civilization, &c._
+
+
+Far from following the example of many American historians, who often take
+a single guide for their crude compilations, or avoid the trouble to
+consult all the historical sources, I have taken care in my researches to
+employ all the possible means to reach the truth, and collect all the
+facts that are scattered among a crowd of writers. I have carefully
+analysed, compared and judged the materials, details and events thus
+procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences have afforded additional
+fragments or proofs.
+
+These materials may be divided into 10 series or kinds
+
+1. Works, printed or manuscript.
+2. Documents and monuments.
+3. Maps, plans, views, &c.
+4. Natural sciences.
+5. Ethnography.
+6. Traditions and annals.
+7. Chronology and astronomy.
+8. Languages and philology.
+9. Religion, mythologies, &c.
+10. Civilization, laws and manners.
+
+The writers upon America are very numerous; but mostly defective or local.
+A number, however, have attempted to consider the whole continent: the
+principal among those containing facts upon all parts of America are
+chiefly
+
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish America carried till the year
+1554.
+
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America, till 1630.
+
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.—Spanish work.
+
+Carli, American Letters.—Italian work.
+
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America, till 1670.
+
+Raynal, European Settlements in America, till 1774.
+
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish America in 1786.—Spanish work.
+
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+
+Touron, History of America, chiefly ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14
+volumes 1768-70, in French.
+
+Robertson, false History of America or Spanish Conquests of Mexico or
+Peru.
+
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt, Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias,
+Prevost, &c.
+
+The American researches of Ulloa, Humboldt, M’Culloh, &c.
+
+I have consulted and analyzed all these general works, and many others of
+less account; but I have not yet read Hervas nor Compagnone, knowing them
+merely through quotations
+
+The first _Bibliotheca Americana_ or catalogue of writers on America, was
+given by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another appeared in England in 1719; a
+third in France in 1820. They contain the names, authors, editions, dates,
+&c. of over 300 works relating to America. Robertson has given a list of
+nearly as many, which he pretends to have consulted, although he neglected
+what they tell us. Humboldt has also a catalogue of 250 authors, consulted
+by him. In 1831, Aspinwall published his American Library containing 771
+works; and Warden, in Paris, his own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+
+All this does not complete the account of books on America; since I have
+seen many omitted in all these catalogues; although I never could meet
+some mentioned there. I will carefully notice them, that it may be known
+where I found my materials, and what may yet have escaped my researches. I
+have already consulted upwards of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean special or local works connected
+with history. If we were to add to these the botanists, naturalists,
+paltry compilers, and pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of 3000 works
+on America, her inhabitants and productions.
+
+I will refer gradually to them, and have collected them all in my
+manuscript illustrations; _materials_, _printed works_. Therefore we do
+not lack printed materials: but the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders, errors, hypotheses and
+their constant repetitions: which ought to be rejected in order to gather
+facts and the truth. But we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that may
+clash with our ideas and systems: it is chiefly needful so recall and
+restore the events and facts mentioned by the earliest travellers and
+observers.
+
+These numerous local writers ought to be divided into three classes. 1.
+historians and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, 3. antiquarians
+and philologists. I shall now merely mention the most useful (which I have
+all consulted) upon the Peruvian and Austral regions of South America.
+
+1st. The principal historians are, 1. Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes,
+Civil History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of
+Peru, 4. Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix of Paraguay, 6.
+Techo, on Ditto, 7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, and 10.
+Renger, Paraguay.
+
+2d. The principal writers who have furnished historical facts, with
+geographical and ethnographical materials, are _old travellers_, 1.
+Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, 3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12.
+Schmidtmeyer.
+
+_The modern travellers are_, 1. Azara, 2. D’Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook,
+5. Byron, 6. Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, 10. Beaumont, 11.
+Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, 17.
+Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+
+The principal original geographers and ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on
+Chiquitos 1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, on Patagonia 1774, 4.
+Molina on Chili and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. Skinner, Memoirs on
+Peru, 7. Gili, South America 1782.
+
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, antiquities and other
+historical branches are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, &c., on all
+American languages, 2. American researches of Humboldt, Macculoh 1829.
+Those of Depaw and Ranking are shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+
+_Manuscripts._ There are yet many such extant on America, in the libraries
+of both hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list of Mexican Manuscripts.
+Funes quotes several on Austral America. There are several extant in
+Central America and South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many have been lost
+through wilful neglect, or destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient languages, Mexican,
+Tarasca, Tzendal, &c., are now very rare, and much esteemed. Those burnt
+by Zumaraga, the Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. Lord Kingborough
+has lately published some at a great cost.
+
+The manuscripts which I could consult on South America are but few. Those
+on North America are more numerous and very important; particularly the
+traditions of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are chiefly on wood, bark,
+skins or Mosaic strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the libraries of Philadelphia.
+
+There are, besides, in the public or private libraries of all the great
+cities of both Americas, several interesting historical works, which have
+never been published.
+
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly the historical collections
+of Simetierre. Often the best or most important works cannot be printed:
+while a crowd of paltry compilations are ushered to deceive the public.
+This may be deemed a remainder of the prevailing ignorance and error.
+Instead of appreciating the learned and useful works, the prevailing taste
+is for historical romances and systematic fables. It is needful to seek
+these previous labors, which run the risk of being totally lost, if we
+will not have again to blush hereafter for these historical losses.
+
+I give the list of such among my own manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my possession, but I wish to see them
+deposited in a great public library; where they might be consulted.
+
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography, &c. of the Americans, their
+annals, chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, continued ever since, and
+not yet closed.
+
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern languages of both Americas,
+symbols, glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &c., begun 1824.
+
+4. Ancient monuments of North and South America, compared with the
+primitive monuments of the eastern hemisphere, 3 books and 200 plans, &c.,
+1822.
+
+5. TELLUS, or the primitive History of the Earth and Mankind in Protholia,
+Oceania and Neotholia, with the ancient and modern general ethnography, 30
+books, begun in 1821.
+
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination of all languages and nations, 6
+books, begun 1825.
+
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my historical works and travels,
+containing over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, &c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802, 3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+
+I have often been apprehensive of the fate of Boturini, for these
+interesting manuscript and long researches. This has happened already for
+one of my manuscripts. As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy of Science
+in Boston, a manuscript of 240 pages, being an _account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations and tribes of America before
+Columbus_. This was for an offered prize of $100: which was never awarded,
+although my memoir was declared the best sent. And instead of depositing
+this manuscript in the library of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been _lost_ or _stolen_. If never recovered, and that
+the public may judge of the merits of it, at such an early period of my
+historical studies: I will state the principal results of my enquiries
+therein; which tenor, together with their length, were the ostensible
+reasons for not awarding a prize probably never meant to be awarded.
+
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there are yet materials enough,
+notwithstanding the loss of many, for an ancient history of America.
+
+2. That a complete American history ought to employ and combine all the
+materials afforded by geology, geography, physics, chronology, physiology,
+ethnology, archeology, philology, on America, with all the traditions of
+the Americans.
+
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates the cradles and ancient
+settlements of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the places unfit for
+population, the means of access, probable route of colonies, &c.
+
+4. America has an ancient geography previous to 1492, which ought to be
+restored.
+
+5. The coincidence of names of nations and tribes, afford a comparitive
+concordance, indicating ancient connections or identity.
+
+6. The ancient American population, must have been derived from the
+nearest shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The points where all the
+indications and traditions tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and Guyana
+in South America; Anian or Tollan and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga or
+Groenland to the N. E.
+
+7. The philological solution of historical affinities must be sought in
+the roots of the languages, their conformity or analogies, the number of
+similar sounds, roots and words; which are susceptible of a mathematical
+calculation, and referable to the theory of probabilities.
+
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of the earth, may thus be proved to
+have been akin or related.
+
+9. Noah’s flood was nearly general; but perhaps not universal. His ark or
+THBE was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations saved there.
+
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian patriarchs were Nations,
+their long ages being the duration of dynasties or states. This opinion
+may also be entertained of many other ancient patriarchs or heads of
+tribes, every where, by the usual figure of personification.
+
+11. Peleg’s flood was volcanic, not so general as Noah’s. There may have
+been many successive cataclysms blended in this, as this has been often
+mistaken in date for Noah’s.
+
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican nations, must have been the Tulan
+of Asia, since Turan and Tartary. There are many places called Tula, all
+over the earth, indicating settlements of Atlantes.
+
+13. The ancient chronology of America may be restored. Several dates
+given, a system proposed.
+
+14. All the races and complexions of mankind are found in America.
+
+15. America was known to the ancient nations, particularly the Atlantes,
+Pelagians, Phenicians, &c.
+
+16. Some highlands of America were not covered at Noah’s flood, and might
+become the azylums of men, animals, and vegetation. However, but few
+nations can be traced to these azylums in America.
+
+17. The ancient monuments of both Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America can be explained. A key may be
+found for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+
+19. The religions of the Americans, were similar to the primitive
+religions of the eastern hemisphere.
+
+20. The manners and customs, of the Americans, are very various, and form
+no peculiar test.
+
+21. Many American nations were highly civilized, besides the Mexicans and
+Peruvians: skilful in agriculture, and the arts, having cattle, colleges,
+&c.
+
+My reward for having ascertained and proved those facts, was to be denied
+the prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid or lost or stolen! My
+historical researches ever since have continued to confirm nearly all
+these facts.(1)
+
+2. _Documents and monuments._ The historical titles and proofs,
+inscriptions, medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so common elsewhere,
+are but few as yet, in America, belonging to early times: most belong to
+modern history.
+
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered in South America; but not
+yet published. Molina speaks of one on a pyramid of Cuyo, which late
+travellers have not found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué in Central
+America begin to excite great attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.(2)
+
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really Americans, are exceedingly
+scarce: yet there are some in Central America. Several medals, perhaps
+foreign and indicating a communication, have been found, but again lost or
+neglected; few have been figured or explained.
+
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of
+the ancient Americans are found in all the museums; but excite little
+attention, by not being concentrated, accumulated nor classified. Many
+fine specimens of arts have been melted, or broken and lost. The
+astronomical stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas have been preserved; but
+those of Peru and Central America are lost; as well as that beautiful one
+of the Talegas of North America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+
+The ancient monuments of both Americas, are very numerous, indicating a
+dense population in places since become wild and desolate, as in North
+America, Guyana, Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in the central parts
+of both Americas, and lessen towards both ends. Yet they are met from lat.
+45 N. to 45 S. They are very variable in different parts; by no means
+identic, indicating different builders or many degrees of civilization,
+from the rudest arts to the most refined: employing many materials, earth,
+clay, gravel, stone, wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings of rough or cut stones, _pizé_
+or beaten clay, &c.
+
+We do not know as yet one half of those in existence, and many have never
+been described nor figured. Yet they afford every where, one of the most
+evident and certain base of historical researches, confirming traditions,
+or revealing the seats of former empires, their civilization, &c. They
+consist chiefly in mounds, altars, tumuli or tombs, ruined cities,
+villages and forts, temples and dwellings; but we find besides in various
+places, traces of ancient palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, pillars, rocking stones, walls,
+wells, pits &c. They generally resemble the primitive monuments of the
+same kind, met with in the eastern hemisphere, from England and Ireland to
+Mauritania and Africa, extending east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance with the monuments of Egypt,
+Greece, Rome, India and China; yet some kinds somewhat assimilate. In
+fact, there are, throughout both Americas, three very distinct classes of
+monuments, indicating distinct arts and architecture.
+
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to those yet used by the rudest
+tribes in the north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating a similar
+barbarous state.
+
+The second or primitive, is known by using wood and earth instead of
+stones for buildings.
+
+The third or most refined, employed stones, often well cut as in Mexico,
+Central America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts nearly equal to those of
+Egypt and India.
+
+Besides such great monumental remains; there are lesser antiquities;
+fragments of sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, &c., either in
+metals, stones, pottery, beads, &c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+
+But the most singular and dubious relics of antiquity, are subteraneous or
+in excavations: these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: while under ground
+are found trees, stumps, charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &c. that must have been buried by alluvions, diluvions or new
+formed soil. It has been surmised or ascertained that some may be
+antidiluvian: although those in deep alluvial soils, near streams, and
+connected with graves, may have been buried by men, or fluvial
+inundations. Mummies, skeletons and bones, with human apparel and
+implements have been found in caves, evidently buried there by human
+means, and not by floods. Human remains are but seldom if ever connected
+with the organic remains of the soil and caves, even of the latest
+geological date.
+
+3. _Geography, Maps, &c._ The knowledge of the regions and localities
+inhabited by mankind, or where colonies are sent, empires founded, is
+needful to history, in order to understand and treat the events and
+migrations. The physical configuration of the land, the climates, plains,
+mountains and streams, have a great influence on civilization and
+communications. Physical geography is constant and invariable: while civil
+or ethnographical geography is constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+
+If we had complete series of maps by chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative historical geography,
+and successive ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions of mankind.
+The old maps of America, those of Laet, the old geographers &c. are very
+valuable for this object. Many travellers in America, have given original
+maps, which furnish similar materials. I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, D’Anville, Molina, Falkner,
+Cochrane, Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern general maps, relating
+to South America, the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the English of 1815,
+the French of 1830, the latest American of Tanner, &c. By those materials
+I have been able to trace and fix four periods of American geography, 2
+ancient and 2 modern.
+
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and 1500.
+
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two first periods, which shall be published
+gradually, or in my Illustrations of the Ancient Geography of America. We
+have thousands of maps on the early geography of the Eastern Hemisphere,
+and no one as yet on the Western Hemisphere! to show the respective limits
+and positions of Ancient Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero’s
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c.
+
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico and Cuzco; but lack those of
+Tiahuanaco, Otolum, and many more important for ancient history. Several
+plans of ancient sites of civilization have been given, along with those
+of monuments. I have many in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest part of
+modern cities, are built on ancient sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati, Louisville, Pittsburg, St.
+Louis, Philadelphia, Savannah, &c. The views of ruined cities, and those
+of actual cities, are partly historical, connected with the knowledge of
+gradual American civilization.
+
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes, streams and mountains, are preserved
+in actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti—Ontario, Erie, Titicaca—Ohio,
+Alatamaha, Maranon, Parana, Rivers.—Alleghanies, Andes, Parima, Mountains,
+&c. When the names have been changed, it is the duty of the historical
+geographer to compare the old and new names.
+
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient nations, could draw and paint
+maps. Even our North American tribes can draw rude maps on skins or bark.
+Some of these are preserved in museums; but none have ever been published:
+although some are pretty correct and deserving it.
+
+4. _Natural Sciences._ They are now becoming sisters of history. Geology
+is connected with geography. Botany and Zoology, acquaint us with trees,
+plants and animals, which were used in the arts and agriculture at
+different periods. The Asiatic origin of maize, called _maza_ by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes Greece,) has been unperceived by
+Humboldt and many others, although it throws some light on the early
+migrations and communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated in Assyria,
+West Tartary, North Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted by Marco
+Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, &c.(3)
+
+America had anciently several cereal plants, besides maize, two kinds of
+indigenous wheat and barley in Chili. The Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of
+South and North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, fruits and flowers,
+were cultivated from Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, the
+indigo and annato were natives. Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm,
+&c., were cultivated or collected to use for cloths, threads, ropes, &c.
+
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for the remains of animals dwelling on
+earth, before mankind. America has already afforded the huge mastodons,
+elephants, megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land animals, and many
+large reptiles, crocodiles of streams and lakes.
+
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a few arctic quadrupeds, birds and
+insects excepted; all the animals of this hemisphere are peculiar to it.
+Reptiles almost entirely such, even in the North. All the American monkeys
+form distinct species. The tropical animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 quadrupeds formerly domesticated
+in America, the dog only may be deemed a stranger: and it had even many
+American varieties.
+
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2
+deer, 2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation on the domestic animals
+of both hemispheres, 1832. Americans had also tamed 22 birds or fowls, as
+many as Asia, &c., and even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America and only 80 in Europe, Asia,
+&c., before 1492.
+
+American botany offers many peculiar regions; in the North only, akin to
+Asiatic or European botany; but becoming quite distinct in the tropics,
+still more so in Austral America. Since 1492 the European colonists have
+brought many plants, that are become spontaneous from Canada to Chili:
+these must be carefully separated from the ancient indigenous plants.
+
+The American Floras are nearly as many as the 15 natural regions already
+indicated, each having a focal seat or cradle in some range of mountains.
+They become richer or more abundant in species within the tropics,
+decreasing to the North and South. Trees and palm abound there, and
+disappear near the poles, the palms are unknown beyond the 36 degrees
+North and South. The equator has 500 species of trees; in latitude 40 N.
+and S. only 100 kinds are found, or even less. Social plants and grasses
+abound in plains, and in the North dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+
+Trees were early tools of civilization, affording timber, fuel, dies,
+houses, boats, weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in abundance: even
+the tribes of North America near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees,
+crab-trees, nut-trees. They knew how to make oils of nuts, to dry the
+fruits, make sugars out of maples and other trees.
+
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply of food to early nations, whence
+the preference to dwell near streams, Lakes and shores. Notwithstanding
+the swimming rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or oceanic tribes
+of them that are common to both hemispheres. Most of the resident shore
+fishes of America are peculiar species. Still more so with lacustral and
+fluviatile fishes. These are divided into peculiar regions. Our northern
+lakes form one; and almost every large stream has a peculiar generation of
+finny tribes: such are the Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c.
+
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It was gold and silver that drew hither
+the greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized nations knew mining,
+smelting, casting and forging. They used gold, silver, copper, brass,
+lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c.
+Even the less civilized tribes of North America used copper and lead,
+clays for pipes, pottery, &c. Iron was scarce because so hard to melt, and
+highly prized; but iron-rings have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+
+Metallic coins were little known except in Central America; but bits of
+silver, gold, tin, iron, were used as such. The other mediums of exchange
+were skins, mats, nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, &c. Commerce
+was well known to many nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea
+for the same purpose all over the Antilles, coast of Peru, and in the
+great streams. It is thus that were found many strange and foreign
+objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., all over America, and in early
+tombs.
+
+5. _Ethnography._ This new science which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches. Anthropography or the knowledge of
+physical mankind. Philology or the comparative study of human speech and
+languages. Besides the nameless branch attending to the moral ideas, arts,
+institutions, manners, civilization, governments and religions of mankind;
+which might be called moral ethnography.
+
+All these studies become the philosophy of history, and shall duly command
+my attention. Some writers neglect them altogether; others, like
+Robertson, do not know how to collect and accumulate facts instead of
+systems: Rollin has shown in his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although he omitted philology and
+physical facts.
+
+I have studied the men of all the parts of the world, in order to know and
+compare them, better than had been done. All the errors on the histories
+of nations, proceed commonly from the slender or partial views acquired or
+admitted by the writers. There is much to glean on the ethnography of
+modern nations, and therefrom we may ascend to ancient ethnography. It
+would be needful to study well the physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; the complexions of the skin,
+hairs and eyes; with the casual or permanent varieties.
+
+But, above all, we must better study all the spoken languages and
+dialects. It is strange that we hardly know anything, and sometimes
+nothing at all, on the languages of many existing tribes, with whom we
+have intercourse in both Americas. It would be desirable to procure at
+least a vocabulary of 100 essential words, in each. Such words, including
+the cardinal numbers, will soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of phonology or sounds of languages,
+their idioms and grammars, their roots, and verbs, the alphabets, glyphs
+and symbols used to communicate ideas, will combine to furnish the
+complete knowledge of philology as a separate science. Although I have not
+always carried so far my researches; I did so for a few, applying chiefly
+myself to the essential features of languages; and the unexpected results
+will be surprising.
+
+American anthropography will teach that there were men of all sizes,
+features and complexions, in this hemisphere before 1492: notwithstanding
+the false assertions of many writers, who take one nation for the whole
+American group. The Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, &c. were
+as white as the Spaniards, 50 such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, the Yaruras, &c., were as black
+as negroes. All the other shades of brown, tawny and coppery, were
+scattered every where. There was not a single red man in America, unless
+painted such. Some tribes had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8
+feet high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+
+6. _Traditions and Annals._ Many American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions, repeated from fathers to sons;
+or communicated orally by the priests, chiefs or elderly men. Many are
+preserved yet to this day, by frequent repetitions, being embodied in
+songs, hymns, maxims, tales, drawings, or even symbolic figures and signs.
+Many of those traditions are precious for history, notwithstanding the
+fables, allegories, metaphors, personifications, &c., which partly conceal
+them or render the meaning obscure. We must learn to decipher them as we
+do old inscriptions and medals.
+
+Although many such are now nearly lost for us, by the extinction of the
+living books, who kept the remembrance: there are many already collected,
+and of which we ought to make a good use. But there are as many more,
+which have never been collected nor printed. I have collected many such in
+North America in manuscript. It often happens that the American tribes
+will not communicate them to their foes or oppressors; but their friends
+and allies may hope to receive the deposit of them. Every enlightened
+traveller ought to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet after being
+acquired, they are sometimes lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them equally as _Indian Stories_,
+because they despise the ancient American race. There are, however, as yet
+many historical songs, poems and tales to collect among all the American
+tribes, which falling in good hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects or destroys them acts as a
+vandal. Malcolm has said at the outset of his history of Persia, that we
+ought never to neglect the original notions of a people on its origin, or
+early history, since therein is found the germ and spring of their
+subsequent conduct, actions and opinions.
+
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished or forgotten traditions,
+whereof I shall avail myself in all my historical annals and researches. I
+consider those of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, Shawanis, Cados,
+Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, Apalachians, &c., as highly important for the
+annals of North America. The same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons,
+&c.
+
+7. _Chronology and Astronomy._ These two sciences always go together, and
+form a double key of history. The American chronology is by no means fixed
+before 1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve and compare all the
+heterogenous dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt to elucidate it
+gradually; but may often be compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely referred to a series of
+gradual facts. In Austral America, we are told that none had notions of
+astronomy and dates, except the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe that their oral traditions have
+been neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+
+In Peru, there are many positive dates, yet I was the first to reduce them
+to chronological order. In Brazil and Guyana, but few dates are found. The
+Muyzcas had very early dates, yet few have been preserved; much obscured
+by personifications of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins their real annals
+only in 1490, or 45 years before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles the
+dates are quite loose, and difficult to reduce even to a serial order.
+
+But in Central and Mexican America, we find many early dates with a
+regular chronology. Yet some are extravagant or contradictory. I shall
+endeavour to elucidate them, so as to reduce the whole to order. They must
+form the base of a regular American chronology, that ascends by dates to
+the flood and creation. In Yucatan the first regular date only reach to
+940 after Christ.
+
+In North America, where the smallest number of dates existed; we have
+unexpectedly and quite lately, found that many ancient dates could be
+procured. Cusick has published those of the Ongwi traditions, and I have
+ascertained those of the Linapis. Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available dates as early as 1600 years
+before our era; thus nearly as ample as those of the TOL-tecas, and as
+plain in some instances.
+
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized nations of ancient America.
+They had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and 13 solar years. Humboldt
+has well written on that subject; but much remains to be gleaned. The
+northern tribes reckon by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, &c.,
+and by winters instead of years, moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, &c. the months were of 20
+days, including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians had months of 27
+days, or 3 weeks of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas small weeks of 3
+days, &c. No where in ancient America, was found the sabatical week of
+days, based on the 7 planets and the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is
+remarkable, as evincing a remote antiquity, and separation before this
+week was adopted in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c.
+
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas reckoned only 365 days in the
+solar year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then they added the hours to
+the year. This forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas had a very
+complicated astronomy, and three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. The horal division unknown in
+many parts of America, was of 4 hours in the day for the Muyzcas and
+Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of 12
+signs with 360 degrees were not known. The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with astronomy. A complete decimal
+numeration was known to all the civilized American nations, and even to
+the northern tribes. The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the manual
+mode; there are traces also of a binary numeration, the most simple of
+all: while others had complex calculations by 13 and by 20 or scores. We
+find no trace of any by 7, and but slight indications of a ternary
+numeration by 3 and 9. All these American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the _binary_, by two or pairs; and the quinary or manual by the
+five fingers, of which the decimal is the double, and by 20 the quadruple.
+
+8. _Languages._ They are becoming one of the most important aids in
+history. When the annals are ample and clear, the examination of the
+languages is merely a supplement to historical knowledge; but when they
+are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; languages then supply more or less
+to their defects or loss. Their comparative study furnish us new lights to
+ascertain the origines, parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, wars,
+&c., of the nations thus deprived of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect annals or the fabulous
+traditions. This study may lead besides to trace the manners, religions,
+intercourse, arts and sciences of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture of the civilization, acquired or
+borrowed knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each.
+
+It is above all in both Americas that this study is indispensable in
+historical researches: I will therefore apply to languages in all cases,
+and make constant use of them; and they will unfold new facts quite
+unknown, although very important, Historical lights shall thereby be
+thrown on many obscure subjects, whence astonishing and unexpected results
+may spring, in which I shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+
+By taking into view all the American languages or as many as are already
+known, we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd systems of
+philosophers and philologists, who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed _all the Americans_, as many Jews, or Tartars,
+or Atlantes, or sprung from the ground, and so on. Now the fact is that
+these writers have never taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce them to groups, and seek their
+affinities elsewhere.
+
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without proof, that nearly 1200
+languages existed in America. Balbi has reduced them to 423, of which 212
+in South America; but they can be much further reduced, most of them being
+mere dialects. The whole may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, or
+even less; which were certainly identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years
+ago: and all of which have astonishing affinities with the groups of the
+eastern hemisphere, so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 years ago.
+
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few hundred examples of such analogies:
+and the systematic writers have supposed that they had exhausted the
+comparisons. Yet a single language, the Chilian, has by itself more
+affinities with the languages of Europe, than all those mentioned by Vater
+and others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic affinities of
+American languages, vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to the nations.
+If we suppose that there are 400 languages in America, and as many in the
+eastern hemisphere, and each to have about 2000 roots or essential words
+only; while the mean affinities are only 25 per cent: we shall find as
+many as 200,000 affinities! out of America, in every American language;
+and in all the 400, as many as 80 millions! instead of the paltry
+reckoning of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible of mathematical proofs,
+and shall be unfolded gradually in these pages.
+
+The theory about the common exclusive grammatical structure of all the
+American languages, is equally erroneous and based upon partial facts.
+Instead of all the American languages being polysynthetic by amalgamating
+words, we find in America many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words prevails more or less in Europe and
+Africa; chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, Berber and other
+Atlantic dialects, the Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the Sanscrit
+and all the derived languages.
+
+It had been asserted that no American language was monosylabic: yet Balbi
+states that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera has lately proved the
+same of the Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such American groups of
+languages. But there are more; nay many American languages have
+monosylabic roots, even among the most amalgamated groups.
+
+The most obvious grammatical classification of American languages, has
+escaped the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the epithetic
+structure, or relative position of ideas. Under this view all the
+languages arrange themselves in three great classes or groups. 1. Regular,
+2. Resupinate, 3. Mixt.
+
+1. _The Regular_ is the most simple and natural form: where the roots or
+nouns are prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, expressing epithetes
+or qualities follow or are added. This group includes in the Eastern
+Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All the Celtic and Cantabrian
+languages. 4. All the Polynesian and Malay languages. 5. The Bhotiya and
+many languages of Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. 7. Yakut of
+Siberia, &c.
+
+In America this group includes my groups 1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3.
+Capaha. 4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related thereto in North-west
+America, the Kaluchi, Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani languages of South
+America, and perhaps many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c.
+
+2. _The Resupinate or Reflexed Group_: where the roots or nouns
+substantive are reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, which are
+prefixed. This second mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In all the Teutonic languages German,
+Swede, English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, Greek and Slavonic
+languages. 4. In all the Turkish languages of Turan, Bokhara, Turkey. 5.
+The Newari of Imalaya. 6. The Qua or Hottentot of South Africa.
+
+In America, it is the most prevailing form, found in my groups 1. Linni or
+Linapis. 2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican and Othomi languages.
+4. Chontal. 5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North America,—and in South
+America. 6. Chili. 7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many more: although
+hardly indicated by the philologists.
+
+3. _Mixt Form_, which employs or adopts more or less the two former modes;
+although there is always a prevailing form, that indicates the original
+mode of uniting ideas. This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit and all
+derived languages. 2. In the Zend and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek.
+4. The Japanese, &c.
+
+While in America it is found 1. In the Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3.
+The Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, and in North America. 4. The
+Atalan. 5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some others.
+
+This comparative classification of languages, will greatly help future
+investigations. It will show the improbability of the two opposite modes
+of annexing ideas having been entertained, by the same people at any time;
+while the mixt form evinces amalgamations of ancient nations. We have thus
+acquired another clue to trace primitive connections, another available
+mean to pursue the human steps on earth.
+
+9. _Religions and Mythologies._ The human opinions on the past and future
+form every where ample themes of thoughts and actions. From revelations,
+inspirations, oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, have arisen all
+the worships, and rites, dogmas and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The history of religious ideas, is
+in fact the history of civilization, since they have sprung together in
+social men. Nearly all the religions of Asia (which from hence have spread
+throughout the earth along with mankind) were found in America: except the
+modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism hardly known. Christianity or
+some of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and may arise from other
+sources. The most prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, Solar
+worship, Polytheism, Dualism or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal worship. We find throughout
+America many modifications of these creeds: with several complex
+mythologies, more or less analogous to eastern dogmas.
+
+The investigation of these American religions affords not only an insight
+into the ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient communications
+with Asia or Africa. Throughout North America the Dualism, mythologies and
+fabulous traditions point to a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, Mexico
+and Yucatan, begin to appear the Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry
+foreign to it. This Solar worship appears in a purer form in North
+America, as far as Peru. While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and Chili,
+prevailed several worships of heavenly and terrestial spirits; somewhat
+akin to the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, Iran, India, China and
+Polynesia.
+
+American religions admitted, like many others, of Priests, oracles,
+temples, shrines, pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration for animals, men and stars.
+Idols painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, stone, metals, &c.; bloody
+rites by human sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. But none of
+these practices were general, some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis
+of Tucuman, &c. Traces of a triple god or Indian Trimurti have been met
+from Ohio to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing religion. As the
+same idea was found among the Celts and Polynesians, it may have come by
+the east rather than Polynesia in the west.
+
+10. _Civilization and Manners._ This completes the history of all nations.
+When their annals are well known, it becomes a very proper appendix to
+them; when they are not, it is a very needful supplement to the
+traditions, &c. But we must not make any history consist merely in such an
+account, as often done by negligent writers. The manners and customs of
+every people, are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or improved by
+civilization, imitation, arts and sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford
+any test of connections. They are often borrowed, from neighbors or
+strangers, disused after awhile by whims or wars, invented to suit the
+climate and productions it may afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified the customs of all the tribes
+they conquered or visited. This must have happened formerly also, by other
+visits or communications. Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty of the
+origin and duration of the primitive American customs, they must be
+studied, as one of the sources and objects of history.
+
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all the forms of social civilization
+and manners of the east. But the Nomadic life with camels, oxen and sheep,
+was unknown, as well as those animals. The American cattle or lamas, &c.
+of South America, hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of Mexico, deers of
+Florida, buffalos of Taos, were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. The
+Nomadic wandering tribes of America were chiefly hunters and fishermen:
+scattered around the agricultural nations, spreading from Canada to Chili.
+
+All the kinds of governments were known in America: Theocracy, despotism,
+monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. But the most prevailing were theocracy
+among the civilized nations, oligarchy among the barbarous nations: with
+two peculiar modifications, of double kings as among Arabs, civil and
+military; and chiefs of families or tribes, as among all primitive
+nations. Queens were known to but few tribes, although the female line was
+often hereditary. Written laws and codes were known to the Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were elsewhere
+preserved by priests or magistrates.
+
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes or castes, but was not universal. The
+4 castes of Indians are distinctly found in nearly all the civilized
+nations, often modified into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. The arts
+of music, medicine, smithery, painting, sculpture, architecture,
+agriculture, pottery, &c., were well known to nearly all. The sciences of
+geometry, geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were cultivated from Mexico
+to Peru, even taught in schools and colleges; with the arts, the laws, the
+rites, and history of the country.
+
+Marsden has well distinguished several degrees of civilization in Asia. If
+no American nation had reached the Greeks and Romans, or our modern
+polished and improved civilization; it is not extraordinary. But the
+Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly equal
+to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century: nay, in some things
+superior. The second degree of American civilization found in Chili,
+Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. was equal
+to that of the Arabs, Malays, Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While the
+third degree found in all the barbarous nations, Innuit or Esquimaux,
+Shoshonis, Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse than what we find among
+the Fins, Laplanders, Tartars, Sames, Negroes and Hottentots.
+
+Individual property in land was almost unknown in America; but feodal and
+tribal property well understood. Common property of tribes and villages
+over their territories, was the most usual tenure, modified by wars,
+conquests, tributes. Individual property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages and funerals were very different in
+every nation. The weapons of war were clubs, arrows, darts, lances, axes,
+Macana swords, Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, thronged
+balls, &c. as elsewhere. There was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, walls, ditches, were used for
+defence, besides _Estopils_ a peculiar quilted armor. Flags, banners, and
+standards were known. The calumets, leaves or green feathers, council
+fires, and white flags were emblems of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption of tribes and prisoners.
+Slavery was hardly known; but vassalage much extended over conquered
+tribes.
+
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various. Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North America. In tropical America
+many tribes went nearly naked, with a mere apron or pagne of cotton or
+grass cloth. But the civilized nations were decently clothed with cotton
+shirts and feather mantles. The _Poncho_ is a true American dress known
+from Mexico to Chili, hardly known out of America except Polynesia.(4)
+
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns. They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; of
+cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. there and elsewhere; either
+twisted, plaited or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians had a peculiar loom
+and plough. Cotton looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and all over South
+America, even by the Caribs to make hamacs or hanging beds. Among some
+nations women had the most labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, &c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike employed vassals or slaves.
+
+Painting the body or face, was usual among many nations, but not general.
+It was useful against heat and flies, or was used to inspire love or
+terror. Ornaments to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, &c., were
+more or less adopted by men and women. The hair was usually worn long; but
+many tribes cut it in various ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by many tribes, and totally eradicated;
+but some tribes wore beards. The head was often left uncovered; but hats
+were worn in the N. W. and Central America, turbans in Paria and Florida,
+feather crowns in the tropics, _Lautas_ or diadem-bands in Peru and the
+Andes. Shoes and gloves were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of various substances, commonly used;
+with singular snow shoes of bark in winter by northern tribes.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+    AMERICAN CATACLYSMS _or Considerations on the Periods of American
+    Geogony, Ontogony, Floods, and ancient population &c. of both
+    Americas._
+
+
+History does not merely consist in accumulating facts: these constitute
+the annals of empires; but the real philosophical history has a nobler
+aim. It seeks results, teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy the
+foes of mankind, and inspires veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be followed, and records the crimes
+to be avoided.
+
+The several departments of history that are distinguished as biography,
+civil and ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical surveys of mankind,
+comparative philology, archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. All combine
+to instruct and amuse, to record the past and present, and to lead to
+better future actions, an improved social order. The nations often forget
+the wise lessons of time and experience; but they are continually recalled
+to memory and view by the historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national prejudices, present the
+faithful mirror of history to the eyes of posterity.
+
+Such is my aim. American history has been so much despised or perverted,
+that few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet it affords ample scope for
+reflection, study and admiration. Nearly one half of the habitable globe,
+during all the past ages, cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom and philanthropy: that mutual
+benevolence of mankind, which ought ever to be felt; but is so often
+discarded or forgotten through the contrary tendencies of pride, lust,
+cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+
+The connections of historical facts with all the sciences, afford another
+useful theme; that may vastly increase our comparative knowledge: much of
+it has arisen, besides observation, from accurate comparison, analysis and
+generalization, which combine to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its branches.
+
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to the most remote periods of
+existence and life in this hemisphere, we find it like the remainder of
+the globe, immersed under the Ocean. There, in the depths of the briny
+waves, the actual rocks now supporting the dry soil, were formed and
+matured: superposed and intermingled by aquatic and volcanic phenomena and
+cataclysms, if not by superadded aerial depositions. Then were formed the
+primitive strata of America, ere life had begun to vivify the waters; then
+were cast the Porphyries, Granites, Shales, Basalts, and other primitive
+or volcanic rocks, that are now chiefly found in Boreal and Western
+America, the Andes, Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and Boreal
+Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. This was the first period of terrestial
+Creation.
+
+After this period of unknown length, began the epocha of aquatic life;
+when the breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave life and motion to
+organized aquatic beings; 1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and
+Alcyonites, 3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms and radials, 5. Sluggs and
+shells, 6. Mollusca and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and Crustacites....
+All incipient vegetating beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles;
+lastly, 10. Seals and whales. Some of which require shallow water, to
+dwell and breed.... This was the second period of American Creation:
+_Aquatic life_.
+
+The third epocha is that of the destruction of aquatic life, by cataclysms
+and depositions, submarine volcanic cavernous eruptions or other causes,
+throwing suddenly in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances that
+have formed the secondary mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed the aquatic tribes in their
+way; which becoming therein entombed as living medals of this globe,
+declare to us these mighty successive cataclysms or floods of sand, clay,
+lime and coal; now met in vast regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; the hills and plains of Brazil,
+Chili, East Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This was the second period of
+terrestrial formation in America, the third of successive eventful
+periods.
+
+The fourth must have been the rise of the land above the waters, if not
+already partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial upheaving and distortion
+of strata, by an awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, or of
+growing crystalization; forming mountains and islands, raising them above
+the Ocean; to become the nucleus of future Continents. The American
+hemisphere had then probably two great islands, in the North and South,
+with many smaller islands between them, in the tropical sea: the Alleghany
+and Atlantis forming two others in the east, and many others studding the
+two polar regions. The insulated mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua and
+the long valley of Choco, must then have formed another Island of the
+Antilles. Guyana or Parima was also another large island: while Brazil was
+a vast peninsula attached to the Andes. I have endeavored to express this
+first configuration of America in my two maps of North and South America;
+when the Ocean was yet about 500 feet higher than it is actually. Whether
+this cataclysm was contemporaneous throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This was the fourth period of
+terrestrial events in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+
+When the dry land had appeared, the creative power of GOD exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth into life, Plants and Flowers,
+Trees and Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, 1. Worms and
+Slugs, 2. Insects and Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds and Fowls,
+5. Beasts and Bats. Streams began to flow, valleys were excavated in the
+soft or yielding strata by heavy tides and powerful streams: then the
+fishes of the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the streams and lakes. A
+few shell and other aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of terrestrial events; that of
+terrestrial life.
+
+Meantime the land was continuing to rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry
+soil was extending: land volcanoes began to appear in the Andes and
+elsewhere, overwhelming some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes had new
+paroxysms, slaty mud involved terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand was forming tertiary strata on the
+shores, involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and fishes.... This was
+the sixth period of terrestrial events, that of land volcanoes.
+
+After all these; mankind was created by GOD, and appeared as lord of the
+earth, and the complement of living creation.... This may be deemed
+another Period, if we like; although it was but the complement of the
+terrestrial living productions, begun in the 5th, and probably proceeding
+in the 6th. Where the first man or men appeared and dwelt, is unknown or
+very dubious. Asia is commonly deemed the first dwelling of mankind, and
+Central Asia or Thibet the cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same honor. But few authors have
+placed this cradle in America, and even then not for the _Adamites_. Yet
+America had some inhabitants before the flood, if we are to believe the
+concurrent traditions of many American nations; who keep the memory of it,
+and point to their refuges.(5)
+
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we know little or nothing: their traces
+are few and uncertain. It would be otherwise if we could identify them
+with the anti-diluvian _Atlantes_, or find their diluvial remains. The
+skeletons found in Guadaloupe, and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions of American philosophical
+society 1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been buried there; like the
+mummies of many American caves. Some of the American mounds have appeared
+anti-diluvian; but the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal character. The town of log houses
+lately found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian soil, cannot be so
+remote; the soil instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. All the
+facts on these remote times, shall be hereafter collected, presented and
+examined carefully.
+
+Thus, has been presented by geological results, a rapid sketch of the
+American periods, to the birth of mankind. These 6 periods or _yums_, are
+well ascertained as to succession; but their duration is unknown: and each
+of them includes several subordinate periods; which it is not needful to
+investigate in these outlines. The works on geology may be consulted if
+required. These 6 _yums_ or great periods do not answer exactly to the 6
+_yums_ or manifestations of the mosaic cosmogony, since geogony begins
+only with the 3d, ending with the 5th.
+
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving our attention, and susceptible
+of the deepest philosophical commentary, as they mainly agree with all the
+detected facts. But there are at least 3 accounts of the creation or
+cosmogony in the _Sepher_ or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of Moses in
+chapter 2d of Genesis from verse 4 to 25; in both, no _yums_, days nor
+periods are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account of chapter 1st. ending
+only at ch. 2, v. 3. Even in this usual account more than 7 periods can be
+found, including heaven, earth and men.
+
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with his own names, very different from
+the subsequent Jewish names, in various dialects.
+
+1. PERIOD OF TIME OR YUM. BRA-SHITH Real beginning or Real Supreme Being
+producing ALEIM the Angels, SHMIM Heavens, and ARTZ Earth.
+
+2. YUM. THEU-UBEU Chaos, and THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+
+3. YUM. AUR Essence of celestial light or Ether. First divine
+manifestation of _Mshe_ or Moses.
+
+4. YUM. RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+
+5. YUM. Sea and dry land, upheaving of land over the waters, or subsiding
+of the ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+
+6. YUM. Sun and Moon appearance by a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+
+7. YUM. Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th.
+
+8. YUM. Beasts and cattle, with ADM mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+ZXR male, and NKBE female. 6th.
+
+9. YUM. _Shbioi_ seventh manifestation, _Aleim_ became IEUE Jehovah, the
+living-self-with-self, the supreme or powerful self.
+
+10. YUM. AD emanation, our mist.
+
+11. YUM. ADM into GN or _Gan._ our Eden.
+
+12. YUM. OTZ Growth, of lives with good and evil.
+
+13. YUM. NER 4 flowing emanations or streams.
+
+14. YUM. ASHE Intellectual man-mate, called afterwards EUA living
+existence, our Eve.—Self-with-life.
+
+All these periods should require long comments, and discussions, rather
+physical than historical. It is by no means certain that the sun and moon
+are implied in the 6th yum. The text says a couple of MARTH Centralities
+EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. Some have
+seen here the solar and lunar dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might be the
+XRUBIM of later times. The real sun and moon may belong to the _yum_ of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were in existence before the foundation
+of the earth, and our astronomy teaches this implicitly.
+
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation takes 4 periods. The grass grows
+by light before the sun had appeared through the misty atmosphere, and the
+fishes come after the land and herbs, at the same period with fowls. Our
+actual geology does not confirm this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the truth.(6)
+
+Many still consider AISH intellectual man as the human race, previous to
+_Adam_, father of the Adamites; but the concurrent proofs are very
+slender: nor is their posterity known; unless _Nahash_ or the snakes,
+_Elohim_ or the sons of God, the _Rephains_ or giants, and the _Nephilim_
+or apostates, be considered as such. Indications of races of men different
+from the Adamites may be collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; but no positive connected
+account has ever been made out as yet.
+
+The _Nahash_, _Hareth_ or _Satan_ of the Bible, is identic with the
+_Nagas_ (snakes) of the Hindus, the _Zabul_ and _Dives_, (devils) of Iran,
+evidently men, and foes of the Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America the satanic notions will be seen
+in the respective account of religions. They often assume in this
+hemisphere the appearance of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire malignant
+being. But the nations of the Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called _Ako_ or _N’akho_ very similar with _Nahash_
+and _Nagas_. They assert that they were created by the Evil Spirit, were
+always foes of real men; that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring was formed.—_See_ Linapi
+Traditions.
+
+The ALEIM, _Elohim_ or _Egregori_ or angels of the Hebrew were instead
+sons of God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation of the earth; while
+Job ascribes it to _Eloah_, the real God. Herder has said that we shall
+never understand well the mosaic history, until we ascertain who were
+these _Elohim_ and _Cherubim_(7) dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to clear the matter; meantime it
+may be stated that they appear to be the HO-LO of anti-diluvian Chinese
+history, or LO-LO of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also the
+celestial emperors beginning the history of China: the _Alorus_ first
+dynasty of Assyria before the flood: the _Ang_-ELOS and P’EL of the
+Pelagians. Also the H’ELLO (old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI (old men
+or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, the _Peris_ or _Pelis_ of Iran,
+ancient beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the Semetic nation have
+preserved that name for God, in EL, _Allah_, _Baal_, or made of it their
+universal article _El_, _Al_, meaning HE or _the Being_: whence also the
+Pelagic and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the Spanish EL. By the
+frequent usual change of L into R, we have ER root found in many languages
+for men: forming the _Heros_ of Greece, sons of God; the HER or lords of
+the Germanic tribes, the _Seres_ of Thibet or ancient Chinese, _Ergaz_ men
+of the African Atlantes. _Erk_ man in Turkish or Turan Atlantes, akin to
+_Egregori_!
+
+In America these similar indications are widely spread, and among the most
+ancient nations. EL means man in Tolteca and Mexican, OL is old and
+_Yollo_ a spirit or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, _Elohi_ is land
+and spirit in Tzuluki. _Yol_ means _man_ in the Atakapa language of the
+Cado or Nachez group. _Pele_ means the same in Lulé of South America; but
+_Peli_ is soul in Chilian, which approximate to _Peleg_ and _Lelex_,
+ancient Pelagian tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, TOL, pervade the
+whole of ancient America, and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas and
+TALAS, American Atlantes, the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the _Auto-Toles_
+or African Atlantes. These lead to the giants of both hemispheres or
+ancient men of renown. But the subject must be postponed, and will be
+found resumed in the history of Austral and Central America, where these
+atlantes and giants are found.
+
+Returning from this digression; we may resume the geological periods of
+America previous to mankind, in the six successive epochas, already
+mentioned.
+
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before life.
+
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+
+After which begins the human period, till the flood. The question whether
+man or men appeared together, or before or after, in both hemispheres;
+must be left undecided. Some writers have even placed _Eden_ the GN of
+Moses in America and the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the Imalaya
+mountains, valleys and plains, are higher than the Andes, older in
+geological series, and more suitable for human life, not being volcanic:
+it is extremely probable that they were the cradle of mankind, rather than
+America.
+
+Yet men reached America before the flood, and were here at this eventful
+period. But we are ignorant of the precise way they came, and how they
+reached this land which was then only a group of large islands, unless
+North America was united to Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. The
+clearest traditions point to the east, Africa and Europe then united at
+the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis as a stepping place. The
+Mexican traditions point to Asia, by two different opposite quarters, the
+east and the north west. The Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although earlier, came the same way,
+and over the ice of Behring Strait, after its disruption. The Hongwis came
+the same way, although they boast of being Autochtones, as did the Greeks,
+which we know in both instances to be false.
+
+The Nachez nations say they came from the east. The Olmecas or earliest
+people of Anahuac point that way also; although both speak of an American
+flood. The Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern origin, like all the
+Aruac nations; but remembered the flood and parceling of the islands. The
+Carib nations appear postdiluvians and the last come in South America; yet
+the Tamanacs one of the group speak of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from Africa after the flood. It is in
+South America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., that a positive memory was
+found of several floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, which gave
+refuge to several tribes. Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North Africa and the shores of the
+Mediteranean; while many invasions of foreign later nations are recorded,
+&c.
+
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts of the American flood, will
+be carefully collected and given. This will form the first period of human
+history in America, extending to 2262 years at least, according to the
+computation of the 70; the most plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period of creation and their main
+flood: or with trifling differences, less than the various terms of
+Josephus and others; but various other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly sufficient to people America,
+and fill it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed parents of the
+Atlantes and Africans. They were skilful, powerful and wicked, inventing
+agriculture and arts, building cities &c.: while the Sethites invented
+astronomy, letters and dwelt in tents. If the American Atlantes were
+antidiluvian, they must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, KIN of
+Moses.
+
+In 1170 years after Adam, the _Egregori_ angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt.
+Hermon, in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, and uniting with the
+Cainites, gave birth to the _Rephaim_, _Nephilim_ and _Eliud_, tribes of
+Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made war on the angels and men. They are
+said in the Bible to have gone to _Sheol_ (the lower world or South
+America) with their king Belial: where they were drowned by the flood.
+_See Universal History._
+
+The Giants dwelt in _Talo-tolo_, the world _Tolo_ of the Hindus, where we
+find the _Tol_-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: called also _Atala_
+and once sunk in the waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, whose Atlantes
+were also Giants or powerful men. The Egregori have been deemed the Titans
+of the Greeks, and Atlas was a Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed in
+America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, Chilians, &c. being often such:
+the term Giant must always be understood to refer to powerful perverse
+men. The names of _Rephaim_ and _Nephilim_ appear unknown in America,
+being mere Hebrew epithets for giants and apostates.
+
+During this primitive period, geological and physical changes probably
+proceeded in America. The plains gradually appeared, but full of marshes,
+lakes and wide streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles and obnoxious
+animals. Which must have assailed mankind and greatly impeded their
+settlements. Although the lives of men were perhaps longer than now; yet
+it is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs of this period,
+allude to as many Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from each other. In
+this I agree entirely with the learned Hebrew scholar D’Olivet.(8)
+
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, dwelt then on earth; in America
+several species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, megalonyx,
+hyenas, bears, &c., which prowled in plains and caves. The temperature of
+the earth was higher; little clothing was needed. Men were at war with
+beasts, and among themselves. Violence predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the _M’nus_ of the Hindus, a patriarch of the Adamites, a
+prophet according to the Arabs, went over the earth to preach against this
+corruption. Not being attended to, he foresaw that a great calamity would
+befall for these iniquities, and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge in
+Central Asia: where he collected his relations and friends. Some say they
+were 72, our translations of Moses reduces them to 8; but his 3 sons of
+Noah, are evidently as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained therefore 4
+tribes, including his own, and many individuals, besides a multitude of
+animals.
+
+I do not give now the history of this flood. Before it can be given
+accurately, we must collect all the scattered traditions about it, compare
+them, and omitting all fabulous and obviously impossible details, form a
+narrative of the whole facts. The notions and traditions of the Americans
+are very various, as they do not always point to this flood. We find them
+asserting that men were saved in mountains, or caves, on rafts or boats.
+Few, if any, allude to an ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those of
+Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding to several floods, and
+particularly the subsequent of Peleg.
+
+The most explicit traditions on that score are those of the Linapi
+nations; although the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of the real
+Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a great flood in Asia: when their nations
+at least was partly saved in _Tula_ (the turtle land) in Central Asia, by
+the help of a goddess, and Noah or _Nana-bush_. The men were then called
+_Linowi_ and _Linapi_: two other races of men were saved, the _Owini_
+(beings) and the _Tulapewi_, turtlings or atlantes. Besides these foes the
+_Maskanako_ (strong snakes), _Nakowa_ (dark snakes), and the _Amangamek_,
+monsters of the sea; who caused this dire flood. These notions are
+strikingly similar to the Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle saving
+mankind at the flood. _Nana-bush_ is evidently Noah, his name means
+_Noah-Noah-hare_, or the _Great Noah_ and _Hare_.
+
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood, do not allude to any ark, but
+mountains were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu account is very near the
+mosaic; but has no boat, and many persons were saved. The accounts of the
+Assyrians, Arabs, Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, Polynesians,
+&c. are all different. The mosaic account was borrowed from some ancient
+source now forgotten. It is said that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting the mosaic account from
+the supernatural and the impossible, we obtain the real tradition of a
+great aquatic cataclysm. Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption of
+the ocean, attended with volcanic floods of waters from the Caspian sea
+(as Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change of climate: which overflew
+the earth or most of it; except some _Thebas_, refuges in mountains,
+_swimming_ over the waters, as it were: there some men and tribes, many
+animals, trees and plants were preserved: to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+
+After this flood, America was left pretty much as it is now, except that
+the shores were higher yet, many flat plains inundated and full of
+marshes. The Antilles yet united in larger islands and perhaps with
+Cumana. The Strait of Choco nearly filled up: and diluvial soil, gravel,
+sand, boulders and organic remains scattered over the land, the hills,
+plains and caves. Many fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation had been
+destroyed wherever the flood went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread again. The terrestrial animals
+and birds saved in the mountains, spread themselves again over the earth.
+Mankind in despair at the disaster, kept for a long while on mountains,
+and did not occupy again the desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+
+The Chinese account of this flood, state positively that it was attended
+with a change in the length of the year, formerly of only 360 days, a
+change in the seasons, an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling men
+to dress in skins and mats. Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven to
+the mountains, became very troublesome, men being compelled to defend
+themselves against their attacks.
+
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the Bible, where like Hales and
+Russel, he has at last adopted the computation of the Septuagint and
+Josephus, reckons 5411 years from Adam to our era, the oriental Christians
+reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah’s
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these periods; as well as to the second
+cataclysm of the earth; that of Peleg according to the Biblists. The only
+knowledge the Bible gives about it, is that the earth was split, broken or
+divided, in the time of the patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived or
+lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah’s flood. But David has sung this
+cataclysm in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account brings this second flood
+to the year 2296 before Christ, or 858 years after the former. The Hindu
+account concealed in many fables agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many years. It is evidently in date the
+mistaken Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and annihilating the place
+between them. The Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, the first was
+under _Yunti_, the second under _Yao_, and 42 emperors are mentioned
+between the two floods.
+
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish which is meant by the
+various imperfect traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, there are at least
+two cataclysms mentioned by the annals or traditions. Also among some
+northern tribes. The Linapi annals or songs allude to the second, which
+broke by volcanoes the _Lusasaki_ (burnt land) and separated America or
+_Akomenaki_ (snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted nearly 3000 years from Adam’s
+epocha, or 3212 by oriental computation. The interval between Adam and
+Noah ought to be called the Adamic period, that between Noah and Peleg’s
+floods the Noahic period. It was at this last convulsion that the earth
+took its actual form. The Straits of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina,
+Hellespont, Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, Sunda, &c., were then
+formed. The Atlantis Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the Island Lanca in
+the Indian Ocean were sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, &c. are
+fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, Madagascar, &c. the fragments of
+Lanca.(9)
+
+In America, the Boreal islands may have been broken, like the British
+islands of Europe. Some suppose that they might once join together with
+Iceland. The Antilles were split in the actual form—Behring Strait divided
+America from Asia. The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. The lowlands
+of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic shores were inundated and then partly
+left dry by huge volcanic tides. This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having at least three great focusses,
+1. in the North Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, 3. In Polynesia or
+the Pacific Ocean. In China all the lowlands were overflowed and partly
+overwhelmed. The great Islands of Java and Sumatra were formed; which
+formerly were united with Asia and several islands in the vicinity, under
+the remembered name of _Sunda_ land.
+
+If mankind had not reached America before Noah, it must surely have
+reached it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes were in the
+neighbourhood and bold navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then various peculiar names, mostly traced
+in America. Twenty American nations have distinct remembrance of this
+splitting of American lands and islands; local or partial floods, less
+general and disastrous than the former.
+
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to animals and vegetables as the former;
+but it must have destroyed them in several sunken islands: and have added
+second clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: with many volcanic
+productions, chiefly clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. The memorials,
+annals and traditions of the American nations are very scanty on this
+period; difficult to be distinguished from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced, nor distinct in form. The
+_Linapi_ tribes had not yet reached America, and dwelt in Asia; but by
+their account the Snake tribes _Akowi_ went to America in that period, led
+by _Nakopowa_ (the Snake priest); it is even hinted that they caused this
+cataclysm or at least the separation of Asia and America, at _Lusasaki_
+(burnt land), in order to escape their foes, the _Elowi-chik_ (hunters) of
+the _Linnapewi_, the original manly people.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+    GENERAL VIEW _of the Ancient and Modern Annals of Both
+    Americas.—european Colonies, Modern Fate Of Nations, Late Physical
+    Changes, &c._
+
+
+After these floods begin the primitive annals of mankind in America as
+elsewhere; but still scanty, obscure and involved in fables, by
+personifications of tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, fruits or
+even stones and mountains. The origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere annals; but the collateral
+proofs of the languages facilitate the enquiry. Those who have the most
+positive facts of primitive times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly destitute of dates and correct
+details. We ought not to be surprised at this, since even in Asia (except
+in China,) we possess nothing but fragments on those times; while the most
+polished nations of oldest times, the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &c. have involved their early histories in fables, mythologies and
+false dates.
+
+However, whatever might be the early origin of the American nations, it
+may be collected from all, that in the ancient periods; they were few in
+number and in population; principally confined to some peculiar seats of
+civilization: such as the regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, Oaxaca,
+Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, and Peru. We have positive proofs of early
+empires and splendid monumental cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c.
+in Central America; and in South America at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or size, were scattered afterwards
+from the Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to Chili and Brazil: probably
+through the dispersion and colonization of these early empires or
+states.(10)
+
+After they had filled the most fruitful or suitable regions, carrying with
+them agriculture, domestic animals, religion, laws and various graphic
+systems: they were invaded by tribes less civilized; but more warlike;
+principally in North America, and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests: some of which are recorded in the
+Apalachian region of the United States, in the Mexican table land, in
+Hayti &c. and by the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: while in Guyana
+and Brazil the annals are lacking, and the traces of these conflicts but
+faint; yet certified by some traditions and the new tribes introduced.
+
+The solar worship prevailed among the most civilized nations and empires:
+that of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those of the second degree. The
+least civilized nations had either adopted the Dualism or a mixed
+religion: while the barbarous tribes knew only a kind of _Tao_ religion as
+in China,(11) or a fetichism, venerating one or many objects of nature.
+But these four main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, and
+diversities: they had often degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind of
+priesthood was almost universal and formed a peculiar caste in many
+states. The legislators and rulers had often been priests, and became
+pontifs as well as kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, Cholula,
+Manazicas &c.
+
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after the floods, the earth had
+undergone many changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the subsiding of the
+sea. Many valleys were drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; the
+shores of the Atlantic from New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and from La
+Plata to Magellania, as well as those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased by
+the gradual retreat of the sea. The great plains of the Mississippi,
+Oronoc, Maranon and Parana were also formed or drained of their swamps and
+morasses.
+
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to the antecedent antidiluvian
+period, that the real or certain history of the Americans begins with many
+details and dates; both in the north and south. It was then that the
+empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas
+&c. were established on the ruins of many anterior states. We obtain by
+the annals preserved or recovered of many such nations, a tolerable view
+of this part of their history, and even an insight into earlier times,
+when similar revolutions must have happened. If many states or nations
+rose and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the other: it was a common
+fate with others in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. But we may hope to
+rescue their names if not their deeds, from total oblivion, by seeking
+their monuments, and the fragments of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+
+In this period some American nations rose to a degree of splendor and
+civilization, with knowledge of arts and sciences, little inferior to
+Greeks and Romans; and superior to the European nations of the middle
+ages, even down to 1492: quite equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient to transmit knowledge in
+books, schools and inscriptions. This high civilization was not merely
+confined to Mexico and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; but was
+scattered from the Apalachis and Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south
+of Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+
+Although war and slavery prevailed in many parts, they were modified by
+the usage of adoption for individuals and whole tribes, mutual alliances,
+confederacies &c.: while slavery was changed into a feodal vassalage. The
+feodal system and the castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest time.
+
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient annals of America, present us with
+the soothing view of wise legislators, who gave civilization and happiness
+to millions for ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. Such were most of
+the conquests of the Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos &c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory and deeds, dwelling on them with
+more pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+
+To them the Americans were indebted for their policy, diplomacy,
+alliances, agriculture and knowledge, with the peculiar happy mode of
+holding the land in common or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, manioc, banana, gourds, beans,
+and 100 other cultivated plants and fruits. The Mexicans had even botanic
+gardens and pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. The universities
+of Cuzco, Tunca, Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. were founded
+earlier than the European universities by such benefactors of mankind; and
+112 domestic animals had been tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be reckoned.(12)
+
+                    In the W.         In the Eastern.
+                    Hemisphere.
+Quadrupeds          33 kinds          only 25 kns.
+Birds               32                25
+Reptiles            15                10
+Fishes              12                10
+Insects             8                 4
+Shells and worms    12                6
+
+The modern history of America since 1492 presents a multitude of events
+with regular dates: but the historians of these later times instead of
+dwelling upon the native nations, appear to notice them merely _en
+passant_! while relating at length the discoveries, conquests and wars of
+the European adventurers and colonists.
+
+It is not thus that we are to notice them; but as equal nations. Now that
+after four ages, these colonies are also become independent nations, and
+begin to nurse American feelings, we ought to feel for them, and reveal
+the truth. It is not number nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North American tribes, is the best
+known by peculiar fragments; but similar fragments may be collected on
+many other tribes.
+
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came the ferocious gold hunters of
+Castille; who in their greedy search after golden wealth, trampled under
+foot, both religion and humanity. They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were checked
+at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, Santa Marta &c. They overthrew many
+flourishing states, and erected over them a slavish colonial fabric, soon
+after sunk in sloth and ignorance.(13)
+
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were the cause of their ruin and
+subjugation by the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches Tayronas, Poyays,
+Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians &c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, and
+never were conquered. The happy states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca,
+Hayti, Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful friendly disposition;
+being cruelly betrayed and desolated.
+
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the Portuguese, where a bastard tribe
+of Mamalucos were born; who sought for slaves and gold, from Guayana to
+Paraguay, and destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy freebooters,
+came the rabble of pirates and buccaneers to revenge American wrongs, upon
+the Spaniards and Portuguese by deeds of cruelty. Thus was America flooded
+with blood, and groaning in tears for nearly three centuries. But even
+these horrible deeds were not the only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another continent was overrun, to
+supply stronger hands, and Africa was made to contribute millions of
+slaves to swell American population, or sink there to premature death
+under the lashing scourge of cruel tasks.
+
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing to partake of the American spoils,
+went in search of wealth all over the shores of this continent. Not
+satisfied with mere trading colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy some weak points, with or
+without the consent of the nations. The Dutch settled in Brazil, Surinam,
+Curazao and New York. The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, Hayti, the
+Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; but have gradually lost all those
+colonies, except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+
+The English nation, more daring, steady and lucky, occupied with their
+auxiliaries, the Scotch and Irish, some points of the Atlantic shores,
+many Carib Islands &c.: by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried their quarrels over the ocean,
+and endeavored to destroy each other. Laterly among them arose in North
+America the holy flame of freedom and independence, which has been
+travelling and spreading throughout the continent, ever since.
+
+But among these contending colonies and slaving plantations, how were the
+owners of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! seldom with
+justice—Popes and kings gave away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing themselves of this doubtful right,
+bought with trifling presents the good will of some tribes, or drove them
+away by force. Thus were settled most of the American colonies; except a
+few, attempted in a spirit of religion and peace.
+
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his name! gave the example of reducing
+unsubdued tribes to peaceful allies, by words and deeds of peace and
+piety, and Tezutlan thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. When the
+Spanish and Portuguese freebooters were sunk in wealth and sloth; they
+found it very convenient to employ the Jesuits and other monks to subdue
+for them whole tribes and nations, by this easy mode. In North America,
+Roger Williams and William Penn, blessed be their names! settled colonies
+without strife, and by mere good will towards the owners of the soil. But
+every where the foes or successors of these missionaries of peace,
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had made. Unjust wars were the
+natural consequence, in which the rightful party, did not often prevail,
+being overpowered by strength and cunning.
+
+Meantime the independent period opens a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate and become free. Seventeen
+years afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl the standard of broken
+chains. Between 1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America shakes the weak
+power of Spain. In 1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an American empire.
+Slavery is abolished in all the Spanish states, only retained in the
+colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually excluded from many states of N.
+America, at early periods; but others from Virginia to Louisiana are
+tenacious of these unholy and dangerous bonds.
+
+Now, the native American tribes within the claimed territories of these
+new independent nations, are under a sort of pupilage, and often
+oppressed: although no longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil alone
+admits of indescriminate slavery, and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states that delay wiser measures.
+Meanwhile at the two ends of America, in Canada and the United States, as
+in Buenos Ayres, a new kind of oppression has appeared. Land stealing and
+compulsory sales! unhallowed means to increase wealth, nearly as guilty as
+the precious Spanish gold hunting.
+
+The United States which ought to set the wisest example, of justice and
+clemency, towards reduced tribes, diminished by vices taught instead of
+virtues, are doing the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate the native
+tribes, admit them to equal rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood, in a language untaught, or
+disqualify them for witnesses. They compel them to remove, emigrate,
+disperse, sell their lands and homes, at one tenth of the value; and this
+is called fair dealing!
+
+Notwithstanding that the European states or colonies, occupy or claim,
+nearly the whole of both Americas; yet there are many vast regions as yet
+unsettled by them, and where dwell or wander several free tribes,
+particularly in the Arctic wilds, in Oregon, California, Texas, the
+Missouri plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, in N. America—and in S.
+America in the vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, Maranon, Brazil,
+Chaco, Chili and Magellania. The most prominent of these modern tribes are
+the Uskis or Esquimaux, the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or Sioux, Panis
+or Skerés, Washas or Ozages, Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, Talahets or Pampas &c. All
+divided into many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them by fair means and deeds of peace,
+many continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, greedy traders,
+intemperance, and above all by killing their game, and stealing their
+lands. Some missions are established from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders, trappers, land-hunters or
+squatters, and the military of the frontiers: from whom they can imbibe no
+very favorable idea of their oppressors.
+
+How is this to end? Is it really intended to grasp the whole continent,
+and make these fragments of nations, aliens on their own soil? or to
+annihilate them at last? Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of landed
+wealth! There is a God in heaven, and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you, if you continue to violate the
+sacred laws of mankind. The desperate tribes, either become stronger by
+concentration, or acquired knowledge, may fall on you at last, like so
+many Goths and Vandals, Huns and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or among you will arise Agrarian
+sects, that will deprive your children of this landed property so unjustly
+acquired and held.
+
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity does not blind you, imitate the
+happy policy of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that has admitted the natives
+to equality and citizenship. Do better still, allow them to form peculiar
+states and territories, preserving their languages and laws, and admit
+these states into your confederacies. Then you will be secure, and both
+live in peace, increasing and multiplying as time rolls on. There is land
+enough for all, and to spare. What need has a man of 1000 acres of land;
+while 100 can support a large family! in the cold climates, and 10 acres
+in the fruitful tropical climates, where thrive the banana and the sugar
+cane. If hunters require a large wilderness to sustain their mode of life,
+greedy worshippers of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold waste for
+speculation! or to fill with plantations of slaves and tenants, in order
+to become lords of future generations; but the real wise and active men,
+the props of society, are content with moderate, secure estates, which
+they may improve and beautify into smiling gardens.
+
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their equally useful Peruvian cattle;
+they have received the horse, and often adopted him as a friend, to become
+Tartars and Arabs by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on the cruel
+Spaniards. Some European fruits and grains have been received and
+cultivated: while all have been introduced into the colonies. Woolen
+cloth, blankets, iron and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the still, have been spread by
+trade. These last with horses and guns, have been the chief deadly weapons
+of Europe against America.(14)
+
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver and precious furs: pearls and
+diamonds, cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia wool, cacao,
+vanilla, gum elastic and many other useful or medical articles. Maize,
+returning east whence it came; with tobacco, a loathsome weed of heathen
+growth and rites. Human knowledge has been increased, and trade greatly
+enlarged; the tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks have been
+transmitted. Thus Europe has been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.(15)
+
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the heavenly religion of Jesus, was
+offered or forced upon many American nations, by the same men, who were
+behaving worse than heathens, worshipping gold and mammon with the earth
+itself, bathed in human blood and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, wanton lust, cupidity and
+avarice; with all the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico had ghastly
+idols and cruel rites; Hayti, Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was substituted the papal worships
+of other idols, saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion of love and
+peace to all mankind, was seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits—except by the heavenly Las-Casas, the friendly quakers, the humane
+moravians, and a few other christian missionaries. All the sects of
+christianity have now spread to America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with a few Mahometans, Hindus,
+Chinese, Budhists &c. Thus all the religions of the earth are now found in
+this hemisphere, by the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 ages, on the American tribes, that
+have been enslaved, or in frequent communication with the nations of
+Europe—not in religion alone; but in dress, manners, knowledge,
+civilization and pursuits. The alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and
+the pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. In the boreal regions, the
+English and Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers of furs. In
+South America the native tribes are often skillful fishermen or traders.
+
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of America are cheering. Many
+independent nations have sprung, which deem themselves Americans, and love
+their homes. A general spirit of tolerance and peace is spreading, the
+true religion of the heart better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed tribes, and the poor
+slaves. Those who wish oppression and intolerance to be perpetuated, are
+not many in this continent, at present; they will be fewer still in half a
+century or the year 1892.
+
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of mind and manners. A few ages have
+been sufficient to produce these mighty changes. Meanwhile, nature
+although changing slower, is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared and disappeared, the sea shores have
+receded, the lakes are falling, the streams are lessening, the mountains
+are crumbling, the swamps are draining: immense forests have been cut, and
+changed into ploughed fields, hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities have been built, with
+innumerable towns and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi and
+Magdalena have been cultivated, many mines dug for metals or coals. The
+face of the country has been quite changed in these new seats of
+civilization; in the regions of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, in
+Guyana, Brazil; but in the western regions from Mexico to Chili,
+agriculture has rather receded: they had at least as many towns and fields
+in ancient times.
+
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea have caused sad changes in other
+parts, gulfs have been formed on the coast of Cumana, Callao twice sunken
+in volcanic tides, mountains and cities overthrown from Popayan to Chili:
+while the alluvial formations proceed along the streams and shores; their
+floods are perennials, increasing deltas and islands: Hurricanes scatter
+ruins and dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate strips of
+forests. The spouting springs and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, clay
+and marl, pitch and other substances. The water volcanoes drown valleys
+and cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated Quito. Mexico near a lake
+and often overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; the lake having been
+drained by nature and art jointly combined.(16)
+
+These rapid sketches and views offer a connected picture of men and soil,
+in this hemisphere, during the ages past. The detailed local annals of the
+various nations, will enlarge the subject, and present the required
+outlines of the ancient and modern events of both.
+
+                  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
+
+After these general topics on American history, I had proposed to enter
+upon the peculiar annals of nations, beginning by Peru and Austral
+America; but wishing to give in this first volume something still more
+novel and striking, I have concluded to begin by the original unpublished
+annals of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions of the Haytians; who
+assert to have come into America, by the north west, and the second
+through the Atlantic Ocean. I hear besides that a French traveller
+D’Orbigny, is now publishing in Paris, his travels in Austral and Peruvian
+America, with 60 vocabularies of languages: where I may perhaps find
+additioned materials for the history of those regions.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+    _Original Annals and Historical Traditions of the_ LINAPIS, _from
+    the creation to the flood, passage and settlements in America, as
+    far as the Atlantic Ocean &c., till 1820 &c._
+
+
+We have but few real American Annals, given in the original peculiar
+style. Those of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, Peru, &c., have all
+been translated by abridgements or paraphrases. Those of the _Ongwi_ by
+Cusick come nearest to the aboriginal form, using the usual
+personifications and animalizations of tribes, so common all over America
+and Asia; but so often misunderstood: having perplexed and disgusted the
+commentators or translators; who did not seize this form of style. Even in
+China, the primitive inhabitants often bear the names of beasts, _Lung_
+dragons, _Chi_ birds, _Yao_ wolf, _Miao_ tygers. In India we find snakes,
+monkeys, lions &c. Early in Europe are dogs _Canari and Cynetes_, satyrs,
+lions &c., syrens, harpies, pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.(17)
+
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were called beasts or _Caracol_,
+turtles _Icota_, birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even gourds and
+fruits.—(Roman’s Trad.) In Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, tygers, giants &c. While
+throughout North America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, wolves, dogs,
+deer, birds. We must learn to appreciate this primitive form of speech and
+style, as allegorical names of men &c. It is very needful in order to
+understand the following narratives.
+
+Having obtained, through the late Dr. Ward of Indiana, some of the
+original _Wallam-Olum_ (painted record) of the Linapi tribe of Wapahani or
+White River, the translation will be given of the songs annexed to each:
+which form a kind of connected annals of the nation. In the illustrations
+of this history, will be figured the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation, word for word. This will
+furnish a great addition to our knowledge of American graphics and
+philology; but here the annals are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical and geographical names, so as
+to afford a better clue to the whole.(18)
+
+We knew by all the writers who have had friendly intercourse with the
+tribes of North America, that they did possess, and perhaps keep yet,
+historical and traditional records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed wampuns &c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be the first attempt. Lederer saw 200
+years ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording events of 60 years.
+Humboldt has mentioned the glyphical symbols of the Hurons on wood, seen
+by the Jesuits. Heckwelder saw the _Olumapi_ or painted sticks of the
+Linapis; but did not describe them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main, with these historical songs;
+yet the songs appear mere abridgments of more copious annals, or the bases
+of the traditions. The Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the Sakis and
+Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, have such painted tales and annals,
+called _Neobagun_ (male tool) by the former. Tanner has figured some of
+these pictured songs or _Neobagun_, in his interesting Narrative. Loskiel
+has stated that the Linapis had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty in 1766 saw records 370 years
+old.
+
+Out of these materials and other kept by the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis,
+Panis &c., might be formed or restored a peculiar graphic system of north
+America, different from the Mexican system; and probably once imported
+from Asia: where it may be compared with the graphic symbols of the
+Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give materials for such researches in my
+illustrations. The symbols, when met alone, were inexplicable; but by
+obtaining the words or verses, (since they must commonly be sung) we may
+acquire enough to lead on further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol applies to a verse or many words; as
+if the ideas were amalgamated in the compound system: yet they may often
+be analyzed, and the elements ascertained or conjectured, by their
+repetition.
+
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are known to but few individuals,
+and must be learned with much labor. Those obtained, consist of 3 ancient
+songs relating their traditions previous to arrival in America, written in
+24, 16 and 20 symbols, altogether 60. They are very curious, but destitute
+of chronology. The second series relates to America, is comprised in 7
+songs, 4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses of 3 words. It begins
+at the arrival in America, and is continued without hardly any
+interruption till the arrival of the European colonists towards 1600. As
+96 successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, except ten that are nameless:
+it is susceptible of being reduced to a chronology of 96 generations,
+forming 32 centuries, and reaching back to 1600 years before our era. But
+the whole is very meagre, a simple catalogue of rulers, with a few deeds:
+yet it is equal to the Mexican annals of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting in a mere translation, ends the
+whole, and includes some few original details on the period from 1600 to
+1820.(19)
+
+The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish and French
+pronunciation, except SH as in English, U as in French, W as Hou.
+
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical account; the concurrent
+testimonies of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant proofs. The
+words of Loskiel are these.
+
+“The Delawares keep genealogies, with the character of each man, if wise,
+rich, renowned, or a mighty warrior. They use _hieroglyphs_ on wood, trees
+and stones, to give caution, information, communicate events,
+achievements, keep records. Some time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.
+
+1. _Song._—_The Creation &c._
+
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water on the top of the land. _Aki._
+
+2. There was much water, and much fog over the land, and there was also
+KITANI-TOWIT, the God-creator.
+
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being (_Saye-wis_), an eternal
+being, and invisible although every where.
+
+4. It was he who caused much water, much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the moon and the stars.
+
+6. And all these he caused to move well.
+
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared up, and the deep water ran off.
+
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood there.—_Menak._
+
+9. It was then, when again the _God-Creator_ made the makers or
+spirits.—_Manito-Manitoak._
+
+10. And also the first beings _Owiniwak_, and also the angels
+_Angelatawiwak_, and also the souls _Chichankwak_, all them he made.(20)
+
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being JIN-WIS, ancestor of the men.(21)
+
+12. He gave him the first mother NETA-MIGAHO, mother of the first beings
+OWINI.(22)
+
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he gave him, beasts he gave him, birds
+he gave him.
+
+14. But there was a bad spirit _Makimani_, who caused the bad beings
+_Makowini_, black snakes _Nakowak_, and monsters or large reptiles
+_Amangamek_.
+
+15. And caused also flies, and caused also gnats.
+
+16. All the beings were then friends and stood there.
+
+17. Thou being KIWIS, good God WUNAND (these are 2 gods) and the good
+makers or spirits were such.
+
+18. With the Jins NIJINI, the first men, and the first mother, their
+wives, which were Fairies _Nantinewak_.(23)
+
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies was a fat fruit _Gattamin_.
+
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were easy-thinking, and all were
+well-happified.
+
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, _Powako_, brings on earth secretly
+the Snake worship _Initako_, of the god of the Snakes WAKON.(24)
+
+22. And there came wickedness, crime and unhappiness.
+
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper was coming, with death was
+coming.
+
+24. All this happened very long ago, at the first land _Netamaki_, beyond
+the great ocean _Kitahikan_.
+
+_2d Song. The Flood &c._
+
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake _Maskanako_, when the men had
+become bad beings _Makowini_.
+
+2. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became
+troubled, hating each other.
+
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.
+
+4. And they were fighting, least man _Mattapewi_ with dead-keeper
+_Nihanlowit_.
+
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings
+and the men.
+
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster (_Amangam_) he brought, snake
+rushing-water he brought.
+
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much
+destroying.
+
+8. Meantime at TULA, at that island, NAMA-BUSH (the great hare _Nana_)
+became the ancestor of beings and men.
+
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at TULA.(25)
+
+10. The beings and men (_Owini and Linowi_) all go forth from the flood
+creeping in shallow water, or swimming afloat, asking which is the way to
+the turtle back TULAPIN. (This verse like many others is in rhymes, and
+metre of 9 words of 3 syllables.)
+
+11. But there were many monsters (_Amangamek_) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped them in a boat, saying come,
+come, they were coming and were helped. (The name of the boat or raft is
+_Mokol_.)
+
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the grandfather of all, the grandfather of
+the beings, the grandfather of the men, and the grandfather of the
+turtles. (This is the beginning of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, lasting
+for 4 verses.)
+
+14. The men were there, the turtle there, they were turtling altogether.
+(_Tulapewi_ are the turtle-men.)
+
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he was praying, he the turtle, let
+it be to make well.
+
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in the plains and the mountains, at
+the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion.
+
+_3d Song. Fate after the Flood._
+
+1. After the flood, the manly men _Linapewi_, with the manly turtle beings
+dwelt close together at the cave house, and dwelling of _Talli_.
+
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was there, it is cold was there.
+
+3. To possess mild coldness and much game, they go to the northerly plain,
+to hunt cattle they go.
+
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers divided into tillers and
+hunters. _Wikhi-chik_, _Elowi-chik_.
+
+5. The most strong, the most good, the most holy, the hunters they
+are.(26)
+
+6. And the hunters spread themselves, becoming northerlings, easterlings,
+southerlings, westerlings. _Lowaniwi_, _Wapaniwi_, _Shawaniwi_,
+_Wunkeniwi_.
+
+7. Thus the white country _Lumonaki_, north of the turtle country, became
+the hunting country of the turtling true men.
+
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the snake priest
+_Nakopowa_ said to all, let us go.
+
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland _Akhokink_, and they went away
+earnestly grieving.
+
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and by trembling the burnt land
+_Lusasaki_ is torn and is broken from the snake fortified land.
+_Akomenaki_.
+
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the northerlings all go out,
+separating, at the land of Snow _Winiaken_.
+
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the gaping sea, where tarried the
+fathers of white eagle and white wolf. _Waplanewa_, _Waptumewi_.
+
+13. While our fathers were always boating and navigating, they saw in the
+east that the snake land was bright and wealthy. (Here begins a fine
+poetical rhyming narrative).—_See Last Note._
+
+14. The head-beaver _Wihlamok_, and the big-bird _Kicholen_, were saying
+to all, let us go to the Snake Island _Akomen_.
+
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate all the snaking people,
+_Wemaken_.
+
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings and easterlings, went over the
+water of the frozen sea to possess that land.
+
+17. It was wonderful when they all went over the smooth deep water of the
+frozen sea, at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark, who all go forth in a single night
+in the dark, to the Snake island of the eastern land _Wapanaki_ in the
+Dark, by walking all the people.—OLINI.(27)
+
+19. They were the manly north, the manly east, the manly south; with manly
+eagle, manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly hunter, manly priest, manly
+rich; with manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. (12 words all
+homophonous rhymes.)
+
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland _Shinaking_. But the western
+men doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain at the old turtle land.
+
+Thus end these interesting and positive ancient traditions, by a fine poem
+on the passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis have a similar poem:
+the Illinois had also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. They are perhaps
+lost; but this being at last rescued, will preserve the memory for ever.
+Now begin the second series of songs, in a different style, seldom
+rhyming, but made metrical by an equal number of words in each verse, 4 in
+the 4 first which carry the tribe till their conquest of the _Talegas_;
+but only 3 in the 3 later poems on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance; but they are mere abridgment of
+better annals now probably lost. Numbers shall be annexed to each
+successive king or ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+
+1. _Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings or Civil Wars._
+
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were then at _Shinaki_ or Firland.
+
+2. The path leader was the white eagle (_Wapalanewa 1_), who leads them
+all there.
+
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a fine land, and was explored by them.
+
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, the moving souls, in assembly
+meet.
+
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (_Kolawil 2_) be thou king there.
+
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest some, to Snake hill, let them all
+go.
+
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and concealing themselves at the Bear
+hill.
+
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (_Wapagokhos_ 3) was king at the Firland.
+
+9. After him there _Ianotowi_ (4 true maker) was king, and many things he
+did.
+
+10. After him there _Chilili_ (5 snowbird) was king, who says let us go
+south.
+
+11. To spread the fathers of men _Wokenapi_, and to be able to possess
+much more.(28)
+
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east he goes the beaver-he _Tamakwi_.
+(Here is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+
+13. A beautiful land was the south land, the big Firland and the shoreland
+_Shabi-yaki_.
+
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land, and a lake land, and a cattle
+land.
+
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (_Ayamek_ 6) was king, when all the
+tribes were at war.
+
+16. There was war with the robbing-men, snaking-men, blacking men,
+strongmen. _Chikonapi_, _Akhonapi_, _Makatapi_, _Assinapi_.—Thus ends the
+first song with civil strife and great wars, dividing some tribes
+probably.
+
+_2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the Missouri &c._
+
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in whose time there was much warfare
+south and east.(29)
+
+18. After them _Langundowi_ (peaceful-he, 17 kg.) was king at the
+beautiful land _Akolaking_, and there was peace.(30)
+
+19. After such _Tasukamend_ (never-bad 18) was king, and he was a good or
+just man.
+
+20. After such was king _Pemaholend_ (ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+
+21. King afterwards was _Matemik_ (town builder 20) who built many towns,
+and afterwards the holy goer _Pilsohalin_ 21.
+
+22. King afterwards was _Gunokeni_ (long while fatherly 22, who ruled
+long) and afterwards the big teeth _Mangipitak_ 23.
+
+23. King afterwards was _Olumapi_ (24 manly recorder or bundler) who
+caused many writings.(31)
+
+24. King afterwards was _Takwachi_ (25 who shivers with cold) who went
+south to the corn land _Minihaking_.
+
+25. King afterwards was _Huminiend_ (26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+
+26. King afterwards was _Alkosahit_ (27 preserving keeper) who had a royal
+soul and was very useful.
+
+27. King afterwards was _Shiwapi_ (28 salt man) and afterwards dry-he
+_Penkwonwi_ 29.
+
+28. There was no raining, and no corn grew, east he goes far from the
+sea.(32)
+
+29. Over hollow mountain _Oligonunk_, at last to eat he went at a fine
+plain _Kalok-waming_ of the cattle land.
+
+30. After _Penkwonwi_ came _Wekwo-chella_ (30 much weary) after such the
+stiff (_Chingalsuwi_ 31.)
+
+31. After such was _Kwitikwund_ (32 the reprover) who was disliked, and
+some unwilling to obey.
+
+32. Being angry some moved easterly, and secretly went far off.
+
+_3d Song. From the Missouri to the Mississippi &c._
+
+33. But the wise did tarry, and _Waka-holend_ (33 the beloved) was made
+king.
+
+34. It was at the Yellow River _Wisawana_ where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built towns.(33)
+
+35. All being friends _Tamenend_ (34 affable like a beaver) became king
+and was alone the first.(34)
+
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best, and all the men came to him.
+
+37. After such good _Maskansisil_ (35 strong buffaloe) was king and
+chieftain or leader.
+
+38. _Machigokhos_ (36 big-owl) was king, _Wapkicholen_ (37 white crane)
+was king.
+
+39. _Wingenund_ (38 mindful) was king and pontiff, who made many
+festivals.(35)
+
+40. _Lapawin_ (whitened 39) was king, _Wallama_ (40 painted) was king.
+
+41. _Waptiwapit_ (41 white chicken) was king, again there is war north and
+south.
+
+42. By the wise in assembly _Tamaskan_ (strong wolf 42) was made king.
+
+43. He was able to war on all and he killed the strong-stone
+_Maskansini_.(36)
+
+44. _Messissuwi_ (43 whole-he) was king and made war on the snake-beings
+_Akowini_.
+
+45. _Chitanwulit_ (44 strong and good) was king and made war on the
+northern foes _Lowanuski_.
+
+46. _Alokuwi_ (45 lean he) was king and made war on the father snake
+_Towakon_.
+
+47. _Opekasit_ (46 east-looking) was king, being sad at the warfare.
+
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and they are many who together go
+east.
+
+_4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c._
+
+49. The fish river _Nemasipi_ separated the land, and being lazy they
+tarry there.(37)
+
+50. _Yagawanend_ (47 hut maker) was king, and the _Tallegewi_ (there
+found) possessing the east.
+
+51. _Chitanitis_ (48 strong friend) king was, and he desires the rich land
+of the east.
+
+52. To the east some did pass, but the head of the Talegas, _Talegawil_
+killed some of them.
+
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, warfare.
+
+54. The friends of the north the _Talamatan_ (who are not like the
+Talligewi, the Hurons) were coming to go altogether united.
+
+55. _Kinehepend_ (49 sharp looking) was king, and leader, over the river
+against foes.
+
+56. Much was there possessed by them, and much spoiling and killing of the
+Talegas.
+
+57. _Pimokhasuwi_ (50 stirring about) was king, but he found the Talegas
+too strong in the war.
+
+58. _Tenchekensit_ (51 opening path) was king, and many towns were given
+up to him.
+
+59. _Paganchihilla_ (52 great fulfiller) was king, and all the Talegas
+went away to the south.
+
+60. _Hattanwulaton_ (53 he has possession) was king, and all the people
+were well pleased.
+
+61. South of the lakes they settle the council fire, and the friends
+_Talamatan_ north of the lakes.
+
+62. But they were not always friends and were conspiring when _Gunitakan_
+(54 long mild) was king.
+
+63. _Linniwulamen_ (55 man of truth) was king, and made war on the
+Talamatan.
+
+64. _Shakagapewi_ (56 just and upright) was king, and the Talamatan were
+trembling.
+
+SECOND SERIES OR MODERN HISTORY.
+
+_1st Song. At the Talega land._
+
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at the Talega land _Talegaking_.
+
+2. _Tamaganend_ (57 beaver leader) was king at the White River or _Wabash
+Wa-palaneng_.
+
+3. _Wapushuwi_ (58 white linx) was king and planted much corn.
+
+4. _Wulichinik_ (59 well hardy) was king, and the people increased.
+
+5. _Lekhihitin_ (60. writer writing) was king and painted many books
+_Wallamo-lumin_.(38)
+
+6. _Kolachuisen_ (61 pretty blue bird) was king, at the place of much
+fruit _Makeli-ming_. (near Cincinnati?)
+
+7. _Pematalli_ (62 constant there) was king and had many towns.
+
+8. _Pepomahemen_ (63 paddler up) was king of many rivers and streams.
+
+9. _Tankawon_ (64 little cloud) was king, while many went away.
+
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, went to the south lands.(39)
+
+11. _Kichitamak_ (65 big beaver) was king at the white lick _Wapahoning_.
+
+12. The heavenly prophet _Onowutok_ (66) went to the west.(40)
+
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken land and the western southerlings.
+
+14. _Pawanami_ (67 rich water turtle) was king at the Ohio River
+_Taleganah_.
+
+15. _Lokwelend_ (68 walker) was king, and had much warfare.(41)
+
+16. Again with the father snake _Towako_, again with the stony snake
+_Sinako_, again with north snake _Lowako_.
+
+17. _Mokolmokom_ (69 the grand father of the boats) was king and went
+snaking in boats.
+
+18. _Winelowich_ (70 snow hunter) was king and went to the north land of
+the Esquimaux _Lowushkis_.
+
+19. _Linkwekinuk_ (71 sharp looker) was king and went to the Alleghany
+Mountains _Talegachukang_.
+
+20. _Wapalawikwan_ (72 east settler) was king and went east of the Talega
+land.(42)
+
+_2d Song. At the East till first White Man comes._
+
+21. This land of the east, was a large land _Amangaki_, and a long land
+_Amigaki_.
+
+22. This land had no snakes, but was a rich land, and many good things
+were found there.
+
+23. _Gikenopalat_ (73 great warrior) was king near the north.
+
+24. _Hanaholend_ (74 stream loving) was king at the branching stream or
+Susquehanna _Saskwihanang_.(43)
+
+25. _Gattawisi_ (75 becoming fat) was king at the sassafras land _Winaki_.
+
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of the sun _Gishikshapipek_, which
+was again a big sea.
+
+27. _Makhiawip_ (76 red arrow) was king at the tide water.
+
+28. _Wolomenap_ (77 hollow man) was king at the strong falls (of Trenton)
+_Mas-kekitong_.
+
+29. The _Wapanand_ (ensters) and the _Tumewand_ (wolfers or Mohigans)
+north-east they go.(44)
+
+30. _Wulitpallat_ (78 good fighter) was king and set against the north.
+
+31. The _Maliongwi_ (lickers or Iroquois) and the _Pungelika_ (the lynx
+like or Eries) were all trembling there.
+
+32. Again _Tamenend_ (79 beaver II) was king there, and with all he made
+peace.
+
+33. And all became friendly, and all became united, with this great ruling
+king.(45)
+
+34. _Kichitamak_ (80 great beaver) was king and remains at the sassafras
+land or Pennsylvania.
+
+37. _Wapahakey_ (81 white body) was king and went to the Sea Shore on
+Jersey _Sheyabi_.
+
+38. _Elangomel_ (82 friendly to all) was king and much good was done.
+
+39. _Pitenumen_ (83 mistaker) was king, and saw some one come from
+somewhere.
+
+40. At this time from the east sea was coming a whiter _Wapsi_.(46)
+
+_3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies._
+
+41. _Makelomush_ (84 much honored) was king and made all happy.
+
+42. _Wulakeningus_ (85 well praised) was king and became a warrior of the
+south.
+
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki Snakes _Otaliwako_, and on the Coweta
+Snakes _Akowetako_.
+
+44. _Wapagamoshki_ (86 white otter) was king, ally of the _Lamatan_ or
+Hurons.
+
+45. _Wapashum_ (87 white big horn) was king and visited the west land of
+Talega.
+
+46. There he found the Illinois _Hiliniki_, the Shawanis _Shawoniki_, and
+the Conoys _Konowiki_.
+
+47. _Nitispayat_ (88 friendly comer) was king, and he went to the big
+lakes.
+
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children or Miamis, and all the friends
+or allies.(47)
+
+49. _Pakimitzin_ (89 cranberry eater) was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, _Tawa_.
+
+50. _Lowaponskan_ (90 north walker) was king, and he visited the noisy
+place or Niagara _Ganshowenik_.
+
+51. _Tashawinso_ (91 at leisure gatherer) was king, and visited the Sea
+shores.
+
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, three to be, and they became
+the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. _Unamini_,
+_Minsimini_, _Chikimini_.(48)
+
+53. _Epallahchund_ (92 failer) was king, in the war with the _Mahongwi_,
+wherein he fails.(49)
+
+54. _Langomuwi_ (93 friendly he) was king and the Mahongwi were
+frightened.
+
+55. _Wangomend_ (94 saluted) was king yonder between.
+
+56. The Cherokis _Otaliwi_ and _Wasio-towi_ (those of the Otali and
+Wasioto mts.) were his foes.(50)
+
+57. _Wapachikis_ (95 white crab) was king and ally a friend of Jersey on
+the shores.
+
+58. _Nenachihat_ (96 watcher) was king and looking at the sea.
+
+59. At this time north and south the _Wapayachik_ came, the white or
+eastern moving souls.
+
+60. They were friendly, and came in big bird-ships, who are they?(51)
+
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious and so plain, when properly
+understood and translated. The following addition is merely a fragment on
+the subsequent period, translated by John Burns. I give it as received
+although I fear it is inaccurate in some respects, and a paraphrase rather
+than literal account. Yet by this addition, we obtain a kind of general
+history of at least one American tribe, and a complete original series of
+traditions, in their peculiar pristine style. Many others will be added
+hereafter, either from printed traditions, or historical songs and
+fragments.
+
+_Fragment on the history of the Linapis from about 1600 till 1820._
+
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they are, these _Wapsinis_ (white people)
+who then came out of the sea, to rob us of our country. Starving wretches!
+with smiles they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+
+2. The _Wallamolum_ was written by _Lekhibit_ (the writer) to record our
+glory. Shall I write another to record our fall? No! our foes have taken
+care to do it; but I speak to thee what they know not or conceal.
+
+3. We have had many other kings since that unhappy time. They were 3 till
+the friendly _Mikwon_ (Penn) came. _Mattanikum_ (not horned, not
+strong),(52) when the _Winakoli_(53) came to _Winaki_. _Nahumen_ (raccoon)
+when the _Sinalwi_ (Dutch) came. And _Ikwahon_ (fond of women) when the
+_Yankwis_ (English) came, with Mikwon and his friends soon after.
+
+4. They were all received and fed with corn; but no land was ever sold, we
+never sell any. They were all allowed to dwell with us, to build houses
+and plant corn, as our friends and allies. Because they were hungry, and
+thought children of _Gishaki_ (the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.(54)
+
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine new tools, and weapons, and cloth,
+and beads, for which we exchanged skins and shells and corn. And we liked
+them, with their things, because we thought they were good, and made by
+the children of _Gishaki_.
+
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns and fire waters, which burned and
+killed. Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since we had better ones.
+
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children of _Dolojo-Sakima_ (King George)
+who said, more land, more land we must have, and no limit could be put to
+their steps and increase.
+
+8. But in the north were the children of _Lowi-Sakima_, (King Louis), who
+were our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of our foes: yet
+_Dolojo_ always wanted to war with them.
+
+9. We had 3 kings after _Mikwon_ came. _Skalichi_ who was another
+_Tamenend_,(55) and _Sasunam Wikwikhon_ (our uncle the builder), and
+_Tatami_ (the beaver taker) who was killed by a _Yankwako_ (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+
+10. _Netatawis_ (first renewed being) became king of all the nations in
+the west, again at _Talligewink_ (Ohio or the Talega place) on the river
+Cayahaga, with our old allies the _Talamatans_: and he called on all of
+the east.
+
+11. But _Tadeskung_ was chief in the east at _Mahoning_ and bribed by the
+_Yankwis_: there he was burnt in his house, and many of our people were
+massacred at _Hickory_ (Lancaster) by the land robbers _Yankwis_.
+
+12. Then we joined our friend _Lowi_ in war against the Yankwis; but they
+were strong, and they took _Lowanaki_ (north land, Canada) from Lowi, and
+came to us in _Talegawink_, when peace was made; and we called them big
+knives _Kichikani_.
+
+13. Then _Alimi_ (white-eyes) and _Gelelenund_ (buck killer) were chiefs,
+and all the nations near us were allies under us as our grandchildren
+again.(56)
+
+14. When the eastern fires were set up, and began to resist Dolojo, they
+said we should be another fire with them. But they killed our chiefs
+_Unamiwi_ (turtling) and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then _Hopokan_
+(strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe was made king, and he made war on the
+_Kichikani Yankwis_, and become the ally of Dolojo who was then very
+strong.
+
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger, they did not take _Lowanaki_
+(Canada) but become free from _Dolojo_. We went to _Wapahani_ (white
+river) to be further from them; but they follow every where, and we made
+war on them, till they sent _Makhiakho_ (black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.(57)
+
+16. We made peace and settle limits. Our next king was _Hacking-Ponskan_
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. He would not even join our
+brothers Shawanis and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next war.
+
+17. Yet after the last peace, the _Kichikani-Yankwis_ came in crowds all
+around us, and they want also our lands of _Wapahani_. It was useless to
+resist, because they are getting stronger by increasing united fires.
+
+18. _Kithtilkund_ and _Lapanibi_ (white water) were the chiefs of our two
+tribes, when we resolved to exchange our lands, and return at last beyond
+the _Masispek_ (muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old country.(58)
+
+19. We shall be near our foes the _Wakon_ (god of snakes, the Ozages) but
+they are not worse than the _Yankwiakon_ (English snake), who want to
+possess the whole big island.(59)
+
+20. Shall we be free and happy there? at the new _Wapahani_ (western white
+river). We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions between this people and
+the English, United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm and Hekewelder have
+furnished other fragments, and for which we have ample materials in the
+colonial history and late records. But this offers some new views and
+facts: which shall be partly compared and discussed in the notes; but more
+properly examined and united in accordance with other narratives, in the
+history of the North American nations and tribes. The 11 kings in about
+220 years named in this fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 and
+later.
+
+That so many generations and names can be recollected, may appear doubtful
+to some; but when symbolic signs and paintings, with poetical songs, are
+added, the memory can well retain and perpetuate their connection. Even in
+Polynesia, where we are not told of symbols, but mere historical songs,
+they reach to the creation and flood; Ellis and Tierman tell us that the
+kings and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, Hawahi, Mowi &c. could
+repeat the names of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. It would have
+been well if instead of giving us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus furnished the connected annals of
+Polynesia.
+
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely their own deeds; but the mention
+of many other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in Cusick’s Traditions
+of the Ongwis: and this forms another clue for American history. As early
+as the Asiatic period we find them united to the related people _Owini_
+and _Nijini_, before the flood, and calling their foes _Powako_ (rich
+snake), _Makowini_ (bad being,) _Maskanako_ (strong snake), similar to the
+satanic tribes of the Hebrews &c.(60)
+
+At the flood they are saved with the _Tulapin_ turtlemen, and begin to
+call themselves _Linapewi_. Soon after they separate, go north and divide
+into tribes, named after the winds, the mode of life and animals. The
+hunters are _Elowi_ Elohim of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; they
+again meet snakemen, who fly to America and must have produced there many
+nations.
+
+After having filled the north, and after the breaking of the land, at
+Behring strait, part of the nation resolve to follow and pursue the snakes
+to the east. The passage by the _Olinis_ over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see last note); they settle at
+Shinaki, and begin again to war on snakemen: after which the beaver men or
+Tamakwi separate going east where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin to a beaver and a dog, and
+call their ancestor _Chapewi_, similar to _Apiwi_, the manly in Linapi.
+
+Meantime the main tribe going south meets other nations which it is
+difficult to identify, as the names are mere epithets and nicknames, yet
+the _Assinipi_ or stony men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet called
+Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi origin. They reappear afterwards
+as _Maskan-sini_ or _Sinako_, and appear to have passed to America soon
+after the Linapi. They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the languages
+prove, and very akin to the Hurons or Ongwis in America.
+
+The _Akowini_ are met again, which appear to have become the ancestors of
+the Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The _Lowanuski_ were either the Uskis
+or the Skeres. The _Towakon_ were not the Ottawas; but probably the Ozages
+or their ancestors the Wakons.(61)
+
+At last they meet the civilized _Talegas_, who are not called snakes, but
+rather extolled, and from whom they borrowed many things: their symbol is
+very different from that of the snakes. They were probably of eastern or
+atlantic origin, akin to the Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The _Talamatan_ become allies, were the Hurons, the name means
+both _unlike the Talegas_ and _killer of the Talas_.—See Cusick, and my
+Huron Traditions for their own annals.
+
+The separations of the Nentegos and Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled the sea shores from Florida to
+Acadia. Three tribes of snakes reappear which are similar to the former,
+except the _Lowako_ probably the same as _Lowanuski_. After crossing the
+Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites all the tribes. The _Hiliniki_ and
+_Conowiki_ easily identified remain west of the mountains. The Iroquois
+and Eries appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon after as snakes or foes; whether the
+Otalis or Cherokis of the mountains were real snakes of the west is
+doubtful; it is more likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, which
+was their capital till lately, and later they are called _Otaliwi_ by the
+Linapis. Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers, as the Linapi grandfathers, of all
+the akin tribes, had then towards 1400, a great power in the west: their
+empire had a pontiff _Mushkiwis_ near lake Michigan, on whom Cass has
+given some very important traditions.
+
+The following chief chronological periods are deducible from these annals,
+by reckoning 3 generations in a century. About 1600 years before Christ
+passage of Behring strait on the ice, lead by _Wapalanewa_, settlement at
+_Shinaki_.
+
+1450. _Chilili_ leads them south, and the _Tamakwi_ separate.
+
+1040. Peace after long wars under _Langundewi_ at the land _Akolaking_.
+
+800. Annals written by _Olumapi_.
+
+750. _Takwachi_ leads to _Minihaking_.
+
+650. _Penkwonwi_ leads east over mountains.
+
+460. The first _Tamenend_ great king on the Missouri.
+
+60. _Opekasit_ leads to the Mississippi.
+
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with the _Talamatans_ against the
+_Talegas_.
+
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the _Talegas_.
+
+400. _Lekhihitan_ writes the annals.
+
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and Nentegos.
+
+800. _Wapalawikwan_ leads over Alleghany mountains to _Amangaki_.
+
+970. _Wolomenap_ settles the central capital at Trenton, and the Mohigans
+separate.
+
+1170. Under _Pitenumen_ arrival of _Wapsi_ the first white men or
+Europeans.
+
+_Additional Note._ As a specimen of the original text and poetry of these
+annals, I give now the poem on the passage to America: the whole text and
+all the symbols will be given hereafter.
+
+13. Amakolen
+    Nallahemen
+    Agunuken
+    Powasinep
+    Wapasinep
+    Akomenep.
+
+14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi
+    Wematan akomen luchundi.
+
+15. Witéhen wémiluen
+    Wémaken nihillen.
+
+16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi
+    Nguttichin Wapanawi
+    Agamunk topanpek
+    Wulliton épannek.
+
+17. Wulélémil W’shakuppek
+    Wémopannek hakhsinipek
+    Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek
+
+18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi
+    Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi
+    Akomen wapanaki nillawi
+    Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini
+
+19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi
+    Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi
+    Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi
+    Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.
+
+20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking
+    Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking
+    Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+    THE POETICAL ANNALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE HAYTIANS OR TAINOS OF
+    THE ANTILLES, _collected in 1498 by_ ROMAN &C. _with additions by_
+    DANGLERIA _and others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient Tribes_.
+
+
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with Columbus, who began to convert the
+Haytians in 1496, and collected their traditions, after learning their
+language, out of the _Areitos_ or songs and hymns used in festivals. He
+wrote them in 1498 by order of Columbus, and they are inserted at large in
+his life by his son; but were almost neglected by Irving. They give us not
+only an insight into the belief, religion, traditions of the Antillian
+people; but also a compendium of fragments on their annals. Although very
+desultory, much less connected than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&c., and destitute of chronology; yet they afford an essential addition to
+American history, and the ancient accounts about the Atlantis and
+Antilles.
+
+In order to bring them into a kind of order, they shall be analyzed,
+reduced to a succession of events and divided into 3 parts, 1. Cosmogony
+and Theogony, 2. the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient history
+previous to Columbus or 1492. A fourth part foreign to these traditions
+would be their annals since that time, and till the extinction of the
+nation; which shall be given hereafter, with the account of the language,
+and civilization—What is peculiar to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into beasts &c., as in Ovid.
+
+The nation who furnished these annals, was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch
+of the nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling the Lucayes and smaller
+Antilles: whose collective proper name was TAINO meaning noble. But they
+acknowledged as brothers, many tribes of the continent under the
+collective name of GUATIAOS brothers, this was ascertained in 1520 by
+Figueroa.—(See Herrera.) These _Guatiaos_ were the Aruac nations and
+tribes, that were not cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by Figueroa in
+1520 were in the Antilles the 1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda,
+Marmagitas and Gianis Islands. While those of the continent were the 1.
+Aruacas of Guyana, 2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of Oronoc, 4.
+Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, 6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8.
+Coquibocoa, 9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt with the _Canibas_
+or _Caribas_, the cannibal tribes, foes of the _Guatiaos_, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated and conquered most of the
+eastern Antilles.
+
+All the Tainos spoke the same language divided into several dialects; but
+understood reciprocally. D’Angleria tells us in 1512 that two distinct
+languages were used in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of Hayti; but
+in the west was a very different language not understood; this was the
+_Cami_ derived from the _Olmeca_ of Oaxaca or the _Maya_ of Yucatan; they
+having sent there a colony, and founded a kingdom.—(see the Maya History.)
+In Hayti there was also in the center of the island a kingdom of Mayas?
+the people were called _Mayo-riexes_ or _Macoryxes_, (meaning _Maya
+people_). They spoke a language different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects _Cayabo_, _Cubaba_, and _Baichagua_. This kingdom
+of strangers was called _Cubaba_ or _Caibaba_, and _Ziguayos_. They are
+called Caribs by some authors; but erroneously.(62)
+
+Many other additional traditions on the Antilles are scattered in early
+writers, D’Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo,
+Columbus, Brigstock, Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, &c. which shall be
+partly noticed here as a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a general
+outline of a history of the Antillian nations.
+
+Having succeeded to make out a fine vocabulary of nearly three hundred
+words of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, Columbus, Dangleria,
+Munoz, Las-Casas, Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater &c.—and another of about
+150 words of the _Cairi_ or _Eyeri_ language of the Aruac Islanders out of
+Dudley, Rochefort &c. I will be enabled to translate and elucidate nearly
+all the Taino historical names and allusions, so as to clear up the annals
+by original etymologies. The orthography will be Spanish, J must be
+pronounced as Kh, and X as Sh.
+
+The Haytians had besides these songs, other annals; since the priests
+taught history, and the origin of things to the sons of the nobles. They
+had also perhaps peculiar symbols to keep their records, since Dangleria
+mentions that they had paintings of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 was found in the mountains of
+Guanaminto a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with hieroglyphs! and in
+the mountains of Limbé, engravings of human figures on a serpentine rock;
+besides many sculptures in Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua one of
+Lucayes a gold medal _with letters on it_! If we had figures of these
+hieroglyphs and engraved symbols, we should probably obtain another clue
+to American history and graphic systems. But they are probably lost by
+neglect like those of North America! The Antilles being on the way from
+the east to the continent must have served as a stepping place to many
+nations on their passage to the continent.(63)
+
+1st Part.—_Theogony and Cosmogony._
+
+1. _Fact._ The Supreme God, bears five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or female.
+
+       By Roman        By Dangleria    Meanings
+1.     Attabei         Attabeira       Unic-Being.
+2.     Jemao           Mamona          Eternal.
+3.     Guacas or       Guaca-rapita    Infinite.
+       Apito
+4.     Apito or        Liella          Omnipotent.
+       Siella
+5.     Zuimaco         Guimazoa        Invisible.
+
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male God. The titles of this god are
+sufficient to indicate the supreme God of nature, and they have
+astonishing analogies with the primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. The most common name was the
+first, in Cuba _Atabex_. This and other great Gods were not sculptured in
+idols. The Chillians had similar names for the Supreme God.(64)
+
+2. _Fact._ This God was father or mother of another great God dwelling in
+the sun with a double name, variable in the dialects.
+
+                  First Name.       Second Name.
+By Roman          Iocahuna          Guamaarocon.
+By Dangleria      Iocauna           Guamaonocon.
+In Cuba           Yocahuna          Guamaoxocoti.
+In Jamaica        Yocahuna          ——
+In Boriquen       Iacana            Guamanomocon.
+By Oviedo         Iovana            Guamamona.
+Variations        Iocavaghama       Guamochyna.
+
+The explication of these names is not given; but they are identic with the
+gods of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary islands.—The first appears
+to be the JEHOVAH and YAO of the Orientals, and is evidently the HUNAKU or
+Supreme God of the _Mayas_. The second name means _Lord of the World_
+(_Guama-ocon_) and is a title.(65)
+
+3. _Event._ This last God made the World, the Heavens _Turei_, and the
+Earth before the terrestrial sun and moon; also the ZEMIS or angels, who
+are male and female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and intercessors
+with the great gods. In the dialects _Zemes_, _Chemes_, _Chemis_.
+
+All the ancestors are since called _Zemis_: their worship was spread
+through America, under various names, and forms: as well as in the east.
+They are the
+
+_Shemayim_ (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.
+_Shemsia_ of the Pehlavis of Persia.
+_Samana & Hamsa_ of the Hindus.
+_Shams_ of the Arabic.
+_Esmun_, _Saman_ of the old Irish.
+_Eshman_ (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.
+_Sumari_ of Thibet, _Chuman_ of Tartary.
+_Camus_, a synonym of Magi of Persia.
+_Shin_ of the Chinese.
+_Zamzumin_ ancient giants of Arabia.
+_Chamin & Zaones_ of Egypt.
+_Chama_ of the Phrygians.
+_Chamina_ of the Etruscans.
+_Zeones & Zanim_ of the Ammonians.
+_Zamones_ (blest) of the Lybians.
+_Lemes_, _Zanes_ and _Annas_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Chemin_, _Shemsho_, _Naemas_ and _Zamiel_ of Aram or Syria and Phenicia.
+            _Chemarim_ Priests.
+_Zin_, _Kami_ and _Kamona_ of Japan and Yedzo.
+
+While in America we find the _Chemim_ of the Carib women.
+
+_Tezmin_ of the Mayas.
+_Inama_ of the Apalachis.
+_Manito_ of the Linapis.
+
+_Camayos_ of the Peruvians.—Which are all identic in meaning _Angels_,
+_Spirits_ and their idols. This name changes elsewhere in sound: just like
+_Enzel_ in Teutonic, which has the import of _El_, _Aones_, and _Zemes_,
+is root of our _Angel_ now pronounced _Endjel_. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to be evident. They are not less in
+_Turei_ heaven, _Uran_, _Turan_ of the primitive nation &c.
+
+_4th Event._ Some of these ZEMIS became bad beings, and devils _Tuyra_,
+who send diseases, hurricanes (_Furacan_), earthquakes and thunders to
+desolate the earth and mankind.
+
+The names of _Tuyra_ for devil and evil has analogies throughout the
+earth. The most striking are
+
+_Out of America._
+
+_Zitura_ of Basks.
+_Guirati_ of Biscayans.
+_Vetura_ in Bali of Pallis.
+_Tororu_ of Nukahiva island.
+_Yarua_ of the Berber Atlantes.
+_Yurena_ of the Guanches Atlantes.
+_Daruj_, _Puyri_ of Zend.
+_Turug_ of Celts.
+_Tairi_ in Turkish.
+_Tahyri_ of Tahiti.
+_Fara_, _Wara_ of Japan.
+_Tarada_ of the Papuas.
+_Uritiram_ Synonym of Shiva.
+_Teripis_ of Oscans.
+_Tyranos_ of Greeks.
+
+_In America._
+
+_Yares_ of the _Tayronas_ the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.
+_Sura_ of Poyays.
+_Tziri_ of Poconchi.
+_Huraqui_, _Sura_ of Apalachi.
+_Tiviri_ of the Yaquis.
+_Kiuras_ of the Powhatans.
+_Tarahu_, of the Tarahumaras.
+_Prororu_ of Cumana, derived from _Pregonero_ another subsequent devil of
+            Hayti.
+
+By the change of R to L, we have the _Tulas_ and Atlantes of America.—_See
+Taraguva_ of 10th Event.
+
+_5th Event._ The good Zemis were appointed to make the earth and men, and
+to rule over both. _Guabanzex_, a female Zemis, made the air and water,
+and became the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+
+This will answer to the first period of the earth creation, when the water
+was above the land, and the _Rkio_ of Moses was divided. The name appears
+to mean _the windy_.(66)
+
+_6th Event._ The male Zemis JAIA (_Khaya_, the earth) made the earth and
+islands; he is the _Aion_ of Sanchoniation. Every land and island is
+animated. The island of Hayti was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of it was a long tail, called
+_Guaca-iarima_ (country of the Vent). The caves were the holes of the
+body, venerated and used afterwards as temples and tombs.
+
+This notion, and comparison of islands with turtles, recalls to mind the
+primitive turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis &c. _Jaia_ or _Kaya_
+for land has affinities all over the world and is a primitive word.(67)
+
+_7th Event._ JAIA afterwards had a son, who was called _Jaia-El_,
+_Higuera_, or _Hibuera_ earth-son gourd.
+
+This first man like Adam is son of the earth, and an EL or Angel, _Elohim_
+of the orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, family and tribe.
+It will often recur in subsequent history, in the singular for the plural.
+The plurals were _Eli_, _Ili_, _guaili_.—_Gua_ is only the article _This
+or Such_.(68)
+
+_8th Event._ The sun and moon called _Boiniael_ and _Maroio_ by Roman; but
+_Binthaitel_ and _Marohu_ by Dangleria and Ovieda, come out of the cave
+_Jovovava_: they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A cave with the same name
+was their temple in Hayti. Dangleria calls it _Iovana-boina_ Jove Solar.
+
+The exact time of this appearance is doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding to the sun being long obscured
+by the primitive misty atmosphere, another historical alluding to the
+solar and lunar dynasties of Asia or America. The meaning of _Jovo-vava_
+or _Kovo-vava_ is cave of fathers, both primitive names. The solar and
+lunar names have many analogies elsewhere, among which the chief are
+
+_Names of the Sun._
+
+_Oin_, _Oein_ of Arabs and Ethiopia.
+_Oboh_, _Baion_, old Egyptian.
+_Baon_, _Oan_ of Assyrians.
+_Ian_ of the Etruscans.
+_Belen_ of the Gauls.
+_Bun_ of the Zend.
+_Abolion_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Abloin_ of the Thessalians.
+_Ntiélé_ of the Illyrians.
+_Bian_ of the Ausonians.
+_Anactes_ of the Mysians.
+
+_Names of the Moon._
+
+_Yarho_ of the Syrians.
+_Aohri_ of the Tibus.
+
+_Warha_ of the Ethiopians.
+_Carara_ of the Etruscans.
+_Teoro_ of the Betoys, S. A.
+_Heriho_ of Canaan.
+_Humuri_ of Old Arabic.
+_Matuaré_ of Carthul, Caucasus.
+_Maraca_ of Guaramis, S. A.
+_Marama_ of Polynesia.
+_Kamar_ in Maroco.
+_Kamaria_ in Pehlvi.
+_Gumara_ in Nubian.
+
+Most of these synonyms and analogies are found in the most ancient
+languages: to which may be added that in the ancient Haikan language of
+Armenia, the sun and moon were called _Noah!_ and _Morante_, names also of
+Noah and his wife.
+
+_9th Event._ The female Zemis, _Coatris-quia_ makes the springs and
+streams to flow over the earth, and became their goddess.
+
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony, that of the irruption of
+subterranean waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior to Adam. The
+name of the Zemis is of doubtful meaning, probably _Coatris-quia_,
+hollow-quite. _Coa_ or _Cua_ was the name of ancient hollow temples all
+over America. _Quia_ is found in _Quisqueia_ oldest name of Hayti or the
+_great_ (land) _universal_.
+
+_10th Event._ _Taragava-el_ and _Corocora_ or _Epileguanita_, two male
+Zemis of the woods and hunters, made the trees and beasts. This includes
+probably two events anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+
+The meanings of these Zemis which might guide us, are quite doubtful.
+_Taraguva_ resembles _Tuyra_ and also _Turei_ heaven; but _Epileguanita_
+was probably the ancient god of the _Caracol_ or Beastly-men, since it was
+represented by a beast or quadruped; while all the other Zemis as men and
+women. _Ili-guanita_ would mean in Haytian _children of the people_.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications of the ancient
+hunters, or men of the woods with the beastly and savage men of early
+times. Roman calls the second _Corocore_, synonyme of _Caracara_.
+
+Part II. _Antidiluvian History and Flood._
+
+_11th Event._ JAIA-EL rebels against his father JAIA and wants to kill
+him; a warfare, in which _Jaia-El_ is killed by his father, who puts his
+bones into a gourd. _Higuera_, or _Hibuera_, and people the land of that
+name.
+
+This refers to the fall of man and the wars of the Titans. The name for
+bones is omitted, it would perhaps afford another clue. Many American
+nations venerate and animate bones. Dangleria says, that _Jaia_ peopled
+all the islands of the sea with these bones.
+
+_12th Event._ JAIA being childless marries _Itiba-Jatuvava_ from whom he
+has 4 twin sons called _Dimivan_, who became afterwards _Cara-cara-cols_
+or the great Cara-cols, the great beastly beings; but their mother dies at
+their birth.
+
+_Itiba_ means woman ancient and alludes perhaps to _Thibet_, refuge, or
+land of Noah. (_I_, is the article _the_). _Jatuvava_ perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac _Kati-uiua_ means the moon heavenly. The name
+of _Dimivan_ is remarkable, being identic with the _Demavends_ or
+antidiluvians of Persia, called _Dawand_ in the Zendavesta, the _Demoi_ or
+old people of the Pelasgians, the _Demons_ of many nations. The _Caras_
+and _Cols_ are found all over America and Asia.(69)
+
+_13th Event._ AHIACAVO (grand father) or _Baia-manicoel_ an ancestor of
+the _Dimivan_, forms the nation of CON-EL, at _Basamanaco_, and invents
+agriculture, with the art of making cakes and bread.
+
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather of mankind. CON-EL is certainly
+a personification, meaning the sons or Elohim of CON, who is the primitive
+Lybian Hercules KON or KHON; and is found in Peruvian history as the first
+legislator of Peru. The XONS or CONES were the oldest people of Spain and
+Italy, same as _Xâones_ of Greece. Their god was XON or _Konah_.
+_Basamanaco_ is inexplicable unless it alludes to the primitive
+antidiluvian _Manaco_ or _Manco_ of Peru. _Ba_ is dwelling, _Samana_ an
+island near Hayti.
+
+_14th Event._ The four brothers _Dimivan_ meeting a mute _Conel_, making
+bread, ask him for some; but he only gives them instead _Cogioba_ or
+_Cohiba_ which is tobacco: this happened at the door of Basamanaco. This
+fable indicates an intercourse of the Dimivans and the _Conels_ which are
+probably a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+
+_15th Event._ This refusal of bread was the cause of a quarrel and war, in
+which _Conel_ kills or destroys one of the brothers or tribes of _Dimivan
+Caracol_, but a turtle _Hicotea_ came out of his body, or an island thus
+called, as Hayti was. This _Conel_ conqueror was _Baia-mani-coel_, whose
+name means _Father of food celestial_; but _Baya_ is also the ocean.
+
+This indicates a great war, and probably alludes to that of the
+Atlantes.(70)
+
+_16th Event._ The _Dimivans_, probably in revenge, broke the gourd of
+JAIAEL (_Khayahel_); but a flood of waters issue from it and drowns the
+land.
+
+This deluge is called _Niquen_: there is no indication in Roman of the men
+who were destroyed, nor who were saved and how; but in Cuba was found a
+more ample tradition of the flood as follows.
+
+_17th Event._ Three Behiques or priests who come to Cuba later, taught
+them that the flood had been general, had broken the land; and that a good
+man had been saved in a big boat with his family. That many animals were
+also in the boat, a vulture and dove are mentioned.
+
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different words, and without native
+names. Some have supposed this account made out by the Spanish priests;
+but it appears to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas or Mayas in
+Cuba, being very similar to the Mexican accounts.
+
+_18th Event._ Another subsequent flood although omitted by Roman, is
+alluded to by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba were then cut
+asunder and separated from Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great islands, were divided by irruptions
+of the sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which in the Antilles broke
+the islands by volcanic explosions. It is impossible to say what events of
+the next period, may belong to the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian events appear to belong to a
+different country than the Antilles, which did not even then exist, at
+least in their actual state, and may properly be referred to the island
+Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. It was at this last cataclysm that the
+Antilles assumed their actual shape and number.
+
+Part III.—_Ancient History._
+
+_19th Event._ After the floods the men dwelt in caves on the mountain
+_Cauta_ in the land of _Caanau_ or _Caunana_ or _Caona_.
+
+The mountains of _Cauta_ must have been the refuge of men at one of the
+floods: they answer probably to the _Cuta_ of the Hindus, name given to
+many rocky lands and capes besides mountains. The _Ceuta_ mountain of
+Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of them, also called _Abyla_ from the
+_Cabyles_ or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a tradition that men were
+created on that mountain. _Cauta_ although unexplained is identic with
+_Icota_ turtle, _Ca-uta_ land raised. _Caona_ means golden.
+
+The land _Caanau_ of Roman, _Caunana_ of Dangleria, has been mistaken for
+the land of _Canaan_ by some writers: others deem it Florida. Both are
+wrong. The Haytians did not come from North America; but may have sent
+colonies there. They came from the east, South America and Africa, or the
+Atlantis. The name means land of Noah? (_Caa-Nau_, _Cau-Nana_). _Caunia_
+was the ancient name of Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians were
+Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which expelled by the Leleges, settled the
+Grecian islands, and Lybia part of which was called _Caani_. The _Anakim_
+of Syria giants dwelt in _Ca-anak_. The _Khaoni_ were the ancestors of
+Epirians and Illyrians. _Cauni_ was a mauritanian tribe.
+
+_20th Event._ The sun and moon are two great Zemis called _Binthaitel_
+(sun divine) and his wife _Marohu_ (moon), come out of the cave
+_Iovana-boina_ (Jehovah-Solar), and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+
+This historical event must be distinguished from the 8th. This refers to
+the solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It must be noticed that similar
+places were often shown in Hayti, as the same names had been applied by
+the subsequent settlers, even when the event had happened elsewhere. In
+this case, these solar caves were temples in Hayti, where the figures of
+the sun and moon were worshipped, and prayed to for rain; but Herrera says
+they had their hands bound, which indicates a conquest. Pilgrims went to
+those caves, from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land of the king
+_Mauziation-El_ (Roman) or _Machiunech_ (Dangleria); but whether these
+were former dynasties and kings or late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+
+_21st Event._ _Maroco-El_ (lunar son) called _Machocha-El_ by Dangleria,
+held the sway over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, and kept them
+confined to the caves.
+
+This indicates a lunar dominion over mankind somewhere, and a state of
+confinement: Perhaps in South America; in Peru caves are also the first
+dwellings of mankind.
+
+_22d Event._ The men were divided into double tribes or two nations, the
+principal or largest and of best men was called _Cazibagiaga_—R.
+_Cazibaxagua_—D. (Royal Xagua) and the smaller _Amaianaba_—R.
+_Amayauna_—D. (Mayas?), ruled by Cazics for kings.
+
+We have here two nations well indicated. The first the _Giaga_ or
+_Shaguas_, indicate the Lunar tribe, the _Chia_ of the Muyzcas, and other
+South American tribes _Achaguas_ of Oronoc, the _Chaguays_ or _Changas_ of
+Peru, _Agaches_ or _Agaiz_ or Paraguay; but above all the _Cacha_ or
+_Xauxa_ antidiluvian people of Peru. While in the second we trace again
+the Amazons or Atlantes, one of their main African tribes being the
+_Amantes_ of Solin, another the _Baniabas_ of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In
+America the progeny is found in the _Mayas_ of Yucatan, the _Maynas_ of
+East Peru, the _Mamayant_ of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c.
+
+The important name of Cazic for kings begins to appear: it is evidently
+oriental, and its affinities will be shown in a note.(71) It is akin also
+to _Kachi_ sun, in the Eyeri dialect: the _Washil_ of the Nachez.
+
+_23d Event._ MACHOCHA-EL was set by the sun to watch the caves, and many
+inhabitants of the caves were killed by the sun, if they came out in the
+day time; they could only come out at night to seek for food. (Dangleria)
+
+This either alludes to the great heat of the sun in Africa and the
+tropics, or to a dependance of the Lunar or Cave men upon the Solar men.
+_Machocha_ has some affinities in the South American tribes; _Machicuys_
+of Tucumen, _Machacalis_ of Brazil, _Chaehas_ of Perou, _Chanchones_ of
+Quixos &c.
+
+_24th Event._ Some men having dared to come in the day time, were changed
+into stones by the sun; (_Ziba_ is stone): also _Machokael_ for allowing
+it.
+
+This fable may allude to a war, between the _Zibas_ stony or strong men
+and the solar tribes. These _Zibas_ were probably the _Zipas_ or princes
+of the Muyzcas. In Perou there is also a fable of men changed to stones at
+the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, which merely means a war and change of
+dominion. The name of _Ziba_ for stone is primitive.—See the Note for
+affinities.(72)
+
+_25th Event._ Another set of men, going to the shores to fish, were
+changed into _Joboses_ (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the sun.
+
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these fables: although the Mexicans
+called the Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The analogies of _Jobos_ or
+_Kobos_ are found in _Coyba_ of Darien, Cuba or _Coaiba_, the _Mocobis_ of
+Chaco &c. Another war is probably meant by this, and the _Jobos_ are a
+people. Have they any reference with the _Jubas_ of Mauritania? who formed
+a divine and royal dynasty there. _Juba_ was also the Jove or God of the
+Lybians. Several nations of Central and Mexican America had trees for
+emblems.
+
+_26th Event._ The dynasty of _Giona_ or _Hi-Auna_ begins to rule over the
+men of Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+
+This family of rulers or Cazics became famous afterwards as we shall see,
+as leaders of tribes to America. We can easily perceive here the ancient
+Pelagian tribes of _Ionia_ and _Aones_. _Hi-Auna_ means _the-Aones_. It
+was this dynasty or people that sent colonies to America: Oviedo says this
+happened in the time of Hesper 12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems the settlers Hesperians or
+Cantabrians. The root is ONA solar name of Lybians.
+
+_27th Event._ VAGONIANA a ruler of the _Hi-Auna_, went fishing from the
+cave, and became a bird or nightingale; who crossed the sea, and settled
+the island _Mathinino_ (Martinico) with a people of women. _Dangleria_.
+His wife in the sea gives him two sons which became jewels _Ziba_ and
+_Guanin_ marble and metal.
+
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. Whenever we meet tribes of
+birds, in ancient history, they always mean travellers and colonies, and
+often passage over the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. The first
+ships of the Scandinavians and Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange in the Haytian language
+as in Greek; _Va-gon-iana_, thus means _Father-Solar-Iana_. His people are
+called women, because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon tribe. Martinico
+was the first island settled by them: it bears the name of _Matinino_ in
+Roman, and was thus called yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons and
+jewels.(73)
+
+_28th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA king of Caziba, sent _Jadruvaba_ out of the
+caves, to collect the holy herb _Digo_ in order to purify and wash the
+body; but he was changed by the sun into a singing bird _Giahuba-Bogiael_
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+
+We have here a second voyage by sea in a bird, and a contention with a
+solar people, caused by a trading voyage to procure some American
+commodity: Indigo probably which is identic with _Digo_. _Jadru-vaba_ or
+the father of _Khadru_, must be a new colonist. _Khadru_ has hardly any
+analogies in America; but _Giahuba_ in which he was changed has some. It
+appears analagous with the _Yaoy_ and _Shebaoy_ two _Aruac_ tribes of
+Guyana, and thus _Khadru_ might be the _Aruac_ themselves; same nation
+with the Haytians once, as the languages prove; although extending to
+Tucuman and Patagonia. The name of _Aruac_ or _Aruagas_ was inexplicable:
+it may refer to this origin, or to the _Rocou_ the red paint used by them.
+But _Aruac_ may also mean _Aluac_; akin to the _Labuyu_ of the Caribs
+their vassals, and the _Aluez_ vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east; here reduced to servitude by foes?
+
+_29th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA irritated that Jadru-vaba does not return,
+leaves the cave of _Caziba_ in search of him, and went with men and women
+to the island Matinino, where the women were left, while the men went to
+the land of _Guanin_.
+
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic, unless that of _Vagoniana_ only
+mentioned by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but they are likely to be
+successive tribes of Ionas. That all the women should be left in Martinico
+is a fable, meaning that the weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the American continent, called
+_Guanin_, which has several meanings, land of Guanas or lizard men, or
+land of metals. It became afterwards the name of a peculiar metal formed
+by the natural or artificial amalgam of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8
+copper: and a tribe assumed the name. _Guana_ or _Guanos_ was the name of
+a large nation of South America; perhaps come from the _Guans_ of the
+Canary islands; but slightly related to the Aruacs by the languages: yet
+perhaps akin: it was spread east of the Andes, between the two
+tropics.(74)
+
+_30th Event._ The children were left behind, because afraid to cross, and
+were crying after their mothers; but became changed into _Tona_ or
+opossums. Garcia says into _Toa_ or frogs.
+
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the small islands, nor in Africa. But
+they are plenty in South America, where the notion must have sprung. This
+fable and metamorphosis may imply a hidden meaning. The opossums are the
+only animals bearing their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. Could not
+this indicate other ships without sails, and thus no longer birds with
+wings?
+
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the root of _Nei-ton_ the Lybian
+neptunes or navigators. The twin TUN are the holy ancestors of the
+Chilians, _Tona-ca_ (flesh our) is the ancestor or Adam of some Mexican
+nations. The frogs were the emblem of the Muyzcas!
+
+_31st Event._ GUABONITO a woman follows _Guaga-Giona_ to the bigland of
+_Guanin_ by swimming. He is well pleased with it, and calls her his own
+_Biberozi_ (wife-loving): but as she was diseased he puts her apart in a
+_Guanara_, where she heals, and he makes her queen.
+
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of the woman is stated to be the
+syphilis! _Guabo-n’ito_ means fruit or Guava pear of man! The allegory
+implies another colony following _Guaga_, not by swimming; but with
+paddles or on rafts; probably a part of the lesser tribe of _Amaiuna_ or
+Amazons, so often called women in antiquity; although a powerful African
+people. All the women left in the islands might be of such a tribe, and
+since become the Mayas of Yucatan, Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+
+_32d Event._ ANACACUGIA (flower of Cacao) brother of this wife or ally of
+_Guaga_, runs away from him on the back of a manati or seal, and goes back
+to the women of Matinino.
+
+This implies a separation of tribes, one returning to the islands, where
+they probably formed the Cairi nation. The seal used for boats, is a third
+fable, found in Greece; boats are thus compared to birds, opossums and
+seals. Many American languages animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a _Manati_, or sea cow; real seals not being found in the Antilles.
+If the name was _Manati_, it has affinities with the _Ama-yuna_ or
+_Ama-Zons_ tribe. _Ma-ti-ni-no_ is in Haytian _great-mount-the-good_,
+while _Mana-ti_ is _moving mountain_. Has not _Anacacu_ a reference to the
+_Anakim_ of Asia, the _Cacus_ of Europe, and the _Tam-anacu_ of South
+America?
+
+_33d Event._ HI-AUNA father of _Guago-giona_ comes with his son to the
+land of Guanin, and being the grandfather of all the tribes, they receive
+the names of _Hi-auna_; which is afterwards changed to children of Guanin.
+_Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin_ (the-plural such-children such-Nin), and lastly the
+whole united nation is called _Guanini_.
+
+The Aones came then also to America, and there was a confederacy of the
+tribes. _Gua-gu_, _Gua-go_ and _Gua-ga_, may be 3 spellings of a same
+name; but they might also be three successive and distinct tribes of
+_Giona_. _Gua-bonito_ in one instance is made another lord or tribe,
+instead of a wife of _Guago_.
+
+_34th Event._ ALBEBORA and his son _Al-bebora-El_, were also Guanini lords
+or Cazics, who came with the _Giona_ tribe. This indicates again another
+nation. The name is remarkable, because it resembles _Albion_ and _Bora_,
+two primitive nations of the north, which settled England and the boreal
+regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the _Aboras_ and _Aboris_ of ancient Italy, the
+mountaineers since called _Abori-genes_ by the Greeks.
+
+_35th Event._ Another Guaga-giona II. or _Guaba-giona_ is mentioned
+afterwards, whose son became the _Guanini_ tribe.
+
+_Guaba_ means both _the father_ and _the Guava pear_. The succession of
+these _Gionas_ is very obscure; but many are probably omitted, and the
+whole poetical records allude to the most famous of the dynasty or nation.
+Guanini implies the Golden tribe.
+
+_36th Event._ The settlement of the Guaninis in Hayti was from Matinino
+and the east; being exiled from Matinino, they are led by _Camo_ who
+begins the kingdom of _Cabonao_ in Hayti; they settle on the river
+_Bahaboni_, where they built their houses, and afterwards the great temple
+of _Camotzia_. They gave to the island the name of _Quisqueia_ or great
+universe; but afterwards _Hayti_, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+
+This important event is best given with those details by Dangleria: while
+Roman appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. Yet _Quisqueia_ was
+more probably the first name given to South America, rather than to Hayti:
+another name for which was _Bohio_ or habitations. _Camo_ or _Guamo_ means
+lord or master, _Tzia_ is temple. The exile of the Guaninis from the
+islands, must allude to another revolution and perhaps invasion. This
+_Camo_, was probably the same as the _Cami_ or _Coma_ of Cuba in later
+time, _Comayagua_ of Honduras; which assimilate the first civilized
+Haytians with the tribes of Central America. It might have happened that
+these _Camos_ were _Mayas_ and the ancestors of the _Mayo-riexes_. The
+history of the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, will be connected
+with these annals hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+
+_37th Event._ Other exiles of Matinino settle at the island _Cabini_ now
+Turtle island; and near it on the north shore of Hayti, from whence they
+spread through the island, which is called _Bouhi_ or _Bohio_, meaning
+full of towns.
+
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House and town or habitation, are
+synonymous in Haytian.
+
+_38th Event._ They found some _Caracoles_ or _Taracolas_, crabs! or
+beastly men, dwelling in the island. The _Guaninis_ wanting women, took
+some Caracols beasts for wives, and made them suitable women, by washing
+them, and giving them to eat the fruit _Inriri Cahuvial_. This was done by
+a _Vagoniana_ II. These Caracols had then survived the flood or come
+before the Guaninis, the name of the fruit that made them women, if
+explained, might elucidate this event; but the signification was not
+given; another version will suggest other important analogies.(75)
+
+_39th Event._ These Caracols deprived of their women, took other female
+beasts for wives (another tribe) and from this union most of the Haytians
+descended, becoming _Anaborias_ or vassals of the Guaninis.
+
+_Anaboria_ means flower or lizard of labor! these might be descended from
+_Albebora_. This name for bondsmen, boors or laborers, was widely spread
+in America, and has affinities all over the world, even with the Latin
+labor.(76)
+
+_40th Event._ These first inhabitants of Hayti, fed on dates, bananas,
+cocos, fruits, nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: until taught
+the use of Cazabi or bread by _Boition_, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c.
+
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural indicating the tropical food of
+old times.
+
+_41st Event._ _Michetauri Guauana_, was the leader of the first colony to
+_Coaibai_ (death house) in the land of _Soraia_ (setting sun), and became
+the king of it. There the people are called _Goeiz_ (phantoms or ghosts)
+and go about by night; but are not dead people whose name is _Opia_.
+
+_Coaibai_ is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, or both. It became the
+paradise of the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further west, and a place of
+delight. The names and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate to those
+of the Greeks &c. about the fortunate islands of the west: those of the
+Orientals and Hebrews about the island _Elisha_, and the _Sheol_ or place
+of souls, the Hebrew Plutonic region. _Soraya_ for setting sun, is identic
+with _Surya_ of the Hindus: whence came _Syria_ the west, and even our
+word _sorrow_; while _Sol_ comes from Sheol. _Azil_ sun in Pelasgian, is
+akin to _Elisha_ whence our word Azylum! _Goeiz_ is akin to ghost, _Ghaib_
+in Syrian, _Coyocop_ of the Nachez, _Goz_ of the Vilelas. _Opi_ has
+affinities every where. _Michetauri_ is perhaps a synonym of _Machi-tuyra_
+great devil, _Guauana_ is such-Auna. Perhaps this fable alludes to an
+anterior event and the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.(77)
+
+_42d Event._ AUMATEX a great Cazic marries the female Zemi _Guabanzex_,
+goddess of waters and wind, and she has two sons _Guatauva_ and
+_Pregonero_, who become male Zemis.
+
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs to this time or to the
+cosmogony. I presume it is historical, alluding to new tribes, and perhaps
+foreign to Hayti. The names are difficult to explain, nor is it stated
+what these sons performed; but being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They are perhaps the ancestors of the
+Guataios and the Puruays?(78)
+
+_43d Event._ COROCORO the quadruped Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, _Guamorete_ and _Guatabanex_, who rule in Hayti.
+His temple was in _Sacaba_, and his high-priest was called
+_Cavava-Niovava_. Cave father and our father.
+
+This alludes to different tribes than the Guaninis: _Coro_ was a tribe in
+Cumana. Perhaps this is another version of the 10th Event, or a proper
+indication of the subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, when more
+civilized, and become the Mayorex.
+
+_44th Event._ Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. of the first _Bohito_ (old man),
+a priest and legislator, called _Boition_ by Dangleria, meaning both
+_Priest-solar_ and Old _Ion_: he introduces agriculture and the use of
+bread, divides the nation into 3 castes, _Tainos_, or nobles, _Bohitos_ or
+priests, _Anaborias_ or vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters and
+fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles the religion; establishing mysteries
+and oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many other institutions, holydays,
+festivals, religious dances, schools &c., declaring the land common to
+all, like the sun and water.
+
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized
+the people; but it is difficult to distinguish the deeds of each. They
+were probably priests leading more civilized colonies from the east or
+from America. Their name which is variously spelt or varies in dialects
+was also _Buhuti_, _Boitio_, _Bauti_, _Buhui_, _Boyeto_ &c., is akin to
+the _Boyez_, _Poyes_, _Piazes_, _Payes_ of South America, used by the
+Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, _Piaches_ of Tamanacs, _Bauti_ of
+Dabaiba, _Papas_ of Central America, _Bochica_ of Muyzcas; but the names
+of priests all over ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies(79)—and therefore they came from the east. The civilization and
+religion introduced or improved by them is also oriental; it was more
+advanced than we are aware; since they had ample fields and orchards,
+roads and canals, schools in which they taught history, religion, medicine
+and useful arts. Of their astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor of
+their hieroglyphs.
+
+_45th Event._ Bohito II. or _Buhui-tihu_ (old eminent) comes and improves
+still further the rites &c., becoming high-priest. He introduces
+medicines, charms, the use of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy herbs _Gueyo_ and _Zochen &c._
+
+This is all what can be collected on this second law-giver, and he is even
+blended with the next, except by name.
+
+_46th Event._ Bohito III. or _Baio-habao_ (sea-lyre) comes next,
+introducing music, sacred instruments called after him, and probably the
+rites of the triple named god of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: _Bugia_,
+_Aiba_ and _Bradama_: who became the Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+
+This god with three names is evidently Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India:
+found in Yucatan as _Izona_, _Echuah_ and _Bacab_. See my dissertation in
+Atlantic Journal, on similar names of triple God all over America and the
+east. It does not follow that this worship came direct from India; but it
+might come through the Pelagians, who had it as _Bram_, _Amen_ and _Vix_,
+inverted among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same about a god creator
+preserver and destroyer was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, Egypt,
+Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+
+_47th Event._ Happy state of this civilized people, hardly knowing war,
+passing the time in festivals, dancing, singing and making love: whence
+called the Fortunate islands, by the navigators that happened to go so
+far. They dwelt in wooden houses and had towns of 1000 houses.—Herrera.
+
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic sources of ancient history,
+and the ancient traditions of Europe about the happy land of the west,
+Elisha or Elysium, Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: besides the
+happy state in which Hayti was found.—See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America, and the great Atlantis: the most
+explicit is found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+
+_48th Event._ The Phenicians driven by a storm, while going from Gades to
+Africa, discover the large island ATLANTIS, many days in the ocean west of
+Lybia. It was very fruitful, with mountains, large plains and navigable
+rivers; with many woods and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful; it is a residence fit for gods:
+the inhabitants are a strong and healthful people; they have many towns,
+with stately buildings, houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.—Diod.
+Book V.
+
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered so far as to deem this island
+Madeira or the Canaries; which are small islands, without streams, and the
+first without inhabitants. It can only apply to Hayti, or even the
+continent of South America.
+
+_49th Event._ _A black people_ came to Hayti from the south or south-east,
+who had darts of Guanin metal, and were called the Black Guaninis.
+
+This tradition preserved by Herrera, Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a
+colony of _Negroes_ or men painting black, from South America. They might
+be the black Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, or some other
+American Negro nation, of which there are many.—See my account of ancient
+Black Nations of America. Dangleria mentions two wild tribes of savages in
+Hayti towards 1500, one speechless! (which means they spoke a different
+language) probably a remain of the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana of Guacarima.
+
+_50th Event._ Navigations of the Haytians and Cubans, settlements of the
+Lucayas islands, Jamaica, and probably some parts of Florida: mutual trade
+with Cuba and the continent.
+
+These colonial and trading voyages must have begun long before and have
+been continual. Columbus met individuals in Cuba who had visited Hayti,
+Jamaica and Yamaya, the Maya land or Yucatan. _Yucayas_ or Lucayans knew
+Cuba, Hayti and Florida, which was called _Cautio_ says Fulgar, quoted by
+Cardenas, who deems the Antilles peopled from hence, blending it with
+_Cauta_ the original seat of the Haytians. South America was once called
+_Guanin_, afterwards _Caribana_ when it was overspread by the Carib
+tribes. The Nachez appear to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas knew Hayti
+and called it _Atsi_.
+
+_51st Event._ The _Canibas_ (whence our Canibals) or the _Caribas_,
+(whence our Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding on human flesh,
+begin to spread to Guyana and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and colonies to the peaceful islands of the
+Antilles, and even to Florida.
+
+The Caribas evidently descended from the Galibis, and other akin nations
+of South America, did not originate in North America, as supposed by
+Bridgstock and a few others. Laborde who spent 20 years with them, and
+knew well their language, has published some of their traditions in 1704.
+_Lon-quo_ was their original god, who made _Racumon_ their chief or leader
+to America, who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, Cabatos-trees and
+birds. The true name of the nation was _Cali_, those of the main were
+_Cali-nago_ or _Calibis_, of the islands _Cali-ponam_. Rochefort &c.—See
+my Carib Traditions.
+
+_52d Event._ The Calibis of Guyana after long wars with _Alouague_ the
+kings of the _Aruacas_, send the general _Timani_ to conquer the Aruacas
+Islanders, _Cahiris_, _Eyeris_ &c. who leads the tribe of _Labouyous_
+(vassals) and conquer several islands, killing the men and keeping the
+women.—Rochefort &c.
+
+The period of this invasion is unknown; those who bring the Caribs from
+North America, make it much later of course; but it is likely to be an old
+event: although several invasions are probably meant and blended. The
+_Timanis_ and _Labouyous_ must have effected this. They adopted many
+customs and partly the religion of the conquered women. The following
+tradition belongs probably to the conquered Eyeris.
+
+_53d Event._ Once when living wretched and on the spontaneous fruits of
+the earth, _Oubek-Eyeri_ (heaven man) a holy man drest all in white
+cotton, comes from heaven (_Oubek_ above). He first appears to a desolate
+old man _Boyez_, and teach him to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &c.
+
+This must have been a priest or bohito of Hayti, who tried to civilize the
+Caribs: unless it refers to anterior traditions. He taught religion also,
+that good men would go after death to the happy islands of the west, and
+become _Chemin_ or _Icheiri_ Zemis; while bad men should become _Oumekoua_
+wanderers at sea, and _Mabouyas_ devils.
+
+_54th Event._ The Caribas in search of these fortunate islands go to Hayti
+and Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, where they extended
+inland, becoming the tribes of _Cofachi_, _Matica_ and _Amana_. They dwell
+there a long while often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer them and
+incorporate at last.
+
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars with the Apalachis; the details
+belong to the history of North America and the nations of Florida.
+
+_55th Event._ Some expelled Caribs hearing by traders of Zigateo, steal
+some canos and run away to this island, one of the Lucayas; well received;
+but sent to Ayay (Santa Cruz) desert island, where they settle and
+increase. This happened towards 1150 of our era.
+
+This positive fact begins the certain chronology of the Antilles; but
+Brigstock is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, the ancestors of all
+the Carib and Galibis tribes as far as Brazil.
+
+_56th Event._ Civil wars in Hayti, attempt of some kings to become
+independent from the _Bohitos_ government. The Cazic _Guamaretus_ despise
+his god or Zemi _Corochotum_, for which he is overcome in battle and his
+palace burnt. Dangleria.
+
+This indicates probably a revolution, and attempt to overthrow the ancient
+religion, perhaps before 1150.
+
+_57th Event._ CAZI-BAQUEL restores peace, and the worship of the great God
+_Jocavaghama_, with the Zemi _Tarugavael_ found in the woods. Meantime the
+god JOCAVA prophecies by an oracle that the _Maguacochios_ (great people
+clothed) would come, with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave the
+rebellious Haytians. This was understood to apply to the Caribs, and
+Spaniards afterwards.(80)
+
+_58th Event._ This great king BAQUEL, begins a dynasty, and has many
+successors _Gamanacoel_, _Guarionel_, _Guayaronel_, _Guavanenechin_,
+_Guavavo-conel_, _Caramarex_, _Guaramatex &c._, who are the chief kings of
+Hayti. _Guarionex_ was his successor when the Spaniards came.
+
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been kings or cazics from time immemorial
+in the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, 180 miles long and 30 broad,
+running from east to west; having from east to west the provinces
+Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs through
+it, which is probably the same as Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of the feodal system of Cazics and
+Tainos established in Hayti. All the other kings bearing them allegiance:
+and their dialect was the court language.
+
+_59th Event._ The island becomes divided into 5 principal kingdoms, with
+many provinces each having a Cazic. They were 1. _Caizimu_ in the east
+with 11 provinces, Higuey was the first of them, 2. _Bainoa_ in the
+centre, the largest of all, belonging to the _Baquel_ dynasty, with 24
+provinces, Maguana being the first of them, 3. _Guacarima_, the west end,
+with 12 provinces, Xaragua being the main, 4. _Hubaba_, a small kingdom
+with 3 provinces in the south mountains, 5. _Cotoy_ or _Cayabo_ in the
+mountains of the north, held by the _Mayoriex_ people, with 7 provinces,
+and the mountains Zibao.
+
+Dangleria gives the names of all these provinces, but he has omitted the
+kingdom of _Marien_ in the north-west, he makes it only a province of
+Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix and Munoz have given maps of old Hayti, with the
+situations of many, the rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; see
+my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+
+_60th Event._ Meantime Cuba was also divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. _Mayzi_
+or _Maiti_ opposite Hayti, 2. _Bayamo_ west of it, 3. _Cueyba_ in the
+centre, whence the name of _Cuba_, probably the head kingdom, 4.
+_Camayegua_ or _Camaguey_ inhabited by a different people, famous tribe,
+probably _Comayaguas_ of Honduras, or Olmecas, 5. _Xagua_ near the middle,
+6. _Macaca_ in the south opposite Jamaica, 7. _Haniguanica_ at the west
+end where are the high mountains _Uhima_.
+
+_61st Event._ The island of Jamaica was divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen
+also Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, formed one, but had 26
+Cazics in as many valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo being desert. The
+_Yucayas_ (white islands) now Bahama, were numberless, the largest being
+Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, Abaco
+&c. The Cazics were much respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor was in common and the daily food
+given from the public stores. Some islands were at war; but only used
+sticks in their quarrels. Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, the
+great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+
+_62d Event._ The Caribas of Ayay having multiplied, spread again over the
+eastern islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; but meeting their ancient
+tribes in _Curucueria_ now Guadeloupe: it becomes their chief island:
+whence they send war parties to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; and
+occupy _Galana_ now Marigalante, _Matinino_ or _Madinino_ now Martinique,
+_Liamaca_ now Antigua, _Liamuiga_ St. Christopher, _Bayaraco_ St. Vincent,
+_Bequia_ Grenada &c. called collectively _Caliaqua_ the islands of the
+Calibis.
+
+_63d Event._ They molest the shores of Boriquen, where they are always
+repulsed, but often steal men and children to eat them.
+
+_64th Event._ They assail the shores of Hayti, where they are much feared;
+signals by smoke are made when they appear. In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern
+regions of the island, the Haytians become warlike to defend themselves,
+and use poisoned arrows as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used only
+darts, lances and macanas, peculiar wooden swords.
+
+_65th Event._ The Caribs went as far as the shores of Cuba, and desolated
+the south shores: the Cubans removing their towns inland. They were called
+Canibas and Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement at Baracoa to the
+south-east.
+
+_66th Event._ They were repulsed in their attempt against the warlike
+Jamaicans who used arrows; they do not appear to have molested the
+Yucayans, owing to their former alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+
+These events are chiefly collected from Columbus’ own account, and
+personal narratives of his travels, with other retrospective hints by the
+Spanish writers. They will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+
+_67th Event._ The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at
+least two millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in Cuba; 100,000 in
+Boriquen; 60,000 in Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides the unknown
+Carib population.
+
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish arrival: others have swelled
+it to 6 millions, including all the West Indies. Las-Casas states that the
+Lucayas had 500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+
+_68th Event._ The domestic animals of these islands, were among beasts,
+Alco dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari hogs and manatis: turtles
+and guanas among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, fowls, ducks and
+red cranes among birds: remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos or fire
+flies used for lamps among insects.
+
+Such were found either in one or all the islands; which were not therefore
+destitute of domestic animals, as commonly believed. Columbus found tame
+fowls at Cuba in 1492; which were probably the Powis fowls.
+
+_69th Event._ Beroica was king of Jamaica (about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica and _Abem-beroica_, meaning
+Beroica II., Beroica III.
+
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the
+east, and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+
+_70th Event._ The island Puta or Cahiri now Trinidad at the furthest east
+end of the Antilles was still inhabited by several Aruac tribes, Cahiris,
+Yaoy &c. which resisted the inroads of their constant foes the Galibis and
+Caribas.
+
+_71st Event._ Between 1450 and 1480 Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+
+_72d Event._ Cayacoa was king of Caizimu and Higuey in the east from about
+1460 to 1494 when he died.
+
+_73d Event._ About 1470 some Caribs settle in Samana, the east peninsula
+of Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo and Manicatex, form themselves
+a small kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, Mayo-banex their king
+admits them as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, Dahabon, Zibaho and
+Manababo. He was so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana the Venus
+of Hayti, sister of the king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon after.(81)
+
+_74th Event._ About 1475, Behechio is king of Guacarima in the west, till
+1500. His capital was Xaragua. He became a conqueror of several provinces,
+as far as Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal Cazics, and 30 wives,
+his favorite queen was Guanahata.
+
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, and says that as usual with
+great kings, he received many titles, being called Shining Copper, Bright
+Highness, and Rich Flood. These titles were really
+
+_Tureigua hobin_, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.
+_Siarei-huibo_, Star-bright Highness.
+_Duyh-zinequen_, Wealthy in Streams.
+
+_75th Event._ In 1480 Guarionex succeeds Guaramatex as the greatest king
+of Hayti.
+
+_76th Event._ In 1486 the Cubans send a colony to Florida, in search of a
+river and spring restoring to youth; they visit the _Pola_ islands, now
+Martyrs or Florida keys, the _Colas_ nation of South Florida, and settle
+the town of Abaiba near the cape of Florida.—Herrera.(82)
+
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge of Florida. The _Colas_ are
+perhaps descendants of the ancient Cara-_Cols_ of Hayti: they dwelt in
+Florida till 1760, when they removed to Cuba.
+
+_77th Event._ In 1490 and previous to it, war in Cuba between the kingdom
+of Cuba or Colba, and Cavilla king of the _Cami_ nation, in the country of
+Bafan, whose capital was Fava.—_Columbus’ Narrative._
+
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492. The _Cami_ are the same as the
+Cama-yegua, the foreign people of Cuba.(83)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+    THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the
+    dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,
+    Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._
+
+
+At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of
+this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical
+traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish
+discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves
+were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we
+have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation
+has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+
+However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies
+have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some
+of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the
+quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia,
+Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but
+three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and
+unavailable.
+
+I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and
+thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample
+enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the
+Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to
+Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight
+dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+
+But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South
+America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the
+many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or
+relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or
+_Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and
+these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught
+it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the
+women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will
+enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet
+in America, with a peculiar female idiom.
+
+The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had
+gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas,
+will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many
+homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.
+
+From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had
+received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya
+and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The
+same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in
+Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian
+and Gothic tribes.
+
+The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by
+me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one
+American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real
+origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American
+language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words
+than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American
+languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false
+views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.
+
+But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important
+and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the
+languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each
+other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may
+indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also
+similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of
+American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a
+language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never
+ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.
+
+This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid
+philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated
+hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.
+
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.
+
+1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable
+words 4 alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual affinity only 21
+per cent. No parentage.
+
+2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with
+Haytian—Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+
+3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32
+comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant
+connection.
+
+4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words
+comparable, 6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, river—Mutual analogies
+50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less
+remote.
+
+5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in
+all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer
+more or less analogies!—Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near
+connection.
+
+_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of
+languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic
+L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese,
+Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.
+
+In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the
+_Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to
+the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet
+they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American
+settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the
+vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the
+_Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with
+the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_,
+_Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_,
+_Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.
+
+Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of
+South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were
+much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.
+
+The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other
+American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above
+all the connection with the American Pelagians.
+
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting
+language, and first its phonology.
+
+It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks
+the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards,
+and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt
+whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English
+SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.—It
+had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the
+Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.
+
+It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing
+to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in
+Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI
+&c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft,
+pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the
+accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.
+
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is
+quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord’s Prayer_ in it, so
+as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of
+Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of
+it.
+
+One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a
+peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It
+was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_,
+_those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative
+_The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely
+various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N’, ZI, LI
+&c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been
+comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The
+relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.
+
+Examples of Articles.
+
+_Gua-yava_ This pear.
+_Gua-ma_ This great, or lord.
+_Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers.
+_Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such.
+_Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean.
+_I-Guana_ The guana or lizard.
+_Ni-taino_ The good or noble.
+_Mi-taino_ My noble lord.
+_Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect.
+_Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children.
+_Ziba o_ Stone like, stony.
+_A-na_ Of bloom, a flower.
+_A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal.
+_A-maca_ Of wood, a bed.
+_A-ma_ Of great, water.
+_A-reiti_ Of rite, song.
+
+These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not
+perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan,
+and Greek, than the Latin.
+
+The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.—_Taino_,
+_Taina_, Lord, Lady—_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been
+irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N,
+U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.
+
+Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the
+Oriental language.—_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_
+habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake,
+_Xauxau_ bread or large cake.
+
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but
+there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_,
+_hitos_ man, men.
+
+EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.
+
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men;
+_Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.
+
+The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two
+forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the
+regular as in Latin.
+
+Examples of regular position.
+
+_Hay-ti_ Land-high.
+_Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold.
+_Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.
+
+Examples of inverse positions.
+
+_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest.
+_Jaya-el_ Earth-son.
+_N’abor-itas_ The working men.
+
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O
+added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.
+
+_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.
+
+_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.
+
+The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very
+old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.
+
+Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.
+
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+
+MI, M’ first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?
+
+TI, T’ Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.
+
+LI, L’ Third person for he, she, his, her.
+
+NI, N’ Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.
+
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions
+alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive.
+They were often dispensed with as in Italian.
+
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to
+be_, it was quite irregular as with us.
+
+_Ei_ To be—_Tei_ be thou—_Bei_ being.
+_Beira_ a being—_Dacha_ I am.
+_El_ he is—_Zi_ it is, this is.
+
+In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar
+to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.
+
+This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is,
+may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.
+
+We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is
+_Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n’importe_, in Italian _non
+curo_.
+
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I
+have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.
+
+1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian.
+_tocheta_ much. _molto._
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._
+
+2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It.
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_macabuca_ not care. _non curo._
+
+3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It.
+_Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._
+_dacha_ I am. _Sono._
+
+This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many
+transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean
+
+1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.
+2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.
+3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.
+
+The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only
+collect the following secondary numbers—_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_
+third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration:
+although the language had probably the decimals.
+
+By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be
+thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in
+American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long
+words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian
+thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the
+primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic
+import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and
+relative position.
+
+By these means the following essential roots of the language have been
+collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American
+languages.
+
+Examples of composition.
+
+_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life.
+_Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent.
+_Turei_ Heaven. _T’ur-ei_ Thou-light-be.
+_Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now)
+_Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent.
+_Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active.
+_Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.
+
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.
+
+A, Of, as, like.
+AC, Holy, sacred, religious.
+AM, Water, root, plenty.
+AN, Male thing, man, people, folk.
+AT, One, alone, first, unic.
+BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling.
+BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea.
+BAN, Wind, air.
+BAO, Music, lyre, instrument.
+BAT, Beating, game, play, ball.
+BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next.
+BI, Life, wife, mother.
+BOA, Habitation, house.
+BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service.
+CA, Land, soil, earth, dry.
+CAN, Fish, swift, bad.
+CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.
+CHON, Hot, dry, fever.
+CHUC, Take, grasp, hold.
+CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.
+COAI, Joy, delight, happiness.
+CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.
+CUS, Worm, creeping.
+DI, Day, now, actual.
+DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.
+EI, Existence, to be.
+EL, Son, tribe, child, he is.
+FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.
+GIA, Fowl, bird, flying.
+GUA, Such, this, that, these, those.
+GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed.
+HA, Yes, sure, certain.
+HI, The, indication, here.
+HIO, House, hut, cottage.
+HUIB, Head.
+I, The, sign of life and action.
+IO, God, the living-type.
+IT, Man, male.
+IN, Woman, female.
+IZ, Eyes, looks.
+L’, LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.
+MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.
+MAS, Food, to eat &c.
+MI, M’, Me, my, mine.
+NA, Thing, bloom, lizard.
+NI, N’, The thing, my thing.
+NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble.
+O, Like, similar, akin.
+OB, Copper, yellow.
+OP, Dead.
+PU, Wood, purple.
+RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring.
+RIS, Red.
+RO, Love, belove.
+RI, Male, people, men.
+SOR, West, Eve, late, far.
+TOA, Breast, milk.
+TI, High, lofty, eminent.
+TAB, Tube, pipe.
+TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good.
+TOC, Rest, peace, quiet.
+UA, Old, ancient.
+UR, Light.
+UT, Rabbits.
+VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin.
+VAR, War, warrior.
+XAU, Cake, baked, bread.
+XI, Strong, pungent, pepper.
+YAR, End, tail, vent.
+YU, White, bright.
+ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty.
+ZEM, Angels, deities, idols.
+ZIB, Stone, rock.
+ZIC, King, ruler.
+
+Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a
+western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic
+_Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the
+Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.
+
+The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not
+been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors
+of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this
+nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such
+remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall
+disclose.
+
+Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly
+comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer
+comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the
+Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of
+them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe,
+keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany,
+patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared,
+since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have
+besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey,
+tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.
+
+Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages
+often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find
+analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati
+&c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.—Even the words manati,
+hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+
+_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._
+
+_Authorities_,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her.
+Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E.
+Edwards,—H. Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all or nearly all of
+them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+
+All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.
+
+
+    Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_
+    Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.—_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.
+
+
+Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.
+
+Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.—
+
+
+    _Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_
+    Egyptian Dialects.—_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_
+    Linapi.
+
+
+Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA,
+_Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._—
+
+
+    _Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_
+    Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.
+
+
+Angry ZYNATO D.—
+
+
+    _Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_
+    Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.
+
+
+Am, I am DACHA D.—
+
+
+    _Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.—_Naca_ Maipuri,
+    _Ehaca_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.—_Nux_ Latin.
+
+Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.—_Agave_ Greek.
+
+Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.
+
+Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.
+
+Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.
+
+Apart, aside, the side NARA R.—_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.
+
+Armadillo ATATU E.
+
+Army GUARAVARA G., see War.
+
+Air, see Wind.
+
+Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.
+
+Breast and milk TOA R—primitive word found in all languages,—
+
+
+    _Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_
+    (milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.
+
+
+Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.—
+
+
+    Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_
+    Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan,
+    _Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_
+    Greek &c.—_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado,
+    _Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.
+
+
+Be, to be, TEI, EI D.—Primitive.
+
+
+    _Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan,
+    _Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt
+    &c.—_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.
+
+
+Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.—primitive, same roots,
+
+Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._—
+
+
+    Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset,
+    _Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_,
+    _Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_
+    Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic,
+    _Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic
+    &c.—_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_
+    Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.
+
+
+Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.—
+
+
+    Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_
+    Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_
+    Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_
+    Pelagic &c.—_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.
+
+
+Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.—
+
+
+    _Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_
+    Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt—_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi,
+    _Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.
+
+
+Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.—_Cyanus_ Greek,
+_Chuanta_ Abask.
+
+Beer, CHICHA A.—
+
+
+    _Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask,
+    _Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine)
+    Aramic—_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi,
+    _Huicu_ Galibis &c.
+
+
+Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.—
+
+
+    _Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and
+    Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian,
+    _Amuri_ Sicilian.
+
+
+Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.—
+
+
+    _Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_
+    old English—_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.
+
+
+Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.—
+
+
+    _Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_
+    Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese,
+    _Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.
+
+
+Basket, HAVA G.—Primitive, see Cave.
+
+Bright, TUREIGNA D.—see Light.
+
+Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.
+
+Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.—_Paquiano_ Sicily.
+
+Brother, GUATIAO Her.—_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.
+
+Blood, MOINALU Ey.—
+
+
+    _Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_
+    Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_
+    Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.
+
+
+Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.—
+
+
+    _Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_
+    Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_
+    Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_
+    African Atlantic—_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru,
+    _Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.
+
+
+Cold, YMIZUI R.—_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.
+
+Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.—
+
+
+    _Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old
+    Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and
+    Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton
+    ... Primitive.
+
+
+Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.—_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit
+language,
+
+_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.
+
+Cloth, see dress.
+
+Club, see sword.
+
+Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.—_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek,
+_Cupreus_ Latin.
+
+Careless, I don’t care, MACABUCA D.—_Bucanaco_ Congo.
+
+Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.—_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_
+Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.
+
+Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.—Primitive, analogies already given
+in annals.
+
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.
+
+Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.
+
+Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.
+
+Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.
+
+Cedar, CAUVANA G.
+
+Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.
+
+Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.—Primitive, same name in Maya,
+Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.
+
+Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.
+
+Cane, YARUMA, Her.
+
+Crabs, _Taracolas_.—_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.
+
+Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.—
+
+
+    _Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_
+    Slavonian—_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.
+
+
+Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G.,
+_Batocos_ G.—
+
+
+    _Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_,
+    _Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_
+    (song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay—_Yaravis_
+    Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.
+
+
+Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)—
+
+
+    _Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of
+    Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_
+    Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish,
+    _Cho_ Siam—_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule,
+    _Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Day, DI—Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.
+
+Daughter, RAHEN Ey.—
+
+
+    _Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic—_Ninah_
+    Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.
+
+
+Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.—
+
+
+    _Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin,
+    _Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans—_Pitini_,
+    _Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_
+    Ottawa.
+
+
+Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.
+
+Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.
+
+Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c.
+A.—Primitive, see Annals.
+
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.—
+
+
+    _Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka,
+    _Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_
+    Nepal—_Micuni_ Peruvian.
+
+
+End, tail, YARIMA D.—
+
+
+    _Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan,
+    _Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic—_Yara_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.—_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.
+
+Eyes, IZI, O.—Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_
+English, _Iz_ Oriental language—_Cosi_ Cahiri.
+
+Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.—
+
+
+    _Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar,
+    Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin,
+    _Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish—_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas,
+    _Tzallan_ Huasteca.
+
+
+Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.—_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic
+Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.
+
+Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.—_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_
+Pelagic.
+
+Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.
+
+Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.—Primitive, found in 500
+languages.—
+
+
+    _Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_
+    Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac
+    and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_
+    Jolof.—_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui,
+    _Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_
+    Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri,
+    _Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+
+
+Frolic, Intoxication.—_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.
+
+Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.—
+
+
+    _Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua
+    and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva,
+    _Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,—_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora,
+    _Makach_ Nachez.
+
+
+Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.—
+
+
+    _Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_
+    Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_
+    Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.—_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_
+    Lulè, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili,
+    _Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.
+
+
+Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in
+Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.
+
+Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.—
+
+
+    _Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_
+    Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian,
+    _Nemico_ Italian.
+
+
+Flower, Blossom, ANA A.—
+
+
+    _Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_
+    Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.
+
+
+Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.—Derived from Flower.
+
+Fruitful Co.—_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.
+
+Fever, see heat.
+
+Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.
+
+God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the
+Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words:
+additional analogies.—
+
+
+    _Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_
+    Latin,—_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of
+    Basks—_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu,
+    _Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_
+    Guanch, &c.—_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_
+    Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages,
+    _Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.
+
+
+Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.—Primitive, akin to all old
+Languages,
+
+
+    —_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit
+    Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali,
+    _Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish,
+    _Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_
+    Japan.—_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_
+    Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.
+
+
+Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.—
+
+
+    _Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,—_Veragua_ Chontal.
+
+
+Gold. CAONA, CAUNI—
+
+
+    _Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding,
+    _Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.
+
+
+Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.—
+
+
+    _Odebo_ Greek, _Amòular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr,
+    _Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,—_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_
+    Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.
+
+
+Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.—
+
+
+    _Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.
+
+
+Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—
+
+
+    _Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_,
+    _mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.
+
+
+Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.— _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof,
+_Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.
+
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.—
+
+
+    _Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_
+    Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic,
+    _Noali_ Armoric,—_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.
+
+
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.—
+
+
+    _Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_
+    Slavic—_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.
+
+
+Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.
+
+Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.
+
+Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.
+
+Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.
+
+House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D.
+Primitive.—
+
+
+    _Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_
+    Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet,
+    _Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_
+    Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese,
+    _Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English—_Bohio_
+    Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi,
+    _Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quiché, _Uya_ Lulé, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_
+    Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.—
+
+
+    _Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_
+    Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_
+    Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan—_Uma_ Peruvian, _Chémé_ Quiché, _China_
+    Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.
+
+
+Heliconia. BIHAO.
+
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car,
+Huibo, Uta_—
+
+
+    _Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic,
+    L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_
+    Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.—_Iba_ Apalachi,
+    _Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.
+
+
+Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_
+(West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.—
+
+
+    _Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_
+    Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_
+    Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit,
+    _Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_
+    Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.—_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya,
+    _Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_
+    Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi,
+    _Pacha_ Aymara.
+
+
+Heart and Soul. NANICHI—
+
+
+    _Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_
+    Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Amé_
+    Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,—_Kaueshin_ Aleutian,
+    _Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_
+    Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura,
+    _Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.
+
+
+Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.—
+
+
+    _Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga,
+    _Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old
+    Egypt,—_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora,
+    _Hualic_ Huazteca.
+
+
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.—
+
+
+    _Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian,
+    _Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,—_Achi_ Chili.
+
+
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.
+
+
+    —_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_
+    Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_
+    Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,—_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari,
+    _Nigda_ Mbaya.
+
+
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+
+Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.
+
+Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.—_Trou_, _Creux_ French.
+
+Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.
+
+Insect. See Little.
+
+Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All—see Earth and Land.
+
+Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_
+holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.
+
+Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.—other title of God,
+compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in
+divine names of Lybia, &c.
+
+In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.
+
+Indigo, DIGO R.
+
+Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.—He
+is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.
+
+King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various
+spellings.—See the Annals.
+
+Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.—_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_
+Malay.
+
+Life. BI G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_
+French.
+
+Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,—_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo,
+_Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,—_Iuganas_ Cumana,
+_Leguan_ Aruwak.
+
+Labor. BORIA.
+
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.
+
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.—
+
+
+    _Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_
+    Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,—_Piqua_ Peru,
+    _Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.
+
+
+Land. See Earth.
+
+Lord. See Noble.
+
+Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.
+
+Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.
+
+Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots
+IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in
+
+
+    _Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_
+    Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_
+    Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_
+    Cumanche, &c.—
+
+    RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_
+    Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian,
+    _Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.—
+
+    AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_
+    Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_
+    Gaunch,—_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.
+
+
+Mother. MAMA D.—Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask
+and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in
+Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages—In America quite common also,
+least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy,
+Omagua and Peru.
+
+Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+
+Much, Many. TOCHETA D.—_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_
+Persian, _Totus_ Latin.—_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_
+Brazilian.
+
+Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.
+
+Millet. PANYCKE D.—_Panicum_ Latin.
+
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_,
+_Zibao_, _Hayti_.—
+
+
+    _Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French,
+    _Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_
+    Copt,—_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru,
+    _Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya,
+    &c.
+
+
+Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.—
+
+
+    _Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali,
+    _Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.—_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca,
+    _Tupan_ Guarani.
+
+
+Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N’, MI, M’.—Primitive, found in all the
+European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated—
+
+
+    _Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_
+    Japan,—_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_
+    Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_
+    Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.
+
+
+Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.—_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_
+Jolof,—_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.
+
+Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.—_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.
+
+Mosquito. JEJEN D.—_Zinzara_ Toscan.
+
+Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.—_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek,
+_Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.
+
+Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.
+
+Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.
+
+Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.
+
+Moving. MANA. See Grammar.
+
+Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.
+
+Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.
+
+Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.
+
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_,
+_Mitaino_ Dialects.—
+
+
+    _Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_
+    Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_
+    (fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_
+    Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_,
+    _Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,—_Toani_ Mexican,
+    _Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_
+    Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.
+
+
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.—
+
+
+    _Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_
+    Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_
+    Copt,—_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_
+    Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.
+
+
+Nuts. _Zibayos_ D—Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.
+
+Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.—_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.
+
+One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.—Primitive, found in 200
+Languages.
+
+
+    _Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_
+    Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_
+    Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.—_Ata_ Muyzcas,
+    _Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_
+    Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.
+
+
+Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.—_Holbo_
+Copt,—_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua as in Mexican.
+
+Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.—_Ainé_ French.
+
+Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.—
+
+
+    _Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian,
+    _Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and
+    Javan.
+
+
+Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_
+Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.
+
+Opossum. TONA R.
+
+Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.
+
+Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.—_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the
+root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+
+Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.—_Phasianus_ Latin.
+
+Palace. CANEI H. See House.
+
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.—_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old
+Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.
+
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.—_Ac_ is a
+primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_
+Greek,—_Axi_ Cumana.
+
+Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_,
+_Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects.
+See the Annals and Notes.
+
+Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.
+
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+
+Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi,
+_Chibuc_ Turk,—_Bacana_ Carib.
+
+Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.—_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.
+
+Patatos. BATATAS.—The same in South America.
+
+Place. GUARA R.
+
+People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.
+
+Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.
+
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.
+
+Pimento. PIMENTO.—_Pimienta_ Maya.
+
+Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.—_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_
+Mexican.
+
+Plain. MAGUA. See Field.
+
+Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.
+
+Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.
+
+Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.
+
+Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.
+
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.
+
+Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.
+
+
+    _Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_
+    Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat.,
+    _Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old
+    Arabic—_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_
+    Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.
+
+
+Raft. BALZA A.—_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.
+
+Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M’ames_.—
+
+
+    _Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic,
+    _Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.—_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_
+    Calamari.
+
+
+Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus
+_Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—_Hutia_ Largest;
+_Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.—_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E.
+_Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.—
+
+
+    _Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_
+    Greek,—_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_
+    Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.
+
+
+Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.—
+
+
+    _Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian,
+    _Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek,
+    _Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.
+
+
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.—
+
+
+    _Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,—_Dites_ Darien,
+    _Cusca_ Quichè.
+
+
+Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.—
+
+
+    _Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.—_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi
+    Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.
+
+
+Retreat. TIBA.—_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.
+
+Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.—_Remor_ Pelagic.
+
+Rope. CABUYA G.—_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.
+
+River. See Stream.
+
+Rites, worship, reality. REITI.—_Ritus_ Latin &c.
+
+Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_,
+(water) in Spanish and Italian.—
+
+
+    _Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_
+    Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva,
+    _Gua_ Tupi.
+
+
+Star, Bright. STAREI D.—Primitive, found from England to India.
+
+
+    _Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic,
+    _Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African
+    Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.—_Sirica_ Galibi,
+    Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_
+    Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.
+
+
+Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.—
+
+
+    _Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask,
+    _Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_
+    Old English,—_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South
+    America. _Macahui_ Mexican.
+
+
+Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in
+Cuba.—
+
+
+    _Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_
+    Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi,
+    _Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand,
+    _Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_,
+    Toba Old Arabic.—_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian,
+    _Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.
+
+
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived
+from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.—
+
+
+    _Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic,
+    _Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French,
+    _Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.
+
+
+Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.
+
+Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.—
+
+
+    _Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian,
+    _Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.
+
+
+Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, see Little.
+
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+
+Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.
+
+Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old
+languages.—_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.—_Gua_ in South
+America.
+
+Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.
+
+Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.
+
+Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.
+
+Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.
+
+Soup, Boiled. CALALU.—_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.
+
+Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.—_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_
+Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.—_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.
+
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive,
+variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L’ do. Y, _Ye_ Old
+English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N’_
+Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D.,
+_Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.
+
+This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.
+
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_,
+_toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic,
+Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.
+
+Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.—_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of
+Sumatra.—_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.
+
+Tomato. TOMATES G.
+
+Temple. See Church.
+
+Tree. See Wood.
+
+Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house—
+
+
+    _Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_
+    Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian,
+    _Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.
+
+
+Thread. HICO D.—_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal—_Hito_, _Pito_
+Maya.
+
+Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.—_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.
+
+Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.—_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_
+Bali.—_Cotos_ Cumana.
+
+Two, or Second. BEM?—_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.
+
+Three, or Third. ABEM?
+
+Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—_Bonus_ Latin.
+
+Throne. DUCHI M.
+
+Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.—_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine.
+UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.—_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_
+(pr Aivi) English.
+
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+
+Water. AMA. BAGUA.—
+
+
+    Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes,
+    _Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_
+    Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo,
+    _Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic,
+    _Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.—_May_, _Mayu_, Peru,
+    _Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_
+    Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_
+    Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.
+
+
+Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.—
+
+
+    Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,—_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_
+    Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_,
+    _Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask,
+    _Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_
+    Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_
+    Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia;
+    _Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic,
+    _Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_
+    Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_
+    Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_
+    Romanic, &c.—_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva,
+    _Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yatè_ Mocobi,
+    _Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_
+    Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.
+
+
+White. YUCA, LUCA A.—
+
+
+    _Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask,
+    _Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,—_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi,
+    _Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru,
+    _Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.
+
+
+Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.—_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.—
+
+
+    _Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi,
+    _Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi,
+    _Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,—_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya,
+    _Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c.
+    _Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.
+
+
+War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.—Root same as in English
+and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.
+
+Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.—_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.
+
+Wind or Air. BANZEX D.—Primitive.
+
+
+    _Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga,
+    _Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi,
+    _Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,—_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora,
+    _Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.
+
+
+West. SORAIA R.—_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_
+Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See
+Setting Sun.
+
+World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.—_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from
+_Quiscaya_ whole earth.
+
+Which, HIQUI Laet.—_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.
+
+Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.—_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_
+(vermin) Celtic.
+
+Yes. HA.—Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac,
+_Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof,
+_Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,—_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_
+Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris,
+_May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.
+
+Yellow. HOBAS.—_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of
+Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.
+
+Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.
+
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas
+Islands
+
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.
+
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.
+
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.
+
+Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.
+
+Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.
+
+Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.
+
+House, _Bohio_, C.
+
+Remora, _Reves_, C.
+
+Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.
+
+Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.
+
+Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.
+
+Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.
+
+Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.
+
+Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.
+
+Cacao, _Cacao_ C.
+
+Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.
+
+River, _Agua_ C.
+
+Corn, _Maysi_, C.
+
+Bread, _Zabi_, C.
+
+God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.
+
+Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.
+
+Ghost, _Dupi_, J.
+
+Life, _Bi_, C. L.
+
+Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.
+
+Wood, _Maica_, J.
+
+Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.
+
+Dog, _Alco_, C.
+
+Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.
+
+Poke, _Cucato_, J.
+
+Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.
+
+Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.
+
+Shell, _Cohobas_, C.
+
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+
+Red, _Ris_, C.
+
+White Worm, _Cusi_, J.
+
+Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.
+
+King. _Caxicus_, C.
+
+Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.
+
+Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.
+
+Yams, _Mames_, C.
+
+Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.
+
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.
+
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by
+Rochefort, &c.
+
+Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.
+
+God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.
+
+Noble, _Ditayno_, B.
+
+Snake, _Boba_, B.
+
+Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.
+
+Mahogany, _Maga_, B.
+
+Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.
+
+Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.
+
+Violet, _Quibey_, B.
+
+Bananas, _Camois_, E.
+
+Coco, _Coquillas_, B.
+
+Guayac, _Guage_, B.
+
+Hog, _Saine_, B.
+
+Boat, _Piraguas_, B.
+
+Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.
+
+Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.
+
+Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.
+
+Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.
+
+Storm, _Urogan_, E.
+
+Blood, _Moinalu_, E.
+
+Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.
+
+Bread, _Maru_, E.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.
+
+Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.
+
+Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.
+
+Foe, _Akani_, E.
+
+Little, _Nianti_, E.
+
+House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.
+
+Garden, _Chali_, E.
+
+War, _Nihuctu_, E.
+
+Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.
+
+Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.
+
+Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.
+
+Wife, _Liani_, E.
+
+Son, _Rabu_, E.
+
+Daughter, _Rahen_, E.
+
+The, _Ni_, N’.
+
+Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.
+
+Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.
+
+Sea, _Balana_, E.
+
+Bed, _Nekera_, E.
+
+Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.
+
+Money, _Agucat_.
+
+Palm, _Caico_.
+
+Red, _Pu_, E.
+
+People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.
+
+Priest, _Boyez_, E.
+
+Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.
+
+Devil, _Mabuya_, E.
+
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.
+
+This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_,
+and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent.
+Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho’ belonging to the same group, are
+distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.
+
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet
+have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my
+_Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to
+it.
+
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+
+Man, _Guttemock_.
+
+Woman, _Hiaru_.
+
+Heaven, _Huihua_.
+
+Gold, _Calcoari_.
+
+Maize, _Mauris_.
+
+Pipe, _Bayu_.
+
+Shell, _Tibetibe_.
+
+Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.
+
+Sun, _Hadali_.
+
+Moon, _Katti_.
+
+Bread, _Callit_.
+
+Fire, _Hicket_.
+
+Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.
+
+Stone, _Sibath_.
+
+Head, _Cabbo_.
+
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Copper, _Arara_.
+
+Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.
+
+Emerald, _Taarao_.
+
+Sword, _Caspara_.
+
+This, My, _Da_, D.
+
+Parrot, _Wahowa_.
+
+Tree, _Mentini_.
+
+Potato, _Halete_.
+
+Batatas, _Caenuda_.
+
+Knife, _Yedola_.
+
+Basket, _Queca_.
+
+Tobacco, _Hurreit_.
+
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hand, _Can_.
+
+Feet, _Cutti_.
+
+Knees, _Cude_.
+
+Toes, _Boda_.
+
+Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.
+
+Bow, _Marahabo_.
+
+Arrow, _Semaro_.
+
+Spoon, _Heldaro_.
+
+Silver, _Perota_.
+
+Forehead, _Dessi_.
+
+Tongue, _Dill_.
+
+Ears, _Dudica_.
+
+Lips, _Desire_.
+
+Teeth, _Arehe_.
+
+Monkey, _Howa_.
+
+Chest, _Bodad_.
+
+Well, _Sakel_.
+
+Bracelet, _Techir_.
+
+Scissors, _Arkeano_.
+
+Comb, _Baruda_.
+
+Mouth, _Lacoak_.
+
+Bell, _Toletilero_.
+
+Stick, _Adoth_.
+
+Beach, _Barenaine_.
+
+Flying fish, _Bohery_.
+
+Tunny fish, _Uassa_.
+
+I don’t know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.
+
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian
+Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the
+Haytian. Altho’ he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been
+_Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was
+still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or
+_Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show
+elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17
+Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with
+the _Cairi_.
+
+10 Consimilar Words.
+
+House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.
+
+Corn, _Maiz_.
+
+Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.
+
+Boat, _Canoe_.
+
+Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian
+Orthography.
+
+Good, _Tum_.
+
+Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.
+
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Knife, _Tarse_.
+
+Bananas, _Pacaras_.
+
+Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.
+
+Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.
+
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hook, _Pinda_.
+
+Scissors, _Pirame_.
+
+Comb, _Chipag_.
+
+End Of First Volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet
+      on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America,
+      before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many
+      important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in
+      philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my
+      surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also
+      greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and
+      western route of the Mexican nations.
+
+    2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but
+      many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises,
+      although the Lybian analogies are evident.
+
+    3 In Hughes’ Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14,
+      published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod’s mention of maize,
+      used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern
+      Greeks call it _Arabo-sité_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called
+      _Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy
+      through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in
+      Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having
+      native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in
+      Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately
+      saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+      quite wild in America.
+
+    4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for
+      the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the
+      sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+      and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish
+      colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.
+
+    5 E-AD’M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men,
+      pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N’K’BE
+      or male and female. The 2d AD’M or Adam was subsequent: although the
+      commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and
+      other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very
+      erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not
+      correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I
+      follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+      between consonants.
+
+    6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with
+      mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G’bforeign_, and
+      women _N’shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many
+      names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM
+      _Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any
+      analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out
+      hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic
+      Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be
+      well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums
+      which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the
+      contrary.
+
+      7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH’R’TZ production—translated
+      reptile! No soul. N’F’SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come
+      from waters, and their motion. LOUF’F means both flying and flirting
+      or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH’NI
+      NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE,
+      verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.
+
+      8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of
+      life? v. 24. R’M’SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts
+      or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men,
+      over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these
+      animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D’G’TH only
+      appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+
+      Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which
+      represent also men! and were personified.
+
+      1. SH’R’TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH’N of Job. The Leviathan of
+      Poets.
+
+      2. N’F’SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds
+      of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he
+      had 2 of the last. SH’R’TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+
+      3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of
+      Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.
+
+    7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a
+      lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or
+      the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the
+      laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.
+
+    8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first
+      chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation,
+      antidiluvian history and flood has been given.
+
+_    9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator,
+      including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a
+      sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and
+      united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_
+      that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
+
+      The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia
+      including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca
+      was separated from Siam by a strait.
+
+   10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least
+      curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since
+      collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the
+      reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and
+      prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been
+      found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments.
+      If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000
+      towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+      Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and
+      will be obliterated ere long.—_See_ my account of monumental sites,
+      published in 1824.
+
+   11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the
+      personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air,
+      winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual
+      worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind
+      material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it,
+      as in Egypt and Guinea.
+
+   12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832,
+      Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have
+      collected a few more since.
+
+   13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race
+      in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.;
+      which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great
+      men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions.
+      Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian
+      princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women,
+      took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt
+      breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese
+      and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes
+      subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.
+
+   14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets
+      of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become
+      wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+      tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of
+      hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have
+      killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent
+      to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis
+      wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient
+      continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like
+      maize.
+
+   15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans
+      had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia
+      and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron
+      would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there
+      was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and
+      rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia
+      and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was
+      found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.
+
+   16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical
+      recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one
+      connected body by historians or geologists.
+
+   17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_,
+      are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant
+      alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but
+      likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading
+      primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for
+      the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the
+      Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros,
+      Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole
+      set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we
+      mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by
+      the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the
+      Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the
+      plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we
+      substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or
+      Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it
+      when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and
+      polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+      but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality
+      of tribes.
+
+      _Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of
+      history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+      Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet
+      in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they
+      are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal
+      appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted
+      honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in
+      derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had
+      their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle;
+      who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the
+      Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old
+      Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_,
+      now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the
+      angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!
+
+   18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN,
+      the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of
+      the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM
+      were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a
+      writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it
+      implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or
+      bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says
+      that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+      the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation.
+      It is probable these were part of them.
+
+   19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for
+      a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822
+      were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in
+      the original language; but no one could be found by me able to
+      translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the
+      help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on
+      purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The
+      contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my
+      Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of
+      Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+      Ottawas, &c.
+
+   20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and
+      oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The
+      word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi,
+      put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.
+
+_   21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W’IS is
+      identic with ISH, W’ being the article _he_, WI added to words is
+      common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means
+      _many_.
+
+_   22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings.
+      O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in
+      English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi
+      dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It
+      must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often
+      obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This
+      with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in
+      the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this
+      translation a difficult task.
+
+   23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and
+      Iran; Jains of India.
+
+_   24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic
+      nations. _Akon_ of Syria.
+
+_   25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in
+      Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the
+      meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle
+      in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the
+      real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft
+      turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a
+      turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his
+      title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes
+      have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but
+      his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest
+      of feathers or hair on the head.
+
+   26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name
+      appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_.
+      _Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses,
+      and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the
+      Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.
+
+   27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their
+      old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must
+      have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+      Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological
+      enquiries and comparisons.
+
+_   28 W’oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first
+      seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_,
+      the N. W. coast.
+
+   29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or
+      contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+      probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.
+
+   30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_,
+      cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably
+      the Oregon country.
+
+   31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our
+      era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare
+      _Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.
+
+   32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the
+      east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of
+      Oregon.
+
+_   33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.
+
+   34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many
+      kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great
+      beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.
+
+   35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His
+      festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.
+
+_   36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard
+      people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_
+      appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux,
+      _Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period
+      of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go
+      further east.
+
+   37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the
+      wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards
+      48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+      continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after
+      Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then
+      united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of
+      Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of
+      Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply
+      names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been
+      the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called
+      afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west
+      of it at St. Louis &c.
+
+      In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder
+      and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas
+      about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove
+      further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place
+      this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before
+      our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
+
+   38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the
+      former wars with the Talegas.
+
+   39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.
+
+   40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes,
+      and became their legislator.
+
+   41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a
+      new invading tribe from the north.
+
+   42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the
+      atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few.
+      Hekewelder confirms these facts.
+
+   43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means
+      either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the
+      name of east Pennsylvania.
+
+   44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the
+      main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear
+      older by their traditions.
+
+      By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event
+      would be still later: he states that after separating from the
+      western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on
+      the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was
+      preserved in a mosaic belt.—_See Moulton’s Hist. of New-York, Vol
+      I._
+
+   45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This
+      famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_
+      &c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many
+      songs and traditions on them.
+
+   46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the
+      computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or
+      both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina
+      were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had
+      also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like
+      many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively
+      gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white
+      woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went
+      to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards
+      with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the
+      bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160,
+      rather than Madoc or a warlike band.
+
+   47 The Miamis or M’amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe,
+      separated long before.
+
+   48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be
+      two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same
+      thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.
+
+   49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_
+      (Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the
+      tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname
+      given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles.
+      We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.
+
+_   50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair:
+      this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment.
+      The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South
+      Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as
+      the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the
+      Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the
+      snake sign in the symbol.
+
+   51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the
+      arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and
+      cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the
+      head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the
+      _Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a
+      crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3
+      feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the
+      Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing
+      to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a
+      cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the
+      Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.
+
+_   52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the
+      Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to
+      translate half the name. He was king in 1645.
+
+   53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect
+      Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the
+      prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to
+      Winaki.
+
+   54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is
+      singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the
+      natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.
+
+   55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation
+      dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn’s
+      treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned
+      in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is
+      very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+      Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder
+      mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the
+      three into one.
+
+   56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or
+      Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till
+      1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy
+      _Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of
+      the wars till 1795.
+
+   57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black
+      Snake, because he beat the allied nations.
+
+   58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the
+      last treaty with the United States.
+
+   59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of
+      mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North
+      America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that
+      appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The
+      former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+      The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at
+      the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The
+      Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of
+      devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.
+
+   60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from
+      the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are
+      similar to vampyres.
+
+   61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes,
+      Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of
+      nations.
+
+   62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and
+      confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs;
+      yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of
+      their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have
+      been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had
+      already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by
+      the Haytians, whence the blunder.
+
+   63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient
+      history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of
+      all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.
+
+   64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared
+      analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia.
+      _Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+      the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the
+      Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in
+      _Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many
+      languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the
+      nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_
+      eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _Até_ was
+      god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia.
+      The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_,
+      _Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to
+      _Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.
+
+_   65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic
+      language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the
+      Atlantes, Guanches &c.
+
+   66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.
+
+      _Vayajam_ Sanscrit.
+      _Band_ old Arabic.
+      _Watem_, _Vato_ Zend.
+      _Bangin_ Bali.
+      _Bentus_ old Latin.
+      _Ventus_ Latin.
+      _Andas_ Etruscan.
+      _Abka_ Abask.
+      _Sabam_ Ceylon.
+
+   67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure
+      Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the
+      Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.
+
+      _Kahi_ Egyptian.
+      _Akhé_ Zend.
+      _Kay_ Deri of Iran.
+      _Iya_ Sanscrit.
+      _Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician.
+      _Ay_ Lybian.
+      _Aya_ old Irish.
+      _Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.
+
+      In America numerous analogies are found,
+
+      _Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lulé, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.
+
+   68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe,
+      children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects
+      _Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in
+      Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_
+      in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk—_Olgos_ Eolian,
+      _Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek,
+      _Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_
+      Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan,
+      _Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words
+      _Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the
+      oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols
+      &c.—_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.
+
+   69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida,
+      _Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the
+      Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare
+      with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.
+
+   70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have
+      so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that
+      we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The
+      ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the
+      Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.
+
+   71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:
+
+      _Oriental Names._
+
+      _Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan.
+      _Vasil_ of Greeks.
+      _Kasek_ in Sitka.
+      _Cazi_ in Iran.
+      _Sheik_ in Arabic.
+      _Zic_ Iberians and Sicules.
+      _Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber.
+      _Bazilik_ Pelagian.
+      _Cahin_ Lybian.
+      _Hazil_ Carian.
+      _Cay_ Zend.
+      _Iza_ Tigreh.
+      _Cazil_ Mindanao island.
+      _Cazis_ Socotora island.
+      _Izcan_ of Haikans.
+      _Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans.
+      _Casis_ of Syrians.
+
+      _American Names._
+
+      _Acachi_ of Totonacas.
+      _Wachil_ of Nachez.
+      _Zac_ of Muyzcas.
+      _Cathi_ of Pinindas.
+      _Ahatic_ of Huaztecas.
+      _Inca_ of Peruvians.
+      _Chiaca_ of Coras.
+      _Cuchi_ of Puncays.
+      _Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.
+
+   72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:
+
+      _Hiban_ in Berber.
+      _Uben_ in Hebrew.
+      _Aben_ in Syriac.
+      _Keibe_ Celtic.
+      _Siwa_ Nukahiva island.
+      _Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin.
+      _Sitaba_ Pelasgian.
+      _Bahiba_ old Arabic.
+      _Iba_ Samoyed.
+      _Batu_ Malay.
+
+      It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_,
+      _Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican,
+      _Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.
+
+   73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have
+      been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that
+      name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
+
+      Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it
+      would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The
+      conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to
+      South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must
+      be before the last flood.
+
+   74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has
+      so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which
+      would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!
+
+   75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the
+      men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch
+      wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+      being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called
+      _Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the
+      _Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti,
+      and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange
+      that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many
+      affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in
+      Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin,
+      _Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of
+      Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+      to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a
+      people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus
+      traced also to America.
+
+   76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following
+      names for vassals and laborers—_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of
+      Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.—and
+      in the east.
+
+      _Tabara_ in Turan.
+      _Burutis_ in Ausonian.
+      _Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic.
+      _Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic.
+      _Ambactos_ in Gaul.
+      _Manahunis_ in Tahiti.
+      _Nerba_ Hindostani.
+      _Bendar_ Pehlvi.
+      _Abondas_ Saxon.
+      _Canabas_, Knave Gothic.
+      _Nebara_ Nepal.
+      _Parias_ India.
+
+   77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about
+      ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The
+      _Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to
+      have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is
+      strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.
+
+   78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names
+      indicate—_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is
+      the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.
+
+   79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids;
+      are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their
+      name is found in
+
+      _Hubantes_ in Pelagic.
+      _Faybo_ of the Guanches.
+      _Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul.
+      _Aobu_ in Aramic.
+      _Behotus_ Dorian.
+      _Bedo_ old French.
+      _Phonto_ in Egypt.
+      _Purohito_ in Sanscrit.
+      _Budan_ in Pelvi.
+      _Budha_ of Budhists.
+      _Baharas_ Nepal.
+      _Heotes_ Sicanian &c.
+
+   80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes
+      and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle
+      has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran,
+      _Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls,
+      _Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.
+
+   81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a
+      Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning
+      _gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I
+      have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events,
+      loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.
+
+   82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent.
+      Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful
+      women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.
+
+   83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and
+      tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals;
+      adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent,
+      bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them:
+      unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than
+      posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new
+      clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations
+      of America may be connected with those by other links of languages,
+      traditions &c.
+
+      1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and
+      Chimus of Peru.
+
+      2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico,
+      Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
+
+      3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
+
+      4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
+
+      5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man
+      _Ibi_, the Borias &c.
+
+      6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South
+      America.
+
+      7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru,
+      Maronios of Charcas.
+
+      8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana,
+      Coras of Mexico.
+
+      9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of
+      Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
+
+      10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and
+      Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
+
+      11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas,
+      Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+
+      12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.
+
+      13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_—_I_ and _Hi_ are articles,
+      Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
+
+      14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
+
+      15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
+
+      16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of
+      Chaco.
+
+      17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
+
+      18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
+
+      19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of
+      Chaco.
+
+      20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.
+
+      21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.
+
+      22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
+
+      23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.
+
+      24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+
+      25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.
+
+      26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
+
+      27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre
+      of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
+
+      28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
+
+      29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
+
+      30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
+
+      31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
+
+      32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.
+
+      33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+
+      34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
+
+      35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.
+
+      36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.
+
+      37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
+
+      38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
+
+      39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
+
+      40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
+
+      41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
+
+      42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
+
+      43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos
+      and Conamas of South America.
+
+      44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or
+      Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.
+
+      Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation
+      filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that
+      name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_
+      sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a
+      Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus,
+      the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S.
+Rafinesque
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The American Nations, Vol. I.
+
+Author: C. S. Rafinesque
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
+
+
+
+
+                          The American Nations;
+
+                                   Or,
+
+                     Outlines of A National History;
+
+                                  Of The
+
+                        Ancient and Modern Nations
+
+                                    Of
+
+                         North and South America
+
+                        By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.
+
+                                Volume I.
+
+                               Philadelphia
+
+                      Published by C. S. Rafinesque,
+
+                       No. 110 North Tenth Street.
+
+                                   1836
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Prospectus.
+Dedication.
+Preface.
+Chapter I.
+Chapter II.
+Chapter III.
+Chapter IV.
+Chapter V.
+Chapter VI.
+Chapter VII.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PROSPECTUS.
+
+
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in advance for Six Numbers or Volumes,
+similar to this, of nearly 300 pages--each separate Number sold for one
+Dollar, or more when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter. At present the principal
+Booksellers may act as such.
+
+The Names of the Subscribers will be printed in a subsequent Number.
+
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals and their illustrations in 12
+Numbers or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to subscribers will only be
+$10, for which a complete American Historical Library will be obtained.
+
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes are secured whatever be their
+future price, and will be sent by mail: a similar sum will be due when the
+7th number is issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 at once, will be
+deemed Patrons of the work.
+
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, is entitled to a 6th gratis.
+Agents will be allowed 20 per cent commission.
+
+The price of this Number by itself is One Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six
+copies.
+
+It contains an introduction, general view, account of materials and
+cataclysms, the Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian Language,
+notes, tables, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+To The
+
+Society Of Geography
+
+Of Paris.
+
+GENTLEMEN:--
+
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and weary researches. This
+homage is due to the public approbation you gave to my first analogous
+labor, my Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of Mankind: which
+I endeavored to trace philologically to the centre of Asia. I had
+announced long ago this history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a
+whole hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. I now offer the
+outlines of it under your auspices.
+
+You have furnished the example of cultivating along with Geography, all
+the auxiliary and connected sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly
+the ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one of its bases. You
+will see that I have followed this practice in availing myself of all the
+sciences to enlighten the history of mankind, the Ethnography and annals
+of nations: above all Philology with Chronology and Geography.
+
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and of the American nations,
+were two subjects quite obscure and neglected, or the least known, of the
+history of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the history of the
+Negro nations: a labor so difficult and luckless as to be despised.
+
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps furnish the bases of such
+history. All the histories of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general and faithful
+history of this hemisphere. I now offer the results of this weary labor.
+
+You will perceive in it many things which have already been said; since it
+is impossible to write history without repetitions; but my plan, the whole
+point of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. You will also
+find many things which were never told or were very improperly presented.
+I shall destroy many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in them
+alone often consist our works upon America.
+
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much is to be related, all
+cannot be told: and I shall be compelled to neglect several minute
+details. I wish to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending _universal histories_, which however, dwell only
+upon one-third of the globe or even less.
+
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ them: I quote only when
+authorities are required to render an opinion more forcible. Every where
+else I merely give the abridgement of my great historical materials in
+manuscript, which are arranged by extracts of authorities, and where they
+may be sought for in case of need.
+
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+
+The Author.
+
+PHILADELPHIA,
+_October 22d, 1833_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In venturing to open a new path in historical researches on the earth and
+mankind, it is incumbent on the bold pioneer to state his views, or at
+least to furnish adequate reasons for deviating so far from the usual
+track.
+
+While every science and branch of knowledge is improving, and has, with
+rapid strides, made continual advances for fifty years past or more, is
+the noble muse of history to be kept stationary forever, by compilers and
+classical plodders? and for America by the foes of the ancient and modern
+nations of a whole hemisphere? No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and tell it.
+
+As the human mind is yet more swayed by authorities, than genius or
+wisdom; high authorities will be given instead of long explanations. Ever
+since the time of Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to write
+historical truth: men often prefer to be amused, deceived, or helped in
+strife; than to be instructed, or receive sketches of former times. Yet
+there is always a secret delight in viewing faithful pictures of ages
+past, of our ancestors on earth, and our predecessors on the soil of our
+homes, or where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+
+The worthies who have been taken for models or guides in this arduous
+undertaking, are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, Plato,
+Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly,
+Russell, Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. They shall speak for
+themselves, in quotations of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge and understanding--SOLOMON Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find her--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear
+instruction and be wise, and refuse it not--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 33.
+
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM in
+manifestation. BRA in realization. ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH in
+identic passage. ALEIM angels. OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.--MOSES.
+_Genesis ch, 5. v. 1._ Genuine mosaic words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+
+When I laid the foundations of the earth ... the morning stars sung
+together, and the sons of God shouted for joy.--SPEECH OF GOD HIMSELF IN
+JOB ch. 38., _Vulgar translation: the original is still more striking_.
+
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or _Shamaim_, the Heavens--the lower was SHEOL; but SHEOL-TAHTITH or
+inferior, was the place of bad souls and Rephaim. (The true SHEOL was
+America, or the southern hemisphere). The Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job
+had spoken of America.--PETERS, _Dissertation on Job_.
+
+It is very possible for modern learning to understand better the books of
+Moses, Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, than the Egyptian, Greek
+and Roman commentators: because the intellectual knowledge of languages is
+improving; and those ancient writers have, by their genius, approximated
+to us, while removed from the blindness of their ages.--GEBELIN, _Primitive
+World_.
+
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.--ST. PAUL _Corinth._ II. ch.
+3. v. 6. We use great plainness of speech, and not as MOSES who put a veil
+before his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to
+the end of that which is abolished.--_Cor. II. 3. v. 12, 13._--and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart, nevertheless
+when it shall please the Lord, this veil shall be taken away.--_Cor. II. 3.
+v. 15, 16._
+
+To have a right apprehension of words or names, is a good step to the
+knowledge of things.--PLATO _in Cratylo_.
+
+The confusion of words is the cause of all disputes and sects.--D'ISRAELI.
+
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses or total neglect, contradictions
+are inseparable from days of tradition.--There exist no instance of a
+people really savage having spontaneously advanced to civilization. Savage
+men are degenerated or imperfect creatures.... Words and even few are the
+rules of analogies in nations.--NIEBUHR, _Roman History, Vol. I._
+
+It is manifest that there are noble resources (for history) still
+remaining, if we will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. There are
+in every climate some scattered fragments of original history, some traces
+of a primitive and universal language. _Even America would contribute to
+this purpose, the more rude the monuments, the more ancient they may
+possibly prove, and afford greater light on enquiry._ BRYANT, MYTHOLOGY;
+conclusion of the work.
+
+To accumulate materials without generalizing any idea is a method as
+sterile in history as in natural philosophy.--The geology of America does
+not differ essentially from that of the old world, the strata and the
+emersion from the waters are not newer: species long extinct have also
+preceded those now peopling the earth, the waters and the air.--The problem
+of the first population of America is no more the province of history,
+than the questions on the origin of plants and animals. When we shall
+better know the brown men of Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less insulated--They have extended from
+lat. 68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, in plains and mountains,
+assuming various complexions and stature. If Africa has 140 languages,
+America has still more; resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before the
+Romans; but they are susceptible of classification into families. The
+multiplicity of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, perhaps those
+which we call American, belong no more to America, than the Magyar and
+Choud or Finn to Europe.--HUMBOLDT, _American Researches, Introduction_.
+
+If we desire to be fully informed of a nation's history, we must not
+reject the fables under which the few traces that remain of its origin are
+concealed. These, however extravagant, always merit attention they have an
+influence on the character of the people to whom they relate.--_First words
+of_ MALCOLM, _History of Persia_.
+
+The Chinese often call the king, the kingdom and the nation by the same
+name, nay, even also the capital city.--REGIS, _History of Corea, in
+Duhalde China_.
+
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50;
+which is also the native place of all the domestic animals, fruits and
+grains.--_Adelung, Bailly, Higgins, &c._
+
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses from older annals, some perhaps by
+Noah himself.--_Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder._
+
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of Hindus were nations,
+personifications of early tribes.--_Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford._
+
+The early gods and kings of Greece and Italy, were probably tribes, the
+chiefs and followers being called by the same name. This is true also of
+the various Hercules or wandering Heroes.--_Dodwell, Jamieson._
+
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans will appear to be children of
+the earliest human families.--BARTON, _Physical Journal_.
+
+A flood of historical light has lately flown from India and Asia; but we
+lack still the real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America may yet supply
+many facts and fill some blanks.--The original seat of civilization was
+between the Ganges and the Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.--The first
+tribes after the flood were fishermen and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and shepherds south west, as far as
+Cape of Good hope.--PRITCHARD, _Physical History of Man_.
+
+The genealogy of the kings of England is derived direct from Noah in 25
+generations only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex in 495; and through SCEAF
+born in the ark! giving more than 125 years for each generation, which is
+impossible, and proves these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.--INGRAM, _Saxon Chronicle_.
+
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians are a peculiar race, perhaps in
+Africa before the flood.--CHAMPOLLION, _Systeme Hieroglyphique_.
+
+The languages are better guides than physical characters for researches on
+mankind, and roots more important than grammars.--KLAPROTH.
+
+Language belongs to man from origin, he never was a dumb animal, else he
+would always have remained so. All languages have something in common, and
+something peculiar.--BEATTIE, _Theory of Language_.
+
+A thousand nations with a thousand idioms, are spread over a thousand
+places on earth. Thrown against each other like the waves of the sea, they
+blend and tend to unity. Several rival languages are formed, polished by
+contract, which overspread the earth; and break to pieces as well as
+nations and empires. Others arise from their ruins, and strive again for
+ascendency, until at last a people and language, son and daughter of all
+the previous nations and idioms, heirs of their dominion and wealth; shall
+perhaps invade the whole earth, and produce again the unity of speech and
+rule.--D'OLIVET, _End of Hebrew Grammar_.
+
+It is said, _In the beginning God made Heaven and Earth_, that is to say,
+the seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter was yet in confusion in
+a potential way.--ST. AUGUSTINE _on Genesis_.
+
+In the whole _Mosaic text_ there is no Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no
+woman, no snake, no ark ... but other words thus improperly translated to
+veil the sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, _Aish_ intellectual
+men, _Ashe_ mate or potent will, HUE our Eve is living existence!... The
+names of patriarchs are all expressive of operations of mankind.... Yet
+Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in Immortality is evident throughout;
+although so obscured by the translation as to have been doubted.... Moses
+with his veils is made absurd; raising the veils he appears wise, deep,
+consistent, even more enlightened than our age on many points.--D'OLIVET,
+_Notes on Genesis_.
+
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses are taken in their material sense,
+inextricable difficulties have arisen; and which is the true version out
+of the 3 is doubtful: the deep mosaic meaning and import shall never be
+known, until the ancient lost science of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and Europe.--D'OLIVET, _last note_.
+
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, where Rezoan was his successor,
+and exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and Peacock tribes his followers,
+Adam was exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.--PRICE, _Translation of
+Abijauffer's History of Arabia_.
+
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven Menus, the seventh was Noah.--SIR W.
+JONES, _Laws of Menu_. WILFORD.
+
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years after the flood, 2790 years after
+Adam.--RUSSELL, _Connection of Sacred History_.
+
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved in fables; but all ancient
+fables have a historical base.--BAILLY, _on Atlantis_.
+
+Before Adam God created the _Dives_ (angels) who had 72 kings or
+_Sol-i-man_ for 7000 years, and after them the _Peris_ govern for 2000
+years.--HERBELOT, _Oriental Library_.
+
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his Ararat was in the Imalaya
+mountains.--SHUCKFORD, WELLS, _Sacred Geography &c._
+
+As early as 4600 years before Christ, there was a communication between
+the Americans and the east by astronomical coincidences.--CARLI, _American
+Letters_.
+
+Two great wars or _Mahabharat_ followed by dispersions of mankind,
+happened in India in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); and the Indian solar
+empire of _Berhut_ at Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations beyond
+the first, at least to 3750 years B. C.--_Institutes of the Emperor_ AKBAR,
+_translated by_ GLADWIN.
+
+Such are my guides. Are not those quotations sufficient?
+
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken for guide, _Isaac Taylor's_
+excellent history of the transmission of ancient books, London, 1827. They
+may be analysed as follows, from his own summary.
+
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived of their authority, we
+should also be deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+
+2. Dates are of little importance; being anciently expressed by letters,
+they are liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern christians reckon
+5508 years from Adam to Christ.
+
+3. Geography and natural facts are open to criticism.
+
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not always fabulous, but doubtful.
+Natural phenomena if unconnected with omens, may be right.
+
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not belong to history, they are
+ornaments of rhetoric or mere surmises.
+
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they become more certain, if
+corroborated by monuments, inscriptions, coins &c.
+
+7. The silence of a historian does not invalidate the assertions of
+others.
+
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, party spirit, national
+dislike, must be allowed for. The arrogance of the Greeks and Chinese, who
+call barbarians, nations as good as they, is shameful, and must be
+noticed, as well as errors arising from hiding defeats &c.
+
+The independent sources of history besides writers are, 1. remains of
+literature. 2. Chronological documents and astronomical calculations, 3.
+Natural features of nature and mankind, with permanent physical facts, 4.
+Permanent institutions, manners, monuments, languages &c. Lastly, remote
+facts may be certain; although a long while elapsed: whatever be the
+consequence; and even if the first evidence may have been erroneously
+transmitted, or not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence ought never to
+be doubted.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+    GENERAL INTRODUCTION.--_Natural Regions of America._--_Ancient and
+    Modern Nations._--_Historical Periods._
+
+
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no longer divided into 4
+Continents; but must be divided into 3 great parts of the world or
+_Tholomeres_, each containing 3 lesser divisions or _Geotomes_, viz:
+
+I. PROTHOLIA or THOLARKON, the ancient world, containing, 1. Asia, 2.
+Africa, 3. Europe, which are continents.
+
+II. NEOTHOLIA or HESPERIA, the new world, containing, 1. _Atalia_ or North
+America, 2. _Columbia_ or South America, which are two continents ... and
+3. the _Antilles_ or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the East and North,
+Carib and Lucayes islands.
+
+III. OCEANIA or THOLONESIA, the Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1.
+_Australia_, which is a continent, 2. _Meganesia_ or the great Islands
+from Japan till Ceylan and Madagascar, 3. _Polynesia_, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense groups of archipelagos, or clustered
+islands.
+
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes 6 continents, and 3 groups of
+archipelagos, forming 9 geotomes.
+
+It is of NEOTHOLIA that I write the history, of this third of the world,
+named likewise America, or the two Americas; a double continent, crowned
+in the East and towards the two poles by archipelagos.
+
+Such an extensive part of the world, reaching nearly to both poles, offers
+to our notice and researches a crowd of objects, nations and events. If
+our universal histories which are confined to a small part only of the old
+world, form already bulky collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it. But, notwithstanding the scanty
+materials which have reached us on its ancient history; the modern annals
+and the old traditions of the nations dwelling there, afford many facts:
+and many auxiliary means contribute to enlarge the previous history, in
+unfolding the origins and revolutions of the nations and empires of both
+Americas. Thus, we shall often have to make a choice or abridge these
+materials, particularly in these outlines of a general history.
+
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles of the empires, kingdoms and
+republics; which were often mere biographies of monarchs and chiefs,
+conquerors and tyrants. We begin now to think more of mankind and the
+nations. I shall follow this principle, and trace at last a national
+history of America; this subject is so new, that we have not even yet a
+good history of mankind in Europe, much less in Asia and Africa.
+
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, having settled in it since
+1815, and having travelled in it every year to study the monuments and
+productions thereof: it was since 1818 that I began to conceive the
+possibility of raising the veil that was thrown over the annals of this
+third of the world. I have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to
+consult all the historical works on America, and every other part of the
+world. I have read nearly all the travels in America and other distant
+countries. In the Ebeling library deposited in that of Cambridge
+University near Boston, I have found many ancient works on America, often
+unique in the United States, and very rare even in Europe. There is but a
+small number of rare works, which I have not yet been able to see; I shall
+give a list of them, in order that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My researches upon the languages and
+monuments of America, will compensate this unavoidable neglect, since they
+exceed whatever had been undertaken of the kind. I have thus endeavored to
+collect and compare all the facts relating to my subject.
+
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy writers, who have pretended to
+give us histories of America, and have commonly produced mere sketches of
+it, full of neglects and defects. Such were Robertson, Holmes, Touron,
+Herrera, &c., with a crowd of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region, or the mere first Spanish
+invasions. They have, however, acquired some reputation either by style or
+manner; but they have degraded history, by giving sketches instead of it.
+We must except Herrera, who does not shine by the style; but is at least a
+faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds and colonies during 62 years, from
+1492 till 1552. But Robertson, although praised for his style, is only his
+unfaithful and imperfect imitator, and the obvious slanderer of the
+American nations.
+
+A complete criticism of the writers on America, would be desirable; but
+cannot enter into the plan of these historical outlines; although it may
+find a place in ulterior illustrations. It will be sufficient now to
+indicate that the best works, or those which furnish the greatest number
+of historical materials, are the old writers and travellers, since the
+modern historians and travellers (except Humboldt and a few more) appear
+to forget whatever has already been written on America.
+
+The historian of such an extensive continent, should not be a mere
+annalist; but he ought to know well all the comparative sciences, sisters
+of history, such as chronology, geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &c. He ought also to be a philosopher and a
+philanthropist, to know the natural sciences which become connected with
+history by civilization, agriculture, and geology; he ought, above all, to
+be impartial and a good critic, in order to discard national prejudices,
+and avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. What historian has ever
+united such acquirements? I have tried to acquire them: Have I succeeded?
+I offer my writings as the answer.
+
+My method has been to make copious extracts of all the authors that I
+read. These materials already form a collection of over one hundred books
+of 6000 pages on the history of the earth and mankind: whereof I avail
+myself for all my historical works. I have formed besides another
+collection of iconographic illustrations, maps, plans, monuments, views,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; which may serve
+for proofs and atlas of these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American, consists already in ten great
+books or portfolios; having little hope to be enabled to publish them, I
+wish they might be deposited in a great public library, where they might
+be consulted.
+
+Instead of beginning this history of the Americans by generalities, I
+should wish to conclude the work by such results; but it may frequently be
+needful to deviate from this plan, and present results as they happen to
+arise from the facts and events.
+
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere are often distantly remote,
+and insulated, or little connected in their historical relations. Austral
+America and Boreal America have for instance hardly any historical
+connection: they are as widely separated as China and Europe; but all the
+central parts of America are intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which offer the same relation of
+civilization, languages and annalogies, as the Hindu-European regions and
+nations.
+
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains many distinct regions; but the natural
+or physical regions are not always identic with the historical regions.
+The isthmus of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide the nation as it
+does the two continents of America: and many groups of nations are
+intermingled throughout. The group of ancient ARUAC nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil to Tucuman and
+Magellania. The elder group of TALA or atlantic nations could be traced
+from the Ohio to Mexico, Guatimala and South America in the west.
+
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to keep in mind the great natural
+regions of America, so as to trace through them the vicissitudes of
+mankind in ancient and modern times. Thus we find six such regions in
+North America, and six in South America, with 3 in the Antilles.
+
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, stretching across North America,
+from the streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska in the west, to
+Labrador, Canada and Nova Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by a
+rocky soil, many large lakes and millions of small ones, surrounded near
+the pole and on either side by groups of islands. Its southern limits are
+undefined, but Lake Erie forms one of them.
+
+2. The Californian or Oregon region, stretching from north to south along
+the Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico and Guatimala. It is a region
+of plains and hills.
+
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains and table lands from the
+sources of the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished by volcanoes, a
+dry lofty soil, &c.
+
+4. The Missouri region, extending in vast grassy plains from latitude 50
+to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in woody hills and mountains from
+Maine to Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains and the whole of New
+England appear detached portions of it.
+
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching from Long Island to Florida,
+Mexico, Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long but narrow region of level
+plains, sands and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and islands.
+
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; divided into 3 very natural
+groups.
+
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+
+3. The Carib Islands east and south, commonly volcanic.
+
+The regions of South America are 1. That of the Andes or high volcanic
+mountains extending from Santa Marta to the Island of Chilo�, stretching
+branches east as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The hills of Panama from
+Nicaragua to Choco, are a detached part of it, probably once an island of
+the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached from the Andes, with the
+archipelagos of Chilo�, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, &c. often
+volcanic.
+
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands along the Pacific Ocean from the
+valleys of Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished by sterility.
+
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded plains east of the Andes from the
+strait of Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by fertile hills, mountains and
+valleys, forming a vast group of high lands connected to the Andes by an
+isthmus.
+
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of shady hills perfectly insulated
+(once a large island) by the plains of the Maranon and Oronoc.
+
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc and Maranon, surrounding the
+mountains of Parima: where deserts, swamps and forests are mixed.
+
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished by peculiar physical,
+and geological features; but they do not coincide with the ethnological
+regions, where the American tribes have spread and intermixed. It would be
+difficult to state here even the most striking of these last. It will be
+the aim of this work to seek for them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern times the European colonies
+and states have invaded them in all directions.
+
+Meantime the population of both Americas, must be distinguished in ancient
+and modern.
+
+In proceeding from the known to the unknown: we ascertain that a multitude
+of nations have come to America since 1492, as colonists or visitors. The
+principal were
+
+1. _Spanish_: who have colonized or conquered from New Mexico to Chili,
+and from Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came not alone, and have
+brought along with them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, 3.
+Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and
+6. Many African-negro nations.
+
+2. _Portugueze_: who have colonized the whole of Brazil, and brought there
+besides many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, Chinese, &c.
+
+3. _English_: Who have colonized the whole eastern side of North America,
+Jamaica and other islands of Antilles, with parts of Yucatan, Honduras,
+Guyana, &c. But they have brought with them, the Welsh, Scotch, Irish,
+Germans, Jews and many African nations.
+
+4. _French_: They colonized Canada, Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib
+islands, Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although conquered in North America
+and Hayti, their language remains. They brought along the Proven�als,
+Bretons, Basks, speaking distinct languages, with several African nations.
+
+5. _Scandinavians_: Who partly settled in North America since the 10th
+century, did laterly colonize again Groenland, with Delaware and some
+Carib Islands. They include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+
+6. _Dutch-Hollanders_: Sent colonies to New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c.
+brought Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+
+7. _Russians_: Have invaded and partly settled the north west shores and
+islands of North America; bringing there Cozacs, Calmucs, and several
+other Tartarian subjects.
+
+8. Besides these, several other nations have laterly visited America, or
+settled therein, blending with the above. All the nations of Europe, even
+Hungarians, Polanders, Greeks and Turks, have been brought there. Pirates
+of all nations, even Algerines, have wandered to America. Almost all the
+nations of Africa have been led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and Tartars: while Oceania has sent
+Malays, Madagascars, Hawayans, &c.
+
+This well known fact of the various and anomalous modern population of
+both Americas within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly help us to form a more
+correct estimate of the ancient population and colonization of such vast
+countries during many thousand years previous to 1492.
+
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete list of all the ancient
+nations, who have, or may have colonized the Western hemisphere: this can
+only be done afterwards as a result of the instituted enquiries on the
+subject. Meantime I state as highly probable, even by mere analogy, that
+all the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans, in the Eastern
+hemisphere, have either visited or colonized the Americas; particularly
+from the east, the bold navigators, Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians,
+Lybyans, Etruscans, &c., and from the west the ancient tribes of Tartars
+and Chinese, the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout these historical
+outlines find ample proofs of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated the whole of the Western
+Hemisphere. It shall appear also that these early settlers must have
+brought along many foreign tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be found a kind of classification of
+the ancient nations of both Americas, divided into 25 groups, 14 in North,
+11 in South America. But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: it
+requires a close study of all the American languages, before we can
+ascertain correctly all their mutual affinities, and reduce each to the
+real parent group. Meantime this attempt, and the further correction of it
+in this work, will become very useful historical bases. I give therefore
+the list of the 25 groups, with a well known nation and language as the
+type, to which others may be gradually reduced.
+
+In North America 1. _Uski_ or _Innuit_, type the Esquimaux.
+
+2. _Ongwi_, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+
+3. _Linni_, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+
+4. _Wacash_, type the Chopunish, and Nutkas.
+
+5. _Skerreh_, type the Panis.
+
+6. _Nachez_, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+
+7. _Capaha_, types the Washas or Ozages, and Dacotas or Sioux.
+
+8. _Chactah_, types the Chactahs and Chicasas.
+
+9. _Otali_, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+
+10. _Atalan_, type the Tarascas.
+
+11. _Otomi_, type the Otomis.
+
+12. _Anahuac_, type the Aztecas.
+
+13. _Maya_, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+
+14. _Chontal_, type the Tzendals and Chols.
+
+In South America 15. _Aruac_, types the Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c.
+
+16. _Calina_, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+
+17. _Puris_, type the Maypuris.
+
+18. _Yarura_, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+
+19. _Cuna_, type the Dariens.
+
+20. _Mayna_, type the Panos.
+
+21. _Maca_, type the Muyzcas.
+
+22. _Guarani_, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+
+23. _Mara_, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+
+24. _Lul�_, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+
+25. _Chili_, type the Chilians.
+
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of these outlines, the ample materials
+to be brought together, will extend them perhaps beyond the desirable
+limits. In order to lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing that is
+new or important, the work will be divided into three series.
+
+1st. The annals of South America, where many generalities will be
+introduced, that need not be repeated in the 2d series, on the annals of
+North America.
+
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where will be thrown and collected
+all the collateral proofs, documents, vocabularies of languages,
+manuscript facts and events, essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of South America will first be
+introduced, because of paramount importance. By the Peruvian region is
+meant the whole western part of South America from the equator to the
+southern tropic, and by Austral America, the whole of it from that tropic
+to the Magellanic Islands. The gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil, both physically and
+historically. Austral America includes the countries and nations of Chili,
+Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall often
+be needful to mention their neighbors, with whom they are more or less
+related, and even distant nations that are not always strangers to them.
+
+The ancient nations of Austral America are the least known on many
+accounts, and those on whom most fables and systems have been based. It is
+there that dwell the _Patagons_, who have been believed a peculiar species
+of giants; and those tribes of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed peculiar
+men, with languages without affinities with any other: which will easily
+be proved to be quite false.
+
+If America has had an aboriginal population, or _Autoctons_, men born from
+the soil: it is there they should be found, driven to the south and those
+remote climes by the ancient colonies of other nations; and they should
+offer features, complexions, languages and manners totally different from
+any other. If all the Americans derive from ancient colonies, it is still
+there that ought to be found the primitive tribes, driven on by the
+subsequent colonies and tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most ancient relics of American
+population.
+
+But the origin of the American nations and tribes are only to be
+considered as a branch of their history. The accounts of their dispersion
+and successive settlements, the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions or annals, those of the
+empires which have been founded there in ancient and modern times, the
+study of their civilization and ethnography ... offer surely much more
+interest, and a wide field of historical facts or enquiries.
+
+It appears that as soon as we speak of the ancient Americans, we ought to
+cut the gordian knot, and say whence they came. I do not wish to explain
+beforehand, all my views on this subject. I wish to reserve them for the
+results of the enquiries to be pursued in this work. Yet to satisfy the
+general curiosity expressed on the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any people or tribe totally
+different from any other, or without philological affinities: nor with
+features, complexions, and other physical characters quite peculiar. But
+instead, all the ancient American tribes have numerous affinities between
+each other, and with races of mankind in the Eastern hemisphere: both
+physical and moral, as well as philological.
+
+If the American nations sprung from ancient colonies; it is among the
+primitive population of the earth, that their parents must be sought and
+found: since America appears to have been partly peopled even before the
+flood. Therefore the systems which would derive them all from the
+Phenicians, Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later ages, or any single people
+whatever, must be absurd and improbable: since traces of many ancient
+nations are found in this western hemisphere.
+
+It has always appeared probable to me that most of the ancient colonies to
+America, must have come there by the nearest and most direct way; the same
+nearly followed again by Columbus in 1492: either from north Africa or
+south Europe. This becomes still more probable if there were formerly a
+land or large islands in the Atlantic Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida and Mexico to Chili, appear to
+have reached America from the east, through the tropical islands or
+Antilles; but the ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt once in
+Asia, which appears the cradle of mankind.
+
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana are more recent and of African
+origin; while nearly all those of North America appear to have reached
+America by the opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through Alaska or the
+Streight of Behring, once an Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes came
+here from the East, and the North West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+
+What is now needful, is to trace these colonies, their travels, epochas,
+and ascertain the nations which they have produced in both Americas. This
+I will endeavour to do, without being prevented by the difficulties of the
+task. I shall always seek to ascertain the true names of each nation or
+tribe: which have often been disguised under a crowd of nicknames and
+erroneous orthographies. These names when thus restored will often furnish
+an original key, to supply the scarcely known languages, or lost
+traditions.
+
+The Brigands who brought desolation over both Americas during two
+centuries, and the careless travellers who visited them in search of
+wealth, took little notice of the languages and traditions of their
+victims or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss of many valuable
+materials, merely indicated. However, a few enlightened visitors, and the
+missionaries have preserved some of them. The first attempt of the kind
+was the outlines of historical songs and traditions of Hayti, collected as
+early as 1498 by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; printed by his
+son, and by Barcias. Yet this valuable document has escaped the notice of
+nearly all the writers on America! evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical traditions of the Muyzcas;
+Juarros the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; Ayeta and Herrera those
+of the Mayas of Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected by our historians.
+They have merely dwelt, and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico and
+Peru. We have besides fragments on the early history of the Ongwis,
+Linapis, Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; but we have to regret
+the loss of the written annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, as those of the Ongwis and
+Linapis have lately been.
+
+It is only since last age that the study of comparative philology has
+begun to be appreciated: and quite recently that languages have been made
+subservient to historical researches. Pigafetta had, however, set the
+examples as early as 1520 to collect American vocabularies, of which he
+gave two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which are quite important, since by
+them we trace both tribes seen by him to the ARUAC race. For lack of
+frequent ancient vocabularies, we must often grope in the dark; but I do
+not despair to be able to restore many lost languages, by fragments
+escaped from the common ruin. I have already succeeded with the _Taino_ of
+Hayti, the _Cahiri_ of Trinidad, _Talega_ and _Apalachi_ of North America,
+the _Chontal_ of central America, the _Colla_ of Peru, and the _S�k�_ of
+old Chili; whereby I shall draw some happy conclusions.
+
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa of monsters, and America of
+systems, for those who prefer opinions to reality. The systems and
+hypotheses of philosophy or ignorance upon America, exceed all the Asiatic
+fables. A crowd of prejudices, false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often mistaking a small part of it for
+the whole. Some have declared all the Americans a red, beardless, naked
+and barbarous race, or a peculiar species of men. Others that they came
+out of the ground or from the clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all Jews, or Malays, or Tartars.
+Lastly, even that Eden was here and Noah built the ark in America! All
+these systems and fifty more brought forth by ignorance or pride, are
+based upon the most absurd proofs, or a few insulated facts: while there
+are historical facts easy to prove that are neglected or forgotten.
+
+Thus it is a positive fact that many ancient nations of the east, such as
+the Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, Hindus, &c. had heard of
+America, or knew nearly as much of it, as we did of Australia and
+Polynesia 100 years ago. It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct nations and tribes; some of
+which were quite civilized, perhaps as much as the Spaniards led by
+Columbus; the others more barbarous, but not entirely savage. There were
+but few, if any, real savages in America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes of fishermen or hunters.
+
+There were formerly in America as now, tribes of all complexions, as
+elsewhere: yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, brown, incarnate or
+white, and even blackened or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men from 8 to 4
+feet in size, called giants and pygmies--men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the eastern hemisphere.
+
+The Americans had long before Columbus, large cities; built of stones,
+bricks or wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. Some of which were
+of immense size and population. One of them _Otolum_ near Palenque was 28
+miles long, equal to Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and monuments.
+Nearly all the ancient sciences and useful primitive arts were known in
+America, as well as commerce and navigation, symbolic and alphabetic
+writing, nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The most civilized nations
+had even colleges and universities, canals and paved roads, splendid
+temples and monuments, &c.
+
+It would be tedious to designate all what has not been told, or been very
+unworthily noticed, upon America. The whole of these outlines shall be
+comments upon the forgotten facts relating to this third of the world.
+Such as are found recorded by chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by nearly all the other writers.
+
+Respecting the chronology of the American annals, it is rather obscure and
+doubtful; but perhaps not more so than that of all ancient nations except
+the Chinese. It frequently ascends as far as the floods and even the
+creation. The most ancient dates are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is
+difficult to make those dates agree among themselves, or with our oriental
+dates. However the American annals may be divided into great periods,
+which can be admitted as certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+
+Here is their tabular view.
+
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus in 1492.
+
+1. _Antidiluvian period_, beginning at the creation, about 6690 years
+before Columbus according to the Tols, and ending with the last cataclysm
+of Peleg, about 3788 years before Columbus.
+
+2. _Doubtful period_, from that epocha till the reform of Tol astronomy,
+1612 years before Columbus. This includes several subordinate periods and
+epochas.
+
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement of the Linapis in Shinaki or
+Firland or Oregon in N. W. America.
+
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars of the Towancas and Ongwis, the
+hero Yatatan, &c. in North America.
+
+3. _Certain period_, from 1612 till Columbus' arrival in 1492. Many lesser
+periods and epochas.
+
+442, after Christ--End of the Tollan kingdom.
+
+492,--Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of Ongwis.
+
+558,--Empire of Tol-tecas begins in Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+
+840,--Beginning of the wars of Zipanas and Caris in South Peru.
+
+947,--Foundation of the kingdom of Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+
+985,--Discovery of America by the Norwegians.
+
+1000,--Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+
+1105,--Beginning of the Incas empire.
+
+1322,--Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or Mexico.
+
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our days.
+
+1. _Colonial Period_, from 1492 till 1776.
+
+2. _Independent Period_, beginning in 1776. The foundation of the empire
+of Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate period.
+
+Each age may bear the name of a wise legislator or eminent personage: the
+ages of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, 2. Las-Casas, 3. William
+Penn, 4. Washington, 5. Bolivar.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+    MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICANS.--_Authors, Documents,
+    Sciences.--Languages, Civilization, &c._
+
+
+Far from following the example of many American historians, who often take
+a single guide for their crude compilations, or avoid the trouble to
+consult all the historical sources, I have taken care in my researches to
+employ all the possible means to reach the truth, and collect all the
+facts that are scattered among a crowd of writers. I have carefully
+analysed, compared and judged the materials, details and events thus
+procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences have afforded additional
+fragments or proofs.
+
+These materials may be divided into 10 series or kinds
+
+1. Works, printed or manuscript.
+2. Documents and monuments.
+3. Maps, plans, views, &c.
+4. Natural sciences.
+5. Ethnography.
+6. Traditions and annals.
+7. Chronology and astronomy.
+8. Languages and philology.
+9. Religion, mythologies, &c.
+10. Civilization, laws and manners.
+
+The writers upon America are very numerous; but mostly defective or local.
+A number, however, have attempted to consider the whole continent: the
+principal among those containing facts upon all parts of America are
+chiefly
+
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish America carried till the year
+1554.
+
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America, till 1630.
+
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.--Spanish work.
+
+Carli, American Letters.--Italian work.
+
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America, till 1670.
+
+Raynal, European Settlements in America, till 1774.
+
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish America in 1786.--Spanish work.
+
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+
+Touron, History of America, chiefly ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14
+volumes 1768-70, in French.
+
+Robertson, false History of America or Spanish Conquests of Mexico or
+Peru.
+
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt, Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias,
+Prevost, &c.
+
+The American researches of Ulloa, Humboldt, M'Culloh, &c.
+
+I have consulted and analyzed all these general works, and many others of
+less account; but I have not yet read Hervas nor Compagnone, knowing them
+merely through quotations
+
+The first _Bibliotheca Americana_ or catalogue of writers on America, was
+given by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another appeared in England in 1719; a
+third in France in 1820. They contain the names, authors, editions, dates,
+&c. of over 300 works relating to America. Robertson has given a list of
+nearly as many, which he pretends to have consulted, although he neglected
+what they tell us. Humboldt has also a catalogue of 250 authors, consulted
+by him. In 1831, Aspinwall published his American Library containing 771
+works; and Warden, in Paris, his own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+
+All this does not complete the account of books on America; since I have
+seen many omitted in all these catalogues; although I never could meet
+some mentioned there. I will carefully notice them, that it may be known
+where I found my materials, and what may yet have escaped my researches. I
+have already consulted upwards of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean special or local works connected
+with history. If we were to add to these the botanists, naturalists,
+paltry compilers, and pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of 3000 works
+on America, her inhabitants and productions.
+
+I will refer gradually to them, and have collected them all in my
+manuscript illustrations; _materials_, _printed works_. Therefore we do
+not lack printed materials: but the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders, errors, hypotheses and
+their constant repetitions: which ought to be rejected in order to gather
+facts and the truth. But we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that may
+clash with our ideas and systems: it is chiefly needful so recall and
+restore the events and facts mentioned by the earliest travellers and
+observers.
+
+These numerous local writers ought to be divided into three classes. 1.
+historians and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, 3. antiquarians
+and philologists. I shall now merely mention the most useful (which I have
+all consulted) upon the Peruvian and Austral regions of South America.
+
+1st. The principal historians are, 1. Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes,
+Civil History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of
+Peru, 4. Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix of Paraguay, 6.
+Techo, on Ditto, 7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, and 10.
+Renger, Paraguay.
+
+2d. The principal writers who have furnished historical facts, with
+geographical and ethnographical materials, are _old travellers_, 1.
+Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, 3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12.
+Schmidtmeyer.
+
+_The modern travellers are_, 1. Azara, 2. D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook,
+5. Byron, 6. Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, 10. Beaumont, 11.
+Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, 17.
+Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+
+The principal original geographers and ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on
+Chiquitos 1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, on Patagonia 1774, 4.
+Molina on Chili and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. Skinner, Memoirs on
+Peru, 7. Gili, South America 1782.
+
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, antiquities and other
+historical branches are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, &c., on all
+American languages, 2. American researches of Humboldt, Macculoh 1829.
+Those of Depaw and Ranking are shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+
+_Manuscripts._ There are yet many such extant on America, in the libraries
+of both hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list of Mexican Manuscripts.
+Funes quotes several on Austral America. There are several extant in
+Central America and South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many have been lost
+through wilful neglect, or destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient languages, Mexican,
+Tarasca, Tzendal, &c., are now very rare, and much esteemed. Those burnt
+by Zumaraga, the Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. Lord Kingborough
+has lately published some at a great cost.
+
+The manuscripts which I could consult on South America are but few. Those
+on North America are more numerous and very important; particularly the
+traditions of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are chiefly on wood, bark,
+skins or Mosaic strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the libraries of Philadelphia.
+
+There are, besides, in the public or private libraries of all the great
+cities of both Americas, several interesting historical works, which have
+never been published.
+
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly the historical collections
+of Simetierre. Often the best or most important works cannot be printed:
+while a crowd of paltry compilations are ushered to deceive the public.
+This may be deemed a remainder of the prevailing ignorance and error.
+Instead of appreciating the learned and useful works, the prevailing taste
+is for historical romances and systematic fables. It is needful to seek
+these previous labors, which run the risk of being totally lost, if we
+will not have again to blush hereafter for these historical losses.
+
+I give the list of such among my own manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my possession, but I wish to see them
+deposited in a great public library; where they might be consulted.
+
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography, &c. of the Americans, their
+annals, chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, continued ever since, and
+not yet closed.
+
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern languages of both Americas,
+symbols, glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &c., begun 1824.
+
+4. Ancient monuments of North and South America, compared with the
+primitive monuments of the eastern hemisphere, 3 books and 200 plans, &c.,
+1822.
+
+5. TELLUS, or the primitive History of the Earth and Mankind in Protholia,
+Oceania and Neotholia, with the ancient and modern general ethnography, 30
+books, begun in 1821.
+
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination of all languages and nations, 6
+books, begun 1825.
+
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my historical works and travels,
+containing over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, &c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802, 3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+
+I have often been apprehensive of the fate of Boturini, for these
+interesting manuscript and long researches. This has happened already for
+one of my manuscripts. As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy of Science
+in Boston, a manuscript of 240 pages, being an _account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations and tribes of America before
+Columbus_. This was for an offered prize of $100: which was never awarded,
+although my memoir was declared the best sent. And instead of depositing
+this manuscript in the library of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been _lost_ or _stolen_. If never recovered, and that
+the public may judge of the merits of it, at such an early period of my
+historical studies: I will state the principal results of my enquiries
+therein; which tenor, together with their length, were the ostensible
+reasons for not awarding a prize probably never meant to be awarded.
+
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there are yet materials enough,
+notwithstanding the loss of many, for an ancient history of America.
+
+2. That a complete American history ought to employ and combine all the
+materials afforded by geology, geography, physics, chronology, physiology,
+ethnology, archeology, philology, on America, with all the traditions of
+the Americans.
+
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates the cradles and ancient
+settlements of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the places unfit for
+population, the means of access, probable route of colonies, &c.
+
+4. America has an ancient geography previous to 1492, which ought to be
+restored.
+
+5. The coincidence of names of nations and tribes, afford a comparitive
+concordance, indicating ancient connections or identity.
+
+6. The ancient American population, must have been derived from the
+nearest shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The points where all the
+indications and traditions tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and Guyana
+in South America; Anian or Tollan and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga or
+Groenland to the N. E.
+
+7. The philological solution of historical affinities must be sought in
+the roots of the languages, their conformity or analogies, the number of
+similar sounds, roots and words; which are susceptible of a mathematical
+calculation, and referable to the theory of probabilities.
+
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of the earth, may thus be proved to
+have been akin or related.
+
+9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but perhaps not universal. His ark or
+THBE was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations saved there.
+
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian patriarchs were Nations,
+their long ages being the duration of dynasties or states. This opinion
+may also be entertained of many other ancient patriarchs or heads of
+tribes, every where, by the usual figure of personification.
+
+11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so general as Noah's. There may have
+been many successive cataclysms blended in this, as this has been often
+mistaken in date for Noah's.
+
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican nations, must have been the Tulan
+of Asia, since Turan and Tartary. There are many places called Tula, all
+over the earth, indicating settlements of Atlantes.
+
+13. The ancient chronology of America may be restored. Several dates
+given, a system proposed.
+
+14. All the races and complexions of mankind are found in America.
+
+15. America was known to the ancient nations, particularly the Atlantes,
+Pelagians, Phenicians, &c.
+
+16. Some highlands of America were not covered at Noah's flood, and might
+become the azylums of men, animals, and vegetation. However, but few
+nations can be traced to these azylums in America.
+
+17. The ancient monuments of both Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America can be explained. A key may be
+found for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+
+19. The religions of the Americans, were similar to the primitive
+religions of the eastern hemisphere.
+
+20. The manners and customs, of the Americans, are very various, and form
+no peculiar test.
+
+21. Many American nations were highly civilized, besides the Mexicans and
+Peruvians: skilful in agriculture, and the arts, having cattle, colleges,
+&c.
+
+My reward for having ascertained and proved those facts, was to be denied
+the prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid or lost or stolen! My
+historical researches ever since have continued to confirm nearly all
+these facts.(1)
+
+2. _Documents and monuments._ The historical titles and proofs,
+inscriptions, medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so common elsewhere,
+are but few as yet, in America, belonging to early times: most belong to
+modern history.
+
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered in South America; but not
+yet published. Molina speaks of one on a pyramid of Cuyo, which late
+travellers have not found. Those of Otolum near Palenqu� in Central
+America begin to excite great attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.(2)
+
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really Americans, are exceedingly
+scarce: yet there are some in Central America. Several medals, perhaps
+foreign and indicating a communication, have been found, but again lost or
+neglected; few have been figured or explained.
+
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of
+the ancient Americans are found in all the museums; but excite little
+attention, by not being concentrated, accumulated nor classified. Many
+fine specimens of arts have been melted, or broken and lost. The
+astronomical stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas have been preserved; but
+those of Peru and Central America are lost; as well as that beautiful one
+of the Talegas of North America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+
+The ancient monuments of both Americas, are very numerous, indicating a
+dense population in places since become wild and desolate, as in North
+America, Guyana, Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in the central parts
+of both Americas, and lessen towards both ends. Yet they are met from lat.
+45 N. to 45 S. They are very variable in different parts; by no means
+identic, indicating different builders or many degrees of civilization,
+from the rudest arts to the most refined: employing many materials, earth,
+clay, gravel, stone, wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings of rough or cut stones, _piz�_
+or beaten clay, &c.
+
+We do not know as yet one half of those in existence, and many have never
+been described nor figured. Yet they afford every where, one of the most
+evident and certain base of historical researches, confirming traditions,
+or revealing the seats of former empires, their civilization, &c. They
+consist chiefly in mounds, altars, tumuli or tombs, ruined cities,
+villages and forts, temples and dwellings; but we find besides in various
+places, traces of ancient palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, pillars, rocking stones, walls,
+wells, pits &c. They generally resemble the primitive monuments of the
+same kind, met with in the eastern hemisphere, from England and Ireland to
+Mauritania and Africa, extending east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance with the monuments of Egypt,
+Greece, Rome, India and China; yet some kinds somewhat assimilate. In
+fact, there are, throughout both Americas, three very distinct classes of
+monuments, indicating distinct arts and architecture.
+
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to those yet used by the rudest
+tribes in the north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating a similar
+barbarous state.
+
+The second or primitive, is known by using wood and earth instead of
+stones for buildings.
+
+The third or most refined, employed stones, often well cut as in Mexico,
+Central America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts nearly equal to those of
+Egypt and India.
+
+Besides such great monumental remains; there are lesser antiquities;
+fragments of sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, &c., either in
+metals, stones, pottery, beads, &c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+
+But the most singular and dubious relics of antiquity, are subteraneous or
+in excavations: these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: while under ground
+are found trees, stumps, charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &c. that must have been buried by alluvions, diluvions or new
+formed soil. It has been surmised or ascertained that some may be
+antidiluvian: although those in deep alluvial soils, near streams, and
+connected with graves, may have been buried by men, or fluvial
+inundations. Mummies, skeletons and bones, with human apparel and
+implements have been found in caves, evidently buried there by human
+means, and not by floods. Human remains are but seldom if ever connected
+with the organic remains of the soil and caves, even of the latest
+geological date.
+
+3. _Geography, Maps, &c._ The knowledge of the regions and localities
+inhabited by mankind, or where colonies are sent, empires founded, is
+needful to history, in order to understand and treat the events and
+migrations. The physical configuration of the land, the climates, plains,
+mountains and streams, have a great influence on civilization and
+communications. Physical geography is constant and invariable: while civil
+or ethnographical geography is constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+
+If we had complete series of maps by chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative historical geography,
+and successive ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions of mankind.
+The old maps of America, those of Laet, the old geographers &c. are very
+valuable for this object. Many travellers in America, have given original
+maps, which furnish similar materials. I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, D'Anville, Molina, Falkner,
+Cochrane, Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern general maps, relating
+to South America, the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the English of 1815,
+the French of 1830, the latest American of Tanner, &c. By those materials
+I have been able to trace and fix four periods of American geography, 2
+ancient and 2 modern.
+
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and 1500.
+
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two first periods, which shall be published
+gradually, or in my Illustrations of the Ancient Geography of America. We
+have thousands of maps on the early geography of the Eastern Hemisphere,
+and no one as yet on the Western Hemisphere! to show the respective limits
+and positions of Ancient Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero's
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c.
+
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico and Cuzco; but lack those of
+Tiahuanaco, Otolum, and many more important for ancient history. Several
+plans of ancient sites of civilization have been given, along with those
+of monuments. I have many in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest part of
+modern cities, are built on ancient sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati, Louisville, Pittsburg, St.
+Louis, Philadelphia, Savannah, &c. The views of ruined cities, and those
+of actual cities, are partly historical, connected with the knowledge of
+gradual American civilization.
+
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes, streams and mountains, are preserved
+in actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti--Ontario, Erie, Titicaca--Ohio,
+Alatamaha, Maranon, Parana, Rivers.--Alleghanies, Andes, Parima, Mountains,
+&c. When the names have been changed, it is the duty of the historical
+geographer to compare the old and new names.
+
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient nations, could draw and paint
+maps. Even our North American tribes can draw rude maps on skins or bark.
+Some of these are preserved in museums; but none have ever been published:
+although some are pretty correct and deserving it.
+
+4. _Natural Sciences._ They are now becoming sisters of history. Geology
+is connected with geography. Botany and Zoology, acquaint us with trees,
+plants and animals, which were used in the arts and agriculture at
+different periods. The Asiatic origin of maize, called _maza_ by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes Greece,) has been unperceived by
+Humboldt and many others, although it throws some light on the early
+migrations and communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated in Assyria,
+West Tartary, North Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted by Marco
+Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, &c.(3)
+
+America had anciently several cereal plants, besides maize, two kinds of
+indigenous wheat and barley in Chili. The Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of
+South and North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, fruits and flowers,
+were cultivated from Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, the
+indigo and annato were natives. Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm,
+&c., were cultivated or collected to use for cloths, threads, ropes, &c.
+
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for the remains of animals dwelling on
+earth, before mankind. America has already afforded the huge mastodons,
+elephants, megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land animals, and many
+large reptiles, crocodiles of streams and lakes.
+
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a few arctic quadrupeds, birds and
+insects excepted; all the animals of this hemisphere are peculiar to it.
+Reptiles almost entirely such, even in the North. All the American monkeys
+form distinct species. The tropical animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 quadrupeds formerly domesticated
+in America, the dog only may be deemed a stranger: and it had even many
+American varieties.
+
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2
+deer, 2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation on the domestic animals
+of both hemispheres, 1832. Americans had also tamed 22 birds or fowls, as
+many as Asia, &c., and even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America and only 80 in Europe, Asia,
+&c., before 1492.
+
+American botany offers many peculiar regions; in the North only, akin to
+Asiatic or European botany; but becoming quite distinct in the tropics,
+still more so in Austral America. Since 1492 the European colonists have
+brought many plants, that are become spontaneous from Canada to Chili:
+these must be carefully separated from the ancient indigenous plants.
+
+The American Floras are nearly as many as the 15 natural regions already
+indicated, each having a focal seat or cradle in some range of mountains.
+They become richer or more abundant in species within the tropics,
+decreasing to the North and South. Trees and palm abound there, and
+disappear near the poles, the palms are unknown beyond the 36 degrees
+North and South. The equator has 500 species of trees; in latitude 40 N.
+and S. only 100 kinds are found, or even less. Social plants and grasses
+abound in plains, and in the North dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+
+Trees were early tools of civilization, affording timber, fuel, dies,
+houses, boats, weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in abundance: even
+the tribes of North America near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees,
+crab-trees, nut-trees. They knew how to make oils of nuts, to dry the
+fruits, make sugars out of maples and other trees.
+
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply of food to early nations, whence
+the preference to dwell near streams, Lakes and shores. Notwithstanding
+the swimming rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or oceanic tribes
+of them that are common to both hemispheres. Most of the resident shore
+fishes of America are peculiar species. Still more so with lacustral and
+fluviatile fishes. These are divided into peculiar regions. Our northern
+lakes form one; and almost every large stream has a peculiar generation of
+finny tribes: such are the Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c.
+
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It was gold and silver that drew hither
+the greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized nations knew mining,
+smelting, casting and forging. They used gold, silver, copper, brass,
+lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c.
+Even the less civilized tribes of North America used copper and lead,
+clays for pipes, pottery, &c. Iron was scarce because so hard to melt, and
+highly prized; but iron-rings have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+
+Metallic coins were little known except in Central America; but bits of
+silver, gold, tin, iron, were used as such. The other mediums of exchange
+were skins, mats, nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, &c. Commerce
+was well known to many nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea
+for the same purpose all over the Antilles, coast of Peru, and in the
+great streams. It is thus that were found many strange and foreign
+objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., all over America, and in early
+tombs.
+
+5. _Ethnography._ This new science which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches. Anthropography or the knowledge of
+physical mankind. Philology or the comparative study of human speech and
+languages. Besides the nameless branch attending to the moral ideas, arts,
+institutions, manners, civilization, governments and religions of mankind;
+which might be called moral ethnography.
+
+All these studies become the philosophy of history, and shall duly command
+my attention. Some writers neglect them altogether; others, like
+Robertson, do not know how to collect and accumulate facts instead of
+systems: Rollin has shown in his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although he omitted philology and
+physical facts.
+
+I have studied the men of all the parts of the world, in order to know and
+compare them, better than had been done. All the errors on the histories
+of nations, proceed commonly from the slender or partial views acquired or
+admitted by the writers. There is much to glean on the ethnography of
+modern nations, and therefrom we may ascend to ancient ethnography. It
+would be needful to study well the physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; the complexions of the skin,
+hairs and eyes; with the casual or permanent varieties.
+
+But, above all, we must better study all the spoken languages and
+dialects. It is strange that we hardly know anything, and sometimes
+nothing at all, on the languages of many existing tribes, with whom we
+have intercourse in both Americas. It would be desirable to procure at
+least a vocabulary of 100 essential words, in each. Such words, including
+the cardinal numbers, will soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of phonology or sounds of languages,
+their idioms and grammars, their roots, and verbs, the alphabets, glyphs
+and symbols used to communicate ideas, will combine to furnish the
+complete knowledge of philology as a separate science. Although I have not
+always carried so far my researches; I did so for a few, applying chiefly
+myself to the essential features of languages; and the unexpected results
+will be surprising.
+
+American anthropography will teach that there were men of all sizes,
+features and complexions, in this hemisphere before 1492: notwithstanding
+the false assertions of many writers, who take one nation for the whole
+American group. The Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, &c. were
+as white as the Spaniards, 50 such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, the Yaruras, &c., were as black
+as negroes. All the other shades of brown, tawny and coppery, were
+scattered every where. There was not a single red man in America, unless
+painted such. Some tribes had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8
+feet high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+
+6. _Traditions and Annals._ Many American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions, repeated from fathers to sons;
+or communicated orally by the priests, chiefs or elderly men. Many are
+preserved yet to this day, by frequent repetitions, being embodied in
+songs, hymns, maxims, tales, drawings, or even symbolic figures and signs.
+Many of those traditions are precious for history, notwithstanding the
+fables, allegories, metaphors, personifications, &c., which partly conceal
+them or render the meaning obscure. We must learn to decipher them as we
+do old inscriptions and medals.
+
+Although many such are now nearly lost for us, by the extinction of the
+living books, who kept the remembrance: there are many already collected,
+and of which we ought to make a good use. But there are as many more,
+which have never been collected nor printed. I have collected many such in
+North America in manuscript. It often happens that the American tribes
+will not communicate them to their foes or oppressors; but their friends
+and allies may hope to receive the deposit of them. Every enlightened
+traveller ought to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet after being
+acquired, they are sometimes lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them equally as _Indian Stories_,
+because they despise the ancient American race. There are, however, as yet
+many historical songs, poems and tales to collect among all the American
+tribes, which falling in good hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects or destroys them acts as a
+vandal. Malcolm has said at the outset of his history of Persia, that we
+ought never to neglect the original notions of a people on its origin, or
+early history, since therein is found the germ and spring of their
+subsequent conduct, actions and opinions.
+
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished or forgotten traditions,
+whereof I shall avail myself in all my historical annals and researches. I
+consider those of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, Shawanis, Cados,
+Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, Apalachians, &c., as highly important for the
+annals of North America. The same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons,
+&c.
+
+7. _Chronology and Astronomy._ These two sciences always go together, and
+form a double key of history. The American chronology is by no means fixed
+before 1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve and compare all the
+heterogenous dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt to elucidate it
+gradually; but may often be compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely referred to a series of
+gradual facts. In Austral America, we are told that none had notions of
+astronomy and dates, except the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe that their oral traditions have
+been neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+
+In Peru, there are many positive dates, yet I was the first to reduce them
+to chronological order. In Brazil and Guyana, but few dates are found. The
+Muyzcas had very early dates, yet few have been preserved; much obscured
+by personifications of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins their real annals
+only in 1490, or 45 years before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles the
+dates are quite loose, and difficult to reduce even to a serial order.
+
+But in Central and Mexican America, we find many early dates with a
+regular chronology. Yet some are extravagant or contradictory. I shall
+endeavour to elucidate them, so as to reduce the whole to order. They must
+form the base of a regular American chronology, that ascends by dates to
+the flood and creation. In Yucatan the first regular date only reach to
+940 after Christ.
+
+In North America, where the smallest number of dates existed; we have
+unexpectedly and quite lately, found that many ancient dates could be
+procured. Cusick has published those of the Ongwi traditions, and I have
+ascertained those of the Linapis. Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available dates as early as 1600 years
+before our era; thus nearly as ample as those of the TOL-tecas, and as
+plain in some instances.
+
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized nations of ancient America.
+They had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and 13 solar years. Humboldt
+has well written on that subject; but much remains to be gleaned. The
+northern tribes reckon by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, &c.,
+and by winters instead of years, moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, &c. the months were of 20
+days, including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians had months of 27
+days, or 3 weeks of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas small weeks of 3
+days, &c. No where in ancient America, was found the sabatical week of
+days, based on the 7 planets and the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is
+remarkable, as evincing a remote antiquity, and separation before this
+week was adopted in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c.
+
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas reckoned only 365 days in the
+solar year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then they added the hours to
+the year. This forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas had a very
+complicated astronomy, and three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. The horal division unknown in
+many parts of America, was of 4 hours in the day for the Muyzcas and
+Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of 12
+signs with 360 degrees were not known. The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with astronomy. A complete decimal
+numeration was known to all the civilized American nations, and even to
+the northern tribes. The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the manual
+mode; there are traces also of a binary numeration, the most simple of
+all: while others had complex calculations by 13 and by 20 or scores. We
+find no trace of any by 7, and but slight indications of a ternary
+numeration by 3 and 9. All these American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the _binary_, by two or pairs; and the quinary or manual by the
+five fingers, of which the decimal is the double, and by 20 the quadruple.
+
+8. _Languages._ They are becoming one of the most important aids in
+history. When the annals are ample and clear, the examination of the
+languages is merely a supplement to historical knowledge; but when they
+are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; languages then supply more or less
+to their defects or loss. Their comparative study furnish us new lights to
+ascertain the origines, parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, wars,
+&c., of the nations thus deprived of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect annals or the fabulous
+traditions. This study may lead besides to trace the manners, religions,
+intercourse, arts and sciences of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture of the civilization, acquired or
+borrowed knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each.
+
+It is above all in both Americas that this study is indispensable in
+historical researches: I will therefore apply to languages in all cases,
+and make constant use of them; and they will unfold new facts quite
+unknown, although very important, Historical lights shall thereby be
+thrown on many obscure subjects, whence astonishing and unexpected results
+may spring, in which I shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+
+By taking into view all the American languages or as many as are already
+known, we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd systems of
+philosophers and philologists, who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed _all the Americans_, as many Jews, or Tartars,
+or Atlantes, or sprung from the ground, and so on. Now the fact is that
+these writers have never taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce them to groups, and seek their
+affinities elsewhere.
+
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without proof, that nearly 1200
+languages existed in America. Balbi has reduced them to 423, of which 212
+in South America; but they can be much further reduced, most of them being
+mere dialects. The whole may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, or
+even less; which were certainly identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years
+ago: and all of which have astonishing affinities with the groups of the
+eastern hemisphere, so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 years ago.
+
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few hundred examples of such analogies:
+and the systematic writers have supposed that they had exhausted the
+comparisons. Yet a single language, the Chilian, has by itself more
+affinities with the languages of Europe, than all those mentioned by Vater
+and others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic affinities of
+American languages, vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to the nations.
+If we suppose that there are 400 languages in America, and as many in the
+eastern hemisphere, and each to have about 2000 roots or essential words
+only; while the mean affinities are only 25 per cent: we shall find as
+many as 200,000 affinities! out of America, in every American language;
+and in all the 400, as many as 80 millions! instead of the paltry
+reckoning of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible of mathematical proofs,
+and shall be unfolded gradually in these pages.
+
+The theory about the common exclusive grammatical structure of all the
+American languages, is equally erroneous and based upon partial facts.
+Instead of all the American languages being polysynthetic by amalgamating
+words, we find in America many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words prevails more or less in Europe and
+Africa; chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, Berber and other
+Atlantic dialects, the Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the Sanscrit
+and all the derived languages.
+
+It had been asserted that no American language was monosylabic: yet Balbi
+states that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera has lately proved the
+same of the Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such American groups of
+languages. But there are more; nay many American languages have
+monosylabic roots, even among the most amalgamated groups.
+
+The most obvious grammatical classification of American languages, has
+escaped the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the epithetic
+structure, or relative position of ideas. Under this view all the
+languages arrange themselves in three great classes or groups. 1. Regular,
+2. Resupinate, 3. Mixt.
+
+1. _The Regular_ is the most simple and natural form: where the roots or
+nouns are prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, expressing epithetes
+or qualities follow or are added. This group includes in the Eastern
+Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All the Celtic and Cantabrian
+languages. 4. All the Polynesian and Malay languages. 5. The Bhotiya and
+many languages of Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. 7. Yakut of
+Siberia, &c.
+
+In America this group includes my groups 1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3.
+Capaha. 4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related thereto in North-west
+America, the Kaluchi, Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani languages of South
+America, and perhaps many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c.
+
+2. _The Resupinate or Reflexed Group_: where the roots or nouns
+substantive are reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, which are
+prefixed. This second mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In all the Teutonic languages German,
+Swede, English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, Greek and Slavonic
+languages. 4. In all the Turkish languages of Turan, Bokhara, Turkey. 5.
+The Newari of Imalaya. 6. The Qua or Hottentot of South Africa.
+
+In America, it is the most prevailing form, found in my groups 1. Linni or
+Linapis. 2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican and Othomi languages.
+4. Chontal. 5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North America,--and in South
+America. 6. Chili. 7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many more: although
+hardly indicated by the philologists.
+
+3. _Mixt Form_, which employs or adopts more or less the two former modes;
+although there is always a prevailing form, that indicates the original
+mode of uniting ideas. This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit and all
+derived languages. 2. In the Zend and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek.
+4. The Japanese, &c.
+
+While in America it is found 1. In the Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3.
+The Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, and in North America. 4. The
+Atalan. 5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some others.
+
+This comparative classification of languages, will greatly help future
+investigations. It will show the improbability of the two opposite modes
+of annexing ideas having been entertained, by the same people at any time;
+while the mixt form evinces amalgamations of ancient nations. We have thus
+acquired another clue to trace primitive connections, another available
+mean to pursue the human steps on earth.
+
+9. _Religions and Mythologies._ The human opinions on the past and future
+form every where ample themes of thoughts and actions. From revelations,
+inspirations, oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, have arisen all
+the worships, and rites, dogmas and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The history of religious ideas, is
+in fact the history of civilization, since they have sprung together in
+social men. Nearly all the religions of Asia (which from hence have spread
+throughout the earth along with mankind) were found in America: except the
+modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism hardly known. Christianity or
+some of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and may arise from other
+sources. The most prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, Solar
+worship, Polytheism, Dualism or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal worship. We find throughout
+America many modifications of these creeds: with several complex
+mythologies, more or less analogous to eastern dogmas.
+
+The investigation of these American religions affords not only an insight
+into the ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient communications
+with Asia or Africa. Throughout North America the Dualism, mythologies and
+fabulous traditions point to a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, Mexico
+and Yucatan, begin to appear the Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry
+foreign to it. This Solar worship appears in a purer form in North
+America, as far as Peru. While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and Chili,
+prevailed several worships of heavenly and terrestial spirits; somewhat
+akin to the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, Iran, India, China and
+Polynesia.
+
+American religions admitted, like many others, of Priests, oracles,
+temples, shrines, pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration for animals, men and stars.
+Idols painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, stone, metals, &c.; bloody
+rites by human sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. But none of
+these practices were general, some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis
+of Tucuman, &c. Traces of a triple god or Indian Trimurti have been met
+from Ohio to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing religion. As the
+same idea was found among the Celts and Polynesians, it may have come by
+the east rather than Polynesia in the west.
+
+10. _Civilization and Manners._ This completes the history of all nations.
+When their annals are well known, it becomes a very proper appendix to
+them; when they are not, it is a very needful supplement to the
+traditions, &c. But we must not make any history consist merely in such an
+account, as often done by negligent writers. The manners and customs of
+every people, are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or improved by
+civilization, imitation, arts and sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford
+any test of connections. They are often borrowed, from neighbors or
+strangers, disused after awhile by whims or wars, invented to suit the
+climate and productions it may afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified the customs of all the tribes
+they conquered or visited. This must have happened formerly also, by other
+visits or communications. Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty of the
+origin and duration of the primitive American customs, they must be
+studied, as one of the sources and objects of history.
+
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all the forms of social civilization
+and manners of the east. But the Nomadic life with camels, oxen and sheep,
+was unknown, as well as those animals. The American cattle or lamas, &c.
+of South America, hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of Mexico, deers of
+Florida, buffalos of Taos, were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. The
+Nomadic wandering tribes of America were chiefly hunters and fishermen:
+scattered around the agricultural nations, spreading from Canada to Chili.
+
+All the kinds of governments were known in America: Theocracy, despotism,
+monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. But the most prevailing were theocracy
+among the civilized nations, oligarchy among the barbarous nations: with
+two peculiar modifications, of double kings as among Arabs, civil and
+military; and chiefs of families or tribes, as among all primitive
+nations. Queens were known to but few tribes, although the female line was
+often hereditary. Written laws and codes were known to the Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were elsewhere
+preserved by priests or magistrates.
+
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes or castes, but was not universal. The
+4 castes of Indians are distinctly found in nearly all the civilized
+nations, often modified into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. The arts
+of music, medicine, smithery, painting, sculpture, architecture,
+agriculture, pottery, &c., were well known to nearly all. The sciences of
+geometry, geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were cultivated from Mexico
+to Peru, even taught in schools and colleges; with the arts, the laws, the
+rites, and history of the country.
+
+Marsden has well distinguished several degrees of civilization in Asia. If
+no American nation had reached the Greeks and Romans, or our modern
+polished and improved civilization; it is not extraordinary. But the
+Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly equal
+to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century: nay, in some things
+superior. The second degree of American civilization found in Chili,
+Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. was equal
+to that of the Arabs, Malays, Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While the
+third degree found in all the barbarous nations, Innuit or Esquimaux,
+Shoshonis, Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse than what we find among
+the Fins, Laplanders, Tartars, Sames, Negroes and Hottentots.
+
+Individual property in land was almost unknown in America; but feodal and
+tribal property well understood. Common property of tribes and villages
+over their territories, was the most usual tenure, modified by wars,
+conquests, tributes. Individual property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages and funerals were very different in
+every nation. The weapons of war were clubs, arrows, darts, lances, axes,
+Macana swords, Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, thronged
+balls, &c. as elsewhere. There was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, walls, ditches, were used for
+defence, besides _Estopils_ a peculiar quilted armor. Flags, banners, and
+standards were known. The calumets, leaves or green feathers, council
+fires, and white flags were emblems of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption of tribes and prisoners.
+Slavery was hardly known; but vassalage much extended over conquered
+tribes.
+
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various. Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North America. In tropical America
+many tribes went nearly naked, with a mere apron or pagne of cotton or
+grass cloth. But the civilized nations were decently clothed with cotton
+shirts and feather mantles. The _Poncho_ is a true American dress known
+from Mexico to Chili, hardly known out of America except Polynesia.(4)
+
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns. They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; of
+cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. there and elsewhere; either
+twisted, plaited or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians had a peculiar loom
+and plough. Cotton looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and all over South
+America, even by the Caribs to make hamacs or hanging beds. Among some
+nations women had the most labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, &c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike employed vassals or slaves.
+
+Painting the body or face, was usual among many nations, but not general.
+It was useful against heat and flies, or was used to inspire love or
+terror. Ornaments to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, &c., were
+more or less adopted by men and women. The hair was usually worn long; but
+many tribes cut it in various ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by many tribes, and totally eradicated;
+but some tribes wore beards. The head was often left uncovered; but hats
+were worn in the N. W. and Central America, turbans in Paria and Florida,
+feather crowns in the tropics, _Lautas_ or diadem-bands in Peru and the
+Andes. Shoes and gloves were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of various substances, commonly used;
+with singular snow shoes of bark in winter by northern tribes.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+    AMERICAN CATACLYSMS _or Considerations on the Periods of American
+    Geogony, Ontogony, Floods, and ancient population &c. of both
+    Americas._
+
+
+History does not merely consist in accumulating facts: these constitute
+the annals of empires; but the real philosophical history has a nobler
+aim. It seeks results, teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy the
+foes of mankind, and inspires veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be followed, and records the crimes
+to be avoided.
+
+The several departments of history that are distinguished as biography,
+civil and ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical surveys of mankind,
+comparative philology, archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. All combine
+to instruct and amuse, to record the past and present, and to lead to
+better future actions, an improved social order. The nations often forget
+the wise lessons of time and experience; but they are continually recalled
+to memory and view by the historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national prejudices, present the
+faithful mirror of history to the eyes of posterity.
+
+Such is my aim. American history has been so much despised or perverted,
+that few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet it affords ample scope for
+reflection, study and admiration. Nearly one half of the habitable globe,
+during all the past ages, cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom and philanthropy: that mutual
+benevolence of mankind, which ought ever to be felt; but is so often
+discarded or forgotten through the contrary tendencies of pride, lust,
+cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+
+The connections of historical facts with all the sciences, afford another
+useful theme; that may vastly increase our comparative knowledge: much of
+it has arisen, besides observation, from accurate comparison, analysis and
+generalization, which combine to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its branches.
+
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to the most remote periods of
+existence and life in this hemisphere, we find it like the remainder of
+the globe, immersed under the Ocean. There, in the depths of the briny
+waves, the actual rocks now supporting the dry soil, were formed and
+matured: superposed and intermingled by aquatic and volcanic phenomena and
+cataclysms, if not by superadded aerial depositions. Then were formed the
+primitive strata of America, ere life had begun to vivify the waters; then
+were cast the Porphyries, Granites, Shales, Basalts, and other primitive
+or volcanic rocks, that are now chiefly found in Boreal and Western
+America, the Andes, Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and Boreal
+Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. This was the first period of terrestial
+Creation.
+
+After this period of unknown length, began the epocha of aquatic life;
+when the breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave life and motion to
+organized aquatic beings; 1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and
+Alcyonites, 3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms and radials, 5. Sluggs and
+shells, 6. Mollusca and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and Crustacites....
+All incipient vegetating beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles;
+lastly, 10. Seals and whales. Some of which require shallow water, to
+dwell and breed.... This was the second period of American Creation:
+_Aquatic life_.
+
+The third epocha is that of the destruction of aquatic life, by cataclysms
+and depositions, submarine volcanic cavernous eruptions or other causes,
+throwing suddenly in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances that
+have formed the secondary mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed the aquatic tribes in their
+way; which becoming therein entombed as living medals of this globe,
+declare to us these mighty successive cataclysms or floods of sand, clay,
+lime and coal; now met in vast regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; the hills and plains of Brazil,
+Chili, East Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This was the second period of
+terrestrial formation in America, the third of successive eventful
+periods.
+
+The fourth must have been the rise of the land above the waters, if not
+already partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial upheaving and distortion
+of strata, by an awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, or of
+growing crystalization; forming mountains and islands, raising them above
+the Ocean; to become the nucleus of future Continents. The American
+hemisphere had then probably two great islands, in the North and South,
+with many smaller islands between them, in the tropical sea: the Alleghany
+and Atlantis forming two others in the east, and many others studding the
+two polar regions. The insulated mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua and
+the long valley of Choco, must then have formed another Island of the
+Antilles. Guyana or Parima was also another large island: while Brazil was
+a vast peninsula attached to the Andes. I have endeavored to express this
+first configuration of America in my two maps of North and South America;
+when the Ocean was yet about 500 feet higher than it is actually. Whether
+this cataclysm was contemporaneous throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This was the fourth period of
+terrestrial events in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+
+When the dry land had appeared, the creative power of GOD exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth into life, Plants and Flowers,
+Trees and Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, 1. Worms and
+Slugs, 2. Insects and Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds and Fowls,
+5. Beasts and Bats. Streams began to flow, valleys were excavated in the
+soft or yielding strata by heavy tides and powerful streams: then the
+fishes of the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the streams and lakes. A
+few shell and other aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of terrestrial events; that of
+terrestrial life.
+
+Meantime the land was continuing to rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry
+soil was extending: land volcanoes began to appear in the Andes and
+elsewhere, overwhelming some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes had new
+paroxysms, slaty mud involved terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand was forming tertiary strata on the
+shores, involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and fishes.... This was
+the sixth period of terrestrial events, that of land volcanoes.
+
+After all these; mankind was created by GOD, and appeared as lord of the
+earth, and the complement of living creation.... This may be deemed
+another Period, if we like; although it was but the complement of the
+terrestrial living productions, begun in the 5th, and probably proceeding
+in the 6th. Where the first man or men appeared and dwelt, is unknown or
+very dubious. Asia is commonly deemed the first dwelling of mankind, and
+Central Asia or Thibet the cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same honor. But few authors have
+placed this cradle in America, and even then not for the _Adamites_. Yet
+America had some inhabitants before the flood, if we are to believe the
+concurrent traditions of many American nations; who keep the memory of it,
+and point to their refuges.(5)
+
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we know little or nothing: their traces
+are few and uncertain. It would be otherwise if we could identify them
+with the anti-diluvian _Atlantes_, or find their diluvial remains. The
+skeletons found in Guadaloupe, and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions of American philosophical
+society 1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been buried there; like the
+mummies of many American caves. Some of the American mounds have appeared
+anti-diluvian; but the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal character. The town of log houses
+lately found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian soil, cannot be so
+remote; the soil instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. All the
+facts on these remote times, shall be hereafter collected, presented and
+examined carefully.
+
+Thus, has been presented by geological results, a rapid sketch of the
+American periods, to the birth of mankind. These 6 periods or _yums_, are
+well ascertained as to succession; but their duration is unknown: and each
+of them includes several subordinate periods; which it is not needful to
+investigate in these outlines. The works on geology may be consulted if
+required. These 6 _yums_ or great periods do not answer exactly to the 6
+_yums_ or manifestations of the mosaic cosmogony, since geogony begins
+only with the 3d, ending with the 5th.
+
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving our attention, and susceptible
+of the deepest philosophical commentary, as they mainly agree with all the
+detected facts. But there are at least 3 accounts of the creation or
+cosmogony in the _Sepher_ or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of Moses in
+chapter 2d of Genesis from verse 4 to 25; in both, no _yums_, days nor
+periods are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account of chapter 1st. ending
+only at ch. 2, v. 3. Even in this usual account more than 7 periods can be
+found, including heaven, earth and men.
+
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with his own names, very different from
+the subsequent Jewish names, in various dialects.
+
+1. PERIOD OF TIME OR YUM. BRA-SHITH Real beginning or Real Supreme Being
+producing ALEIM the Angels, SHMIM Heavens, and ARTZ Earth.
+
+2. YUM. THEU-UBEU Chaos, and THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+
+3. YUM. AUR Essence of celestial light or Ether. First divine
+manifestation of _Mshe_ or Moses.
+
+4. YUM. RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+
+5. YUM. Sea and dry land, upheaving of land over the waters, or subsiding
+of the ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+
+6. YUM. Sun and Moon appearance by a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+
+7. YUM. Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th.
+
+8. YUM. Beasts and cattle, with ADM mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+ZXR male, and NKBE female. 6th.
+
+9. YUM. _Shbioi_ seventh manifestation, _Aleim_ became IEUE Jehovah, the
+living-self-with-self, the supreme or powerful self.
+
+10. YUM. AD emanation, our mist.
+
+11. YUM. ADM into GN or _Gan._ our Eden.
+
+12. YUM. OTZ Growth, of lives with good and evil.
+
+13. YUM. NER 4 flowing emanations or streams.
+
+14. YUM. ASHE Intellectual man-mate, called afterwards EUA living
+existence, our Eve.--Self-with-life.
+
+All these periods should require long comments, and discussions, rather
+physical than historical. It is by no means certain that the sun and moon
+are implied in the 6th yum. The text says a couple of MARTH Centralities
+EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. Some have
+seen here the solar and lunar dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might be the
+XRUBIM of later times. The real sun and moon may belong to the _yum_ of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were in existence before the foundation
+of the earth, and our astronomy teaches this implicitly.
+
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation takes 4 periods. The grass grows
+by light before the sun had appeared through the misty atmosphere, and the
+fishes come after the land and herbs, at the same period with fowls. Our
+actual geology does not confirm this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the truth.(6)
+
+Many still consider AISH intellectual man as the human race, previous to
+_Adam_, father of the Adamites; but the concurrent proofs are very
+slender: nor is their posterity known; unless _Nahash_ or the snakes,
+_Elohim_ or the sons of God, the _Rephains_ or giants, and the _Nephilim_
+or apostates, be considered as such. Indications of races of men different
+from the Adamites may be collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; but no positive connected
+account has ever been made out as yet.
+
+The _Nahash_, _Hareth_ or _Satan_ of the Bible, is identic with the
+_Nagas_ (snakes) of the Hindus, the _Zabul_ and _Dives_, (devils) of Iran,
+evidently men, and foes of the Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America the satanic notions will be seen
+in the respective account of religions. They often assume in this
+hemisphere the appearance of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire malignant
+being. But the nations of the Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called _Ako_ or _N'akho_ very similar with _Nahash_
+and _Nagas_. They assert that they were created by the Evil Spirit, were
+always foes of real men; that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring was formed.--_See_ Linapi
+Traditions.
+
+The ALEIM, _Elohim_ or _Egregori_ or angels of the Hebrew were instead
+sons of God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation of the earth; while
+Job ascribes it to _Eloah_, the real God. Herder has said that we shall
+never understand well the mosaic history, until we ascertain who were
+these _Elohim_ and _Cherubim_(7) dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to clear the matter; meantime it
+may be stated that they appear to be the HO-LO of anti-diluvian Chinese
+history, or LO-LO of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also the
+celestial emperors beginning the history of China: the _Alorus_ first
+dynasty of Assyria before the flood: the _Ang_-ELOS and P'EL of the
+Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO (old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI (old men
+or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, the _Peris_ or _Pelis_ of Iran,
+ancient beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the Semetic nation have
+preserved that name for God, in EL, _Allah_, _Baal_, or made of it their
+universal article _El_, _Al_, meaning HE or _the Being_: whence also the
+Pelagic and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the Spanish EL. By the
+frequent usual change of L into R, we have ER root found in many languages
+for men: forming the _Heros_ of Greece, sons of God; the HER or lords of
+the Germanic tribes, the _Seres_ of Thibet or ancient Chinese, _Ergaz_ men
+of the African Atlantes. _Erk_ man in Turkish or Turan Atlantes, akin to
+_Egregori_!
+
+In America these similar indications are widely spread, and among the most
+ancient nations. EL means man in Tolteca and Mexican, OL is old and
+_Yollo_ a spirit or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, _Elohi_ is land
+and spirit in Tzuluki. _Yol_ means _man_ in the Atakapa language of the
+Cado or Nachez group. _Pele_ means the same in Lul� of South America; but
+_Peli_ is soul in Chilian, which approximate to _Peleg_ and _Lelex_,
+ancient Pelagian tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, TOL, pervade the
+whole of ancient America, and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas and
+TALAS, American Atlantes, the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the _Auto-Toles_
+or African Atlantes. These lead to the giants of both hemispheres or
+ancient men of renown. But the subject must be postponed, and will be
+found resumed in the history of Austral and Central America, where these
+atlantes and giants are found.
+
+Returning from this digression; we may resume the geological periods of
+America previous to mankind, in the six successive epochas, already
+mentioned.
+
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before life.
+
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+
+After which begins the human period, till the flood. The question whether
+man or men appeared together, or before or after, in both hemispheres;
+must be left undecided. Some writers have even placed _Eden_ the GN of
+Moses in America and the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the Imalaya
+mountains, valleys and plains, are higher than the Andes, older in
+geological series, and more suitable for human life, not being volcanic:
+it is extremely probable that they were the cradle of mankind, rather than
+America.
+
+Yet men reached America before the flood, and were here at this eventful
+period. But we are ignorant of the precise way they came, and how they
+reached this land which was then only a group of large islands, unless
+North America was united to Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. The
+clearest traditions point to the east, Africa and Europe then united at
+the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis as a stepping place. The
+Mexican traditions point to Asia, by two different opposite quarters, the
+east and the north west. The Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although earlier, came the same way,
+and over the ice of Behring Strait, after its disruption. The Hongwis came
+the same way, although they boast of being Autochtones, as did the Greeks,
+which we know in both instances to be false.
+
+The Nachez nations say they came from the east. The Olmecas or earliest
+people of Anahuac point that way also; although both speak of an American
+flood. The Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern origin, like all the
+Aruac nations; but remembered the flood and parceling of the islands. The
+Carib nations appear postdiluvians and the last come in South America; yet
+the Tamanacs one of the group speak of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from Africa after the flood. It is in
+South America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., that a positive memory was
+found of several floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, which gave
+refuge to several tribes. Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North Africa and the shores of the
+Mediteranean; while many invasions of foreign later nations are recorded,
+&c.
+
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts of the American flood, will
+be carefully collected and given. This will form the first period of human
+history in America, extending to 2262 years at least, according to the
+computation of the 70; the most plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period of creation and their main
+flood: or with trifling differences, less than the various terms of
+Josephus and others; but various other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly sufficient to people America,
+and fill it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed parents of the
+Atlantes and Africans. They were skilful, powerful and wicked, inventing
+agriculture and arts, building cities &c.: while the Sethites invented
+astronomy, letters and dwelt in tents. If the American Atlantes were
+antidiluvian, they must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, KIN of
+Moses.
+
+In 1170 years after Adam, the _Egregori_ angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt.
+Hermon, in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, and uniting with the
+Cainites, gave birth to the _Rephaim_, _Nephilim_ and _Eliud_, tribes of
+Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made war on the angels and men. They are
+said in the Bible to have gone to _Sheol_ (the lower world or South
+America) with their king Belial: where they were drowned by the flood.
+_See Universal History._
+
+The Giants dwelt in _Talo-tolo_, the world _Tolo_ of the Hindus, where we
+find the _Tol_-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: called also _Atala_
+and once sunk in the waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, whose Atlantes
+were also Giants or powerful men. The Egregori have been deemed the Titans
+of the Greeks, and Atlas was a Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed in
+America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, Chilians, &c. being often such:
+the term Giant must always be understood to refer to powerful perverse
+men. The names of _Rephaim_ and _Nephilim_ appear unknown in America,
+being mere Hebrew epithets for giants and apostates.
+
+During this primitive period, geological and physical changes probably
+proceeded in America. The plains gradually appeared, but full of marshes,
+lakes and wide streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles and obnoxious
+animals. Which must have assailed mankind and greatly impeded their
+settlements. Although the lives of men were perhaps longer than now; yet
+it is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs of this period,
+allude to as many Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from each other. In
+this I agree entirely with the learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.(8)
+
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, dwelt then on earth; in America
+several species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, megalonyx,
+hyenas, bears, &c., which prowled in plains and caves. The temperature of
+the earth was higher; little clothing was needed. Men were at war with
+beasts, and among themselves. Violence predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the _M'nus_ of the Hindus, a patriarch of the Adamites, a
+prophet according to the Arabs, went over the earth to preach against this
+corruption. Not being attended to, he foresaw that a great calamity would
+befall for these iniquities, and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge in
+Central Asia: where he collected his relations and friends. Some say they
+were 72, our translations of Moses reduces them to 8; but his 3 sons of
+Noah, are evidently as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained therefore 4
+tribes, including his own, and many individuals, besides a multitude of
+animals.
+
+I do not give now the history of this flood. Before it can be given
+accurately, we must collect all the scattered traditions about it, compare
+them, and omitting all fabulous and obviously impossible details, form a
+narrative of the whole facts. The notions and traditions of the Americans
+are very various, as they do not always point to this flood. We find them
+asserting that men were saved in mountains, or caves, on rafts or boats.
+Few, if any, allude to an ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those of
+Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding to several floods, and
+particularly the subsequent of Peleg.
+
+The most explicit traditions on that score are those of the Linapi
+nations; although the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of the real
+Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a great flood in Asia: when their nations
+at least was partly saved in _Tula_ (the turtle land) in Central Asia, by
+the help of a goddess, and Noah or _Nana-bush_. The men were then called
+_Linowi_ and _Linapi_: two other races of men were saved, the _Owini_
+(beings) and the _Tulapewi_, turtlings or atlantes. Besides these foes the
+_Maskanako_ (strong snakes), _Nakowa_ (dark snakes), and the _Amangamek_,
+monsters of the sea; who caused this dire flood. These notions are
+strikingly similar to the Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle saving
+mankind at the flood. _Nana-bush_ is evidently Noah, his name means
+_Noah-Noah-hare_, or the _Great Noah_ and _Hare_.
+
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood, do not allude to any ark, but
+mountains were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu account is very near the
+mosaic; but has no boat, and many persons were saved. The accounts of the
+Assyrians, Arabs, Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, Polynesians,
+&c. are all different. The mosaic account was borrowed from some ancient
+source now forgotten. It is said that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting the mosaic account from
+the supernatural and the impossible, we obtain the real tradition of a
+great aquatic cataclysm. Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption of
+the ocean, attended with volcanic floods of waters from the Caspian sea
+(as Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change of climate: which overflew
+the earth or most of it; except some _Thebas_, refuges in mountains,
+_swimming_ over the waters, as it were: there some men and tribes, many
+animals, trees and plants were preserved: to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+
+After this flood, America was left pretty much as it is now, except that
+the shores were higher yet, many flat plains inundated and full of
+marshes. The Antilles yet united in larger islands and perhaps with
+Cumana. The Strait of Choco nearly filled up: and diluvial soil, gravel,
+sand, boulders and organic remains scattered over the land, the hills,
+plains and caves. Many fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation had been
+destroyed wherever the flood went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread again. The terrestrial animals
+and birds saved in the mountains, spread themselves again over the earth.
+Mankind in despair at the disaster, kept for a long while on mountains,
+and did not occupy again the desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+
+The Chinese account of this flood, state positively that it was attended
+with a change in the length of the year, formerly of only 360 days, a
+change in the seasons, an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling men
+to dress in skins and mats. Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven to
+the mountains, became very troublesome, men being compelled to defend
+themselves against their attacks.
+
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the Bible, where like Hales and
+Russel, he has at last adopted the computation of the Septuagint and
+Josephus, reckons 5411 years from Adam to our era, the oriental Christians
+reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these periods; as well as to the second
+cataclysm of the earth; that of Peleg according to the Biblists. The only
+knowledge the Bible gives about it, is that the earth was split, broken or
+divided, in the time of the patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived or
+lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's flood. But David has sung this
+cataclysm in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account brings this second flood
+to the year 2296 before Christ, or 858 years after the former. The Hindu
+account concealed in many fables agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many years. It is evidently in date the
+mistaken Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and annihilating the place
+between them. The Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, the first was
+under _Yunti_, the second under _Yao_, and 42 emperors are mentioned
+between the two floods.
+
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish which is meant by the
+various imperfect traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, there are at least
+two cataclysms mentioned by the annals or traditions. Also among some
+northern tribes. The Linapi annals or songs allude to the second, which
+broke by volcanoes the _Lusasaki_ (burnt land) and separated America or
+_Akomenaki_ (snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted nearly 3000 years from Adam's
+epocha, or 3212 by oriental computation. The interval between Adam and
+Noah ought to be called the Adamic period, that between Noah and Peleg's
+floods the Noahic period. It was at this last convulsion that the earth
+took its actual form. The Straits of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina,
+Hellespont, Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, Sunda, &c., were then
+formed. The Atlantis Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the Island Lanca in
+the Indian Ocean were sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, &c. are
+fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, Madagascar, &c. the fragments of
+Lanca.(9)
+
+In America, the Boreal islands may have been broken, like the British
+islands of Europe. Some suppose that they might once join together with
+Iceland. The Antilles were split in the actual form--Behring Strait divided
+America from Asia. The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. The lowlands
+of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic shores were inundated and then partly
+left dry by huge volcanic tides. This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having at least three great focusses,
+1. in the North Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, 3. In Polynesia or
+the Pacific Ocean. In China all the lowlands were overflowed and partly
+overwhelmed. The great Islands of Java and Sumatra were formed; which
+formerly were united with Asia and several islands in the vicinity, under
+the remembered name of _Sunda_ land.
+
+If mankind had not reached America before Noah, it must surely have
+reached it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes were in the
+neighbourhood and bold navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then various peculiar names, mostly traced
+in America. Twenty American nations have distinct remembrance of this
+splitting of American lands and islands; local or partial floods, less
+general and disastrous than the former.
+
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to animals and vegetables as the former;
+but it must have destroyed them in several sunken islands: and have added
+second clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: with many volcanic
+productions, chiefly clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. The memorials,
+annals and traditions of the American nations are very scanty on this
+period; difficult to be distinguished from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced, nor distinct in form. The
+_Linapi_ tribes had not yet reached America, and dwelt in Asia; but by
+their account the Snake tribes _Akowi_ went to America in that period, led
+by _Nakopowa_ (the Snake priest); it is even hinted that they caused this
+cataclysm or at least the separation of Asia and America, at _Lusasaki_
+(burnt land), in order to escape their foes, the _Elowi-chik_ (hunters) of
+the _Linnapewi_, the original manly people.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+    GENERAL VIEW _of the Ancient and Modern Annals of Both
+    Americas.--european Colonies, Modern Fate Of Nations, Late Physical
+    Changes, &c._
+
+
+After these floods begin the primitive annals of mankind in America as
+elsewhere; but still scanty, obscure and involved in fables, by
+personifications of tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, fruits or
+even stones and mountains. The origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere annals; but the collateral
+proofs of the languages facilitate the enquiry. Those who have the most
+positive facts of primitive times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly destitute of dates and correct
+details. We ought not to be surprised at this, since even in Asia (except
+in China,) we possess nothing but fragments on those times; while the most
+polished nations of oldest times, the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &c. have involved their early histories in fables, mythologies and
+false dates.
+
+However, whatever might be the early origin of the American nations, it
+may be collected from all, that in the ancient periods; they were few in
+number and in population; principally confined to some peculiar seats of
+civilization: such as the regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, Oaxaca,
+Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, and Peru. We have positive proofs of early
+empires and splendid monumental cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c.
+in Central America; and in South America at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or size, were scattered afterwards
+from the Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to Chili and Brazil: probably
+through the dispersion and colonization of these early empires or
+states.(10)
+
+After they had filled the most fruitful or suitable regions, carrying with
+them agriculture, domestic animals, religion, laws and various graphic
+systems: they were invaded by tribes less civilized; but more warlike;
+principally in North America, and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests: some of which are recorded in the
+Apalachian region of the United States, in the Mexican table land, in
+Hayti &c. and by the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: while in Guyana
+and Brazil the annals are lacking, and the traces of these conflicts but
+faint; yet certified by some traditions and the new tribes introduced.
+
+The solar worship prevailed among the most civilized nations and empires:
+that of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those of the second degree. The
+least civilized nations had either adopted the Dualism or a mixed
+religion: while the barbarous tribes knew only a kind of _Tao_ religion as
+in China,(11) or a fetichism, venerating one or many objects of nature.
+But these four main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, and
+diversities: they had often degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind of
+priesthood was almost universal and formed a peculiar caste in many
+states. The legislators and rulers had often been priests, and became
+pontifs as well as kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, Cholula,
+Manazicas &c.
+
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after the floods, the earth had
+undergone many changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the subsiding of the
+sea. Many valleys were drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; the
+shores of the Atlantic from New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and from La
+Plata to Magellania, as well as those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased by
+the gradual retreat of the sea. The great plains of the Mississippi,
+Oronoc, Maranon and Parana were also formed or drained of their swamps and
+morasses.
+
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to the antecedent antidiluvian
+period, that the real or certain history of the Americans begins with many
+details and dates; both in the north and south. It was then that the
+empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas
+&c. were established on the ruins of many anterior states. We obtain by
+the annals preserved or recovered of many such nations, a tolerable view
+of this part of their history, and even an insight into earlier times,
+when similar revolutions must have happened. If many states or nations
+rose and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the other: it was a common
+fate with others in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. But we may hope to
+rescue their names if not their deeds, from total oblivion, by seeking
+their monuments, and the fragments of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+
+In this period some American nations rose to a degree of splendor and
+civilization, with knowledge of arts and sciences, little inferior to
+Greeks and Romans; and superior to the European nations of the middle
+ages, even down to 1492: quite equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient to transmit knowledge in
+books, schools and inscriptions. This high civilization was not merely
+confined to Mexico and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; but was
+scattered from the Apalachis and Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south
+of Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+
+Although war and slavery prevailed in many parts, they were modified by
+the usage of adoption for individuals and whole tribes, mutual alliances,
+confederacies &c.: while slavery was changed into a feodal vassalage. The
+feodal system and the castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest time.
+
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient annals of America, present us with
+the soothing view of wise legislators, who gave civilization and happiness
+to millions for ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. Such were most of
+the conquests of the Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos &c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory and deeds, dwelling on them with
+more pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+
+To them the Americans were indebted for their policy, diplomacy,
+alliances, agriculture and knowledge, with the peculiar happy mode of
+holding the land in common or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, manioc, banana, gourds, beans,
+and 100 other cultivated plants and fruits. The Mexicans had even botanic
+gardens and pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. The universities
+of Cuzco, Tunca, Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. were founded
+earlier than the European universities by such benefactors of mankind; and
+112 domestic animals had been tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be reckoned.(12)
+
+                    In the W.         In the Eastern.
+                    Hemisphere.
+Quadrupeds          33 kinds          only 25 kns.
+Birds               32                25
+Reptiles            15                10
+Fishes              12                10
+Insects             8                 4
+Shells and worms    12                6
+
+The modern history of America since 1492 presents a multitude of events
+with regular dates: but the historians of these later times instead of
+dwelling upon the native nations, appear to notice them merely _en
+passant_! while relating at length the discoveries, conquests and wars of
+the European adventurers and colonists.
+
+It is not thus that we are to notice them; but as equal nations. Now that
+after four ages, these colonies are also become independent nations, and
+begin to nurse American feelings, we ought to feel for them, and reveal
+the truth. It is not number nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North American tribes, is the best
+known by peculiar fragments; but similar fragments may be collected on
+many other tribes.
+
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came the ferocious gold hunters of
+Castille; who in their greedy search after golden wealth, trampled under
+foot, both religion and humanity. They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were checked
+at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, Santa Marta &c. They overthrew many
+flourishing states, and erected over them a slavish colonial fabric, soon
+after sunk in sloth and ignorance.(13)
+
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were the cause of their ruin and
+subjugation by the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches Tayronas, Poyays,
+Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians &c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, and
+never were conquered. The happy states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca,
+Hayti, Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful friendly disposition;
+being cruelly betrayed and desolated.
+
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the Portuguese, where a bastard tribe
+of Mamalucos were born; who sought for slaves and gold, from Guayana to
+Paraguay, and destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy freebooters,
+came the rabble of pirates and buccaneers to revenge American wrongs, upon
+the Spaniards and Portuguese by deeds of cruelty. Thus was America flooded
+with blood, and groaning in tears for nearly three centuries. But even
+these horrible deeds were not the only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another continent was overrun, to
+supply stronger hands, and Africa was made to contribute millions of
+slaves to swell American population, or sink there to premature death
+under the lashing scourge of cruel tasks.
+
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing to partake of the American spoils,
+went in search of wealth all over the shores of this continent. Not
+satisfied with mere trading colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy some weak points, with or
+without the consent of the nations. The Dutch settled in Brazil, Surinam,
+Curazao and New York. The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, Hayti, the
+Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; but have gradually lost all those
+colonies, except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+
+The English nation, more daring, steady and lucky, occupied with their
+auxiliaries, the Scotch and Irish, some points of the Atlantic shores,
+many Carib Islands &c.: by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried their quarrels over the ocean,
+and endeavored to destroy each other. Laterly among them arose in North
+America the holy flame of freedom and independence, which has been
+travelling and spreading throughout the continent, ever since.
+
+But among these contending colonies and slaving plantations, how were the
+owners of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! seldom with
+justice--Popes and kings gave away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing themselves of this doubtful right,
+bought with trifling presents the good will of some tribes, or drove them
+away by force. Thus were settled most of the American colonies; except a
+few, attempted in a spirit of religion and peace.
+
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his name! gave the example of reducing
+unsubdued tribes to peaceful allies, by words and deeds of peace and
+piety, and Tezutlan thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. When the
+Spanish and Portuguese freebooters were sunk in wealth and sloth; they
+found it very convenient to employ the Jesuits and other monks to subdue
+for them whole tribes and nations, by this easy mode. In North America,
+Roger Williams and William Penn, blessed be their names! settled colonies
+without strife, and by mere good will towards the owners of the soil. But
+every where the foes or successors of these missionaries of peace,
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had made. Unjust wars were the
+natural consequence, in which the rightful party, did not often prevail,
+being overpowered by strength and cunning.
+
+Meantime the independent period opens a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate and become free. Seventeen
+years afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl the standard of broken
+chains. Between 1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America shakes the weak
+power of Spain. In 1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an American empire.
+Slavery is abolished in all the Spanish states, only retained in the
+colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually excluded from many states of N.
+America, at early periods; but others from Virginia to Louisiana are
+tenacious of these unholy and dangerous bonds.
+
+Now, the native American tribes within the claimed territories of these
+new independent nations, are under a sort of pupilage, and often
+oppressed: although no longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil alone
+admits of indescriminate slavery, and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states that delay wiser measures.
+Meanwhile at the two ends of America, in Canada and the United States, as
+in Buenos Ayres, a new kind of oppression has appeared. Land stealing and
+compulsory sales! unhallowed means to increase wealth, nearly as guilty as
+the precious Spanish gold hunting.
+
+The United States which ought to set the wisest example, of justice and
+clemency, towards reduced tribes, diminished by vices taught instead of
+virtues, are doing the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate the native
+tribes, admit them to equal rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood, in a language untaught, or
+disqualify them for witnesses. They compel them to remove, emigrate,
+disperse, sell their lands and homes, at one tenth of the value; and this
+is called fair dealing!
+
+Notwithstanding that the European states or colonies, occupy or claim,
+nearly the whole of both Americas; yet there are many vast regions as yet
+unsettled by them, and where dwell or wander several free tribes,
+particularly in the Arctic wilds, in Oregon, California, Texas, the
+Missouri plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, in N. America--and in S.
+America in the vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, Maranon, Brazil,
+Chaco, Chili and Magellania. The most prominent of these modern tribes are
+the Uskis or Esquimaux, the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or Sioux, Panis
+or Sker�s, Washas or Ozages, Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, Talahets or Pampas &c. All
+divided into many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them by fair means and deeds of peace,
+many continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, greedy traders,
+intemperance, and above all by killing their game, and stealing their
+lands. Some missions are established from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders, trappers, land-hunters or
+squatters, and the military of the frontiers: from whom they can imbibe no
+very favorable idea of their oppressors.
+
+How is this to end? Is it really intended to grasp the whole continent,
+and make these fragments of nations, aliens on their own soil? or to
+annihilate them at last? Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of landed
+wealth! There is a God in heaven, and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you, if you continue to violate the
+sacred laws of mankind. The desperate tribes, either become stronger by
+concentration, or acquired knowledge, may fall on you at last, like so
+many Goths and Vandals, Huns and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or among you will arise Agrarian
+sects, that will deprive your children of this landed property so unjustly
+acquired and held.
+
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity does not blind you, imitate the
+happy policy of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that has admitted the natives
+to equality and citizenship. Do better still, allow them to form peculiar
+states and territories, preserving their languages and laws, and admit
+these states into your confederacies. Then you will be secure, and both
+live in peace, increasing and multiplying as time rolls on. There is land
+enough for all, and to spare. What need has a man of 1000 acres of land;
+while 100 can support a large family! in the cold climates, and 10 acres
+in the fruitful tropical climates, where thrive the banana and the sugar
+cane. If hunters require a large wilderness to sustain their mode of life,
+greedy worshippers of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold waste for
+speculation! or to fill with plantations of slaves and tenants, in order
+to become lords of future generations; but the real wise and active men,
+the props of society, are content with moderate, secure estates, which
+they may improve and beautify into smiling gardens.
+
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their equally useful Peruvian cattle;
+they have received the horse, and often adopted him as a friend, to become
+Tartars and Arabs by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on the cruel
+Spaniards. Some European fruits and grains have been received and
+cultivated: while all have been introduced into the colonies. Woolen
+cloth, blankets, iron and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the still, have been spread by
+trade. These last with horses and guns, have been the chief deadly weapons
+of Europe against America.(14)
+
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver and precious furs: pearls and
+diamonds, cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia wool, cacao,
+vanilla, gum elastic and many other useful or medical articles. Maize,
+returning east whence it came; with tobacco, a loathsome weed of heathen
+growth and rites. Human knowledge has been increased, and trade greatly
+enlarged; the tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks have been
+transmitted. Thus Europe has been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.(15)
+
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the heavenly religion of Jesus, was
+offered or forced upon many American nations, by the same men, who were
+behaving worse than heathens, worshipping gold and mammon with the earth
+itself, bathed in human blood and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, wanton lust, cupidity and
+avarice; with all the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico had ghastly
+idols and cruel rites; Hayti, Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was substituted the papal worships
+of other idols, saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion of love and
+peace to all mankind, was seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits--except by the heavenly Las-Casas, the friendly quakers, the humane
+moravians, and a few other christian missionaries. All the sects of
+christianity have now spread to America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with a few Mahometans, Hindus,
+Chinese, Budhists &c. Thus all the religions of the earth are now found in
+this hemisphere, by the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 ages, on the American tribes, that
+have been enslaved, or in frequent communication with the nations of
+Europe--not in religion alone; but in dress, manners, knowledge,
+civilization and pursuits. The alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and
+the pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. In the boreal regions, the
+English and Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers of furs. In
+South America the native tribes are often skillful fishermen or traders.
+
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of America are cheering. Many
+independent nations have sprung, which deem themselves Americans, and love
+their homes. A general spirit of tolerance and peace is spreading, the
+true religion of the heart better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed tribes, and the poor
+slaves. Those who wish oppression and intolerance to be perpetuated, are
+not many in this continent, at present; they will be fewer still in half a
+century or the year 1892.
+
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of mind and manners. A few ages have
+been sufficient to produce these mighty changes. Meanwhile, nature
+although changing slower, is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared and disappeared, the sea shores have
+receded, the lakes are falling, the streams are lessening, the mountains
+are crumbling, the swamps are draining: immense forests have been cut, and
+changed into ploughed fields, hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities have been built, with
+innumerable towns and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi and
+Magdalena have been cultivated, many mines dug for metals or coals. The
+face of the country has been quite changed in these new seats of
+civilization; in the regions of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, in
+Guyana, Brazil; but in the western regions from Mexico to Chili,
+agriculture has rather receded: they had at least as many towns and fields
+in ancient times.
+
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea have caused sad changes in other
+parts, gulfs have been formed on the coast of Cumana, Callao twice sunken
+in volcanic tides, mountains and cities overthrown from Popayan to Chili:
+while the alluvial formations proceed along the streams and shores; their
+floods are perennials, increasing deltas and islands: Hurricanes scatter
+ruins and dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate strips of
+forests. The spouting springs and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, clay
+and marl, pitch and other substances. The water volcanoes drown valleys
+and cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated Quito. Mexico near a lake
+and often overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; the lake having been
+drained by nature and art jointly combined.(16)
+
+These rapid sketches and views offer a connected picture of men and soil,
+in this hemisphere, during the ages past. The detailed local annals of the
+various nations, will enlarge the subject, and present the required
+outlines of the ancient and modern events of both.
+
+                  -------------------------------------
+
+After these general topics on American history, I had proposed to enter
+upon the peculiar annals of nations, beginning by Peru and Austral
+America; but wishing to give in this first volume something still more
+novel and striking, I have concluded to begin by the original unpublished
+annals of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions of the Haytians; who
+assert to have come into America, by the north west, and the second
+through the Atlantic Ocean. I hear besides that a French traveller
+D'Orbigny, is now publishing in Paris, his travels in Austral and Peruvian
+America, with 60 vocabularies of languages: where I may perhaps find
+additioned materials for the history of those regions.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+    _Original Annals and Historical Traditions of the_ LINAPIS, _from
+    the creation to the flood, passage and settlements in America, as
+    far as the Atlantic Ocean &c., till 1820 &c._
+
+
+We have but few real American Annals, given in the original peculiar
+style. Those of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, Peru, &c., have all
+been translated by abridgements or paraphrases. Those of the _Ongwi_ by
+Cusick come nearest to the aboriginal form, using the usual
+personifications and animalizations of tribes, so common all over America
+and Asia; but so often misunderstood: having perplexed and disgusted the
+commentators or translators; who did not seize this form of style. Even in
+China, the primitive inhabitants often bear the names of beasts, _Lung_
+dragons, _Chi_ birds, _Yao_ wolf, _Miao_ tygers. In India we find snakes,
+monkeys, lions &c. Early in Europe are dogs _Canari and Cynetes_, satyrs,
+lions &c., syrens, harpies, pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.(17)
+
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were called beasts or _Caracol_,
+turtles _Icota_, birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even gourds and
+fruits.--(Roman's Trad.) In Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, tygers, giants &c. While
+throughout North America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, wolves, dogs,
+deer, birds. We must learn to appreciate this primitive form of speech and
+style, as allegorical names of men &c. It is very needful in order to
+understand the following narratives.
+
+Having obtained, through the late Dr. Ward of Indiana, some of the
+original _Wallam-Olum_ (painted record) of the Linapi tribe of Wapahani or
+White River, the translation will be given of the songs annexed to each:
+which form a kind of connected annals of the nation. In the illustrations
+of this history, will be figured the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation, word for word. This will
+furnish a great addition to our knowledge of American graphics and
+philology; but here the annals are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical and geographical names, so as
+to afford a better clue to the whole.(18)
+
+We knew by all the writers who have had friendly intercourse with the
+tribes of North America, that they did possess, and perhaps keep yet,
+historical and traditional records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed wampuns &c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be the first attempt. Lederer saw 200
+years ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording events of 60 years.
+Humboldt has mentioned the glyphical symbols of the Hurons on wood, seen
+by the Jesuits. Heckwelder saw the _Olumapi_ or painted sticks of the
+Linapis; but did not describe them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main, with these historical songs;
+yet the songs appear mere abridgments of more copious annals, or the bases
+of the traditions. The Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the Sakis and
+Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, have such painted tales and annals,
+called _Neobagun_ (male tool) by the former. Tanner has figured some of
+these pictured songs or _Neobagun_, in his interesting Narrative. Loskiel
+has stated that the Linapis had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty in 1766 saw records 370 years
+old.
+
+Out of these materials and other kept by the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis,
+Panis &c., might be formed or restored a peculiar graphic system of north
+America, different from the Mexican system; and probably once imported
+from Asia: where it may be compared with the graphic symbols of the
+Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give materials for such researches in my
+illustrations. The symbols, when met alone, were inexplicable; but by
+obtaining the words or verses, (since they must commonly be sung) we may
+acquire enough to lead on further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol applies to a verse or many words; as
+if the ideas were amalgamated in the compound system: yet they may often
+be analyzed, and the elements ascertained or conjectured, by their
+repetition.
+
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are known to but few individuals,
+and must be learned with much labor. Those obtained, consist of 3 ancient
+songs relating their traditions previous to arrival in America, written in
+24, 16 and 20 symbols, altogether 60. They are very curious, but destitute
+of chronology. The second series relates to America, is comprised in 7
+songs, 4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses of 3 words. It begins
+at the arrival in America, and is continued without hardly any
+interruption till the arrival of the European colonists towards 1600. As
+96 successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, except ten that are nameless:
+it is susceptible of being reduced to a chronology of 96 generations,
+forming 32 centuries, and reaching back to 1600 years before our era. But
+the whole is very meagre, a simple catalogue of rulers, with a few deeds:
+yet it is equal to the Mexican annals of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting in a mere translation, ends the
+whole, and includes some few original details on the period from 1600 to
+1820.(19)
+
+The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish and French
+pronunciation, except SH as in English, U as in French, W as Hou.
+
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical account; the concurrent
+testimonies of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant proofs. The
+words of Loskiel are these.
+
+"The Delawares keep genealogies, with the character of each man, if wise,
+rich, renowned, or a mighty warrior. They use _hieroglyphs_ on wood, trees
+and stones, to give caution, information, communicate events,
+achievements, keep records. Some time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.
+
+1. _Song._--_The Creation &c._
+
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water on the top of the land. _Aki._
+
+2. There was much water, and much fog over the land, and there was also
+KITANI-TOWIT, the God-creator.
+
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being (_Saye-wis_), an eternal
+being, and invisible although every where.
+
+4. It was he who caused much water, much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the moon and the stars.
+
+6. And all these he caused to move well.
+
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared up, and the deep water ran off.
+
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood there.--_Menak._
+
+9. It was then, when again the _God-Creator_ made the makers or
+spirits.--_Manito-Manitoak._
+
+10. And also the first beings _Owiniwak_, and also the angels
+_Angelatawiwak_, and also the souls _Chichankwak_, all them he made.(20)
+
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being JIN-WIS, ancestor of the men.(21)
+
+12. He gave him the first mother NETA-MIGAHO, mother of the first beings
+OWINI.(22)
+
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he gave him, beasts he gave him, birds
+he gave him.
+
+14. But there was a bad spirit _Makimani_, who caused the bad beings
+_Makowini_, black snakes _Nakowak_, and monsters or large reptiles
+_Amangamek_.
+
+15. And caused also flies, and caused also gnats.
+
+16. All the beings were then friends and stood there.
+
+17. Thou being KIWIS, good God WUNAND (these are 2 gods) and the good
+makers or spirits were such.
+
+18. With the Jins NIJINI, the first men, and the first mother, their
+wives, which were Fairies _Nantinewak_.(23)
+
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies was a fat fruit _Gattamin_.
+
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were easy-thinking, and all were
+well-happified.
+
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, _Powako_, brings on earth secretly
+the Snake worship _Initako_, of the god of the Snakes WAKON.(24)
+
+22. And there came wickedness, crime and unhappiness.
+
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper was coming, with death was
+coming.
+
+24. All this happened very long ago, at the first land _Netamaki_, beyond
+the great ocean _Kitahikan_.
+
+_2d Song. The Flood &c._
+
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake _Maskanako_, when the men had
+become bad beings _Makowini_.
+
+2. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became
+troubled, hating each other.
+
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.
+
+4. And they were fighting, least man _Mattapewi_ with dead-keeper
+_Nihanlowit_.
+
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings
+and the men.
+
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster (_Amangam_) he brought, snake
+rushing-water he brought.
+
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much
+destroying.
+
+8. Meantime at TULA, at that island, NAMA-BUSH (the great hare _Nana_)
+became the ancestor of beings and men.
+
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at TULA.(25)
+
+10. The beings and men (_Owini and Linowi_) all go forth from the flood
+creeping in shallow water, or swimming afloat, asking which is the way to
+the turtle back TULAPIN. (This verse like many others is in rhymes, and
+metre of 9 words of 3 syllables.)
+
+11. But there were many monsters (_Amangamek_) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped them in a boat, saying come,
+come, they were coming and were helped. (The name of the boat or raft is
+_Mokol_.)
+
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the grandfather of all, the grandfather of
+the beings, the grandfather of the men, and the grandfather of the
+turtles. (This is the beginning of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, lasting
+for 4 verses.)
+
+14. The men were there, the turtle there, they were turtling altogether.
+(_Tulapewi_ are the turtle-men.)
+
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he was praying, he the turtle, let
+it be to make well.
+
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in the plains and the mountains, at
+the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion.
+
+_3d Song. Fate after the Flood._
+
+1. After the flood, the manly men _Linapewi_, with the manly turtle beings
+dwelt close together at the cave house, and dwelling of _Talli_.
+
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was there, it is cold was there.
+
+3. To possess mild coldness and much game, they go to the northerly plain,
+to hunt cattle they go.
+
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers divided into tillers and
+hunters. _Wikhi-chik_, _Elowi-chik_.
+
+5. The most strong, the most good, the most holy, the hunters they
+are.(26)
+
+6. And the hunters spread themselves, becoming northerlings, easterlings,
+southerlings, westerlings. _Lowaniwi_, _Wapaniwi_, _Shawaniwi_,
+_Wunkeniwi_.
+
+7. Thus the white country _Lumonaki_, north of the turtle country, became
+the hunting country of the turtling true men.
+
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the snake priest
+_Nakopowa_ said to all, let us go.
+
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland _Akhokink_, and they went away
+earnestly grieving.
+
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and by trembling the burnt land
+_Lusasaki_ is torn and is broken from the snake fortified land.
+_Akomenaki_.
+
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the northerlings all go out,
+separating, at the land of Snow _Winiaken_.
+
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the gaping sea, where tarried the
+fathers of white eagle and white wolf. _Waplanewa_, _Waptumewi_.
+
+13. While our fathers were always boating and navigating, they saw in the
+east that the snake land was bright and wealthy. (Here begins a fine
+poetical rhyming narrative).--_See Last Note._
+
+14. The head-beaver _Wihlamok_, and the big-bird _Kicholen_, were saying
+to all, let us go to the Snake Island _Akomen_.
+
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate all the snaking people,
+_Wemaken_.
+
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings and easterlings, went over the
+water of the frozen sea to possess that land.
+
+17. It was wonderful when they all went over the smooth deep water of the
+frozen sea, at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark, who all go forth in a single night
+in the dark, to the Snake island of the eastern land _Wapanaki_ in the
+Dark, by walking all the people.--OLINI.(27)
+
+19. They were the manly north, the manly east, the manly south; with manly
+eagle, manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly hunter, manly priest, manly
+rich; with manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. (12 words all
+homophonous rhymes.)
+
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland _Shinaking_. But the western
+men doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain at the old turtle land.
+
+Thus end these interesting and positive ancient traditions, by a fine poem
+on the passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis have a similar poem:
+the Illinois had also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. They are perhaps
+lost; but this being at last rescued, will preserve the memory for ever.
+Now begin the second series of songs, in a different style, seldom
+rhyming, but made metrical by an equal number of words in each verse, 4 in
+the 4 first which carry the tribe till their conquest of the _Talegas_;
+but only 3 in the 3 later poems on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance; but they are mere abridgment of
+better annals now probably lost. Numbers shall be annexed to each
+successive king or ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+
+1. _Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings or Civil Wars._
+
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were then at _Shinaki_ or Firland.
+
+2. The path leader was the white eagle (_Wapalanewa 1_), who leads them
+all there.
+
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a fine land, and was explored by them.
+
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, the moving souls, in assembly
+meet.
+
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (_Kolawil 2_) be thou king there.
+
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest some, to Snake hill, let them all
+go.
+
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and concealing themselves at the Bear
+hill.
+
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (_Wapagokhos_ 3) was king at the Firland.
+
+9. After him there _Ianotowi_ (4 true maker) was king, and many things he
+did.
+
+10. After him there _Chilili_ (5 snowbird) was king, who says let us go
+south.
+
+11. To spread the fathers of men _Wokenapi_, and to be able to possess
+much more.(28)
+
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east he goes the beaver-he _Tamakwi_.
+(Here is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+
+13. A beautiful land was the south land, the big Firland and the shoreland
+_Shabi-yaki_.
+
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land, and a lake land, and a cattle
+land.
+
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (_Ayamek_ 6) was king, when all the
+tribes were at war.
+
+16. There was war with the robbing-men, snaking-men, blacking men,
+strongmen. _Chikonapi_, _Akhonapi_, _Makatapi_, _Assinapi_.--Thus ends the
+first song with civil strife and great wars, dividing some tribes
+probably.
+
+_2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the Missouri &c._
+
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in whose time there was much warfare
+south and east.(29)
+
+18. After them _Langundowi_ (peaceful-he, 17 kg.) was king at the
+beautiful land _Akolaking_, and there was peace.(30)
+
+19. After such _Tasukamend_ (never-bad 18) was king, and he was a good or
+just man.
+
+20. After such was king _Pemaholend_ (ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+
+21. King afterwards was _Matemik_ (town builder 20) who built many towns,
+and afterwards the holy goer _Pilsohalin_ 21.
+
+22. King afterwards was _Gunokeni_ (long while fatherly 22, who ruled
+long) and afterwards the big teeth _Mangipitak_ 23.
+
+23. King afterwards was _Olumapi_ (24 manly recorder or bundler) who
+caused many writings.(31)
+
+24. King afterwards was _Takwachi_ (25 who shivers with cold) who went
+south to the corn land _Minihaking_.
+
+25. King afterwards was _Huminiend_ (26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+
+26. King afterwards was _Alkosahit_ (27 preserving keeper) who had a royal
+soul and was very useful.
+
+27. King afterwards was _Shiwapi_ (28 salt man) and afterwards dry-he
+_Penkwonwi_ 29.
+
+28. There was no raining, and no corn grew, east he goes far from the
+sea.(32)
+
+29. Over hollow mountain _Oligonunk_, at last to eat he went at a fine
+plain _Kalok-waming_ of the cattle land.
+
+30. After _Penkwonwi_ came _Wekwo-chella_ (30 much weary) after such the
+stiff (_Chingalsuwi_ 31.)
+
+31. After such was _Kwitikwund_ (32 the reprover) who was disliked, and
+some unwilling to obey.
+
+32. Being angry some moved easterly, and secretly went far off.
+
+_3d Song. From the Missouri to the Mississippi &c._
+
+33. But the wise did tarry, and _Waka-holend_ (33 the beloved) was made
+king.
+
+34. It was at the Yellow River _Wisawana_ where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built towns.(33)
+
+35. All being friends _Tamenend_ (34 affable like a beaver) became king
+and was alone the first.(34)
+
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best, and all the men came to him.
+
+37. After such good _Maskansisil_ (35 strong buffaloe) was king and
+chieftain or leader.
+
+38. _Machigokhos_ (36 big-owl) was king, _Wapkicholen_ (37 white crane)
+was king.
+
+39. _Wingenund_ (38 mindful) was king and pontiff, who made many
+festivals.(35)
+
+40. _Lapawin_ (whitened 39) was king, _Wallama_ (40 painted) was king.
+
+41. _Waptiwapit_ (41 white chicken) was king, again there is war north and
+south.
+
+42. By the wise in assembly _Tamaskan_ (strong wolf 42) was made king.
+
+43. He was able to war on all and he killed the strong-stone
+_Maskansini_.(36)
+
+44. _Messissuwi_ (43 whole-he) was king and made war on the snake-beings
+_Akowini_.
+
+45. _Chitanwulit_ (44 strong and good) was king and made war on the
+northern foes _Lowanuski_.
+
+46. _Alokuwi_ (45 lean he) was king and made war on the father snake
+_Towakon_.
+
+47. _Opekasit_ (46 east-looking) was king, being sad at the warfare.
+
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and they are many who together go
+east.
+
+_4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c._
+
+49. The fish river _Nemasipi_ separated the land, and being lazy they
+tarry there.(37)
+
+50. _Yagawanend_ (47 hut maker) was king, and the _Tallegewi_ (there
+found) possessing the east.
+
+51. _Chitanitis_ (48 strong friend) king was, and he desires the rich land
+of the east.
+
+52. To the east some did pass, but the head of the Talegas, _Talegawil_
+killed some of them.
+
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, warfare.
+
+54. The friends of the north the _Talamatan_ (who are not like the
+Talligewi, the Hurons) were coming to go altogether united.
+
+55. _Kinehepend_ (49 sharp looking) was king, and leader, over the river
+against foes.
+
+56. Much was there possessed by them, and much spoiling and killing of the
+Talegas.
+
+57. _Pimokhasuwi_ (50 stirring about) was king, but he found the Talegas
+too strong in the war.
+
+58. _Tenchekensit_ (51 opening path) was king, and many towns were given
+up to him.
+
+59. _Paganchihilla_ (52 great fulfiller) was king, and all the Talegas
+went away to the south.
+
+60. _Hattanwulaton_ (53 he has possession) was king, and all the people
+were well pleased.
+
+61. South of the lakes they settle the council fire, and the friends
+_Talamatan_ north of the lakes.
+
+62. But they were not always friends and were conspiring when _Gunitakan_
+(54 long mild) was king.
+
+63. _Linniwulamen_ (55 man of truth) was king, and made war on the
+Talamatan.
+
+64. _Shakagapewi_ (56 just and upright) was king, and the Talamatan were
+trembling.
+
+SECOND SERIES OR MODERN HISTORY.
+
+_1st Song. At the Talega land._
+
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at the Talega land _Talegaking_.
+
+2. _Tamaganend_ (57 beaver leader) was king at the White River or _Wabash
+Wa-palaneng_.
+
+3. _Wapushuwi_ (58 white linx) was king and planted much corn.
+
+4. _Wulichinik_ (59 well hardy) was king, and the people increased.
+
+5. _Lekhihitin_ (60. writer writing) was king and painted many books
+_Wallamo-lumin_.(38)
+
+6. _Kolachuisen_ (61 pretty blue bird) was king, at the place of much
+fruit _Makeli-ming_. (near Cincinnati?)
+
+7. _Pematalli_ (62 constant there) was king and had many towns.
+
+8. _Pepomahemen_ (63 paddler up) was king of many rivers and streams.
+
+9. _Tankawon_ (64 little cloud) was king, while many went away.
+
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, went to the south lands.(39)
+
+11. _Kichitamak_ (65 big beaver) was king at the white lick _Wapahoning_.
+
+12. The heavenly prophet _Onowutok_ (66) went to the west.(40)
+
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken land and the western southerlings.
+
+14. _Pawanami_ (67 rich water turtle) was king at the Ohio River
+_Taleganah_.
+
+15. _Lokwelend_ (68 walker) was king, and had much warfare.(41)
+
+16. Again with the father snake _Towako_, again with the stony snake
+_Sinako_, again with north snake _Lowako_.
+
+17. _Mokolmokom_ (69 the grand father of the boats) was king and went
+snaking in boats.
+
+18. _Winelowich_ (70 snow hunter) was king and went to the north land of
+the Esquimaux _Lowushkis_.
+
+19. _Linkwekinuk_ (71 sharp looker) was king and went to the Alleghany
+Mountains _Talegachukang_.
+
+20. _Wapalawikwan_ (72 east settler) was king and went east of the Talega
+land.(42)
+
+_2d Song. At the East till first White Man comes._
+
+21. This land of the east, was a large land _Amangaki_, and a long land
+_Amigaki_.
+
+22. This land had no snakes, but was a rich land, and many good things
+were found there.
+
+23. _Gikenopalat_ (73 great warrior) was king near the north.
+
+24. _Hanaholend_ (74 stream loving) was king at the branching stream or
+Susquehanna _Saskwihanang_.(43)
+
+25. _Gattawisi_ (75 becoming fat) was king at the sassafras land _Winaki_.
+
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of the sun _Gishikshapipek_, which
+was again a big sea.
+
+27. _Makhiawip_ (76 red arrow) was king at the tide water.
+
+28. _Wolomenap_ (77 hollow man) was king at the strong falls (of Trenton)
+_Mas-kekitong_.
+
+29. The _Wapanand_ (ensters) and the _Tumewand_ (wolfers or Mohigans)
+north-east they go.(44)
+
+30. _Wulitpallat_ (78 good fighter) was king and set against the north.
+
+31. The _Maliongwi_ (lickers or Iroquois) and the _Pungelika_ (the lynx
+like or Eries) were all trembling there.
+
+32. Again _Tamenend_ (79 beaver II) was king there, and with all he made
+peace.
+
+33. And all became friendly, and all became united, with this great ruling
+king.(45)
+
+34. _Kichitamak_ (80 great beaver) was king and remains at the sassafras
+land or Pennsylvania.
+
+37. _Wapahakey_ (81 white body) was king and went to the Sea Shore on
+Jersey _Sheyabi_.
+
+38. _Elangomel_ (82 friendly to all) was king and much good was done.
+
+39. _Pitenumen_ (83 mistaker) was king, and saw some one come from
+somewhere.
+
+40. At this time from the east sea was coming a whiter _Wapsi_.(46)
+
+_3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies._
+
+41. _Makelomush_ (84 much honored) was king and made all happy.
+
+42. _Wulakeningus_ (85 well praised) was king and became a warrior of the
+south.
+
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki Snakes _Otaliwako_, and on the Coweta
+Snakes _Akowetako_.
+
+44. _Wapagamoshki_ (86 white otter) was king, ally of the _Lamatan_ or
+Hurons.
+
+45. _Wapashum_ (87 white big horn) was king and visited the west land of
+Talega.
+
+46. There he found the Illinois _Hiliniki_, the Shawanis _Shawoniki_, and
+the Conoys _Konowiki_.
+
+47. _Nitispayat_ (88 friendly comer) was king, and he went to the big
+lakes.
+
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children or Miamis, and all the friends
+or allies.(47)
+
+49. _Pakimitzin_ (89 cranberry eater) was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, _Tawa_.
+
+50. _Lowaponskan_ (90 north walker) was king, and he visited the noisy
+place or Niagara _Ganshowenik_.
+
+51. _Tashawinso_ (91 at leisure gatherer) was king, and visited the Sea
+shores.
+
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, three to be, and they became
+the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. _Unamini_,
+_Minsimini_, _Chikimini_.(48)
+
+53. _Epallahchund_ (92 failer) was king, in the war with the _Mahongwi_,
+wherein he fails.(49)
+
+54. _Langomuwi_ (93 friendly he) was king and the Mahongwi were
+frightened.
+
+55. _Wangomend_ (94 saluted) was king yonder between.
+
+56. The Cherokis _Otaliwi_ and _Wasio-towi_ (those of the Otali and
+Wasioto mts.) were his foes.(50)
+
+57. _Wapachikis_ (95 white crab) was king and ally a friend of Jersey on
+the shores.
+
+58. _Nenachihat_ (96 watcher) was king and looking at the sea.
+
+59. At this time north and south the _Wapayachik_ came, the white or
+eastern moving souls.
+
+60. They were friendly, and came in big bird-ships, who are they?(51)
+
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious and so plain, when properly
+understood and translated. The following addition is merely a fragment on
+the subsequent period, translated by John Burns. I give it as received
+although I fear it is inaccurate in some respects, and a paraphrase rather
+than literal account. Yet by this addition, we obtain a kind of general
+history of at least one American tribe, and a complete original series of
+traditions, in their peculiar pristine style. Many others will be added
+hereafter, either from printed traditions, or historical songs and
+fragments.
+
+_Fragment on the history of the Linapis from about 1600 till 1820._
+
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they are, these _Wapsinis_ (white people)
+who then came out of the sea, to rob us of our country. Starving wretches!
+with smiles they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+
+2. The _Wallamolum_ was written by _Lekhibit_ (the writer) to record our
+glory. Shall I write another to record our fall? No! our foes have taken
+care to do it; but I speak to thee what they know not or conceal.
+
+3. We have had many other kings since that unhappy time. They were 3 till
+the friendly _Mikwon_ (Penn) came. _Mattanikum_ (not horned, not
+strong),(52) when the _Winakoli_(53) came to _Winaki_. _Nahumen_ (raccoon)
+when the _Sinalwi_ (Dutch) came. And _Ikwahon_ (fond of women) when the
+_Yankwis_ (English) came, with Mikwon and his friends soon after.
+
+4. They were all received and fed with corn; but no land was ever sold, we
+never sell any. They were all allowed to dwell with us, to build houses
+and plant corn, as our friends and allies. Because they were hungry, and
+thought children of _Gishaki_ (the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.(54)
+
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine new tools, and weapons, and cloth,
+and beads, for which we exchanged skins and shells and corn. And we liked
+them, with their things, because we thought they were good, and made by
+the children of _Gishaki_.
+
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns and fire waters, which burned and
+killed. Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since we had better ones.
+
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children of _Dolojo-Sakima_ (King George)
+who said, more land, more land we must have, and no limit could be put to
+their steps and increase.
+
+8. But in the north were the children of _Lowi-Sakima_, (King Louis), who
+were our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of our foes: yet
+_Dolojo_ always wanted to war with them.
+
+9. We had 3 kings after _Mikwon_ came. _Skalichi_ who was another
+_Tamenend_,(55) and _Sasunam Wikwikhon_ (our uncle the builder), and
+_Tatami_ (the beaver taker) who was killed by a _Yankwako_ (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+
+10. _Netatawis_ (first renewed being) became king of all the nations in
+the west, again at _Talligewink_ (Ohio or the Talega place) on the river
+Cayahaga, with our old allies the _Talamatans_: and he called on all of
+the east.
+
+11. But _Tadeskung_ was chief in the east at _Mahoning_ and bribed by the
+_Yankwis_: there he was burnt in his house, and many of our people were
+massacred at _Hickory_ (Lancaster) by the land robbers _Yankwis_.
+
+12. Then we joined our friend _Lowi_ in war against the Yankwis; but they
+were strong, and they took _Lowanaki_ (north land, Canada) from Lowi, and
+came to us in _Talegawink_, when peace was made; and we called them big
+knives _Kichikani_.
+
+13. Then _Alimi_ (white-eyes) and _Gelelenund_ (buck killer) were chiefs,
+and all the nations near us were allies under us as our grandchildren
+again.(56)
+
+14. When the eastern fires were set up, and began to resist Dolojo, they
+said we should be another fire with them. But they killed our chiefs
+_Unamiwi_ (turtling) and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then _Hopokan_
+(strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe was made king, and he made war on the
+_Kichikani Yankwis_, and become the ally of Dolojo who was then very
+strong.
+
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger, they did not take _Lowanaki_
+(Canada) but become free from _Dolojo_. We went to _Wapahani_ (white
+river) to be further from them; but they follow every where, and we made
+war on them, till they sent _Makhiakho_ (black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.(57)
+
+16. We made peace and settle limits. Our next king was _Hacking-Ponskan_
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. He would not even join our
+brothers Shawanis and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next war.
+
+17. Yet after the last peace, the _Kichikani-Yankwis_ came in crowds all
+around us, and they want also our lands of _Wapahani_. It was useless to
+resist, because they are getting stronger by increasing united fires.
+
+18. _Kithtilkund_ and _Lapanibi_ (white water) were the chiefs of our two
+tribes, when we resolved to exchange our lands, and return at last beyond
+the _Masispek_ (muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old country.(58)
+
+19. We shall be near our foes the _Wakon_ (god of snakes, the Ozages) but
+they are not worse than the _Yankwiakon_ (English snake), who want to
+possess the whole big island.(59)
+
+20. Shall we be free and happy there? at the new _Wapahani_ (western white
+river). We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions between this people and
+the English, United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm and Hekewelder have
+furnished other fragments, and for which we have ample materials in the
+colonial history and late records. But this offers some new views and
+facts: which shall be partly compared and discussed in the notes; but more
+properly examined and united in accordance with other narratives, in the
+history of the North American nations and tribes. The 11 kings in about
+220 years named in this fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 and
+later.
+
+That so many generations and names can be recollected, may appear doubtful
+to some; but when symbolic signs and paintings, with poetical songs, are
+added, the memory can well retain and perpetuate their connection. Even in
+Polynesia, where we are not told of symbols, but mere historical songs,
+they reach to the creation and flood; Ellis and Tierman tell us that the
+kings and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, Hawahi, Mowi &c. could
+repeat the names of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. It would have
+been well if instead of giving us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus furnished the connected annals of
+Polynesia.
+
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely their own deeds; but the mention
+of many other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in Cusick's Traditions
+of the Ongwis: and this forms another clue for American history. As early
+as the Asiatic period we find them united to the related people _Owini_
+and _Nijini_, before the flood, and calling their foes _Powako_ (rich
+snake), _Makowini_ (bad being,) _Maskanako_ (strong snake), similar to the
+satanic tribes of the Hebrews &c.(60)
+
+At the flood they are saved with the _Tulapin_ turtlemen, and begin to
+call themselves _Linapewi_. Soon after they separate, go north and divide
+into tribes, named after the winds, the mode of life and animals. The
+hunters are _Elowi_ Elohim of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; they
+again meet snakemen, who fly to America and must have produced there many
+nations.
+
+After having filled the north, and after the breaking of the land, at
+Behring strait, part of the nation resolve to follow and pursue the snakes
+to the east. The passage by the _Olinis_ over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see last note); they settle at
+Shinaki, and begin again to war on snakemen: after which the beaver men or
+Tamakwi separate going east where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin to a beaver and a dog, and
+call their ancestor _Chapewi_, similar to _Apiwi_, the manly in Linapi.
+
+Meantime the main tribe going south meets other nations which it is
+difficult to identify, as the names are mere epithets and nicknames, yet
+the _Assinipi_ or stony men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet called
+Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi origin. They reappear afterwards
+as _Maskan-sini_ or _Sinako_, and appear to have passed to America soon
+after the Linapi. They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the languages
+prove, and very akin to the Hurons or Ongwis in America.
+
+The _Akowini_ are met again, which appear to have become the ancestors of
+the Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The _Lowanuski_ were either the Uskis
+or the Skeres. The _Towakon_ were not the Ottawas; but probably the Ozages
+or their ancestors the Wakons.(61)
+
+At last they meet the civilized _Talegas_, who are not called snakes, but
+rather extolled, and from whom they borrowed many things: their symbol is
+very different from that of the snakes. They were probably of eastern or
+atlantic origin, akin to the Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The _Talamatan_ become allies, were the Hurons, the name means
+both _unlike the Talegas_ and _killer of the Talas_.--See Cusick, and my
+Huron Traditions for their own annals.
+
+The separations of the Nentegos and Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled the sea shores from Florida to
+Acadia. Three tribes of snakes reappear which are similar to the former,
+except the _Lowako_ probably the same as _Lowanuski_. After crossing the
+Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites all the tribes. The _Hiliniki_ and
+_Conowiki_ easily identified remain west of the mountains. The Iroquois
+and Eries appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon after as snakes or foes; whether the
+Otalis or Cherokis of the mountains were real snakes of the west is
+doubtful; it is more likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, which
+was their capital till lately, and later they are called _Otaliwi_ by the
+Linapis. Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers, as the Linapi grandfathers, of all
+the akin tribes, had then towards 1400, a great power in the west: their
+empire had a pontiff _Mushkiwis_ near lake Michigan, on whom Cass has
+given some very important traditions.
+
+The following chief chronological periods are deducible from these annals,
+by reckoning 3 generations in a century. About 1600 years before Christ
+passage of Behring strait on the ice, lead by _Wapalanewa_, settlement at
+_Shinaki_.
+
+1450. _Chilili_ leads them south, and the _Tamakwi_ separate.
+
+1040. Peace after long wars under _Langundewi_ at the land _Akolaking_.
+
+800. Annals written by _Olumapi_.
+
+750. _Takwachi_ leads to _Minihaking_.
+
+650. _Penkwonwi_ leads east over mountains.
+
+460. The first _Tamenend_ great king on the Missouri.
+
+60. _Opekasit_ leads to the Mississippi.
+
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with the _Talamatans_ against the
+_Talegas_.
+
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the _Talegas_.
+
+400. _Lekhihitan_ writes the annals.
+
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and Nentegos.
+
+800. _Wapalawikwan_ leads over Alleghany mountains to _Amangaki_.
+
+970. _Wolomenap_ settles the central capital at Trenton, and the Mohigans
+separate.
+
+1170. Under _Pitenumen_ arrival of _Wapsi_ the first white men or
+Europeans.
+
+_Additional Note._ As a specimen of the original text and poetry of these
+annals, I give now the poem on the passage to America: the whole text and
+all the symbols will be given hereafter.
+
+13. Amakolen
+    Nallahemen
+    Agunuken
+    Powasinep
+    Wapasinep
+    Akomenep.
+
+14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi
+    Wematan akomen luchundi.
+
+15. Wit�hen w�miluen
+    W�maken nihillen.
+
+16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi
+    Nguttichin Wapanawi
+    Agamunk topanpek
+    Wulliton �pannek.
+
+17. Wul�l�mil W'shakuppek
+    W�mopannek hakhsinipek
+    K�tah�kan pokhakhopek
+
+18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi
+    W�moltin gutikuni nillawi
+    Akomen wapanaki nillawi
+    Ponskan-ponskan w�m�wi Olini
+
+19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi
+    Lan�wapi Tamakwapi Tum�wapi
+    Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi
+    Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.
+
+20. Wemipayat gun�unga Shinaking
+    Wunk�napi chan�lendam payaking
+    Allow�lendam kowiyey Tulpaking.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+    THE POETICAL ANNALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE HAYTIANS OR TAINOS OF
+    THE ANTILLES, _collected in 1498 by_ ROMAN &C. _with additions by_
+    DANGLERIA _and others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient Tribes_.
+
+
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with Columbus, who began to convert the
+Haytians in 1496, and collected their traditions, after learning their
+language, out of the _Areitos_ or songs and hymns used in festivals. He
+wrote them in 1498 by order of Columbus, and they are inserted at large in
+his life by his son; but were almost neglected by Irving. They give us not
+only an insight into the belief, religion, traditions of the Antillian
+people; but also a compendium of fragments on their annals. Although very
+desultory, much less connected than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&c., and destitute of chronology; yet they afford an essential addition to
+American history, and the ancient accounts about the Atlantis and
+Antilles.
+
+In order to bring them into a kind of order, they shall be analyzed,
+reduced to a succession of events and divided into 3 parts, 1. Cosmogony
+and Theogony, 2. the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient history
+previous to Columbus or 1492. A fourth part foreign to these traditions
+would be their annals since that time, and till the extinction of the
+nation; which shall be given hereafter, with the account of the language,
+and civilization--What is peculiar to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into beasts &c., as in Ovid.
+
+The nation who furnished these annals, was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch
+of the nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling the Lucayes and smaller
+Antilles: whose collective proper name was TAINO meaning noble. But they
+acknowledged as brothers, many tribes of the continent under the
+collective name of GUATIAOS brothers, this was ascertained in 1520 by
+Figueroa.--(See Herrera.) These _Guatiaos_ were the Aruac nations and
+tribes, that were not cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by Figueroa in
+1520 were in the Antilles the 1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda,
+Marmagitas and Gianis Islands. While those of the continent were the 1.
+Aruacas of Guyana, 2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of Oronoc, 4.
+Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, 6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8.
+Coquibocoa, 9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt with the _Canibas_
+or _Caribas_, the cannibal tribes, foes of the _Guatiaos_, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated and conquered most of the
+eastern Antilles.
+
+All the Tainos spoke the same language divided into several dialects; but
+understood reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in 1512 that two distinct
+languages were used in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of Hayti; but
+in the west was a very different language not understood; this was the
+_Cami_ derived from the _Olmeca_ of Oaxaca or the _Maya_ of Yucatan; they
+having sent there a colony, and founded a kingdom.--(see the Maya History.)
+In Hayti there was also in the center of the island a kingdom of Mayas?
+the people were called _Mayo-riexes_ or _Macoryxes_, (meaning _Maya
+people_). They spoke a language different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects _Cayabo_, _Cubaba_, and _Baichagua_. This kingdom
+of strangers was called _Cubaba_ or _Caibaba_, and _Ziguayos_. They are
+called Caribs by some authors; but erroneously.(62)
+
+Many other additional traditions on the Antilles are scattered in early
+writers, D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo,
+Columbus, Brigstock, Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, &c. which shall be
+partly noticed here as a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a general
+outline of a history of the Antillian nations.
+
+Having succeeded to make out a fine vocabulary of nearly three hundred
+words of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, Columbus, Dangleria,
+Munoz, Las-Casas, Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater &c.--and another of about
+150 words of the _Cairi_ or _Eyeri_ language of the Aruac Islanders out of
+Dudley, Rochefort &c. I will be enabled to translate and elucidate nearly
+all the Taino historical names and allusions, so as to clear up the annals
+by original etymologies. The orthography will be Spanish, J must be
+pronounced as Kh, and X as Sh.
+
+The Haytians had besides these songs, other annals; since the priests
+taught history, and the origin of things to the sons of the nobles. They
+had also perhaps peculiar symbols to keep their records, since Dangleria
+mentions that they had paintings of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 was found in the mountains of
+Guanaminto a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with hieroglyphs! and in
+the mountains of Limb�, engravings of human figures on a serpentine rock;
+besides many sculptures in Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua one of
+Lucayes a gold medal _with letters on it_! If we had figures of these
+hieroglyphs and engraved symbols, we should probably obtain another clue
+to American history and graphic systems. But they are probably lost by
+neglect like those of North America! The Antilles being on the way from
+the east to the continent must have served as a stepping place to many
+nations on their passage to the continent.(63)
+
+1st Part.--_Theogony and Cosmogony._
+
+1. _Fact._ The Supreme God, bears five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or female.
+
+       By Roman        By Dangleria    Meanings
+1.     Attabei         Attabeira       Unic-Being.
+2.     Jemao           Mamona          Eternal.
+3.     Guacas or       Guaca-rapita    Infinite.
+       Apito
+4.     Apito or        Liella          Omnipotent.
+       Siella
+5.     Zuimaco         Guimazoa        Invisible.
+
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male God. The titles of this god are
+sufficient to indicate the supreme God of nature, and they have
+astonishing analogies with the primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. The most common name was the
+first, in Cuba _Atabex_. This and other great Gods were not sculptured in
+idols. The Chillians had similar names for the Supreme God.(64)
+
+2. _Fact._ This God was father or mother of another great God dwelling in
+the sun with a double name, variable in the dialects.
+
+                  First Name.       Second Name.
+By Roman          Iocahuna          Guamaarocon.
+By Dangleria      Iocauna           Guamaonocon.
+In Cuba           Yocahuna          Guamaoxocoti.
+In Jamaica        Yocahuna          ----
+In Boriquen       Iacana            Guamanomocon.
+By Oviedo         Iovana            Guamamona.
+Variations        Iocavaghama       Guamochyna.
+
+The explication of these names is not given; but they are identic with the
+gods of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary islands.--The first appears
+to be the JEHOVAH and YAO of the Orientals, and is evidently the HUNAKU or
+Supreme God of the _Mayas_. The second name means _Lord of the World_
+(_Guama-ocon_) and is a title.(65)
+
+3. _Event._ This last God made the World, the Heavens _Turei_, and the
+Earth before the terrestrial sun and moon; also the ZEMIS or angels, who
+are male and female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and intercessors
+with the great gods. In the dialects _Zemes_, _Chemes_, _Chemis_.
+
+All the ancestors are since called _Zemis_: their worship was spread
+through America, under various names, and forms: as well as in the east.
+They are the
+
+_Shemayim_ (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.
+_Shemsia_ of the Pehlavis of Persia.
+_Samana & Hamsa_ of the Hindus.
+_Shams_ of the Arabic.
+_Esmun_, _Saman_ of the old Irish.
+_Eshman_ (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.
+_Sumari_ of Thibet, _Chuman_ of Tartary.
+_Camus_, a synonym of Magi of Persia.
+_Shin_ of the Chinese.
+_Zamzumin_ ancient giants of Arabia.
+_Chamin & Zaones_ of Egypt.
+_Chama_ of the Phrygians.
+_Chamina_ of the Etruscans.
+_Zeones & Zanim_ of the Ammonians.
+_Zamones_ (blest) of the Lybians.
+_Lemes_, _Zanes_ and _Annas_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Chemin_, _Shemsho_, _Naemas_ and _Zamiel_ of Aram or Syria and Phenicia.
+            _Chemarim_ Priests.
+_Zin_, _Kami_ and _Kamona_ of Japan and Yedzo.
+
+While in America we find the _Chemim_ of the Carib women.
+
+_Tezmin_ of the Mayas.
+_Inama_ of the Apalachis.
+_Manito_ of the Linapis.
+
+_Camayos_ of the Peruvians.--Which are all identic in meaning _Angels_,
+_Spirits_ and their idols. This name changes elsewhere in sound: just like
+_Enzel_ in Teutonic, which has the import of _El_, _Aones_, and _Zemes_,
+is root of our _Angel_ now pronounced _Endjel_. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to be evident. They are not less in
+_Turei_ heaven, _Uran_, _Turan_ of the primitive nation &c.
+
+_4th Event._ Some of these ZEMIS became bad beings, and devils _Tuyra_,
+who send diseases, hurricanes (_Furacan_), earthquakes and thunders to
+desolate the earth and mankind.
+
+The names of _Tuyra_ for devil and evil has analogies throughout the
+earth. The most striking are
+
+_Out of America._
+
+_Zitura_ of Basks.
+_Guirati_ of Biscayans.
+_Vetura_ in Bali of Pallis.
+_Tororu_ of Nukahiva island.
+_Yarua_ of the Berber Atlantes.
+_Yurena_ of the Guanches Atlantes.
+_Daruj_, _Puyri_ of Zend.
+_Turug_ of Celts.
+_Tairi_ in Turkish.
+_Tahyri_ of Tahiti.
+_Fara_, _Wara_ of Japan.
+_Tarada_ of the Papuas.
+_Uritiram_ Synonym of Shiva.
+_Teripis_ of Oscans.
+_Tyranos_ of Greeks.
+
+_In America._
+
+_Yares_ of the _Tayronas_ the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.
+_Sura_ of Poyays.
+_Tziri_ of Poconchi.
+_Huraqui_, _Sura_ of Apalachi.
+_Tiviri_ of the Yaquis.
+_Kiuras_ of the Powhatans.
+_Tarahu_, of the Tarahumaras.
+_Prororu_ of Cumana, derived from _Pregonero_ another subsequent devil of
+            Hayti.
+
+By the change of R to L, we have the _Tulas_ and Atlantes of America.--_See
+Taraguva_ of 10th Event.
+
+_5th Event._ The good Zemis were appointed to make the earth and men, and
+to rule over both. _Guabanzex_, a female Zemis, made the air and water,
+and became the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+
+This will answer to the first period of the earth creation, when the water
+was above the land, and the _Rkio_ of Moses was divided. The name appears
+to mean _the windy_.(66)
+
+_6th Event._ The male Zemis JAIA (_Khaya_, the earth) made the earth and
+islands; he is the _Aion_ of Sanchoniation. Every land and island is
+animated. The island of Hayti was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of it was a long tail, called
+_Guaca-iarima_ (country of the Vent). The caves were the holes of the
+body, venerated and used afterwards as temples and tombs.
+
+This notion, and comparison of islands with turtles, recalls to mind the
+primitive turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis &c. _Jaia_ or _Kaya_
+for land has affinities all over the world and is a primitive word.(67)
+
+_7th Event._ JAIA afterwards had a son, who was called _Jaia-El_,
+_Higuera_, or _Hibuera_ earth-son gourd.
+
+This first man like Adam is son of the earth, and an EL or Angel, _Elohim_
+of the orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, family and tribe.
+It will often recur in subsequent history, in the singular for the plural.
+The plurals were _Eli_, _Ili_, _guaili_.--_Gua_ is only the article _This
+or Such_.(68)
+
+_8th Event._ The sun and moon called _Boiniael_ and _Maroio_ by Roman; but
+_Binthaitel_ and _Marohu_ by Dangleria and Ovieda, come out of the cave
+_Jovovava_: they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A cave with the same name
+was their temple in Hayti. Dangleria calls it _Iovana-boina_ Jove Solar.
+
+The exact time of this appearance is doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding to the sun being long obscured
+by the primitive misty atmosphere, another historical alluding to the
+solar and lunar dynasties of Asia or America. The meaning of _Jovo-vava_
+or _Kovo-vava_ is cave of fathers, both primitive names. The solar and
+lunar names have many analogies elsewhere, among which the chief are
+
+_Names of the Sun._
+
+_Oin_, _Oein_ of Arabs and Ethiopia.
+_Oboh_, _Baion_, old Egyptian.
+_Baon_, _Oan_ of Assyrians.
+_Ian_ of the Etruscans.
+_Belen_ of the Gauls.
+_Bun_ of the Zend.
+_Abolion_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Abloin_ of the Thessalians.
+_Nti�l�_ of the Illyrians.
+_Bian_ of the Ausonians.
+_Anactes_ of the Mysians.
+
+_Names of the Moon._
+
+_Yarho_ of the Syrians.
+_Aohri_ of the Tibus.
+
+_Warha_ of the Ethiopians.
+_Carara_ of the Etruscans.
+_Teoro_ of the Betoys, S. A.
+_Heriho_ of Canaan.
+_Humuri_ of Old Arabic.
+_Matuar�_ of Carthul, Caucasus.
+_Maraca_ of Guaramis, S. A.
+_Marama_ of Polynesia.
+_Kamar_ in Maroco.
+_Kamaria_ in Pehlvi.
+_Gumara_ in Nubian.
+
+Most of these synonyms and analogies are found in the most ancient
+languages: to which may be added that in the ancient Haikan language of
+Armenia, the sun and moon were called _Noah!_ and _Morante_, names also of
+Noah and his wife.
+
+_9th Event._ The female Zemis, _Coatris-quia_ makes the springs and
+streams to flow over the earth, and became their goddess.
+
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony, that of the irruption of
+subterranean waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior to Adam. The
+name of the Zemis is of doubtful meaning, probably _Coatris-quia_,
+hollow-quite. _Coa_ or _Cua_ was the name of ancient hollow temples all
+over America. _Quia_ is found in _Quisqueia_ oldest name of Hayti or the
+_great_ (land) _universal_.
+
+_10th Event._ _Taragava-el_ and _Corocora_ or _Epileguanita_, two male
+Zemis of the woods and hunters, made the trees and beasts. This includes
+probably two events anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+
+The meanings of these Zemis which might guide us, are quite doubtful.
+_Taraguva_ resembles _Tuyra_ and also _Turei_ heaven; but _Epileguanita_
+was probably the ancient god of the _Caracol_ or Beastly-men, since it was
+represented by a beast or quadruped; while all the other Zemis as men and
+women. _Ili-guanita_ would mean in Haytian _children of the people_.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications of the ancient
+hunters, or men of the woods with the beastly and savage men of early
+times. Roman calls the second _Corocore_, synonyme of _Caracara_.
+
+Part II. _Antidiluvian History and Flood._
+
+_11th Event._ JAIA-EL rebels against his father JAIA and wants to kill
+him; a warfare, in which _Jaia-El_ is killed by his father, who puts his
+bones into a gourd. _Higuera_, or _Hibuera_, and people the land of that
+name.
+
+This refers to the fall of man and the wars of the Titans. The name for
+bones is omitted, it would perhaps afford another clue. Many American
+nations venerate and animate bones. Dangleria says, that _Jaia_ peopled
+all the islands of the sea with these bones.
+
+_12th Event._ JAIA being childless marries _Itiba-Jatuvava_ from whom he
+has 4 twin sons called _Dimivan_, who became afterwards _Cara-cara-cols_
+or the great Cara-cols, the great beastly beings; but their mother dies at
+their birth.
+
+_Itiba_ means woman ancient and alludes perhaps to _Thibet_, refuge, or
+land of Noah. (_I_, is the article _the_). _Jatuvava_ perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac _Kati-uiua_ means the moon heavenly. The name
+of _Dimivan_ is remarkable, being identic with the _Demavends_ or
+antidiluvians of Persia, called _Dawand_ in the Zendavesta, the _Demoi_ or
+old people of the Pelasgians, the _Demons_ of many nations. The _Caras_
+and _Cols_ are found all over America and Asia.(69)
+
+_13th Event._ AHIACAVO (grand father) or _Baia-manicoel_ an ancestor of
+the _Dimivan_, forms the nation of CON-EL, at _Basamanaco_, and invents
+agriculture, with the art of making cakes and bread.
+
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather of mankind. CON-EL is certainly
+a personification, meaning the sons or Elohim of CON, who is the primitive
+Lybian Hercules KON or KHON; and is found in Peruvian history as the first
+legislator of Peru. The XONS or CONES were the oldest people of Spain and
+Italy, same as _X�ones_ of Greece. Their god was XON or _Konah_.
+_Basamanaco_ is inexplicable unless it alludes to the primitive
+antidiluvian _Manaco_ or _Manco_ of Peru. _Ba_ is dwelling, _Samana_ an
+island near Hayti.
+
+_14th Event._ The four brothers _Dimivan_ meeting a mute _Conel_, making
+bread, ask him for some; but he only gives them instead _Cogioba_ or
+_Cohiba_ which is tobacco: this happened at the door of Basamanaco. This
+fable indicates an intercourse of the Dimivans and the _Conels_ which are
+probably a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+
+_15th Event._ This refusal of bread was the cause of a quarrel and war, in
+which _Conel_ kills or destroys one of the brothers or tribes of _Dimivan
+Caracol_, but a turtle _Hicotea_ came out of his body, or an island thus
+called, as Hayti was. This _Conel_ conqueror was _Baia-mani-coel_, whose
+name means _Father of food celestial_; but _Baya_ is also the ocean.
+
+This indicates a great war, and probably alludes to that of the
+Atlantes.(70)
+
+_16th Event._ The _Dimivans_, probably in revenge, broke the gourd of
+JAIAEL (_Khayahel_); but a flood of waters issue from it and drowns the
+land.
+
+This deluge is called _Niquen_: there is no indication in Roman of the men
+who were destroyed, nor who were saved and how; but in Cuba was found a
+more ample tradition of the flood as follows.
+
+_17th Event._ Three Behiques or priests who come to Cuba later, taught
+them that the flood had been general, had broken the land; and that a good
+man had been saved in a big boat with his family. That many animals were
+also in the boat, a vulture and dove are mentioned.
+
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different words, and without native
+names. Some have supposed this account made out by the Spanish priests;
+but it appears to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas or Mayas in
+Cuba, being very similar to the Mexican accounts.
+
+_18th Event._ Another subsequent flood although omitted by Roman, is
+alluded to by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba were then cut
+asunder and separated from Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great islands, were divided by irruptions
+of the sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which in the Antilles broke
+the islands by volcanic explosions. It is impossible to say what events of
+the next period, may belong to the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian events appear to belong to a
+different country than the Antilles, which did not even then exist, at
+least in their actual state, and may properly be referred to the island
+Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. It was at this last cataclysm that the
+Antilles assumed their actual shape and number.
+
+Part III.--_Ancient History._
+
+_19th Event._ After the floods the men dwelt in caves on the mountain
+_Cauta_ in the land of _Caanau_ or _Caunana_ or _Caona_.
+
+The mountains of _Cauta_ must have been the refuge of men at one of the
+floods: they answer probably to the _Cuta_ of the Hindus, name given to
+many rocky lands and capes besides mountains. The _Ceuta_ mountain of
+Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of them, also called _Abyla_ from the
+_Cabyles_ or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a tradition that men were
+created on that mountain. _Cauta_ although unexplained is identic with
+_Icota_ turtle, _Ca-uta_ land raised. _Caona_ means golden.
+
+The land _Caanau_ of Roman, _Caunana_ of Dangleria, has been mistaken for
+the land of _Canaan_ by some writers: others deem it Florida. Both are
+wrong. The Haytians did not come from North America; but may have sent
+colonies there. They came from the east, South America and Africa, or the
+Atlantis. The name means land of Noah? (_Caa-Nau_, _Cau-Nana_). _Caunia_
+was the ancient name of Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians were
+Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which expelled by the Leleges, settled the
+Grecian islands, and Lybia part of which was called _Caani_. The _Anakim_
+of Syria giants dwelt in _Ca-anak_. The _Khaoni_ were the ancestors of
+Epirians and Illyrians. _Cauni_ was a mauritanian tribe.
+
+_20th Event._ The sun and moon are two great Zemis called _Binthaitel_
+(sun divine) and his wife _Marohu_ (moon), come out of the cave
+_Iovana-boina_ (Jehovah-Solar), and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+
+This historical event must be distinguished from the 8th. This refers to
+the solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It must be noticed that similar
+places were often shown in Hayti, as the same names had been applied by
+the subsequent settlers, even when the event had happened elsewhere. In
+this case, these solar caves were temples in Hayti, where the figures of
+the sun and moon were worshipped, and prayed to for rain; but Herrera says
+they had their hands bound, which indicates a conquest. Pilgrims went to
+those caves, from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land of the king
+_Mauziation-El_ (Roman) or _Machiunech_ (Dangleria); but whether these
+were former dynasties and kings or late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+
+_21st Event._ _Maroco-El_ (lunar son) called _Machocha-El_ by Dangleria,
+held the sway over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, and kept them
+confined to the caves.
+
+This indicates a lunar dominion over mankind somewhere, and a state of
+confinement: Perhaps in South America; in Peru caves are also the first
+dwellings of mankind.
+
+_22d Event._ The men were divided into double tribes or two nations, the
+principal or largest and of best men was called _Cazibagiaga_--R.
+_Cazibaxagua_--D. (Royal Xagua) and the smaller _Amaianaba_--R.
+_Amayauna_--D. (Mayas?), ruled by Cazics for kings.
+
+We have here two nations well indicated. The first the _Giaga_ or
+_Shaguas_, indicate the Lunar tribe, the _Chia_ of the Muyzcas, and other
+South American tribes _Achaguas_ of Oronoc, the _Chaguays_ or _Changas_ of
+Peru, _Agaches_ or _Agaiz_ or Paraguay; but above all the _Cacha_ or
+_Xauxa_ antidiluvian people of Peru. While in the second we trace again
+the Amazons or Atlantes, one of their main African tribes being the
+_Amantes_ of Solin, another the _Baniabas_ of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In
+America the progeny is found in the _Mayas_ of Yucatan, the _Maynas_ of
+East Peru, the _Mamayant_ of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c.
+
+The important name of Cazic for kings begins to appear: it is evidently
+oriental, and its affinities will be shown in a note.(71) It is akin also
+to _Kachi_ sun, in the Eyeri dialect: the _Washil_ of the Nachez.
+
+_23d Event._ MACHOCHA-EL was set by the sun to watch the caves, and many
+inhabitants of the caves were killed by the sun, if they came out in the
+day time; they could only come out at night to seek for food. (Dangleria)
+
+This either alludes to the great heat of the sun in Africa and the
+tropics, or to a dependance of the Lunar or Cave men upon the Solar men.
+_Machocha_ has some affinities in the South American tribes; _Machicuys_
+of Tucumen, _Machacalis_ of Brazil, _Chaehas_ of Perou, _Chanchones_ of
+Quixos &c.
+
+_24th Event._ Some men having dared to come in the day time, were changed
+into stones by the sun; (_Ziba_ is stone): also _Machokael_ for allowing
+it.
+
+This fable may allude to a war, between the _Zibas_ stony or strong men
+and the solar tribes. These _Zibas_ were probably the _Zipas_ or princes
+of the Muyzcas. In Perou there is also a fable of men changed to stones at
+the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, which merely means a war and change of
+dominion. The name of _Ziba_ for stone is primitive.--See the Note for
+affinities.(72)
+
+_25th Event._ Another set of men, going to the shores to fish, were
+changed into _Joboses_ (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the sun.
+
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these fables: although the Mexicans
+called the Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The analogies of _Jobos_ or
+_Kobos_ are found in _Coyba_ of Darien, Cuba or _Coaiba_, the _Mocobis_ of
+Chaco &c. Another war is probably meant by this, and the _Jobos_ are a
+people. Have they any reference with the _Jubas_ of Mauritania? who formed
+a divine and royal dynasty there. _Juba_ was also the Jove or God of the
+Lybians. Several nations of Central and Mexican America had trees for
+emblems.
+
+_26th Event._ The dynasty of _Giona_ or _Hi-Auna_ begins to rule over the
+men of Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+
+This family of rulers or Cazics became famous afterwards as we shall see,
+as leaders of tribes to America. We can easily perceive here the ancient
+Pelagian tribes of _Ionia_ and _Aones_. _Hi-Auna_ means _the-Aones_. It
+was this dynasty or people that sent colonies to America: Oviedo says this
+happened in the time of Hesper 12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems the settlers Hesperians or
+Cantabrians. The root is ONA solar name of Lybians.
+
+_27th Event._ VAGONIANA a ruler of the _Hi-Auna_, went fishing from the
+cave, and became a bird or nightingale; who crossed the sea, and settled
+the island _Mathinino_ (Martinico) with a people of women. _Dangleria_.
+His wife in the sea gives him two sons which became jewels _Ziba_ and
+_Guanin_ marble and metal.
+
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. Whenever we meet tribes of
+birds, in ancient history, they always mean travellers and colonies, and
+often passage over the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. The first
+ships of the Scandinavians and Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange in the Haytian language
+as in Greek; _Va-gon-iana_, thus means _Father-Solar-Iana_. His people are
+called women, because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon tribe. Martinico
+was the first island settled by them: it bears the name of _Matinino_ in
+Roman, and was thus called yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons and
+jewels.(73)
+
+_28th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA king of Caziba, sent _Jadruvaba_ out of the
+caves, to collect the holy herb _Digo_ in order to purify and wash the
+body; but he was changed by the sun into a singing bird _Giahuba-Bogiael_
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+
+We have here a second voyage by sea in a bird, and a contention with a
+solar people, caused by a trading voyage to procure some American
+commodity: Indigo probably which is identic with _Digo_. _Jadru-vaba_ or
+the father of _Khadru_, must be a new colonist. _Khadru_ has hardly any
+analogies in America; but _Giahuba_ in which he was changed has some. It
+appears analagous with the _Yaoy_ and _Shebaoy_ two _Aruac_ tribes of
+Guyana, and thus _Khadru_ might be the _Aruac_ themselves; same nation
+with the Haytians once, as the languages prove; although extending to
+Tucuman and Patagonia. The name of _Aruac_ or _Aruagas_ was inexplicable:
+it may refer to this origin, or to the _Rocou_ the red paint used by them.
+But _Aruac_ may also mean _Aluac_; akin to the _Labuyu_ of the Caribs
+their vassals, and the _Aluez_ vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east; here reduced to servitude by foes?
+
+_29th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA irritated that Jadru-vaba does not return,
+leaves the cave of _Caziba_ in search of him, and went with men and women
+to the island Matinino, where the women were left, while the men went to
+the land of _Guanin_.
+
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic, unless that of _Vagoniana_ only
+mentioned by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but they are likely to be
+successive tribes of Ionas. That all the women should be left in Martinico
+is a fable, meaning that the weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the American continent, called
+_Guanin_, which has several meanings, land of Guanas or lizard men, or
+land of metals. It became afterwards the name of a peculiar metal formed
+by the natural or artificial amalgam of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8
+copper: and a tribe assumed the name. _Guana_ or _Guanos_ was the name of
+a large nation of South America; perhaps come from the _Guans_ of the
+Canary islands; but slightly related to the Aruacs by the languages: yet
+perhaps akin: it was spread east of the Andes, between the two
+tropics.(74)
+
+_30th Event._ The children were left behind, because afraid to cross, and
+were crying after their mothers; but became changed into _Tona_ or
+opossums. Garcia says into _Toa_ or frogs.
+
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the small islands, nor in Africa. But
+they are plenty in South America, where the notion must have sprung. This
+fable and metamorphosis may imply a hidden meaning. The opossums are the
+only animals bearing their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. Could not
+this indicate other ships without sails, and thus no longer birds with
+wings?
+
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the root of _Nei-ton_ the Lybian
+neptunes or navigators. The twin TUN are the holy ancestors of the
+Chilians, _Tona-ca_ (flesh our) is the ancestor or Adam of some Mexican
+nations. The frogs were the emblem of the Muyzcas!
+
+_31st Event._ GUABONITO a woman follows _Guaga-Giona_ to the bigland of
+_Guanin_ by swimming. He is well pleased with it, and calls her his own
+_Biberozi_ (wife-loving): but as she was diseased he puts her apart in a
+_Guanara_, where she heals, and he makes her queen.
+
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of the woman is stated to be the
+syphilis! _Guabo-n'ito_ means fruit or Guava pear of man! The allegory
+implies another colony following _Guaga_, not by swimming; but with
+paddles or on rafts; probably a part of the lesser tribe of _Amaiuna_ or
+Amazons, so often called women in antiquity; although a powerful African
+people. All the women left in the islands might be of such a tribe, and
+since become the Mayas of Yucatan, Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+
+_32d Event._ ANACACUGIA (flower of Cacao) brother of this wife or ally of
+_Guaga_, runs away from him on the back of a manati or seal, and goes back
+to the women of Matinino.
+
+This implies a separation of tribes, one returning to the islands, where
+they probably formed the Cairi nation. The seal used for boats, is a third
+fable, found in Greece; boats are thus compared to birds, opossums and
+seals. Many American languages animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a _Manati_, or sea cow; real seals not being found in the Antilles.
+If the name was _Manati_, it has affinities with the _Ama-yuna_ or
+_Ama-Zons_ tribe. _Ma-ti-ni-no_ is in Haytian _great-mount-the-good_,
+while _Mana-ti_ is _moving mountain_. Has not _Anacacu_ a reference to the
+_Anakim_ of Asia, the _Cacus_ of Europe, and the _Tam-anacu_ of South
+America?
+
+_33d Event._ HI-AUNA father of _Guago-giona_ comes with his son to the
+land of Guanin, and being the grandfather of all the tribes, they receive
+the names of _Hi-auna_; which is afterwards changed to children of Guanin.
+_Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin_ (the-plural such-children such-Nin), and lastly the
+whole united nation is called _Guanini_.
+
+The Aones came then also to America, and there was a confederacy of the
+tribes. _Gua-gu_, _Gua-go_ and _Gua-ga_, may be 3 spellings of a same
+name; but they might also be three successive and distinct tribes of
+_Giona_. _Gua-bonito_ in one instance is made another lord or tribe,
+instead of a wife of _Guago_.
+
+_34th Event._ ALBEBORA and his son _Al-bebora-El_, were also Guanini lords
+or Cazics, who came with the _Giona_ tribe. This indicates again another
+nation. The name is remarkable, because it resembles _Albion_ and _Bora_,
+two primitive nations of the north, which settled England and the boreal
+regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the _Aboras_ and _Aboris_ of ancient Italy, the
+mountaineers since called _Abori-genes_ by the Greeks.
+
+_35th Event._ Another Guaga-giona II. or _Guaba-giona_ is mentioned
+afterwards, whose son became the _Guanini_ tribe.
+
+_Guaba_ means both _the father_ and _the Guava pear_. The succession of
+these _Gionas_ is very obscure; but many are probably omitted, and the
+whole poetical records allude to the most famous of the dynasty or nation.
+Guanini implies the Golden tribe.
+
+_36th Event._ The settlement of the Guaninis in Hayti was from Matinino
+and the east; being exiled from Matinino, they are led by _Camo_ who
+begins the kingdom of _Cabonao_ in Hayti; they settle on the river
+_Bahaboni_, where they built their houses, and afterwards the great temple
+of _Camotzia_. They gave to the island the name of _Quisqueia_ or great
+universe; but afterwards _Hayti_, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+
+This important event is best given with those details by Dangleria: while
+Roman appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. Yet _Quisqueia_ was
+more probably the first name given to South America, rather than to Hayti:
+another name for which was _Bohio_ or habitations. _Camo_ or _Guamo_ means
+lord or master, _Tzia_ is temple. The exile of the Guaninis from the
+islands, must allude to another revolution and perhaps invasion. This
+_Camo_, was probably the same as the _Cami_ or _Coma_ of Cuba in later
+time, _Comayagua_ of Honduras; which assimilate the first civilized
+Haytians with the tribes of Central America. It might have happened that
+these _Camos_ were _Mayas_ and the ancestors of the _Mayo-riexes_. The
+history of the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, will be connected
+with these annals hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+
+_37th Event._ Other exiles of Matinino settle at the island _Cabini_ now
+Turtle island; and near it on the north shore of Hayti, from whence they
+spread through the island, which is called _Bouhi_ or _Bohio_, meaning
+full of towns.
+
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House and town or habitation, are
+synonymous in Haytian.
+
+_38th Event._ They found some _Caracoles_ or _Taracolas_, crabs! or
+beastly men, dwelling in the island. The _Guaninis_ wanting women, took
+some Caracols beasts for wives, and made them suitable women, by washing
+them, and giving them to eat the fruit _Inriri Cahuvial_. This was done by
+a _Vagoniana_ II. These Caracols had then survived the flood or come
+before the Guaninis, the name of the fruit that made them women, if
+explained, might elucidate this event; but the signification was not
+given; another version will suggest other important analogies.(75)
+
+_39th Event._ These Caracols deprived of their women, took other female
+beasts for wives (another tribe) and from this union most of the Haytians
+descended, becoming _Anaborias_ or vassals of the Guaninis.
+
+_Anaboria_ means flower or lizard of labor! these might be descended from
+_Albebora_. This name for bondsmen, boors or laborers, was widely spread
+in America, and has affinities all over the world, even with the Latin
+labor.(76)
+
+_40th Event._ These first inhabitants of Hayti, fed on dates, bananas,
+cocos, fruits, nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: until taught
+the use of Cazabi or bread by _Boition_, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c.
+
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural indicating the tropical food of
+old times.
+
+_41st Event._ _Michetauri Guauana_, was the leader of the first colony to
+_Coaibai_ (death house) in the land of _Soraia_ (setting sun), and became
+the king of it. There the people are called _Goeiz_ (phantoms or ghosts)
+and go about by night; but are not dead people whose name is _Opia_.
+
+_Coaibai_ is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, or both. It became the
+paradise of the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further west, and a place of
+delight. The names and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate to those
+of the Greeks &c. about the fortunate islands of the west: those of the
+Orientals and Hebrews about the island _Elisha_, and the _Sheol_ or place
+of souls, the Hebrew Plutonic region. _Soraya_ for setting sun, is identic
+with _Surya_ of the Hindus: whence came _Syria_ the west, and even our
+word _sorrow_; while _Sol_ comes from Sheol. _Azil_ sun in Pelasgian, is
+akin to _Elisha_ whence our word Azylum! _Goeiz_ is akin to ghost, _Ghaib_
+in Syrian, _Coyocop_ of the Nachez, _Goz_ of the Vilelas. _Opi_ has
+affinities every where. _Michetauri_ is perhaps a synonym of _Machi-tuyra_
+great devil, _Guauana_ is such-Auna. Perhaps this fable alludes to an
+anterior event and the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.(77)
+
+_42d Event._ AUMATEX a great Cazic marries the female Zemi _Guabanzex_,
+goddess of waters and wind, and she has two sons _Guatauva_ and
+_Pregonero_, who become male Zemis.
+
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs to this time or to the
+cosmogony. I presume it is historical, alluding to new tribes, and perhaps
+foreign to Hayti. The names are difficult to explain, nor is it stated
+what these sons performed; but being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They are perhaps the ancestors of the
+Guataios and the Puruays?(78)
+
+_43d Event._ COROCORO the quadruped Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, _Guamorete_ and _Guatabanex_, who rule in Hayti.
+His temple was in _Sacaba_, and his high-priest was called
+_Cavava-Niovava_. Cave father and our father.
+
+This alludes to different tribes than the Guaninis: _Coro_ was a tribe in
+Cumana. Perhaps this is another version of the 10th Event, or a proper
+indication of the subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, when more
+civilized, and become the Mayorex.
+
+_44th Event._ Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. of the first _Bohito_ (old man),
+a priest and legislator, called _Boition_ by Dangleria, meaning both
+_Priest-solar_ and Old _Ion_: he introduces agriculture and the use of
+bread, divides the nation into 3 castes, _Tainos_, or nobles, _Bohitos_ or
+priests, _Anaborias_ or vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters and
+fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles the religion; establishing mysteries
+and oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many other institutions, holydays,
+festivals, religious dances, schools &c., declaring the land common to
+all, like the sun and water.
+
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized
+the people; but it is difficult to distinguish the deeds of each. They
+were probably priests leading more civilized colonies from the east or
+from America. Their name which is variously spelt or varies in dialects
+was also _Buhuti_, _Boitio_, _Bauti_, _Buhui_, _Boyeto_ &c., is akin to
+the _Boyez_, _Poyes_, _Piazes_, _Payes_ of South America, used by the
+Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, _Piaches_ of Tamanacs, _Bauti_ of
+Dabaiba, _Papas_ of Central America, _Bochica_ of Muyzcas; but the names
+of priests all over ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies(79)--and therefore they came from the east. The civilization and
+religion introduced or improved by them is also oriental; it was more
+advanced than we are aware; since they had ample fields and orchards,
+roads and canals, schools in which they taught history, religion, medicine
+and useful arts. Of their astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor of
+their hieroglyphs.
+
+_45th Event._ Bohito II. or _Buhui-tihu_ (old eminent) comes and improves
+still further the rites &c., becoming high-priest. He introduces
+medicines, charms, the use of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy herbs _Gueyo_ and _Zochen &c._
+
+This is all what can be collected on this second law-giver, and he is even
+blended with the next, except by name.
+
+_46th Event._ Bohito III. or _Baio-habao_ (sea-lyre) comes next,
+introducing music, sacred instruments called after him, and probably the
+rites of the triple named god of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: _Bugia_,
+_Aiba_ and _Bradama_: who became the Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+
+This god with three names is evidently Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India:
+found in Yucatan as _Izona_, _Echuah_ and _Bacab_. See my dissertation in
+Atlantic Journal, on similar names of triple God all over America and the
+east. It does not follow that this worship came direct from India; but it
+might come through the Pelagians, who had it as _Bram_, _Amen_ and _Vix_,
+inverted among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same about a god creator
+preserver and destroyer was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, Egypt,
+Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+
+_47th Event._ Happy state of this civilized people, hardly knowing war,
+passing the time in festivals, dancing, singing and making love: whence
+called the Fortunate islands, by the navigators that happened to go so
+far. They dwelt in wooden houses and had towns of 1000 houses.--Herrera.
+
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic sources of ancient history,
+and the ancient traditions of Europe about the happy land of the west,
+Elisha or Elysium, Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: besides the
+happy state in which Hayti was found.--See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America, and the great Atlantis: the most
+explicit is found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+
+_48th Event._ The Phenicians driven by a storm, while going from Gades to
+Africa, discover the large island ATLANTIS, many days in the ocean west of
+Lybia. It was very fruitful, with mountains, large plains and navigable
+rivers; with many woods and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful; it is a residence fit for gods:
+the inhabitants are a strong and healthful people; they have many towns,
+with stately buildings, houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.--Diod.
+Book V.
+
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered so far as to deem this island
+Madeira or the Canaries; which are small islands, without streams, and the
+first without inhabitants. It can only apply to Hayti, or even the
+continent of South America.
+
+_49th Event._ _A black people_ came to Hayti from the south or south-east,
+who had darts of Guanin metal, and were called the Black Guaninis.
+
+This tradition preserved by Herrera, Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a
+colony of _Negroes_ or men painting black, from South America. They might
+be the black Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, or some other
+American Negro nation, of which there are many.--See my account of ancient
+Black Nations of America. Dangleria mentions two wild tribes of savages in
+Hayti towards 1500, one speechless! (which means they spoke a different
+language) probably a remain of the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana of Guacarima.
+
+_50th Event._ Navigations of the Haytians and Cubans, settlements of the
+Lucayas islands, Jamaica, and probably some parts of Florida: mutual trade
+with Cuba and the continent.
+
+These colonial and trading voyages must have begun long before and have
+been continual. Columbus met individuals in Cuba who had visited Hayti,
+Jamaica and Yamaya, the Maya land or Yucatan. _Yucayas_ or Lucayans knew
+Cuba, Hayti and Florida, which was called _Cautio_ says Fulgar, quoted by
+Cardenas, who deems the Antilles peopled from hence, blending it with
+_Cauta_ the original seat of the Haytians. South America was once called
+_Guanin_, afterwards _Caribana_ when it was overspread by the Carib
+tribes. The Nachez appear to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas knew Hayti
+and called it _Atsi_.
+
+_51st Event._ The _Canibas_ (whence our Canibals) or the _Caribas_,
+(whence our Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding on human flesh,
+begin to spread to Guyana and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and colonies to the peaceful islands of the
+Antilles, and even to Florida.
+
+The Caribas evidently descended from the Galibis, and other akin nations
+of South America, did not originate in North America, as supposed by
+Bridgstock and a few others. Laborde who spent 20 years with them, and
+knew well their language, has published some of their traditions in 1704.
+_Lon-quo_ was their original god, who made _Racumon_ their chief or leader
+to America, who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, Cabatos-trees and
+birds. The true name of the nation was _Cali_, those of the main were
+_Cali-nago_ or _Calibis_, of the islands _Cali-ponam_. Rochefort &c.--See
+my Carib Traditions.
+
+_52d Event._ The Calibis of Guyana after long wars with _Alouague_ the
+kings of the _Aruacas_, send the general _Timani_ to conquer the Aruacas
+Islanders, _Cahiris_, _Eyeris_ &c. who leads the tribe of _Labouyous_
+(vassals) and conquer several islands, killing the men and keeping the
+women.--Rochefort &c.
+
+The period of this invasion is unknown; those who bring the Caribs from
+North America, make it much later of course; but it is likely to be an old
+event: although several invasions are probably meant and blended. The
+_Timanis_ and _Labouyous_ must have effected this. They adopted many
+customs and partly the religion of the conquered women. The following
+tradition belongs probably to the conquered Eyeris.
+
+_53d Event._ Once when living wretched and on the spontaneous fruits of
+the earth, _Oubek-Eyeri_ (heaven man) a holy man drest all in white
+cotton, comes from heaven (_Oubek_ above). He first appears to a desolate
+old man _Boyez_, and teach him to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &c.
+
+This must have been a priest or bohito of Hayti, who tried to civilize the
+Caribs: unless it refers to anterior traditions. He taught religion also,
+that good men would go after death to the happy islands of the west, and
+become _Chemin_ or _Icheiri_ Zemis; while bad men should become _Oumekoua_
+wanderers at sea, and _Mabouyas_ devils.
+
+_54th Event._ The Caribas in search of these fortunate islands go to Hayti
+and Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, where they extended
+inland, becoming the tribes of _Cofachi_, _Matica_ and _Amana_. They dwell
+there a long while often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer them and
+incorporate at last.
+
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars with the Apalachis; the details
+belong to the history of North America and the nations of Florida.
+
+_55th Event._ Some expelled Caribs hearing by traders of Zigateo, steal
+some canos and run away to this island, one of the Lucayas; well received;
+but sent to Ayay (Santa Cruz) desert island, where they settle and
+increase. This happened towards 1150 of our era.
+
+This positive fact begins the certain chronology of the Antilles; but
+Brigstock is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, the ancestors of all
+the Carib and Galibis tribes as far as Brazil.
+
+_56th Event._ Civil wars in Hayti, attempt of some kings to become
+independent from the _Bohitos_ government. The Cazic _Guamaretus_ despise
+his god or Zemi _Corochotum_, for which he is overcome in battle and his
+palace burnt. Dangleria.
+
+This indicates probably a revolution, and attempt to overthrow the ancient
+religion, perhaps before 1150.
+
+_57th Event._ CAZI-BAQUEL restores peace, and the worship of the great God
+_Jocavaghama_, with the Zemi _Tarugavael_ found in the woods. Meantime the
+god JOCAVA prophecies by an oracle that the _Maguacochios_ (great people
+clothed) would come, with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave the
+rebellious Haytians. This was understood to apply to the Caribs, and
+Spaniards afterwards.(80)
+
+_58th Event._ This great king BAQUEL, begins a dynasty, and has many
+successors _Gamanacoel_, _Guarionel_, _Guayaronel_, _Guavanenechin_,
+_Guavavo-conel_, _Caramarex_, _Guaramatex &c._, who are the chief kings of
+Hayti. _Guarionex_ was his successor when the Spaniards came.
+
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been kings or cazics from time immemorial
+in the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, 180 miles long and 30 broad,
+running from east to west; having from east to west the provinces
+Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs through
+it, which is probably the same as Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of the feodal system of Cazics and
+Tainos established in Hayti. All the other kings bearing them allegiance:
+and their dialect was the court language.
+
+_59th Event._ The island becomes divided into 5 principal kingdoms, with
+many provinces each having a Cazic. They were 1. _Caizimu_ in the east
+with 11 provinces, Higuey was the first of them, 2. _Bainoa_ in the
+centre, the largest of all, belonging to the _Baquel_ dynasty, with 24
+provinces, Maguana being the first of them, 3. _Guacarima_, the west end,
+with 12 provinces, Xaragua being the main, 4. _Hubaba_, a small kingdom
+with 3 provinces in the south mountains, 5. _Cotoy_ or _Cayabo_ in the
+mountains of the north, held by the _Mayoriex_ people, with 7 provinces,
+and the mountains Zibao.
+
+Dangleria gives the names of all these provinces, but he has omitted the
+kingdom of _Marien_ in the north-west, he makes it only a province of
+Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix and Munoz have given maps of old Hayti, with the
+situations of many, the rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; see
+my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+
+_60th Event._ Meantime Cuba was also divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. _Mayzi_
+or _Maiti_ opposite Hayti, 2. _Bayamo_ west of it, 3. _Cueyba_ in the
+centre, whence the name of _Cuba_, probably the head kingdom, 4.
+_Camayegua_ or _Camaguey_ inhabited by a different people, famous tribe,
+probably _Comayaguas_ of Honduras, or Olmecas, 5. _Xagua_ near the middle,
+6. _Macaca_ in the south opposite Jamaica, 7. _Haniguanica_ at the west
+end where are the high mountains _Uhima_.
+
+_61st Event._ The island of Jamaica was divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen
+also Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, formed one, but had 26
+Cazics in as many valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo being desert. The
+_Yucayas_ (white islands) now Bahama, were numberless, the largest being
+Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, Abaco
+&c. The Cazics were much respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor was in common and the daily food
+given from the public stores. Some islands were at war; but only used
+sticks in their quarrels. Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, the
+great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+
+_62d Event._ The Caribas of Ayay having multiplied, spread again over the
+eastern islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; but meeting their ancient
+tribes in _Curucueria_ now Guadeloupe: it becomes their chief island:
+whence they send war parties to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; and
+occupy _Galana_ now Marigalante, _Matinino_ or _Madinino_ now Martinique,
+_Liamaca_ now Antigua, _Liamuiga_ St. Christopher, _Bayaraco_ St. Vincent,
+_Bequia_ Grenada &c. called collectively _Caliaqua_ the islands of the
+Calibis.
+
+_63d Event._ They molest the shores of Boriquen, where they are always
+repulsed, but often steal men and children to eat them.
+
+_64th Event._ They assail the shores of Hayti, where they are much feared;
+signals by smoke are made when they appear. In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern
+regions of the island, the Haytians become warlike to defend themselves,
+and use poisoned arrows as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used only
+darts, lances and macanas, peculiar wooden swords.
+
+_65th Event._ The Caribs went as far as the shores of Cuba, and desolated
+the south shores: the Cubans removing their towns inland. They were called
+Canibas and Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement at Baracoa to the
+south-east.
+
+_66th Event._ They were repulsed in their attempt against the warlike
+Jamaicans who used arrows; they do not appear to have molested the
+Yucayans, owing to their former alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+
+These events are chiefly collected from Columbus' own account, and
+personal narratives of his travels, with other retrospective hints by the
+Spanish writers. They will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+
+_67th Event._ The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at
+least two millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in Cuba; 100,000 in
+Boriquen; 60,000 in Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides the unknown
+Carib population.
+
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish arrival: others have swelled
+it to 6 millions, including all the West Indies. Las-Casas states that the
+Lucayas had 500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+
+_68th Event._ The domestic animals of these islands, were among beasts,
+Alco dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari hogs and manatis: turtles
+and guanas among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, fowls, ducks and
+red cranes among birds: remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos or fire
+flies used for lamps among insects.
+
+Such were found either in one or all the islands; which were not therefore
+destitute of domestic animals, as commonly believed. Columbus found tame
+fowls at Cuba in 1492; which were probably the Powis fowls.
+
+_69th Event._ Beroica was king of Jamaica (about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica and _Abem-beroica_, meaning
+Beroica II., Beroica III.
+
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the
+east, and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+
+_70th Event._ The island Puta or Cahiri now Trinidad at the furthest east
+end of the Antilles was still inhabited by several Aruac tribes, Cahiris,
+Yaoy &c. which resisted the inroads of their constant foes the Galibis and
+Caribas.
+
+_71st Event._ Between 1450 and 1480 Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+
+_72d Event._ Cayacoa was king of Caizimu and Higuey in the east from about
+1460 to 1494 when he died.
+
+_73d Event._ About 1470 some Caribs settle in Samana, the east peninsula
+of Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo and Manicatex, form themselves
+a small kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, Mayo-banex their king
+admits them as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, Dahabon, Zibaho and
+Manababo. He was so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana the Venus
+of Hayti, sister of the king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon after.(81)
+
+_74th Event._ About 1475, Behechio is king of Guacarima in the west, till
+1500. His capital was Xaragua. He became a conqueror of several provinces,
+as far as Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal Cazics, and 30 wives,
+his favorite queen was Guanahata.
+
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, and says that as usual with
+great kings, he received many titles, being called Shining Copper, Bright
+Highness, and Rich Flood. These titles were really
+
+_Tureigua hobin_, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.
+_Siarei-huibo_, Star-bright Highness.
+_Duyh-zinequen_, Wealthy in Streams.
+
+_75th Event._ In 1480 Guarionex succeeds Guaramatex as the greatest king
+of Hayti.
+
+_76th Event._ In 1486 the Cubans send a colony to Florida, in search of a
+river and spring restoring to youth; they visit the _Pola_ islands, now
+Martyrs or Florida keys, the _Colas_ nation of South Florida, and settle
+the town of Abaiba near the cape of Florida.--Herrera.(82)
+
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge of Florida. The _Colas_ are
+perhaps descendants of the ancient Cara-_Cols_ of Hayti: they dwelt in
+Florida till 1760, when they removed to Cuba.
+
+_77th Event._ In 1490 and previous to it, war in Cuba between the kingdom
+of Cuba or Colba, and Cavilla king of the _Cami_ nation, in the country of
+Bafan, whose capital was Fava.--_Columbus' Narrative._
+
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492. The _Cami_ are the same as the
+Cama-yegua, the foreign people of Cuba.(83)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+    THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the
+    dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,
+    Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._
+
+
+At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of
+this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical
+traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish
+discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves
+were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we
+have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation
+has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+
+However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies
+have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some
+of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the
+quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia,
+Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but
+three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and
+unavailable.
+
+I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and
+thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample
+enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the
+Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to
+Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight
+dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+
+But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South
+America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the
+many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or
+relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or
+_Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and
+these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught
+it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the
+women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will
+enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet
+in America, with a peculiar female idiom.
+
+The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had
+gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas,
+will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many
+homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.
+
+From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had
+received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya
+and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The
+same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in
+Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian
+and Gothic tribes.
+
+The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by
+me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one
+American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real
+origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American
+language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words
+than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American
+languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false
+views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.
+
+But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important
+and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the
+languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each
+other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may
+indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also
+similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of
+American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a
+language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never
+ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.
+
+This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid
+philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated
+hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.
+
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.
+
+1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable
+words 4 alike in Haytian--Boat, house, no, drink--Mutual affinity only 21
+per cent. No parentage.
+
+2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with
+Haytian--Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+
+3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32
+comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant
+connection.
+
+4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words
+comparable, 6 akin,--one, water, man, king, mother, river--Mutual analogies
+50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less
+remote.
+
+5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in
+all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer
+more or less analogies!--Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near
+connection.
+
+_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of
+languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic
+L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese,
+Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.
+
+In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the
+_Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to
+the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet
+they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American
+settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the
+vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the
+_Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with
+the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_,
+_Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_,
+_Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.
+
+Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of
+South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were
+much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.
+
+The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other
+American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above
+all the connection with the American Pelagians.
+
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting
+language, and first its phonology.
+
+It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks
+the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards,
+and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt
+whether it had the Celtic and French � (unless it be y) Hebrew and English
+SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.--It
+had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the
+Spanish LL, GN or �, and TZ.
+
+It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing
+to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.--It had no nasal sounds as in
+Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI
+&c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft,
+pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the
+accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.
+
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is
+quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord's Prayer_ in it, so
+as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of
+Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of
+it.
+
+One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a
+peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It
+was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_,
+_those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative
+_The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely
+various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N', ZI, LI
+&c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been
+comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The
+relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.
+
+Examples of Articles.
+
+_Gua-yava_ This pear.
+_Gua-ma_ This great, or lord.
+_Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers.
+_Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such.
+_Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean.
+_I-Guana_ The guana or lizard.
+_Ni-taino_ The good or noble.
+_Mi-taino_ My noble lord.
+_Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect.
+_Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children.
+_Ziba o_ Stone like, stony.
+_A-na_ Of bloom, a flower.
+_A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal.
+_A-maca_ Of wood, a bed.
+_A-ma_ Of great, water.
+_A-reiti_ Of rite, song.
+
+These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not
+perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan,
+and Greek, than the Latin.
+
+The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.--_Taino_,
+_Taina_, Lord, Lady--_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been
+irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N,
+U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.
+
+Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the
+Oriental language.--_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_
+habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake,
+_Xauxau_ bread or large cake.
+
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but
+there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_,
+_hitos_ man, men.
+
+EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.
+
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men;
+_Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.
+
+The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two
+forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the
+regular as in Latin.
+
+Examples of regular position.
+
+_Hay-ti_ Land-high.
+_Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold.
+_Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.
+
+Examples of inverse positions.
+
+_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest.
+_Jaya-el_ Earth-son.
+_N'abor-itas_ The working men.
+
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O
+added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.
+
+_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.
+
+_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.
+
+The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very
+old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.
+
+Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.
+
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+
+MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?
+
+TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.
+
+LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
+
+NI, N' Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.
+
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions
+alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive.
+They were often dispensed with as in Italian.
+
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to
+be_, it was quite irregular as with us.
+
+_Ei_ To be--_Tei_ be thou--_Bei_ being.
+_Beira_ a being--_Dacha_ I am.
+_El_ he is--_Zi_ it is, this is.
+
+In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar
+to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.
+
+This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is,
+may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.
+
+We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is
+_Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n'importe_, in Italian _non
+curo_.
+
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I
+have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.
+
+1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian.
+_tocheta_ much. _molto._
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._
+
+2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It.
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_macabuca_ not care. _non curo._
+
+3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It.
+_Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._
+_dacha_ I am. _Sono._
+
+This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many
+transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean
+
+1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.
+2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.
+3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.
+
+The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only
+collect the following secondary numbers--_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_
+third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration:
+although the language had probably the decimals.
+
+By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be
+thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in
+American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long
+words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian
+thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the
+primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic
+import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and
+relative position.
+
+By these means the following essential roots of the language have been
+collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American
+languages.
+
+Examples of composition.
+
+_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life.
+_Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent.
+_Turei_ Heaven. _T'ur-ei_ Thou-light-be.
+_Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now)
+_Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent.
+_Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active.
+_Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.
+
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.
+
+A, Of, as, like.
+AC, Holy, sacred, religious.
+AM, Water, root, plenty.
+AN, Male thing, man, people, folk.
+AT, One, alone, first, unic.
+BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling.
+BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea.
+BAN, Wind, air.
+BAO, Music, lyre, instrument.
+BAT, Beating, game, play, ball.
+BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next.
+BI, Life, wife, mother.
+BOA, Habitation, house.
+BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service.
+CA, Land, soil, earth, dry.
+CAN, Fish, swift, bad.
+CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.
+CHON, Hot, dry, fever.
+CHUC, Take, grasp, hold.
+CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.
+COAI, Joy, delight, happiness.
+CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.
+CUS, Worm, creeping.
+DI, Day, now, actual.
+DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.
+EI, Existence, to be.
+EL, Son, tribe, child, he is.
+FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.
+GIA, Fowl, bird, flying.
+GUA, Such, this, that, these, those.
+GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed.
+HA, Yes, sure, certain.
+HI, The, indication, here.
+HIO, House, hut, cottage.
+HUIB, Head.
+I, The, sign of life and action.
+IO, God, the living-type.
+IT, Man, male.
+IN, Woman, female.
+IZ, Eyes, looks.
+L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.
+MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.
+MAS, Food, to eat &c.
+MI, M', Me, my, mine.
+NA, Thing, bloom, lizard.
+NI, N', The thing, my thing.
+NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble.
+O, Like, similar, akin.
+OB, Copper, yellow.
+OP, Dead.
+PU, Wood, purple.
+RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring.
+RIS, Red.
+RO, Love, belove.
+RI, Male, people, men.
+SOR, West, Eve, late, far.
+TOA, Breast, milk.
+TI, High, lofty, eminent.
+TAB, Tube, pipe.
+TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good.
+TOC, Rest, peace, quiet.
+UA, Old, ancient.
+UR, Light.
+UT, Rabbits.
+VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin.
+VAR, War, warrior.
+XAU, Cake, baked, bread.
+XI, Strong, pungent, pepper.
+YAR, End, tail, vent.
+YU, White, bright.
+ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty.
+ZEM, Angels, deities, idols.
+ZIB, Stone, rock.
+ZIC, King, ruler.
+
+Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a
+western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic
+_Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the
+Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.
+
+The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not
+been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors
+of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this
+nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such
+remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall
+disclose.
+
+Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly
+comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer
+comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the
+Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of
+them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe,
+keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany,
+patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared,
+since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have
+besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey,
+tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.
+
+Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages
+often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find
+analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati
+&c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.--Even the words manati,
+hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+
+_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._
+
+_Authorities_,--R. Roman--C. Columbus--D. Dangleria,--Ac. Acosta,--Her.
+Herrera,--M. Munoz,--L. Las-Casas,--O. Oviedo,--G. Garcia or Gili,--E.
+Edwards,--H. Humboldt,--V. Vater,--A. all or nearly all of
+them,--Laet,--Diaz,--St. Mery,--Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+
+All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.
+
+
+    Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_
+    Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.--_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.
+
+
+Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.
+
+Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.--
+
+
+    _Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_
+    Egyptian Dialects.--_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_
+    Linapi.
+
+
+Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA,
+_Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._--
+
+
+    _Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_
+    Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.
+
+
+Angry ZYNATO D.--
+
+
+    _Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_
+    Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.
+
+
+Am, I am DACHA D.--
+
+
+    _Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.--_Naca_ Maipuri,
+    _Ehaca_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.--_Nux_ Latin.
+
+Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.--_Agave_ Greek.
+
+Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.
+
+Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.
+
+Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.
+
+Apart, aside, the side NARA R.--_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.
+
+Armadillo ATATU E.
+
+Army GUARAVARA G., see War.
+
+Air, see Wind.
+
+Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.
+
+Breast and milk TOA R--primitive word found in all languages,--
+
+
+    _Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_
+    (milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.
+
+
+Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.--
+
+
+    Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_
+    Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan,
+    _Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_
+    Greek &c.--_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado,
+    _Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.
+
+
+Be, to be, TEI, EI D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan,
+    _Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt
+    &c.--_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.
+
+
+Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.--primitive, same roots,
+
+Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._--
+
+
+    Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset,
+    _Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_,
+    _Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_
+    Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic,
+    _Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic
+    &c.--_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_
+    Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.
+
+
+Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.--
+
+
+    Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_
+    Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_
+    Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_
+    Pelagic &c.--_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.
+
+
+Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.--
+
+
+    _Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_
+    Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt--_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi,
+    _Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.
+
+
+Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.--_Cyanus_ Greek,
+_Chuanta_ Abask.
+
+Beer, CHICHA A.--
+
+
+    _Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask,
+    _Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine)
+    Aramic--_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi,
+    _Huicu_ Galibis &c.
+
+
+Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.--
+
+
+    _Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and
+    Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian,
+    _Amuri_ Sicilian.
+
+
+Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.--
+
+
+    _Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_
+    old English--_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.
+
+
+Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.--
+
+
+    _Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_
+    Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese,
+    _Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.
+
+
+Basket, HAVA G.--Primitive, see Cave.
+
+Bright, TUREIGNA D.--see Light.
+
+Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.
+
+Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.--_Paquiano_ Sicily.
+
+Brother, GUATIAO Her.--_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.
+
+Blood, MOINALU Ey.--
+
+
+    _Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_
+    Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_
+    Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.
+
+
+Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.--
+
+
+    _Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_
+    Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_
+    Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_
+    African Atlantic--_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru,
+    _Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.
+
+
+Cold, YMIZUI R.--_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.
+
+Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.--
+
+
+    _Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old
+    Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and
+    Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton
+    ... Primitive.
+
+
+Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.--_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit
+language,
+
+_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.
+
+Cloth, see dress.
+
+Club, see sword.
+
+Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.--_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek,
+_Cupreus_ Latin.
+
+Careless, I don't care, MACABUCA D.--_Bucanaco_ Congo.
+
+Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.--_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_
+Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.
+
+Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.--Primitive, analogies already given
+in annals.
+
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.
+
+Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.
+
+Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.
+
+Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.
+
+Cedar, CAUVANA G.
+
+Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.
+
+Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.--Primitive, same name in Maya,
+Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.
+
+Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.
+
+Cane, YARUMA, Her.
+
+Crabs, _Taracolas_.--_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.
+
+Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.--
+
+
+    _Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_
+    Slavonian--_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.
+
+
+Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G.,
+_Batocos_ G.--
+
+
+    _Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_,
+    _Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_
+    (song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay--_Yaravis_
+    Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.
+
+
+Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)--
+
+
+    _Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of
+    Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_
+    Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish,
+    _Cho_ Siam--_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule,
+    _Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Day, DI--Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.
+
+Daughter, RAHEN Ey.--
+
+
+    _Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic--_Ninah_
+    Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.
+
+
+Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.--
+
+
+    _Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin,
+    _Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans--_Pitini_,
+    _Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_
+    Ottawa.
+
+
+Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.
+
+Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.
+
+Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c.
+A.--Primitive, see Annals.
+
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.--
+
+
+    _Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka,
+    _Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_
+    Nepal--_Micuni_ Peruvian.
+
+
+End, tail, YARIMA D.--
+
+
+    _Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan,
+    _Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic--_Yara_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.--_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.
+
+Eyes, IZI, O.--Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_
+English, _Iz_ Oriental language--_Cosi_ Cahiri.
+
+Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.--
+
+
+    _Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar,
+    Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin,
+    _Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish--_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas,
+    _Tzallan_ Huasteca.
+
+
+Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.--_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic
+Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.
+
+Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.--_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_
+Pelagic.
+
+Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.
+
+Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.--Primitive, found in 500
+languages.--
+
+
+    _Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_
+    Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac
+    and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_
+    Jolof.--_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui,
+    _Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_
+    Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri,
+    _Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+
+
+Frolic, Intoxication.--_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.
+
+Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.--
+
+
+    _Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua
+    and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva,
+    _Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,--_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora,
+    _Makach_ Nachez.
+
+
+Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.--
+
+
+    _Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_
+    Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_
+    Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.--_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_
+    Lul�, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili,
+    _Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.
+
+
+Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in
+Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.
+
+Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_
+    Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian,
+    _Nemico_ Italian.
+
+
+Flower, Blossom, ANA A.--
+
+
+    _Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_
+    Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.
+
+
+Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.--Derived from Flower.
+
+Fruitful Co.--_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.
+
+Fever, see heat.
+
+Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.
+
+God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the
+Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words:
+additional analogies.--
+
+
+    _Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_
+    Latin,--_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of
+    Basks--_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu,
+    _Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_
+    Guanch, &c.--_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_
+    Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages,
+    _Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.
+
+
+Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.--Primitive, akin to all old
+Languages,
+
+
+    --_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit
+    Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali,
+    _Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish,
+    _Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_
+    Japan.--_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_
+    Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.
+
+
+Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.--
+
+
+    _Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,--_Veragua_ Chontal.
+
+
+Gold. CAONA, CAUNI--
+
+
+    _Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding,
+    _Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.
+
+
+Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.--
+
+
+    _Odebo_ Greek, _Am�ular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr,
+    _Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,--_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_
+    Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.
+
+
+Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.--
+
+
+    _Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.
+
+
+Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--
+
+
+    _Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_,
+    _mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.
+
+
+Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.-- _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof,
+_Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.
+
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.--
+
+
+    _Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_
+    Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic,
+    _Noali_ Armoric,--_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.
+
+
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_
+    Slavic--_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.
+
+
+Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.
+
+Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.
+
+Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.
+
+Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.
+
+House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D.
+Primitive.--
+
+
+    _Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_
+    Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet,
+    _Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_
+    Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese,
+    _Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English--_Bohio_
+    Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi,
+    _Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quich�, _Uya_ Lul�, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_
+    Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.--
+
+
+    _Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_
+    Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_
+    Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan--_Uma_ Peruvian, _Ch�m�_ Quich�, _China_
+    Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.
+
+
+Heliconia. BIHAO.
+
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car,
+Huibo, Uta_--
+
+
+    _Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic,
+    L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_
+    Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.--_Iba_ Apalachi,
+    _Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.
+
+
+Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_
+(West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_
+    Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_
+    Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit,
+    _Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_
+    Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.--_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya,
+    _Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_
+    Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi,
+    _Pacha_ Aymara.
+
+
+Heart and Soul. NANICHI--
+
+
+    _Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_
+    Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Am�_
+    Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,--_Kaueshin_ Aleutian,
+    _Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_
+    Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura,
+    _Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.
+
+
+Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.--
+
+
+    _Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga,
+    _Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old
+    Egypt,--_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora,
+    _Hualic_ Huazteca.
+
+
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.--
+
+
+    _Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian,
+    _Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,--_Achi_ Chili.
+
+
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.
+
+
+    --_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_
+    Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_
+    Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,--_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari,
+    _Nigda_ Mbaya.
+
+
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+
+Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.
+
+Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.--_Trou_, _Creux_ French.
+
+Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.
+
+Insect. See Little.
+
+Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All--see Earth and Land.
+
+Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_
+holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.
+
+Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.--other title of God,
+compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in
+divine names of Lybia, &c.
+
+In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.
+
+Indigo, DIGO R.
+
+Is, it is, this is. ZI--primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.--He
+is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.
+
+King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various
+spellings.--See the Annals.
+
+Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.--_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_
+Malay.
+
+Life. BI G.--Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_
+French.
+
+Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,--_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo,
+_Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,--_Iuganas_ Cumana,
+_Leguan_ Aruwak.
+
+Labor. BORIA.
+
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.
+
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_
+    Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,--_Piqua_ Peru,
+    _Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.
+
+
+Land. See Earth.
+
+Lord. See Noble.
+
+Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.
+
+Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.
+
+Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots
+IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in
+
+
+    _Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_
+    Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_
+    Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_
+    Cumanche, &c.--
+
+    RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_
+    Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian,
+    _Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.--
+
+    AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_
+    Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_
+    Gaunch,--_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.
+
+
+Mother. MAMA D.--Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask
+and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in
+Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages--In America quite common also,
+least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy,
+Omagua and Peru.
+
+Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+
+Much, Many. TOCHETA D.--_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_
+Persian, _Totus_ Latin.--_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_
+Brazilian.
+
+Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.
+
+Millet. PANYCKE D.--_Panicum_ Latin.
+
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_,
+_Zibao_, _Hayti_.--
+
+
+    _Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French,
+    _Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_
+    Copt,--_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru,
+    _Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya,
+    &c.
+
+
+Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.--
+
+
+    _Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali,
+    _Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.--_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca,
+    _Tupan_ Guarani.
+
+
+Me, I, my, mine, myself--NI, N', MI, M'.--Primitive, found in all the
+European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated--
+
+
+    _Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_
+    Japan,--_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_
+    Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_
+    Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.
+
+
+Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.--_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_
+Jolof,--_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.
+
+Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.--_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.
+
+Mosquito. JEJEN D.--_Zinzara_ Toscan.
+
+Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.--_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek,
+_Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.
+
+Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.
+
+Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.
+
+Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.
+
+Moving. MANA. See Grammar.
+
+Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.
+
+Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.
+
+Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.
+
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_,
+_Mitaino_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_
+    Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_
+    (fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_
+    Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_,
+    _Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,--_Toani_ Mexican,
+    _Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_
+    Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.
+
+
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.--
+
+
+    _Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_
+    Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_
+    Copt,--_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_
+    Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.
+
+
+Nuts. _Zibayos_ D--Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.
+
+Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.--_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.
+
+One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.--Primitive, found in 200
+Languages.
+
+
+    _Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_
+    Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_
+    Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.--_Ata_ Muyzcas,
+    _Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_
+    Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.
+
+
+Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.--_Holbo_
+Copt,--_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.--Very old Uaua as in Mexican.
+
+Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.--_Ain�_ French.
+
+Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.--
+
+
+    _Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian,
+    _Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and
+    Javan.
+
+
+Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_
+Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.
+
+Opossum. TONA R.
+
+Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.
+
+Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.--_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the
+root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+
+Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.--_Phasianus_ Latin.
+
+Palace. CANEI H. See House.
+
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.--_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old
+Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.
+
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.--_Ac_ is a
+primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_
+Greek,--_Axi_ Cumana.
+
+Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_,
+_Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects.
+See the Annals and Notes.
+
+Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.
+
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+
+Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi,
+_Chibuc_ Turk,--_Bacana_ Carib.
+
+Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.--_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.
+
+Patatos. BATATAS.--The same in South America.
+
+Place. GUARA R.
+
+People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.
+
+Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.
+
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.
+
+Pimento. PIMENTO.--_Pimienta_ Maya.
+
+Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.--_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_
+Mexican.
+
+Plain. MAGUA. See Field.
+
+Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.
+
+Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.
+
+Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.
+
+Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.
+
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.
+
+Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.
+
+
+    _Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_
+    Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat.,
+    _Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old
+    Arabic--_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_
+    Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.
+
+
+Raft. BALZA A.--_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.
+
+Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M'ames_.--
+
+
+    _Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic,
+    _Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.--_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_
+    Calamari.
+
+
+Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus
+_Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.--_Hutia_ Largest;
+_Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.--_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E.
+_Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_
+    Greek,--_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_
+    Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.
+
+
+Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.--
+
+
+    _Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian,
+    _Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek,
+    _Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.
+
+
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.--
+
+
+    _Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,--_Dites_ Darien,
+    _Cusca_ Quich�.
+
+
+Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.--
+
+
+    _Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.--_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi
+    Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.
+
+
+Retreat. TIBA.--_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.
+
+Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.--_Remor_ Pelagic.
+
+Rope. CABUYA G.--_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.
+
+River. See Stream.
+
+Rites, worship, reality. REITI.--_Ritus_ Latin &c.
+
+Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_,
+(water) in Spanish and Italian.--
+
+
+    _Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_
+    Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva,
+    _Gua_ Tupi.
+
+
+Star, Bright. STAREI D.--Primitive, found from England to India.
+
+
+    _Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic,
+    _Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African
+    Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.--_Sirica_ Galibi,
+    Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_
+    Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.
+
+
+Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.--
+
+
+    _Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask,
+    _Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_
+    Old English,--_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South
+    America. _Macahui_ Mexican.
+
+
+Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in
+Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_
+    Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi,
+    _Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand,
+    _Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_,
+    Toba Old Arabic.--_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian,
+    _Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.
+
+
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived
+from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.--
+
+
+    _Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic,
+    _Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French,
+    _Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.
+
+
+Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.
+
+Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.--
+
+
+    _Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian,
+    _Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.
+
+
+Song, see Dance.--Soul, see Heart.--Small, see Little.
+
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+
+Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.
+
+Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old
+languages.--_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.--_Gua_ in South
+America.
+
+Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.
+
+Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.
+
+Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.
+
+Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.
+
+Soup, Boiled. CALALU.--_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.
+
+Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.--_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_
+Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.--_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.
+
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.--Primitive,
+variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. Y, _Ye_ Old
+English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N'_
+Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,--TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D.,
+_Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.
+
+This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.
+
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.--Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_,
+_toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic,
+Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.
+
+Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.--_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of
+Sumatra.--_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.
+
+Tomato. TOMATES G.
+
+Temple. See Church.
+
+Tree. See Wood.
+
+Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house--
+
+
+    _Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_
+    Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian,
+    _Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.
+
+
+Thread. HICO D.--_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal--_Hito_, _Pito_
+Maya.
+
+Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.--_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.
+
+Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.--_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_
+Bali.--_Cotos_ Cumana.
+
+Two, or Second. BEM?--_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.
+
+Three, or Third. ABEM?
+
+Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--_Bonus_ Latin.
+
+Throne. DUCHI M.
+
+Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.--_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine.
+UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.--_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_
+(pr Aivi) English.
+
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+
+Water. AMA. BAGUA.--
+
+
+    Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes,
+    _Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_
+    Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo,
+    _Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic,
+    _Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.--_May_, _Mayu_, Peru,
+    _Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_
+    Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_
+    Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.
+
+
+Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.--
+
+
+    Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,--_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_
+    Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_,
+    _Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask,
+    _Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_
+    Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_
+    Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia;
+    _Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic,
+    _Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_
+    Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_
+    Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_
+    Romanic, &c.--_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva,
+    _Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yat�_ Mocobi,
+    _Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_
+    Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.
+
+
+White. YUCA, LUCA A.--
+
+
+    _Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask,
+    _Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,--_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi,
+    _Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru,
+    _Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.
+
+
+Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.--_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi,
+    _Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi,
+    _Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,--_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya,
+    _Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c.
+    _Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.
+
+
+War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.--Root same as in English
+and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.
+
+Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.--_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.
+
+Wind or Air. BANZEX D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga,
+    _Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi,
+    _Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,--_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora,
+    _Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.
+
+
+West. SORAIA R.--_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_
+Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See
+Setting Sun.
+
+World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.--_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from
+_Quiscaya_ whole earth.
+
+Which, HIQUI Laet.--_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.
+
+Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.--_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_
+(vermin) Celtic.
+
+Yes. HA.--Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac,
+_Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof,
+_Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,--_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_
+Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris,
+_May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.
+
+Yellow. HOBAS.--_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of
+Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.
+
+Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.
+
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas
+Islands
+
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.
+
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.
+
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.
+
+Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.
+
+Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.
+
+Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.
+
+House, _Bohio_, C.
+
+Remora, _Reves_, C.
+
+Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.
+
+Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.
+
+Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.
+
+Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.
+
+Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.
+
+Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.
+
+Cacao, _Cacao_ C.
+
+Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.
+
+River, _Agua_ C.
+
+Corn, _Maysi_, C.
+
+Bread, _Zabi_, C.
+
+God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.
+
+Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.
+
+Ghost, _Dupi_, J.
+
+Life, _Bi_, C. L.
+
+Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.
+
+Wood, _Maica_, J.
+
+Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.
+
+Dog, _Alco_, C.
+
+Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.
+
+Poke, _Cucato_, J.
+
+Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.
+
+Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.
+
+Shell, _Cohobas_, C.
+
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+
+Red, _Ris_, C.
+
+White Worm, _Cusi_, J.
+
+Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.
+
+King. _Caxicus_, C.
+
+Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.
+
+Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.
+
+Yams, _Mames_, C.
+
+Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.
+
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.
+
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by
+Rochefort, &c.
+
+Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.
+
+God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.
+
+Noble, _Ditayno_, B.
+
+Snake, _Boba_, B.
+
+Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.
+
+Mahogany, _Maga_, B.
+
+Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.
+
+Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.
+
+Violet, _Quibey_, B.
+
+Bananas, _Camois_, E.
+
+Coco, _Coquillas_, B.
+
+Guayac, _Guage_, B.
+
+Hog, _Saine_, B.
+
+Boat, _Piraguas_, B.
+
+Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.
+
+Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.
+
+Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.
+
+Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.
+
+Storm, _Urogan_, E.
+
+Blood, _Moinalu_, E.
+
+Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.
+
+Bread, _Maru_, E.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.
+
+Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.
+
+Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.
+
+Foe, _Akani_, E.
+
+Little, _Nianti_, E.
+
+House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.
+
+Garden, _Chali_, E.
+
+War, _Nihuctu_, E.
+
+Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.
+
+Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.
+
+Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.
+
+Wife, _Liani_, E.
+
+Son, _Rabu_, E.
+
+Daughter, _Rahen_, E.
+
+The, _Ni_, N'.
+
+Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.
+
+Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.
+
+Sea, _Balana_, E.
+
+Bed, _Nekera_, E.
+
+Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.
+
+Money, _Agucat_.
+
+Palm, _Caico_.
+
+Red, _Pu_, E.
+
+People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.
+
+Priest, _Boyez_, E.
+
+Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.
+
+Devil, _Mabuya_, E.
+
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.
+
+This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_,
+and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent.
+Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho' belonging to the same group, are
+distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.
+
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet
+have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my
+_Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to
+it.
+
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+
+Man, _Guttemock_.
+
+Woman, _Hiaru_.
+
+Heaven, _Huihua_.
+
+Gold, _Calcoari_.
+
+Maize, _Mauris_.
+
+Pipe, _Bayu_.
+
+Shell, _Tibetibe_.
+
+Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.
+
+Sun, _Hadali_.
+
+Moon, _Katti_.
+
+Bread, _Callit_.
+
+Fire, _Hicket_.
+
+Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.
+
+Stone, _Sibath_.
+
+Head, _Cabbo_.
+
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Copper, _Arara_.
+
+Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.
+
+Emerald, _Taarao_.
+
+Sword, _Caspara_.
+
+This, My, _Da_, D.
+
+Parrot, _Wahowa_.
+
+Tree, _Mentini_.
+
+Potato, _Halete_.
+
+Batatas, _Caenuda_.
+
+Knife, _Yedola_.
+
+Basket, _Queca_.
+
+Tobacco, _Hurreit_.
+
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hand, _Can_.
+
+Feet, _Cutti_.
+
+Knees, _Cude_.
+
+Toes, _Boda_.
+
+Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.
+
+Bow, _Marahabo_.
+
+Arrow, _Semaro_.
+
+Spoon, _Heldaro_.
+
+Silver, _Perota_.
+
+Forehead, _Dessi_.
+
+Tongue, _Dill_.
+
+Ears, _Dudica_.
+
+Lips, _Desire_.
+
+Teeth, _Arehe_.
+
+Monkey, _Howa_.
+
+Chest, _Bodad_.
+
+Well, _Sakel_.
+
+Bracelet, _Techir_.
+
+Scissors, _Arkeano_.
+
+Comb, _Baruda_.
+
+Mouth, _Lacoak_.
+
+Bell, _Toletilero_.
+
+Stick, _Adoth_.
+
+Beach, _Barenaine_.
+
+Flying fish, _Bohery_.
+
+Tunny fish, _Uassa_.
+
+I don't know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.
+
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian
+Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the
+Haytian. Altho' he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been
+_Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was
+still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or
+_Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show
+elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17
+Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with
+the _Cairi_.
+
+10 Consimilar Words.
+
+House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.
+
+Corn, _Maiz_.
+
+Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.
+
+Boat, _Canoe_.
+
+Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian
+Orthography.
+
+Good, _Tum_.
+
+Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.
+
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Knife, _Tarse_.
+
+Bananas, _Pacaras_.
+
+Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.
+
+Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.
+
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hook, _Pinda_.
+
+Scissors, _Pirame_.
+
+Comb, _Chipag_.
+
+End Of First Volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet
+      on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America,
+      before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many
+      important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in
+      philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my
+      surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also
+      greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and
+      western route of the Mexican nations.
+
+    2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but
+      many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises,
+      although the Lybian analogies are evident.
+
+    3 In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14,
+      published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize,
+      used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern
+      Greeks call it _Arabo-sit�_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called
+      _Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy
+      through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in
+      Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having
+      native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in
+      Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately
+      saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+      quite wild in America.
+
+    4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for
+      the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the
+      sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+      and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish
+      colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.
+
+    5 E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men,
+      pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE
+      or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the
+      commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and
+      other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very
+      erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not
+      correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I
+      follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+      between consonants.
+
+    6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with
+      mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G'bforeign_, and
+      women _N'shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many
+      names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM
+      _Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any
+      analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out
+      hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic
+      Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be
+      well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums
+      which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the
+      contrary.
+
+      7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production--translated
+      reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come
+      from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting
+      or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI
+      NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE,
+      verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.
+
+      8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of
+      life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts
+      or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men,
+      over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these
+      animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only
+      appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+
+      Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which
+      represent also men! and were personified.
+
+      1. SH'R'TZ, Production--Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of
+      Poets.
+
+      2. N'F'SH, Animated--Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds
+      of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he
+      had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+
+      3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of
+      Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.
+
+    7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a
+      lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or
+      the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the
+      laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.
+
+    8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first
+      chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation,
+      antidiluvian history and flood has been given.
+
+_    9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator,
+      including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a
+      sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and
+      united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_
+      that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
+
+      The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia
+      including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca
+      was separated from Siam by a strait.
+
+   10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least
+      curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since
+      collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the
+      reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and
+      prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been
+      found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments.
+      If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000
+      towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+      Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and
+      will be obliterated ere long.--_See_ my account of monumental sites,
+      published in 1824.
+
+   11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the
+      personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air,
+      winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual
+      worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind
+      material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it,
+      as in Egypt and Guinea.
+
+   12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832,
+      Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have
+      collected a few more since.
+
+   13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race
+      in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.;
+      which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great
+      men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions.
+      Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian
+      princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women,
+      took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt
+      breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese
+      and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes
+      subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.
+
+   14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets
+      of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become
+      wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+      tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of
+      hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have
+      killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent
+      to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis
+      wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient
+      continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like
+      maize.
+
+   15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans
+      had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia
+      and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron
+      would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there
+      was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and
+      rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia
+      and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was
+      found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.
+
+   16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical
+      recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one
+      connected body by historians or geologists.
+
+   17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_,
+      are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant
+      alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but
+      likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading
+      primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for
+      the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the
+      Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros,
+      Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole
+      set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we
+      mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by
+      the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the
+      Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the
+      plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we
+      substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or
+      Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it
+      when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and
+      polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+      but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality
+      of tribes.
+
+      _Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of
+      history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+      Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet
+      in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they
+      are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal
+      appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted
+      honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in
+      derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had
+      their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle;
+      who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the
+      Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old
+      Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_,
+      now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the
+      angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!
+
+   18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN,
+      the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of
+      the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM
+      were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a
+      writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it
+      implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or
+      bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says
+      that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+      the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation.
+      It is probable these were part of them.
+
+   19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for
+      a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822
+      were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in
+      the original language; but no one could be found by me able to
+      translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the
+      help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on
+      purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The
+      contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my
+      Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of
+      Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+      Ottawas, &c.
+
+   20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and
+      oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The
+      word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi,
+      put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.
+
+_   21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is
+      identic with ISH, W' being the article _he_, WI added to words is
+      common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means
+      _many_.
+
+_   22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings.
+      O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in
+      English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi
+      dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It
+      must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often
+      obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This
+      with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in
+      the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this
+      translation a difficult task.
+
+   23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and
+      Iran; Jains of India.
+
+_   24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic
+      nations. _Akon_ of Syria.
+
+_   25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in
+      Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the
+      meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle
+      in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the
+      real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft
+      turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a
+      turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his
+      title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes
+      have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but
+      his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest
+      of feathers or hair on the head.
+
+   26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name
+      appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_.
+      _Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses,
+      and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the
+      Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.
+
+   27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their
+      old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must
+      have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+      Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological
+      enquiries and comparisons.
+
+_   28 W'oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first
+      seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_,
+      the N. W. coast.
+
+   29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or
+      contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+      probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.
+
+   30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_,
+      cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably
+      the Oregon country.
+
+   31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our
+      era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare
+      _Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.
+
+   32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the
+      east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of
+      Oregon.
+
+_   33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.
+
+   34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many
+      kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great
+      beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.
+
+   35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His
+      festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.
+
+_   36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard
+      people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_
+      appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux,
+      _Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period
+      of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go
+      further east.
+
+   37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the
+      wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards
+      48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+      continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after
+      Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then
+      united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of
+      Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of
+      Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply
+      names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been
+      the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called
+      afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west
+      of it at St. Louis &c.
+
+      In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder
+      and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas
+      about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove
+      further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place
+      this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before
+      our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
+
+   38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the
+      former wars with the Talegas.
+
+   39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.
+
+   40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes,
+      and became their legislator.
+
+   41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a
+      new invading tribe from the north.
+
+   42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the
+      atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few.
+      Hekewelder confirms these facts.
+
+   43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means
+      either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the
+      name of east Pennsylvania.
+
+   44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the
+      main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear
+      older by their traditions.
+
+      By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event
+      would be still later: he states that after separating from the
+      western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on
+      the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was
+      preserved in a mosaic belt.--_See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol
+      I._
+
+   45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This
+      famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_
+      &c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many
+      songs and traditions on them.
+
+   46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the
+      computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or
+      both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina
+      were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had
+      also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like
+      many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively
+      gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white
+      woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went
+      to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards
+      with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the
+      bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160,
+      rather than Madoc or a warlike band.
+
+   47 The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe,
+      separated long before.
+
+   48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be
+      two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same
+      thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.
+
+   49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_
+      (Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the
+      tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname
+      given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles.
+      We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.
+
+_   50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair:
+      this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment.
+      The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South
+      Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as
+      the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the
+      Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the
+      snake sign in the symbol.
+
+   51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the
+      arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and
+      cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the
+      head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the
+      _Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a
+      crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3
+      feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the
+      Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing
+      to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a
+      cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the
+      Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.
+
+_   52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the
+      Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to
+      translate half the name. He was king in 1645.
+
+   53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect
+      Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the
+      prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to
+      Winaki.
+
+   54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is
+      singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the
+      natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.
+
+   55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation
+      dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's
+      treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned
+      in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is
+      very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+      Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder
+      mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the
+      three into one.
+
+   56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or
+      Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till
+      1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy
+      _Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.--(Heck.) this was the cause of
+      the wars till 1795.
+
+   57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black
+      Snake, because he beat the allied nations.
+
+   58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the
+      last treaty with the United States.
+
+   59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of
+      mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North
+      America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that
+      appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The
+      former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+      The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at
+      the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The
+      Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of
+      devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.
+
+   60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from
+      the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are
+      similar to vampyres.
+
+   61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes,
+      Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of
+      nations.
+
+   62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and
+      confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs;
+      yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of
+      their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have
+      been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had
+      already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by
+      the Haytians, whence the blunder.
+
+   63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient
+      history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of
+      all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.
+
+   64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared
+      analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia.
+      _Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+      the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the
+      Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in
+      _Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many
+      languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the
+      nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_
+      eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _At�_ was
+      god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia.
+      The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_,
+      _Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to
+      _Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.
+
+_   65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic
+      language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the
+      Atlantes, Guanches &c.
+
+   66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.
+
+      _Vayajam_ Sanscrit.
+      _Band_ old Arabic.
+      _Watem_, _Vato_ Zend.
+      _Bangin_ Bali.
+      _Bentus_ old Latin.
+      _Ventus_ Latin.
+      _Andas_ Etruscan.
+      _Abka_ Abask.
+      _Sabam_ Ceylon.
+
+   67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure
+      Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the
+      Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.
+
+      _Kahi_ Egyptian.
+      _Akh�_ Zend.
+      _Kay_ Deri of Iran.
+      _Iya_ Sanscrit.
+      _Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician.
+      _Ay_ Lybian.
+      _Aya_ old Irish.
+      _Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.
+
+      In America numerous analogies are found,
+
+      _Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lul�, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.
+
+   68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe,
+      children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects
+      _Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in
+      Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_
+      in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk--_Olgos_ Eolian,
+      _Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek,
+      _Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_
+      Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan,
+      _Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words
+      _Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the
+      oriental EL, IL, OL.--In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols
+      &c.--_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.
+
+   69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida,
+      _Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the
+      Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare
+      with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.
+
+   70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have
+      so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that
+      we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The
+      ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the
+      Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.
+
+   71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:
+
+      _Oriental Names._
+
+      _Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan.
+      _Vasil_ of Greeks.
+      _Kasek_ in Sitka.
+      _Cazi_ in Iran.
+      _Sheik_ in Arabic.
+      _Zic_ Iberians and Sicules.
+      _Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber.
+      _Bazilik_ Pelagian.
+      _Cahin_ Lybian.
+      _Hazil_ Carian.
+      _Cay_ Zend.
+      _Iza_ Tigreh.
+      _Cazil_ Mindanao island.
+      _Cazis_ Socotora island.
+      _Izcan_ of Haikans.
+      _Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans.
+      _Casis_ of Syrians.
+
+      _American Names._
+
+      _Acachi_ of Totonacas.
+      _Wachil_ of Nachez.
+      _Zac_ of Muyzcas.
+      _Cathi_ of Pinindas.
+      _Ahatic_ of Huaztecas.
+      _Inca_ of Peruvians.
+      _Chiaca_ of Coras.
+      _Cuchi_ of Puncays.
+      _Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.
+
+   72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:
+
+      _Hiban_ in Berber.
+      _Uben_ in Hebrew.
+      _Aben_ in Syriac.
+      _Keibe_ Celtic.
+      _Siwa_ Nukahiva island.
+      _Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin.
+      _Sitaba_ Pelasgian.
+      _Bahiba_ old Arabic.
+      _Iba_ Samoyed.
+      _Batu_ Malay.
+
+      It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_,
+      _Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican,
+      _Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.
+
+   73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have
+      been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that
+      name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
+
+      Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it
+      would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The
+      conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to
+      South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must
+      be before the last flood.
+
+   74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has
+      so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which
+      would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!
+
+   75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the
+      men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch
+      wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+      being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called
+      _Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the
+      _Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti,
+      and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange
+      that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many
+      affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in
+      Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin,
+      _Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of
+      Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+      to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a
+      people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus
+      traced also to America.
+
+   76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following
+      names for vassals and laborers--_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of
+      Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.--and
+      in the east.
+
+      _Tabara_ in Turan.
+      _Burutis_ in Ausonian.
+      _Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic.
+      _Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic.
+      _Ambactos_ in Gaul.
+      _Manahunis_ in Tahiti.
+      _Nerba_ Hindostani.
+      _Bendar_ Pehlvi.
+      _Abondas_ Saxon.
+      _Canabas_, Knave Gothic.
+      _Nebara_ Nepal.
+      _Parias_ India.
+
+   77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about
+      ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The
+      _Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to
+      have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is
+      strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.
+
+   78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names
+      indicate--_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is
+      the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.
+
+   79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids;
+      are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their
+      name is found in
+
+      _Hubantes_ in Pelagic.
+      _Faybo_ of the Guanches.
+      _Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul.
+      _Aobu_ in Aramic.
+      _Behotus_ Dorian.
+      _Bedo_ old French.
+      _Phonto_ in Egypt.
+      _Purohito_ in Sanscrit.
+      _Budan_ in Pelvi.
+      _Budha_ of Budhists.
+      _Baharas_ Nepal.
+      _Heotes_ Sicanian &c.
+
+   80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes
+      and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle
+      has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran,
+      _Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls,
+      _Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.
+
+   81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a
+      Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning
+      _gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I
+      have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events,
+      loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.
+
+   82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent.
+      Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful
+      women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.
+
+   83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and
+      tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals;
+      adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent,
+      bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them:
+      unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than
+      posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new
+      clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations
+      of America may be connected with those by other links of languages,
+      traditions &c.
+
+      1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and
+      Chimus of Peru.
+
+      2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico,
+      Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
+
+      3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
+
+      4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
+
+      5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man
+      _Ibi_, the Borias &c.
+
+      6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South
+      America.
+
+      7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru,
+      Maronios of Charcas.
+
+      8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana,
+      Coras of Mexico.
+
+      9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of
+      Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
+
+      10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and
+      Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
+
+      11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos--Manicas or Manoas,
+      Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+
+      12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.
+
+      13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_--_I_ and _Hi_ are articles,
+      Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
+
+      14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
+
+      15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
+
+      16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of
+      Chaco.
+
+      17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
+
+      18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
+
+      19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of
+      Chaco.
+
+      20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.
+
+      21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.
+
+      22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
+
+      23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.
+
+      24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+
+      25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.
+
+      26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
+
+      27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre
+      of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
+
+      28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
+
+      29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
+
+      30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
+
+      31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
+
+      32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.
+
+      33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+
+      34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
+
+      35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.
+
+      36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.
+
+      37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
+
+      38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
+
+      39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
+
+      40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
+
+      41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
+
+      42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
+
+      43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos
+      and Conamas of South America.
+
+      44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or
+      Vilelas and Lules or Pel� of Chaco.
+
+      Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation
+      filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that
+      name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_
+      sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a
+      Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus,
+      the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
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+<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+  <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S. Rafinesque</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The American Nations, Vol. I.
+
+Author: C. S. Rafinesque
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      
+    </div>
+
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The American Nations;</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Or,</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Outlines of A National History;</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Of The</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Ancient and Modern Nations</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Of</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">North and South America</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Volume I.</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Philadelphia</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Published by C. S. Rafinesque,</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">No. 110 North Tenth Street.</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1836</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+      <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Prospectus.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Dedication.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Preface.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Chapter I.</a></li><li><a href="#toc9">Chapter II.</a></li><li><a href="#toc11">Chapter III.</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">Chapter IV.</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">Chapter V.</a></li><li><a href="#toc17">Chapter VI.</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">Chapter VII.</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">Footnotes</a></li></ul>
+    </div>
+
+  </div>
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagei">[pg i]</span><a name="Pgi" id="Pgi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a>
+<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Prospectus.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in
+advance for Six Numbers or Volumes, similar
+to this, of nearly 300 pages—each separate
+Number sold for one Dollar, or more
+when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter.
+At present the principal Booksellers may
+act as such.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Names of the Subscribers will be
+printed in a subsequent Number.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals
+and their illustrations in 12 Numbers
+or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to
+subscribers will only be $10, for which a
+complete American Historical Library will
+be obtained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes
+are secured whatever be their future
+price, and will be sent by mail: a similar
+sum will be due when the 7th number is
+issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10
+at once, will be deemed Patrons of the
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets,
+is entitled to a 6th gratis. Agents will be
+allowed 20 per cent commission.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The price of this Number by itself is One
+Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six copies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It contains an introduction, general view,
+account of materials and cataclysms, the
+Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian
+Language, notes, tables, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a>
+<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Dedication.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To The
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Society Of Geography
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of Paris.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gentlemen</span></span>:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and
+weary researches. This homage is due to the public
+approbation you gave to my first analogous labor, my
+Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of
+Mankind: which I endeavored to trace philologically
+to the centre of Asia. I had announced long ago this
+history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a whole
+hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works.
+I now offer the outlines of it under your auspices.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You have furnished the example of cultivating
+along with Geography, all the auxiliary and connected
+sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly the
+ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one
+of its bases. You will see that I have followed this
+practice in availing myself of all the sciences to enlighten
+the history of mankind, the Ethnography and
+annals of nations: above all Philology with Chronology
+and Geography.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and
+of the American nations, were two subjects quite obscure
+and neglected, or the least known, of the history
+of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the
+history of the Negro nations: a labor so difficult and
+luckless as to be despised.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps
+furnish the bases of such history. All the histories
+of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general
+and faithful history of this hemisphere. I now
+offer the results of this weary labor.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You will perceive in it many things which have
+already been said; since it is impossible to write history
+without repetitions; but my plan, the whole point
+of view, and the results which I draw, are my own.
+You will also find many things which were never told
+or were very improperly presented. I shall destroy
+many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in
+them alone often consist our works upon America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much
+is to be related, all cannot be told: and I shall be
+compelled to neglect several minute details. I wish
+to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universal histories</span></em>, which
+however, dwell only upon one-third of the globe or
+even less.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ
+them: I quote only when authorities are required
+to render an opinion more forcible. Every where else
+I merely give the abridgement of my great historical
+materials in manuscript, which are arranged by extracts
+of authorities, and where they may be sought
+for in case of need.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Author.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philadelphia</span></span>,<br />
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October 22d, 1833</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a>
+<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In venturing to open a new path in historical
+researches on the earth and mankind,
+it is incumbent on the bold pioneer
+to state his views, or at least to furnish
+adequate reasons for deviating so far from
+the usual track.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While every science and branch of
+knowledge is improving, and has, with rapid
+strides, made continual advances for fifty
+years past or more, is the noble muse of
+history to be kept stationary forever, by
+compilers and classical plodders? and for
+America by the foes of the ancient and
+modern nations of a whole hemisphere?
+No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and
+tell it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the human mind is yet more swayed
+by authorities, than genius or wisdom;
+high authorities will be given instead of
+long explanations. Ever since the time of
+Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to
+write historical truth: men often prefer to
+be amused, deceived, or helped in strife;
+than to be instructed, or receive sketches
+of former times. Yet there is always a
+secret delight in viewing faithful pictures
+of ages past, of our ancestors on earth, and
+our predecessors on the soil of our homes, or
+where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worthies who have been taken for models
+or guides in this arduous undertaking,
+are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine,
+Plato, Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth,
+Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly, Russell,
+Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &amp;c.
+They shall speak for themselves, in quotations
+of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge
+and understanding—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Solomon</span></span> Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find
+her—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sol.</span></span> Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear instruction
+and be wise, and refuse it not—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sol.</span></span> Pr. 8.
+v. 33.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol.
+LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM
+in manifestation. BRA in realization.
+ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH
+in identic passage. ALEIM angels.
+OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moses.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Genesis ch, 5. v. 1.</span></span> Genuine mosaic
+words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I laid the foundations of the earth
+... the morning stars sung together, and
+the sons of God shouted for joy.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Speech
+of God Himself in Job</span></span> ch. 38., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vulgar
+translation: the original is still more
+striking</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the
+world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shamaim</span></span>, the Heavens—the
+lower was SHEOL; but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sheol-tahtith</span></span>
+or inferior, was the place of bad souls and
+Rephaim. (The true <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sheol</span></span> was America,
+or the southern hemisphere). The
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job had spoken
+of America.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peters</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissertation
+on Job</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is very possible for modern learning
+to understand better the books of Moses,
+Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations,
+than the Egyptian, Greek and Roman
+commentators: because the intellectual
+knowledge of languages is improving; and
+those ancient writers have, by their genius,
+approximated to us, while removed from
+the blindness of their ages.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gebelin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Primitive World</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St.
+Paul</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corinth.</span></span> II. ch. 3. v. 6. We
+use great plainness of speech, and not as
+MOSES who put a veil before his face, that
+the children of Israel could not stedfastly
+look to the end of that which is abolished.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cor.
+II. 3. v. 12, 13.</span></span>—and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is
+upon their heart, nevertheless when it shall
+please the Lord, this veil shall be taken
+away.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cor. II. 3. v. 15, 16.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To have a right apprehension of words
+or names, is a good step to the knowledge
+of things.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plato</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Cratylo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The confusion of words is the cause of
+all disputes and sects.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Israeli.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses
+or total neglect, contradictions are
+inseparable from days of tradition.—There
+exist no instance of a people really savage
+having spontaneously advanced to civilization.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Savage men are degenerated or
+imperfect creatures.... Words and even few
+are the rules of analogies in nations.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niebuhr</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman History, Vol. I.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is manifest that there are noble resources
+(for history) still remaining, if we
+will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry.
+There are in every climate some scattered
+fragments of original history, some
+traces of a primitive and universal language.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Even America would contribute
+to this purpose, the more rude the monuments,
+the more ancient they may possibly
+prove, and afford greater light on
+enquiry.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bryant, Mythology</span></span>; conclusion
+of the work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To accumulate materials without generalizing
+any idea is a method as sterile in
+history as in natural philosophy.—The
+geology of America does not differ essentially
+from that of the old world, the strata
+and the emersion from the waters are not
+newer: species long extinct have also preceded
+those now peopling the earth, the
+waters and the air.—The problem of the
+first population of America is no more the
+province of history, than the questions on
+the origin of plants and animals. When
+we shall better know the brown men of
+Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less
+insulated—They have extended from lat.
+68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude,
+in plains and mountains, assuming various
+complexions and stature. If Africa has
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+140 languages, America has still more;
+resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before
+the Romans; but they are susceptible
+of classification into families. The multiplicity
+of languages is a very ancient phenomenon,
+perhaps those which we call
+American, belong no more to America, than
+the Magyar and Choud or Finn to Europe.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Humboldt</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Researches, Introduction</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If we desire to be fully informed of a
+nation's history, we must not reject the
+fables under which the few traces that remain
+of its origin are concealed. These,
+however extravagant, always merit attention
+they have an influence on the character
+of the people to whom they relate.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">First
+words of</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Malcolm</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Persia</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Chinese often call the king, the
+kingdom and the nation by the same name,
+nay, even also the capital city.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Regis</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Corea, in Duhalde China</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was
+in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50; which is
+also the native place of all the domestic
+animals, fruits and grains.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adelung, Bailly,
+Higgins, &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses
+from older annals, some perhaps by Noah
+himself.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of
+Hindus were nations, personifications of
+early tribes.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The early gods and kings of Greece and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Italy, were probably tribes, the chiefs and
+followers being called by the same name.
+This is true also of the various Hercules
+or wandering Heroes.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dodwell, Jamieson.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans
+will appear to be children of the earliest human
+families.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barton</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physical
+Journal</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A flood of historical light has lately flown
+from India and Asia; but we lack still the
+real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America
+may yet supply many facts and fill
+some blanks.—The original seat of civilization
+was between the Ganges and the
+Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.—The
+first tribes after the flood were fishermen
+and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and
+shepherds south west, as far as Cape of
+Good hope.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pritchard</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physical History
+of Man</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The genealogy of the kings of England
+is derived direct from Noah in 25 generations
+only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex
+in 495; and through <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sceaf</span></span> born in the
+ark! giving more than 125 years for each
+generation, which is impossible, and proves
+these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ingram</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saxon Chronicle</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians
+are a peculiar race, perhaps in Africa before
+the flood.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Champollion</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Systeme
+Hieroglyphique</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The languages are better guides than
+physical characters for researches on mankind,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and roots more important than grammars.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Klaproth.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Language belongs to man from origin,
+he never was a dumb animal, else he would
+always have remained so. All languages have something
+in common, and something peculiar.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beattie</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theory of Language</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A thousand nations with a thousand
+idioms, are spread over a thousand places
+on earth. Thrown against each other like
+the waves of the sea, they blend and tend
+to unity. Several rival languages are
+formed, polished by contract, which overspread
+the earth; and break to pieces as
+well as nations and empires. Others arise
+from their ruins, and strive again for ascendency,
+until at last a people and language,
+son and daughter of all the previous nations
+and idioms, heirs of their dominion and
+wealth; shall perhaps invade the whole
+earth, and produce again the unity of
+speech and rule.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">End of Hebrew
+Grammar</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is said, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In the beginning God made
+Heaven and Earth</span></span>, that is to say, the
+seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter
+was yet in confusion in a potential
+way.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Augustine</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">on Genesis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mosaic text</span></span> there is no
+Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no woman,
+no snake, no ark ... but other words
+thus improperly translated to veil the
+sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind,
+<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Aish</span></span>
+intellectual men, <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashe</span></span> mate or
+potent will, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hue</span></span> our Eve is living existence!...
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The names of patriarchs are
+all expressive of operations of mankind....
+Yet Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in
+Immortality is evident throughout; although
+so obscured by the translation as
+to have been doubted.... Moses with
+his veils is made absurd; raising the veils
+he appears wise, deep, consistent, even
+more enlightened than our age on many
+points.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes on Genesis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses
+are taken in their material sense, inextricable
+difficulties have arisen; and which
+is the true version out of the 3 is doubtful:
+the deep mosaic meaning and import shall
+never be known, until the ancient lost science
+of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and
+Europe.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D'Olivet</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">last note</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven,
+where Rezoan was his successor, and
+exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and
+Peacock tribes his followers, Adam was
+exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &amp;c.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Price</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Translation of Abijauffer's History
+of Arabia</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven
+Menus, the seventh was Noah.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sir W.
+Jones</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws of Menu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilford.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years
+after the flood, 2790 years after Adam.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Russell</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Connection of Sacred History</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved
+in fables; but all ancient fables have a historical
+base.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bailly</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">on Atlantis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before Adam God created the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dives</span></span>
+(angels) who had 72 kings or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sol-i-man</span></span>
+for 7000 years, and after them the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peris</span></span>
+govern for 2000 years.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Herbelot</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oriental
+Library</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his
+Ararat was in the Imalaya mountains.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shuckford,
+Wells</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacred Geography &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As early as 4600 years before Christ,
+there was a communication between the
+Americans and the east by astronomical
+coincidences.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carli</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Letters</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two great wars or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahabharat</span></span> followed
+by dispersions of mankind, happened in India
+in 3236 and 2501 (before our era);
+and the Indian solar empire of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berhut</span></span> at
+Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations
+beyond the first, at least to 3750
+years B. C.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Institutes of the Emperor</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Akbar</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">translated by</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gladwin</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such are my guides. Are not those
+quotations sufficient?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken
+for guide, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isaac Taylor's</span></span> excellent history
+of the transmission of ancient books, London,
+1827. They may be analysed as follows,
+from his own summary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived
+of their authority, we should also be
+deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. Dates are of little importance; being
+anciently expressed by letters, they are
+liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern
+christians reckon 5508 years from
+Adam to Christ.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Geography and natural facts are open
+to criticism.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not
+always fabulous, but doubtful. Natural
+phenomena if unconnected with omens,
+may be right.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not
+belong to history, they are ornaments of
+rhetoric or mere surmises.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they
+become more certain, if corroborated by
+monuments, inscriptions, coins &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. The silence of a historian does not
+invalidate the assertions of others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices,
+party spirit, national dislike, must
+be allowed for. The arrogance of the
+Greeks and Chinese, who call barbarians,
+nations as good as they, is shameful, and
+must be noticed, as well as errors arising
+from hiding defeats &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The independent sources of history besides
+writers are, 1. remains of literature.
+2. Chronological documents and astronomical
+calculations, 3. Natural features of
+nature and mankind, with permanent physical
+facts, 4. Permanent institutions, manners,
+monuments, languages &amp;c. Lastly,
+remote facts may be certain; although a
+long while elapsed: whatever be the consequence;
+and even if the first evidence
+may have been erroneously transmitted, or
+not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence
+ought never to be doubted.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">General Introduction.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Natural Regions
+of America.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ancient and Modern
+Nations.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Historical Periods.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no
+longer divided into 4 Continents; but must
+be divided into 3 great parts of the world
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tholomeres</span></span>, each containing 3 lesser
+divisions or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Geotomes</span></span>, viz:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Protholia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tholarkon</span></span>, the ancient
+world, containing, 1. Asia, 2. Africa, 3.
+Europe, which are continents.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+II. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neotholia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hesperia</span></span>, the new
+world, containing, 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalia</span></span> or North America,
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbia</span></span> or South America, which
+are two continents ... and 3. the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antilles</span></span>
+or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the
+East and North, Carib and Lucayes islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+III. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oceania</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tholonesia</span></span>, the
+Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Australia</span></span>,
+which is a continent, 2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meganesia</span></span> or the
+great Islands from Japan till Ceylan and
+Madagascar, 3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polynesia</span></span>, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense
+groups of archipelagos, or clustered islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes
+6 continents, and 3 groups of archipelagos,
+forming 9 geotomes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neotholia</span></span> that I write the history,
+of this third of the world, named likewise
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+America, or the two Americas; a double
+continent, crowned in the East and towards
+the two poles by archipelagos.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such an extensive part of the world,
+reaching nearly to both poles, offers to
+our notice and researches a crowd of objects,
+nations and events. If our universal
+histories which are confined to a small part
+only of the old world, form already bulky
+collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it.
+But, notwithstanding the scanty materials
+which have reached us on its ancient history;
+the modern annals and the old traditions
+of the nations dwelling there, afford many
+facts: and many auxiliary means contribute
+to enlarge the previous history, in unfolding
+the origins and revolutions of the nations
+and empires of both Americas. Thus, we
+shall often have to make a choice or abridge
+these materials, particularly in these outlines
+of a general history.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles
+of the empires, kingdoms and republics;
+which were often mere biographies of monarchs
+and chiefs, conquerors and tyrants.
+We begin now to think more of mankind
+and the nations. I shall follow this principle,
+and trace at last a national history of
+America; this subject is so new, that we
+have not even yet a good history of mankind
+in Europe, much less in Asia and
+Africa.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+having settled in it since 1815, and having
+travelled in it every year to study the monuments
+and productions thereof: it was since
+1818 that I began to conceive the possibility
+of raising the veil that was thrown over
+the annals of this third of the world. I
+have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York,
+Boston, Albany, Lexington, &amp;c. to consult
+all the historical works on America, and
+every other part of the world. I have read
+nearly all the travels in America and other
+distant countries. In the Ebeling library
+deposited in that of Cambridge University
+near Boston, I have found many ancient
+works on America, often unique in the
+United States, and very rare even in Europe.
+There is but a small number of rare
+works, which I have not yet been able to
+see; I shall give a list of them, in order
+that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My
+researches upon the languages and monuments
+of America, will compensate this
+unavoidable neglect, since they exceed
+whatever had been undertaken of the kind.
+I have thus endeavored to collect and compare
+all the facts relating to my subject.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy
+writers, who have pretended to give us
+histories of America, and have commonly
+produced mere sketches of it, full of neglects
+and defects. Such were Robertson,
+Holmes, Touron, Herrera, &amp;c., with a crowd
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region,
+or the mere first Spanish invasions.
+They have, however, acquired some reputation
+either by style or manner; but they
+have degraded history, by giving sketches
+instead of it. We must except Herrera,
+who does not shine by the style; but is at
+least a faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds
+and colonies during 62 years, from 1492
+till 1552. But Robertson, although praised
+for his style, is only his unfaithful and imperfect
+imitator, and the obvious slanderer
+of the American nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A complete criticism of the writers on
+America, would be desirable; but cannot
+enter into the plan of these historical outlines;
+although it may find a place in ulterior
+illustrations. It will be sufficient now
+to indicate that the best works, or those
+which furnish the greatest number of historical
+materials, are the old writers and
+travellers, since the modern historians
+and travellers (except Humboldt and a
+few more) appear to forget whatever has
+already been written on America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The historian of such an extensive continent,
+should not be a mere annalist; but
+he ought to know well all the comparative
+sciences, sisters of history, such as chronology,
+geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &amp;c. He ought
+also to be a philosopher and a philanthropist,
+to know the natural sciences which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+become connected with history by civilization,
+agriculture, and geology; he ought,
+above all, to be impartial and a good critic,
+in order to discard national prejudices, and
+avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture.
+What historian has ever united such
+acquirements? I have tried to acquire
+them: Have I succeeded? I offer my
+writings as the answer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My method has been to make copious
+extracts of all the authors that I read.
+These materials already form a collection
+of over one hundred books of 6000 pages
+on the history of the earth and mankind:
+whereof I avail myself for all my historical
+works. I have formed besides another collection
+of iconographic illustrations, maps,
+plans, monuments, views, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, costumes, &amp;c.;
+which may serve for proofs and atlas of
+these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American,
+consists already in ten great books or portfolios;
+having little hope to be enabled to
+publish them, I wish they might be deposited
+in a great public library, where
+they might be consulted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Instead of beginning this history of the
+Americans by generalities, I should wish to
+conclude the work by such results; but it
+may frequently be needful to deviate from
+this plan, and present results as they happen
+to arise from the facts and events.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+are often distantly remote, and
+insulated, or little connected in their historical
+relations. Austral America and
+Boreal America have for instance hardly
+any historical connection: they are as
+widely separated as China and Europe;
+but all the central parts of America are
+intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which
+offer the same relation of civilization, languages
+and annalogies, as the Hindu-European
+regions and nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains
+many distinct regions; but the natural or
+physical regions are not always identic
+with the historical regions. The isthmus
+of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide
+the nation as it does the two continents
+of America: and many groups of nations
+are intermingled throughout. The group
+of ancient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aruac</span></span> nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana,
+Brazil to Tucuman and Magellania. The
+elder group of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tala</span></span> or atlantic nations
+could be traced from the Ohio to Mexico,
+Guatimala and South America in the west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to
+keep in mind the great natural regions of
+America, so as to trace through them the
+vicissitudes of mankind in ancient and modern
+times. Thus we find six such regions
+in North America, and six in South America,
+with 3 in the Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+stretching across North America, from the
+streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska
+in the west, to Labrador, Canada and Nova
+Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by
+a rocky soil, many large lakes and millions
+of small ones, surrounded near the pole and
+on either side by groups of islands. Its
+southern limits are undefined, but Lake
+Erie forms one of them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The Californian or Oregon region,
+stretching from north to south along the
+Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico
+and Guatimala. It is a region of plains
+and hills.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains
+and table lands from the sources of
+the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished
+by volcanoes, a dry lofty soil, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. The Missouri region, extending in
+vast grassy plains from latitude 50 to the
+Gulf of Mexico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in
+woody hills and mountains from Maine to
+Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains
+and the whole of New England appear
+detached portions of it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching
+from Long Island to Florida, Mexico,
+Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long
+but narrow region of level plains, sands
+and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and
+islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands;
+divided into 3 very natural groups.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica,
+Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands
+north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. The Carib Islands east and south,
+commonly volcanic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The regions of South America are 1.
+That of the Andes or high volcanic mountains
+extending from Santa Marta to the
+Island of Chiloé, stretching branches east
+as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The
+hills of Panama from Nicaragua to Choco,
+are a detached part of it, probably once an
+island of the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic
+or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached
+from the Andes, with the archipelagos of
+Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland,
+&amp;c. often volcanic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands
+along the Pacific Ocean from the valleys of
+Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished
+by sterility.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded
+plains east of the Andes from the strait of
+Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by
+fertile hills, mountains and valleys, forming
+a vast group of high lands connected to the
+Andes by an isthmus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of
+shady hills perfectly insulated (once a large
+island) by the plains of the Maranon and
+Oronoc.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc
+and Maranon, surrounding the mountains
+of Parima: where deserts, swamps and
+forests are mixed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished
+by peculiar physical, and geological
+features; but they do not coincide
+with the ethnological regions, where the
+American tribes have spread and intermixed.
+It would be difficult to state here
+even the most striking of these last. It
+will be the aim of this work to seek for
+them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern
+times the European colonies and
+states have invaded them in all directions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meantime the population of both Americas,
+must be distinguished in ancient and
+modern.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In proceeding from the known to the
+unknown: we ascertain that a multitude of
+nations have come to America since 1492,
+as colonists or visitors. The principal were
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish</span></span>: who have colonized or conquered
+from New Mexico to Chili, and from
+Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came
+not alone, and have brought along with
+them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish,
+3. Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &amp;c., while as
+slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and 6. Many
+African-negro nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Portugueze</span></span>: who have colonized the
+whole of Brazil, and brought there besides
+many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies,
+Chinese, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>: Who have colonized the
+whole eastern side of North America, Jamaica
+and other islands of Antilles, with
+parts of Yucatan, Honduras, Guyana, &amp;c.
+But they have brought with them, the
+Welsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, Jews and
+many African nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>: They colonized Canada,
+Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib islands,
+Cayenne in Guyana, &amp;c., and although
+conquered in North America and Hayti,
+their language remains. They brought
+along the Provençals, Bretons, Basks,
+speaking distinct languages, with several
+African nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scandinavians</span></span>: Who partly settled
+in North America since the 10th century,
+did laterly colonize again Groenland, with
+Delaware and some Carib Islands. They
+include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dutch-Hollanders</span></span>: Sent colonies to
+New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &amp;c. brought
+Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russians</span></span>: Have invaded and partly
+settled the north west shores and islands
+of North America; bringing there Cozacs,
+Calmucs, and several other Tartarian subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Besides these, several other nations
+have laterly visited America, or settled
+therein, blending with the above. All the
+nations of Europe, even Hungarians, Polanders,
+Greeks and Turks, have been
+brought there. Pirates of all nations, even
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Algerines, have wandered to America.
+Almost all the nations of Africa have been
+led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and
+Tartars: while Oceania has sent Malays,
+Madagascars, Hawayans, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This well known fact of the various and
+anomalous modern population of both Americas
+within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly
+help us to form a more correct estimate of
+the ancient population and colonization of
+such vast countries during many thousand
+years previous to 1492.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete
+list of all the ancient nations, who
+have, or may have colonized the Western
+hemisphere: this can only be done afterwards
+as a result of the instituted enquiries
+on the subject. Meantime I state as highly
+probable, even by mere analogy, that all
+the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific
+Oceans, in the Eastern hemisphere, have
+either visited or colonized the Americas;
+particularly from the east, the bold navigators,
+Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians, Lybyans,
+Etruscans, &amp;c., and from the west
+the ancient tribes of Tartars and Chinese,
+the Polynesians, &amp;c. We shall throughout
+these historical outlines find ample proofs
+of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated
+the whole of the Western Hemisphere. It
+shall appear also that these early settlers
+must have brought along many foreign
+tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be
+found a kind of classification of the ancient
+nations of both Americas, divided into 25
+groups, 14 in North, 11 in South America.
+But this first attempt, cannot be perfect:
+it requires a close study of all the American
+languages, before we can ascertain correctly
+all their mutual affinities, and reduce
+each to the real parent group. Meantime
+this attempt, and the further correction of
+it in this work, will become very useful historical
+bases. I give therefore the list of
+the 25 groups, with a well known nation
+and language as the type, to which others
+may be gradually reduced.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In North America 1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uski</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Innuit</span></span>,
+type the Esquimaux.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ongwi</span></span>, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linni</span></span>, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wacash</span></span>, type the Chopunish, and
+Nutkas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Skerreh</span></span>, type the Panis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachez</span></span>, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Capaha</span></span>, types the Washas or Ozages,
+and Dacotas or Sioux.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chactah</span></span>, types the Chactahs and
+Chicasas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otali</span></span>, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalan</span></span>, type the Tarascas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otomi</span></span>, type the Otomis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anahuac</span></span>, type the Aztecas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span>, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span>, type the Tzendals and
+Chols.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In South America 15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span>, types the
+Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calina</span></span>, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Puris</span></span>, type the Maypuris.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarura</span></span>, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuna</span></span>, type the Dariens.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayna</span></span>, type the Panos.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span>, type the Muyzcas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarani</span></span>, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mara</span></span>, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lulé</span></span>, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+25. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chili</span></span>, type the Chilians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of
+these outlines, the ample materials to be
+brought together, will extend them perhaps
+beyond the desirable limits. In order to
+lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing
+that is new or important, the work will be
+divided into three series.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1st. The annals of South America, where
+many generalities will be introduced, that
+need not be repeated in the 2d series, on
+the annals of North America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where
+will be thrown and collected all the collateral
+proofs, documents, vocabularies of
+languages, manuscript facts and events,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of
+South America will first be introduced,
+because of paramount importance. By
+the Peruvian region is meant the whole
+western part of South America from the
+equator to the southern tropic, and by Austral
+America, the whole of it from that
+tropic to the Magellanic Islands. The
+gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil,
+both physically and historically. Austral
+America includes the countries and nations
+of Chili, Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres,
+Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall
+often be needful to mention their neighbors,
+with whom they are more or less related,
+and even distant nations that are not always
+strangers to them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ancient nations of Austral America
+are the least known on many accounts, and
+those on whom most fables and systems
+have been based. It is there that dwell
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patagons</span></span>, who have been believed a
+peculiar species of giants; and those tribes
+of Chaco, &amp;c., which Azara has deemed
+peculiar men, with languages without affinities
+with any other: which will easily be
+proved to be quite false.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If America has had an aboriginal population,
+or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Autoctons</span></span>, men born from the
+soil: it is there they should be found, driven
+to the south and those remote climes
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by the ancient colonies of other nations;
+and they should offer features, complexions,
+languages and manners totally different
+from any other. If all the Americans derive
+from ancient colonies, it is still there
+that ought to be found the primitive tribes,
+driven on by the subsequent colonies and
+tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most
+ancient relics of American population.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the origin of the American nations
+and tribes are only to be considered as a
+branch of their history. The accounts of
+their dispersion and successive settlements,
+the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions
+or annals, those of the empires which
+have been founded there in ancient and
+modern times, the study of their civilization
+and ethnography ... offer surely much
+more interest, and a wide field of historical
+facts or enquiries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It appears that as soon as we speak of
+the ancient Americans, we ought to cut
+the gordian knot, and say whence they
+came. I do not wish to explain beforehand,
+all my views on this subject. I wish
+to reserve them for the results of the enquiries
+to be pursued in this work. Yet to
+satisfy the general curiosity expressed on
+the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any
+people or tribe totally different from any
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other, or without philological affinities: nor
+with features, complexions, and other physical
+characters quite peculiar. But instead,
+all the ancient American tribes have numerous
+affinities between each other, and
+with races of mankind in the Eastern
+hemisphere: both physical and moral, as
+well as philological.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If the American nations sprung from
+ancient colonies; it is among the primitive
+population of the earth, that their parents
+must be sought and found: since America
+appears to have been partly peopled even
+before the flood. Therefore the systems
+which would derive them all from the Phenicians,
+Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later
+ages, or any single people whatever, must
+be absurd and improbable: since traces of
+many ancient nations are found in this
+western hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It has always appeared probable to me
+that most of the ancient colonies to America,
+must have come there by the nearest
+and most direct way; the same nearly followed
+again by Columbus in 1492: either
+from north Africa or south Europe. This
+becomes still more probable if there were
+formerly a land or large islands in the Atlantic
+Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida
+and Mexico to Chili, appear to have
+reached America from the east, through
+the tropical islands or Antilles; but the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt
+once in Asia, which appears the cradle of
+mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana
+are more recent and of African origin;
+while nearly all those of North America
+appear to have reached America by the
+opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through
+Alaska or the Streight of Behring, once an
+Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes
+came here from the East, and the North
+West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What is now needful, is to trace these
+colonies, their travels, epochas, and ascertain
+the nations which they have produced
+in both Americas. This I will endeavour
+to do, without being prevented by the difficulties
+of the task. I shall always seek to
+ascertain the true names of each nation
+or tribe: which have often been disguised
+under a crowd of nicknames and erroneous
+orthographies. These names when thus
+restored will often furnish an original key,
+to supply the scarcely known languages, or
+lost traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Brigands who brought desolation
+over both Americas during two centuries,
+and the careless travellers who visited them
+in search of wealth, took little notice of the
+languages and traditions of their victims
+or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss
+of many valuable materials, merely indicated.
+However, a few enlightened visitors,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the missionaries have preserved some
+of them. The first attempt of the kind was
+the outlines of historical songs and traditions
+of Hayti, collected as early as 1498
+by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus;
+printed by his son, and by Barcias.
+Yet this valuable document has escaped
+the notice of nearly all the writers on America!
+evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical
+traditions of the Muyzcas; Juarros
+the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala;
+Ayeta and Herrera those of the Mayas of
+Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected
+by our historians. They have merely dwelt,
+and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico
+and Peru. We have besides fragments on
+the early history of the Ongwis, Linapis,
+Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more;
+but we have to regret the loss of the written
+annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas,
+Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &amp;c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered,
+as those of the Ongwis and Linapis have
+lately been.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is only since last age that the study of
+comparative philology has begun to be
+appreciated: and quite recently that languages
+have been made subservient to historical
+researches. Pigafetta had, however,
+set the examples as early as 1520 to collect
+American vocabularies, of which he gave
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which
+are quite important, since by them we
+trace both tribes seen by him to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aruac</span></span>
+race. For lack of frequent ancient vocabularies,
+we must often grope in the dark;
+but I do not despair to be able to restore
+many lost languages, by fragments escaped
+from the common ruin. I have already
+succeeded with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> of Hayti, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiri</span></span> of Trinidad,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Talega</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachi</span></span>
+of North America, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span> of central
+America, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Colla</span></span> of Peru, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Séké</span></span>
+of old Chili; whereby I shall draw some
+happy conclusions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa
+of monsters, and America of systems,
+for those who prefer opinions to reality.
+The systems and hypotheses of philosophy
+or ignorance upon America, exceed all the
+Asiatic fables. A crowd of prejudices,
+false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often
+mistaking a small part of it for the whole.
+Some have declared all the Americans a
+red, beardless, naked and barbarous race,
+or a peculiar species of men. Others that
+they came out of the ground or from the
+clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all
+Jews, or Malays, or Tartars. Lastly, even
+that Eden was here and Noah built the ark
+in America! All these systems and fifty
+more brought forth by ignorance or pride,
+are based upon the most absurd proofs, or
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a few insulated facts: while there are historical
+facts easy to prove that are neglected
+or forgotten.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus it is a positive fact that many
+ancient nations of the east, such as the
+Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians,
+Hindus, &amp;c. had heard of America, or
+knew nearly as much of it, as we did of
+Australia and Polynesia 100 years ago.
+It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct
+nations and tribes; some of which were
+quite civilized, perhaps as much as the
+Spaniards led by Columbus; the others
+more barbarous, but not entirely savage.
+There were but few, if any, real savages in
+America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes
+of fishermen or hunters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were formerly in America as now,
+tribes of all complexions, as elsewhere:
+yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened,
+brown, incarnate or white, and even blackened
+or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men
+from 8 to 4 feet in size, called giants and
+pygmies—men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the
+eastern hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Americans had long before Columbus,
+large cities; built of stones, bricks or
+wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces.
+Some of which were of immense size and
+population. One of them <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otolum</span></span> near
+Palenque was 28 miles long, equal to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and
+monuments. Nearly all the ancient sciences
+and useful primitive arts were known
+in America, as well as commerce and navigation,
+symbolic and alphabetic writing,
+nearly all the Asiatic religions, &amp;c. The
+most civilized nations had even colleges
+and universities, canals and paved roads,
+splendid temples and monuments, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It would be tedious to designate all what
+has not been told, or been very unworthily
+noticed, upon America. The whole of
+these outlines shall be comments upon the
+forgotten facts relating to this third of the
+world. Such as are found recorded by
+chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by
+nearly all the other writers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Respecting the chronology of the American
+annals, it is rather obscure and doubtful;
+but perhaps not more so than that of
+all ancient nations except the Chinese. It
+frequently ascends as far as the floods and
+even the creation. The most ancient dates
+are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas,
+Ongwis, Linapis, &amp;c. But it is difficult
+to make those dates agree among themselves,
+or with our oriental dates. However
+the American annals may be divided into
+great periods, which can be admitted as
+certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here is their tabular view.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus
+in 1492.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antidiluvian period</span></span>, beginning at
+the creation, about 6690 years before Columbus
+according to the Tols, and ending
+with the last cataclysm of Peleg, about
+3788 years before Columbus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doubtful period</span></span>, from that epocha
+till the reform of Tol astronomy, 1612 years
+before Columbus. This includes several
+subordinate periods and epochas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement
+of the Linapis in Shinaki or Firland
+or Oregon in N. W. America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars
+of the Towancas and Ongwis, the hero
+Yatatan, &amp;c. in North America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Certain period</span></span>, from 1612 till Columbus'
+arrival in 1492. Many lesser periods
+and epochas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+442, after Christ—End of the Tollan
+kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+492,—Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of
+Ongwis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+558,—Empire of Tol-tecas begins in
+Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+840,—Beginning of the wars of Zipanas
+and Caris in South Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+947,—Foundation of the kingdom of
+Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+985,—Discovery of America by the
+Norwegians.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1000,—Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1105,—Beginning of the Incas empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1322,—Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or
+Mexico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Colonial Period</span></span>, from 1492 till 1776.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Independent Period</span></span>, beginning in
+1776. The foundation of the empire of
+Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate
+period.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Each age may bear the name of a wise
+legislator or eminent personage: the ages
+of modern history are those of 1. Columbus,
+2. Las-Casas, 3. William Penn, 4. Washington,
+5. Bolivar.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a>
+<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Materials for the history
+of the Americans.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Authors,
+Documents, Sciences.—Languages,
+Civilization, &amp;c.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Far from following the example of many
+American historians, who often take a single
+guide for their crude compilations, or
+avoid the trouble to consult all the historical
+sources, I have taken care in my researches
+to employ all the possible means to reach
+the truth, and collect all the facts that are
+scattered among a crowd of writers. I
+have carefully analysed, compared and
+judged the materials, details and events
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+thus procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences
+have afforded additional fragments
+or proofs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These materials may be divided into 10
+series or kinds
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. Works, printed or manuscript.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. Documents and monuments.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. Maps, plans, views, &amp;c.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">4. Natural sciences.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">5. Ethnography.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">6. Traditions and annals.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">7. Chronology and astronomy.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">8. Languages and philology.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">9. Religion, mythologies, &amp;c.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">10. Civilization, laws and manners.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The writers upon America are very numerous;
+but mostly defective or local. A
+number, however, have attempted to consider
+the whole continent: the principal
+among those containing facts upon all parts
+of America are chiefly
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish
+America carried till the year 1554.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America,
+till 1630.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.—Spanish
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Carli, American Letters.—Italian work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America,
+till 1670.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Raynal, European Settlements in America,
+till 1774.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish
+America in 1786.—Spanish work.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Touron, History of America, chiefly
+ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14 volumes
+1768-70, in French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Robertson, false History of America or
+Spanish Conquests of Mexico or Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt,
+Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias, Prevost,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American researches of Ulloa,
+Humboldt, M'Culloh, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have consulted and analyzed all these
+general works, and many others of less
+account; but I have not yet read Hervas
+nor Compagnone, knowing them merely
+through quotations
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibliotheca Americana</span></span> or
+catalogue of writers on America, was given
+by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another
+appeared in England in 1719; a third in
+France in 1820. They contain the names,
+authors, editions, dates, &amp;c. of over 300
+works relating to America. Robertson
+has given a list of nearly as many, which
+he pretends to have consulted, although he
+neglected what they tell us. Humboldt
+has also a catalogue of 250 authors,
+consulted by him. In 1831, Aspinwall
+published his American Library containing
+771 works; and Warden, in Paris, his
+own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All this does not complete the account
+of books on America; since I have seen
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+many omitted in all these catalogues; although
+I never could meet some mentioned
+there. I will carefully notice them, that it
+may be known where I found my materials,
+and what may yet have escaped my researches.
+I have already consulted upwards
+of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean
+special or local works connected with history.
+If we were to add to these the botanists,
+naturalists, paltry compilers, and
+pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of
+3000 works on America, her inhabitants
+and productions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I will refer gradually to them, and have
+collected them all in my manuscript illustrations;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">materials</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">printed works</span></span>. Therefore
+we do not lack printed materials: but
+the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders,
+errors, hypotheses and their constant
+repetitions: which ought to be rejected in
+order to gather facts and the truth. But
+we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that
+may clash with our ideas and systems: it
+is chiefly needful so recall and restore the
+events and facts mentioned by the earliest
+travellers and observers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These numerous local writers ought to
+be divided into three classes. 1. historians
+and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers,
+3. antiquarians and philologists. I shall
+now merely mention the most useful (which
+I have all consulted) upon the Peruvian
+and Austral regions of South America.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1st. The principal historians are, 1.
+Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes, Civil
+History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and
+Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of Peru, 4.
+Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix
+of Paraguay, 6. Techo, on Ditto,
+7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori,
+and 10. Renger, Paraguay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2d. The principal writers who have
+furnished historical facts, with geographical
+and ethnographical materials, are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">old travellers</span></em>,
+1. Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot,
+3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10.
+Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12. Schmidtmeyer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The modern travellers are</span></span>, 1. Azara, 2.
+D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook, 5. Byron, 6.
+Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn,
+10. Beaumont, 11. Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13.
+Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew,
+17. Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20.
+Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The principal original geographers and
+ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on Chiquitos
+1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner,
+on Patagonia 1774, 4. Molina on Chili
+and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6.
+Skinner, Memoirs on Peru, 7. Gili, South
+America 1782.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology,
+antiquities and other historical branches
+are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi,
+&amp;c., on all American languages, 2. American
+researches of Humboldt, Macculoh
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+1829. Those of Depaw and Ranking are
+shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manuscripts.</span></span> There are yet many such
+extant on America, in the libraries of both
+hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list
+of Mexican Manuscripts. Funes quotes
+several on Austral America. There are
+several extant in Central America and
+South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many
+have been lost through wilful neglect, or
+destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &amp;c. Those in the ancient
+languages, Mexican, Tarasca, Tzendal,
+&amp;c., are now very rare, and much
+esteemed. Those burnt by Zumaraga, the
+Mexican Omar, have been often regretted.
+Lord Kingborough has lately published
+some at a great cost.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The manuscripts which I could consult
+on South America are but few. Those on
+North America are more numerous and
+very important; particularly the traditions
+of the Linapis, Shawanis, &amp;c., they are
+chiefly on wood, bark, skins or Mosaic
+strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of
+Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &amp;c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the
+libraries of Philadelphia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are, besides, in the public or private
+libraries of all the great cities of both
+Americas, several interesting historical
+works, which have never been published.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly
+the historical collections of Simetierre.
+Often the best or most important works
+cannot be printed: while a crowd of paltry
+compilations are ushered to deceive the
+public. This may be deemed a remainder
+of the prevailing ignorance and error. Instead
+of appreciating the learned and useful
+works, the prevailing taste is for historical
+romances and systematic fables. It is
+needful to seek these previous labors, which
+run the risk of being totally lost, if we will
+not have again to blush hereafter for these
+historical losses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I give the list of such among my own
+manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my
+possession, but I wish to see them deposited
+in a great public library; where they might
+be consulted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography,
+&amp;c. of the Americans, their annals,
+chronology, &amp;c. 40 books, begun in 1820,
+continued ever since, and not yet closed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern
+languages of both Americas, symbols,
+glyphs, &amp;c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography
+of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &amp;c., begun 1824.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. Ancient monuments of North and
+South America, compared with the primitive
+monuments of the eastern hemisphere,
+3 books and 200 plans, &amp;c., 1822.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tellus</span></span>, or the primitive History of
+the Earth and Mankind in Protholia, Oceania
+and Neotholia, with the ancient and
+modern general ethnography, 30 books,
+begun in 1821.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination
+of all languages and nations, 6 books, begun
+1825.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my
+historical works and travels, containing
+over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements,
+&amp;c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802,
+3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have often been apprehensive of the
+fate of Boturini, for these interesting manuscript
+and long researches. This has happened
+already for one of my manuscripts.
+As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy
+of Science in Boston, a manuscript of 240
+pages, being an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations
+and tribes of America before Columbus</span></span>.
+This was for an offered prize of $100: which
+was never awarded, although my memoir
+was declared the best sent. And instead
+of depositing this manuscript in the library
+of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lost</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">stolen</span></em>. If
+never recovered, and that the public may
+judge of the merits of it, at such an early
+period of my historical studies: I will state
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the principal results of my enquiries therein;
+which tenor, together with their length,
+were the ostensible reasons for not awarding
+a prize probably never meant to be
+awarded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there
+are yet materials enough, notwithstanding
+the loss of many, for an ancient history of
+America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. That a complete American history
+ought to employ and combine all the materials
+afforded by geology, geography,
+physics, chronology, physiology, ethnology,
+archeology, philology, on America, with all
+the traditions of the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates
+the cradles and ancient settlements
+of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the
+places unfit for population, the means of
+access, probable route of colonies, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. America has an ancient geography previous
+to 1492, which ought to be restored.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. The coincidence of names of nations
+and tribes, afford a comparitive concordance,
+indicating ancient connections or
+identity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The ancient American population,
+must have been derived from the nearest
+shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The
+points where all the indications and traditions
+tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and
+Guyana in South America; Anian or Tollan
+and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga
+or Groenland to the N. E.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. The philological solution of historical
+affinities must be sought in the roots of
+the languages, their conformity or analogies,
+the number of similar sounds, roots
+and words; which are susceptible of a
+mathematical calculation, and referable to
+the theory of probabilities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of
+the earth, may thus be proved to have been
+akin or related.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but
+perhaps not universal. His ark or THBE
+was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations
+saved there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian
+patriarchs were Nations, their long
+ages being the duration of dynasties or
+states. This opinion may also be entertained
+of many other ancient patriarchs or
+heads of tribes, every where, by the usual
+figure of personification.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so
+general as Noah's. There may have been
+many successive cataclysms blended in this,
+as this has been often mistaken in date for
+Noah's.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican
+nations, must have been the Tulan of Asia,
+since Turan and Tartary. There are many
+places called Tula, all over the earth, indicating
+settlements of Atlantes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. The ancient chronology of America
+may be restored. Several dates given, a
+system proposed.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. All the races and complexions of
+mankind are found in America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. America was known to the ancient
+nations, particularly the Atlantes, Pelagians,
+Phenicians, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. Some highlands of America were
+not covered at Noah's flood, and might become
+the azylums of men, animals, and
+vegetation. However, but few nations can
+be traced to these azylums in America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. The ancient monuments of both
+Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America
+can be explained. A key may be found
+for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. The religions of the Americans, were
+similar to the primitive religions of the
+eastern hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. The manners and customs, of the
+Americans, are very various, and form no
+peculiar test.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. Many American nations were highly
+civilized, besides the Mexicans and Peruvians:
+skilful in agriculture, and the arts,
+having cattle, colleges, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My reward for having ascertained and
+proved those facts, was to be denied the
+prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid
+or lost or stolen! My historical researches
+ever since have continued to confirm nearly
+all these facts.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Documents and monuments.</span></span> The
+historical titles and proofs, inscriptions,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+medals, coins, charters, &amp;c., which are so
+common elsewhere, are but few as yet, in
+America, belonging to early times: most
+belong to modern history.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered
+in South America; but not yet published.
+Molina speaks of one on a pyramid
+of Cuyo, which late travellers have not
+found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué
+in Central America begin to excite great
+attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really
+Americans, are exceedingly scarce: yet
+there are some in Central America. Several
+medals, perhaps foreign and indicating
+a communication, have been found, but
+again lost or neglected; few have been
+figured or explained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of
+arts, pottery, weapons, &amp;c. of the ancient
+Americans are found in all the museums;
+but excite little attention, by not being
+concentrated, accumulated nor classified.
+Many fine specimens of arts have been
+melted, or broken and lost. The astronomical
+stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas
+have been preserved; but those of Peru
+and Central America are lost; as well as
+that beautiful one of the Talegas of North
+America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once
+kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ancient monuments of both Americas,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+are very numerous, indicating a dense
+population in places since become wild and
+desolate, as in North America, Guyana,
+Brazil, &amp;c. They are most numerous in
+the central parts of both Americas, and
+lessen towards both ends. Yet they are
+met from lat. 45 N. to 45 S. They are
+very variable in different parts; by no
+means identic, indicating different builders
+or many degrees of civilization, from the
+rudest arts to the most refined: employing
+many materials, earth, clay, gravel, stone,
+wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings
+of rough or cut stones, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pizé</span></span> or beaten
+clay, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We do not know as yet one half of those
+in existence, and many have never been
+described nor figured. Yet they afford
+every where, one of the most evident and
+certain base of historical researches, confirming
+traditions, or revealing the seats of
+former empires, their civilization, &amp;c.
+They consist chiefly in mounds, altars,
+tumuli or tombs, ruined cities, villages and
+forts, temples and dwellings; but we find
+besides in various places, traces of ancient
+palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers,
+pillars, rocking stones, walls, wells, pits &amp;c.
+They generally resemble the primitive
+monuments of the same kind, met with in
+the eastern hemisphere, from England and
+Ireland to Mauritania and Africa, extending
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &amp;c. They have less resemblance
+with the monuments of Egypt, Greece,
+Rome, India and China; yet some kinds
+somewhat assimilate. In fact, there are,
+throughout both Americas, three very distinct
+classes of monuments, indicating distinct
+arts and architecture.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to
+those yet used by the rudest tribes in the
+north or in Brazil, Antilles, &amp;c., indicating
+a similar barbarous state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The second or primitive, is known by
+using wood and earth instead of stones for
+buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The third or most refined, employed
+stones, often well cut as in Mexico, Central
+America, Peru, &amp;c., and indicates arts
+nearly equal to those of Egypt and India.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Besides such great monumental remains;
+there are lesser antiquities; fragments of
+sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic,
+&amp;c., either in metals, stones, pottery, beads,
+&amp;c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the most singular and dubious relics
+of antiquity, are subteraneous or in excavations:
+these are in caves, mines, pits, &amp;c.:
+while under ground are found trees, stumps,
+charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &amp;c. that must have been buried by
+alluvions, diluvions or new formed soil. It
+has been surmised or ascertained that some
+may be antidiluvian: although those in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+deep alluvial soils, near streams, and connected
+with graves, may have been buried
+by men, or fluvial inundations. Mummies,
+skeletons and bones, with human apparel
+and implements have been found in caves,
+evidently buried there by human means,
+and not by floods. Human remains are but
+seldom if ever connected with the organic
+remains of the soil and caves, even of the
+latest geological date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geography, Maps, &amp;c.</span></span> The knowledge
+of the regions and localities inhabited
+by mankind, or where colonies are sent,
+empires founded, is needful to history, in
+order to understand and treat the events
+and migrations. The physical configuration
+of the land, the climates, plains, mountains
+and streams, have a great influence
+on civilization and communications. Physical
+geography is constant and invariable:
+while civil or ethnographical geography is
+constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If we had complete series of maps by
+chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative
+historical geography, and successive
+ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions
+of mankind. The old maps of
+America, those of Laet, the old geographers
+&amp;c. are very valuable for this object.
+Many travellers in America, have given
+original maps, which furnish similar materials.
+I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+D'Anville, Molina, Falkner, Cochrane,
+Wedel, the Jesuits, &amp;c. Among the modern
+general maps, relating to South America,
+the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the
+English of 1815, the French of 1830, the
+latest American of Tanner, &amp;c. By those
+materials I have been able to trace and fix
+four periods of American geography, 2 ancient
+and 2 modern.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and
+1500.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two
+first periods, which shall be published gradually,
+or in my Illustrations of the Ancient
+Geography of America. We have thousands
+of maps on the early geography of
+the Eastern Hemisphere, and no one as yet
+on the Western Hemisphere! to show the
+respective limits and positions of Ancient
+Empires, Nations, Cities, &amp;c., except Clavigero's
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish
+conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &amp;.c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico
+and Cuzco; but lack those of Tiahuanaco,
+Otolum, and many more important for ancient
+history. Several plans of ancient
+sites of civilization have been given, along
+with those of monuments. I have many
+in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest
+part of modern cities, are built on ancient
+sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati,
+Louisville, Pittsburg, St. Louis, Philadelphia,
+Savannah, &amp;c. The views of ruined
+cities, and those of actual cities, are partly
+historical, connected with the knowledge
+of gradual American civilization.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes,
+streams and mountains, are preserved in
+actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti—Ontario,
+Erie, Titicaca—Ohio, Alatamaha,
+Maranon, Parana, Rivers.—Alleghanies,
+Andes, Parima, Mountains, &amp;c. When
+the names have been changed, it is the duty
+of the historical geographer to compare
+the old and new names.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient
+nations, could draw and paint maps. Even
+our North American tribes can draw rude
+maps on skins or bark. Some of these are
+preserved in museums; but none have ever
+been published: although some are pretty
+correct and deserving it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natural Sciences.</span></span> They are now
+becoming sisters of history. Geology is
+connected with geography. Botany and
+Zoology, acquaint us with trees, plants and
+animals, which were used in the arts and
+agriculture at different periods. The Asiatic
+origin of maize, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">maza</span></span> by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes
+Greece,) has been unperceived by Humboldt
+and many others, although it throws
+some light on the early migrations and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated
+in Assyria, West Tartary, North
+Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted
+by Marco Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin,
+&amp;c.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+America had anciently several cereal
+plants, besides maize, two kinds of indigenous
+wheat and barley in Chili. The
+Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of South and
+North America. Many roots, beans, seeds,
+fruits and flowers, were cultivated from
+Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant,
+the indigo and annato were natives.
+Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton,
+silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm, &amp;c., were
+cultivated or collected to use for cloths,
+threads, ropes, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for
+the remains of animals dwelling on earth,
+before mankind. America has already
+afforded the huge mastodons, elephants,
+megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land
+animals, and many large reptiles, crocodiles
+of streams and lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a
+few arctic quadrupeds, birds and insects excepted;
+all the animals of this hemisphere
+are peculiar to it. Reptiles almost entirely
+such, even in the North. All the American
+monkeys form distinct species. The tropical
+animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+quadrupeds formerly domesticated in America,
+the dog only may be deemed a stranger:
+and it had even many American varieties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient
+America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4
+species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2 deer,
+2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &amp;c. See my dissertation
+on the domestic animals of both hemispheres,
+1832. Americans had also tamed
+22 birds or fowls, as many as Asia, &amp;c., and
+even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &amp;c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America
+and only 80 in Europe, Asia, &amp;c., before
+1492.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+American botany offers many peculiar
+regions; in the North only, akin to Asiatic
+or European botany; but becoming quite
+distinct in the tropics, still more so in Austral
+America. Since 1492 the European
+colonists have brought many plants, that
+are become spontaneous from Canada to
+Chili: these must be carefully separated
+from the ancient indigenous plants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American Floras are nearly as many
+as the 15 natural regions already indicated,
+each having a focal seat or cradle in some
+range of mountains. They become richer
+or more abundant in species within the
+tropics, decreasing to the North and South.
+Trees and palm abound there, and disappear
+near the poles, the palms are unknown
+beyond the 36 degrees North and South.
+The equator has 500 species of trees; in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+latitude 40 N. and S. only 100 kinds are
+found, or even less. Social plants and
+grasses abound in plains, and in the North
+dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Trees were early tools of civilization,
+affording timber, fuel, dies, houses, boats,
+weapons, &amp;c. Fruit trees afforded food in
+abundance: even the tribes of North America
+near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant
+orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees, crab-trees,
+nut-trees. They knew how to make
+oils of nuts, to dry the fruits, make sugars
+out of maples and other trees.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply
+of food to early nations, whence the
+preference to dwell near streams, Lakes
+and shores. Notwithstanding the swimming
+rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or
+oceanic tribes of them that are common to
+both hemispheres. Most of the resident
+shore fishes of America are peculiar species.
+Still more so with lacustral and fluviatile
+fishes. These are divided into peculiar
+regions. Our northern lakes form one; and
+almost every large stream has a peculiar
+generation of finny tribes: such are the
+Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It
+was gold and silver that drew hither the
+greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized
+nations knew mining, smelting, casting and
+forging. They used gold, silver, copper,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+brass, lead, &amp;c.; collected and prized gems,
+emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &amp;c. Even
+the less civilized tribes of North America
+used copper and lead, clays for pipes, pottery,
+&amp;c. Iron was scarce because so hard
+to melt, and highly prized; but iron-rings
+have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Metallic coins were little known except
+in Central America; but bits of silver, gold,
+tin, iron, were used as such. The other
+mediums of exchange were skins, mats,
+nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works,
+&amp;c. Commerce was well known to many
+nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan,
+Peru, &amp;c. Navigators went by sea for the
+same purpose all over the Antilles, coast
+of Peru, and in the great streams. It is
+thus that were found many strange and
+foreign objects, jewels, medals, metals, &amp;c.,
+all over America, and in early tombs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnography.</span></span> This new science
+which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches.
+Anthropography or the knowledge of physical
+mankind. Philology or the comparative
+study of human speech and languages.
+Besides the nameless branch attending to
+the moral ideas, arts, institutions, manners,
+civilization, governments and religions of
+mankind; which might be called moral
+ethnography.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All these studies become the philosophy
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of history, and shall duly command my
+attention. Some writers neglect them
+altogether; others, like Robertson, do not
+know how to collect and accumulate facts
+instead of systems: Rollin has shown in
+his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although
+he omitted philology and physical
+facts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have studied the men of all the parts
+of the world, in order to know and compare
+them, better than had been done.
+All the errors on the histories of nations,
+proceed commonly from the slender or
+partial views acquired or admitted by the
+writers. There is much to glean on the
+ethnography of modern nations, and therefrom
+we may ascend to ancient ethnography.
+It would be needful to study well the
+physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs;
+the complexions of the skin, hairs and eyes;
+with the casual or permanent varieties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, above all, we must better study all
+the spoken languages and dialects. It is
+strange that we hardly know anything, and
+sometimes nothing at all, on the languages
+of many existing tribes, with whom we have
+intercourse in both Americas. It would
+be desirable to procure at least a vocabulary
+of 100 essential words, in each. Such
+words, including the cardinal numbers, will
+soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+phonology or sounds of languages, their
+idioms and grammars, their roots, and
+verbs, the alphabets, glyphs and symbols
+used to communicate ideas, will combine
+to furnish the complete knowledge of philology
+as a separate science. Although
+I have not always carried so far my researches;
+I did so for a few, applying
+chiefly myself to the essential features of
+languages; and the unexpected results will
+be surprising.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+American anthropography will teach
+that there were men of all sizes, features
+and complexions, in this hemisphere before
+1492: notwithstanding the false assertions
+of many writers, who take one nation
+for the whole American group. The
+Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons,
+&amp;c. were as white as the Spaniards, 50
+such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis,
+the Yaruras, &amp;c., were as black as negroes.
+All the other shades of brown, tawny and
+coppery, were scattered every where.
+There was not a single red man in America,
+unless painted such. Some tribes
+had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &amp;c., others bushy beards.
+The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8 feet
+high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions and Annals.</span></span> Many
+American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions,
+repeated from fathers to sons; or communicated
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+orally by the priests, chiefs or
+elderly men. Many are preserved yet to
+this day, by frequent repetitions, being
+embodied in songs, hymns, maxims, tales,
+drawings, or even symbolic figures and
+signs. Many of those traditions are precious
+for history, notwithstanding the fables,
+allegories, metaphors, personifications,
+&amp;c., which partly conceal them or render
+the meaning obscure. We must learn to
+decipher them as we do old inscriptions
+and medals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although many such are now nearly lost
+for us, by the extinction of the living books,
+who kept the remembrance: there are
+many already collected, and of which we
+ought to make a good use. But there are
+as many more, which have never been
+collected nor printed. I have collected
+many such in North America in manuscript.
+It often happens that the American
+tribes will not communicate them to their
+foes or oppressors; but their friends and
+allies may hope to receive the deposit of
+them. Every enlightened traveller ought
+to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet
+after being acquired, they are sometimes
+lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them
+equally as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Stories</span></span>, because they
+despise the ancient American race. There
+are, however, as yet many historical songs,
+poems and tales to collect among all the
+American tribes, which falling in good
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects
+or destroys them acts as a vandal.
+Malcolm has said at the outset of his history
+of Persia, that we ought never to
+neglect the original notions of a people on
+its origin, or early history, since therein is
+found the germ and spring of their subsequent
+conduct, actions and opinions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished
+or forgotten traditions, whereof
+I shall avail myself in all my historical
+annals and researches. I consider those
+of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis,
+Shawanis, Cados, Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas,
+Apalachians, &amp;c., as highly important
+for the annals of North America. The
+same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &amp;c., for
+Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in
+South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians,
+Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chronology and Astronomy.</span></span> These
+two sciences always go together, and form
+a double key of history. The American
+chronology is by no means fixed before
+1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve
+and compare all the heterogenous
+dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt
+to elucidate it gradually; but may often be
+compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+referred to a series of gradual facts. In
+Austral America, we are told that none
+had notions of astronomy and dates, except
+the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe
+that their oral traditions have been
+neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Peru, there are many positive dates,
+yet I was the first to reduce them to chronological
+order. In Brazil and Guyana,
+but few dates are found. The Muyzcas
+had very early dates, yet few have been
+preserved; much obscured by personifications
+of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins
+their real annals only in 1490, or 45 years
+before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles
+the dates are quite loose, and difficult to
+reduce even to a serial order.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But in Central and Mexican America,
+we find many early dates with a regular
+chronology. Yet some are extravagant or
+contradictory. I shall endeavour to elucidate
+them, so as to reduce the whole to
+order. They must form the base of a
+regular American chronology, that ascends
+by dates to the flood and creation. In
+Yucatan the first regular date only reach
+to 940 after Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In North America, where the smallest
+number of dates existed; we have unexpectedly
+and quite lately, found that many
+ancient dates could be procured. Cusick
+has published those of the Ongwi traditions,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and I have ascertained those of the Linapis.
+Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available
+dates as early as 1600 years before our
+era; thus nearly as ample as those of the
+TOL-tecas, and as plain in some instances.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized
+nations of ancient America. They
+had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and
+13 solar years. Humboldt has well written
+on that subject; but much remains to
+be gleaned. The northern tribes reckon
+by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians,
+&amp;c., and by winters instead of years,
+moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America,
+&amp;c. the months were of 20 days,
+including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians
+had months of 27 days, or 3 weeks
+of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas
+small weeks of 3 days, &amp;c. No where in
+ancient America, was found the sabatical
+week of days, based on the 7 planets and
+the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is remarkable,
+as evincing a remote antiquity,
+and separation before this week was adopted
+in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas
+reckoned only 365 days in the solar
+year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then
+they added the hours to the year. This
+forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas
+had a very complicated astronomy, and
+three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons.
+The horal division unknown in many parts of
+America, was of 4 hours in the day for the
+Muyzcas and Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10
+and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of
+12 signs with 360 degrees were not known.
+The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with
+astronomy. A complete decimal numeration
+was known to all the civilized American
+nations, and even to the northern tribes.
+The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the
+manual mode; there are traces also of a
+binary numeration, the most simple of all:
+while others had complex calculations by
+13 and by 20 or scores. We find no trace
+of any by 7, and but slight indications of a
+ternary numeration by 3 and 9. All these
+American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">binary</span></em>, by two or pairs;
+and the quinary or manual by the five fingers,
+of which the decimal is the double,
+and by 20 the quadruple.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Languages.</span></span> They are becoming one
+of the most important aids in history. When
+the annals are ample and clear, the examination
+of the languages is merely a supplement
+to historical knowledge; but when
+they are obscure, mutilated or totally lost;
+languages then supply more or less to their
+defects or loss. Their comparative study
+furnish us new lights to ascertain the origines,
+parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wars, &amp;c., of the nations thus deprived
+of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect
+annals or the fabulous traditions. This
+study may lead besides to trace the manners,
+religions, intercourse, arts and sciences
+of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture
+of the civilization, acquired or borrowed
+knowledge, modes of life, &amp;c. of each.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is above all in both Americas that this
+study is indispensable in historical researches:
+I will therefore apply to languages
+in all cases, and make constant use of them;
+and they will unfold new facts quite unknown,
+although very important, Historical
+lights shall thereby be thrown on many
+obscure subjects, whence astonishing and
+unexpected results may spring, in which I
+shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By taking into view all the American
+languages or as many as are already known,
+we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd
+systems of philosophers and philologists,
+who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all the Americans</span></em>,
+as many Jews, or Tartars, or Atlantes,
+or sprung from the ground, and so on.
+Now the fact is that these writers have never
+taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce
+them to groups, and seek their affinities
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without
+proof, that nearly 1200 languages existed
+in America. Balbi has reduced them
+to 423, of which 212 in South America;
+but they can be much further reduced, most
+of them being mere dialects. The whole
+may be comprised in 25 groups of languages,
+or even less; which were certainly
+identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years ago:
+and all of which have astonishing affinities
+with the groups of the eastern hemisphere,
+so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000
+years ago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few
+hundred examples of such analogies: and
+the systematic writers have supposed that
+they had exhausted the comparisons. Yet
+a single language, the Chilian, has by itself
+more affinities with the languages of Europe,
+than all those mentioned by Vater and
+others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic
+affinities of American languages,
+vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to
+the nations. If we suppose that there are
+400 languages in America, and as many in
+the eastern hemisphere, and each to have
+about 2000 roots or essential words only;
+while the mean affinities are only 25 per
+cent: we shall find as many as 200,000
+affinities! out of America, in every American
+language; and in all the 400, as many
+as 80 millions! instead of the paltry reckoning
+of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of mathematical proofs, and shall be
+unfolded gradually in these pages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The theory about the common exclusive
+grammatical structure of all the American
+languages, is equally erroneous and based
+upon partial facts. Instead of all the
+American languages being polysynthetic by
+amalgamating words, we find in America
+many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words
+prevails more or less in Europe and Africa;
+chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek,
+Berber and other Atlantic dialects, the
+Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the
+Sanscrit and all the derived languages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It had been asserted that no American
+language was monosylabic: yet Balbi states
+that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera
+has lately proved the same of the
+Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such
+American groups of languages. But there
+are more; nay many American languages
+have monosylabic roots, even among the
+most amalgamated groups.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The most obvious grammatical classification
+of American languages, has escaped
+the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the
+epithetic structure, or relative position of
+ideas. Under this view all the languages
+arrange themselves in three great classes
+or groups. 1. Regular, 2. Resupinate,
+3. Mixt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Regular</span></span> is the most simple and
+natural form: where the roots or nouns are
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives,
+expressing epithetes or qualities follow or
+are added. This group includes in the
+Eastern Continent 1. All the Semetic languages,
+Arabic, Hebrew, &amp;c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All
+the Celtic and Cantabrian languages. 4.
+All the Polynesian and Malay languages.
+5. The Bhotiya and many languages of
+Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages.
+7. Yakut of Siberia, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America this group includes my groups
+1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3. Capaha.
+4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related
+thereto in North-west America, the Kaluchi,
+Mandan, &amp;c. 6. All the Guarani
+languages of South America, and perhaps
+many others, Mayna, Mobima, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Resupinate or Reflexed Group</span></span>:
+where the roots or nouns substantive are
+reversed, following the adjective or epithetes,
+which are prefixed. This second
+mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In
+all the Teutonic languages German, Swede,
+English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian,
+Greek and Slavonic languages. 4.
+In all the Turkish languages of Turan,
+Bokhara, Turkey. 5. The Newari of Imalaya.
+6. The Qua or Hottentot of South
+Africa.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America, it is the most prevailing form,
+found in my groups 1. Linni or Linapis.
+2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Othomi languages. 4. Chontal.
+5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North
+America,—and in South America. 6. Chili.
+7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many
+more: although hardly indicated by the
+philologists.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mixt Form</span></span>, which employs or adopts
+more or less the two former modes; although
+there is always a prevailing form, that indicates
+the original mode of uniting ideas.
+This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit
+and all derived languages. 2. In the Zend
+and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin,
+Italian, French, Spanish, Greek. 4. The
+Japanese, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While in America it is found 1. In the
+Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3. The
+Peruvian languages, &amp;c. of South America,
+and in North America. 4. The Atalan.
+5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This comparative classification of languages,
+will greatly help future investigations.
+It will show the improbability of the
+two opposite modes of annexing ideas having
+been entertained, by the same people at
+any time; while the mixt form evinces amalgamations
+of ancient nations. We have
+thus acquired another clue to trace primitive
+connections, another available mean
+to pursue the human steps on earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religions and Mythologies.</span></span> The
+human opinions on the past and future form
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+every where ample themes of thoughts and
+actions. From revelations, inspirations,
+oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled,
+have arisen all the worships, and rites, dogmas
+and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The
+history of religious ideas, is in fact the history
+of civilization, since they have sprung
+together in social men. Nearly all the religions
+of Asia (which from hence have
+spread throughout the earth along with
+mankind) were found in America: except
+the modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism
+and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism
+hardly known. Christianity or some
+of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and
+may arise from other sources. The most
+prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism,
+Solar worship, Polytheism, Dualism
+or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal
+worship. We find throughout America
+many modifications of these creeds: with
+several complex mythologies, more or less
+analogous to eastern dogmas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The investigation of these American religions
+affords not only an insight into the
+ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient
+communications with Asia or Africa.
+Throughout North America the Dualism,
+mythologies and fabulous traditions point to
+a connexion with Tartary. In Florida,
+Mexico and Yucatan, begin to appear the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry foreign
+to it. This Solar worship appears in a
+purer form in North America, as far as Peru.
+While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and
+Chili, prevailed several worships of heavenly
+and terrestial spirits; somewhat akin to
+the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe,
+Iran, India, China and Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+American religions admitted, like many
+others, of Priests, oracles, temples, shrines,
+pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration
+for animals, men and stars. Idols
+painted or sculptured in wood, pottery,
+stone, metals, &amp;c.; bloody rites by human
+sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &amp;c.
+But none of these practices were general,
+some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the
+Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis of Tucuman,
+&amp;c. Traces of a triple god or
+Indian Trimurti have been met from Ohio
+to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing
+religion. As the same idea was found
+among the Celts and Polynesians, it may
+have come by the east rather than Polynesia
+in the west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civilization and Manners.</span></span> This
+completes the history of all nations. When
+their annals are well known, it becomes a
+very proper appendix to them; when they
+are not, it is a very needful supplement to
+the traditions, &amp;c. But we must not make
+any history consist merely in such an account,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as often done by negligent writers.
+The manners and customs of every people,
+are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or
+improved by civilization, imitation, arts and
+sciences, &amp;c.; that they cannot afford any
+test of connections. They are often borrowed,
+from neighbors or strangers, disused
+after awhile by whims or wars, invented to
+suit the climate and productions it may
+afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified
+the customs of all the tribes they conquered
+or visited. This must have happened formerly
+also, by other visits or communications.
+Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty
+of the origin and duration of the primitive
+American customs, they must be studied,
+as one of the sources and objects of history.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all
+the forms of social civilization and manners
+of the east. But the Nomadic life with
+camels, oxen and sheep, was unknown, as
+well as those animals. The American
+cattle or lamas, &amp;c. of South America,
+hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of
+Mexico, deers of Florida, buffalos of Taos,
+were kept by sedentary civilized tribes.
+The Nomadic wandering tribes of America
+were chiefly hunters and fishermen: scattered
+around the agricultural nations,
+spreading from Canada to Chili.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the kinds of governments were known
+in America: Theocracy, despotism, monarchy,
+oligarchy, and democracy. But
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the most prevailing were theocracy among
+the civilized nations, oligarchy among the
+barbarous nations: with two peculiar modifications,
+of double kings as among Arabs,
+civil and military; and chiefs of families
+or tribes, as among all primitive nations.
+Queens were known to but few tribes, although
+the female line was often hereditary.
+Written laws and codes were known to the
+Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas,
+Panos, Peruvians, &amp;c. Oral laws were
+elsewhere preserved by priests or magistrates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes
+or castes, but was not universal. The 4
+castes of Indians are distinctly found in
+nearly all the civilized nations, often modified
+into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves.
+The arts of music, medicine, smithery,
+painting, sculpture, architecture, agriculture,
+pottery, &amp;c., were well known to
+nearly all. The sciences of geometry,
+geography, botany, astronomy, &amp;c., were
+cultivated from Mexico to Peru, even
+taught in schools and colleges; with the
+arts, the laws, the rites, and history of the
+country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Marsden has well distinguished several
+degrees of civilization in Asia. If no American
+nation had reached the Greeks and
+Romans, or our modern polished and improved
+civilization; it is not extraordinary.
+But the Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Talascas, &amp;c., were nearly
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+equal to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus
+in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century:
+nay, in some things superior. The
+second degree of American civilization
+found in Chili, Florida, Cumana, the Antilles,
+Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &amp;c.
+was equal to that of the Arabs, Malays,
+Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &amp;c. While
+the third degree found in all the barbarous
+nations, Innuit or Esquimaux, Shoshonis,
+Caribs, Brazilians, &amp;c. was not worse
+than what we find among the Fins, Laplanders,
+Tartars, Sames, Negroes and
+Hottentots.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Individual property in land was almost
+unknown in America; but feodal and tribal
+property well understood. Common property
+of tribes and villages over their territories,
+was the most usual tenure, modified
+by wars, conquests, tributes. Individual
+property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages
+and funerals were very different in every
+nation. The weapons of war were clubs,
+arrows, darts, lances, axes, Macana swords,
+Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses,
+thronged balls, &amp;c. as elsewhere. There
+was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts,
+walls, ditches, were used for defence, besides
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Estopils</span></span> a peculiar quilted armor.
+Flags, banners, and standards were known.
+The calumets, leaves or green feathers,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+council fires, and white flags were emblems
+of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption
+of tribes and prisoners. Slavery was
+hardly known; but vassalage much extended
+over conquered tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various.
+Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North
+America. In tropical America many
+tribes went nearly naked, with a mere
+apron or pagne of cotton or grass cloth.
+But the civilized nations were decently
+clothed with cotton shirts and feather mantles.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> is a true American
+dress known from Mexico to Chili, hardly
+known out of America except Polynesia.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns.
+They made cloths of lama wool in Peru;
+of cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &amp;c.
+there and elsewhere; either twisted, plaited
+or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians
+had a peculiar loom and plough. Cotton
+looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and
+all over South America, even by the Caribs
+to make hamacs or hanging beds.
+Among some nations women had the most
+labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons,
+&amp;c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike
+employed vassals or slaves.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Painting the body or face, was usual
+among many nations, but not general. It
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was useful against heat and flies, or was
+used to inspire love or terror. Ornaments
+to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs,
+&amp;c., were more or less adopted by men
+and women. The hair was usually worn
+long; but many tribes cut it in various
+ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by
+many tribes, and totally eradicated; but
+some tribes wore beards. The head was
+often left uncovered; but hats were worn
+in the N. W. and Central America, turbans
+in Paria and Florida, feather crowns
+in the tropics, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lautas</span></span> or diadem-bands in
+Peru and the Andes. Shoes and gloves
+were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of
+various substances, commonly used; with
+singular snow shoes of bark in winter by
+northern tribes.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a>
+<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">American Cataclysms</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">or Considerations
+on the Periods of American Geogony,
+Ontogony, Floods, and ancient
+population &amp;c. of both Americas.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+History does not merely consist in accumulating
+facts: these constitute the annals
+of empires; but the real philosophical history
+has a nobler aim. It seeks results,
+teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy
+the foes of mankind, and inspires
+veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be
+followed, and records the crimes to be
+avoided.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The several departments of history that
+are distinguished as biography, civil and
+ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical
+surveys of mankind, comparative philology,
+archeology, chronology, mythology, &amp;c.
+All combine to instruct and amuse, to record
+the past and present, and to lead to better
+future actions, an improved social order.
+The nations often forget the wise lessons of
+time and experience; but they are continually
+recalled to memory and view by the
+historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national
+prejudices, present the faithful mirror
+of history to the eyes of posterity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such is my aim. American history has
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+been so much despised or perverted, that
+few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet
+it affords ample scope for reflection, study
+and admiration. Nearly one half of the
+habitable globe, during all the past ages,
+cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom
+and philanthropy: that mutual benevolence
+of mankind, which ought ever to be
+felt; but is so often discarded or forgotten
+through the contrary tendencies of pride,
+lust, cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The connections of historical facts with
+all the sciences, afford another useful theme;
+that may vastly increase our comparative
+knowledge: much of it has arisen, besides
+observation, from accurate comparison,
+analysis and generalization, which combine
+to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its
+branches.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to
+the most remote periods of existence and
+life in this hemisphere, we find it like the
+remainder of the globe, immersed under
+the Ocean. There, in the depths of the
+briny waves, the actual rocks now supporting
+the dry soil, were formed and matured:
+superposed and intermingled by aquatic and
+volcanic phenomena and cataclysms, if not
+by superadded aerial depositions. Then
+were formed the primitive strata of America,
+ere life had begun to vivify the waters;
+then were cast the Porphyries, Granites,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Shales, Basalts, and other primitive or volcanic
+rocks, that are now chiefly found in
+Boreal and Western America, the Andes,
+Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and
+Boreal Islands, Hayti and the Antilles.
+This was the first period of terrestial Creation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After this period of unknown length, began
+the epocha of aquatic life; when the
+breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave
+life and motion to organized aquatic beings;
+1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and Alcyonites,
+3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms
+and radials, 5. Sluggs and shells, 6. Mollusca
+and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and
+Crustacites.... All incipient vegetating
+beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the
+Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and
+Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles; lastly, 10.
+Seals and whales. Some of which require
+shallow water, to dwell and breed.... This
+was the second period of American Creation:
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aquatic life</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The third epocha is that of the destruction
+of aquatic life, by cataclysms and depositions,
+submarine volcanic cavernous
+eruptions or other causes, throwing suddenly
+in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances
+that have formed the secondary
+mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &amp;c., that overwhelmed
+the aquatic tribes in their way;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which becoming therein entombed as living
+medals of this globe, declare to us these
+mighty successive cataclysms or floods of
+sand, clay, lime and coal; now met in vast
+regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands;
+the hills and plains of Brazil, Chili, East
+Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This
+was the second period of terrestrial formation
+in America, the third of successive
+eventful periods.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fourth must have been the rise of
+the land above the waters, if not already
+partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial
+upheaving and distortion of strata, by an
+awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific,
+or of growing crystalization; forming
+mountains and islands, raising them
+above the Ocean; to become the nucleus
+of future Continents. The American hemisphere
+had then probably two great islands,
+in the North and South, with many smaller
+islands between them, in the tropical sea:
+the Alleghany and Atlantis forming two
+others in the east, and many others studding
+the two polar regions. The insulated
+mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua
+and the long valley of Choco, must then
+have formed another Island of the Antilles.
+Guyana or Parima was also another large
+island: while Brazil was a vast peninsula
+attached to the Andes. I have endeavored
+to express this first configuration of
+America in my two maps of North and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+South America; when the Ocean was yet
+about 500 feet higher than it is actually.
+Whether this cataclysm was contemporaneous
+throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This
+was the fourth period of terrestrial events
+in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the dry land had appeared, the
+creative power of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span> exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth
+into life, Plants and Flowers, Trees and
+Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals,
+1. Worms and Slugs, 2. Insects and
+Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds
+and Fowls, 5. Beasts and Bats. Streams
+began to flow, valleys were excavated in
+the soft or yielding strata by heavy tides
+and powerful streams: then the fishes of
+the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the
+streams and lakes. A few shell and other
+aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of
+terrestrial events; that of terrestrial life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meantime the land was continuing to
+rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry soil was
+extending: land volcanoes began to appear
+in the Andes and elsewhere, overwhelming
+some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes
+had new paroxysms, slaty mud involved
+terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand
+was forming tertiary strata on the shores,
+involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fishes.... This was the sixth period of terrestrial
+events, that of land volcanoes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After all these; mankind was created
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God</span></span>, and appeared as lord of the earth,
+and the complement of living creation....
+This may be deemed another Period, if we
+like; although it was but the complement of
+the terrestrial living productions, begun in
+the 5th, and probably proceeding in the 6th.
+Where the first man or men appeared and
+dwelt, is unknown or very dubious. Asia
+is commonly deemed the first dwelling of
+mankind, and Central Asia or Thibet the
+cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &amp;c., claim the same
+honor. But few authors have placed this
+cradle in America, and even then not for
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adamites</span></span>. Yet America had some
+inhabitants before the flood, if we are to
+believe the concurrent traditions of many
+American nations; who keep the memory
+of it, and point to their refuges.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>
+
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we
+know little or nothing: their traces are few
+and uncertain. It would be otherwise if
+we could identify them with the anti-diluvian
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlantes</span></span>, or find their diluvial remains.
+The skeletons found in Guadaloupe,
+and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions
+of American philosophical society
+1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been
+buried there; like the mummies of many
+American caves. Some of the American
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+mounds have appeared anti-diluvian; but
+the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal
+character. The town of log houses lately
+found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian
+soil, cannot be so remote; the soil
+instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial.
+All the facts on these remote times, shall
+be hereafter collected, presented and examined
+carefully.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus, has been presented by geological
+results, a rapid sketch of the American
+periods, to the birth of mankind. These
+6 periods or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span>, are well ascertained as
+to succession; but their duration is unknown:
+and each of them includes several
+subordinate periods; which it is not needful
+to investigate in these outlines. The works
+on geology may be consulted if required.
+These 6 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span> or great periods do not
+answer exactly to the 6 <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span> or manifestations
+of the mosaic cosmogony, since
+geogony begins only with the 3d, ending
+with the 5th.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving
+our attention, and susceptible of
+the deepest philosophical commentary, as
+they mainly agree with all the detected
+facts. But there are at least 3 accounts
+of the creation or cosmogony in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sepher</span></span>
+or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of
+Moses in chapter 2d of Genesis from verse
+4 to 25; in both, no <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yums</span></span>, days nor periods
+are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of chapter 1st. ending only at ch. 2,
+v. 3. Even in this usual account more
+than 7 periods can be found, including
+heaven, earth and men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with
+his own names, very different from the subsequent
+Jewish names, in various dialects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Period of time or Yum.</span></span> BRA-SHITH
+Real beginning or Real Supreme
+Being producing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aleim</span></span> the Angels,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shmim</span></span>
+Heavens, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Artz</span></span> Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> THEU-UBEU Chaos, and
+THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> AUR Essence of celestial light
+or Ether. First divine manifestation of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mshe</span></span> or Moses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion
+of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Sea and dry land, upheaving
+of land over the waters, or subsiding of the
+ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Sun and Moon appearance by
+a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Fishes and Fowls, &amp;c. 5th.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> Beasts and cattle, with ADM
+mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zxr</span></span> male, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nkbe</span></span> female. 6th.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shbioi</span></span> seventh manifestation,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aleim</span></span> became IEUE Jehovah, the living-self-with-self,
+the supreme or powerful self.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> AD emanation, our mist.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> ADM into GN or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gan.</span></span> our
+Eden.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> OTZ Growth, of lives with
+good and evil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> NER 4 flowing emanations
+or streams.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> ASHE Intellectual man-mate,
+called afterwards EUA living existence,
+our Eve.—Self-with-life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All these periods should require long
+comments, and discussions, rather physical
+than historical. It is by no means certain
+that the sun and moon are implied in the 6th
+yum. The text says a couple of MARTH
+Centralities EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN
+Self-great-ether greatest and lesser.
+Some have seen here the solar and lunar
+dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might
+be the XRUBIM of later times. The real
+sun and moon may belong to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yum</span></span> of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were
+in existence before the foundation of the
+earth, and our astronomy teaches this
+implicitly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation
+takes 4 periods. The grass grows by light
+before the sun had appeared through the
+misty atmosphere, and the fishes come after
+the land and herbs, at the same period with
+fowls. Our actual geology does not confirm
+this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the
+truth.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Many still consider AISH intellectual
+man as the human race, previous to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adam</span></span>,
+father of the Adamites; but the concurrent
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+proofs are very slender: nor is their posterity
+known; unless <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span> or the snakes,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> or the sons of God,
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephains</span></span>
+or giants, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> or apostates,
+be considered as such. Indications of races
+of men different from the Adamites may be
+collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &amp;c.;
+but no positive connected account has ever
+been made out as yet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hareth</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Satan</span></span> of the
+Bible, is identic with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nagas</span></span> (snakes)
+of the Hindus, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabul</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dives</span></span>, (devils)
+of Iran, evidently men, and foes of the
+Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America
+the satanic notions will be seen in the
+respective account of religions. They
+often assume in this hemisphere the appearance
+of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire
+malignant being. But the nations of the
+Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ako</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">N'akho</span></span>
+very similar with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nagas</span></span>.
+They assert that they were created by the
+Evil Spirit, were always foes of real men;
+that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring
+was formed.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Linapi Traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ALEIM, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span> or
+angels of the Hebrew were instead sons of
+God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation
+of the earth; while Job ascribes it to
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eloah</span></span>, the real God. Herder has said
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that we shall never understand well the
+mosaic history, until we ascertain who
+were these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span><a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a>
+dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to
+clear the matter; meantime it may be
+stated that they appear to be the HO-LO
+of anti-diluvian Chinese history, or LO-LO
+of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also
+the celestial emperors beginning the history
+of China: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alorus</span></span> first dynasty of Assyria
+before the flood: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ang</span></span>-ELOS and
+P'EL of the Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO
+(old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI
+(old men or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians,
+the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians,
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peris</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelis</span></span> of Iran, ancient
+beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the
+Semetic nation have preserved that name
+for God, in EL, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Allah</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baal</span></span>, or made of
+it their universal article <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Al</span></span>, meaning
+HE or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Being</span></span>: whence also the Pelagic
+and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &amp;c., the
+Spanish EL. By the frequent usual change
+of L into R, we have ER root found in
+many languages for men: forming the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heros</span></span> of Greece, sons of God; the HER
+or lords of the Germanic tribes, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Seres</span></span>
+of Thibet or ancient Chinese, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ergaz</span></span> men
+of the African Atlantes. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Erk</span></span> man in Turkish
+or Turan Atlantes, akin to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span>!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America these similar indications are
+widely spread, and among the most ancient
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nations. EL means man in Tolteca
+and Mexican, OL is old and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yollo</span></span> a spirit
+or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohi</span></span> is
+land and spirit in Tzuluki. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yol</span></span>
+means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">man</span></span> in the Atakapa language of
+the Cado or Nachez group. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pele</span></span> means
+the same in Lulé of South America; but
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peli</span></span> is soul in Chilian, which approximate
+to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Peleg</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lelex</span></span>, ancient Pelagian
+tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL,
+TOL, pervade the whole of ancient America,
+and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas
+and TALAS, American Atlantes,
+the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Auto-Toles</span></span>
+or African Atlantes. These lead to
+the giants of both hemispheres or ancient
+men of renown. But the subject must be
+postponed, and will be found resumed in
+the history of Austral and Central America,
+where these atlantes and giants are
+found.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Returning from this digression; we may
+resume the geological periods of America
+previous to mankind, in the six successive
+epochas, already mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before
+life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After which begins the human period,
+till the flood. The question whether man
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+or men appeared together, or before or
+after, in both hemispheres; must be left
+undecided. Some writers have even placed
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eden</span></span> the GN of Moses in America and
+the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the
+Imalaya mountains, valleys and plains, are
+higher than the Andes, older in geological
+series, and more suitable for human life,
+not being volcanic: it is extremely probable
+that they were the cradle of mankind,
+rather than America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet men reached America before the
+flood, and were here at this eventful period.
+But we are ignorant of the precise way they
+came, and how they reached this land
+which was then only a group of large islands,
+unless North America was united to
+Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable.
+The clearest traditions point to the east,
+Africa and Europe then united at the
+Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis
+as a stepping place. The Mexican traditions
+point to Asia, by two different opposite
+quarters, the east and the north west. The
+Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although
+earlier, came the same way, and
+over the ice of Behring Strait, after its
+disruption. The Hongwis came the same
+way, although they boast of being Autochtones,
+as did the Greeks, which we know
+in both instances to be false.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Nachez nations say they came from
+the east. The Olmecas or earliest people
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Anahuac point that way also; although
+both speak of an American flood. The
+Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern
+origin, like all the Aruac nations; but remembered
+the flood and parceling of the
+islands. The Carib nations appear postdiluvians
+and the last come in South America;
+yet the Tamanacs one of the group speak
+of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from
+Africa after the flood. It is in South
+America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &amp;c.,
+that a positive memory was found of several
+floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes,
+which gave refuge to several tribes.
+Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North
+Africa and the shores of the Mediteranean;
+while many invasions of foreign later nations
+are recorded, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts
+of the American flood, will be carefully
+collected and given. This will form
+the first period of human history in America,
+extending to 2262 years at least, according
+to the computation of the 70; the most
+plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period
+of creation and their main flood: or with
+trifling differences, less than the various
+terms of Josephus and others; but various
+other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly
+sufficient to people America, and fill
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed
+parents of the Atlantes and Africans.
+They were skilful, powerful and wicked,
+inventing agriculture and arts, building
+cities &amp;c.: while the Sethites invented astronomy,
+letters and dwelt in tents. If the
+American Atlantes were antidiluvian, they
+must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites,
+KIN of Moses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1170 years after Adam, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Egregori</span></span>
+angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt. Hermon,
+in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar,
+and uniting with the Cainites, gave birth to
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephaim</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eliud</span></span>, tribes
+of Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made
+war on the angels and men. They are said
+in the Bible to have gone to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheol</span></span> (the
+lower world or South America) with their
+king Belial: where they were drowned by
+the flood. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See Universal History.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Giants dwelt in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talo-tolo</span></span>, the world
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tolo</span></span> of the Hindus, where we find the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tol</span></span>-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America:
+called also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atala</span></span> and once sunk in the
+waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek,
+whose Atlantes were also Giants or powerful
+men. The Egregori have been deemed
+the Titans of the Greeks, and Atlas was a
+Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed
+in America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs,
+Chilians, &amp;c. being often such: the term
+Giant must always be understood to refer
+to powerful perverse men. The names of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rephaim</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nephilim</span></span> appear unknown in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+America, being mere Hebrew epithets for
+giants and apostates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During this primitive period, geological
+and physical changes probably proceeded
+in America. The plains gradually appeared,
+but full of marshes, lakes and wide
+streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles
+and obnoxious animals. Which must
+have assailed mankind and greatly impeded
+their settlements. Although the lives of
+men were perhaps longer than now; yet it
+is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs
+of this period, allude to as many
+Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from
+each other. In this I agree entirely with the
+learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals,
+dwelt then on earth; in America several
+species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium,
+megalonyx, hyenas, bears, &amp;c.,
+which prowled in plains and caves. The
+temperature of the earth was higher; little
+clothing was needed. Men were at war
+with beasts, and among themselves. Violence
+predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">M'nus</span></span> of the Hindus,
+a patriarch of the Adamites, a prophet
+according to the Arabs, went over the earth
+to preach against this corruption. Not
+being attended to, he foresaw that a great
+calamity would befall for these iniquities,
+and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge
+in Central Asia: where he collected his
+relations and friends. Some say they were
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+72, our translations of Moses reduces them
+to 8; but his 3 sons of Noah, are evidently
+as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained
+therefore 4 tribes, including his own,
+and many individuals, besides a multitude
+of animals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I do not give now the history of this
+flood. Before it can be given accurately,
+we must collect all the scattered traditions
+about it, compare them, and omitting all
+fabulous and obviously impossible details,
+form a narrative of the whole facts. The
+notions and traditions of the Americans are
+very various, as they do not always point
+to this flood. We find them asserting that
+men were saved in mountains, or caves, on
+rafts or boats. Few, if any, allude to an
+ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those
+of Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding
+to several floods, and particularly
+the subsequent of Peleg.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The most explicit traditions on that score
+are those of the Linapi nations; although
+the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of
+the real Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a
+great flood in Asia: when their nations at
+least was partly saved in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tula</span></span> (the turtle
+land) in Central Asia, by the help of a goddess,
+and Noah or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana-bush</span></span>. The men
+were then called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linowi</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapi</span></span>: two
+other races of men were saved, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span>
+(beings) and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapewi</span></span>, turtlings or
+atlantes. Besides these foes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span>
+(strong snakes), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakowa</span></span> (dark
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+snakes), and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>, monsters
+of the sea; who caused this dire flood.
+These notions are strikingly similar to the
+Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle
+saving mankind at the flood. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana-bush</span></span>
+is evidently Noah, his name means <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Noah-Noah-hare</span></span>,
+or the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great Noah</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hare</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood,
+do not allude to any ark, but mountains
+were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu
+account is very near the mosaic; but has
+no boat, and many persons were saved.
+The accounts of the Assyrians, Arabs,
+Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts,
+Polynesians, &amp;c. are all different. The
+mosaic account was borrowed from some
+ancient source now forgotten. It is said
+that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting
+the mosaic account from the supernatural
+and the impossible, we obtain the
+real tradition of a great aquatic cataclysm.
+Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption
+of the ocean, attended with volcanic
+floods of waters from the Caspian sea (as
+Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change
+of climate: which overflew the earth or
+most of it; except some <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thebas</span></span>, refuges
+in mountains, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">swimming</span></span> over the waters,
+as it were: there some men and tribes,
+many animals, trees and plants were preserved:
+to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After this flood, America was left pretty
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+much as it is now, except that the shores
+were higher yet, many flat plains inundated
+and full of marshes. The Antilles yet united
+in larger islands and perhaps with Cumana.
+The Strait of Choco nearly filled
+up: and diluvial soil, gravel, sand, boulders
+and organic remains scattered over the
+land, the hills, plains and caves. Many
+fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation
+had been destroyed wherever the flood
+went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread
+again. The terrestrial animals and birds
+saved in the mountains, spread themselves
+again over the earth. Mankind in despair
+at the disaster, kept for a long while on
+mountains, and did not occupy again the
+desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Chinese account of this flood, state
+positively that it was attended with a
+change in the length of the year, formerly
+of only 360 days, a change in the seasons,
+an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling
+men to dress in skins and mats.
+Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven
+to the mountains, became very troublesome,
+men being compelled to defend themselves
+against their attacks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the
+Bible, where like Hales and Russel, he
+has at last adopted the computation of the
+Septuagint and Josephus, reckons 5411
+years from Adam to our era, the oriental
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Christians reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas,
+reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese
+and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these
+periods; as well as to the second cataclysm
+of the earth; that of Peleg according to
+the Biblists. The only knowledge the Bible
+gives about it, is that the earth was
+split, broken or divided, in the time of the
+patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived
+or lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's
+flood. But David has sung this cataclysm
+in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account
+brings this second flood to the year 2296
+before Christ, or 858 years after the former.
+The Hindu account concealed in many fables
+agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many
+years. It is evidently in date the mistaken
+Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and
+annihilating the place between them. The
+Chinese account distinctly speaks of both,
+the first was under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yunti</span></span>, the second under
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yao</span></span>, and 42 emperors are mentioned between
+the two floods.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish
+which is meant by the various imperfect
+traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru,
+there are at least two cataclysms mentioned
+by the annals or traditions. Also among
+some northern tribes. The Linapi annals
+or songs allude to the second, which broke
+by volcanoes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> (burnt land)
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and separated America or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomenaki</span></span>
+(snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted
+nearly 3000 years from Adam's epocha,
+or 3212 by oriental computation. The
+interval between Adam and Noah ought
+to be called the Adamic period, that between
+Noah and Peleg's floods the Noahic
+period. It was at this last convulsion that
+the earth took its actual form. The Straits
+of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina, Hellespont,
+Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca,
+Sunda, &amp;c., were then formed. The Atlantis
+Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the
+Island Lanca in the Indian Ocean were
+sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries,
+&amp;c. are fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon,
+Madagascar, &amp;c. the fragments of
+Lanca.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America, the Boreal islands may have
+been broken, like the British islands of
+Europe. Some suppose that they might
+once join together with Iceland. The Antilles
+were split in the actual form—Behring
+Strait divided America from Asia.
+The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk.
+The lowlands of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic
+shores were inundated and then
+partly left dry by huge volcanic tides.
+This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having
+at least three great focusses, 1. in the North
+Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean,
+3. In Polynesia or the Pacific Ocean. In
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+China all the lowlands were overflowed
+and partly overwhelmed. The great Islands
+of Java and Sumatra were formed;
+which formerly were united with Asia and
+several islands in the vicinity, under the
+remembered name of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunda</span></span> land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If mankind had not reached America
+before Noah, it must surely have reached
+it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes
+were in the neighbourhood and bold
+navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then
+various peculiar names, mostly traced in
+America. Twenty American nations have
+distinct remembrance of this splitting of
+American lands and islands; local or partial
+floods, less general and disastrous than
+the former.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to
+animals and vegetables as the former; but
+it must have destroyed them in several
+sunken islands: and have added second
+clysmian strata to the soil of the plains:
+with many volcanic productions, chiefly
+clay and sand, limy and marshy muds.
+The memorials, annals and traditions of
+the American nations are very scanty on
+this period; difficult to be distinguished
+from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced,
+nor distinct in form. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapi</span></span> tribes
+had not yet reached America, and dwelt
+in Asia; but by their account the Snake
+tribes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowi</span></span> went to America in that period,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+led by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakopowa</span></span> (the Snake priest);
+it is even hinted that they caused this cataclysm
+or at least the separation of Asia and
+America, at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> (burnt land), in order
+to escape their foes, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi-chik</span></span>
+(hunters) of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linnapewi</span></span>, the original
+manly people.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a>
+<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">General View</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">of the Ancient and Modern
+Annals of Both Americas.—european
+Colonies, Modern Fate Of
+Nations, Late Physical Changes, &amp;c.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After these floods begin the primitive
+annals of mankind in America as elsewhere;
+but still scanty, obscure and involved
+in fables, by personifications of
+tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants,
+fruits or even stones and mountains. The
+origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere
+annals; but the collateral proofs of the
+languages facilitate the enquiry. Those
+who have the most positive facts of primitive
+times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &amp;c.; but commonly
+destitute of dates and correct details. We
+ought not to be surprised at this, since even
+in Asia (except in China,) we possess nothing
+but fragments on those times; while
+the most polished nations of oldest times,
+the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &amp;c. have involved their early histories
+in fables, mythologies and false dates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+However, whatever might be the early
+origin of the American nations, it may be
+collected from all, that in the ancient periods;
+they were few in number and in
+population; principally confined to some
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+peculiar seats of civilization: such as the
+regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac,
+Oaxaca, Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc,
+and Peru. We have positive proofs of
+early empires and splendid monumental
+cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &amp;c.
+in Central America; and in South America
+at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &amp;c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or
+size, were scattered afterwards from the
+Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to
+Chili and Brazil: probably through the
+dispersion and colonization of these early
+empires or states.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After they had filled the most fruitful or
+suitable regions, carrying with them agriculture,
+domestic animals, religion, laws
+and various graphic systems: they were
+invaded by tribes less civilized; but more
+warlike; principally in North America,
+and in Guyana, Brazil &amp;c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests:
+some of which are recorded in the Apalachian
+region of the United States, in the
+Mexican table land, in Hayti &amp;c. and by
+the Muyzcas, Peruvians &amp;c. further south:
+while in Guyana and Brazil the annals are
+lacking, and the traces of these conflicts
+but faint; yet certified by some traditions
+and the new tribes introduced.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The solar worship prevailed among the
+most civilized nations and empires: that
+of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those
+of the second degree. The least civilized
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nations had either adopted the Dualism or
+a mixed religion: while the barbarous
+tribes knew only a kind of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tao</span></span> religion as
+in China,<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> or a fetichism, venerating one
+or many objects of nature. But these four
+main worships, were subject to many fluctuations,
+and diversities: they had often
+degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel
+customs, human sacrifices &amp;c. A kind
+of priesthood was almost universal and
+formed a peculiar caste in many states.
+The legislators and rulers had often been
+priests, and became pontifs as well as
+kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan,
+Cholula, Manazicas &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after
+the floods, the earth had undergone many
+changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the
+subsiding of the sea. Many valleys were
+drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared;
+the shores of the Atlantic from
+New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and
+from La Plata to Magellania, as well as
+those of Peru, Chili &amp;c. were increased
+by the gradual retreat of the sea. The
+great plains of the Mississippi, Oronoc,
+Maranon and Parana were also formed or
+drained of their swamps and morasses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to
+the antecedent antidiluvian period, that
+the real or certain history of the Americans
+begins with many details and dates;
+both in the north and south. It was then
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that the empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans,
+Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas &amp;c.
+were established on the ruins of many anterior
+states. We obtain by the annals
+preserved or recovered of many such nations,
+a tolerable view of this part of their
+history, and even an insight into earlier
+times, when similar revolutions must have
+happened. If many states or nations rose
+and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the
+other: it was a common fate with others
+in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia.
+But we may hope to rescue their names if
+not their deeds, from total oblivion, by
+seeking their monuments, and the fragments
+of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this period some American nations
+rose to a degree of splendor and civilization,
+with knowledge of arts and sciences,
+little inferior to Greeks and Romans; and
+superior to the European nations of the
+middle ages, even down to 1492: quite
+equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems
+of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient
+to transmit knowledge in books,
+schools and inscriptions. This high civilization
+was not merely confined to Mexico
+and Peru, as often erroneously supposed;
+but was scattered from the Apalachis and
+Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south of
+Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although war and slavery prevailed in
+many parts, they were modified by the
+usage of adoption for individuals and whole
+tribes, mutual alliances, confederacies &amp;c.:
+while slavery was changed into a feodal
+vassalage. The feodal system and the
+castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest
+time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient
+annals of America, present us with the
+soothing view of wise legislators, who gave
+civilization and happiness to millions for
+ages, and conquered by deeds of peace.
+Such were most of the conquests of the
+Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos
+&amp;c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis,
+Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory
+and deeds, dwelling on them with more
+pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To them the Americans were indebted
+for their policy, diplomacy, alliances, agriculture
+and knowledge, with the peculiar
+happy mode of holding the land in common
+or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be
+traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams,
+manioc, banana, gourds, beans, and 100
+other cultivated plants and fruits. The
+Mexicans had even botanic gardens and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans.
+The universities of Cuzco, Tunca,
+Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &amp;c.
+were founded earlier than the European
+universities by such benefactors of mankind;
+and 112 domestic animals had been
+tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be
+reckoned.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">In the W. Hemisphere.</td>
+     <td class="tei tei-cell">In the Eastern.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Quadrupeds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">33 kinds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">only 25 kns.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds</td><td class="tei tei-cell">32</td><td class="tei tei-cell">25</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Reptiles</td><td class="tei tei-cell">15</td><td class="tei tei-cell">10</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Fishes</td><td class="tei tei-cell">12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">10</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Insects</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shells and worms</td><td class="tei tei-cell">12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The modern history of America since
+1492 presents a multitude of events with
+regular dates: but the historians of these
+later times instead of dwelling upon the
+native nations, appear to notice them merely
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en passant</span></span>! while relating at length the
+discoveries, conquests and wars of the European
+adventurers and colonists.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is not thus that we are to notice them;
+but as equal nations. Now that after four
+ages, these colonies are also become independent
+nations, and begin to nurse American
+feelings, we ought to feel for them,
+and reveal the truth. It is not number
+nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar
+manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+American tribes, is the best known by peculiar
+fragments; but similar fragments
+may be collected on many other tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader
+of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came
+the ferocious gold hunters of Castille; who
+in their greedy search after golden wealth,
+trampled under foot, both religion and humanity.
+They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from
+Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were
+checked at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa,
+Santa Marta &amp;c. They overthrew
+many flourishing states, and erected over
+them a slavish colonial fabric, soon after
+sunk in sloth and ignorance.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were
+the cause of their ruin and subjugation by
+the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches
+Tayronas, Poyays, Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians
+&amp;c. withstood forever their utmost efforts,
+and never were conquered. The happy
+states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca, Hayti,
+Cuba &amp;c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful
+friendly disposition; being cruelly betrayed
+and desolated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the
+Portuguese, where a bastard tribe of Mamalucos
+were born; who sought for slaves
+and gold, from Guayana to Paraguay, and
+destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy
+freebooters, came the rabble of
+pirates and buccaneers to revenge American
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wrongs, upon the Spaniards and Portuguese
+by deeds of cruelty. Thus was
+America flooded with blood, and groaning
+in tears for nearly three centuries. But
+even these horrible deeds were not the
+only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another
+continent was overrun, to supply
+stronger hands, and Africa was made to
+contribute millions of slaves to swell American
+population, or sink there to premature
+death under the lashing scourge of cruel
+tasks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing
+to partake of the American spoils, went in
+search of wealth all over the shores of this
+continent. Not satisfied with mere trading
+colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy
+some weak points, with or without the
+consent of the nations. The Dutch settled
+in Brazil, Surinam, Curazao and New York.
+The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida,
+Hayti, the Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil;
+but have gradually lost all those colonies,
+except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The English nation, more daring, steady
+and lucky, occupied with their auxiliaries,
+the Scotch and Irish, some points of the
+Atlantic shores, many Carib Islands &amp;c.:
+by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller
+islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their quarrels over the ocean, and endeavored
+to destroy each other. Laterly
+among them arose in North America the
+holy flame of freedom and independence,
+which has been travelling and spreading
+throughout the continent, ever since.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But among these contending colonies and
+slaving plantations, how were the owners
+of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas!
+seldom with justice—Popes and kings gave
+away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing
+themselves of this doubtful right, bought
+with trifling presents the good will of some
+tribes, or drove them away by force. Thus
+were settled most of the American colonies;
+except a few, attempted in a spirit of religion
+and peace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his
+name! gave the example of reducing unsubdued
+tribes to peaceful allies, by words
+and deeds of peace and piety, and Tezutlan
+thus reduced by him was called Verapaz.
+When the Spanish and Portuguese freebooters
+were sunk in wealth and sloth;
+they found it very convenient to employ
+the Jesuits and other monks to subdue for
+them whole tribes and nations, by this easy
+mode. In North America, Roger Williams
+and William Penn, blessed be their
+names! settled colonies without strife, and
+by mere good will towards the owners of
+the soil. But every where the foes or
+successors of these missionaries of peace,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had
+made. Unjust wars were the natural consequence,
+in which the rightful party, did
+not often prevail, being overpowered by
+strength and cunning.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meantime the independent period opens
+a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate
+and become free. Seventeen years
+afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl
+the standard of broken chains. Between
+1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America
+shakes the weak power of Spain. In
+1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an
+American empire. Slavery is abolished
+in all the Spanish states, only retained in
+the colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In
+1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually
+excluded from many states of N. America,
+at early periods; but others from Virginia
+to Louisiana are tenacious of these unholy
+and dangerous bonds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, the native American tribes within
+the claimed territories of these new independent
+nations, are under a sort of pupilage,
+and often oppressed: although no
+longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil
+alone admits of indescriminate slavery,
+and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states
+that delay wiser measures. Meanwhile at
+the two ends of America, in Canada and
+the United States, as in Buenos Ayres, a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+new kind of oppression has appeared.
+Land stealing and compulsory sales! unhallowed
+means to increase wealth, nearly
+as guilty as the precious Spanish gold
+hunting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States which ought to set
+the wisest example, of justice and clemency,
+towards reduced tribes, diminished
+by vices taught instead of virtues, are doing
+the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate
+the native tribes, admit them to equal
+rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood,
+in a language untaught, or disqualify
+them for witnesses. They compel them to
+remove, emigrate, disperse, sell their lands
+and homes, at one tenth of the value; and
+this is called fair dealing!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Notwithstanding that the European states
+or colonies, occupy or claim, nearly the
+whole of both Americas; yet there are
+many vast regions as yet unsettled by them,
+and where dwell or wander several free
+tribes, particularly in the Arctic wilds,
+in Oregon, California, Texas, the Missouri
+plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa,
+in N. America—and in S. America in the
+vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko,
+Maranon, Brazil, Chaco, Chili and Magellania.
+The most prominent of these modern
+tribes are the Uskis or Esquimaux,
+the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or
+Sioux, Panis or Skerés, Washas or Ozages,
+Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Poyays or Musquitos &amp;c. In South
+America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas,
+Talahets or Pampas &amp;c. All divided into
+many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them
+by fair means and deeds of peace, many
+continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings,
+greedy traders, intemperance, and
+above all by killing their game, and stealing
+their lands. Some missions are established
+from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders,
+trappers, land-hunters or squatters, and the
+military of the frontiers: from whom they
+can imbibe no very favorable idea of their
+oppressors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How is this to end? Is it really intended
+to grasp the whole continent, and make
+these fragments of nations, aliens on their
+own soil? or to annihilate them at last?
+Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of
+landed wealth! There is a God in heaven,
+and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you,
+if you continue to violate the sacred laws
+of mankind. The desperate tribes, either
+become stronger by concentration, or acquired
+knowledge, may fall on you at last,
+like so many Goths and Vandals, Huns
+and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or
+among you will arise Agrarian sects, that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+will deprive your children of this landed
+property so unjustly acquired and held.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity
+does not blind you, imitate the happy policy
+of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &amp;c. that
+has admitted the natives to equality and
+citizenship. Do better still, allow them to
+form peculiar states and territories, preserving
+their languages and laws, and
+admit these states into your confederacies.
+Then you will be secure, and both live in
+peace, increasing and multiplying as time
+rolls on. There is land enough for all, and
+to spare. What need has a man of 1000
+acres of land; while 100 can support a
+large family! in the cold climates, and 10
+acres in the fruitful tropical climates, where
+thrive the banana and the sugar cane. If
+hunters require a large wilderness to sustain
+their mode of life, greedy worshippers
+of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold
+waste for speculation! or to fill with plantations
+of slaves and tenants, in order to
+become lords of future generations; but
+the real wise and active men, the props of
+society, are content with moderate, secure
+estates, which they may improve and beautify
+into smiling gardens.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres
+has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The
+Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their
+equally useful Peruvian cattle; they have
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+received the horse, and often adopted him
+as a friend, to become Tartars and Arabs
+by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on
+the cruel Spaniards. Some European fruits
+and grains have been received and cultivated:
+while all have been introduced into
+the colonies. Woolen cloth, blankets, iron
+and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the
+still, have been spread by trade. These
+last with horses and guns, have been the
+chief deadly weapons of Europe against
+America.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver
+and precious furs: pearls and diamonds,
+cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia
+wool, cacao, vanilla, gum elastic and many
+other useful or medical articles. Maize, returning
+east whence it came; with tobacco,
+a loathsome weed of heathen growth and
+rites. Human knowledge has been increased,
+and trade greatly enlarged; the
+tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks
+have been transmitted. Thus Europe has
+been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the
+heavenly religion of Jesus, was offered or
+forced upon many American nations, by the
+same men, who were behaving worse than
+heathens, worshipping gold and mammon
+with the earth itself, bathed in human blood
+and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wanton lust, cupidity and avarice; with all
+the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico
+had ghastly idols and cruel rites; Hayti,
+Cuba, Bogota, Peru &amp;c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was
+substituted the papal worships of other idols,
+saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion
+of love and peace to all mankind, was
+seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits—except by the heavenly Las-Casas,
+the friendly quakers, the humane moravians,
+and a few other christian missionaries. All
+the sects of christianity have now spread to
+America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with
+a few Mahometans, Hindus, Chinese, Budhists
+&amp;c. Thus all the religions of the
+earth are now found in this hemisphere, by
+the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4
+ages, on the American tribes, that have
+been enslaved, or in frequent communication
+with the nations of Europe—not in
+religion alone; but in dress, manners,
+knowledge, civilization and pursuits. The
+alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented
+a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and the
+pastoral nomadic life have been adopted.
+In the boreal regions, the English and
+Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers
+of furs. In South America the
+native tribes are often skillful fishermen or
+traders.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of
+America are cheering. Many independent
+nations have sprung, which deem themselves
+Americans, and love their homes.
+A general spirit of tolerance and peace is
+spreading, the true religion of the heart
+better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed
+tribes, and the poor slaves. Those
+who wish oppression and intolerance to be
+perpetuated, are not many in this continent,
+at present; they will be fewer still in
+half a century or the year 1892.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of
+mind and manners. A few ages have been
+sufficient to produce these mighty changes.
+Meanwhile, nature although changing slower,
+is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared
+and disappeared, the sea shores have receded,
+the lakes are falling, the streams are
+lessening, the mountains are crumbling, the
+swamps are draining: immense forests have
+been cut, and changed into ploughed fields,
+hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities
+have been built, with innumerable towns
+and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi
+and Magdalena have been cultivated, many
+mines dug for metals or coals. The face
+of the country has been quite changed in
+these new seats of civilization; in the regions
+of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana,
+in Guyana, Brazil; but in the western
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+regions from Mexico to Chili, agriculture
+has rather receded: they had at least as
+many towns and fields in ancient times.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea
+have caused sad changes in other parts,
+gulfs have been formed on the coast of
+Cumana, Callao twice sunken in volcanic
+tides, mountains and cities overthrown from
+Popayan to Chili: while the alluvial formations
+proceed along the streams and shores;
+their floods are perennials, increasing deltas
+and islands: Hurricanes scatter ruins and
+dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate
+strips of forests. The spouting springs
+and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud,
+clay and marl, pitch and other substances.
+The water volcanoes drown valleys and
+cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated
+Quito. Mexico near a lake and often
+overflowed by it, is now distantly removed;
+the lake having been drained by nature and
+art jointly combined.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These rapid sketches and views offer a
+connected picture of men and soil, in this
+hemisphere, during the ages past. The
+detailed local annals of the various nations,
+will enlarge the subject, and present the
+required outlines of the ancient and modern
+events of both.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After these general topics on American
+history, I had proposed to enter upon the
+peculiar annals of nations, beginning by
+Peru and Austral America; but wishing to
+give in this first volume something still
+more novel and striking, I have concluded
+to begin by the original unpublished annals
+of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions
+of the Haytians; who assert to have come
+into America, by the north west, and the
+second through the Atlantic Ocean. I
+hear besides that a French traveller D'Orbigny,
+is now publishing in Paris, his travels
+in Austral and Peruvian America, with
+60 vocabularies of languages: where I may
+perhaps find additioned materials for the
+history of those regions.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a>
+<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Original Annals and Historical Traditions
+of the</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Linapis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">from the creation
+to the flood, passage and settlements
+in America, as far as the Atlantic
+Ocean &amp;c., till 1820 &amp;c.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have but few real American Annals,
+given in the original peculiar style. Those
+of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti,
+Peru, &amp;c., have all been translated by
+abridgements or paraphrases. Those of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ongwi</span></span> by Cusick come nearest to the
+aboriginal form, using the usual personifications
+and animalizations of tribes, so
+common all over America and Asia; but
+so often misunderstood: having perplexed
+and disgusted the commentators or translators;
+who did not seize this form of style.
+Even in China, the primitive inhabitants
+often bear the names of beasts, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lung</span></span> dragons,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chi</span></span> birds, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yao</span></span> wolf,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Miao</span></span> tygers.
+In India we find snakes, monkeys, lions &amp;c.
+Early in Europe are dogs <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canari and
+Cynetes</span></span>, satyrs, lions &amp;c., syrens, harpies,
+pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &amp;c.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were
+called beasts or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span>,
+turtles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icota</span></span>,
+birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even
+gourds and fruits.—(Roman's Trad.) In
+Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &amp;c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tygers, giants &amp;c. While throughout North
+America we find tribes of beavers, turtles,
+wolves, dogs, deer, birds. We must learn
+to appreciate this primitive form of speech
+and style, as allegorical names of men &amp;c.
+It is very needful in order to understand
+the following narratives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having obtained, through the late Dr.
+Ward of Indiana, some of the original
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallam-Olum</span></span> (painted record) of the
+Linapi tribe of Wapahani or White River,
+the translation will be given of the songs
+annexed to each: which form a kind of
+connected annals of the nation. In the
+illustrations of this history, will be figured
+the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation,
+word for word. This will furnish a great
+addition to our knowledge of American
+graphics and philology; but here the annals
+are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical
+and geographical names, so as to afford a
+better clue to the whole.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We knew by all the writers who have
+had friendly intercourse with the tribes of
+North America, that they did possess, and
+perhaps keep yet, historical and traditional
+records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed
+wampuns &amp;c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be
+the first attempt. Lederer saw 200 years
+ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+events of 60 years. Humboldt has
+mentioned the glyphical symbols of the
+Hurons on wood, seen by the Jesuits.
+Heckwelder saw the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span> or painted
+sticks of the Linapis; but did not describe
+them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main,
+with these historical songs; yet the songs
+appear mere abridgments of more copious
+annals, or the bases of the traditions. The
+Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the
+Sakis and Shawanis &amp;c., all Linapi tribes,
+have such painted tales and annals, called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Neobagun</span></span> (male tool) by the former. Tanner
+has figured some of these pictured
+songs or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Neobagun</span></span>, in his interesting Narrative.
+Loskiel has stated that the Linapis
+had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty
+in 1766 saw records 370 years old.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Out of these materials and other kept by
+the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis, Panis &amp;c.,
+might be formed or restored a peculiar
+graphic system of north America, different
+from the Mexican system; and probably
+once imported from Asia: where it may
+be compared with the graphic symbols of
+the Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &amp;c., indicated
+by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give
+materials for such researches in my illustrations.
+The symbols, when met alone,
+were inexplicable; but by obtaining the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+words or verses, (since they must commonly
+be sung) we may acquire enough to lead on
+further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol
+applies to a verse or many words; as if the
+ideas were amalgamated in the compound
+system: yet they may often be analyzed,
+and the elements ascertained or conjectured,
+by their repetition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are
+known to but few individuals, and must
+be learned with much labor. Those obtained,
+consist of 3 ancient songs relating
+their traditions previous to arrival in America,
+written in 24, 16 and 20 symbols,
+altogether 60. They are very curious, but
+destitute of chronology. The second series
+relates to America, is comprised in 7 songs,
+4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses
+of 3 words. It begins at the arrival in
+America, and is continued without hardly
+any interruption till the arrival of the European
+colonists towards 1600. As 96
+successive kings or chiefs are mentioned,
+except ten that are nameless: it is susceptible
+of being reduced to a chronology of
+96 generations, forming 32 centuries, and
+reaching back to 1600 years before our
+era. But the whole is very meagre, a
+simple catalogue of rulers, with a few
+deeds: yet it is equal to the Mexican annals
+of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in a mere translation, ends the whole, and
+includes some few original details on the
+period from 1600 to 1820.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The orthography of the Linapi names is
+reduced to the Spanish and French pronunciation,
+except SH as in English, U as
+in French, W as Hou.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical
+account; the concurrent testimonies
+of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant
+proofs. The words of Loskiel
+are these.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Delawares keep genealogies, with
+the character of each man, if wise, rich,
+renowned, or a mighty warrior. They
+use <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hieroglyphs</span></em> on wood, trees and stones,
+to give caution, information, communicate
+events, achievements, keep records. Some
+time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings
+on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &amp;c.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Song.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Creation &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water
+on the top of the land. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aki.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. There was much water, and much fog
+over the land, and there was also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kitani-towit</span></span>,
+the God-creator.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saye-wis</span></span>), an eternal being, and invisible
+although every where.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. It was he who caused much water,
+much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the
+moon and the stars.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. And all these he caused to move
+well.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared
+up, and the deep water ran off.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood
+there.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Menak.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. It was then, when again the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">God-Creator</span></em>
+made the makers or spirits.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manito-Manitoak.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. And also the first beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owiniwak</span></span>,
+and also the angels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelatawiwak</span></span>, and
+also the souls <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chichankwak</span></span>, all them he
+made.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jin-wis</span></span>, ancestor of the
+men.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. He gave him the first mother <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neta-migaho</span></span>,
+mother of the first beings
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he
+gave him, beasts he gave him, birds he gave
+him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. But there was a bad spirit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makimani</span></span>,
+who caused the bad beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span>,
+black snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakowak</span></span>, and monsters
+or large reptiles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. And caused also flies, and caused
+also gnats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. All the beings were then friends and
+stood there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. Thou being <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kiwis</span></span>,
+good God <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wunand</span></span>
+(these are 2 gods) and the good makers
+or spirits were such.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. With the Jins <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nijini</span></span>, the first men,
+and the first mother, their wives, which
+were Fairies <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nantinewak</span></span>.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies
+was a fat fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gattamin</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were
+easy-thinking, and all were well-happified.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Powako</span></span>, brings on earth secretly the
+Snake worship <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Initako</span></span>, of the god of the Snakes
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wakon</span></span>.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. And there came wickedness, crime
+and unhappiness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper
+was coming, with death was coming.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. All this happened very long ago, at
+the first land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Netamaki</span></span>, beyond the great
+ocean <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kitahikan</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. The Flood &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span>, when the men had become
+bad beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. This strong snake had become the foe
+of the Jins, and they became troubled, hating
+each other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling,
+both were never peaceful.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. And they were fighting, least man
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattapewi</span></span> with
+dead-keeper <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nihanlowit</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved
+to destroy or fight the beings and the men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangam</span></span>) he brought, snake rushing-water
+he brought.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to
+hills, much penetrate, much destroying.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Meantime at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tula</span></span>, at that island,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nama-bush</span></span> (the great hare
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana</span></span>) became
+the ancestor of beings and men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to
+move and dwell at
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tula</span></span>.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. The beings and men (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini and
+Linowi</span></span>) all go forth from the flood creeping
+in shallow water, or swimming afloat,
+asking which is the way to the turtle back
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tulapin</span></span>. (This verse like many others
+is in rhymes, and metre of 9 words of 3
+syllables.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. But there were many monsters
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangamek</span></span>) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped
+them in a boat, saying come, come, they
+were coming and were helped. (The
+name of the boat or raft is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mokol</span></span>.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the
+grandfather of all, the grandfather of the
+beings, the grandfather of the men, and the
+grandfather of the turtles. (This is the beginning
+of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes,
+lasting for 4 verses.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. The men were there, the turtle there,
+they were turtling altogether. (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapewi</span></span>
+are the turtle-men.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he
+was praying, he the turtle, let it be to make
+well.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in
+the plains and the mountains, at the path
+of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful
+action or motion.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. Fate after the Flood.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. After the flood, the manly men <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapewi</span></span>,
+with the manly turtle beings dwelt
+close together at the cave house, and dwelling
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talli</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was
+there, it is cold was there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. To possess mild coldness and much
+game, they go to the northerly plain, to
+hunt cattle they go.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers
+divided into tillers and hunters. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wikhi-chik</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi-chik</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. The most strong, the most good, the
+most holy, the hunters they are.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. And the hunters spread themselves,
+becoming northerlings, easterlings, southerlings,
+westerlings. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowaniwi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapaniwi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawaniwi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wunkeniwi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. Thus the white country <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lumonaki</span></span>,
+north of the turtle country, became the
+hunting country of the turtling true men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid
+in their huts, and the snake priest <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nakopowa</span></span>
+said to all, let us go.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhokink</span></span>, and they went away earnestly
+grieving.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and
+by trembling the burnt land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lusasaki</span></span> is
+torn and is broken from the snake fortified
+land. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomenaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the
+northerlings all go out, separating, at the
+land of Snow <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winiaken</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the
+gaping sea, where tarried the fathers of
+white eagle and white wolf. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waplanewa</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waptumewi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. While our fathers were always boating
+and navigating, they saw in the east
+that the snake land was bright and wealthy.
+(Here begins a fine poetical rhyming narrative).—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See
+Last Note.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. The head-beaver <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wihlamok</span></span>, and
+the big-bird <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kicholen</span></span>, were saying to all,
+let us go to the Snake Island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akomen</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate
+all the snaking people, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wemaken</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings
+and easterlings, went over the water of the
+frozen sea to possess that land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. It was wonderful when they all went
+over the smooth deep water of the frozen sea,
+at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark,
+who all go forth in a single night in the
+dark, to the Snake island of the eastern
+land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapanaki</span></span> in the Dark, by walking
+all the people.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olini.</span></span><a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. They were the manly north, the manly
+east, the manly south; with manly eagle,
+manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly
+hunter, manly priest, manly rich; with
+manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog.
+(12 words all homophonous rhymes.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaking</span></span>. But the western men
+doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain
+at the old turtle land.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus end these interesting and positive
+ancient traditions, by a fine poem on the
+passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis
+have a similar poem: the Illinois had
+also one, and almost every Linapi tribe.
+They are perhaps lost; but this being at
+last rescued, will preserve the memory for
+ever. Now begin the second series of
+songs, in a different style, seldom rhyming,
+but made metrical by an equal number of
+words in each verse, 4 in the 4 first which
+carry the tribe till their conquest of the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>; but only 3 in the 3 later poems
+on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance;
+but they are mere abridgment of better
+annals now probably lost. Numbers shall
+be annexed to each successive king or
+ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings
+or Civil Wars.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were
+then at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span> or Firland.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The path leader was the white eagle
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalanewa 1</span></span>), who leads them all there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a
+fine land, and was explored by them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls,
+the moving souls, in assembly meet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kolawil
+2</span></span>) be thou king there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest
+some, to Snake hill, let them all go.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and
+concealing themselves at the Bear hill.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapagokhos</span></span>
+3) was king at the Firland.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. After him there <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ianotowi</span></span> (4 true
+maker) was king, and many things he did.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. After him there <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chilili</span></span> (5 snowbird)
+was king, who says let us go south.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. To spread the fathers of men <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wokenapi</span></span>,
+and to be able to possess much
+more.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east
+he goes the beaver-he <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamakwi</span></span>. (Here
+is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. A beautiful land was the south land,
+the big Firland and the shoreland <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shabi-yaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land,
+and a lake land, and a cattle land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ayamek</span></span>
+6) was king, when all the tribes were
+at war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. There was war with the robbing-men,
+snaking-men, blacking men, strongmen.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chikonapi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhonapi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makatapi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Assinapi</span></span>.—Thus ends the first song with
+civil strife and great wars, dividing some
+tribes probably.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the
+Missouri &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in
+whose time there was much warfare south
+and east.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. After them <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langundowi</span></span> (peaceful-he,
+17 kg.) was king at the beautiful land
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>, and there was peace.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. After such <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tasukamend</span></span> (never-bad
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+18) was king, and he was a good or just
+man.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. After such was king <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pemaholend</span></span>
+(ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matemik</span></span> (town
+builder 20) who built many towns, and
+afterwards the holy goer <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pilsohalin</span></span> 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gunokeni</span></span>
+(long while fatherly 22, who ruled long) and
+afterwards the big teeth <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangipitak</span></span> 23.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span> (24
+manly recorder or bundler) who caused
+many writings.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Takwachi</span></span> (25
+who shivers with cold) who went south to
+the corn land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+25. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Huminiend</span></span>
+(26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+26. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alkosahit</span></span> (27
+preserving keeper) who had a royal soul
+and was very useful.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+27. King afterwards was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shiwapi</span></span> (28
+salt man) and afterwards dry-he <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span>
+29.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+28. There was no raining, and no corn
+grew, east he goes far from the sea.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+29. Over hollow mountain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oligonunk</span></span>,
+at last to eat he went at a fine plain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kalok-waming</span></span>
+of the cattle land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+30. After <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span> came
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wekwo-chella</span></span>
+(30 much weary) after such the stiff
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chingalsuwi</span></span> 31.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+31. After such was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kwitikwund</span></span> (32 the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+reprover) who was disliked, and some unwilling
+to obey.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+32. Being angry some moved easterly,
+and secretly went far off.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. From the Missouri to the
+Mississippi &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+33. But the wise did tarry, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waka-holend</span></span>
+(33 the beloved) was made king.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+34. It was at the Yellow River <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wisawana</span></span>
+where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built
+towns.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+35. All being friends <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> (34
+affable like a beaver) became king and was
+alone the first.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best,
+and all the men came to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+37. After such good <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskansisil</span></span> (35
+strong buffaloe) was king and chieftain or
+leader.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machigokhos</span></span> (36 big-owl) was king,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapkicholen</span></span> (37 white crane) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wingenund</span></span> (38 mindful) was king
+and pontiff, who made many festivals.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+40. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lapawin</span></span> (whitened 39) was king,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallama</span></span> (40 painted) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Waptiwapit</span></span> (41 white chicken) was
+king, again there is war north and south.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+42. By the wise in assembly <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamaskan</span></span>
+(strong wolf 42) was made king.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+43. He was able to war on all and he
+killed the strong-stone
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskansini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Messissuwi</span></span> (43 whole-he) was king
+and made war on the snake-beings <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+45. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chitanwulit</span></span> (44 strong and good)
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was king and made war on the northern
+foes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+46. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alokuwi</span></span> (45 lean he) was king and
+made war on the father snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towakon</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+47. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opekasit</span></span> (46 east-looking) was king,
+being sad at the warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and
+they are many who together go east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+49. The fish river <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nemasipi</span></span> separated
+the land, and being lazy they tarry there.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+50. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yagawanend</span></span> (47 hut maker) was
+king, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tallegewi</span></span> (there found) possessing
+the east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+51. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chitanitis</span></span> (48 strong friend) king
+was, and he desires the rich land of the
+east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+52. To the east some did pass, but the
+head of the Talegas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegawil</span></span> killed some
+of them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare,
+warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+54. The friends of the north the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span>
+(who are not like the Talligewi,
+the Hurons) were coming to go altogether
+united.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+55. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinehepend</span></span> (49 sharp looking) was
+king, and leader, over the river against foes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+56. Much was there possessed by them,
+and much spoiling and killing of the Talegas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+57. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pimokhasuwi</span></span> (50 stirring about) was
+king, but he found the Talegas too strong
+in the war.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+58. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tenchekensit</span></span> (51 opening path) was
+king, and many towns were given up to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+59. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Paganchihilla</span></span> (52 great fulfiller)
+was king, and all the Talegas went away
+to the south.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+60. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hattanwulaton</span></span> (53 he has possession)
+was king, and all the people were well
+pleased.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+61. South of the lakes they settle the
+council fire, and the friends <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span>
+north of the lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+62. But they were not always friends
+and were conspiring when <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gunitakan</span></span> (54
+long mild) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+63. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linniwulamen</span></span> (55 man of truth)
+was king, and made war on the Talamatan.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+64. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shakagapewi</span></span> (56 just and upright)
+was king, and the Talamatan were trembling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Second Series or Modern History.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">1st Song. At the Talega land.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at
+the Talega land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegaking</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamaganend</span></span> (57 beaver leader) was
+king at the White River or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wabash Wa-palaneng</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapushuwi</span></span> (58 white linx) was king
+and planted much corn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulichinik</span></span> (59 well hardy) was king,
+and the people increased.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhihitin</span></span> (60. writer writing) was
+king and painted many books
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallamo-lumin</span></span>.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kolachuisen</span></span> (61 pretty blue bird) was
+king, at the place of much fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makeli-ming</span></span>.
+(near Cincinnati?)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pematalli</span></span> (62 constant there) was
+king and had many towns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pepomahemen</span></span> (63 paddler up) was
+king of many rivers and streams.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tankawon</span></span> (64 little cloud) was king,
+while many went away.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis,
+went to the south lands.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichitamak</span></span> (65 big beaver) was
+king at the white lick <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahoning</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. The heavenly prophet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Onowutok</span></span>
+(66) went to the west.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken
+land and the western southerlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pawanami</span></span> (67 rich water turtle)
+was king at the Ohio River <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taleganah</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lokwelend</span></span> (68 walker) was king,
+and had much warfare.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. Again with the father snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towako</span></span>,
+again with the stony snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinako</span></span>, again
+with north snake <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mokolmokom</span></span> (69 the grand father
+of the boats) was king and went snaking
+in boats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winelowich</span></span> (70 snow hunter) was
+king and went to the north land of the Esquimaux
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowushkis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linkwekinuk</span></span> (71 sharp looker) was
+king and went to the Alleghany Mountains
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegachukang</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalawikwan</span></span> (72 east settler)
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was king and went east of the Talega
+land.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d Song. At the East till first White
+Man comes.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. This land of the east, was a large
+land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangaki</span></span>, and
+a long land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amigaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. This land had no snakes, but was
+a rich land, and many good things were
+found there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gikenopalat</span></span> (73 great warrior) was
+king near the north.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanaholend</span></span> (74 stream loving) was
+king at the branching stream or Susquehanna
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saskwihanang</span></span>.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+25. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gattawisi</span></span> (75 becoming fat) was
+king at the sassafras land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of
+the sun <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishikshapipek</span></span>, which was again
+a big sea.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+27. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makhiawip</span></span> (76 red arrow) was
+king at the tide water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+28. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wolomenap</span></span> (77 hollow man) was
+king at the strong falls (of Trenton) <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mas-kekitong</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+29. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapanand</span></span> (ensters) and the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tumewand</span></span> (wolfers or Mohigans) north-east
+they go.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+30. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulitpallat</span></span> (78 good fighter) was
+king and set against the north.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+31. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maliongwi</span></span> (lickers or Iroquois)
+and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pungelika</span></span> (the lynx like or Eries)
+were all trembling there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+32. Again <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> (79 beaver II) was
+king there, and with all he made peace.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+33. And all became friendly, and all became
+united, with this great ruling king.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+34. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichitamak</span></span> (80 great beaver) was
+king and remains at the sassafras land or
+Pennsylvania.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+37. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahakey</span></span> (81 white body) was
+king and went to the Sea Shore on Jersey
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheyabi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elangomel</span></span> (82 friendly to all) was
+king and much good was done.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitenumen</span></span> (83 mistaker) was king,
+and saw some one come from somewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+40. At this time from the east sea was
+coming a whiter <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span>.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makelomush</span></span> (84 much honored) was
+king and made all happy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+42. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulakeningus</span></span> (85 well praised) was
+king and became a warrior of the south.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki
+Snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwako</span></span>, and on the Coweta
+Snakes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowetako</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapagamoshki</span></span> (86 white otter) was
+king, ally of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamatan</span></span> or Hurons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+45. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapashum</span></span> (87 white big horn) was
+king and visited the west land of Talega.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+46. There he found the Illinois <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiliniki</span></span>,
+the Shawanis <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawoniki</span></span>, and the Conoys
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Konowiki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+47. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nitispayat</span></span> (88 friendly comer) was
+king, and he went to the big lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children
+or Miamis, and all the friends or allies.<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+49. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pakimitzin</span></span> (89 cranberry eater)
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tawa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+50. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowaponskan</span></span> (90 north walker) was
+king, and he visited the noisy place or
+Niagara <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ganshowenik</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+51. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tashawinso</span></span> (91 at leisure gatherer)
+was king, and visited the Sea shores.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring,
+three to be, and they became the Turtle
+tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamini</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minsimini</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chikimini</span></span>.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+53. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epallahchund</span></span> (92 failer) was king,
+in the war with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahongwi</span></span>, wherein
+he fails.<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+54. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langomuwi</span></span> (93 friendly he) was
+king and the Mahongwi were frightened.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+55. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wangomend</span></span> (94 saluted) was king
+yonder between.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+56. The Cherokis <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwi</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasio-towi</span></span>
+(those of the Otali and Wasioto mts.)
+were his foes.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+57. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapachikis</span></span> (95 white crab) was
+king and ally a friend of Jersey on the
+shores.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+58. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nenachihat</span></span> (96 watcher) was king
+and looking at the sea.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+59. At this time north and south the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapayachik</span></span> came, the white or eastern
+moving souls.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+60. They were friendly, and came in big
+bird-ships, who are they?<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious
+and so plain, when properly understood
+and translated. The following addition
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+is merely a fragment on the subsequent
+period, translated by John Burns. I give
+it as received although I fear it is inaccurate
+in some respects, and a paraphrase
+rather than literal account. Yet by this
+addition, we obtain a kind of general history
+of at least one American tribe, and a
+complete original series of traditions, in
+their peculiar pristine style. Many others
+will be added hereafter, either from printed
+traditions, or historical songs and fragments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment on the history of the Linapis
+from about 1600 till 1820.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they
+are, these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsinis</span></span> (white people) who
+then came out of the sea, to rob us of our
+country. Starving wretches! with smiles
+they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wallamolum</span></span>
+was written by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhibit</span></span>
+(the writer) to record our glory. Shall
+I write another to record our fall? No! our
+foes have taken care to do it; but I speak
+to thee what they know not or conceal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. We have had many other kings since
+that unhappy time. They were 3 till the
+friendly <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mikwon</span></span> (Penn)
+came. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattanikum</span></span>
+(not horned, not strong),<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a>
+when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winakoli</span></span><a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a>
+came to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahumen</span></span> (raccoon)
+when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinalwi</span></span> (Dutch) came. And
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ikwahon</span></span> (fond of women)
+when the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>
+(English) came, with Mikwon and his
+friends soon after.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. They were all received and fed with
+corn; but no land was ever sold, we never
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sell any. They were all allowed to dwell
+with us, to build houses and plant corn, as
+our friends and allies. Because they were
+hungry, and thought children of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishaki</span></span>
+(the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine
+new tools, and weapons, and cloth, and
+beads, for which we exchanged skins and
+shells and corn. And we liked them, with
+their things, because we thought they were
+good, and made by the children of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns
+and fire waters, which burned and killed.
+Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since
+we had better ones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo-Sakima</span></span> (King George) who
+said, more land, more land we must have,
+and no limit could be put to their steps and
+increase.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. But in the north were the children of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowi-Sakima</span></span>, (King Louis), who were
+our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of
+our foes: yet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo</span></span> always wanted to war
+with them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. We had 3 kings after <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mikwon</span></span> came.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Skalichi</span></span> who was another
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span>,<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sasunam Wikwikhon</span></span> (our uncle the
+builder), and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tatami</span></span> (the beaver taker)
+who was killed by a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwako</span></span> (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Netatawis</span></span> (first renewed being)
+became king of all the nations in the west,
+again at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talligewink</span></span> (Ohio or the Talega
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+place) on the river Cayahaga, with our old
+allies the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatans</span></span>: and he called on
+all of the east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. But <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tadeskung</span></span> was chief in the east
+at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahoning</span></span> and
+bribed by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>:
+there he was burnt in his house, and many
+of our people were massacred at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hickory</span></span>
+(Lancaster) by the land robbers <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. Then we joined our friend <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowi</span></span> in
+war against the Yankwis; but they were
+strong, and they took <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanaki</span></span> (north
+land, Canada) from Lowi, and came to us
+in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegawink</span></span>, when peace was made;
+and we called them big knives <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. Then <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alimi</span></span> (white-eyes) and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gelelenund</span></span>
+(buck killer) were chiefs, and all
+the nations near us were allies under us as
+our grandchildren again.<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. When the eastern fires were set up,
+and began to resist Dolojo, they said we
+should be another fire with them. But
+they killed our chiefs <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span> (turtling)
+and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hopokan</span></span> (strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe
+was made king, and he made war on the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani Yankwis</span></span>, and become the ally
+of Dolojo who was then very strong.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger,
+they did not take <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanaki</span></span> (Canada) but
+become free from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolojo</span></span>. We went to
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span> (white river) to be further from
+them; but they follow every where, and
+we made war on them, till they sent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makhiakho</span></span>
+(black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. We made peace and settle limits.
+Our next king was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hacking-Ponskan</span></span>
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful.
+He would not even join our brothers Shawanis
+and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next
+war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. Yet after the last peace, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kichikani-Yankwis</span></span>
+came in crowds all around
+us, and they want also our lands of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span>.
+It was useless to resist, because
+they are getting stronger by increasing
+united fires.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kithtilkund</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lapanibi</span></span> (white
+water) were the chiefs of our two tribes,
+when we resolved to exchange our lands,
+and return at last beyond the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Masispek</span></span>
+(muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old
+country.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. We shall be near our foes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span>
+(god of snakes, the Ozages) but they
+are not worse than the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwiakon</span></span> (English
+snake), who want to possess the whole
+big island.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. Shall we be free and happy there?
+at the new <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapahani</span></span> (western white river).
+We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions
+between this people and the English,
+United States &amp;c; of which Loskiel, Holm
+and Hekewelder have furnished other fragments,
+and for which we have ample materials
+in the colonial history and late records.
+But this offers some new views and facts:
+which shall be partly compared and discussed
+in the notes; but more properly
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+examined and united in accordance with
+other narratives, in the history of the North
+American nations and tribes. The 11
+kings in about 220 years named in this
+fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820
+and later.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That so many generations and names can
+be recollected, may appear doubtful to some;
+but when symbolic signs and paintings,
+with poetical songs, are added, the memory
+can well retain and perpetuate their connection.
+Even in Polynesia, where we
+are not told of symbols, but mere historical
+songs, they reach to the creation and flood;
+Ellis and Tierman tell us that the kings
+and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka,
+Hawahi, Mowi &amp;c. could repeat the names
+of ancestors and kings for 100 generations.
+It would have been well if instead of giving
+us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus
+furnished the connected annals of Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely
+their own deeds; but the mention of many
+other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in
+Cusick's Traditions of the Ongwis: and
+this forms another clue for American history.
+As early as the Asiatic period we
+find them united to the related people
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nijini</span></span>, before the flood, and calling
+their foes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Powako</span></span>
+(rich snake), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Makowini</span></span>
+(bad being,) <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskanako</span></span> (strong
+snake), similar to the satanic tribes of the
+Hebrews &amp;c.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the flood they are saved with the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulapin</span></span> turtlemen, and begin to call
+themselves <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Linapewi</span></span>. Soon after they
+separate, go north and divide into tribes,
+named after the winds, the mode of life
+and animals. The hunters are <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elowi</span></span> Elohim
+of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules;
+they again meet snakemen, who fly to America
+and must have produced there many
+nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After having filled the north, and after
+the breaking of the land, at Behring strait,
+part of the nation resolve to follow and
+pursue the snakes to the east. The passage
+by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olinis</span></span> over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see
+last note); they settle at Shinaki, and begin
+again to war on snakemen: after which the
+beaver men or Tamakwi separate going east
+where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin
+to a beaver and a dog, and call their
+ancestor <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chapewi</span></span>,
+similar to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Apiwi</span></span>, the
+manly in Linapi.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meantime the main tribe going south
+meets other nations which it is difficult to
+identify, as the names are mere epithets
+and nicknames, yet the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Assinipi</span></span> or stony
+men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet
+called Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi
+origin. They reappear afterwards as
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskan-sini</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinako</span></span>, and appear to have
+passed to America soon after the Linapi.
+They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+languages prove, and very akin to the Hurons
+or Ongwis in America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span> are met again, which appear
+to have become the ancestors of the
+Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span> were either the Uskis or the
+Skeres. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Towakon</span></span> were not the Ottawas;
+but probably the Ozages or their
+ancestors the Wakons.<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At last they meet the civilized <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>,
+who are not called snakes, but rather extolled,
+and from whom they borrowed many
+things: their symbol is very different from
+that of the snakes. They were probably
+of eastern or atlantic origin, akin to the
+Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatan</span></span> become allies,
+were the Hurons, the name means both <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">unlike
+the Talegas</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">killer of the Talas</span></span>.—See
+Cusick, and my Huron Traditions for
+their own annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The separations of the Nentegos and
+Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled
+the sea shores from Florida to Acadia.
+Three tribes of snakes reappear which are
+similar to the former, except the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span>
+probably the same as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span>. After
+crossing the Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites
+all the tribes. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiliniki</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conowiki</span></span> easily identified remain west of
+the mountains. The Iroquois and Eries
+appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+after as snakes or foes; whether the Otalis
+or Cherokis of the mountains were real
+snakes of the west is doubtful; it is more
+likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos,
+which was their capital till lately, and
+later they are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otaliwi</span></span> by the Linapis.
+Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers,
+as the Linapi grandfathers, of all the akin
+tribes, had then towards 1400, a great
+power in the west: their empire had a
+pontiff <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mushkiwis</span></span> near lake Michigan, on
+whom Cass has given some very important
+traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following chief chronological periods
+are deducible from these annals, by reckoning
+3 generations in a century. About
+1600 years before Christ passage of Behring
+strait on the ice, lead by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalanewa</span></span>,
+settlement at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1450. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chilili</span></span> leads them south, and the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamakwi</span></span> separate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1040. Peace after long wars under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Langundewi</span></span>
+at the land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+800. Annals written by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olumapi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+750. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Takwachi</span></span> leads
+to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+650. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Penkwonwi</span></span> leads east over mountains.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+460. The first <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> great king on
+the Missouri.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+60. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opekasit</span></span> leads to the Mississippi.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talamatans</span></span>
+against the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+400. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lekhihitan</span></span> writes the annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and
+Nentegos.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+800. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapalawikwan</span></span> leads over Alleghany
+mountains to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amangaki</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+970. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wolomenap</span></span> settles the central capital
+at Trenton, and the Mohigans separate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1170. Under <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitenumen</span></span>
+arrival of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span>
+the first white men or Europeans.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Additional Note.</span></span> As a specimen of the
+original text and poetry of these annals, I
+give now the poem on the passage to America:
+the whole text and all the symbols will
+be given hereafter.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">13. Amakolen</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nallahemen</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Agunuken</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Powasinep</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wapasinep</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Akomenep.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wematan akomen luchundi.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">15. Witéhen wémiluen</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémaken nihillen.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nguttichin Wapanawi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Agamunk topanpek</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wulliton épannek.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">17. Wulélémil W'shakuppek</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémopannek hakhsinipek</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Akomen wapanaki nillawi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a>
+<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">The poetical annals and traditions of
+the Haytians or Tainos of the Antilles</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">collected in 1498 by</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Roman &amp;c.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">with additions by</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Dangleria</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">and
+others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient
+Tribes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with
+Columbus, who began to convert the Haytians
+in 1496, and collected their traditions,
+after learning their language, out of the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Areitos</span></span> or songs and hymns used in festivals.
+He wrote them in 1498 by order of
+Columbus, and they are inserted at large
+in his life by his son; but were almost neglected
+by Irving. They give us not only
+an insight into the belief, religion, traditions
+of the Antillian people; but also a compendium
+of fragments on their annals.
+Although very desultory, much less connected
+than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&amp;c., and destitute of chronology; yet
+they afford an essential addition to American
+history, and the ancient accounts about
+the Atlantis and Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In order to bring them into a kind of
+order, they shall be analyzed, reduced to
+a succession of events and divided into 3
+parts, 1. Cosmogony and Theogony, 2.
+the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+history previous to Columbus or 1492. A
+fourth part foreign to these traditions would
+be their annals since that time, and till the
+extinction of the nation; which shall be
+given hereafter, with the account of the
+language, and civilization—What is peculiar
+to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into
+beasts &amp;c., as in Ovid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The nation who furnished these annals,
+was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch of the
+nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling
+the Lucayes and smaller Antilles: whose
+collective proper name was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span> meaning
+noble. But they acknowledged as brothers,
+many tribes of the continent under the collective
+name of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guatiaos</span></span> brothers, this
+was ascertained in 1520 by Figueroa.—(See
+Herrera.) These <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatiaos</span></span> were the
+Aruac nations and tribes, that were not
+cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by
+Figueroa in 1520 were in the Antilles the
+1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that
+dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda, Marmagitas
+and Gianis Islands. While those of the
+continent were the 1. Aruacas of Guyana,
+2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of
+Oronoc, 4. Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis,
+6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8. Coquibocoa,
+9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt
+with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, the cannibal
+tribes, foes of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatiaos</span></span>, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and conquered most of the eastern
+Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the Tainos spoke the same language
+divided into several dialects; but understood
+reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in
+1512 that two distinct languages were used
+in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of
+Hayti; but in the west was a very different
+language not understood; this was the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> derived
+from the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olmeca</span></span> of Oaxaca
+or the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span> of Yucatan; they having sent
+there a colony, and founded a kingdom.—(see
+the Maya History.) In Hayti there
+was also in the center of the island a kingdom
+of Mayas? the people were called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-riexes</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Macoryxes</span></span>, (meaning
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya people</span></span>). They spoke a language
+different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayabo</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cubaba</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baichagua</span></span>. This kingdom of strangers
+was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cubaba</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caibaba</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziguayos</span></span>. They are called Caribs by
+some authors; but erroneously.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Many other additional traditions on the
+Antilles are scattered in early writers,
+D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz,
+Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo, Columbus, Brigstock,
+Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet,
+&amp;c. which shall be partly noticed here as
+a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a
+general outline of a history of the Antillian
+nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having succeeded to make out a fine
+vocabulary of nearly three hundred words
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman,
+Columbus, Dangleria, Munoz, Las-Casas,
+Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater
+&amp;c.—and another of about 150 words of
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span> language of the Aruac
+Islanders out of Dudley, Rochefort &amp;c.
+I will be enabled to translate and elucidate
+nearly all the Taino historical names and
+allusions, so as to clear up the annals by
+original etymologies. The orthography
+will be Spanish, J must be pronounced as
+Kh, and X as Sh.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Haytians had besides these songs,
+other annals; since the priests taught history,
+and the origin of things to the sons of
+the nobles. They had also perhaps peculiar
+symbols to keep their records, since
+Dangleria mentions that they had paintings
+of beasts, tygers, eagles &amp;c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787
+was found in the mountains of Guanaminto
+a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with
+hieroglyphs! and in the mountains of Limbé,
+engravings of human figures on a serpentine
+rock; besides many sculptures in
+Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua
+one of Lucayes a gold medal <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with letters
+on it</span></em>! If we had figures of these hieroglyphs
+and engraved symbols, we should
+probably obtain another clue to American
+history and graphic systems. But they are
+probably lost by neglect like those of North
+America! The Antilles being on the way
+from the east to the continent must have
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+served as a stepping place to many nations
+on their passage to the continent.<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1st Part.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theogony and Cosmogony.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fact.</span></span> The Supreme God, bears
+five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or
+female.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">By Roman</td><td class="tei tei-cell">By Dangleria</td>
+     <td class="tei tei-cell">Meanings</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attabei</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attabeira</td>
+     <td class="tei tei-cell">Unic-Being.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Jemao</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mamona</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Eternal.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guacas or Apito</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guaca-rapita</td>
+     <td class="tei tei-cell">Infinite.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Apito or Siella</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Liella</td>
+     <td class="tei tei-cell">Omnipotent.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zuimaco</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guimazoa</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Invisible.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male
+God. The titles of this god are sufficient
+to indicate the supreme God of nature, and
+they have astonishing analogies with the
+primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &amp;c.
+The most common name was the first, in
+Cuba <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabex</span></span>. This and other great Gods
+were not sculptured in idols. The Chillians
+had similar names for the Supreme
+God.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fact.</span></span> This God was father or mother
+of another great God dwelling in the
+sun with a double name, variable in the
+dialects.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">First Name.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Second Name.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Roman</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaarocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Dangleria</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocauna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaonocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Cuba</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Yocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamaoxocoti.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Jamaica</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Yocahuna</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">In Boriquen</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iacana</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamanomocon.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">By Oviedo</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iovana</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamamona.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Variations</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Iocavaghama</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guamochyna.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The explication of these names is not
+given; but they are identic with the gods
+of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary
+islands.—The first appears to be the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jehovah</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yao</span></span> of the Orientals, and is
+evidently the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hunaku</span></span> or Supreme God of
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span>. The second name means
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord of the World</span></em> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-ocon</span></span>) and is
+a title.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Event.</span></span> This last God made the
+World, the Heavens <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span>, and the Earth
+before the terrestrial sun and moon; also
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemis</span></span> or angels, who are male and
+female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and
+intercessors with the great gods. In the
+dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the ancestors are since called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemis</span></span>:
+their worship was spread through America,
+under various names, and forms: as well
+as in the east. They are the
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemayim</span></span> (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemsia</span></span> of the Pehlavis of Persia.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Samana &amp; Hamsa</span></span> of the Hindus.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shams</span></span> of the Arabic.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Esmun</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Saman</span></span> of the old Irish.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Eshman</span></span> (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sumari</span></span> of Thibet, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuman</span></span> of Tartary.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Camus</span></span>, a synonym of Magi of Persia.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shin</span></span> of the Chinese.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamzumin</span></span> ancient giants of Arabia.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chamin &amp; Zaones</span></span> of Egypt.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chama</span></span> of the Phrygians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chamina</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeones &amp; Zanim</span></span> of the Ammonians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamones</span></span> (blest) of the Lybians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lemes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zanes</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Annas</span></span> of the Pelasgians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shemsho</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Naemas</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zamiel</span></span>
+of Aram or Syria and Phenicia. <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemarim</span></span> Priests.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kami</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamona</span></span> of Japan and Yedzo.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While in America we find the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemim</span></span>
+of the Carib women.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tezmin</span></span> of the Mayas.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Inama</span></span> of the Apalachis.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manito</span></span> of the Linapis.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camayos</span></span> of the Peruvians.—Which are
+all identic in meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Angels</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits</span></em> and
+their idols. This name changes elsewhere
+in sound: just like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Enzel</span></span> in Teutonic,
+which has the import of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aones</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>, is root
+of our <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Angel</span></em> now pronounced
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Endjel</span></span>. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to
+be evident. They are not less in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span>
+heaven, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uran</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turan</span></span> of the primitive
+nation &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">4th Event.</span></span> Some of these <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemis</span></span> became
+bad beings, and devils <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span>, who send
+diseases, hurricanes (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Furacan</span></span>), earthquakes
+and thunders to desolate the earth
+and mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span> for devil and evil
+has analogies throughout the earth. The
+most striking are
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Out of America.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zitura</span></span> of Basks.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Guirati</span></span> of Biscayans.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Vetura</span></span> in Bali of Pallis.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tororu</span></span> of Nukahiva island.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarua</span></span> of the Berber Atlantes.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yurena</span></span> of the Guanches Atlantes.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Daruj</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Puyri</span></span> of
+Zend.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Turug</span></span> of Celts.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tairi</span></span> in Turkish.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tahyri</span></span> of Tahiti.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wara</span></span> of
+Japan.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarada</span></span> of the Papuas.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Uritiram</span></span> Synonym of Shiva.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teripis</span></span> of Oscans.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tyranos</span></span> of Greeks.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In America.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yares</span></span> of the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tayronas</span></span> the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sura</span></span> of Poyays.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tziri</span></span> of Poconchi.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Huraqui</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sura</span></span> of Apalachi.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tiviri</span></span> of the Yaquis.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiuras</span></span> of the Powhatans.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarahu</span></span>, of the Tarahumaras.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Prororu</span></span> of Cumana, derived from
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span> another subsequent devil of Hayti.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the change of R to L, we have the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulas</span></span> and Atlantes
+of America.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See Taraguva</span></span>
+of 10th Event.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">5th Event.</span></span> The good Zemis were appointed
+to make the earth and men, and to
+rule over both. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanzex</span></span>, a female
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Zemis, made the air and water, and became
+the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This will answer to the first period of
+the earth creation, when the water was
+above the land, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rkio</span></span> of Moses
+was divided. The name appears to mean
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the windy</span></em>.<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">6th Event.</span></span> The male Zemis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span>
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>,
+the earth) made the earth and islands; he
+is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aion</span></span> of Sanchoniation. Every land
+and island is animated. The island of Hayti
+was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of
+it was a long tail, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca-iarima</span></span>
+(country of the Vent). The caves were
+the holes of the body, venerated and used
+afterwards as temples and tombs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This notion, and comparison of islands
+with turtles, recalls to mind the primitive
+turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis
+&amp;c. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaya</span></span>
+for land has affinities
+all over the world and is a primitive
+word.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">7th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> afterwards had a son,
+who was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia-El</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higuera</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span>
+earth-son gourd.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This first man like Adam is son of the
+earth, and an EL or Angel, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> of the
+orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring,
+family and tribe. It will often recur
+in subsequent history, in the singular for
+the plural. The plurals were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eli</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">guaili</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua</span></span>
+is only the article <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">This or
+Such</span></em>.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">8th Event.</span></span> The sun and moon called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boiniael</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroio</span></span> by Roman; but
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Binthaitel</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohu</span></span> by Dangleria and
+Ovieda, come out of the cave <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jovovava</span></span>:
+they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A
+cave with the same name was their temple
+in Hayti. Dangleria calls it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iovana-boina</span></span>
+Jove Solar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The exact time of this appearance is
+doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding
+to the sun being long obscured by the primitive
+misty atmosphere, another historical
+alluding to the solar and lunar dynasties of
+Asia or America. The meaning of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jovo-vava</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kovo-vava</span></span> is cave of fathers, both
+primitive names. The solar and lunar
+names have many analogies elsewhere,
+among which the chief are
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Names of the Sun.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oein</span></span> of Arabs and Ethiopia.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oboh</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Baion</span></span>, old Egyptian.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Baon</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oan</span></span> of Assyrians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ian</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Belen</span></span> of the Gauls.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bun</span></span> of the Zend.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Abolion</span></span> of the Pelasgians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Abloin</span></span> of the Thessalians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ntiélé</span></span> of the Illyrians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bian</span></span> of the Ausonians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Anactes</span></span> of the Mysians.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Names of the Moon.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yarho</span></span> of the Syrians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Aohri</span></span> of the Tibus.</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Warha</span></span> of the Ethiopians.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Carara</span></span> of the Etruscans.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teoro</span></span> of the Betoys, S. A.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Heriho</span></span> of Canaan.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Humuri</span></span> of Old Arabic.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Matuaré</span></span> of Carthul, Caucasus.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maraca</span></span> of Guaramis, S. A.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Marama</span></span> of Polynesia.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamar</span></span> in Maroco.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamaria</span></span> in Pehlvi.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gumara</span></span> in Nubian.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Most of these synonyms and analogies
+are found in the most ancient languages:
+to which may be added that in the ancient
+Haikan language of Armenia, the sun and
+moon were called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Noah!</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Morante</span></span>,
+names also of Noah and his wife.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">9th Event.</span></span> The female Zemis,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris-quia</span></span>
+makes the springs and streams to flow
+over the earth, and became their goddess.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony,
+that of the irruption of subterranean
+waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior
+to Adam. The name of the Zemis is
+of doubtful meaning, probably <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris-quia</span></span>,
+hollow-quite. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coa</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cua</span></span> was the name
+of ancient hollow temples all over America.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quia</span></span> is
+found in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> oldest name of
+Hayti or the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great</span></em> (land) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universal</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">10th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taragava-el</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocora</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epileguanita</span></span>, two male Zemis of the
+woods and hunters, made the trees and
+beasts. This includes probably two events
+anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The meanings of these Zemis which
+might guide us, are quite doubtful. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taraguva</span></span>
+resembles <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyra</span></span>
+and also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span>
+heaven; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Epileguanita</span></span> was probably
+the ancient god of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span> or Beastly-men,
+since it was represented by a beast
+or quadruped; while all the other Zemis
+as men and women. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili-guanita</span></span> would
+mean in Haytian <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">children of the people</span></em>.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications
+of the ancient hunters, or men
+of the woods with the beastly and savage
+men of early times. Roman calls the second
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocore</span></span>, synonyme
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracara</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Part II. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antidiluvian History and Flood.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">11th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia-El</span></span> rebels against his
+father <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> and wants to kill him; a warfare,
+in which <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia-El</span></span> is killed by his father,
+who puts his bones into a gourd. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higuera</span></span>,
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span>, and people the land of that
+name.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This refers to the fall of man and the
+wars of the Titans. The name for bones
+is omitted, it would perhaps afford another
+clue. Many American nations venerate
+and animate bones. Dangleria says, that
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span> peopled all the islands of the sea with
+these bones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">12th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaia</span></span> being childless marries
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itiba-Jatuvava</span></span> from whom he has 4 twin
+sons called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span>, who became afterwards
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cara-cara-cols</span></span> or the great Cara-cols,
+the great beastly beings; but their
+mother dies at their birth.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itiba</span></span> means woman ancient and alludes
+perhaps to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thibet</span></span>, refuge, or land of Noah.
+(<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>, is the article <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em>).
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jatuvava</span></span> perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati-uiua</span></span>
+means the moon heavenly. The name of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span> is remarkable, being identic with
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demavends</span></span> or antidiluvians of Persia,
+called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dawand</span></span> in the Zendavesta, the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demoi</span></span> or old people of the Pelasgians, the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Demons</span></span> of many nations.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span> are found all over America and
+Asia.<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">13th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahiacavo</span></span> (grand father) or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia-manicoel</span></span> an
+ancestor of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span>,
+forms the nation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con-El</span></span>,
+at <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Basamanaco</span></span>,
+and invents agriculture, with the
+art of making cakes and bread.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather
+of mankind. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con-El</span></span> is certainly a
+personification, meaning the sons or Elohim
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con</span></span>, who is the primitive Lybian Hercules
+KON or KHON; and is found in
+Peruvian history as the first legislator of
+Peru. The XONS or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cones</span></span> were the
+oldest people of Spain and Italy, same as
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xâones</span></span> of Greece. Their god was XON
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Konah</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Basamanaco</span></span> is inexplicable
+unless it alludes to the primitive antidiluvian
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manaco</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manco</span></span>
+of Peru. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ba</span></span> is dwelling,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Samana</span></span> an island near Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">14th Event.</span></span> The four brothers
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan</span></span>
+meeting a mute <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span>, making bread, ask
+him for some; but he only gives them instead
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cogioba</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohiba</span></span>
+which is tobacco:
+this happened at the door of Basamanaco.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+This fable indicates an intercourse of the
+Dimivans and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conels</span></span> which are probably
+a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">15th Event.</span></span> This refusal of bread was
+the cause of a quarrel and war, in which
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span> kills or destroys one of the brothers
+or tribes of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivan Caracol</span></span>, but a turtle
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicotea</span></span> came out of his body, or an island
+thus called, as Hayti was. This <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Conel</span></span> conqueror
+was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia-mani-coel</span></span>, whose name
+means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Father of food celestial</span></em>; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baya</span></span>
+is also the ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This indicates a great war, and probably
+alludes to that of the Atlantes.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">16th Event.</span></span> The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimivans</span></span>, probably
+in revenge, broke the gourd of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaiael</span></span>
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khayahel</span></span>); but a flood of waters issue
+from it and drowns the land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This deluge is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Niquen</span></span>: there is
+no indication in Roman of the men who
+were destroyed, nor who were saved and
+how; but in Cuba was found a more ample
+tradition of the flood as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">17th Event.</span></span> Three Behiques or priests
+who come to Cuba later, taught them that
+the flood had been general, had broken the
+land; and that a good man had been saved
+in a big boat with his family. That many
+animals were also in the boat, a vulture
+and dove are mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different
+words, and without native names.
+Some have supposed this account made
+out by the Spanish priests; but it appears
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas
+or Mayas in Cuba, being very similar
+to the Mexican accounts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">18th Event.</span></span> Another subsequent flood
+although omitted by Roman, is alluded to
+by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba
+were then cut asunder and separated from
+Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great
+islands, were divided by irruptions of the
+sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which
+in the Antilles broke the islands by volcanic
+explosions. It is impossible to say what
+events of the next period, may belong to
+the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian
+events appear to belong to a different
+country than the Antilles, which did not
+even then exist, at least in their actual
+state, and may properly be referred to the
+island Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere.
+It was at this last cataclysm that the Antilles
+assumed their actual shape and number.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Part III.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient History.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">19th Event.</span></span> After the floods the men
+dwelt in caves on the mountain <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> in
+the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunana</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caona</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mountains of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> must have been
+the refuge of men at one of the floods: they
+answer probably to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuta</span></span> of the Hindus,
+name given to many rocky lands and capes
+besides mountains. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceuta</span></span> mountain
+of Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of
+them, also called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abyla</span></span>
+from the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabyles</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a
+tradition that men were created on that
+mountain. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span> although unexplained
+is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icota</span></span> turtle,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-uta</span></span> land
+raised. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caona</span></span> means golden.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The land <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> of Roman,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunana</span></span>
+of Dangleria, has been mistaken for the
+land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canaan</span></span> by some writers: others
+deem it Florida. Both are wrong. The
+Haytians did not come from North America;
+but may have sent colonies there.
+They came from the east, South America
+and Africa, or the Atlantis. The name
+means land of Noah? (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caa-Nau</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cau-Nana</span></span>).
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caunia</span></span> was the ancient name of
+Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians
+were Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which
+expelled by the Leleges, settled the Grecian
+islands, and Lybia part of which was
+called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caani</span></span>. The
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span> of Syria
+giants dwelt in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-anak</span></span>.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaoni</span></span>
+were the ancestors of Epirians and Illyrians.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauni</span></span> was a mauritanian tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">20th Event.</span></span> The sun and moon are two
+great Zemis called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Binthaitel</span></span> (sun divine)
+and his wife <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohu</span></span> (moon), come out of
+the cave <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iovana-boina</span></span> (Jehovah-Solar),
+and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This historical event must be distinguished
+from the 8th. This refers to the
+solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It
+must be noticed that similar places were
+often shown in Hayti, as the same names
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had been applied by the subsequent settlers,
+even when the event had happened elsewhere.
+In this case, these solar caves
+were temples in Hayti, where the figures
+of the sun and moon were worshipped, and
+prayed to for rain; but Herrera says they
+had their hands bound, which indicates a
+conquest. Pilgrims went to those caves,
+from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land
+of the king <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mauziation-El</span></span> (Roman) or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machiunech</span></span> (Dangleria); but whether
+these were former dynasties and kings or
+late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">21st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroco-El</span></span>
+(lunar son) called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha-El</span></span> by Dangleria, held the sway
+over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau,
+and kept them confined to the caves.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This indicates a lunar dominion over
+mankind somewhere, and a state of confinement:
+Perhaps in South America; in
+Peru caves are also the first dwellings of
+mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">22d Event.</span></span> The men were divided into
+double tribes or two nations, the principal
+or largest and of best men was called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazibagiaga</span></span>—R.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazibaxagua</span></span>—D.
+(Royal Xagua) and the smaller <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amaianaba</span></span>—R.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayauna</span></span>—D. (Mayas?),
+ruled by Cazics for kings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have here two nations well indicated.
+The first the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giaga</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shaguas</span></span>, indicate
+the Lunar tribe, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chia</span></span> of the Muyzcas,
+and other South American tribes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Achaguas</span></span>
+of Oronoc, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chaguays</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Changas</span></span> of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Peru, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaches</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaiz</span></span> or Paraguay;
+but above all the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacha</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xauxa</span></span> antidiluvian
+people of Peru. While in the second
+we trace again the Amazons or Atlantes,
+one of their main African tribes being the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amantes</span></span> of Solin,
+another the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baniabas</span></span>
+of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In America the
+progeny is found in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span> of Yucatan,
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maynas</span></span> of East
+Peru, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamayant</span></span>
+of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The important name of Cazic for kings
+begins to appear: it is evidently oriental,
+and its affinities will be shown in a note.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a>
+It is akin also to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span> sun, in the Eyeri
+dialect: the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Washil</span></span> of the Nachez.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">23d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Machocha-El</span></span> was set by
+the sun to watch the caves, and many inhabitants
+of the caves were killed by the
+sun, if they came out in the day time; they
+could only come out at night to seek for
+food. (Dangleria)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This either alludes to the great heat of
+the sun in Africa and the tropics, or to a
+dependance of the Lunar or Cave men
+upon the Solar men. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha</span></span> has some
+affinities in the South American tribes;
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machicuys</span></span> of
+Tucumen, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machacalis</span></span> of
+Brazil, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chaehas</span></span> of Perou,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chanchones</span></span> of
+Quixos &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">24th Event.</span></span> Some men having dared to
+come in the day time, were changed into
+stones by the sun; (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> is stone): also
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machokael</span></span> for allowing it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This fable may allude to a war, between
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span> stony or strong men and the
+solar tribes. These <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span> were probably
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zipas</span></span> or princes of the Muyzcas. In
+Perou there is also a fable of men changed
+to stones at the primitive city of Tiahuanaco,
+which merely means a war and
+change of dominion. The name of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span>
+for stone is primitive.—See the Note for
+affinities.<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">25th Event.</span></span> Another set of men, going
+to the shores to fish, were changed into
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Joboses</span></span> (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the
+sun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these
+fables: although the Mexicans called the
+Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The
+analogies of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jobos</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kobos</span></span> are found in
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyba</span></span> of Darien,
+Cuba or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaiba</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mocobis</span></span> of Chaco &amp;c. Another war is
+probably meant by this, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jobos</span></span> are
+a people. Have they any reference with
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jubas</span></span> of Mauritania? who formed a
+divine and royal dynasty there. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Juba</span></span> was
+also the Jove or God of the Lybians.
+Several nations of Central and Mexican
+America had trees for emblems.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">26th Event.</span></span> The
+dynasty of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span> begins to rule over the men of
+Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This family of rulers or Cazics became
+famous afterwards as we shall see, as leaders
+of tribes to America. We can easily
+perceive here the ancient Pelagian tribes
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ionia</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aones</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span> means
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">the-Aones</span></span>. It was this dynasty or people
+that sent colonies to America: Oviedo
+says this happened in the time of Hesper
+12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems
+the settlers Hesperians or Cantabrians.
+The root is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ona</span></span> solar name of Lybians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">27th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vagoniana</span></span> a ruler of the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-Auna</span></span>, went fishing from the cave, and
+became a bird or nightingale; who crossed
+the sea, and settled the island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mathinino</span></span>
+(Martinico) with a people of women.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dangleria</span></span>. His wife in the sea gives him
+two sons which became jewels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span> marble and metal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic.
+Whenever we meet tribes of birds,
+in ancient history, they always mean travellers
+and colonies, and often passage over
+the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds.
+The first ships of the Scandinavians and
+Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange
+in the Haytian language as in
+Greek; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Va-gon-iana</span></span>,
+thus means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Father-Solar-Iana</span></em>.
+His people are called women,
+because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon
+tribe. Martinico was the first island
+settled by them: it bears the name of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matinino</span></span> in Roman, and was thus called
+yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons
+and jewels.<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">28th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guagu-giona</span></span> king of Caziba,
+sent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jadruvaba</span></span> out of the caves, to collect
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the holy herb <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Digo</span></span> in order to purify and
+wash the body; but he was changed by the
+sun into a singing bird <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba-Bogiael</span></span>
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have here a second voyage by sea in
+a bird, and a contention with a solar people,
+caused by a trading voyage to procure some
+American commodity: Indigo probably
+which is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Digo</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jadru-vaba</span></span>
+or the father of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span>, must be a new
+colonist. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span> has hardly any analogies
+in America; but <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba</span></span> in which
+he was changed has some. It appears
+analagous with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaoy</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shebaoy</span></span> two
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> tribes of Guyana,
+and thus <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khadru</span></span>
+might be the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> themselves; same
+nation with the Haytians once, as the languages
+prove; although extending to Tucuman
+and Patagonia. The name of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruagas</span></span>
+was inexplicable: it
+may refer to this origin, or to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rocou</span></span>
+the red paint used by them. But <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span>
+may also mean <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aluac</span></span>;
+akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span>
+of the Caribs their vassals, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aluez</span></span>
+vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east;
+here reduced to servitude by foes?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">29th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guagu-Giona</span></span> irritated that
+Jadru-vaba does not return, leaves the
+cave of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caziba</span></span> in search of him, and went
+with men and women to the island Matinino,
+where the women were left, while the
+men went to the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unless that of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vagoniana</span></span> only mentioned
+by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but
+they are likely to be successive tribes of
+Ionas. That all the women should be left
+in Martinico is a fable, meaning that the
+weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the
+American continent, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>, which
+has several meanings, land of Guanas or
+lizard men, or land of metals. It became
+afterwards the name of a peculiar metal
+formed by the natural or artificial amalgam
+of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8 copper:
+and a tribe assumed the name. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guana</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanos</span></span> was the name of a large nation of
+South America; perhaps come from the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guans</span></span> of the Canary islands; but slightly
+related to the Aruacs by the languages:
+yet perhaps akin: it was spread east of the
+Andes, between the two tropics.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">30th Event.</span></span> The children were left behind,
+because afraid to cross, and were
+crying after their mothers; but became
+changed into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tona</span></span> or opossums. Garcia
+says into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Toa</span></span> or frogs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the
+small islands, nor in Africa. But they are
+plenty in South America, where the notion
+must have sprung. This fable and metamorphosis
+may imply a hidden meaning.
+The opossums are the only animals bearing
+their young in a pouch, as ships bear men.
+Could not this indicate other ships without
+sails, and thus no longer birds with wings?
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the
+root of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nei-ton</span></span> the Lybian neptunes or
+navigators. The twin TUN are the holy
+ancestors of the Chilians, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tona-ca</span></span> (flesh
+our) is the ancestor or Adam of some
+Mexican nations. The frogs were the
+emblem of the Muyzcas!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">31st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guabonito</span></span> a woman follows
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga-Giona</span></span>
+to the bigland of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>
+by swimming. He is well pleased with it,
+and calls her his own <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Biberozi</span></span> (wife-loving):
+but as she was diseased he puts her
+apart in a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanara</span></span>, where she heals, and
+he makes her queen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of
+the woman is stated to be the syphilis!
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabo-n'ito</span></span> means fruit or Guava pear of
+man! The allegory implies another colony
+following <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga</span></span>, not by swimming; but
+with paddles or on rafts; probably a part
+of the lesser tribe of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amaiuna</span></span> or Amazons,
+so often called women in antiquity; although
+a powerful African people. All the women
+left in the islands might be of such a tribe,
+and since become the Mayas of Yucatan,
+Hayti &amp;c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">32d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anacacugia</span></span> (flower of Cacao)
+brother of this wife or ally of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaga</span></span>,
+runs away from him on the back of a manati
+or seal, and goes back to the women of
+Matinino.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This implies a separation of tribes, one
+returning to the islands, where they probably
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+formed the Cairi nation. The seal used
+for boats, is a third fable, found in Greece;
+boats are thus compared to birds, opossums
+and seals. Many American languages
+animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, or sea cow; real seals not
+being found in the Antilles. If the name
+was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, it
+has affinities with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ama-yuna</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ama-Zons</span></span> tribe.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-ti-ni-no</span></span>
+is in Haytian <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great-mount-the-good</span></em>, while
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mana-ti</span></span> is
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">moving mountain</span></span>. Has not
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anacacu</span></span> a reference to
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span> of
+Asia, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacus</span></span> of
+Europe, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tam-anacu</span></span>
+of South America?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">33d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hi-Auna</span></span>
+father of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guago-giona</span></span>
+comes with his son to the land of
+Guanin, and being the grandfather of all
+the tribes, they receive the names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi-auna</span></span>;
+which is afterwards changed to
+children of Guanin. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin</span></span>
+(the-plural such-children such-Nin), and
+lastly the whole united nation is called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanini</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Aones came then also to America,
+and there was a confederacy of the tribes.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-gu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-go</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ga</span></span>, may be 3
+spellings of a same name; but they might
+also be three successive and distinct tribes
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-bonito</span></span>
+in one instance is
+made another lord or tribe, instead of a
+wife of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guago</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">34th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Albebora</span></span>
+and his son <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Al-bebora-El</span></span>,
+were also Guanini lords or
+Cazics, who came with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giona</span></span> tribe.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+This indicates again another nation. The
+name is remarkable, because it resembles
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Albion</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bora</span></span>, two primitive nations of
+the north, which settled England and the
+boreal regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans
+of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboras</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboris</span></span> of
+ancient Italy, the mountaineers since called
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abori-genes</span></span> by the Greeks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">35th Event.</span></span> Another Guaga-giona II. or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaba-giona</span></span> is mentioned afterwards,
+whose son became the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanini</span></span> tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaba</span></span> means both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the father</span></em>
+and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the Guava pear</span></em>. The succession of these
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gionas</span></span> is very obscure; but many are
+probably omitted, and the whole poetical
+records allude to the most famous of the
+dynasty or nation. Guanini implies the
+Golden tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">36th Event.</span></span> The settlement of the Guaninis
+in Hayti was from Matinino and the
+east; being exiled from Matinino, they are
+led by <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span> who begins the kingdom of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabonao</span></span> in Hayti; they settle on the river
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahaboni</span></span>, where they built their houses,
+and afterwards the great temple of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camotzia</span></span>.
+They gave to the island the name of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> or great universe; but afterwards
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hayti</span></span>, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This important event is best given with
+those details by Dangleria: while Roman
+appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin.
+Yet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Quisqueia</span></span> was more probably
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the first name given to South America,
+rather than to Hayti: another name for
+which was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>
+or habitations. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamo</span></span> means
+lord or master, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzia</span></span> is
+temple. The exile of the Guaninis from
+the islands, must allude to another revolution
+and perhaps invasion. This <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camo</span></span>,
+was probably the same as the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coma</span></span> of Cuba
+in later time, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayagua</span></span>
+of Honduras; which assimilate the first
+civilized Haytians with the tribes of Central
+America. It might have happened that
+these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camos</span></span>
+were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayas</span></span> and the ancestors
+of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-riexes</span></span>. The history of
+the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America,
+will be connected with these annals
+hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">37th Event.</span></span> Other exiles of Matinino
+settle at the island <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabini</span></span> now Turtle island;
+and near it on the north shore of
+Hayti, from whence they spread through
+the island, which is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bouhi</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>,
+meaning full of towns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House
+and town or habitation, are synonymous in
+Haytian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">38th Event.</span></span> They found
+some <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracoles</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taracolas</span></span>, crabs! or beastly men,
+dwelling in the island. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaninis</span></span>
+wanting women, took some Caracols beasts
+for wives, and made them suitable women,
+by washing them, and giving them to eat
+the fruit <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Inriri Cahuvial</span></span>. This was done
+by a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vagoniana</span></span> II.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+These Caracols had then survived the
+flood or come before the Guaninis, the name
+of the fruit that made them women, if explained,
+might elucidate this event; but
+the signification was not given; another
+version will suggest other important analogies.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">39th Event.</span></span> These Caracols deprived of
+their women, took other female beasts for
+wives (another tribe) and from this union
+most of the Haytians descended, becoming
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaborias</span></span> or vassals of the Guaninis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span> means flower or lizard of labor!
+these might be descended from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Albebora</span></span>.
+This name for bondsmen, boors or
+laborers, was widely spread in America,
+and has affinities all over the world, even
+with the Latin labor.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">40th Event.</span></span> These first inhabitants of
+Hayti, fed on dates, bananas, cocos, fruits,
+nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms:
+until taught the use of Cazabi or bread by
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span>, with maize, cotton, mandioc &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural
+indicating the tropical food of old times.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">41st Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Michetauri Guauana</span></span>,
+was the leader of the first colony to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaibai</span></span>
+(death house) in the land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraia</span></span> (setting
+sun), and became the king of it. There
+the people are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span> (phantoms or
+ghosts) and go about by night; but are not
+dead people whose name is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opia</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaibai</span></span> is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien,
+or both. It became the paradise of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further
+west, and a place of delight. The names
+and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate
+to those of the Greeks &amp;c. about
+the fortunate islands of the west: those of
+the Orientals and Hebrews about the island
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elisha</span></span>, and
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheol</span></span> or place of souls, the
+Hebrew Plutonic region. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraya</span></span> for setting
+sun, is identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Surya</span></span> of the Hindus:
+whence came <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Syria</span></span> the west, and
+even our word <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sorrow</span></em>; while <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sol</span></span> comes
+from Sheol. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Azil</span></span> sun in Pelasgian, is akin
+to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elisha</span></span> whence our
+word Azylum! <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span>
+is akin to ghost, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ghaib</span></span>
+in Syrian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyocop</span></span>
+of the Nachez, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goz</span></span>
+of the Vilelas. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Opi</span></span>
+has affinities every where. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Michetauri</span></span> is
+perhaps a synonym of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machi-tuyra</span></span> great
+devil, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guauana</span></span> is such-Auna. Perhaps
+this fable alludes to an anterior event and
+the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">42d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aumatex</span></span> a great Cazic marries
+the female Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanzex</span></span>, goddess
+of waters and wind, and she has two sons
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatauva</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span>, who become
+male Zemis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs
+to this time or to the cosmogony. I
+presume it is historical, alluding to new
+tribes, and perhaps foreign to Hayti. The
+names are difficult to explain, nor is it
+stated what these sons performed; but
+being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+are perhaps the ancestors of the Guataios
+and the Puruays?<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">43d Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Corocoro</span></span> the quadruped
+Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamorete</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatabanex</span></span>,
+who rule in Hayti. His temple
+was in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacaba</span></span>, and his high-priest was
+called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavava-Niovava</span></span>. Cave father and
+our father.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This alludes to different tribes than the
+Guaninis: <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coro</span></span> was a tribe in Cumana.
+Perhaps this is another version of the
+10th Event, or a proper indication of the
+subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation,
+when more civilized, and become the
+Mayorex.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">44th Event.</span></span> Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &amp;c.
+of the first <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohito</span></span> (old man), a priest and
+legislator, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span> by Dangleria,
+meaning both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest-solar</span></em> and Old <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ion</span></span>: he
+introduces agriculture and the use of bread,
+divides the nation into 3 castes, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tainos</span></span>, or
+nobles, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohitos</span></span>
+or priests, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaborias</span></span> or
+vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters
+and fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles
+the religion; establishing mysteries and
+oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many
+other institutions, holydays, festivals, religious
+dances, schools &amp;c., declaring the
+land common to all, like the sun and water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came
+to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized the people;
+but it is difficult to distinguish the
+deeds of each. They were probably priests
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+leading more civilized colonies from the
+east or from America. Their name which
+is variously spelt or varies in dialects was
+also <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhuti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boitio</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bauti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyeto</span></span>
+&amp;c., is akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poyes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Piazes</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Payes</span></span>
+of South America, used by
+the Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Piaches</span></span> of Tamanacs,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bauti</span></span> of Dabaiba,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Papas</span></span> of Central
+America, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bochica</span></span> of
+Muyzcas; but the names of priests all over
+ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a>—and therefore
+they came from the east. The civilization
+and religion introduced or improved
+by them is also oriental; it was more advanced
+than we are aware; since they had
+ample fields and orchards, roads and canals,
+schools in which they taught history, religion,
+medicine and useful arts. Of their
+astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor
+of their hieroglyphs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">45th Event.</span></span> Bohito II.
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui-tihu</span></span>
+(old eminent) comes and improves still further
+the rites &amp;c., becoming high-priest.
+He introduces medicines, charms, the use
+of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy
+herbs <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gueyo</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zochen &amp;c.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is all what can be collected on this
+second law-giver, and he is even blended
+with the next, except by name.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">46th Event.</span></span> Bohito III.
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baio-habao</span></span>
+(sea-lyre) comes next, introducing music,
+sacred instruments called after him, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+probably the rites of the triple named god
+of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bugia</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aiba</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bradama</span></span>: who became the
+Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This god with three names is evidently
+Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India: found
+in Yucatan as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izona</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Echuah</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacab</span></span>.
+See my dissertation in Atlantic Journal, on
+similar names of triple God all over America
+and the east. It does not follow that
+this worship came direct from India; but
+it might come through the Pelagians, who
+had it as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bram</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amen</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vix</span></span>, inverted
+among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same
+about a god creator preserver and destroyer
+was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria,
+Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary
+islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">47th Event.</span></span> Happy state of this civilized
+people, hardly knowing war, passing the
+time in festivals, dancing, singing and making
+love: whence called the Fortunate islands,
+by the navigators that happened to go
+so far. They dwelt in wooden houses and
+had towns of 1000 houses.—Herrera.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic
+sources of ancient history, and the
+ancient traditions of Europe about the
+happy land of the west, Elisha or Elysium,
+Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &amp;c.:
+besides the happy state in which Hayti
+was found.—See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the great Atlantis: the most explicit is
+found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">48th Event.</span></span> The Phenicians driven by
+a storm, while going from Gades to Africa,
+discover the large island <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atlantis</span></span>, many
+days in the ocean west of Lybia. It was
+very fruitful, with mountains, large plains
+and navigable rivers; with many woods
+and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful;
+it is a residence fit for gods: the inhabitants
+are a strong and healthful people; they
+have many towns, with stately buildings,
+houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &amp;c.—Diod.
+Book V.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered
+so far as to deem this island Madeira
+or the Canaries; which are small islands,
+without streams, and the first without inhabitants.
+It can only apply to Hayti, or
+even the continent of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">49th Event.</span></span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">A black people</span></em> came to
+Hayti from the south or south-east, who
+had darts of Guanin metal, and were called
+the Black Guaninis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This tradition preserved by Herrera,
+Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a colony
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Negroes</span></em> or men painting black, from
+South America. They might be the black
+Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria,
+or some other American Negro
+nation, of which there are many.—See my
+account of ancient Black Nations of America.
+Dangleria mentions two wild tribes
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of savages in Hayti towards 1500, one
+speechless! (which means they spoke a
+different language) probably a remain of
+the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana
+of Guacarima.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">50th Event.</span></span> Navigations of the Haytians
+and Cubans, settlements of the Lucayas islands,
+Jamaica, and probably some parts of
+Florida: mutual trade with Cuba and the
+continent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These colonial and trading voyages must
+have begun long before and have been continual.
+Columbus met individuals in Cuba
+who had visited Hayti, Jamaica and Yamaya,
+the Maya land or Yucatan. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yucayas</span></span>
+or Lucayans knew Cuba, Hayti and Florida,
+which was called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cautio</span></span> says Fulgar,
+quoted by Cardenas, who deems the Antilles
+peopled from hence, blending it with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauta</span></span>
+the original seat of the Haytians. South
+America was once called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>, afterwards
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribana</span></span> when it was overspread
+by the Carib tribes. The Nachez appear
+to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas
+knew Hayti and called it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atsi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">51st Event.</span></span> The
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span> (whence our
+Canibals) or the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, (whence our
+Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding
+on human flesh, begin to spread to Guyana
+and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and
+colonies to the peaceful islands of the Antilles,
+and even to Florida.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Caribas evidently descended from
+the Galibis, and other akin nations of South
+America, did not originate in North America,
+as supposed by Bridgstock and a few
+others. Laborde who spent 20 years with
+them, and knew well their language, has
+published some of their traditions in 1704.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lon-quo</span></span> was their original god, who made
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Racumon</span></span> their chief or leader to America,
+who leads there the tribes of snakes, men,
+Cabatos-trees and birds. The true name
+of the nation was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali</span></span>, those of the main
+were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali-nago</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Calibis</span></span>, of the islands
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cali-ponam</span></span>. Rochefort &amp;c.—See my
+Carib Traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">52d Event.</span></span> The Calibis of Guyana after
+long wars with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alouague</span></span> the kings of the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruacas</span></span>, send the
+general <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timani</span></span> to
+conquer the Aruacas Islanders, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiris</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span> &amp;c. who
+leads the tribe of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span>
+(vassals) and conquer several islands,
+killing the men and keeping the women.—Rochefort
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The period of this invasion is unknown;
+those who bring the Caribs from North
+America, make it much later of course;
+but it is likely to be an old event: although
+several invasions are probably meant and
+blended. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timanis</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span>
+must have effected this. They adopted
+many customs and partly the religion of
+the conquered women. The following tradition
+belongs probably to the conquered
+Eyeris.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">53d Event.</span></span> Once when living wretched
+and on the spontaneous fruits of the earth,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oubek-Eyeri</span></span> (heaven man) a holy man
+drest all in white cotton, comes from heaven
+(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oubek</span></span> above). He first appears to
+a desolate old man <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>, and teach him
+to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This must have been a priest or bohito
+of Hayti, who tried to civilize the Caribs:
+unless it refers to anterior traditions. He
+taught religion also, that good men would
+go after death to the happy islands of the
+west, and become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icheiri</span></span> Zemis;
+while bad men should become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oumekoua</span></span>
+wanderers at sea, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabouyas</span></span>
+devils.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">54th Event.</span></span> The Caribas in search of
+these fortunate islands go to Hayti and
+Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida,
+where they extended inland, becoming
+the tribes of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cofachi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matica</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amana</span></span>. They dwell there a long while
+often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer
+them and incorporate at last.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars
+with the Apalachis; the details belong to
+the history of North America and the nations
+of Florida.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">55th Event.</span></span> Some expelled Caribs hearing
+by traders of Zigateo, steal some canos
+and run away to this island, one of the
+Lucayas; well received; but sent to Ayay
+(Santa Cruz) desert island, where they
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+settle and increase. This happened towards
+1150 of our era.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This positive fact begins the certain
+chronology of the Antilles; but Brigstock
+is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives,
+the ancestors of all the Carib and Galibis
+tribes as far as Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">56th Event.</span></span> Civil wars in Hayti, attempt
+of some kings to become independent from
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohitos</span></span> government. The Cazic
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guamaretus</span></span> despise his
+god or Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corochotum</span></span>,
+for which he is overcome in
+battle and his palace burnt. Dangleria.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This indicates probably a revolution, and
+attempt to overthrow the ancient religion,
+perhaps before 1150.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">57th Event.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazi-baquel</span></span> restores peace,
+and the worship of the great God <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jocavaghama</span></span>,
+with the Zemi <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarugavael</span></span> found
+in the woods. Meantime the god <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jocava</span></span>
+prophecies by an oracle that the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maguacochios</span></span>
+(great people clothed) would come,
+with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave
+the rebellious Haytians. This was understood
+to apply to the Caribs, and Spaniards
+afterwards.<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">58th Event.</span></span> This great king <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Baquel</span></span>,
+begins a dynasty, and has many successors
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gamanacoel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarionel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayaronel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guavanenechin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guavavo-conel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caramarex</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaramatex &amp;c.</span></span>, who are the
+chief kings of Hayti. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarionex</span></span> was his
+successor when the Spaniards came.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+kings or cazics from time immemorial in
+the great kingdom and valley of Maguana,
+180 miles long and 30 broad, running from
+east to west; having from east to west the
+provinces Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba,
+Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs
+through it, which is probably the same as
+Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of
+the feodal system of Cazics and Tainos
+established in Hayti. All the other kings
+bearing them allegiance: and their dialect
+was the court language.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">59th Event.</span></span> The island becomes divided
+into 5 principal kingdoms, with many provinces
+each having a Cazic. They were
+1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caizimu</span></span> in the east with 11 provinces,
+Higuey was the first of them, 2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bainoa</span></span>
+in the centre, the largest of all, belonging
+to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baquel</span></span> dynasty, with 24 provinces,
+Maguana being the first of them, 3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guacarima</span></span>,
+the west end, with 12 provinces,
+Xaragua being the main, 4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hubaba</span></span>, a
+small kingdom with 3 provinces in the
+south mountains, 5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cotoy</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayabo</span></span> in
+the mountains of the north, held by the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayoriex</span></span> people, with 7 provinces, and
+the mountains Zibao.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dangleria gives the names of all these
+provinces, but he has omitted the kingdom
+of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marien</span></span> in the north-west, he makes it
+only a province of Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix
+and Munoz have given maps of old
+Hayti, with the situations of many, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &amp;c.;
+see my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">60th Event.</span></span> Meantime Cuba was also
+divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayzi</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maiti</span></span>
+opposite Hayti, 2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayamo</span></span> west of it, 3.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cueyba</span></span> in the centre, whence the name of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuba</span></span>, probably
+the head kingdom, 4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camayegua</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camaguey</span></span> inhabited by a
+different people, famous tribe, probably
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayaguas</span></span> of Honduras, or Olmecas,
+5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xagua</span></span> near the middle,
+6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Macaca</span></span> in
+the south opposite Jamaica, 7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Haniguanica</span></span>
+at the west end where are the high
+mountains <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uhima</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">61st Event.</span></span> The island of Jamaica was
+divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen also
+Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico,
+formed one, but had 26 Cazics in as many
+valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo
+being desert. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yucayas</span></span> (white islands)
+now Bahama, were numberless, the
+largest being Amana, Zigateo, Bahama,
+Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto,
+Abaco &amp;c. The Cazics were much
+respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor
+was in common and the daily food given
+from the public stores. Some islands were
+at war; but only used sticks in their quarrels.
+Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom,
+the great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">62d Event.</span></span> The Caribas of Ayay having
+multiplied, spread again over the eastern
+islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+but meeting their ancient tribes in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Curucueria</span></span>
+now Guadeloupe: it becomes their
+chief island: whence they send war parties
+to 1000 miles off, even to the continent;
+and occupy <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Galana</span></span> now Marigalante,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matinino</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Madinino</span></span> now Martinique,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liamaca</span></span> now Antigua,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liamuiga</span></span> St.
+Christopher, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayaraco</span></span>
+St. Vincent, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bequia</span></span>
+Grenada &amp;c. called collectively <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caliaqua</span></span>
+the islands of the Calibis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">63d Event.</span></span> They molest the shores of
+Boriquen, where they are always repulsed,
+but often steal men and children to eat
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">64th Event.</span></span> They assail the shores of
+Hayti, where they are much feared; signals
+by smoke are made when they appear.
+In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern regions of
+the island, the Haytians become warlike to
+defend themselves, and use poisoned arrows
+as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used
+only darts, lances and macanas, peculiar
+wooden swords.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">65th Event.</span></span> The Caribs went as far as
+the shores of Cuba, and desolated the south
+shores: the Cubans removing their towns
+inland. They were called Canibas and
+Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement
+at Baracoa to the south-east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">66th Event.</span></span> They were repulsed in their
+attempt against the warlike Jamaicans who
+used arrows; they do not appear to have
+molested the Yucayans, owing to their former
+alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These events are chiefly collected from
+Columbus' own account, and personal narratives
+of his travels, with other retrospective
+hints by the Spanish writers. They
+will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">67th Event.</span></span> The population of all the
+Tainos in the Antilles was at least two
+millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in
+Cuba; 100,000 in Boriquen; 60,000 in
+Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides
+the unknown Carib population.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish
+arrival: others have swelled it to 6
+millions, including all the West Indies.
+Las-Casas states that the Lucayas had
+500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">68th Event.</span></span> The domestic animals of
+these islands, were among beasts, Alco
+dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari
+hogs and manatis: turtles and guanas
+among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges,
+fowls, ducks and red cranes among birds:
+remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos
+or fire flies used for lamps among insects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such were found either in one or all
+the islands; which were not therefore destitute
+of domestic animals, as commonly
+believed. Columbus found tame fowls at
+Cuba in 1492; which were probably the
+Powis fowls.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">69th Event.</span></span> Beroica was king of Jamaica
+(about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abem-beroica</span></span>, meaning Beroica
+II., Beroica III.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503
+Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the east,
+and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">70th Event.</span></span> The island Puta or Cahiri
+now Trinidad at the furthest east end of
+the Antilles was still inhabited by several
+Aruac tribes, Cahiris, Yaoy &amp;c. which
+resisted the inroads of their constant foes
+the Galibis and Caribas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">71st Event.</span></span> Between 1450 and 1480
+Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">72d Event.</span></span> Cayacoa was king of Caizimu
+and Higuey in the east from about 1460 to
+1494 when he died.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">73d Event.</span></span> About 1470 some Caribs
+settle in Samana, the east peninsula of
+Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo
+and Manicatex, form themselves a small
+kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation,
+Mayo-banex their king admits them
+as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces,
+Dahabon, Zibaho and Manababo. He was
+so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana
+the Venus of Hayti, sister of the
+king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon
+after.<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">74th Event.</span></span> About 1475, Behechio is
+king of Guacarima in the west, till 1500.
+His capital was Xaragua. He became a
+conqueror of several provinces, as far as
+Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Cazics, and 30 wives, his favorite queen
+was Guanahata.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa,
+and says that as usual with great
+kings, he received many titles, being called
+Shining Copper, Bright Highness, and
+Rich Flood. These titles were really
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tureigua hobin</span></span>, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Siarei-huibo</span></span>, Star-bright Highness.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Duyh-zinequen</span></span>, Wealthy in Streams.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">75th Event.</span></span> In 1480 Guarionex succeeds
+Guaramatex as the greatest king of Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">76th Event.</span></span> In 1486 the Cubans send a
+colony to Florida, in search of a river and
+spring restoring to youth; they visit the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pola</span></span> islands, now Martyrs or Florida keys,
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> nation of South Florida, and
+settle the town of Abaiba near the cape of
+Florida.—Herrera.<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge
+of Florida. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> are perhaps
+descendants of the ancient Cara-<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span> of
+Hayti: they dwelt in Florida till 1760,
+when they removed to Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">77th Event.</span></span> In 1490 and previous to it,
+war in Cuba between the kingdom of Cuba
+or Colba, and Cavilla king of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span>
+nation, in the country of Bafan, whose
+capital was Fava.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbus' Narrative.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cami</span></span> are the same as the Cama-yegua,
+the foreign people of Cuba.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a>
+<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">The Haytian or Taino Language</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">restored,
+with fragments of the dialects of
+Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen,
+Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar,
+roots, and comparative Vocabularies.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At an early period I endeavored to collect
+all the scattered fragments of this language,
+in order to elucidate and support
+the historical traditions. This labour concluded
+in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At
+the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest,
+many Spaniards spoke that language;
+many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology
+was not then attended to. Therefore
+we have no dictionary nor grammar of this
+language. Meantime the very nation has
+disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+However, nearly all the early travellers
+and writers on the West Indies have preserved
+by chance, some words of it. Columbus
+himself mentions some of them in
+his original journal. Roman and Dangleria
+explain many of the quoted words. Others
+are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo,
+Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &amp;c.; which had
+never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a
+long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of them are geographical or historical names
+unexplained and unavailable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have used, compared and brought together
+all these loose materials, and thus
+succeeded in restoring about 234 words of
+this language, a list ample enough for all
+historical purposes. This contains besides
+50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects,
+with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects.
+We know that from Bahama to Cuba,
+Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language
+was spoken in various slight dialects, but
+understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But this language, which had also partly
+spread in Florida, and in South America,
+has the appearance of being a mixt speech.
+This appears from the many synonyms, the
+deviations of dialects, and the double forms,
+or relative position of words. In the small
+eastern islands the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabres</span></span> had
+been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved
+the women, and these preserved their own
+language, mixt with some Carib words and
+taught it to their daughters; so as to produce
+a double language, that of the women
+being quite peculiar. This singular fact
+well authenticated, will enable us to presume
+a similar conquest and custom, wherever
+we shall meet in America, with a peculiar
+female idiom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The many nations or tribes mentioned
+in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated;
+and the settlement in Cuba and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this
+mixture of synonyms. But the existence
+also of many homonyms, leads us to a former
+more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to
+which it is most akin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the primitive languages of North
+Africa and South Europe, it had received
+this regular position of ideas; but by the
+mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations
+using the inverse form, it borrowed
+that new form. The same happened in
+Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes,
+who received in Greece and Italy the inverse
+form of speech from the Scythian,
+Illyrian and Gothic tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The comparative examination of the
+Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">upon all the languages of the earth</span></span>, as I
+was determined that one American nation
+at least, should be traced philologically to
+its real origin. Thus I found many thousand
+analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and
+vocabularies. A single American language
+does then contain more comparative analogies
+in about 200 words than all those collected
+by Vater and Malte, out of 400
+American languages; and this fact upsets
+all the illusions, theories and false views,
+based thereon by them, Humboldt and
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But this comprehensive labour teaches
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other facts, by far more important and
+available. 1. That American languages
+have analogies with all the languages of
+the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies
+with each other, 3. That it is only the
+superior number of analogies that may indicate
+a filial or parental connection out
+of America, 4. And that also similar greatest
+number of analogies, indicate the parental
+relations of American languages and
+nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that
+unless a language and nation is compared
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with all the others</span></em>, we can never ascertain
+accurately, nor trace its real parentage
+philologically.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This consequence is obvious, although it
+will not please the lazy or timid philologists
+and historians. It shall be further pursued
+and elucidated hereafter; but now let us
+apply these rules to the Haytian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us
+select a few.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ainu of Choka</span></span> islands between Japan
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamchatka</span></span>, 22 comparable words 4
+alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual
+affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Singala</span></span> of Ceylon, 50 comparable
+words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual
+affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanch</span></span> of the Canary island nearest
+to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words,
+14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent.
+Distant connection.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mandara.</span></span> Handsome black nation
+in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable,
+6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother,
+river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent.
+Nearer connection than with the Guanch,
+or separation less remote.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelagic</span></span>, or ancestors of the Greeks
+and Italians. Comparable words in all the
+ancient and modern dialects nearly 200,
+whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual
+affinity 80 per cent! Complete
+and near connection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic
+origin!</span></span> No other group of languages offer
+anything like as many. The nearest after,
+are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask,
+Sanscrit, Persian &amp;c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies
+with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &amp;c.,
+are all less in amount.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America the Haytian affinities are of
+course the greatest with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> nations
+of South America; who are their brothers,
+and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and
+the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta.
+Yet they may have been divided long ago,
+or ever since their American settlement:
+since out of two selected for comparisons,
+after the vocabularies, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Araguas</span></span> had
+only 70 per cent of analogy, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span>
+only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities
+after these, were with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachis</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachez</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cadoz</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huastecas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mexican</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarasca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chontal</span></span> &amp;c. of N. America,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Darien</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Betoy</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peruvian</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chili</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mbaya &amp;c.</span></span> of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those with the nations of N. America of
+Asiatic origin, and the nations of South
+America of African origin, such as the
+Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced.
+See the compared vocabularies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Haytian shall now become therefore
+one of the touchstones of other American
+languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic
+origin, and above all the connection
+with the American Pelagians.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities
+of this interesting language, and
+first its phonology.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It appears to have all the sounds of the
+Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek
+TH, PS, the Cairi had <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">TH</span></span>. It has been
+written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography
+applies well to it; but leaves a
+doubt whether it had the Celtic and French
+û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH,
+lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in
+English, and the French TCH.—It had
+the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish,
+written X and J. Also the Spanish LL,
+GN or Ñ, and TZ.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It had few P being changed to B; few
+F often changed to V; few L changing to
+Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed
+to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian,
+AN becoming <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana</span></span> &amp;c. Many dipthongs
+AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &amp;c. as in
+Italian, each vowel sounded. This made
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the language soft, pleasing and musical as
+in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says
+the accent was always on the last syllable,
+as in French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been
+written; what Vater has said is quite loose
+and inaccurate. We have not even the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord's Prayer</span></span> in it, so as to serve as a
+model. Our only guides are a few translated
+phrases of Roman and Dangleria;
+but they enable us to perceive the main
+features of it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of the chief was the great use of
+articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar
+one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes
+after the nouns. It was a demonstrative
+article, meaning <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></span>, or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">these</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">those</span></span>; but never changing and common
+as our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The</span></span>: while this indicative <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The</span></span>
+was declinable or changing as in the Italic
+languages, and extremely various, although
+always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN,
+NI, N', ZI, LI &amp;c. A third kind of article
+was O, which when added, appears to
+have been comparative, and to mean <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Like</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Similar</span></span>, or our English AS. The
+relative article <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Of</span></span> was A prefixed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Examples of Articles.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-yava</span></span> This pear.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ma</span></span> This great, or lord.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-tiaos</span></span> Those brothers.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-za-gua</span></span> Great plain such.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bala-gua</span></span> Sea such, the ocean.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">I-Guana</span></span> The guana or lizard.</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni-taino</span></span> The good or noble.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mi-taino</span></span> My noble lord.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Li-ani</span></span> The wife. Eyeri dialect.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hin-Guaili</span></span> The such-sons, the children.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba o</span></span> Stone like, stony.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-na</span></span> Of bloom, a flower.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-boria</span></span> Of labor, a vassal.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-maca</span></span> Of wood, a bed.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-ma</span></span> Of great, water.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-reiti</span></span> Of rite, song.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These articles formed probably the declinations
+of nouns, as we do not perceive
+a different desinense. This form was more
+like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The feminine was formed nearly as in
+Italian, O changing to A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taina</span></span>,
+Lord, Lady—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hita</span></span>, Man, Woman;
+but there must have been irregularities
+difficult to trace: as some words masculine
+end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were
+neutral.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some words are formed by duplication,
+implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental
+language.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span> life,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span> mother and wife
+in dialects. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ba</span></span> habitation,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span>
+Father. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> great,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mama</span></span> mother. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xau</span></span>
+cake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xauxau</span></span> bread or large cake.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian,
+or in S as in Spanish; but there are some
+irregular plurals. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taini</span></span>, Lord,
+Lords. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hitos</span></span> man, men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+EL son. ILI sons. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemi</span></span> angel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>
+angels.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in
+UM. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span> man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyerium</span></span>
+men; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inaru</span></span>
+woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inayum</span></span> women.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adjectives are put before or after
+the substantives, blending the two forms;
+and the prevailing form in compound words
+is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Examples of regular position.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay-ti</span></span> Land-high.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana-caona</span></span> Flower (of) gold.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui-tihu</span></span> Priest high or eminent.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Examples of inverse positions.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bo-hito</span></span> Old man or priest.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaya-el</span></span> Earth-son.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">N'abor-itas</span></span> The working men.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from
+nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> stone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span>
+stony, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibayo</span></span> mount.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> heaven, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tureigua</span></span> heavenly or
+heaven-like.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duhos</span></span> wealth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duihzi</span></span> wealthy or
+wealth-is.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The superlatives are commonly formed
+by duplication. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ua</span></span> old, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uaua</span></span> very old.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Co</span></span> fruitful, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coco</span></span> very fruitful, the coco
+nut.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Or else by the affix <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> which amplifies
+every thing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine;
+but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></span> is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahia</span></span>?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy,
+thine.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+NI, N' Common like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">It</span></span> or rather <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span> of
+the French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful;
+but perhaps the inflexions alone formed
+them. These pronouns are pure Italian!
+or rather primitive. They were often dispensed
+with as in Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing.
+By a few examples of the verb <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">to be</span></span>, it was
+quite irregular as with us.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ei</span></span> To be—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tei</span></span>
+be thou—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bei</span></span> being.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Beira</span></span> a being—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dacha</span></span> I am.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span> he is—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zi</span></span> it is, this is.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In these <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ei</span></span> appears the root, derives
+from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eil</span></span>, and was then similar to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El</span></span> son,
+as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zi</span></span> to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Izi</span></span> eyes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This verb joined to others was added to
+words. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarocoel</span></span> we know he is, may be
+analyzed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-roco-el</span></span> such-know-he-is.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have an example of negative verbs
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macabuca</span></span> I do not care, which is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macabuca</span></span>
+not-care, or never-mind; in French
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n'importe</span></span>, in Italian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">non curo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by
+the few preserved phrases; which I have
+analyzed as follow, and compared with the
+Italian.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teitoca</span></span> thou be quiet.
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tacitu</span></span> Italian.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">tocheta</span></span> much. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">molto.</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">zinato</span></span> angry.
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">irato.</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Guame-chyna</span></span> this
+great God. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">gran-Nume.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ibba</span></span> that go. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Vai</span></span> It.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">zinato</span></span> angry. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">irato.</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">macabuca</span></span> not care. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">non curo.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dios</span></span> Spanish God. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dio</span></span> It.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboria</span></span> Servant. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Servo.</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">dacha</span></span> I am. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sono.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This idiom or position of words is perfect
+in Italian which admits of many transpositions;
+but in English syntax and idiom
+these phrases mean
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Haytian numbers have not been
+transmitted to us, and I could only collect
+the following secondary numbers—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span>
+first, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bem</span></span> second, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abem</span></span> third: which
+however are primitive and indicate a binary
+numeration: although the language
+had probably the decimals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By a careful analytical process I have
+been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic
+roots. All the long words can be thus
+analyzed, and show that this compound
+form only arises, as usual in American
+languages, by the blunders of the Spanish
+writers, who wrote long words instead of
+short ones; blending articles and affixes.
+The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced
+is a very simple language, approximating
+to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein
+short monosyllables of generic import,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+formed the base of the speech, and became
+modified by union and relative position.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By these means the following essential
+roots of the language have been collected,
+and are given to help future similar investigations
+of American languages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Examples of composition.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazabi</span></span> Bread.
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca-za-bi</span></span> soil-fruitful-life.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span> Sea cow.
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-na-ti</span></span> great-thing-eminent.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Turei</span></span> Heaven. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">T'ur-ei</span></span> Thou-light-be.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Furzidi</span></span> Cloudy. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fur-zi-di</span></span>
+gloom-it-is-day. (or now)</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Areiti</span></span> Song, rites. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">A-rei-ti</span></span>
+of reality eminent.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanichi</span></span> Soul. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Na-ni-chi</span></span>
+thing the active.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maroyo</span></span> Moon. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma-ro-yo</span></span> great lovely.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this
+language or genera of ideas.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A, Of, as, like.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ac</span></span>, Holy, sacred, religious.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Am</span></span>, Water, root, plenty.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An</span></span>, Male thing, man, people, folk.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At</span></span>, One, alone, first, unic.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ba</span></span>, Father, ancestor, dwelling.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bal</span></span>, Raft, floating, wave, sea.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ban</span></span>, Wind, air.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bao</span></span>, Music, lyre, instrument.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bat</span></span>, Beating, game, play, ball.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bem</span></span>, Second, double, twin, two, next.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bi</span></span>, Life, wife, mother.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boa</span></span>, Habitation, house.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bor</span></span>, Labor, work, vassal, service.</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ca</span></span>, Land, soil, earth, dry.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Can</span></span>, Fish, swift, bad.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chi</span></span>, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chon</span></span>, Hot, dry, fever.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chuc</span></span>, Take, grasp, hold.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Co</span></span>, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coai</span></span>, Joy, delight, happiness.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cu</span></span>, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cus</span></span>, Worm, creeping.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>, Day, now, actual.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duh</span></span>, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ei</span></span>, Existence, to be.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">El</span></span>, Son, tribe, child, he is.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fur</span></span>, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gia</span></span>, Fowl, bird, flying.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>, Such, this, that, these, those.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guey</span></span>, Shell, hollow, closed.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha</span></span>, Yes, sure, certain.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hi</span></span>, The, indication, here.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hio</span></span>, House, hut, cottage.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huib</span></span>, Head.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I, The, sign of life and action.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Io</span></span>, God, the living-type.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">It</span></span>, Man, male.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In</span></span>, Woman, female.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iz</span></span>, Eyes, looks.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">L', LI, He, she, they, his &amp;c., oft. changed to Y.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &amp;c.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mas</span></span>, Food, to eat &amp;c.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MI, M', Me, my, mine.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Na</span></span>, Thing, bloom, lizard.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ni</span></span>, N', The thing, my thing.</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">No</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Noa</span></span>,
+Boat, navigation, noble.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O, Like, similar, akin.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ob</span></span>, Copper, yellow.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Op</span></span>, Dead.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pu</span></span>, Wood, purple.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ra</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rei</span></span>, Real, rite, evidence,
+offspring.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ris</span></span>, Red.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ro</span></span>, Love, belove.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ri</span></span>, Male, people, men.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sor</span></span>, West, Eve, late, far.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span>, Breast, milk.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ti</span></span>, High, lofty, eminent.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tab</span></span>, Tube, pipe.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tai</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiao</span></span>, Brother, friend,
+good.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toc</span></span>, Rest, peace, quiet.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ua</span></span>, Old, ancient.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ur</span></span>, Light.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ut</span></span>, Rabbits.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Va</span></span>, Cave, hollow, father, origin.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Var</span></span>, War, warrior.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xau</span></span>, Cake, baked, bread.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xi</span></span>, Strong, pungent, pepper.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yar</span></span>, End, tail, vent.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yu</span></span>, White, bright.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Za</span></span>, Grass, fruitful, plenty.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zem</span></span>, Angels, deities, idols.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zib</span></span>, Stone, rock.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zic</span></span>, King, ruler.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such was the Haytian language, once
+spoken by several millions, and a western
+branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived
+from the Asiatic <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelegs</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palis</span></span>, once
+peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean
+3 or 4000 years ago.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following comparative vocabularies
+will prove this fact. They have not been
+made to support it; but to find the truth,
+and the probable ancestors of this American
+nation, by seeking them all over the
+earth. If this nation one of the nearest to
+the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of
+such remote antiquity, those further removed
+and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which
+their own history shall disclose.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Out of the 234 words collected; many
+it will be perceived, are hardly comparable;
+being names of peculiar animals and plants.
+About 200 offer comparisons with our languages
+well known. It must be remarked
+that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian
+words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages.
+Humboldt has given a list of them. Those
+admitted in the English language now are,
+hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco,
+pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana,
+mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal,
+maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &amp;c.;
+which must not be compared, since they
+have been borrowed by us from the Haytian.
+The Spaniards have besides, chichas,
+balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati,
+maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco,
+nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet several of those words may be usefully
+compared in ancient languages often
+extinct, previous to the late connection
+with America. Thus we find analogies
+for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam,
+chicha, macana, manati &amp;c., in many: indicating
+very ancient connections.—Even
+the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua
+&amp;c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comparative</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vocabulary of
+Hayti.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Authorities</span></span>,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D.
+Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her.
+Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O.
+Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H.
+Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all
+or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St.
+Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All or whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Quis</span></span> R. D. Xus O.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Analogies, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jikoga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chukoat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Qualunque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italy.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ixquich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiyih</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mohigan &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Angel and Idol. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zemi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span>
+A. analogies in annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alligator or crocodile. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cayman A.</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caram</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bornu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taymah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bechuana,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caimio Chamoa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egyptian
+Dialects.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Camac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amangam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Linapi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ants or pismires <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Comexon R.</span></span> see notes.
+Apple, pear, guava. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guava</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaiva</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayaba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xagua A.</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Apis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, old French,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Apple</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> English, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carpos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carpath</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ribi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Angry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zynato</span></span> D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Irato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ital, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orgytheis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (bad) Ausonian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yahat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Am, I am <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dacha</span></span> D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nach</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Da</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(is) Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Davo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Maipuri, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ehaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Arachis or ground-nut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mani</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manis</span></span>
+A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nux</span></span>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Aloe <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maguey</span></span>. Magheih H.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agave</span></span>
+Greek.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Annona or Papaw <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guanavan</span></span> H.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ananas or pine-apple <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boniama</span></span> G.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fanpolomi</span></span>
+E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Annato or red paint <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Achioto</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bixa</span></span> G.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Apart, aside, the side <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nara</span></span>
+R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parte</span></span>
+It., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Share</span></span> English &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Armadillo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atatu</span></span> E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Army <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaravara</span></span> G., see War.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Air, see Wind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Above <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubek</span></span> in Eyeri. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Super</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubique</span></span>,
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Breast and milk <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span> R—primitive word
+found in all languages,—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Teth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaldaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ainu,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (milk) Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guanche, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tea</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bisharis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Doa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindu &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bread or cake <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazabi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazavi</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuac</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maru</span></span> in dialects.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Also primitive found in 100 languages. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oguia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic and Berber, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shakua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kabaka</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Nuba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maru</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Zingani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yacu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dhagul
+mountains, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Axaus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Artos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek &amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuzavi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tayrones, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cosque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Casaah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cancu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shokua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pasca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Be, to be, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tei</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ei</span></span> D.—Primitive.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">E</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Armoric,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hei</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Esti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">E</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hein</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+Eolian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt &amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaymas
+&amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Being, and a being, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bei</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beira</span></span> A.—primitive,
+same roots,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Canoa</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages.</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Primitive word of 100 languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nau Sanscrit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Pelagic,
+Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nave</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Barca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guyon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guanch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Scafo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cahekiu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xepec</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bacolo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Illyric, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cahani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ainu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Doa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bastul or Iberian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naoi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Teutonic &amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noatek</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canabir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Galibis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Palayak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Banias</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Panama &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bird, fowl, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bogiael</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ipis</span></span>
+in Cuba.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Compare </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Halit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ibis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pirid</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old Saxon,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ipira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vogel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+German, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pollo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ugedu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uchel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Burman,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mapel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Suanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haliga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic &amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gualpa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coxol</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bed. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amaca</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazas</span></span>
+L. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barbacoa</span></span>
+H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nehera</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekera in Dialects</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ekia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kunera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tamapat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nedokuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lusitanian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Make</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Egypt—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Camata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Akat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mucara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Betoy? </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaoy,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chinchero</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarauna.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Blue and violet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tunna</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quibey</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guei</span></span>,
+dialects.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cyanus</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuanta</span></span> Abask.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Beer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chicha</span></span> A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alicha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cheruisa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gauls,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chelia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cantabrians, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chacoli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shashu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ichua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Isua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> African Atlantes,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Wine) Aramic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chicha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili,
+Mbayas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cachina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huicu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibis &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Beloved, loved, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rozi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berozi</span></span> R.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eros</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Behar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Careich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic and Hebrew, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eiras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Meres</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amore</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ball, ball-game, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Batos</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Batei</span></span> G.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orpatos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ballota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baton</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bandy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bate</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old English—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Palican</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Beast, beastly, wild, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span> R.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Car</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ferua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracol</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Berber Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caracoler</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ho-lo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+old Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Olo-olo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bugis and Macasar.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Basket, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hava</span></span> G.—Primitive, see Cave.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bright, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tureigna</span></span> D.—see Light.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bananas</span></span> Her. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Camois</span></span> G.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bad fellow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vaquiano</span></span> Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paquiano</span></span>
+Sicily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Brother, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guatiao</span></span> Her.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tayo</span></span>
+Polynesia,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratielo</span></span> Ital. D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Blood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moinalu</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Omoina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Idoimen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+African Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Odola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zemo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haimai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haematos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aimonos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Romaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hamanos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Illyric,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mulu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Koriak and Kamchatka.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Corn, maize, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahiz</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayz</span></span> A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maiza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Nepal and Congo. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kirata of
+Imalaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Me</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maiz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimidi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimind</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Caucasian languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mozen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tiemzin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">timezin tomzin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+African Atlantic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hazez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iziz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yasit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Umita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ymizui</span></span> R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hima</span></span>
+Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiems</span></span>
+Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frimat</span></span> French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cave, cavern, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cova</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giaga</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beina</span></span> O.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cava</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phinon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thebi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+old Egyptian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tabaita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ketena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan
+and Etruscan? </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Libanah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Deina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Teuton ... Primitive.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cotton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mapu</span></span> E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zeiba</span></span>
+A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gosupon</span></span>
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kapas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kipi</span></span> Sanscrit language,
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bombaz</span></span> Pelagic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosib</span></span> old Arabic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cloth, see dress.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Club, see sword.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Copper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuob</span></span> C. Yellow copper,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobin</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kuop</span></span> Pelagic,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kupros</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cupreus</span></span>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Careless, I don't care, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macabuca</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bucanaco</span></span>
+Congo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cutting, knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henequen</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecuta</span></span>
+Bask,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totenika</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sikunatant</span></span>
+Pehlvi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kangiac</span></span>
+Arabic &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Children or tribe, EL, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ili</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaili</span></span> R.—Primitive,
+analogies already given in annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copei</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Copal</span></span>
+G. H.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Conch-shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maguey</span></span> C. as Aloe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xauxau</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akes</span></span> C. see Bread.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xau</span></span> is primitive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cocos, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coco</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coquillas</span></span> in Boriquen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cedar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cauvana</span></span> G.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cacao, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cacao</span></span> A. same in Mexico &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Church, temple, chapel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cu</span></span>
+Acosta, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzia</span></span>.—Primitive,
+same name in Maya, Chontal,
+Mexican &amp;c. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gu</span></span> Japan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tia</span></span> Chinese D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cloudy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Furzidi</span></span>, Her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cane, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yaruma</span></span>, Her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Crabs, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taracolas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grankio</span></span> Italian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Harkinos</span></span> Greek.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dress, mantle, cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cochio</span></span> D. R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaguas</span></span>
+Her.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Berber, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cachaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gaul, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cochaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Slavonian—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuayo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Danse and song, rites and worship <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Areitos</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+A., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Areites</span></span> D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Areiti</span></span>
+G., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Batocos</span></span> G.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iroitos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> sacred songs of Greeks,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ticos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Illyrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Artesis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orchesis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xoreite</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, danses of Pelagians and
+Greeks, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ariette</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (song) French
+and Ital., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hurah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Havay—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaravis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mitotes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuchis</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gochis</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alco</span></span> (a peculiar
+kind.)—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khoy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Caucasus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cunis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chiu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mungur of Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chien</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuxur</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuncha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guanch Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Curdish,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Siam—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chichi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chegua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cule</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lule, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Allco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vichu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Day, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>—Primitive
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dies</span></span> Latin and all
+Pelagic languages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daughter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rahen</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Raena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ninah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Darien, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tahira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omagua.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dead, ghost, spirit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Opia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> old Ethiopic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aporoya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bishri,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Leoba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Irish, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zabi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obiah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oabye</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+Africans—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pitini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Conopas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obihi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maboya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chipi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ottawa.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Devil and Evil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuyra</span></span> D., see Annals.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuya</span></span> Eyeri is Carib.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eternal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mamona</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jemao</span></span>, title of God,
+see Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Earth, land, and island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span> &amp;c. A.—Primitive,
+see Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Imas</span></span>, Mani A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mets</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Slavic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ishamas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kamchatka,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macanu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit and
+Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mashu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Micuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+End, tail, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yarima</span></span> D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Anglo-Saxon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gomera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Manchu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Brim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Teutonic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tarasca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Emerald, gem, and money, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aguacat</span></span>,
+O.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Achates</span></span>
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agata</span></span> Latin &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eyes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Izi</span></span>, O.—Primitive,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mizi</span></span> in Polynesia,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opsis</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aiz</span></span>
+English, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iz</span></span> Oriental
+language—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosi</span></span> Cahiri.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Field, plain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conuco</span></span> G. V.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zavana</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zanaga,
+Mazagua</span></span>, A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bashan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chonu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yakut,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, African
+Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ager</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nabeku</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian Spanish—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cog</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omaguas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tzallan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huasteca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fly, flying-insect, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cocuyo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuinix</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huica</span></span>
+Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Musca</span></span>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fountain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mini</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cum</span></span>
+Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ain</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hecoas</span></span> Pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Frog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toa</span></span> G. Onomatopeia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Father, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baia</span></span>, R.,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vava</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span> Ey.—Primitive,
+found in 500 languages.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bap</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ibas Babas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+of atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oriental Lang,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Babo Avo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ayenl</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Votiac and Edda, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abase, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ba
+Ab Baba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Sanscrit; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Jolof.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iyay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Taos, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sheba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ochai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Yaqui, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yapa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lahai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cochimi and Lamones, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eslen,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aoy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eclemac,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Zamuca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yameos, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yare</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puri,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Papa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Frolic, Intoxication.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barbasco</span></span> St.
+Mary, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frasco</span></span> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ican</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaycan M</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ihan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Icthos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guiena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iolof, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Limbua and Newar of Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Piscan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga
+and Nukahiva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sakana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iguah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Java,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yacun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Wokon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hucat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makach</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuyo</span></span> D, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuxo</span></span> H.—
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ecu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hottentot, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taquat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> afr Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Koke</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Coptic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogiak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turk,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuasi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fuyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fuoco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ucut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Moluccas.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Totecuh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muscolgi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sussih, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Icu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lulè, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eguza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yucu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xucu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Moxas,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cutha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Malali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sapibo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kueh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Taculis.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire-fly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cucuyos</span></span> G.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucuyo</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Locuyos</span></span>
+H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucuix</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span> in Lucayas O.
+see Fire and Fly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Foe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anaki</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akani</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Katahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Neikos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(strife) Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uaina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vahini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Katalki</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kendy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anakim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acanitu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nemico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Flower, Blossom, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ana</span></span> A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Singala, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anathos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Athina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Palo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fruit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inas</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guauanas</span></span>,
+Ac.—Derived
+from Flower.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fruitful Co.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Com</span></span> Iberian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comestible</span></span>
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fever, see heat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Flamingo, Red bird. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ipiris</span></span> Diaz in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+God. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jovana</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yocahuna</span></span> R. and
+many other names and titles in all the Islands.
+See the annals and notes. All are
+compound primitive words: additional analogies.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Janus of Etruscans,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ju</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ombrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jovis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yauna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Juncva</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jaungoieva</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of
+Basks—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jo-cauna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Janum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of Lybians, IEUE of Moses,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Joh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Luchu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yavang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sunda,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Troyan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iunak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Slavic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Achaman Ahican</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch,
+&amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">yoha
+vah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chactah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hioh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> New Albion,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oyuac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Old Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Jahuagon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huron,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ozages,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Conome</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaruras,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ogha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Great, Big, Large. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ma</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama</span></span>,
+A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magnus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Megas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oriental and Sanscrit
+Languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Masa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mese</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindu and Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maque</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Jolof,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maunu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fulah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mag</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Medic and Irish,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guadul</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Phenician, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maigh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Carthuli,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Waka</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ecuah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tzuluki,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guazu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guarami, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zhuma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Green. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huarahua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaragua</span></span> Laet.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xloris</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Viridis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huryo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Veragua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chontal.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Gold. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caona, Cauni</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canchana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> China, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sanu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Manding, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cancha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Peru.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Go and Come. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaiba</span></span> D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Odebo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amòular</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Va</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic D,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hanba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cosa afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hoye</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarahumara,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hupua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaqui, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chactah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Patagon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aleutian.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Gourd. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Higuera</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibuera</span></span>
+D. O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibue
+ra</span></span> M.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucurbita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Gentle, mild, tame. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matum</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boniatum</span></span>
+O.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manso</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Matio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(Foolish,) </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (beloved), </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bonus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mitis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gathos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Guitar, Lyre. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Habao.</span></span> R.—
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiuhaba</span></span> Bask, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chobao</span></span>
+Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balajo</span></span> Jolof, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oboe</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hinoa</span></span> Italic D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coai</span></span>
+R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chali</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Loula</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chagla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cashmir,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shialar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicily, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yaul</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scand, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Armoric,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quali</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haylli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ululaez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goeiz.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span>
+Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Necuya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Epirian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goe</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ghaib</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic and Persian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goiti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Goz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Vilela, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coyocop</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Grand-father. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ahiacavo</span></span> R. See Father.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narguti</span></span> In Eyeri D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Guayac, Holy-wood. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guayac</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayacan</span></span>
+H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guacum</span></span> O.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Grove, Forest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arcabutos</span></span> Ac.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Good. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiao</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> D. See noble.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+House, Habitation. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boa</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bai</span></span>
+R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canei</span></span> M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tunohoko</span></span>
+Eyeri D. Primitive.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ocos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hustau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afr Atlantic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uyon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Uigur, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khaneh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kanaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Thibet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oneh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bantaba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fulah, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">baith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Batos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beotes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xoa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohiga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Etruscan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Abode, Booth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> English—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buhio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ochoch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aothi,
+Baua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pokos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tao, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nixai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Quiché, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lulé, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aruac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huachi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Omagua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mizteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zimu</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huibo</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima Sama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic and Sanscrit,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Imula</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ombay Id, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kimita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Yedzo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ligurian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zimba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bunda Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yuma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chémé</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Quiché,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">China</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Umitz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Nutka, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muhuti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Othomi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heliconia. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bihao</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong,
+raised. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tihu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tichetu, Car, Huibo,
+Uta</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tien</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tithos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auti, Alti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italic, L. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tip</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Timal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gibor</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bop</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Jolof, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Obo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mogol, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ube</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Singala.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uebo, Uipo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hayo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cado.
+</span></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heaven, sky. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Turei</span></span> D.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siela</span></span> O, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coaiba</span></span>
+R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coyaba</span></span> (Paradise.) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Soraya</span></span> (West
+sky.) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubec</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uranus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Skia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Irem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aru</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ciel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coelum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tahiti,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coelba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suraga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bugis, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suroloyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Surya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uren</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Armoric, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Serua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Baik, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Urain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hyalla</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Fullah.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Capu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Yaoy and Tamanac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Otomacas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turci</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Paria, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hetucoba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yabe</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Purini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cabo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tacab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pacha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aymara.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heart and Soul. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nanichi</span></span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nasha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chaldic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Han</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Deri Persian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uhane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Havay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zinio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afgan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amé</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Anichal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nehima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kaueshin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ichick</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cumana, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nashawanith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Powhatan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ninohuani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nandi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Ottomaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Juani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amitani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maipuri, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Holy. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Auc</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yac</span></span>
+G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaca</span></span> R.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cadish</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aucus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Old Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hagios</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Touga, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hancus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khuab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">huaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dacota,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huacan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hualic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zechon</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zeziones</span></span>
+M.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ako</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sicus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Xerone</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaone</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chaud</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(Cho) French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romanic,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Achi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chili.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zaino</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scuna</span></span> Ac.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sis-ino</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chinia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Russian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zayos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zanno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zinial</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ligurian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Charcu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taguazen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guanch,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tayasu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sayones</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Calamari, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nigda</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hill. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huibo</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Carive</span></span> Laet, see mountain.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hollow, hole, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yara</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yari</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaru</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coatris</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trou</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Creux</span></span> French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boharque</span></span> M.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canei</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhonoko</span></span>
+Ey. See House.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Insect. See Little.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caic</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caiz</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caiques</span></span>. All—see
+Earth and Land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Infinite, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rapita</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apito</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Virita</span></span> R. D. O.
+title of God with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span> holy. Analogies
+with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapid</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veritas</span></span> Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Invisible, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guimazoa</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zuimaco</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinazona</span></span>
+R. D. O.—other title of God, compound
+words, perhaps of different import:
+with many affinities in divine names of
+Lybia, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In, Within, Inside. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiqui</span></span> in Cuba Laet.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span> C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Indigo, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Digo</span></span> R.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ze</span></span> in Mosaic
+and Oriental Languages.—He is, she
+is, EL or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">eil</span></span>, see Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+King. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cazic</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacique</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caciqui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxicus</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Casiche</span></span> Various spellings.—See the
+Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Knowledge, to know. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guaroco</span></span>,
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Char</span></span>
+Aramic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imparar</span></span> Italic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rasaca</span></span>
+Malay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Life. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bi</span></span> G.—Primitive. I Oriental L.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vita</span></span> Italic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bios</span></span>
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vie</span></span> French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lizard. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guana</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iguana</span></span>
+A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yuanas</span></span>
+Her,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aguana</span></span> Guinea, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iagandu</span></span> Congo,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athaguan</span></span> Pelagic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manatha</span></span>
+Aramic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guha</span></span>
+Singala,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iuganas</span></span> Cumana, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leguan</span></span>
+Aruwak.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Labor. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boria</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nabor</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboritis</span></span>. See Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nigua</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nianti</span></span> Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nigu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">niga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicily,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niente</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ngai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Birman, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Naga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ngni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Newar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Minizi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gothic,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Piqua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chigua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Darien,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nechet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Adaiz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Enchique</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Yaoy.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Land. See Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lord. See Noble.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Light, Shining. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tureigna</span></span> D. See Heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Haguai</span></span>. See Water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Man, men, male, husband, people. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hito
+Guani</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cari</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magua</span></span> G. 3 roots IT,
+RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT
+found in
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iota</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Gothic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Polynesia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hitnos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ati</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Zend, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nubian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hetus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Het</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Talahet, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Japan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuhihuit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cumanche, &amp;c.—
+</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+RI in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ria</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tombuctu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tambu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Er</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Air</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic and Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yeri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hungarian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peruvian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nieri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Illyrian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vair</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gothic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Viro</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Timuacan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, &amp;c.—
+</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+AN in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+Chinese D. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Anam, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gens</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Han</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huinac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tzendal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aner</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Gaunch,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huentu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanas, &amp;c.
+</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mother. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mama</span></span> D.—Primitive word,
+found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages,
+the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and
+Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and
+Polynesia; changed to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mu</span></span> in Chinese;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Om</span></span> in Arabic Languages—In America
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+quite common also, least changed in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hama</span></span> Shebaoy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amani</span></span>,
+Adaiz <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> Mobima,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mama</span></span> Betoy, Omagua and Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Moon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maroyo</span></span> R.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohus</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mona</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span> in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Much, Many. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tocheta</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tucho</span></span> Iberian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuanti</span></span> Ausonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chehel</span></span> Persian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totus</span></span> Latin.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tacha</span></span>
+Achagua, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mioch</span></span>
+Mexican, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tobu</span></span> Brazilian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mammeafruit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mamey</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Millet. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Panycke</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Panicum</span></span> Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tihui</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huibo</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hayti</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mtay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Carthul, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oiten</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Lusitanian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hauteur</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (pr hotoer)
+French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Romaic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guibo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uibui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caquihuin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Totonaca,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Titi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Collas of Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ehuata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Omagua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hatez</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chontal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guetia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Music, Noise. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Habao</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahuba</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hapan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hubub</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bhatai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Behan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan and
+Khorazan.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Paypa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahbal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tupan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guarani.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N', MI,
+M'.—Primitive, found in all the European
+and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mich</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Negro Langs,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ne</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Me</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican Languages, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Na</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Linapi Dial,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pimas
+Muscolgi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Dacota, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gane</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kuno</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Metal, hard. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nin</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guanin</span></span>
+C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hobin</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irania</span></span> Sanscrit,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vina</span></span> Jolof,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Panilgue</span></span>
+(Iron) Chili.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Manati, Sea-Cow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manati</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamantin</span></span>
+French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamatino</span></span> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mosquito. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jejen</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zinzara</span></span> Toscan.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mushroom. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yegan</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayegan</span></span>
+R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fungus</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agaricus</span></span> Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mycos</span></span>
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guarib</span></span>
+Slavic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaygrion</span></span> Celtic, and Old
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meadow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zavana</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabana</span></span> A. See
+Field.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Master, Lord. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guama</span></span>. See Prince.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mantle. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yaguas</span></span>. Her. See Dress.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Moving. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mana</span></span>. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Manioc. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boniata</span></span> O, is the mild kind,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yuco</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mahogany. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahogani</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahoba</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mangrove tree. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mangle</span></span> H.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taino</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mato</span></span>
+Her, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nitaino</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitaino</span></span>
+Dialects.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Japan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hainac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Theano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuyano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Turanos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turk, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atueyn</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Birman,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">No</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (fine) Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ethauo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Singala, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tayon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kamchatka,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Talen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iberian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(good) Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sitino</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic;
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tonos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taminas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Scythian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maitai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Polynesia,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tzalleine</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Votan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chontal,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Noen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abipon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hitana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maca</span></span>
+D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eyni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mozabi, Lybian; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niente</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tahiti, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mabi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Birman, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">An</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Othomi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Isana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nitio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puncays; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Matar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Poconchi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nuts. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibayos</span></span> D—Derived from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span>
+Stone.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, To-day. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Di</span></span>. See Grammar.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adesso
+Oggidi</span></span> Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One, first, alone, unique. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ata</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atu</span></span> R.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Kong Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Atus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ada</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ath</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tahi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Polynesia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Gaman Afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Auto</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Shilo Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Suat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sumatra.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hatun</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mato</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pimas,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Innuit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aguit</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Vilela, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Carata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sapibo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nacut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Micmac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Scatta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Onondago.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Old, oldman. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ua</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boh</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohito</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span> A. See Priest.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Holbo</span></span>
+Copt,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bial</span></span>
+Huazteca, &amp;c.—Very old Uaua
+as in Mexican.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Oldest, Eldest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nenechin</span></span>, R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ainé</span></span>
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Onion, Bulb. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cabaicos</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macoanes</span></span>
+D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cepa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ceba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tonga
+Isl., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kipo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nepal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cipola</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cipuda</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaibel</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+German, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bacang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bawang</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Malay and Javan.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Omnipotent. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Liella</span></span> R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siela</span></span>. Title of
+God, analogies with EL, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ciel</span></span> Heaven
+in French, pr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siel</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Opossum. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tona</span></span> R.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ocymum. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zochen</span></span> R.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Paddle, Oar. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pagaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nae</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pahi</span></span>
+(boat) Tahiti, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nae</span></span> is the root of
+boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pheasant. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babiayas</span></span> Her.
+Cuba.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phasianus</span></span>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Palace. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Canei</span></span> H. See House.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Toca</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sata</span></span>
+Lybian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Netuc</span></span> Tozi old Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cueto</span></span>
+Sicilian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paca</span></span> Aussonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thegi</span></span> Scand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Axi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aji</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ages</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ac</span></span> is a primitive
+word for sharp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ac</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ag</span></span>
+Celtic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acutus</span></span> Latin,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oxus</span></span> Greek,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Axi</span></span> Cumana.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Priest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bohito</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bautio</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buhui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Behique</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boition</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bouiti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buutio</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyeto</span></span>, &amp;c., by different writers, and in
+Dialects. See the Annals and Notes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pontif, High-priest. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buhui-tihu</span></span> A. See
+High.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pipe, Tube. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tobaco</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tubus</span></span> Latin,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sipos</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hukah</span></span>
+Hindi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chibuc</span></span> Turk,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacana</span></span>
+Carib.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Purple. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ragui</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anigua</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uarg</span></span> Celtic,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Banicos</span></span>, Iberian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Patatos. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Batatas</span></span>.—The same in South
+America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Place. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guara</span></span> R.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+People, men. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chivi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ibar</span></span> D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabres</span></span>
+Eyeri. See Man.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parrot. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Paraca</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maca</span></span> Cuba and Aruac.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guayava</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaxaba</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pimento. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pimento</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pimienta</span></span> Maya.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Poke. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cucato</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xucato</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pocan</span></span> Powhatan,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coacum</span></span> Mohigan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuechiliz</span></span> Mexican.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plain. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Magua</span></span>. See Field.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Palm. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yagua</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caico</span></span> Eyeri.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Paradise. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coaibai</span></span> R. Her. See Heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Physician. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boiti</span></span> G. See Priest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parsnep. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaieros</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Xobos</span></span> R. Plumbs
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicaco</span></span> H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cainito</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Prince, Lord. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guama</span></span> D.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequeni-gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua-miniqui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Her, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hamon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> afr Atlantes,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Samah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lucumon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Etruscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vimala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magister</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lat., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Menuh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Zend and Old Sanser,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buyama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Old Arabic—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequanes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican.,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tuinametin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarasca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tequenes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Muyzcas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Inquathil</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Choco, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Raft. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balza</span></span> A.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balza</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balca</span></span> Italian
+D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balagan</span></span> Malay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Root, Yam. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niames</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ames</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M'ames</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ima</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Molucas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lami</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Macasar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boniam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Niami</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+African L.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nanat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Moniatos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Calamari.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rabbits. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aguti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aguchi</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Utia</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuti</span></span> A. R. Peculiar Genus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavia</span></span> like
+Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutia</span></span>
+Largest; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cori</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mohuy</span></span>,
+Smallest.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cavia</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pucarara</span></span> in Dialects
+E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinaxes</span></span> E. Cuba.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Saraguchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guniyu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuniculus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lagotis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Quito, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Coy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Curus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tayronas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quinazis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cauca.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Red. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ris</span></span>. Diaz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Achioto</span></span> Her. Bay or
+Scarlet-red. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bu</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Giria</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kiris</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Arab, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rehita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rosso</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rubus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Badius</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puniceus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Phoenis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Erythros</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Egypt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bugra</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Maroco, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arbho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Thibet.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duchi</span></span>
+M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duhos</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duyhzi</span></span> D.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Divitia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guhya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Duhut</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dites</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Darien, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cusca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Quichè.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rattle, Holy music. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maraca</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bali, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Raya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Quaqua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Huazteca,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amaraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tupi Brazil, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tamaraca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aruac and Anzerma,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Malaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Apalachi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Retreat. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiba</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thbe</span></span>
+Moses, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tiba</span></span> Thibet,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theba</span></span> Egypt. &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Remora fish. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Remora</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reveo</span></span> H.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rambos</span></span> Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remor</span></span> Pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rope. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cabuya</span></span> G.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cable</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cord</span></span>, English,
+French, Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+River. See Stream.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rites, worship, reality.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reiti</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ritus</span></span>
+Latin &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sea, Ocean. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bagua</span></span> V. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balahua</span></span> Ey.
+Evident analogy with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aqua</span></span>, (water)
+in Spanish and Italian.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Talahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mogol, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Balua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pela</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Va</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ab</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sussu of Afr, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Panyui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tarahum, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cagua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tupi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Star, Bright. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Starei</span></span> D.—Primitive,
+found from England to India.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Asterias</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aster</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sial</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taroth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Stara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Izeran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yethra</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+African Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Izara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sitarah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sirica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chirica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yaoy,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Silico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Betoy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ergrai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abipon, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Stan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Setere</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Patagon.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sword, Club, Weapon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macana</span></span> A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Machana</span></span>
+O.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mukenai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Dorian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makaira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Magal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maguila</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(spear) Gaunch, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayado</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (club)
+Do. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mazza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mace</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old English,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Darien, and many other languages of South America.
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Macahui</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stream, River, Flood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niquen</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Neguin</span></span>
+D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziniquin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuhen</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span> in Cuba.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dhuni</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dunic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dexamen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Guanch,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chinese, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuemen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hunica Kayan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Turan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nahuen</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amnica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Ausonian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nukil</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Afgan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Binanga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bugi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Annigan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Scand, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Annegar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (to drown)
+Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikli</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikar</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Toba Old Arabic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wuinic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aruac, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Necua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuyk</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Aleutian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nidachi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uchi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chacta.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Furacane</span></span> D.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huracanes</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urogan</span></span> Ey. Derived from
+rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rages Soarah</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, (rage and storm) Aramic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Racas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Toba Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taravat</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> African Negros,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Burasca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orage</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hurlig</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saxon, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sun. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boinial</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Binthaitel</span></span>. See Annals.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span> in Eyeri. See King.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Setting Sun, the West. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Soraya</span></span>. See
+Heaven.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Surya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Soir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+evening in French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> in Italian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Vesper</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hesper</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Spera</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romaic.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small,
+see Little.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>,
+in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stone, Rock. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ziba</span></span> A. See the Annals.
+Rocky <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibao</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>. Demonstrative article much
+employed, found in many old languages.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath</span></span>
+Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian,
+&amp;c.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua</span></span> in South America.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shell. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guey</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cohob</span></span> O.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Strong. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carib</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Agi</span></span> A. See Pepper.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shark. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiburon</span></span> Ac. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tebura</span></span> O.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stranger. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chapeton</span></span> AC. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guachinango</span></span>
+Diaz in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Soup, Boiled. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Calalu</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bollito</span></span>
+It. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olla</span></span>
+Spt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Snake. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boba</span></span> in Boriquen.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boa</span></span>
+African
+L., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ob</span></span> Oriental L., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coluber</span></span> Latin,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ophis</span></span> Greek.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coa</span></span>
+Mexican, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boya</span></span> Guarani.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN,
+ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects,
+root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do.
+Y, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ye</span></span> Old English, I Persian and Lybian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yn</span></span> Celtic, Y Old Arabic,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">N'</span></span> Illyrian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohi</span></span> Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ini</span></span> Pimal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span>
+Lapani D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuya</span></span> Achagua,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iu</span></span> Payuri. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This, that, these, those. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gua</span></span>, same as
+such. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive
+from Celtic to Sanscrit. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">te</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">toi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tien</span></span>
+Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask,
+Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian,
+Magyar, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Take. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chuc</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chugue</span></span>
+Her.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Busca</span></span>
+Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aku</span></span> Lampung of Sumatra.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huyca</span></span>
+Huazteca, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uhca</span></span> Tarasca.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tomato. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tomates</span></span> G.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Temple. See Church.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tree. See Wood.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Town, habitation. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bohio</span></span>, same as house—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bahus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pagus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Urbis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Italic L., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Paese</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pays</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Payz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Modern I., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Choyo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek D., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bajeth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Aramic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Huebo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Iberian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bohus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scand, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thread. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hico</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hilo</span></span>
+Oscan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trico</span></span>
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hagu</span></span> Nepal—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hito</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pito</span></span> Maya.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tobacco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cohiba</span></span> O. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cogioba</span></span>
+R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohoba</span></span>
+D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dokhan</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhica</span></span>
+Nuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Turtle. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Icota</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Icotea</span></span>
+H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabini</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chucua</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Icuma</span></span> Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boco</span></span>
+Bali.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cotos</span></span>
+Cumana.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two, or Second. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bem</span></span>?—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span>
+Bask, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Binus</span></span>
+Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambi</span></span> Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three, or Third. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abem</span></span>?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tame, Mild. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matum</span></span> D.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boniatum</span></span> O.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bonus</span></span>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Throne. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duchi</span></span> M.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Vine, Creeper. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bejuco</span></span> D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bixuco</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bexucum</span></span> O., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bochuco</span></span> M. Grape-vine.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Uveriu</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uyeros</span></span>
+M.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uva</span></span> Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Viniera</span></span>
+Catalan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibi</span></span> Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ivy</span></span> (pr Aivi) English.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Water. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ama</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bagua</span></span>.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Primitive. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atlantes and
+Lybian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Modern
+Atlantes, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aemon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gaunch,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mohu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nam</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Siam,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maim</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Arabic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Balua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oman</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ameh</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Affadeh Negros,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Corana,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Asma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romaic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Spanish, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aigo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Romanic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lagus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lacus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (lake) Latin and
+Celtic.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">May</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mayu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nhama</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Puris, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amuk</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Tzuluki, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chontal, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Maya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Veragua, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ak</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Haya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Shebay, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Yarura, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ahay</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Eslen, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Woman, Wife. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inuya</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hita</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iti</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bibi</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liani</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Churon</span></span>, Ey.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Several roots, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iti</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> same as
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> man,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is wife D.
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gyna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Guine</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Old French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nurin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Desatir and
+Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cunica</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Enaztia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Toya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask D., </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pelagic,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl) Bask,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (bride) Sicilian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tanaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tedla Atlantic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yuri</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chinese Dialects, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Itua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Haikan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Australia, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cuinta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Congo,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuriu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Machini</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Polynesia; </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Biana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Puta</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Venitian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Heana Beana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Celtic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitella</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl)
+Italian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nurani</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Copt, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wanito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uxor</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (wife) Latin, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Boba</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chura</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Slavic Bulgar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Biby</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Malabar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Muchn</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Iran, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Keron</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(girl) Dorian Greek,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Koriza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Romanic, &amp;c.—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Uita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zitua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mexican,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nuatitu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Saliva, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Esena</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Moxas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tiguy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Muyzcas, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tinio</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Maypuri, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yatè</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nikib</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Atakapus, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zina</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (girl)
+Othomi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wanita</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Uchi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Iras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Cumana, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ira</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Coyba, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Apalachi.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+White. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yuca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luca</span></span> A.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Leucas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Greek, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Turan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Casis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Scythian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Chuna</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Bask,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aluca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cucua</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abask,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Luza</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chacta, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Elu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Galibi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lapaca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zaco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Totonaca, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Luc</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Chili, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yurac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Peru, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hacaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cado, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Usca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Ozage, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Yutaga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mocobi,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Zac</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Maya.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wood or Tree. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mapu</span></span>
+A. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Butos</span></span>
+Ac.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maica Chimala</span></span> Dialects.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Circaz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Micha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Abask, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Khad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Osset, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Taimala</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Lezghi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Makia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, (yet forest in
+Toscan.) </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gatz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Pehlvi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Agaz</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Tartar, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cayu</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Malay,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Omagua and Guarani, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Caa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Mbaya, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Kag</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Atakapas,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canch</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Nachez, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Manga</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Adaiz, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Peru,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+&amp;c. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Butos</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is like </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bois</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(bua) French, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wood</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Vud)
+English.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+War, Army. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guazavara</span></span> G. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huctu</span></span> Ey.
+Warrior. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vara</span></span>.—Root same as in English
+and Gothic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guerra</span></span> Italian, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wanderer. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Umakua</span></span> Ey.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Omuvagu</span></span> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wind or Air. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Banzex</span></span> D.—Primitive.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Baud</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Old Arabic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bao</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Hindu, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bad</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Persian, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bau</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ruyaga,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Andai</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Oscan, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nabha</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Sanscrit, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bentus</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Ausonian,
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Bana</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Kawi, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hanem</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Pelagic, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Abklia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Abask,—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eheca</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Mexican, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Acate</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Cora, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Peco</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Chetimacha, &amp;c.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+West. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Soraia</span></span> R.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Warab</span></span> Old Arabic,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Varapa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saraya</span></span>
+Sanscrit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urop</span></span> Pelagic,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hesper</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesper</span></span>
+Latin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urai</span></span> Bugis.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sor</span></span> Aramic. See Setting Sun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+World. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Queya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ocon</span></span>
+R. D.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span> Oriental
+Root, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xton</span></span> Greek, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Queya</span></span>
+from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quiscaya</span></span>
+whole earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Which, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hiqui</span></span> Laet.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Qui</span></span>
+French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ilquale</span></span>
+Italian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cui</span></span> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Worms. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cusi</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piojo</span></span>
+in Jamaica.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cus</span></span>
+Lybian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baco</span></span> Toscan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioc</span></span> (vermin)
+Celtic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yes. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ha</span></span>.—Primitive.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ha</span></span> Lezghi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ya</span></span>
+Gothic and Lamut, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Do</span></span> Ostiac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aham</span></span>
+Arabic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am</span></span> Haikan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> Timani and Bulam
+Africa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uaa</span></span> Jolof,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaga</span></span> Congo, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span>
+English, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hea</span></span> African Atlantes,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haha</span></span>
+Apalachi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aa</span></span> Aleutian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haa</span></span> Otomaco,
+Othomi and Cumanchi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ya</span></span> Totonac and
+Puris, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May</span></span> Chili,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oyah</span></span> Ozage, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahi</span></span> Cado,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yasay</span></span> Aruac.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yellow. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobas</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Majob</span></span>
+Lezghi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lobidus</span></span>
+Ausonian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahenda</span></span> Biaju of Borneo,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aubain</span></span> (Oben) Old French, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hoang</span></span> Chinese.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yuca gloriosa. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yuca</span></span> E. same in Mexico,
+meaning bright, white.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of
+Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus,
+Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Land or Country, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Katos</span></span>, L. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Xai</span></span> J. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaca</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caya</span></span>, L <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayo</span></span>, C <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caic</span></span> J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stranger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guachinango</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+House, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Remora, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reves</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Partridge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lizas</span></span>, C. by Ocampo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pheasant, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babiayas</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parrot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maxa</span></span> C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macan</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Prince, Lord, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guami</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rabbits, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usias</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutic</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinaxes</span></span> C.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hutia</span></span> L.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Opuntia, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuna</span></span> C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cacao, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacao</span></span> C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Priest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Behique</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohique</span></span> C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+River, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agua</span></span> C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Corn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maysi</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zabi</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+God, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yocahuna</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-coti</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-oxocoti</span></span>,
+C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Supreme being, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Attabex</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ghost, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupi</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Life, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bi</span></span>, C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fountain, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mini</span></span>, C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maica</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cedar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauvana</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alco</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alligator, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayaman</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Poke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cucato</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire-fly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Locuyos</span></span>, C. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zievas</span></span>, L.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Noble, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mato</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cohobas</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Red, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ris</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+White Worm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cusi</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Palm Worm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piojo</span></span>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+King. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxicus</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Within, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiqui</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nacan</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Gold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucay</span></span>, C. L. Columbus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mames</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Grape Vine, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uveros</span></span>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects
+Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite
+different from Carib, by Rochefort, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Land, Island, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span>, E. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+God, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iocana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guama-nomocon</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Noble, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ditayno</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Snake, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boba</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cloudy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Furzidi</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mahogany, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maga</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Poison Apple, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manzanila</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cotton Tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeyba,</span></span> B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Violet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quibey</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Camois</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Coco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coquillas</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Guayac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guage</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hog, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saine</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Piraguas</span></span>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wood, Tree, Bow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chimala</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Angel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemin</span></span>, Angels, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemignum</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spirits, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opoyem</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Moon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mona</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kati</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Storm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urogan</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Blood, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moinalu</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heaven or above, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubec</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maru</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span>, Men, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyerium</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inaru</span></span>, Women, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inuyum</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Foe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Akani</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Little, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nianti</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+House, Hut, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuhonoco</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Garden, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chali</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+War, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nihuctu</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mother, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bibi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucu-churon</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Father, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nucu-chili</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Grandfather, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narguti</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liani</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Son, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daughter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rahen</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span>, N'.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heart, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic"> Nanichi</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Vassal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sea, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balana</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekera</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kachi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochi</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Money, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agucat</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Palm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caico</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Red, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pu</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+People, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibas</span></span>, B. Cabres, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Priest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyez</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wanderer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Umckua</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Devil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuya</span></span>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad
+Island, 1594.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This Dialect of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">aruac</span></span> is the nearest
+geographically to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeri</span></span>, and yet very
+different; nearer in words to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> of
+the Continent. Therefore the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> altho' belonging to the same group,
+are distinct Languages, and the two people
+had been separated for ages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words
+of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been
+neglected by all the Philologists. Out of
+these 27 are in my <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taino</span></span> List, and offer
+16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared;
+but afford a kind of supplement to it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Man, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guttemock</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Woman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiaru</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Heaven, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Huihua</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Gold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calcoari</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Maize, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mauris</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pipe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayu</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tibetibe</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Water, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bara</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oronuy</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hadali</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Moon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Katti</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bread, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Callit</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicket</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eyes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scrath</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canosin</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sibath</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Head, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabbo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Copper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arara</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Metal, Iron, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mointiman</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Emerald, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taarao</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sword, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caspara</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This, My, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Da</span></span>, D.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parrot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wahowa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tree, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mentini</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Potato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Halete</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Batatas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caenuda</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yedola</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Basket, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Queca</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tobacco, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hurreit</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Can</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Feet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cutti</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Knees, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cude</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Toes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boda</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hair, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bairo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barah</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marahabo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Arrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Semaro</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spoon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heldaro</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Silver, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Perota</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Forehead, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dessi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tongue, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dill</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ears, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dudica</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lips, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Desire</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Teeth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arehe</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Monkey, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Howa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Chest, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bodad</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Well, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sakel</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bracelet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Techir</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Scissors, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arkeano</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Comb, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baruda</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mouth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lacoak</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Toletilero</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adoth</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Beach, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barenaine</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Flying fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohery</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tunny fish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uassa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I don't know, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nonguo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nonquapa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a
+dozen words of the Brazilian Language;
+which are quite different from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tupi</span></span>;
+but very akin to the Haytian. Altho' he
+does not name the tribe he visited, they
+must have been <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Araguas</span></span>, who are thus
+traced to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aruac</span></span> Stock. This great nation
+was still further extended; since the
+Patagons or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tinguis</span></span>, the Chiquitos or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taos</span></span>, and perhaps the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charruas</span></span> belonged
+to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime
+adding some words from Cabot &amp; Vespucci,
+we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are
+comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual
+analogy, much more than with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairi</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10 Consimilar Words.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+House, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boi</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohio</span></span>, by Cabot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Corn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maiz</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rattle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanmaraca</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canoe</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sword, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macana</span></span>, Cabot.
+King, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cachic</span></span>, (written <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cacich</span></span>) Italian
+Orthography.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Good, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tum</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hamac</span></span>.
+Big-land, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taquino</span></span>, by Vespuci, name of
+Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Knife, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarse</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bananas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pacaras</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pear, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caxus</span></span>, by Cabot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meal or Cassave, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hui</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hook, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pinda</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Scissors, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pirame</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Comb, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chipag</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+End Of First Volume.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+  <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a>
+    <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+    <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 1824, I published my first essay
+on American history, a pamphlet on the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient History of Kentucky</span></span>, or Central
+North America, before 1770. Although
+it was a mere rude sketch, it contains
+many important historical facts. I was
+too little advanced then in philological
+studies, to give it their support, and many
+of my surmises must be rectified by it.
+My late researches have also greatly impaired
+the general belief of the Tartarian
+origin, and western route of the Mexican
+nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">I published this presumed key in
+1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many
+accurate comparisons are yet required to
+confirm my surmises, although the Lybian
+analogies are evident.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece
+and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820,
+we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of
+maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes
+by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks
+call it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Arabo-sité</span></span>, Arabic corn, in Italy it
+is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Grano-turco</span></span>, or Turkish-corn:
+having reached Greece and Italy through
+the Arabs, and not from America. It has
+been cultivated in Java, Central Africa,
+Soudan, &amp;c. from time immemorial, having
+native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin
+thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo
+found it in Tartary in the 13th century.
+Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the
+Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+quite wild in America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> is a long strip of cloth,
+with a hole in the middle for the head, the
+ends hanging before and behind, often fastened
+on the sides. It was used by the
+ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite
+convenient by the Spanish colonists, and
+is very becoming when ornamented.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name
+given by Moses to the first men, pronounced
+since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also
+ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female.
+The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent:
+although the commentators have blended
+them, as they have the floods, days and
+other things. Our bible translation of early
+events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist
+or Jewish version with points is not
+correct, being in a late dialect: the true
+text of Moses which I follow, has no points,
+but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+between consonants.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Geological comments are not here
+required, my business is with mankind.
+Moses calls men beside <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aish</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anush</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">G'bforeign</span></span>, and women
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">N'shim</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Itath</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashe</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ashth</span></span>; which are perhaps as many names
+of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span>, XRBIM <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nahash</span></span>, &amp;c.
+If these primitive names will offer any analogies
+in America, they shall be thoroughly
+pointed out hereafter. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hue</span></span> is the real Eve.
+See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology
+for many other human beings, or early
+tribes. But it may be well to add here the
+names of the beings of the 7th and 8th
+Yums which we all deem animals, although
+there are indications to the contrary.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> The MIM waters produced
+SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile!
+No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF,
+Fowl, made to come from waters, and their
+motion. LOUF'F means both flying and
+flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But
+ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI
+NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having
+a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This
+fine word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">soul</span></span> has been translated creature.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yum.</span></span> The earth produces with soul
+BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24.
+R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes?
+HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beme</span></span>
+are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these
+may be men, over whom Adam was to
+reign, giving them names. Else all these
+animals had real souls like men! The
+fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear
+in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the
+animals in 3 classes, which represent also
+men! and were personified.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses.
+LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of
+Poets.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or
+Hozan of Poets.
+Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM
+Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong
+winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ,
+aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beme</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rmsh</span></span>, which are the BEMUTH of Job,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Behemoth</span></span> of Poets.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The
+Cherubim were deemed Angels,
+but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion,
+ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing
+those names, or the 4 primitive castes
+of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring
+caste, the lion to the militant caste.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See his learned work, translation and
+paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis:
+wherein the best account of the creation,
+antidiluvian history and flood has been
+given.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanca</span></span> was according to the Hindus
+a big land under the equator, including
+perhaps the Decan or south of India, then
+separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains,
+now yet a vast level plain; and united
+to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this
+land of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanca</span></span> that many traditions place
+Adam, with several early events.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunda</span></span> land was very different, a
+large peninsula south of Asia including
+Java, Sumatra, Borneo &amp;c. Or perhaps
+an island, if Malaca was separated from
+Siam by a strait.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The monumental archeology and history
+of America, is not the least curious.
+Humboldt opened the way; but did little:
+the facts since collected in Central and
+North America, will astonish all the reflecting
+minds, and lead us to times of great
+civilization and prosperity. In the single
+small state of Kentucky, have already been
+found the sites of 200 ancient towns in
+ruins, or having monuments. If as many
+exist in all the neighbourhood, there must
+have been 2000 towns in North America,
+west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+Many earthy remains are gradually
+disappearing under the plough, and will be
+obliterated ere long.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> my account of
+monumental sites, published in 1824.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Tao is one of the earliest religions
+of China. It is the personification
+and worship of the powers of nature, the
+earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains,
+lakes, trees &amp;c. The spiritual worship of
+their souls is the purest part of it, while the
+blind material worship of the objects themselves
+is the degradation of it, as in Egypt
+and Guinea.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See my Memoir on the Domestic
+Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic
+Journal, where the names of all are
+given. But I have collected a few more
+since.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">By admixture with American women,
+the Spaniards formed a mixed race in
+Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &amp;c.;
+called Cholas, Mestizos &amp;c.; which partook
+of the qualities and vices of both
+races; few great men have been produced
+by them; although we know of some
+exceptions. Lavega one of the best American
+historians was son of a Peruvian
+princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the
+Spaniards having no women, took Guarani
+concubines, and all their offsprings were of
+mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos
+of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi
+women. These instances, and the production
+of mulatoes subsequently, teach us
+how some former nations were born in
+America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches,
+the Abipons and Talahets of the
+vast plains of N. and S. America; are already
+become wandering horsemen like
+Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy,
+rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make
+the savage foes furious and reckless: they
+have killed as many as guns have. The
+small pox is another scourge sent to America
+from Europe, the Cholera may be
+another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed
+to America, has been traced to the ancient
+continent also: although it was returned
+from hence again, like maize.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The precious commodities of America
+are numberless. If the Europeans had
+traded there for them, as they now do in
+China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how
+different would have been the fate of America?
+Iron would have purchased gold
+and pearls, with every thing else: there
+was no need to use the steel swords, nor
+thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not
+American productions, but lately introduced
+from Arabia and India. The origin
+of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it
+was found wild in South America, as
+orange trees were in Florida.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The physical changes undergone in
+America within late historical recollections
+are very numerous, and ought to be collected
+into one connected body by historians
+or geologists.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These
+two figures of speech, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Personification</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Animalization</span></span>, are two of the
+keys of ancient history. By the first is not
+meant alone the personification of the passions
+or divine attributes; but likewise the
+individuality of men, tribes and nations
+pervading primitive history, by the frequent
+substitution of the singular for the plural,
+as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks,
+and the Americans. It is thus that the
+ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods
+&amp;c. are often meant for their followers;
+the head for the whole set or social body.
+This practice has survived to our days,
+and we mean all the English when we speak
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John Bull</span></span>, the Russians by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern
+Bear</span></span> (a kind of animalization), all
+the Turks by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Grand Turk</span></span> &amp;c. The
+reverse mode of speech or the employment
+of the plural for the singular, is less frequent:
+but used when we substitute in our
+modern languages, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">We</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">You</span></span> instead of
+I or Thee. It was less common anciently,
+yet it appears Moses employed it when he
+called God, ALEIM our <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the
+Angels</span></span>, and polytheism was the consequence
+of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+but in his account of the patriarchs, he has
+used the individuality of tribes.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Animalization</span></span> pervades the whole of the
+fabulous periods of history. It is to this
+mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are
+made to speak. Whenever we meet in
+history or fables, animals acting like men
+and conversing, they are surely men, and
+often tribes individualized by an animal
+appellation: such as might be emblematic
+or patronymic, adopted honorable names,
+as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames
+given in derision by foes, such as snake,
+dog, ape &amp;c. Even the Hebrew had their
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherubim</span></span>, who were beings like a man, a
+lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites
+from Eden. This name is preserved
+by the Turks in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cherabi</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chelabi</span></span>, which
+means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lords</span></span> in the old Turkish language
+of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">El-abi</span></span>, now Arabians,
+which meant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Angel-fathers</span></span>,
+or our forefathers the angelic men.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elapi</span></span> means
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the most manly</span></span> in Linapi!
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> is remarkable, because
+it is analogous to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olen</span></span>, the
+legislator and teacher of Runes of the
+Celts. The writings of the Druids and
+Irish were called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ocol</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Callan</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ogham</span></span>,
+the Irish <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olam</span></span> were recorders and teachers.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> does not properly mean a writing,
+since <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Leki</span></span> is book, paper or letter in
+Linapi; but it implies <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a record</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a notched
+stick</span></span>, an engraved piece of wood or bark.
+It comes from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ol</span></span> hollow or graved record.
+Hekewelder says that <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oluma-pisid</span></span> was in
+the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+the river Susquehanna, who kept the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span>
+or records of the nation. It is probable
+these were part of them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These actual
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span> were at first obtained
+in 1820, as a reward for a medical
+cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable.
+In 1822 were obtained from another
+individual the songs annexed thereto
+in the original language; but no one could
+be found by me able to translate them. I
+had therefore to learn the language since,
+by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and
+a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to
+translate them, which I only accomplished
+in 1833. The contents were totally unknown
+to me in 1824, when I published my
+Annals of Kentucky; which were based on
+the traditions of Hekewelder, and those
+collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+Ottawas, &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This account of the creation is strikingly
+similar to the mosaic and oriental
+accounts; although it does not speak of
+days or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yums</span></span>.
+The word for angels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelatawiwak</span></span>,
+is not borrowed, but real
+Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same
+as the Greek <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">Angelos</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jin-wis</span></span> is the
+AISH or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Adam</span></span> of all
+the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with
+ISH, W' being the article <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span>, WI added
+to words is common, meaning but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">she</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></span>, the plural <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">wak</span></span>
+means <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">many</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span>
+may be analyzed O-WI-NI,
+meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such-they-men</span></em> or beings. O is
+the common article for pronouns <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span></span>
+and <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Ce</span></span>
+of the French, in English <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em>,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">these</span></em>,
+preserved in many Linapi dialects, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ini</span></span> mean both
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">me</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">my</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">men</span></em>. It must
+be noticed that many words of these two
+ancient songs are often obsolete now in
+some modern dialects; but preserved in
+others. This with the peculiar ancient
+style, and the many words suppressed in
+the narrative, and the constant compound
+words, have rendered this translation a
+difficult task.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owini</span></span> become
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ni-jini</span></span>, evidently
+the Jins of China and Iran; Jains
+of India.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wakon</span></span>
+is the god of all the Missouri
+tribes, and many Asiatic nations. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akon</span></span>
+of Syria.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tula</span></span> is
+the ancient seat of the Toltecas
+and Mexican nations in Asia: the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulan</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Turan</span></span>
+or Central Tartary. In
+Linapi the meaning is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Turtle</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Tortoise</span></em>,
+names derived from <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Thor</span></span> turtle in Hebrew.
+But all derive from strong and tall. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tul-ap-in</span></span>
+is the real tortoise of Linapi meaning
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">strong-manly-thing</span></em>: the water soft turtle
+is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unami</span></span>. The Chinese, Hindus
+&amp;c. point also to a turtle as the THBE
+refuge of the flood. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nana</span></span> appears Noah;
+his title of Hare must allude to his long
+ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and
+songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate
+as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body
+with a large head and nose, and a crest of
+feathers or hair on the head.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The symbol is a kind of Hercules,
+with a club and arrow; his name appears
+to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the most he</span></em>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elu</span></span> the root is probably akin
+to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aleim</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Elohim</span></span>
+of Moses, and
+<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: italic">Elai</span></span> meaning strong in Hebrew: also to
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Her-cules</span></span> of the Latins,
+<span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">Hera-cleen</span></span> of the
+Greek, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Her</span></span> prefixed meaning Lord.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here
+the people begin to be called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O-lini</span></span>, this was probably their old name
+when coming to America. The tribes that
+used R for L must have said <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O-rini</span></span>, those
+who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+Ottawas, say <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O-nini</span></span>. This will afford
+matter for many philological enquiries and
+comparisons.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">W'oken-api</span></span>
+properly mean <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the fathers
+manly</span></em>. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span> the first seat in
+America must have been near Alaska, and
+the big <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinaki</span></span>, the N. W. coast.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless
+kings were successive or contemporary
+during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+probable. If otherwise, this lessens the
+generations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+southern land of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akolaking</span></span>,
+and the subsequent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Minihaking</span></span>, cannot
+be identified; but were west of Oregon
+mountains, probably the Oregon country.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">As early as 72 generations before
+1600 or about 800 years before our era, we
+find a recorder of old events, by means of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olum</span></span>. Compare
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olen</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olam</span></span>
+of Celts.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here this people leave at last the
+Sea shores, and strike to the east over the
+mountains. In <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oligon</span></span>, we have the etymology
+of Oregon.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wisawana</span></span> is either the Missouri or
+Yellowstone.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamenend</span></span> is famous in the
+songs of the Linapis, and many kings took
+that title afterwards. He is also the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amik-wi</span></span>
+or great beaver of the Miamis and
+Ottawas.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wingenund must have been another
+legislator, and high-priest. His festivals
+are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gentiko</span></span>, and known to many
+nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maskan-Sini</span></span>, must be the Sioux and
+Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout
+North America. The subsequent foes
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akowini</span></span> appear to
+be the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kowetas</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowanuski</span></span> are
+the Esquimaux, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowakon</span></span>
+are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus
+this was a period of invasions by many nations,
+which compelled the Linapis to go
+further east.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The
+Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so
+says Hekewelder: where began the wars
+with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Talegas</span></span>, the northern Toltecas
+or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before
+1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+continued for 4 generations or over 130
+years, till about 150 after Christ. The
+allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois
+then united, since called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Delamatan</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamatan</span></span>. The traditions of Hekewelder
+and Cusick both agree here in fact
+and time. That of Hekewelder is most
+ample, taken from other songs; but these
+supply names omitted by both. I rather
+think the Nemosipi must have been the
+Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi
+is called afterwards Masispek, and the
+monuments of the Talegas are found west
+of it at St. Louis &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In my ancient history of Kentucky, having
+only for guide Hekewelder and some
+other traditions, I placed the conquest of
+the Talegas about 500 of our era; but
+these annals are more correct and remove
+further this event. The computation of
+Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great
+event still earlier, or between 300 and 100
+years before our era. I knew neither Cusick
+nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here
+we find another recorder of
+events who probably wrote the former wars
+with the Talegas.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Linapi tribes begin to disperse
+now, about 600 years of our era.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This prophet, pontiff and king, went
+probably to visit many tribes, and became
+their legislator.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These new wars were again with
+the Missouri tribes, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lowako</span></span> is a new invading
+tribe from the north.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The passage of the Alleghanies was
+towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states
+appear to have had no inhabitants, or but
+few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hekewelder
+has given no etymology
+of this river, the name means either branching
+or roaring stream, perhaps both. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Winaki</span></span>
+was the name of east Pennsylvania.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this account the Mohigans only
+separated towards 970 from the main body.
+This may be inaccurate, as the north-east
+tribes appear older by their traditions.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the account given by the missionary
+Beatty in 1766, this event would be still
+later: he states that after separating from
+the western tribes and long wanderings, the
+Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware
+370 years before 1766, or in 1396;
+which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See
+Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.</span></span></p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the second Tamenend who
+united all the tribes 1010. This famous
+name is spelt very variously <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamanend</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamany</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tamini</span></span>
+&amp;c. all meaning beavering
+or acting like a beaver. There are
+many songs and traditions on them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here
+is the first mention of white
+men towards 1170 by the computation of
+generations: whether they were Eric or
+Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter.
+The Tuscororas of North Carolina were
+visited at the same time by Cusick tradition,
+the Mohigans had also their <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wach-queow</span></span>.
+Hekewelder has omitted this
+tradition like many others. But Holm in
+his description of New Sweden positively
+gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe
+Renapis, of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">white woman</span></em> who came to
+America, married an American, had a son,
+who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or
+preachers) who came afterwards with long
+beards, and also went to heaven. This
+relates to the bishop Eric who went to
+convert the Americans between 1120 and
+1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The
+Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants
+of the first beaver tribe, separated
+long before.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+verse is double, or has 2 symbols
+with 6 words, appearing to be two
+different readings united, or two modes of
+expressing the same thing, the separation
+of the real Linapis into three tribes.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This may allude to the subjection of
+the Linapis, by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahongwis</span></span> (Mengwi
+or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the
+division of the tribes. The name of failer
+is certainly an epithet or nickname given:
+most of the names of kings appear of the
+same kind or titles. We know they changed
+names when becoming kings or after great
+deeds.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otali</span></span>
+is the real name of the Cheroki
+mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls
+the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be
+a fragment. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasioto</span></span> are the Cumberland
+mountains, meaning the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">South
+Sioto</span></span>. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siotos</span></span> were a Missouri tribe
+that advanced as far as the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sioto</span></span> river in
+Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled
+by the Ottawas; probably akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Otos</span></span>
+of Missouri. They bear the snake sign in
+the symbol.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The symbolic glyph for this event is
+nearly the same as for the arrival of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wapsi</span></span>
+or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail,
+and cross over it. Every nation is denoted
+by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals.
+1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jinwis</span></span> and his wife by an aureole,
+2. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ako</span></span> or snakes by a forked tongue
+or 2 horns, 3. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jins</span></span> by a crown of rays,
+4. the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Owinis</span></span> by a feather, 5. the kings by
+3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux
+by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the
+same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar
+pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a
+hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This
+evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan,
+like the Mexican; but the symbols are very
+seldom similar.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattanikum</span></span>
+appears to be both the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tinikum</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mattahorn</span></span> of the Swedes
+and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word,
+but Swedish, so as to translate half the
+name. He was king in 1645.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Holm
+says the Renapis called the
+Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi
+would be <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akoli</span></span>,
+meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ugly</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">snake-looking</span></em>;
+the prefix <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Win</span></span>, means either <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the
+beings</span></em> or snow, or may refer to Winaki.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The assertion that no land was ever
+sold to the colonists is singular. They
+thought to buy land with trifling presents;
+but the natives understood all the while the
+permission to dwell with them.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This
+is a third Tamanend, the great
+king of the whole nation dwelling at the
+forks of the Delaware, which appears in
+Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in
+1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds,
+were only his vassals: he is also called
+Taminy; but is very different from <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tatami</span></span>
+who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish
+settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but
+has many blunders on Tamanend, having
+mixt the three into one.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Netawatwis was king in the west
+from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton
+(Heck.) was regent of his grandson
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span> till 1780, after him Gelelelund
+was regent till 1782 when the boy <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Unamiwi</span></span>
+was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this
+was the cause of the wars till 1795.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">General Wayne was compared to
+their old foes, and called Black Snake, because
+he beat the allied nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These are the chiefs of the two united
+tribes, that appear in the last treaty with
+the United States.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The United States here are called
+snakes like the oldest foes of mankind.
+The insiduous manner in which the English
+settled North America, and wronged the
+natives, has procured them that appellation.
+The French and Canadians are never called
+snakes. The former names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankwis</span></span>
+has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+The belief of their being <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gishakis</span></span> or children
+of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has
+long been exploded here as in South America.
+The Spanish cruelties did since procure
+to the Castillians the names of devils,
+assassins, snakes of the sea &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Many other notions on the primitive
+nations, may be collected from the mythologies
+of the various Linapi tribes. Their
+true devils are similar to vampyres.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wakon is the god and ancestor of
+all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas,
+Sioux &amp;c. belonging to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Capaha</span></span> or
+Missouri group of nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The account of these strangers in
+Hayti is very slender and confused, some
+writers deem them the ancestors of all the
+Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo
+as a late comer. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo-banex</span></span> name of
+their last king means Maya-head in the
+Maya language. They must have been an
+ancient colony or remain of the Mayas,
+since they had already three dialects. All
+strangers were called Caribs at last by the
+Haytians, whence the blunder.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Traces
+of 44 distinct nations or tribes
+are found in the ancient history of the
+Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors
+of all the American nations of eastern
+origin by the Atlantic ocean.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">These titles of the Supreme God might
+furnish many pages of compared analogies.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamona</span></span> is identic
+with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mammon</span></span> of
+Africa and Asia. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Liella</span></span> has analogies
+with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+the east. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabeira</span></span> is
+identic with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atabyrius</span></span>
+the Jove of the Phrygians and
+Pelasgians: The meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Unic-being</span></em> has
+analogies in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata-beira</span></span> all over the world.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span> is one or first in many languages.
+Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atmon</span></span> of Egypt,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baracata</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Paraxacta</span></span> the nature
+or mother of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Brama</span></span>
+of the Hindus. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mamona</span></span>
+with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vimana</span></span>
+eternal god of the Jains, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manitos</span></span>
+of North America. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Até</span></span> was god in Thracian,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ata</span></span> in Brazil,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Etua</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heyta</span></span> in
+Polynesia. The names of God in the
+Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ian</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ion</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jauna</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jain</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Janieva</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Janugoieva</span></span>
+&amp;c. similar to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jemao</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jocana</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiauna</span></span>
+of Hayti.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-ma-o-con</span></span>
+was such-great-of-world,
+in the early monosyllabic language
+of the Antilles. Compare with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Con-el</span></span>, and
+the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare the following words for winds
+with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-banzex</span></span>.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vayajam</span></span> Sanscrit.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Band</span></span> old Arabic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Watem</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vato</span></span> Zend.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bangin</span></span> Bali.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bentus</span></span> old Latin.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ventus</span></span> Latin.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Andas</span></span> Etruscan.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abka</span></span> Abask.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sabam</span></span> Ceylon.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jaia</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cayo</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hay</span></span> in
+the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian.
+Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ai</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ia</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gaya</span></span>,
+in the Pelasgic dialects, since become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yaia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gea</span></span> in Greek.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kahi</span></span> Egyptian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Akhé</span></span> Zend.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kay</span></span> Deri of Iran.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iya</span></span> Sanscrit.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ca</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aion</span></span> Phenician.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ay</span></span> Lybian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span> old Irish.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ayate</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gays</span></span> Ausonian and Oscan.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In America numerous analogies are found,
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aya</span></span> Betoy, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> in Lulé,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Catun</span></span> Tzuluki,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acuti</span></span> Moxos &amp;c.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">EL for son was primitive Haytian
+and synonymous with tribe, children, family,
+divine or son of God as in Asia. In the
+dialects <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rabu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rahen</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Muru &amp;c.</span></span> meant
+Son. Compare <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span> tribe in Persian,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zitl</span></span>
+man in Circassian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Leh</span></span> Osset,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lez</span></span> Lezghi.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lele</span></span> in Pelasgian, UL in
+Turan, now <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oglu</span></span>
+in Turk—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olgos</span></span> Eolian,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vulgus</span></span> Latin,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chuli</span></span> in Carthulan,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oleos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Laos</span></span> in Greek,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eleuth</span></span> in Mongol,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chula</span></span> old Spanish, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Alu</span></span>
+Copt, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bail</span></span> Etruscan,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cobayl</span></span> Berber, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Haial</span></span>
+in D. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shiluh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulu</span></span>
+Afgan, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eli</span></span> Hungarian,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Filius</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">fam-ilia</span></span>
+Latin &amp;c. Even our
+words <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Fellow</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Child</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Folks</span></em> derive
+from this ancient source, the oriental EL,
+IL, OL.—In America we find it in the
+OL-mecas, Chols &amp;c.—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Olo</span></span> in Vilela,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yoale</span></span> Abipon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eles</span></span>
+Mexican &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cols</span></span>
+are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Colas</span></span> of Florida,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Collas</span></span> of Peru &amp;c.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> may be the ancient Caribs, or
+the Guaranis, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caras</span></span> of
+Peru, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coras</span></span>
+of Mexico &amp;c.; compare with the ancient
+Carians and many other primitive
+nations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Although we do not meet in Hayti
+the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so
+many allusions to the devils <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taras</span></span>, and
+Amazons <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayuna</span></span>, that we can connect
+these traditions with the Greek accounts.
+The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians
+were foes and vassals of the Atlantes;
+but allies of the Amazons.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazic</span></span> with the following
+names for king:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oriental Names.</span></span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ach</span></span> Egypt and Etruscan.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vasil</span></span> of Greeks.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kasek</span></span> in Sitka.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazi</span></span> in Iran.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheik</span></span> in Arabic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zic</span></span> Iberians and Sicules.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acalic</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Agazi</span></span> Berber.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bazilik</span></span> Pelagian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahin</span></span> Lybian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hazil</span></span> Carian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cay</span></span> Zend.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iza</span></span> Tigreh.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazil</span></span> Mindanao island.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cazis</span></span> Socotora island.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izcan</span></span> of Haikans.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Izca</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kan</span></span> of Turans.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Casis</span></span> of Syrians.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Names.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Acachi</span></span> of Totonacas.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wachil</span></span> of Nachez.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zac</span></span> of Muyzcas.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathi</span></span> of Pinindas.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahatic</span></span> of Huaztecas.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Inca</span></span> of Peruvians.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chiaca</span></span> of Coras.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cuchi</span></span> of Puncays.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiuska</span></span> of Tzulukis.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziba</span></span> with the following
+names for stone:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hiban</span></span> in Berber.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uben</span></span> in Hebrew.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aben</span></span> in Syriac.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Keibe</span></span> Celtic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siwa</span></span> Nukahiva island.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ripa</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Rupes</span></span> in Latin.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitaba</span></span> Pelasgian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bahiba</span></span> old Arabic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iba</span></span> Samoyed.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Batu</span></span> Malay.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is in America, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Siba</span></span> in
+Cahiri, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabu</span></span>
+in Yaoy; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Saba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tebu</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tobu</span></span> in Galibi dialects,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tushub</span></span> in Huasteca,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tepe</span></span> in Mexican,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tzacapu</span></span> in Talasca &amp;c.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although Matinino was one of the
+names of Martinico, it may have been given
+afterwards, and there may have been another
+land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis
+or Trinidad.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Garcia gives <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Matalino</span></span> as a synonym,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma</span></span> means great, and thus it would be the
+great <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Talino</span></span>, the real great
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Atalantis</span></span>.
+The conjecture is plausible; but the name
+was afterwards transferred to South America.
+If the real African Atlantis is meant,
+the event must be before the last flood.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This metal Guanin is the Orichalc
+of the ancient Greeks; which has so much
+puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed
+Platina, which would have been infusible.
+It was the production of Atlantis!</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">But
+Garcia gives a different version
+of this fable, he says that the men being in
+want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?)
+to catch wives, who were like ants
+on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+being caught became the wives of the
+Guaninis. Ants were called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comekhon</span></span>
+in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe
+akin to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comaguas</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comayaguas &amp;c.</span></span>
+who were previous settlers of Hayti, and
+descendants of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kon</span></span>!
+the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khons</span></span> of Lybia?
+But it is strange that we find here the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Myrmidons</span></span> of Grecian fable! and many
+affinities in the name of that tribe of ants.
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mur-mekon</span></span> in Pelagian
+and Greek, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Umekon</span></span>
+in Thracian, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Formica</span></span>
+in Latin, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camot</span></span>
+in Bali, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mohur</span></span> in Iran &amp;c., while in America
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comagen</span></span> of Uraba,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camaxen</span></span> of the
+Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+to the ancient people of Ants; the
+Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of
+dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and
+Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare with
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaboria</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboritas</span></span>
+(working men) the following names
+for vassals and laborers—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboriti</span></span> in
+Coyba, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labuyu</span></span> of Caribs,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anaconas</span></span> of
+Peru and Muyzcas, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Naboria</span></span> of Mayas
+&amp;c.—and in the east.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabara</span></span> in Turan.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Burutis</span></span> in Ausonian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aborian</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abeirgon</span></span> Pelagic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boor</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bura</span></span> Frisic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambactos</span></span> in Gaul.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manahunis</span></span> in Tahiti.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nerba</span></span> Hindostani.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bendar</span></span> Pehlvi.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Abondas</span></span> Saxon.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canabas</span></span>, Knave Gothic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Nebara</span></span> Nepal.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Parias</span></span> India.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">It
+is remarkable that the primitive
+notions of the Haytians about ghosts &amp;c.
+prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles.
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Obiah</span></span> or
+sortilege, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupin</span></span>
+ghosts, of Jamaica &amp;c., appear to have
+survived. If introduced lately by the African
+Negroes, it is strange they should be
+similar to the Haytian names of old.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The two brothers became gods of
+good and evil, as their names indicate—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gua-tauva</span></span>
+implies <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such goodness</span></em>: while
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pregonero</span></span> is the devil of Cumana, under
+the names of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Proruru</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Proguro</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These priests drest in white as in
+Central America, and the Druids; are
+primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and
+Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hubantes</span></span> in Pelagic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Faybo</span></span> of the Guanches.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vates</span></span> Ausonian and Gaul.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aobu</span></span> in Aramic.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Behotus</span></span> Dorian.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bedo</span></span> old French.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Phonto</span></span> in Egypt.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Purohito</span></span> in Sanscrit.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Budan</span></span> in Pelvi.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Budha</span></span> of Budhists.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Baharas</span></span> Nepal.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Heotes</span></span> Sicanian &amp;c.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Caribs went nearly naked; when
+the Spaniards came with clothes and guns
+the prophecy was explained. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochio</span></span> for
+dress and mantle has affinities with many
+ancient languages, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gonachen</span></span> in Iran,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ahico</span></span> of Guanches,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Poncho</span></span> of Peru and
+Chili, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cachaca</span></span> of Gauls,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochaya</span></span> of Slavonians,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cota</span></span> in Celtic &amp;c.: whence our
+coat.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the most plausible account
+of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya
+and not a Carib: his name is not Carib,
+but Haytian, meaning <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gold of the house</span></em>.
+Anacaona would hardly have married a
+Carib? I have attempted to put probable
+dates to these retrospective events, loosely
+mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish
+writers.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The intercourse between Cuba, Florida
+and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria
+says the Lucayas were a happy
+people, with beautiful women, for whose
+sake many Cubans and Floridans came to
+live there.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be proper to recapitulate here
+the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles,
+mentioned in these traditions and
+annals; adding to each some well-known
+modern nations of the continent, bearing
+nearly the same name, and most probably
+descended from them: unless it is preferred
+to consider them as ancestors rather than
+posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime
+we acquire thereby a new clue to
+American annals and ethnology: since
+nearly all the nations of America may be
+connected with those by other links of
+languages, traditions &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zemis</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Chemes</span></span>, Compare Zemis and
+Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuyras</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Taras</span></span>, Compare Tarascas
+and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and
+Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guabanz</span></span>, Compare Abays and Abipons
+of Chaco?
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khayas</span></span>, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas
+of Peru.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Higueras</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibueras</span></span>, Compare Guaranis,
+they called man <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibi</span></span>, the Borias &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boinis</span></span>, Bohanes of Charcas, and
+names of priests in South America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marohus</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Marocas</span></span>, Muras of Brazil,
+Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+8. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Corocores</span></span>, Coretus of Brazil, Coras
+of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+9. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Coles</span></span>, probably same as Cores, Colas
+of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central
+America, Cholas of South America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+10. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caracara</span></span> again same, Caras, Caris,
+Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also
+Caribs?
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+11. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manicos</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manacos</span></span>, the great
+Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of
+Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+12. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Icotas</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hicoteas</span></span>, Cotos Carib
+tribes.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+13. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cautas</span></span> appear same as
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">I-cota</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hi</span></span> are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes
+of Cumana and Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+14. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caanau</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caonas</span></span>, Cagnas, Canaris
+of Peru.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+15. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giagau</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Xaguas</span></span>, Changas of Peru,
+Achaguas of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+16. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Amayunas</span></span>, Mayoriexes of Hayti,
+Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+17. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Machocha</span></span>, Machicuis of Charcas,
+Chunchos of Peru.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+18. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Zibas</span></span>, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois
+of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+19. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Khoboses</span></span>, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas
+of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+20. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Gionas</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aunas</span></span>, Yana-conas of
+Peru.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+21. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kadrus</span></span>, Aruacs of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+22. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Giahubas</span></span>, Yaoys, Shiahubas and
+Yahus of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+23. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guaninis</span></span>, Guanas all over South
+America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+24. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tonas</span></span>, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas
+of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+25. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anacac</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Manati</span></span>, Tamanacus of
+Guyana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+26. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Boras</span></span>, Anaborias of S. America.
+Boroas of Chili.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+27. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comos</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Comis</span></span>
+or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Come-Khon</span></span>, Comayaguas
+of Honduras, Comagre of Darien,
+Aculma of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+28. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Goeiz</span></span>, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of
+Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+29. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Aumatex</span></span>, Yumas, Yameos of Peru,
+Amatalas of Moxos.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+30. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Guatauvas</span></span>, Guatayos or Aruac
+tribes.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+31. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Moretes</span></span>, Muretes of Moxos? Muras
+of Brazil.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+32. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Caribas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canibas</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Canimas</span></span>, The
+Calibis or Caribs.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+33. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Timanis</span></span>, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs
+and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+34. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Labouyous</span></span>, Abuyas and Abayes
+synonym of Mbayas.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+35. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cahiris</span></span> Caris of South America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+36. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eyeris</span></span>, Yaros of Parana.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+37. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Toas</span></span>, Taos of Tucuman, and of New
+Mexico.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+38. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oumekwas</span></span>, Omaguas, Humayons of
+Chaco &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+39. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabuyas</span></span>, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of
+North and South America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+40. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cofachis,</span></span> Cofachis or Cowetas of
+North America?
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+41. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Apalachis</span></span>, Apalaches, Yamasis of
+North America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+42. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayoriex</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ziguayos</span></span>, Mayas,
+Guayos of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+43. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cons</span></span>, Chons and Yana-Conas of
+Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas
+of South America.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+44. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Els</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ili</span></span>
+(children), Eles and Ols
+of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or
+Pelé of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus, how gratuitous was the common
+opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles.
+Meantime we find nowhere in these
+annals that name of Antilia, which in their
+language would have been <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Anti-ili</span></span> sons of
+Antes, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ana-ti-ili</span></span> flower-high-children.
+It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both
+referring to the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Antis</span></span> or Anteus, the early
+inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+</p></dd></dl>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader23" id="rightpageheader23"></a><a name="pgtoc24" id="pgtoc24"></a><a name="pdf25" id="pdf25"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">October 14, 2010  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+        <span class="tei tei-name">
+            Produced by Julia Miller, David King, and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
+            (This file was produced from scans of public domain
+            material produced by Microsoft for the Live Search
+            Books site.)
+        </span>
+      </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader26" id="rightpageheader26"></a><a name="pgtoc27" id="pgtoc27"></a><a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
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+      <author><name reg="Rafinesque, C. S.">C. S. Rafinesque</name></author>
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+      <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition>
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+      <date>October 14, 2010</date>
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+<text lang="en">
+  <front>
+    <div>
+      <divGen type="pgheader" />
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      <divGen type="encodingDesc" />
+    </div>
+
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The American Nations;</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Or,</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Outlines of A National History;</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Of The</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Ancient and Modern Nations</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Of</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">North and South America</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Volume I.</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">Philadelphia</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">Published by C. S. Rafinesque,</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">No. 110 North Tenth Street.</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">1836</p>
+    </div>
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <head>Contents</head>
+      <divGen type="toc" />
+    </div>
+
+  </front>
+<body>
+
+<pb n='i'/><anchor id='Pgi'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Prospectus.</head>
+
+<p>
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in
+advance for Six Numbers or Volumes, similar
+to this, of nearly 300 pages&mdash;each separate
+Number sold for one Dollar, or more
+when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter.
+At present the principal Booksellers may
+act as such.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Names of the Subscribers will be
+printed in a subsequent Number.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals
+and their illustrations in 12 Numbers
+or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to
+subscribers will only be $10, for which a
+complete American Historical Library will
+be obtained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes
+are secured whatever be their future
+price, and will be sent by mail: a similar
+sum will be due when the 7th number is
+issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10
+at once, will be deemed Patrons of the
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets,
+is entitled to a 6th gratis. Agents will be
+allowed 20 per cent commission.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The price of this Number by itself is One
+Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six copies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It contains an introduction, general view,
+account of materials and cataclysms, the
+Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian
+Language, notes, tables, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='001'/><anchor id='Pg001'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Dedication.</head>
+
+<p>
+To The
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Society Of Geography
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of Paris.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gentlemen</hi>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and
+weary researches. This homage is due to the public
+approbation you gave to my first analogous labor, my
+Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of
+Mankind: which I endeavored to trace philologically
+to the centre of Asia. I had announced long ago this
+history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a whole
+hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works.
+I now offer the outlines of it under your auspices.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You have furnished the example of cultivating
+along with Geography, all the auxiliary and connected
+sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly the
+ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one
+of its bases. You will see that I have followed this
+practice in availing myself of all the sciences to enlighten
+the history of mankind, the Ethnography and
+annals of nations: above all Philology with Chronology
+and Geography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and
+of the American nations, were two subjects quite obscure
+and neglected, or the least known, of the history
+of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the
+history of the Negro nations: a labor so difficult and
+luckless as to be despised.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps
+furnish the bases of such history. All the histories
+of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general
+and faithful history of this hemisphere. I now
+offer the results of this weary labor.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='002'/><anchor id='Pg002'/>
+
+<p>
+You will perceive in it many things which have
+already been said; since it is impossible to write history
+without repetitions; but my plan, the whole point
+of view, and the results which I draw, are my own.
+You will also find many things which were never told
+or were very improperly presented. I shall destroy
+many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in
+them alone often consist our works upon America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much
+is to be related, all cannot be told: and I shall be
+compelled to neglect several minute details. I wish
+to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending <emph>universal histories</emph>, which
+however, dwell only upon one-third of the globe or
+even less.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ
+them: I quote only when authorities are required
+to render an opinion more forcible. Every where else
+I merely give the abridgement of my great historical
+materials in manuscript, which are arranged by extracts
+of authorities, and where they may be sought
+for in case of need.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Author.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Philadelphia</hi>,<lb/>
+<hi rend='italic'>October 22d, 1833</hi>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Preface.</head>
+
+<p>
+In venturing to open a new path in historical
+researches on the earth and mankind,
+it is incumbent on the bold pioneer
+to state his views, or at least to furnish
+adequate reasons for deviating so far from
+the usual track.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While every science and branch of
+knowledge is improving, and has, with rapid
+strides, made continual advances for fifty
+years past or more, is the noble muse of
+history to be kept stationary forever, by
+compilers and classical plodders? and for
+America by the foes of the ancient and
+modern nations of a whole hemisphere?
+No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and
+tell it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the human mind is yet more swayed
+by authorities, than genius or wisdom;
+high authorities will be given instead of
+long explanations. Ever since the time of
+Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to
+write historical truth: men often prefer to
+be amused, deceived, or helped in strife;
+than to be instructed, or receive sketches
+of former times. Yet there is always a
+secret delight in viewing faithful pictures
+of ages past, of our ancestors on earth, and
+our predecessors on the soil of our homes, or
+where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The worthies who have been taken for models
+or guides in this arduous undertaking,
+are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine,
+Plato, Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm,
+<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/>
+Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth,
+Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly, Russell,
+Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &amp;c.
+They shall speak for themselves, in quotations
+of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge
+and understanding&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Solomon</hi> Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find
+her&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sol.</hi> Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear instruction
+and be wise, and refuse it not&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sol.</hi> Pr. 8.
+v. 33.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol.
+LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM
+in manifestation. BRA in realization.
+ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH
+in identic passage. ALEIM angels.
+OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Moses.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Genesis ch, 5. v. 1.</hi> Genuine mosaic
+words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When I laid the foundations of the earth
+... the morning stars sung together, and
+the sons of God shouted for joy.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Speech
+of God Himself in Job</hi> ch. 38., <hi rend='italic'>Vulgar
+translation: the original is still more
+striking</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the
+world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or <hi rend='italic'>Shamaim</hi>, the Heavens&mdash;the
+lower was SHEOL; but <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sheol-tahtith</hi>
+or inferior, was the place of bad souls and
+Rephaim. (The true <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sheol</hi> was America,
+or the southern hemisphere). The
+<pb n='005'/><anchor id='Pg005'/>
+Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job had spoken
+of America.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Peters</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Dissertation
+on Job</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is very possible for modern learning
+to understand better the books of Moses,
+Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations,
+than the Egyptian, Greek and Roman
+commentators: because the intellectual
+knowledge of languages is improving; and
+those ancient writers have, by their genius,
+approximated to us, while removed from
+the blindness of their ages.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gebelin</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Primitive World</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>St.
+Paul</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Corinth.</hi> II. ch. 3. v. 6. We
+use great plainness of speech, and not as
+MOSES who put a veil before his face, that
+the children of Israel could not stedfastly
+look to the end of that which is abolished.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cor.
+II. 3. v. 12, 13.</hi>&mdash;and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is
+upon their heart, nevertheless when it shall
+please the Lord, this veil shall be taken
+away.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cor. II. 3. v. 15, 16.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To have a right apprehension of words
+or names, is a good step to the knowledge
+of things.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Plato</hi> <hi rend='italic'>in Cratylo</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The confusion of words is the cause of
+all disputes and sects.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Israeli.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses
+or total neglect, contradictions are
+inseparable from days of tradition.&mdash;There
+exist no instance of a people really savage
+having spontaneously advanced to civilization.
+<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/>
+Savage men are degenerated or
+imperfect creatures.... Words and even few
+are the rules of analogies in nations.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Niebuhr</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Roman History, Vol. I.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is manifest that there are noble resources
+(for history) still remaining, if we
+will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry.
+There are in every climate some scattered
+fragments of original history, some
+traces of a primitive and universal language.
+<hi rend='italic'>Even America would contribute
+to this purpose, the more rude the monuments,
+the more ancient they may possibly
+prove, and afford greater light on
+enquiry.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bryant, Mythology</hi>; conclusion
+of the work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To accumulate materials without generalizing
+any idea is a method as sterile in
+history as in natural philosophy.&mdash;The
+geology of America does not differ essentially
+from that of the old world, the strata
+and the emersion from the waters are not
+newer: species long extinct have also preceded
+those now peopling the earth, the
+waters and the air.&mdash;The problem of the
+first population of America is no more the
+province of history, than the questions on
+the origin of plants and animals. When
+we shall better know the brown men of
+Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less
+insulated&mdash;They have extended from lat.
+68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude,
+in plains and mountains, assuming various
+complexions and stature. If Africa has
+<pb n='007'/><anchor id='Pg007'/>
+140 languages, America has still more;
+resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before
+the Romans; but they are susceptible
+of classification into families. The multiplicity
+of languages is a very ancient phenomenon,
+perhaps those which we call
+American, belong no more to America, than
+the Magyar and Choud or Finn to Europe.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Humboldt</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>American Researches, Introduction</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we desire to be fully informed of a
+nation's history, we must not reject the
+fables under which the few traces that remain
+of its origin are concealed. These,
+however extravagant, always merit attention
+they have an influence on the character
+of the people to whom they relate.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>First
+words of</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Malcolm</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>History of Persia</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Chinese often call the king, the
+kingdom and the nation by the same name,
+nay, even also the capital city.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Regis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>History of Corea, in Duhalde China</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was
+in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50; which is
+also the native place of all the domestic
+animals, fruits and grains.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Adelung, Bailly,
+Higgins, &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses
+from older annals, some perhaps by Noah
+himself.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of
+Hindus were nations, personifications of
+early tribes.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The early gods and kings of Greece and
+<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/>
+Italy, were probably tribes, the chiefs and
+followers being called by the same name.
+This is true also of the various Hercules
+or wandering Heroes.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dodwell, Jamieson.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans
+will appear to be children of the earliest human
+families.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Barton</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Physical
+Journal</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A flood of historical light has lately flown
+from India and Asia; but we lack still the
+real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America
+may yet supply many facts and fill
+some blanks.&mdash;The original seat of civilization
+was between the Ganges and the
+Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.&mdash;The
+first tribes after the flood were fishermen
+and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and
+shepherds south west, as far as Cape of
+Good hope.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Pritchard</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Physical History
+of Man</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The genealogy of the kings of England
+is derived direct from Noah in 25 generations
+only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex
+in 495; and through <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sceaf</hi> born in the
+ark! giving more than 125 years for each
+generation, which is impossible, and proves
+these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ingram</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Saxon Chronicle</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians
+are a peculiar race, perhaps in Africa before
+the flood.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Champollion</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Systeme
+Hieroglyphique</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The languages are better guides than
+physical characters for researches on mankind,
+<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>
+and roots more important than grammars.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Klaproth.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Language belongs to man from origin,
+he never was a dumb animal, else he would
+always have remained so. All languages have something
+in common, and something peculiar.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beattie</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Theory of Language</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A thousand nations with a thousand
+idioms, are spread over a thousand places
+on earth. Thrown against each other like
+the waves of the sea, they blend and tend
+to unity. Several rival languages are
+formed, polished by contract, which overspread
+the earth; and break to pieces as
+well as nations and empires. Others arise
+from their ruins, and strive again for ascendency,
+until at last a people and language,
+son and daughter of all the previous nations
+and idioms, heirs of their dominion and
+wealth; shall perhaps invade the whole
+earth, and produce again the unity of
+speech and rule.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>End of Hebrew
+Grammar</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is said, <hi rend='italic'>In the beginning God made
+Heaven and Earth</hi>, that is to say, the
+seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter
+was yet in confusion in a potential
+way.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Augustine</hi> <hi rend='italic'>on Genesis</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the whole <hi rend='italic'>Mosaic text</hi> there is no
+Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no woman,
+no snake, no ark ... but other words
+thus improperly translated to veil the
+sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind,
+<foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Aish</foreign>
+intellectual men, <foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Ashe</foreign> mate or
+potent will, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hue</hi> our Eve is living existence!...
+<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/>
+The names of patriarchs are
+all expressive of operations of mankind....
+Yet Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in
+Immortality is evident throughout; although
+so obscured by the translation as
+to have been doubted.... Moses with
+his veils is made absurd; raising the veils
+he appears wise, deep, consistent, even
+more enlightened than our age on many
+points.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Notes on Genesis</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses
+are taken in their material sense, inextricable
+difficulties have arisen; and which
+is the true version out of the 3 is doubtful:
+the deep mosaic meaning and import shall
+never be known, until the ancient lost science
+of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and
+Europe.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>last note</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven,
+where Rezoan was his successor, and
+exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and
+Peacock tribes his followers, Adam was
+exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Price</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Translation of Abijauffer's History
+of Arabia</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven
+Menus, the seventh was Noah.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sir W.
+Jones</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Laws of Menu</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wilford.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years
+after the flood, 2790 years after Adam.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Russell</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Connection of Sacred History</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved
+in fables; but all ancient fables have a historical
+base.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Bailly</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>on Atlantis</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/>
+
+<p>
+Before Adam God created the <hi rend='italic'>Dives</hi>
+(angels) who had 72 kings or <hi rend='italic'>Sol-i-man</hi>
+for 7000 years, and after them the <hi rend='italic'>Peris</hi>
+govern for 2000 years.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Herbelot</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Oriental
+Library</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his
+Ararat was in the Imalaya mountains.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shuckford,
+Wells</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Sacred Geography &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As early as 4600 years before Christ,
+there was a communication between the
+Americans and the east by astronomical
+coincidences.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Carli</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>American Letters</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two great wars or <hi rend='italic'>Mahabharat</hi> followed
+by dispersions of mankind, happened in India
+in 3236 and 2501 (before our era);
+and the Indian solar empire of <hi rend='italic'>Berhut</hi> at
+Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations
+beyond the first, at least to 3750
+years B. C.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Institutes of the Emperor</hi>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Akbar</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>translated by</hi>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gladwin</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such are my guides. Are not those
+quotations sufficient?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken
+for guide, <hi rend='italic'>Isaac Taylor's</hi> excellent history
+of the transmission of ancient books, London,
+1827. They may be analysed as follows,
+from his own summary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived
+of their authority, we should also be
+deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Dates are of little importance; being
+anciently expressed by letters, they are
+liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern
+christians reckon 5508 years from
+Adam to Christ.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>
+
+<p>
+3. Geography and natural facts are open
+to criticism.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not
+always fabulous, but doubtful. Natural
+phenomena if unconnected with omens,
+may be right.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not
+belong to history, they are ornaments of
+rhetoric or mere surmises.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they
+become more certain, if corroborated by
+monuments, inscriptions, coins &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. The silence of a historian does not
+invalidate the assertions of others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices,
+party spirit, national dislike, must
+be allowed for. The arrogance of the
+Greeks and Chinese, who call barbarians,
+nations as good as they, is shameful, and
+must be noticed, as well as errors arising
+from hiding defeats &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The independent sources of history besides
+writers are, 1. remains of literature.
+2. Chronological documents and astronomical
+calculations, 3. Natural features of
+nature and mankind, with permanent physical
+facts, 4. Permanent institutions, manners,
+monuments, languages &amp;c. Lastly,
+remote facts may be certain; although a
+long while elapsed: whatever be the consequence;
+and even if the first evidence
+may have been erroneously transmitted, or
+not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence
+ought never to be doubted.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter I.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>General Introduction.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Natural Regions
+of America.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ancient and Modern
+Nations.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Historical Periods.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no
+longer divided into 4 Continents; but must
+be divided into 3 great parts of the world
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Tholomeres</foreign>, each containing 3 lesser
+divisions or <foreign rend='italic'>Geotomes</foreign>, viz:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Protholia</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tholarkon</hi>, the ancient
+world, containing, 1. Asia, 2. Africa, 3.
+Europe, which are continents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+II. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neotholia</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hesperia</hi>, the new
+world, containing, 1. <hi rend='italic'>Atalia</hi> or North America,
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Columbia</hi> or South America, which
+are two continents ... and 3. the <hi rend='italic'>Antilles</hi>
+or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the
+East and North, Carib and Lucayes islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+III. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Oceania</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tholonesia</hi>, the
+Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1. <hi rend='italic'>Australia</hi>,
+which is a continent, 2. <hi rend='italic'>Meganesia</hi> or the
+great Islands from Japan till Ceylan and
+Madagascar, 3. <hi rend='italic'>Polynesia</hi>, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense
+groups of archipelagos, or clustered islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes
+6 continents, and 3 groups of archipelagos,
+forming 9 geotomes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neotholia</hi> that I write the history,
+of this third of the world, named likewise
+<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>
+America, or the two Americas; a double
+continent, crowned in the East and towards
+the two poles by archipelagos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such an extensive part of the world,
+reaching nearly to both poles, offers to
+our notice and researches a crowd of objects,
+nations and events. If our universal
+histories which are confined to a small part
+only of the old world, form already bulky
+collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it.
+But, notwithstanding the scanty materials
+which have reached us on its ancient history;
+the modern annals and the old traditions
+of the nations dwelling there, afford many
+facts: and many auxiliary means contribute
+to enlarge the previous history, in unfolding
+the origins and revolutions of the nations
+and empires of both Americas. Thus, we
+shall often have to make a choice or abridge
+these materials, particularly in these outlines
+of a general history.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles
+of the empires, kingdoms and republics;
+which were often mere biographies of monarchs
+and chiefs, conquerors and tyrants.
+We begin now to think more of mankind
+and the nations. I shall follow this principle,
+and trace at last a national history of
+America; this subject is so new, that we
+have not even yet a good history of mankind
+in Europe, much less in Asia and
+Africa.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802,
+<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>
+having settled in it since 1815, and having
+travelled in it every year to study the monuments
+and productions thereof: it was since
+1818 that I began to conceive the possibility
+of raising the veil that was thrown over
+the annals of this third of the world. I
+have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York,
+Boston, Albany, Lexington, &amp;c. to consult
+all the historical works on America, and
+every other part of the world. I have read
+nearly all the travels in America and other
+distant countries. In the Ebeling library
+deposited in that of Cambridge University
+near Boston, I have found many ancient
+works on America, often unique in the
+United States, and very rare even in Europe.
+There is but a small number of rare
+works, which I have not yet been able to
+see; I shall give a list of them, in order
+that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My
+researches upon the languages and monuments
+of America, will compensate this
+unavoidable neglect, since they exceed
+whatever had been undertaken of the kind.
+I have thus endeavored to collect and compare
+all the facts relating to my subject.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy
+writers, who have pretended to give us
+histories of America, and have commonly
+produced mere sketches of it, full of neglects
+and defects. Such were Robertson,
+Holmes, Touron, Herrera, &amp;c., with a crowd
+<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>
+of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region,
+or the mere first Spanish invasions.
+They have, however, acquired some reputation
+either by style or manner; but they
+have degraded history, by giving sketches
+instead of it. We must except Herrera,
+who does not shine by the style; but is at
+least a faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds
+and colonies during 62 years, from 1492
+till 1552. But Robertson, although praised
+for his style, is only his unfaithful and imperfect
+imitator, and the obvious slanderer
+of the American nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A complete criticism of the writers on
+America, would be desirable; but cannot
+enter into the plan of these historical outlines;
+although it may find a place in ulterior
+illustrations. It will be sufficient now
+to indicate that the best works, or those
+which furnish the greatest number of historical
+materials, are the old writers and
+travellers, since the modern historians
+and travellers (except Humboldt and a
+few more) appear to forget whatever has
+already been written on America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The historian of such an extensive continent,
+should not be a mere annalist; but
+he ought to know well all the comparative
+sciences, sisters of history, such as chronology,
+geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &amp;c. He ought
+also to be a philosopher and a philanthropist,
+to know the natural sciences which
+<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>
+become connected with history by civilization,
+agriculture, and geology; he ought,
+above all, to be impartial and a good critic,
+in order to discard national prejudices, and
+avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture.
+What historian has ever united such
+acquirements? I have tried to acquire
+them: Have I succeeded? I offer my
+writings as the answer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+My method has been to make copious
+extracts of all the authors that I read.
+These materials already form a collection
+of over one hundred books of 6000 pages
+on the history of the earth and mankind:
+whereof I avail myself for all my historical
+works. I have formed besides another collection
+of iconographic illustrations, maps,
+plans, monuments, views, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, costumes, &amp;c.;
+which may serve for proofs and atlas of
+these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American,
+consists already in ten great books or portfolios;
+having little hope to be enabled to
+publish them, I wish they might be deposited
+in a great public library, where
+they might be consulted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instead of beginning this history of the
+Americans by generalities, I should wish to
+conclude the work by such results; but it
+may frequently be needful to deviate from
+this plan, and present results as they happen
+to arise from the facts and events.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere
+<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/>
+are often distantly remote, and
+insulated, or little connected in their historical
+relations. Austral America and
+Boreal America have for instance hardly
+any historical connection: they are as
+widely separated as China and Europe;
+but all the central parts of America are
+intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which
+offer the same relation of civilization, languages
+and annalogies, as the Hindu-European
+regions and nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains
+many distinct regions; but the natural or
+physical regions are not always identic
+with the historical regions. The isthmus
+of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide
+the nation as it does the two continents
+of America: and many groups of nations
+are intermingled throughout. The group
+of ancient <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aruac</hi> nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana,
+Brazil to Tucuman and Magellania. The
+elder group of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tala</hi> or atlantic nations
+could be traced from the Ohio to Mexico,
+Guatimala and South America in the west.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to
+keep in mind the great natural regions of
+America, so as to trace through them the
+vicissitudes of mankind in ancient and modern
+times. Thus we find six such regions
+in North America, and six in South America,
+with 3 in the Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes,
+<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>
+stretching across North America, from the
+streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska
+in the west, to Labrador, Canada and Nova
+Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by
+a rocky soil, many large lakes and millions
+of small ones, surrounded near the pole and
+on either side by groups of islands. Its
+southern limits are undefined, but Lake
+Erie forms one of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The Californian or Oregon region,
+stretching from north to south along the
+Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico
+and Guatimala. It is a region of plains
+and hills.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains
+and table lands from the sources of
+the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished
+by volcanoes, a dry lofty soil, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The Missouri region, extending in
+vast grassy plains from latitude 50 to the
+Gulf of Mexico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in
+woody hills and mountains from Maine to
+Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains
+and the whole of New England appear
+detached portions of it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching
+from Long Island to Florida, Mexico,
+Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long
+but narrow region of level plains, sands
+and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and
+islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands;
+divided into 3 very natural groups.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/>
+
+<p>
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica,
+Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands
+north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The Carib Islands east and south,
+commonly volcanic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The regions of South America are 1.
+That of the Andes or high volcanic mountains
+extending from Santa Marta to the
+Island of Chiloé, stretching branches east
+as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The
+hills of Panama from Nicaragua to Choco,
+are a detached part of it, probably once an
+island of the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic
+or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached
+from the Andes, with the archipelagos of
+Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland,
+&amp;c. often volcanic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands
+along the Pacific Ocean from the valleys of
+Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished
+by sterility.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded
+plains east of the Andes from the strait of
+Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by
+fertile hills, mountains and valleys, forming
+a vast group of high lands connected to the
+Andes by an isthmus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of
+shady hills perfectly insulated (once a large
+island) by the plains of the Maranon and
+Oronoc.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/>
+
+<p>
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc
+and Maranon, surrounding the mountains
+of Parima: where deserts, swamps and
+forests are mixed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished
+by peculiar physical, and geological
+features; but they do not coincide
+with the ethnological regions, where the
+American tribes have spread and intermixed.
+It would be difficult to state here
+even the most striking of these last. It
+will be the aim of this work to seek for
+them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern
+times the European colonies and
+states have invaded them in all directions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meantime the population of both Americas,
+must be distinguished in ancient and
+modern.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In proceeding from the known to the
+unknown: we ascertain that a multitude of
+nations have come to America since 1492,
+as colonists or visitors. The principal were
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Spanish</hi>: who have colonized or conquered
+from New Mexico to Chili, and from
+Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came
+not alone, and have brought along with
+them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish,
+3. Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &amp;c., while as
+slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and 6. Many
+African-negro nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Portugueze</hi>: who have colonized the
+whole of Brazil, and brought there besides
+many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies,
+Chinese, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>English</hi>: Who have colonized the
+whole eastern side of North America, Jamaica
+and other islands of Antilles, with
+parts of Yucatan, Honduras, Guyana, &amp;c.
+But they have brought with them, the
+Welsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, Jews and
+many African nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='italic'>French</hi>: They colonized Canada,
+Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib islands,
+Cayenne in Guyana, &amp;c., and although
+conquered in North America and Hayti,
+their language remains. They brought
+along the Provençals, Bretons, Basks,
+speaking distinct languages, with several
+African nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='italic'>Scandinavians</hi>: Who partly settled
+in North America since the 10th century,
+did laterly colonize again Groenland, with
+Delaware and some Carib Islands. They
+include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='italic'>Dutch-Hollanders</hi>: Sent colonies to
+New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &amp;c. brought
+Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='italic'>Russians</hi>: Have invaded and partly
+settled the north west shores and islands
+of North America; bringing there Cozacs,
+Calmucs, and several other Tartarian subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Besides these, several other nations
+have laterly visited America, or settled
+therein, blending with the above. All the
+nations of Europe, even Hungarians, Polanders,
+Greeks and Turks, have been
+brought there. Pirates of all nations, even
+<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>
+Algerines, have wandered to America.
+Almost all the nations of Africa have been
+led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and
+Tartars: while Oceania has sent Malays,
+Madagascars, Hawayans, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This well known fact of the various and
+anomalous modern population of both Americas
+within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly
+help us to form a more correct estimate of
+the ancient population and colonization of
+such vast countries during many thousand
+years previous to 1492.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete
+list of all the ancient nations, who
+have, or may have colonized the Western
+hemisphere: this can only be done afterwards
+as a result of the instituted enquiries
+on the subject. Meantime I state as highly
+probable, even by mere analogy, that all
+the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific
+Oceans, in the Eastern hemisphere, have
+either visited or colonized the Americas;
+particularly from the east, the bold navigators,
+Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians, Lybyans,
+Etruscans, &amp;c., and from the west
+the ancient tribes of Tartars and Chinese,
+the Polynesians, &amp;c. We shall throughout
+these historical outlines find ample proofs
+of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated
+the whole of the Western Hemisphere. It
+shall appear also that these early settlers
+must have brought along many foreign
+tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>
+
+<p>
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be
+found a kind of classification of the ancient
+nations of both Americas, divided into 25
+groups, 14 in North, 11 in South America.
+But this first attempt, cannot be perfect:
+it requires a close study of all the American
+languages, before we can ascertain correctly
+all their mutual affinities, and reduce
+each to the real parent group. Meantime
+this attempt, and the further correction of
+it in this work, will become very useful historical
+bases. I give therefore the list of
+the 25 groups, with a well known nation
+and language as the type, to which others
+may be gradually reduced.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In North America 1. <hi rend='italic'>Uski</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Innuit</hi>,
+type the Esquimaux.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Ongwi</hi>, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Linni</hi>, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='italic'>Wacash</hi>, type the Chopunish, and
+Nutkas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='italic'>Skerreh</hi>, type the Panis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='italic'>Nachez</hi>, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='italic'>Capaha</hi>, types the Washas or Ozages,
+and Dacotas or Sioux.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. <hi rend='italic'>Chactah</hi>, types the Chactahs and
+Chicasas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. <hi rend='italic'>Otali</hi>, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. <hi rend='italic'>Atalan</hi>, type the Tarascas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. <hi rend='italic'>Otomi</hi>, type the Otomis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. <hi rend='italic'>Anahuac</hi>, type the Aztecas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>
+
+<p>
+14. <hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi>, type the Tzendals and
+Chols.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In South America 15. <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi>, types the
+Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. <hi rend='italic'>Calina</hi>, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. <hi rend='italic'>Puris</hi>, type the Maypuris.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. <hi rend='italic'>Yarura</hi>, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. <hi rend='italic'>Cuna</hi>, type the Dariens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. <hi rend='italic'>Mayna</hi>, type the Panos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi>, type the Muyzcas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. <hi rend='italic'>Guarani</hi>, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. <hi rend='italic'>Mara</hi>, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. <hi rend='italic'>Lulé</hi>, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. <hi rend='italic'>Chili</hi>, type the Chilians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of
+these outlines, the ample materials to be
+brought together, will extend them perhaps
+beyond the desirable limits. In order to
+lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing
+that is new or important, the work will be
+divided into three series.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1st. The annals of South America, where
+many generalities will be introduced, that
+need not be repeated in the 2d series, on
+the annals of North America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where
+will be thrown and collected all the collateral
+proofs, documents, vocabularies of
+languages, manuscript facts and events,
+<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>
+essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of
+South America will first be introduced,
+because of paramount importance. By
+the Peruvian region is meant the whole
+western part of South America from the
+equator to the southern tropic, and by Austral
+America, the whole of it from that
+tropic to the Magellanic Islands. The
+gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil,
+both physically and historically. Austral
+America includes the countries and nations
+of Chili, Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres,
+Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall
+often be needful to mention their neighbors,
+with whom they are more or less related,
+and even distant nations that are not always
+strangers to them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ancient nations of Austral America
+are the least known on many accounts, and
+those on whom most fables and systems
+have been based. It is there that dwell
+the <hi rend='italic'>Patagons</hi>, who have been believed a
+peculiar species of giants; and those tribes
+of Chaco, &amp;c., which Azara has deemed
+peculiar men, with languages without affinities
+with any other: which will easily be
+proved to be quite false.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If America has had an aboriginal population,
+or <hi rend='italic'>Autoctons</hi>, men born from the
+soil: it is there they should be found, driven
+to the south and those remote climes
+<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>
+by the ancient colonies of other nations;
+and they should offer features, complexions,
+languages and manners totally different
+from any other. If all the Americans derive
+from ancient colonies, it is still there
+that ought to be found the primitive tribes,
+driven on by the subsequent colonies and
+tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most
+ancient relics of American population.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the origin of the American nations
+and tribes are only to be considered as a
+branch of their history. The accounts of
+their dispersion and successive settlements,
+the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions
+or annals, those of the empires which
+have been founded there in ancient and
+modern times, the study of their civilization
+and ethnography ... offer surely much
+more interest, and a wide field of historical
+facts or enquiries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It appears that as soon as we speak of
+the ancient Americans, we ought to cut
+the gordian knot, and say whence they
+came. I do not wish to explain beforehand,
+all my views on this subject. I wish
+to reserve them for the results of the enquiries
+to be pursued in this work. Yet to
+satisfy the general curiosity expressed on
+the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any
+people or tribe totally different from any
+<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>
+other, or without philological affinities: nor
+with features, complexions, and other physical
+characters quite peculiar. But instead,
+all the ancient American tribes have numerous
+affinities between each other, and
+with races of mankind in the Eastern
+hemisphere: both physical and moral, as
+well as philological.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If the American nations sprung from
+ancient colonies; it is among the primitive
+population of the earth, that their parents
+must be sought and found: since America
+appears to have been partly peopled even
+before the flood. Therefore the systems
+which would derive them all from the Phenicians,
+Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later
+ages, or any single people whatever, must
+be absurd and improbable: since traces of
+many ancient nations are found in this
+western hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It has always appeared probable to me
+that most of the ancient colonies to America,
+must have come there by the nearest
+and most direct way; the same nearly followed
+again by Columbus in 1492: either
+from north Africa or south Europe. This
+becomes still more probable if there were
+formerly a land or large islands in the Atlantic
+Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida
+and Mexico to Chili, appear to have
+reached America from the east, through
+the tropical islands or Antilles; but the
+<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>
+ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt
+once in Asia, which appears the cradle of
+mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana
+are more recent and of African origin;
+while nearly all those of North America
+appear to have reached America by the
+opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through
+Alaska or the Streight of Behring, once an
+Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes
+came here from the East, and the North
+West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What is now needful, is to trace these
+colonies, their travels, epochas, and ascertain
+the nations which they have produced
+in both Americas. This I will endeavour
+to do, without being prevented by the difficulties
+of the task. I shall always seek to
+ascertain the true names of each nation
+or tribe: which have often been disguised
+under a crowd of nicknames and erroneous
+orthographies. These names when thus
+restored will often furnish an original key,
+to supply the scarcely known languages, or
+lost traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Brigands who brought desolation
+over both Americas during two centuries,
+and the careless travellers who visited them
+in search of wealth, took little notice of the
+languages and traditions of their victims
+or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss
+of many valuable materials, merely indicated.
+However, a few enlightened visitors,
+<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>
+and the missionaries have preserved some
+of them. The first attempt of the kind was
+the outlines of historical songs and traditions
+of Hayti, collected as early as 1498
+by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus;
+printed by his son, and by Barcias.
+Yet this valuable document has escaped
+the notice of nearly all the writers on America!
+evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical
+traditions of the Muyzcas; Juarros
+the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala;
+Ayeta and Herrera those of the Mayas of
+Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected
+by our historians. They have merely dwelt,
+and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico
+and Peru. We have besides fragments on
+the early history of the Ongwis, Linapis,
+Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more;
+but we have to regret the loss of the written
+annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas,
+Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &amp;c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered,
+as those of the Ongwis and Linapis have
+lately been.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is only since last age that the study of
+comparative philology has begun to be
+appreciated: and quite recently that languages
+have been made subservient to historical
+researches. Pigafetta had, however,
+set the examples as early as 1520 to collect
+American vocabularies, of which he gave
+<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>
+two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which
+are quite important, since by them we
+trace both tribes seen by him to the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aruac</hi>
+race. For lack of frequent ancient vocabularies,
+we must often grope in the dark;
+but I do not despair to be able to restore
+many lost languages, by fragments escaped
+from the common ruin. I have already
+succeeded with the <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> of Hayti, the
+<hi rend='italic'>Cahiri</hi> of Trinidad,
+<hi rend='italic'>Talega</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Apalachi</hi>
+of North America, the <hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi> of central
+America, the <hi rend='italic'>Colla</hi> of Peru, and the <hi rend='italic'>Séké</hi>
+of old Chili; whereby I shall draw some
+happy conclusions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa
+of monsters, and America of systems,
+for those who prefer opinions to reality.
+The systems and hypotheses of philosophy
+or ignorance upon America, exceed all the
+Asiatic fables. A crowd of prejudices,
+false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often
+mistaking a small part of it for the whole.
+Some have declared all the Americans a
+red, beardless, naked and barbarous race,
+or a peculiar species of men. Others that
+they came out of the ground or from the
+clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all
+Jews, or Malays, or Tartars. Lastly, even
+that Eden was here and Noah built the ark
+in America! All these systems and fifty
+more brought forth by ignorance or pride,
+are based upon the most absurd proofs, or
+<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>
+a few insulated facts: while there are historical
+facts easy to prove that are neglected
+or forgotten.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus it is a positive fact that many
+ancient nations of the east, such as the
+Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians,
+Hindus, &amp;c. had heard of America, or
+knew nearly as much of it, as we did of
+Australia and Polynesia 100 years ago.
+It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct
+nations and tribes; some of which were
+quite civilized, perhaps as much as the
+Spaniards led by Columbus; the others
+more barbarous, but not entirely savage.
+There were but few, if any, real savages in
+America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes
+of fishermen or hunters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were formerly in America as now,
+tribes of all complexions, as elsewhere:
+yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened,
+brown, incarnate or white, and even blackened
+or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men
+from 8 to 4 feet in size, called giants and
+pygmies&mdash;men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the
+eastern hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Americans had long before Columbus,
+large cities; built of stones, bricks or
+wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces.
+Some of which were of immense size and
+population. One of them <hi rend='italic'>Otolum</hi> near
+Palenque was 28 miles long, equal to
+<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>
+Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and
+monuments. Nearly all the ancient sciences
+and useful primitive arts were known
+in America, as well as commerce and navigation,
+symbolic and alphabetic writing,
+nearly all the Asiatic religions, &amp;c. The
+most civilized nations had even colleges
+and universities, canals and paved roads,
+splendid temples and monuments, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It would be tedious to designate all what
+has not been told, or been very unworthily
+noticed, upon America. The whole of
+these outlines shall be comments upon the
+forgotten facts relating to this third of the
+world. Such as are found recorded by
+chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by
+nearly all the other writers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Respecting the chronology of the American
+annals, it is rather obscure and doubtful;
+but perhaps not more so than that of
+all ancient nations except the Chinese. It
+frequently ascends as far as the floods and
+even the creation. The most ancient dates
+are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas,
+Ongwis, Linapis, &amp;c. But it is difficult
+to make those dates agree among themselves,
+or with our oriental dates. However
+the American annals may be divided into
+great periods, which can be admitted as
+certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>
+
+<p>
+Here is their tabular view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus
+in 1492.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Antidiluvian period</hi>, beginning at
+the creation, about 6690 years before Columbus
+according to the Tols, and ending
+with the last cataclysm of Peleg, about
+3788 years before Columbus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Doubtful period</hi>, from that epocha
+till the reform of Tol astronomy, 1612 years
+before Columbus. This includes several
+subordinate periods and epochas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement
+of the Linapis in Shinaki or Firland
+or Oregon in N. W. America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars
+of the Towancas and Ongwis, the hero
+Yatatan, &amp;c. in North America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Certain period</hi>, from 1612 till Columbus'
+arrival in 1492. Many lesser periods
+and epochas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+442, after Christ&mdash;End of the Tollan
+kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+492,&mdash;Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of
+Ongwis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+558,&mdash;Empire of Tol-tecas begins in
+Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+840,&mdash;Beginning of the wars of Zipanas
+and Caris in South Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+947,&mdash;Foundation of the kingdom of
+Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+985,&mdash;Discovery of America by the
+Norwegians.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>
+
+<p>
+1000,&mdash;Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1105,&mdash;Beginning of the Incas empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1322,&mdash;Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or
+Mexico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Colonial Period</hi>, from 1492 till 1776.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Independent Period</hi>, beginning in
+1776. The foundation of the empire of
+Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate
+period.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Each age may bear the name of a wise
+legislator or eminent personage: the ages
+of modern history are those of 1. Columbus,
+2. Las-Casas, 3. William Penn, 4. Washington,
+5. Bolivar.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter II.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Materials for the history
+of the Americans.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Authors,
+Documents, Sciences.&mdash;Languages,
+Civilization, &amp;c.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Far from following the example of many
+American historians, who often take a single
+guide for their crude compilations, or
+avoid the trouble to consult all the historical
+sources, I have taken care in my researches
+to employ all the possible means to reach
+the truth, and collect all the facts that are
+scattered among a crowd of writers. I
+have carefully analysed, compared and
+judged the materials, details and events
+<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>
+thus procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences
+have afforded additional fragments
+or proofs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These materials may be divided into 10
+series or kinds
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>1. Works, printed or manuscript.</l>
+<l>2. Documents and monuments.</l>
+<l>3. Maps, plans, views, &amp;c.</l>
+<l>4. Natural sciences.</l>
+<l>5. Ethnography.</l>
+<l>6. Traditions and annals.</l>
+<l>7. Chronology and astronomy.</l>
+<l>8. Languages and philology.</l>
+<l>9. Religion, mythologies, &amp;c.</l>
+<l>10. Civilization, laws and manners.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The writers upon America are very numerous;
+but mostly defective or local. A
+number, however, have attempted to consider
+the whole continent: the principal
+among those containing facts upon all parts
+of America are chiefly
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish
+America carried till the year 1554.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America,
+till 1630.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.&mdash;Spanish
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Carli, American Letters.&mdash;Italian work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America,
+till 1670.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Raynal, European Settlements in America,
+till 1774.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish
+America in 1786.&mdash;Spanish work.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/>
+
+<p>
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Touron, History of America, chiefly
+ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14 volumes
+1768-70, in French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Robertson, false History of America or
+Spanish Conquests of Mexico or Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt,
+Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias, Prevost,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American researches of Ulloa,
+Humboldt, M'Culloh, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have consulted and analyzed all these
+general works, and many others of less
+account; but I have not yet read Hervas
+nor Compagnone, knowing them merely
+through quotations
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first <hi rend='italic'>Bibliotheca Americana</hi> or
+catalogue of writers on America, was given
+by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another
+appeared in England in 1719; a third in
+France in 1820. They contain the names,
+authors, editions, dates, &amp;c. of over 300
+works relating to America. Robertson
+has given a list of nearly as many, which
+he pretends to have consulted, although he
+neglected what they tell us. Humboldt
+has also a catalogue of 250 authors,
+consulted by him. In 1831, Aspinwall
+published his American Library containing
+771 works; and Warden, in Paris, his
+own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All this does not complete the account
+of books on America; since I have seen
+<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/>
+many omitted in all these catalogues; although
+I never could meet some mentioned
+there. I will carefully notice them, that it
+may be known where I found my materials,
+and what may yet have escaped my researches.
+I have already consulted upwards
+of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean
+special or local works connected with history.
+If we were to add to these the botanists,
+naturalists, paltry compilers, and
+pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of
+3000 works on America, her inhabitants
+and productions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I will refer gradually to them, and have
+collected them all in my manuscript illustrations;
+<hi rend='italic'>materials</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>printed works</hi>. Therefore
+we do not lack printed materials: but
+the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders,
+errors, hypotheses and their constant
+repetitions: which ought to be rejected in
+order to gather facts and the truth. But
+we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that
+may clash with our ideas and systems: it
+is chiefly needful so recall and restore the
+events and facts mentioned by the earliest
+travellers and observers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These numerous local writers ought to
+be divided into three classes. 1. historians
+and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers,
+3. antiquarians and philologists. I shall
+now merely mention the most useful (which
+I have all consulted) upon the Peruvian
+and Austral regions of South America.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/>
+
+<p>
+1st. The principal historians are, 1.
+Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes, Civil
+History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and
+Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of Peru, 4.
+Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix
+of Paraguay, 6. Techo, on Ditto,
+7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori,
+and 10. Renger, Paraguay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2d. The principal writers who have
+furnished historical facts, with geographical
+and ethnographical materials, are <emph>old travellers</emph>,
+1. Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot,
+3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10.
+Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12. Schmidtmeyer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>The modern travellers are</hi>, 1. Azara, 2.
+D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook, 5. Byron, 6.
+Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn,
+10. Beaumont, 11. Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13.
+Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew,
+17. Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20.
+Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The principal original geographers and
+ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on Chiquitos
+1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner,
+on Patagonia 1774, 4. Molina on Chili
+and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6.
+Skinner, Memoirs on Peru, 7. Gili, South
+America 1782.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology,
+antiquities and other historical branches
+are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi,
+&amp;c., on all American languages, 2. American
+researches of Humboldt, Macculoh
+<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>
+1829. Those of Depaw and Ranking are
+shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Manuscripts.</hi> There are yet many such
+extant on America, in the libraries of both
+hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list
+of Mexican Manuscripts. Funes quotes
+several on Austral America. There are
+several extant in Central America and
+South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many
+have been lost through wilful neglect, or
+destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &amp;c. Those in the ancient
+languages, Mexican, Tarasca, Tzendal,
+&amp;c., are now very rare, and much
+esteemed. Those burnt by Zumaraga, the
+Mexican Omar, have been often regretted.
+Lord Kingborough has lately published
+some at a great cost.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The manuscripts which I could consult
+on South America are but few. Those on
+North America are more numerous and
+very important; particularly the traditions
+of the Linapis, Shawanis, &amp;c., they are
+chiefly on wood, bark, skins or Mosaic
+strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of
+Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &amp;c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the
+libraries of Philadelphia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are, besides, in the public or private
+libraries of all the great cities of both
+Americas, several interesting historical
+works, which have never been published.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>
+
+<p>
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly
+the historical collections of Simetierre.
+Often the best or most important works
+cannot be printed: while a crowd of paltry
+compilations are ushered to deceive the
+public. This may be deemed a remainder
+of the prevailing ignorance and error. Instead
+of appreciating the learned and useful
+works, the prevailing taste is for historical
+romances and systematic fables. It is
+needful to seek these previous labors, which
+run the risk of being totally lost, if we will
+not have again to blush hereafter for these
+historical losses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I give the list of such among my own
+manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my
+possession, but I wish to see them deposited
+in a great public library; where they might
+be consulted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography,
+&amp;c. of the Americans, their annals,
+chronology, &amp;c. 40 books, begun in 1820,
+continued ever since, and not yet closed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern
+languages of both Americas, symbols,
+glyphs, &amp;c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography
+of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &amp;c., begun 1824.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Ancient monuments of North and
+South America, compared with the primitive
+monuments of the eastern hemisphere,
+3 books and 200 plans, &amp;c., 1822.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tellus</hi>, or the primitive History of
+the Earth and Mankind in Protholia, Oceania
+and Neotholia, with the ancient and
+modern general ethnography, 30 books,
+begun in 1821.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination
+of all languages and nations, 6 books, begun
+1825.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my
+historical works and travels, containing
+over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements,
+&amp;c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802,
+3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have often been apprehensive of the
+fate of Boturini, for these interesting manuscript
+and long researches. This has happened
+already for one of my manuscripts.
+As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy
+of Science in Boston, a manuscript of 240
+pages, being an <hi rend='italic'>account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations
+and tribes of America before Columbus</hi>.
+This was for an offered prize of $100: which
+was never awarded, although my memoir
+was declared the best sent. And instead
+of depositing this manuscript in the library
+of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been <emph>lost</emph> or <emph>stolen</emph>. If
+never recovered, and that the public may
+judge of the merits of it, at such an early
+period of my historical studies: I will state
+<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>
+the principal results of my enquiries therein;
+which tenor, together with their length,
+were the ostensible reasons for not awarding
+a prize probably never meant to be
+awarded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there
+are yet materials enough, notwithstanding
+the loss of many, for an ancient history of
+America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. That a complete American history
+ought to employ and combine all the materials
+afforded by geology, geography,
+physics, chronology, physiology, ethnology,
+archeology, philology, on America, with all
+the traditions of the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates
+the cradles and ancient settlements
+of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the
+places unfit for population, the means of
+access, probable route of colonies, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. America has an ancient geography previous
+to 1492, which ought to be restored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The coincidence of names of nations
+and tribes, afford a comparitive concordance,
+indicating ancient connections or
+identity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The ancient American population,
+must have been derived from the nearest
+shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The
+points where all the indications and traditions
+tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and
+Guyana in South America; Anian or Tollan
+and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga
+or Groenland to the N. E.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>
+
+<p>
+7. The philological solution of historical
+affinities must be sought in the roots of
+the languages, their conformity or analogies,
+the number of similar sounds, roots
+and words; which are susceptible of a
+mathematical calculation, and referable to
+the theory of probabilities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of
+the earth, may thus be proved to have been
+akin or related.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but
+perhaps not universal. His ark or THBE
+was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations
+saved there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian
+patriarchs were Nations, their long
+ages being the duration of dynasties or
+states. This opinion may also be entertained
+of many other ancient patriarchs or
+heads of tribes, every where, by the usual
+figure of personification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so
+general as Noah's. There may have been
+many successive cataclysms blended in this,
+as this has been often mistaken in date for
+Noah's.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican
+nations, must have been the Tulan of Asia,
+since Turan and Tartary. There are many
+places called Tula, all over the earth, indicating
+settlements of Atlantes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. The ancient chronology of America
+may be restored. Several dates given, a
+system proposed.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>
+
+<p>
+14. All the races and complexions of
+mankind are found in America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. America was known to the ancient
+nations, particularly the Atlantes, Pelagians,
+Phenicians, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Some highlands of America were
+not covered at Noah's flood, and might become
+the azylums of men, animals, and
+vegetation. However, but few nations can
+be traced to these azylums in America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. The ancient monuments of both
+Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America
+can be explained. A key may be found
+for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. The religions of the Americans, were
+similar to the primitive religions of the
+eastern hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. The manners and customs, of the
+Americans, are very various, and form no
+peculiar test.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. Many American nations were highly
+civilized, besides the Mexicans and Peruvians:
+skilful in agriculture, and the arts,
+having cattle, colleges, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+My reward for having ascertained and
+proved those facts, was to be denied the
+prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid
+or lost or stolen! My historical researches
+ever since have continued to confirm nearly
+all these facts.<note place='foot'>In 1824, I published my first essay
+on American history, a pamphlet on the
+<hi rend='italic'>Ancient History of Kentucky</hi>, or Central
+North America, before 1770. Although
+it was a mere rude sketch, it contains
+many important historical facts. I was
+too little advanced then in philological
+studies, to give it their support, and many
+of my surmises must be rectified by it.
+My late researches have also greatly impaired
+the general belief of the Tartarian
+origin, and western route of the Mexican
+nations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Documents and monuments.</hi> The
+historical titles and proofs, inscriptions,
+<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>
+medals, coins, charters, &amp;c., which are so
+common elsewhere, are but few as yet, in
+America, belonging to early times: most
+belong to modern history.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered
+in South America; but not yet published.
+Molina speaks of one on a pyramid
+of Cuyo, which late travellers have not
+found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué
+in Central America begin to excite great
+attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.<note place='foot'>I published this presumed key in
+1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many
+accurate comparisons are yet required to
+confirm my surmises, although the Lybian
+analogies are evident.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really
+Americans, are exceedingly scarce: yet
+there are some in Central America. Several
+medals, perhaps foreign and indicating
+a communication, have been found, but
+again lost or neglected; few have been
+figured or explained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of
+arts, pottery, weapons, &amp;c. of the ancient
+Americans are found in all the museums;
+but excite little attention, by not being
+concentrated, accumulated nor classified.
+Many fine specimens of arts have been
+melted, or broken and lost. The astronomical
+stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas
+have been preserved; but those of Peru
+and Central America are lost; as well as
+that beautiful one of the Talegas of North
+America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once
+kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ancient monuments of both Americas,
+<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>
+are very numerous, indicating a dense
+population in places since become wild and
+desolate, as in North America, Guyana,
+Brazil, &amp;c. They are most numerous in
+the central parts of both Americas, and
+lessen towards both ends. Yet they are
+met from lat. 45 N. to 45 S. They are
+very variable in different parts; by no
+means identic, indicating different builders
+or many degrees of civilization, from the
+rudest arts to the most refined: employing
+many materials, earth, clay, gravel, stone,
+wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings
+of rough or cut stones, <foreign rend='italic'>pizé</foreign> or beaten
+clay, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We do not know as yet one half of those
+in existence, and many have never been
+described nor figured. Yet they afford
+every where, one of the most evident and
+certain base of historical researches, confirming
+traditions, or revealing the seats of
+former empires, their civilization, &amp;c.
+They consist chiefly in mounds, altars,
+tumuli or tombs, ruined cities, villages and
+forts, temples and dwellings; but we find
+besides in various places, traces of ancient
+palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers,
+pillars, rocking stones, walls, wells, pits &amp;c.
+They generally resemble the primitive
+monuments of the same kind, met with in
+the eastern hemisphere, from England and
+Ireland to Mauritania and Africa, extending
+<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>
+east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &amp;c. They have less resemblance
+with the monuments of Egypt, Greece,
+Rome, India and China; yet some kinds
+somewhat assimilate. In fact, there are,
+throughout both Americas, three very distinct
+classes of monuments, indicating distinct
+arts and architecture.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to
+those yet used by the rudest tribes in the
+north or in Brazil, Antilles, &amp;c., indicating
+a similar barbarous state.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The second or primitive, is known by
+using wood and earth instead of stones for
+buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The third or most refined, employed
+stones, often well cut as in Mexico, Central
+America, Peru, &amp;c., and indicates arts
+nearly equal to those of Egypt and India.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides such great monumental remains;
+there are lesser antiquities; fragments of
+sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic,
+&amp;c., either in metals, stones, pottery, beads,
+&amp;c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the most singular and dubious relics
+of antiquity, are subteraneous or in excavations:
+these are in caves, mines, pits, &amp;c.:
+while under ground are found trees, stumps,
+charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &amp;c. that must have been buried by
+alluvions, diluvions or new formed soil. It
+has been surmised or ascertained that some
+may be antidiluvian: although those in
+<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>
+deep alluvial soils, near streams, and connected
+with graves, may have been buried
+by men, or fluvial inundations. Mummies,
+skeletons and bones, with human apparel
+and implements have been found in caves,
+evidently buried there by human means,
+and not by floods. Human remains are but
+seldom if ever connected with the organic
+remains of the soil and caves, even of the
+latest geological date.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Geography, Maps, &amp;c.</hi> The knowledge
+of the regions and localities inhabited
+by mankind, or where colonies are sent,
+empires founded, is needful to history, in
+order to understand and treat the events
+and migrations. The physical configuration
+of the land, the climates, plains, mountains
+and streams, have a great influence
+on civilization and communications. Physical
+geography is constant and invariable:
+while civil or ethnographical geography is
+constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we had complete series of maps by
+chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative
+historical geography, and successive
+ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions
+of mankind. The old maps of
+America, those of Laet, the old geographers
+&amp;c. are very valuable for this object.
+Many travellers in America, have given
+original maps, which furnish similar materials.
+I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete,
+<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>
+D'Anville, Molina, Falkner, Cochrane,
+Wedel, the Jesuits, &amp;c. Among the modern
+general maps, relating to South America,
+the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the
+English of 1815, the French of 1830, the
+latest American of Tanner, &amp;c. By those
+materials I have been able to trace and fix
+four periods of American geography, 2 ancient
+and 2 modern.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and
+1500.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two
+first periods, which shall be published gradually,
+or in my Illustrations of the Ancient
+Geography of America. We have thousands
+of maps on the early geography of
+the Eastern Hemisphere, and no one as yet
+on the Western Hemisphere! to show the
+respective limits and positions of Ancient
+Empires, Nations, Cities, &amp;c., except Clavigero's
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish
+conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &amp;.c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico
+and Cuzco; but lack those of Tiahuanaco,
+Otolum, and many more important for ancient
+history. Several plans of ancient
+sites of civilization have been given, along
+with those of monuments. I have many
+in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest
+part of modern cities, are built on ancient
+sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati,
+Louisville, Pittsburg, St. Louis, Philadelphia,
+Savannah, &amp;c. The views of ruined
+cities, and those of actual cities, are partly
+historical, connected with the knowledge
+of gradual American civilization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes,
+streams and mountains, are preserved in
+actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti&mdash;Ontario,
+Erie, Titicaca&mdash;Ohio, Alatamaha,
+Maranon, Parana, Rivers.&mdash;Alleghanies,
+Andes, Parima, Mountains, &amp;c. When
+the names have been changed, it is the duty
+of the historical geographer to compare
+the old and new names.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient
+nations, could draw and paint maps. Even
+our North American tribes can draw rude
+maps on skins or bark. Some of these are
+preserved in museums; but none have ever
+been published: although some are pretty
+correct and deserving it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='italic'>Natural Sciences.</hi> They are now
+becoming sisters of history. Geology is
+connected with geography. Botany and
+Zoology, acquaint us with trees, plants and
+animals, which were used in the arts and
+agriculture at different periods. The Asiatic
+origin of maize, called <foreign rend='italic'>maza</foreign> by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes
+Greece,) has been unperceived by Humboldt
+and many others, although it throws
+some light on the early migrations and
+<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>
+communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated
+in Assyria, West Tartary, North
+Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted
+by Marco Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin,
+&amp;c.<note place='foot'>In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece
+and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820,
+we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of
+maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes
+by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks
+call it <foreign rend='italic'>Arabo-sité</foreign>, Arabic corn, in Italy it
+is called <foreign rend='italic'>Grano-turco</foreign>, or Turkish-corn:
+having reached Greece and Italy through
+the Arabs, and not from America. It has
+been cultivated in Java, Central Africa,
+Soudan, &amp;c. from time immemorial, having
+native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin
+thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo
+found it in Tartary in the 13th century.
+Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the
+Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+quite wild in America.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+America had anciently several cereal
+plants, besides maize, two kinds of indigenous
+wheat and barley in Chili. The
+Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of South and
+North America. Many roots, beans, seeds,
+fruits and flowers, were cultivated from
+Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant,
+the indigo and annato were natives.
+Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton,
+silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm, &amp;c., were
+cultivated or collected to use for cloths,
+threads, ropes, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for
+the remains of animals dwelling on earth,
+before mankind. America has already
+afforded the huge mastodons, elephants,
+megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land
+animals, and many large reptiles, crocodiles
+of streams and lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a
+few arctic quadrupeds, birds and insects excepted;
+all the animals of this hemisphere
+are peculiar to it. Reptiles almost entirely
+such, even in the North. All the American
+monkeys form distinct species. The tropical
+animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33
+<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>
+quadrupeds formerly domesticated in America,
+the dog only may be deemed a stranger:
+and it had even many American varieties.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient
+America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4
+species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2 deer,
+2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &amp;c. See my dissertation
+on the domestic animals of both hemispheres,
+1832. Americans had also tamed
+22 birds or fowls, as many as Asia, &amp;c., and
+even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &amp;c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America
+and only 80 in Europe, Asia, &amp;c., before
+1492.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+American botany offers many peculiar
+regions; in the North only, akin to Asiatic
+or European botany; but becoming quite
+distinct in the tropics, still more so in Austral
+America. Since 1492 the European
+colonists have brought many plants, that
+are become spontaneous from Canada to
+Chili: these must be carefully separated
+from the ancient indigenous plants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American Floras are nearly as many
+as the 15 natural regions already indicated,
+each having a focal seat or cradle in some
+range of mountains. They become richer
+or more abundant in species within the
+tropics, decreasing to the North and South.
+Trees and palm abound there, and disappear
+near the poles, the palms are unknown
+beyond the 36 degrees North and South.
+The equator has 500 species of trees; in
+<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/>
+latitude 40 N. and S. only 100 kinds are
+found, or even less. Social plants and
+grasses abound in plains, and in the North
+dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trees were early tools of civilization,
+affording timber, fuel, dies, houses, boats,
+weapons, &amp;c. Fruit trees afforded food in
+abundance: even the tribes of North America
+near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant
+orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees, crab-trees,
+nut-trees. They knew how to make
+oils of nuts, to dry the fruits, make sugars
+out of maples and other trees.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply
+of food to early nations, whence the
+preference to dwell near streams, Lakes
+and shores. Notwithstanding the swimming
+rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or
+oceanic tribes of them that are common to
+both hemispheres. Most of the resident
+shore fishes of America are peculiar species.
+Still more so with lacustral and fluviatile
+fishes. These are divided into peculiar
+regions. Our northern lakes form one; and
+almost every large stream has a peculiar
+generation of finny tribes: such are the
+Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It
+was gold and silver that drew hither the
+greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized
+nations knew mining, smelting, casting and
+forging. They used gold, silver, copper,
+<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>
+brass, lead, &amp;c.; collected and prized gems,
+emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &amp;c. Even
+the less civilized tribes of North America
+used copper and lead, clays for pipes, pottery,
+&amp;c. Iron was scarce because so hard
+to melt, and highly prized; but iron-rings
+have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Metallic coins were little known except
+in Central America; but bits of silver, gold,
+tin, iron, were used as such. The other
+mediums of exchange were skins, mats,
+nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works,
+&amp;c. Commerce was well known to many
+nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan,
+Peru, &amp;c. Navigators went by sea for the
+same purpose all over the Antilles, coast
+of Peru, and in the great streams. It is
+thus that were found many strange and
+foreign objects, jewels, medals, metals, &amp;c.,
+all over America, and in early tombs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='italic'>Ethnography.</hi> This new science
+which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches.
+Anthropography or the knowledge of physical
+mankind. Philology or the comparative
+study of human speech and languages.
+Besides the nameless branch attending to
+the moral ideas, arts, institutions, manners,
+civilization, governments and religions of
+mankind; which might be called moral
+ethnography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All these studies become the philosophy
+<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/>
+of history, and shall duly command my
+attention. Some writers neglect them
+altogether; others, like Robertson, do not
+know how to collect and accumulate facts
+instead of systems: Rollin has shown in
+his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although
+he omitted philology and physical
+facts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have studied the men of all the parts
+of the world, in order to know and compare
+them, better than had been done.
+All the errors on the histories of nations,
+proceed commonly from the slender or
+partial views acquired or admitted by the
+writers. There is much to glean on the
+ethnography of modern nations, and therefrom
+we may ascend to ancient ethnography.
+It would be needful to study well the
+physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs;
+the complexions of the skin, hairs and eyes;
+with the casual or permanent varieties.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, above all, we must better study all
+the spoken languages and dialects. It is
+strange that we hardly know anything, and
+sometimes nothing at all, on the languages
+of many existing tribes, with whom we have
+intercourse in both Americas. It would
+be desirable to procure at least a vocabulary
+of 100 essential words, in each. Such
+words, including the cardinal numbers, will
+soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of
+<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>
+phonology or sounds of languages, their
+idioms and grammars, their roots, and
+verbs, the alphabets, glyphs and symbols
+used to communicate ideas, will combine
+to furnish the complete knowledge of philology
+as a separate science. Although
+I have not always carried so far my researches;
+I did so for a few, applying
+chiefly myself to the essential features of
+languages; and the unexpected results will
+be surprising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+American anthropography will teach
+that there were men of all sizes, features
+and complexions, in this hemisphere before
+1492: notwithstanding the false assertions
+of many writers, who take one nation
+for the whole American group. The
+Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons,
+&amp;c. were as white as the Spaniards, 50
+such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis,
+the Yaruras, &amp;c., were as black as negroes.
+All the other shades of brown, tawny and
+coppery, were scattered every where.
+There was not a single red man in America,
+unless painted such. Some tribes
+had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &amp;c., others bushy beards.
+The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8 feet
+high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='italic'>Traditions and Annals.</hi> Many
+American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions,
+repeated from fathers to sons; or communicated
+<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/>
+orally by the priests, chiefs or
+elderly men. Many are preserved yet to
+this day, by frequent repetitions, being
+embodied in songs, hymns, maxims, tales,
+drawings, or even symbolic figures and
+signs. Many of those traditions are precious
+for history, notwithstanding the fables,
+allegories, metaphors, personifications,
+&amp;c., which partly conceal them or render
+the meaning obscure. We must learn to
+decipher them as we do old inscriptions
+and medals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Although many such are now nearly lost
+for us, by the extinction of the living books,
+who kept the remembrance: there are
+many already collected, and of which we
+ought to make a good use. But there are
+as many more, which have never been
+collected nor printed. I have collected
+many such in North America in manuscript.
+It often happens that the American
+tribes will not communicate them to their
+foes or oppressors; but their friends and
+allies may hope to receive the deposit of
+them. Every enlightened traveller ought
+to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet
+after being acquired, they are sometimes
+lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them
+equally as <hi rend='italic'>Indian Stories</hi>, because they
+despise the ancient American race. There
+are, however, as yet many historical songs,
+poems and tales to collect among all the
+American tribes, which falling in good
+<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>
+hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects
+or destroys them acts as a vandal.
+Malcolm has said at the outset of his history
+of Persia, that we ought never to
+neglect the original notions of a people on
+its origin, or early history, since therein is
+found the germ and spring of their subsequent
+conduct, actions and opinions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished
+or forgotten traditions, whereof
+I shall avail myself in all my historical
+annals and researches. I consider those
+of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis,
+Shawanis, Cados, Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas,
+Apalachians, &amp;c., as highly important
+for the annals of North America. The
+same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &amp;c., for
+Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in
+South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians,
+Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='italic'>Chronology and Astronomy.</hi> These
+two sciences always go together, and form
+a double key of history. The American
+chronology is by no means fixed before
+1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve
+and compare all the heterogenous
+dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt
+to elucidate it gradually; but may often be
+compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely
+<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/>
+referred to a series of gradual facts. In
+Austral America, we are told that none
+had notions of astronomy and dates, except
+the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe
+that their oral traditions have been
+neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Peru, there are many positive dates,
+yet I was the first to reduce them to chronological
+order. In Brazil and Guyana,
+but few dates are found. The Muyzcas
+had very early dates, yet few have been
+preserved; much obscured by personifications
+of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins
+their real annals only in 1490, or 45 years
+before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles
+the dates are quite loose, and difficult to
+reduce even to a serial order.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But in Central and Mexican America,
+we find many early dates with a regular
+chronology. Yet some are extravagant or
+contradictory. I shall endeavour to elucidate
+them, so as to reduce the whole to
+order. They must form the base of a
+regular American chronology, that ascends
+by dates to the flood and creation. In
+Yucatan the first regular date only reach
+to 940 after Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In North America, where the smallest
+number of dates existed; we have unexpectedly
+and quite lately, found that many
+ancient dates could be procured. Cusick
+has published those of the Ongwi traditions,
+<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>
+and I have ascertained those of the Linapis.
+Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available
+dates as early as 1600 years before our
+era; thus nearly as ample as those of the
+TOL-tecas, and as plain in some instances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized
+nations of ancient America. They
+had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and
+13 solar years. Humboldt has well written
+on that subject; but much remains to
+be gleaned. The northern tribes reckon
+by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians,
+&amp;c., and by winters instead of years,
+moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America,
+&amp;c. the months were of 20 days,
+including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians
+had months of 27 days, or 3 weeks
+of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas
+small weeks of 3 days, &amp;c. No where in
+ancient America, was found the sabatical
+week of days, based on the 7 planets and
+the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is remarkable,
+as evincing a remote antiquity,
+and separation before this week was adopted
+in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas
+reckoned only 365 days in the solar
+year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then
+they added the hours to the year. This
+forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas
+had a very complicated astronomy, and
+three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons.
+The horal division unknown in many parts of
+America, was of 4 hours in the day for the
+Muyzcas and Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10
+and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of
+12 signs with 360 degrees were not known.
+The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with
+astronomy. A complete decimal numeration
+was known to all the civilized American
+nations, and even to the northern tribes.
+The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the
+manual mode; there are traces also of a
+binary numeration, the most simple of all:
+while others had complex calculations by
+13 and by 20 or scores. We find no trace
+of any by 7, and but slight indications of a
+ternary numeration by 3 and 9. All these
+American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the <emph>binary</emph>, by two or pairs;
+and the quinary or manual by the five fingers,
+of which the decimal is the double,
+and by 20 the quadruple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. <hi rend='italic'>Languages.</hi> They are becoming one
+of the most important aids in history. When
+the annals are ample and clear, the examination
+of the languages is merely a supplement
+to historical knowledge; but when
+they are obscure, mutilated or totally lost;
+languages then supply more or less to their
+defects or loss. Their comparative study
+furnish us new lights to ascertain the origines,
+parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances,
+<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/>
+wars, &amp;c., of the nations thus deprived
+of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect
+annals or the fabulous traditions. This
+study may lead besides to trace the manners,
+religions, intercourse, arts and sciences
+of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture
+of the civilization, acquired or borrowed
+knowledge, modes of life, &amp;c. of each.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is above all in both Americas that this
+study is indispensable in historical researches:
+I will therefore apply to languages
+in all cases, and make constant use of them;
+and they will unfold new facts quite unknown,
+although very important, Historical
+lights shall thereby be thrown on many
+obscure subjects, whence astonishing and
+unexpected results may spring, in which I
+shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By taking into view all the American
+languages or as many as are already known,
+we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd
+systems of philosophers and philologists,
+who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed <emph>all the Americans</emph>,
+as many Jews, or Tartars, or Atlantes,
+or sprung from the ground, and so on.
+Now the fact is that these writers have never
+taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce
+them to groups, and seek their affinities
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/>
+
+<p>
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without
+proof, that nearly 1200 languages existed
+in America. Balbi has reduced them
+to 423, of which 212 in South America;
+but they can be much further reduced, most
+of them being mere dialects. The whole
+may be comprised in 25 groups of languages,
+or even less; which were certainly
+identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years ago:
+and all of which have astonishing affinities
+with the groups of the eastern hemisphere,
+so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000
+years ago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few
+hundred examples of such analogies: and
+the systematic writers have supposed that
+they had exhausted the comparisons. Yet
+a single language, the Chilian, has by itself
+more affinities with the languages of Europe,
+than all those mentioned by Vater and
+others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic
+affinities of American languages,
+vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to
+the nations. If we suppose that there are
+400 languages in America, and as many in
+the eastern hemisphere, and each to have
+about 2000 roots or essential words only;
+while the mean affinities are only 25 per
+cent: we shall find as many as 200,000
+affinities! out of America, in every American
+language; and in all the 400, as many
+as 80 millions! instead of the paltry reckoning
+of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible
+<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>
+of mathematical proofs, and shall be
+unfolded gradually in these pages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The theory about the common exclusive
+grammatical structure of all the American
+languages, is equally erroneous and based
+upon partial facts. Instead of all the
+American languages being polysynthetic by
+amalgamating words, we find in America
+many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words
+prevails more or less in Europe and Africa;
+chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek,
+Berber and other Atlantic dialects, the
+Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the
+Sanscrit and all the derived languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It had been asserted that no American
+language was monosylabic: yet Balbi states
+that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera
+has lately proved the same of the
+Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such
+American groups of languages. But there
+are more; nay many American languages
+have monosylabic roots, even among the
+most amalgamated groups.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most obvious grammatical classification
+of American languages, has escaped
+the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the
+epithetic structure, or relative position of
+ideas. Under this view all the languages
+arrange themselves in three great classes
+or groups. 1. Regular, 2. Resupinate,
+3. Mixt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>The Regular</hi> is the most simple and
+natural form: where the roots or nouns are
+<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>
+prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives,
+expressing epithetes or qualities follow or
+are added. This group includes in the
+Eastern Continent 1. All the Semetic languages,
+Arabic, Hebrew, &amp;c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All
+the Celtic and Cantabrian languages. 4.
+All the Polynesian and Malay languages.
+5. The Bhotiya and many languages of
+Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages.
+7. Yakut of Siberia, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America this group includes my groups
+1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3. Capaha.
+4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related
+thereto in North-west America, the Kaluchi,
+Mandan, &amp;c. 6. All the Guarani
+languages of South America, and perhaps
+many others, Mayna, Mobima, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>The Resupinate or Reflexed Group</hi>:
+where the roots or nouns substantive are
+reversed, following the adjective or epithetes,
+which are prefixed. This second
+mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In
+all the Teutonic languages German, Swede,
+English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian,
+Greek and Slavonic languages. 4.
+In all the Turkish languages of Turan,
+Bokhara, Turkey. 5. The Newari of Imalaya.
+6. The Qua or Hottentot of South
+Africa.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America, it is the most prevailing form,
+found in my groups 1. Linni or Linapis.
+2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican
+<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>
+and Othomi languages. 4. Chontal.
+5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North
+America,&mdash;and in South America. 6. Chili.
+7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many
+more: although hardly indicated by the
+philologists.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Mixt Form</hi>, which employs or adopts
+more or less the two former modes; although
+there is always a prevailing form, that indicates
+the original mode of uniting ideas.
+This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit
+and all derived languages. 2. In the Zend
+and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin,
+Italian, French, Spanish, Greek. 4. The
+Japanese, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While in America it is found 1. In the
+Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3. The
+Peruvian languages, &amp;c. of South America,
+and in North America. 4. The Atalan.
+5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This comparative classification of languages,
+will greatly help future investigations.
+It will show the improbability of the
+two opposite modes of annexing ideas having
+been entertained, by the same people at
+any time; while the mixt form evinces amalgamations
+of ancient nations. We have
+thus acquired another clue to trace primitive
+connections, another available mean
+to pursue the human steps on earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. <hi rend='italic'>Religions and Mythologies.</hi> The
+human opinions on the past and future form
+<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/>
+every where ample themes of thoughts and
+actions. From revelations, inspirations,
+oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled,
+have arisen all the worships, and rites, dogmas
+and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The
+history of religious ideas, is in fact the history
+of civilization, since they have sprung
+together in social men. Nearly all the religions
+of Asia (which from hence have
+spread throughout the earth along with
+mankind) were found in America: except
+the modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism
+and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism
+hardly known. Christianity or some
+of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and
+may arise from other sources. The most
+prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism,
+Solar worship, Polytheism, Dualism
+or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal
+worship. We find throughout America
+many modifications of these creeds: with
+several complex mythologies, more or less
+analogous to eastern dogmas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The investigation of these American religions
+affords not only an insight into the
+ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient
+communications with Asia or Africa.
+Throughout North America the Dualism,
+mythologies and fabulous traditions point to
+a connexion with Tartary. In Florida,
+Mexico and Yucatan, begin to appear the
+<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>
+Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry foreign
+to it. This Solar worship appears in a
+purer form in North America, as far as Peru.
+While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and
+Chili, prevailed several worships of heavenly
+and terrestial spirits; somewhat akin to
+the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe,
+Iran, India, China and Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+American religions admitted, like many
+others, of Priests, oracles, temples, shrines,
+pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration
+for animals, men and stars. Idols
+painted or sculptured in wood, pottery,
+stone, metals, &amp;c.; bloody rites by human
+sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &amp;c.
+But none of these practices were general,
+some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the
+Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis of Tucuman,
+&amp;c. Traces of a triple god or
+Indian Trimurti have been met from Ohio
+to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing
+religion. As the same idea was found
+among the Celts and Polynesians, it may
+have come by the east rather than Polynesia
+in the west.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. <hi rend='italic'>Civilization and Manners.</hi> This
+completes the history of all nations. When
+their annals are well known, it becomes a
+very proper appendix to them; when they
+are not, it is a very needful supplement to
+the traditions, &amp;c. But we must not make
+any history consist merely in such an account,
+<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>
+as often done by negligent writers.
+The manners and customs of every people,
+are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or
+improved by civilization, imitation, arts and
+sciences, &amp;c.; that they cannot afford any
+test of connections. They are often borrowed,
+from neighbors or strangers, disused
+after awhile by whims or wars, invented to
+suit the climate and productions it may
+afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified
+the customs of all the tribes they conquered
+or visited. This must have happened formerly
+also, by other visits or communications.
+Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty
+of the origin and duration of the primitive
+American customs, they must be studied,
+as one of the sources and objects of history.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all
+the forms of social civilization and manners
+of the east. But the Nomadic life with
+camels, oxen and sheep, was unknown, as
+well as those animals. The American
+cattle or lamas, &amp;c. of South America,
+hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of
+Mexico, deers of Florida, buffalos of Taos,
+were kept by sedentary civilized tribes.
+The Nomadic wandering tribes of America
+were chiefly hunters and fishermen: scattered
+around the agricultural nations,
+spreading from Canada to Chili.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the kinds of governments were known
+in America: Theocracy, despotism, monarchy,
+oligarchy, and democracy. But
+<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>
+the most prevailing were theocracy among
+the civilized nations, oligarchy among the
+barbarous nations: with two peculiar modifications,
+of double kings as among Arabs,
+civil and military; and chiefs of families
+or tribes, as among all primitive nations.
+Queens were known to but few tribes, although
+the female line was often hereditary.
+Written laws and codes were known to the
+Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas,
+Panos, Peruvians, &amp;c. Oral laws were
+elsewhere preserved by priests or magistrates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes
+or castes, but was not universal. The 4
+castes of Indians are distinctly found in
+nearly all the civilized nations, often modified
+into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves.
+The arts of music, medicine, smithery,
+painting, sculpture, architecture, agriculture,
+pottery, &amp;c., were well known to
+nearly all. The sciences of geometry,
+geography, botany, astronomy, &amp;c., were
+cultivated from Mexico to Peru, even
+taught in schools and colleges; with the
+arts, the laws, the rites, and history of the
+country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Marsden has well distinguished several
+degrees of civilization in Asia. If no American
+nation had reached the Greeks and
+Romans, or our modern polished and improved
+civilization; it is not extraordinary.
+But the Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Talascas, &amp;c., were nearly
+<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>
+equal to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus
+in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century:
+nay, in some things superior. The
+second degree of American civilization
+found in Chili, Florida, Cumana, the Antilles,
+Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &amp;c.
+was equal to that of the Arabs, Malays,
+Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &amp;c. While
+the third degree found in all the barbarous
+nations, Innuit or Esquimaux, Shoshonis,
+Caribs, Brazilians, &amp;c. was not worse
+than what we find among the Fins, Laplanders,
+Tartars, Sames, Negroes and
+Hottentots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Individual property in land was almost
+unknown in America; but feodal and tribal
+property well understood. Common property
+of tribes and villages over their territories,
+was the most usual tenure, modified
+by wars, conquests, tributes. Individual
+property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages
+and funerals were very different in every
+nation. The weapons of war were clubs,
+arrows, darts, lances, axes, Macana swords,
+Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses,
+thronged balls, &amp;c. as elsewhere. There
+was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts,
+walls, ditches, were used for defence, besides
+<foreign rend='italic'>Estopils</foreign> a peculiar quilted armor.
+Flags, banners, and standards were known.
+The calumets, leaves or green feathers,
+<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>
+council fires, and white flags were emblems
+of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption
+of tribes and prisoners. Slavery was
+hardly known; but vassalage much extended
+over conquered tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various.
+Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North
+America. In tropical America many
+tribes went nearly naked, with a mere
+apron or pagne of cotton or grass cloth.
+But the civilized nations were decently
+clothed with cotton shirts and feather mantles.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> is a true American
+dress known from Mexico to Chili, hardly
+known out of America except Polynesia.<note place='foot'>The
+<foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> is a long strip of cloth,
+with a hole in the middle for the head, the
+ends hanging before and behind, often fastened
+on the sides. It was used by the
+ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite
+convenient by the Spanish colonists, and
+is very becoming when ornamented.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns.
+They made cloths of lama wool in Peru;
+of cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &amp;c.
+there and elsewhere; either twisted, plaited
+or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians
+had a peculiar loom and plough. Cotton
+looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and
+all over South America, even by the Caribs
+to make hamacs or hanging beds.
+Among some nations women had the most
+labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons,
+&amp;c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike
+employed vassals or slaves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Painting the body or face, was usual
+among many nations, but not general. It
+<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/>
+was useful against heat and flies, or was
+used to inspire love or terror. Ornaments
+to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs,
+&amp;c., were more or less adopted by men
+and women. The hair was usually worn
+long; but many tribes cut it in various
+ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by
+many tribes, and totally eradicated; but
+some tribes wore beards. The head was
+often left uncovered; but hats were worn
+in the N. W. and Central America, turbans
+in Paria and Florida, feather crowns
+in the tropics, <foreign rend='italic'>Lautas</foreign> or diadem-bands in
+Peru and the Andes. Shoes and gloves
+were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of
+various substances, commonly used; with
+singular snow shoes of bark in winter by
+northern tribes.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter III.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>American Cataclysms</hi> <hi rend='italic'>or Considerations
+on the Periods of American Geogony,
+Ontogony, Floods, and ancient
+population &amp;c. of both Americas.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+History does not merely consist in accumulating
+facts: these constitute the annals
+of empires; but the real philosophical history
+has a nobler aim. It seeks results,
+teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy
+the foes of mankind, and inspires
+veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be
+followed, and records the crimes to be
+avoided.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The several departments of history that
+are distinguished as biography, civil and
+ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical
+surveys of mankind, comparative philology,
+archeology, chronology, mythology, &amp;c.
+All combine to instruct and amuse, to record
+the past and present, and to lead to better
+future actions, an improved social order.
+The nations often forget the wise lessons of
+time and experience; but they are continually
+recalled to memory and view by the
+historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national
+prejudices, present the faithful mirror
+of history to the eyes of posterity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such is my aim. American history has
+<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>
+been so much despised or perverted, that
+few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet
+it affords ample scope for reflection, study
+and admiration. Nearly one half of the
+habitable globe, during all the past ages,
+cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom
+and philanthropy: that mutual benevolence
+of mankind, which ought ever to be
+felt; but is so often discarded or forgotten
+through the contrary tendencies of pride,
+lust, cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The connections of historical facts with
+all the sciences, afford another useful theme;
+that may vastly increase our comparative
+knowledge: much of it has arisen, besides
+observation, from accurate comparison,
+analysis and generalization, which combine
+to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its
+branches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to
+the most remote periods of existence and
+life in this hemisphere, we find it like the
+remainder of the globe, immersed under
+the Ocean. There, in the depths of the
+briny waves, the actual rocks now supporting
+the dry soil, were formed and matured:
+superposed and intermingled by aquatic and
+volcanic phenomena and cataclysms, if not
+by superadded aerial depositions. Then
+were formed the primitive strata of America,
+ere life had begun to vivify the waters;
+then were cast the Porphyries, Granites,
+<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>
+Shales, Basalts, and other primitive or volcanic
+rocks, that are now chiefly found in
+Boreal and Western America, the Andes,
+Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and
+Boreal Islands, Hayti and the Antilles.
+This was the first period of terrestial Creation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this period of unknown length, began
+the epocha of aquatic life; when the
+breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave
+life and motion to organized aquatic beings;
+1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and Alcyonites,
+3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms
+and radials, 5. Sluggs and shells, 6. Mollusca
+and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and
+Crustacites.... All incipient vegetating
+beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the
+Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and
+Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles; lastly, 10.
+Seals and whales. Some of which require
+shallow water, to dwell and breed.... This
+was the second period of American Creation:
+<hi rend='italic'>Aquatic life</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The third epocha is that of the destruction
+of aquatic life, by cataclysms and depositions,
+submarine volcanic cavernous
+eruptions or other causes, throwing suddenly
+in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances
+that have formed the secondary
+mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &amp;c., that overwhelmed
+the aquatic tribes in their way;
+<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>
+which becoming therein entombed as living
+medals of this globe, declare to us these
+mighty successive cataclysms or floods of
+sand, clay, lime and coal; now met in vast
+regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands;
+the hills and plains of Brazil, Chili, East
+Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This
+was the second period of terrestrial formation
+in America, the third of successive
+eventful periods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fourth must have been the rise of
+the land above the waters, if not already
+partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial
+upheaving and distortion of strata, by an
+awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific,
+or of growing crystalization; forming
+mountains and islands, raising them
+above the Ocean; to become the nucleus
+of future Continents. The American hemisphere
+had then probably two great islands,
+in the North and South, with many smaller
+islands between them, in the tropical sea:
+the Alleghany and Atlantis forming two
+others in the east, and many others studding
+the two polar regions. The insulated
+mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua
+and the long valley of Choco, must then
+have formed another Island of the Antilles.
+Guyana or Parima was also another large
+island: while Brazil was a vast peninsula
+attached to the Andes. I have endeavored
+to express this first configuration of
+America in my two maps of North and
+<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>
+South America; when the Ocean was yet
+about 500 feet higher than it is actually.
+Whether this cataclysm was contemporaneous
+throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This
+was the fourth period of terrestrial events
+in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the dry land had appeared, the
+creative power of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth
+into life, Plants and Flowers, Trees and
+Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals,
+1. Worms and Slugs, 2. Insects and
+Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds
+and Fowls, 5. Beasts and Bats. Streams
+began to flow, valleys were excavated in
+the soft or yielding strata by heavy tides
+and powerful streams: then the fishes of
+the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the
+streams and lakes. A few shell and other
+aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of
+terrestrial events; that of terrestrial life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meantime the land was continuing to
+rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry soil was
+extending: land volcanoes began to appear
+in the Andes and elsewhere, overwhelming
+some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes
+had new paroxysms, slaty mud involved
+terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand
+was forming tertiary strata on the shores,
+involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and
+<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>
+fishes.... This was the sixth period of terrestrial
+events, that of land volcanoes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After all these; mankind was created
+by <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>, and appeared as lord of the earth,
+and the complement of living creation....
+This may be deemed another Period, if we
+like; although it was but the complement of
+the terrestrial living productions, begun in
+the 5th, and probably proceeding in the 6th.
+Where the first man or men appeared and
+dwelt, is unknown or very dubious. Asia
+is commonly deemed the first dwelling of
+mankind, and Central Asia or Thibet the
+cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &amp;c., claim the same
+honor. But few authors have placed this
+cradle in America, and even then not for
+the <hi rend='italic'>Adamites</hi>. Yet America had some
+inhabitants before the flood, if we are to
+believe the concurrent traditions of many
+American nations; who keep the memory
+of it, and point to their refuges.<note place='foot'>E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name
+given by Moses to the first men, pronounced
+since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also
+ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female.
+The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent:
+although the commentators have blended
+them, as they have the floods, days and
+other things. Our bible translation of early
+events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist
+or Jewish version with points is not
+correct, being in a late dialect: the true
+text of Moses which I follow, has no points,
+but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+between consonants.</note>
+
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we
+know little or nothing: their traces are few
+and uncertain. It would be otherwise if
+we could identify them with the anti-diluvian
+<hi rend='italic'>Atlantes</hi>, or find their diluvial remains.
+The skeletons found in Guadaloupe,
+and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions
+of American philosophical society
+1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been
+buried there; like the mummies of many
+American caves. Some of the American
+<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>
+mounds have appeared anti-diluvian; but
+the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal
+character. The town of log houses lately
+found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian
+soil, cannot be so remote; the soil
+instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial.
+All the facts on these remote times, shall
+be hereafter collected, presented and examined
+carefully.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, has been presented by geological
+results, a rapid sketch of the American
+periods, to the birth of mankind. These
+6 periods or <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign>, are well ascertained as
+to succession; but their duration is unknown:
+and each of them includes several
+subordinate periods; which it is not needful
+to investigate in these outlines. The works
+on geology may be consulted if required.
+These 6 <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign> or great periods do not
+answer exactly to the 6 <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign> or manifestations
+of the mosaic cosmogony, since
+geogony begins only with the 3d, ending
+with the 5th.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving
+our attention, and susceptible of
+the deepest philosophical commentary, as
+they mainly agree with all the detected
+facts. But there are at least 3 accounts
+of the creation or cosmogony in the <foreign rend='italic'>Sepher</foreign>
+or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of
+Moses in chapter 2d of Genesis from verse
+4 to 25; in both, no <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign>, days nor periods
+are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account
+<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>
+of chapter 1st. ending only at ch. 2,
+v. 3. Even in this usual account more
+than 7 periods can be found, including
+heaven, earth and men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with
+his own names, very different from the subsequent
+Jewish names, in various dialects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Period of time or Yum.</hi> BRA-SHITH
+Real beginning or Real Supreme
+Being producing <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aleim</hi> the Angels,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shmim</hi>
+Heavens, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Artz</hi> Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> THEU-UBEU Chaos, and
+THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> AUR Essence of celestial light
+or Ether. First divine manifestation of
+<hi rend='italic'>Mshe</hi> or Moses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion
+of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Sea and dry land, upheaving
+of land over the waters, or subsiding of the
+ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Sun and Moon appearance by
+a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Fishes and Fowls, &amp;c. 5th.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Beasts and cattle, with ADM
+mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zxr</hi> male, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nkbe</hi> female. 6th.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Shbioi</hi> seventh manifestation,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aleim</hi> became IEUE Jehovah, the living-self-with-self,
+the supreme or powerful self.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> AD emanation, our mist.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> ADM into GN or <hi rend='italic'>Gan.</hi> our
+Eden.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>
+
+<p>
+12. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> OTZ Growth, of lives with
+good and evil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> NER 4 flowing emanations
+or streams.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> ASHE Intellectual man-mate,
+called afterwards EUA living existence,
+our Eve.&mdash;Self-with-life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All these periods should require long
+comments, and discussions, rather physical
+than historical. It is by no means certain
+that the sun and moon are implied in the 6th
+yum. The text says a couple of MARTH
+Centralities EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN
+Self-great-ether greatest and lesser.
+Some have seen here the solar and lunar
+dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might
+be the XRUBIM of later times. The real
+sun and moon may belong to the <foreign rend='italic'>yum</foreign> of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were
+in existence before the foundation of the
+earth, and our astronomy teaches this
+implicitly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation
+takes 4 periods. The grass grows by light
+before the sun had appeared through the
+misty atmosphere, and the fishes come after
+the land and herbs, at the same period with
+fowls. Our actual geology does not confirm
+this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the
+truth.<note place='foot'><p>Geological comments are not here
+required, my business is with mankind.
+Moses calls men beside <foreign rend='italic'>Aish</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anush</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>G'bforeign</foreign>, and women
+<foreign rend='italic'>N'shim</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Itath</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ashe</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ashth</foreign>; which are perhaps as many names
+of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign>, XRBIM <foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign>, &amp;c.
+If these primitive names will offer any analogies
+in America, they shall be thoroughly
+pointed out hereafter. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hue</hi> is the real Eve.
+See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology
+for many other human beings, or early
+tribes. But it may be well to add here the
+names of the beings of the 7th and 8th
+Yums which we all deem animals, although
+there are indications to the contrary.
+</p>
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> The MIM waters produced
+SH'R'TZ production&mdash;translated reptile!
+No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF,
+Fowl, made to come from waters, and their
+motion. LOUF'F means both flying and
+flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But
+ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI
+NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having
+a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This
+fine word <hi rend='italic'>soul</hi> has been translated creature.
+</p>
+<p>
+8. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> The earth produces with soul
+BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24.
+R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes?
+HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The <hi rend='smallcaps'>Beme</hi>
+are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these
+may be men, over whom Adam was to
+reign, giving them names. Else all these
+animals had real souls like men! The
+fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear
+in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+</p>
+<p>
+Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the
+animals in 3 classes, which represent also
+men! and were personified.
+</p>
+<p>
+1. SH'R'TZ, Production&mdash;Moses.
+LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of
+Poets.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. N'F'SH, Animated&mdash;Moses. OZN or
+Hozan of Poets.
+Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM
+Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong
+winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ,
+aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Beme</hi> and
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Rmsh</hi>, which are the BEMUTH of Job,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Behemoth</hi> of Poets.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many still consider AISH intellectual
+man as the human race, previous to <hi rend='italic'>Adam</hi>,
+father of the Adamites; but the concurrent
+<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>
+proofs are very slender: nor is their posterity
+known; unless <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign> or the snakes,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> or the sons of God,
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Rephains</foreign>
+or giants, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> or apostates,
+be considered as such. Indications of races
+of men different from the Adamites may be
+collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &amp;c.;
+but no positive connected account has ever
+been made out as yet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Hareth</foreign>
+or <hi rend='italic'>Satan</hi> of the
+Bible, is identic with the <foreign rend='italic'>Nagas</foreign> (snakes)
+of the Hindus, the <foreign rend='italic'>Zabul</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Dives</foreign>, (devils)
+of Iran, evidently men, and foes of the
+Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America
+the satanic notions will be seen in the
+respective account of religions. They
+often assume in this hemisphere the appearance
+of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire
+malignant being. But the nations of the
+Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called <foreign rend='italic'>Ako</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>N'akho</foreign>
+very similar with <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Nagas</foreign>.
+They assert that they were created by the
+Evil Spirit, were always foes of real men;
+that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring
+was formed.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Linapi Traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ALEIM, <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign> or
+angels of the Hebrew were instead sons of
+God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation
+of the earth; while Job ascribes it to
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eloah</foreign>, the real God. Herder has said
+<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/>
+that we shall never understand well the
+mosaic history, until we ascertain who
+were these <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign><note place='foot'>The
+Cherubim were deemed Angels,
+but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion,
+ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing
+those names, or the 4 primitive castes
+of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring
+caste, the lion to the militant caste.</note>
+dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to
+clear the matter; meantime it may be
+stated that they appear to be the HO-LO
+of anti-diluvian Chinese history, or LO-LO
+of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also
+the celestial emperors beginning the history
+of China: the <foreign rend='italic'>Alorus</foreign> first dynasty of Assyria
+before the flood: the <foreign rend='italic'>Ang</foreign>-ELOS and
+P'EL of the Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO
+(old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI
+(old men or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians,
+the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians,
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Peris</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Pelis</foreign> of Iran, ancient
+beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the
+Semetic nation have preserved that name
+for God, in EL, <foreign rend='italic'>Allah</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Baal</foreign>, or made of
+it their universal article <foreign rend='italic'>El</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Al</foreign>, meaning
+HE or <hi rend='italic'>the Being</hi>: whence also the Pelagic
+and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &amp;c., the
+Spanish EL. By the frequent usual change
+of L into R, we have ER root found in
+many languages for men: forming the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Heros</foreign> of Greece, sons of God; the HER
+or lords of the Germanic tribes, the <foreign rend='italic'>Seres</foreign>
+of Thibet or ancient Chinese, <foreign rend='italic'>Ergaz</foreign> men
+of the African Atlantes. <foreign rend='italic'>Erk</foreign> man in Turkish
+or Turan Atlantes, akin to <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign>!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America these similar indications are
+widely spread, and among the most ancient
+<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/>
+nations. EL means man in Tolteca
+and Mexican, OL is old and <foreign rend='italic'>Yollo</foreign> a spirit
+or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elohi</foreign> is
+land and spirit in Tzuluki. <foreign rend='italic'>Yol</foreign>
+means <hi rend='italic'>man</hi> in the Atakapa language of
+the Cado or Nachez group. <foreign rend='italic'>Pele</foreign> means
+the same in Lulé of South America; but
+<foreign rend='italic'>Peli</foreign> is soul in Chilian, which approximate
+to <foreign rend='italic'>Peleg</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lelex</foreign>, ancient Pelagian
+tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL,
+TOL, pervade the whole of ancient America,
+and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas
+and TALAS, American Atlantes,
+the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the <foreign rend='italic'>Auto-Toles</foreign>
+or African Atlantes. These lead to
+the giants of both hemispheres or ancient
+men of renown. But the subject must be
+postponed, and will be found resumed in
+the history of Austral and Central America,
+where these atlantes and giants are
+found.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Returning from this digression; we may
+resume the geological periods of America
+previous to mankind, in the six successive
+epochas, already mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before
+life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After which begins the human period,
+till the flood. The question whether man
+<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/>
+or men appeared together, or before or
+after, in both hemispheres; must be left
+undecided. Some writers have even placed
+<hi rend='italic'>Eden</hi> the GN of Moses in America and
+the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the
+Imalaya mountains, valleys and plains, are
+higher than the Andes, older in geological
+series, and more suitable for human life,
+not being volcanic: it is extremely probable
+that they were the cradle of mankind,
+rather than America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet men reached America before the
+flood, and were here at this eventful period.
+But we are ignorant of the precise way they
+came, and how they reached this land
+which was then only a group of large islands,
+unless North America was united to
+Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable.
+The clearest traditions point to the east,
+Africa and Europe then united at the
+Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis
+as a stepping place. The Mexican traditions
+point to Asia, by two different opposite
+quarters, the east and the north west. The
+Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although
+earlier, came the same way, and
+over the ice of Behring Strait, after its
+disruption. The Hongwis came the same
+way, although they boast of being Autochtones,
+as did the Greeks, which we know
+in both instances to be false.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Nachez nations say they came from
+the east. The Olmecas or earliest people
+<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/>
+of Anahuac point that way also; although
+both speak of an American flood. The
+Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern
+origin, like all the Aruac nations; but remembered
+the flood and parceling of the
+islands. The Carib nations appear postdiluvians
+and the last come in South America;
+yet the Tamanacs one of the group speak
+of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from
+Africa after the flood. It is in South
+America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &amp;c.,
+that a positive memory was found of several
+floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes,
+which gave refuge to several tribes.
+Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North
+Africa and the shores of the Mediteranean;
+while many invasions of foreign later nations
+are recorded, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts
+of the American flood, will be carefully
+collected and given. This will form
+the first period of human history in America,
+extending to 2262 years at least, according
+to the computation of the 70; the most
+plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period
+of creation and their main flood: or with
+trifling differences, less than the various
+terms of Josephus and others; but various
+other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly
+sufficient to people America, and fill
+<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>
+it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed
+parents of the Atlantes and Africans.
+They were skilful, powerful and wicked,
+inventing agriculture and arts, building
+cities &amp;c.: while the Sethites invented astronomy,
+letters and dwelt in tents. If the
+American Atlantes were antidiluvian, they
+must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites,
+KIN of Moses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1170 years after Adam, the <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign>
+angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt. Hermon,
+in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar,
+and uniting with the Cainites, gave birth to
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Rephaim</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eliud</foreign>, tribes
+of Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made
+war on the angels and men. They are said
+in the Bible to have gone to <foreign rend='italic'>Sheol</foreign> (the
+lower world or South America) with their
+king Belial: where they were drowned by
+the flood. <hi rend='italic'>See Universal History.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Giants dwelt in <foreign rend='italic'>Talo-tolo</foreign>, the world
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tolo</foreign> of the Hindus, where we find the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tol</foreign>-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America:
+called also <foreign rend='italic'>Atala</foreign> and once sunk in the
+waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek,
+whose Atlantes were also Giants or powerful
+men. The Egregori have been deemed
+the Titans of the Greeks, and Atlas was a
+Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed
+in America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs,
+Chilians, &amp;c. being often such: the term
+Giant must always be understood to refer
+to powerful perverse men. The names of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Rephaim</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> appear unknown in
+<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>
+America, being mere Hebrew epithets for
+giants and apostates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During this primitive period, geological
+and physical changes probably proceeded
+in America. The plains gradually appeared,
+but full of marshes, lakes and wide
+streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles
+and obnoxious animals. Which must
+have assailed mankind and greatly impeded
+their settlements. Although the lives of
+men were perhaps longer than now; yet it
+is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs
+of this period, allude to as many
+Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from
+each other. In this I agree entirely with the
+learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.<note place='foot'>See his learned work, translation and
+paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis:
+wherein the best account of the creation,
+antidiluvian history and flood has been
+given.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals,
+dwelt then on earth; in America several
+species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium,
+megalonyx, hyenas, bears, &amp;c.,
+which prowled in plains and caves. The
+temperature of the earth was higher; little
+clothing was needed. Men were at war
+with beasts, and among themselves. Violence
+predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the <foreign rend='italic'>M'nus</foreign> of the Hindus,
+a patriarch of the Adamites, a prophet
+according to the Arabs, went over the earth
+to preach against this corruption. Not
+being attended to, he foresaw that a great
+calamity would befall for these iniquities,
+and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge
+in Central Asia: where he collected his
+relations and friends. Some say they were
+<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/>
+72, our translations of Moses reduces them
+to 8; but his 3 sons of Noah, are evidently
+as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained
+therefore 4 tribes, including his own,
+and many individuals, besides a multitude
+of animals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I do not give now the history of this
+flood. Before it can be given accurately,
+we must collect all the scattered traditions
+about it, compare them, and omitting all
+fabulous and obviously impossible details,
+form a narrative of the whole facts. The
+notions and traditions of the Americans are
+very various, as they do not always point
+to this flood. We find them asserting that
+men were saved in mountains, or caves, on
+rafts or boats. Few, if any, allude to an
+ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those
+of Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding
+to several floods, and particularly
+the subsequent of Peleg.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most explicit traditions on that score
+are those of the Linapi nations; although
+the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of
+the real Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a
+great flood in Asia: when their nations at
+least was partly saved in <foreign rend='italic'>Tula</foreign> (the turtle
+land) in Central Asia, by the help of a goddess,
+and Noah or <foreign rend='italic'>Nana-bush</foreign>. The men
+were then called <foreign rend='italic'>Linowi</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Linapi</foreign>: two
+other races of men were saved, the <foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign>
+(beings) and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tulapewi</foreign>, turtlings or
+atlantes. Besides these foes the <foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign>
+(strong snakes), <foreign rend='italic'>Nakowa</foreign> (dark
+<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>
+snakes), and the <foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>, monsters
+of the sea; who caused this dire flood.
+These notions are strikingly similar to the
+Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle
+saving mankind at the flood. <foreign rend='italic'>Nana-bush</foreign>
+is evidently Noah, his name means <foreign rend='italic'>Noah-Noah-hare</foreign>,
+or the <hi rend='italic'>Great Noah</hi> and <foreign rend='italic'>Hare</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood,
+do not allude to any ark, but mountains
+were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu
+account is very near the mosaic; but has
+no boat, and many persons were saved.
+The accounts of the Assyrians, Arabs,
+Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts,
+Polynesians, &amp;c. are all different. The
+mosaic account was borrowed from some
+ancient source now forgotten. It is said
+that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting
+the mosaic account from the supernatural
+and the impossible, we obtain the
+real tradition of a great aquatic cataclysm.
+Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption
+of the ocean, attended with volcanic
+floods of waters from the Caspian sea (as
+Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change
+of climate: which overflew the earth or
+most of it; except some <foreign rend='italic'>Thebas</foreign>, refuges
+in mountains, <hi rend='italic'>swimming</hi> over the waters,
+as it were: there some men and tribes,
+many animals, trees and plants were preserved:
+to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this flood, America was left pretty
+<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>
+much as it is now, except that the shores
+were higher yet, many flat plains inundated
+and full of marshes. The Antilles yet united
+in larger islands and perhaps with Cumana.
+The Strait of Choco nearly filled
+up: and diluvial soil, gravel, sand, boulders
+and organic remains scattered over the
+land, the hills, plains and caves. Many
+fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation
+had been destroyed wherever the flood
+went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread
+again. The terrestrial animals and birds
+saved in the mountains, spread themselves
+again over the earth. Mankind in despair
+at the disaster, kept for a long while on
+mountains, and did not occupy again the
+desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Chinese account of this flood, state
+positively that it was attended with a
+change in the length of the year, formerly
+of only 360 days, a change in the seasons,
+an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling
+men to dress in skins and mats.
+Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven
+to the mountains, became very troublesome,
+men being compelled to defend themselves
+against their attacks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the
+Bible, where like Hales and Russel, he
+has at last adopted the computation of the
+Septuagint and Josephus, reckons 5411
+years from Adam to our era, the oriental
+<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>
+Christians reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas,
+reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese
+and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these
+periods; as well as to the second cataclysm
+of the earth; that of Peleg according to
+the Biblists. The only knowledge the Bible
+gives about it, is that the earth was
+split, broken or divided, in the time of the
+patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived
+or lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's
+flood. But David has sung this cataclysm
+in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account
+brings this second flood to the year 2296
+before Christ, or 858 years after the former.
+The Hindu account concealed in many fables
+agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many
+years. It is evidently in date the mistaken
+Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and
+annihilating the place between them. The
+Chinese account distinctly speaks of both,
+the first was under <foreign rend='italic'>Yunti</foreign>, the second under
+<foreign rend='italic'>Yao</foreign>, and 42 emperors are mentioned between
+the two floods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish
+which is meant by the various imperfect
+traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru,
+there are at least two cataclysms mentioned
+by the annals or traditions. Also among
+some northern tribes. The Linapi annals
+or songs allude to the second, which broke
+by volcanoes the <foreign rend='italic'>Lusasaki</foreign> (burnt land)
+<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>
+and separated America or <foreign rend='italic'>Akomenaki</foreign>
+(snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted
+nearly 3000 years from Adam's epocha,
+or 3212 by oriental computation. The
+interval between Adam and Noah ought
+to be called the Adamic period, that between
+Noah and Peleg's floods the Noahic
+period. It was at this last convulsion that
+the earth took its actual form. The Straits
+of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina, Hellespont,
+Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca,
+Sunda, &amp;c., were then formed. The Atlantis
+Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the
+Island Lanca in the Indian Ocean were
+sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries,
+&amp;c. are fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon,
+Madagascar, &amp;c. the fragments of
+Lanca.<note place='foot'><p><hi rend='italic'>Lanca</hi> was according to the Hindus
+a big land under the equator, including
+perhaps the Decan or south of India, then
+separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains,
+now yet a vast level plain; and united
+to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this
+land of <hi rend='italic'>Lanca</hi> that many traditions place
+Adam, with several early events.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Sunda</hi> land was very different, a
+large peninsula south of Asia including
+Java, Sumatra, Borneo &amp;c. Or perhaps
+an island, if Malaca was separated from
+Siam by a strait.</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America, the Boreal islands may have
+been broken, like the British islands of
+Europe. Some suppose that they might
+once join together with Iceland. The Antilles
+were split in the actual form&mdash;Behring
+Strait divided America from Asia.
+The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk.
+The lowlands of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic
+shores were inundated and then
+partly left dry by huge volcanic tides.
+This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having
+at least three great focusses, 1. in the North
+Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean,
+3. In Polynesia or the Pacific Ocean. In
+<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>
+China all the lowlands were overflowed
+and partly overwhelmed. The great Islands
+of Java and Sumatra were formed;
+which formerly were united with Asia and
+several islands in the vicinity, under the
+remembered name of <foreign rend='italic'>Sunda</foreign> land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If mankind had not reached America
+before Noah, it must surely have reached
+it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes
+were in the neighbourhood and bold
+navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then
+various peculiar names, mostly traced in
+America. Twenty American nations have
+distinct remembrance of this splitting of
+American lands and islands; local or partial
+floods, less general and disastrous than
+the former.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to
+animals and vegetables as the former; but
+it must have destroyed them in several
+sunken islands: and have added second
+clysmian strata to the soil of the plains:
+with many volcanic productions, chiefly
+clay and sand, limy and marshy muds.
+The memorials, annals and traditions of
+the American nations are very scanty on
+this period; difficult to be distinguished
+from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced,
+nor distinct in form. The <hi rend='italic'>Linapi</hi> tribes
+had not yet reached America, and dwelt
+in Asia; but by their account the Snake
+tribes <hi rend='italic'>Akowi</hi> went to America in that period,
+<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/>
+led by <hi rend='italic'>Nakopowa</hi> (the Snake priest);
+it is even hinted that they caused this cataclysm
+or at least the separation of Asia and
+America, at <hi rend='italic'>Lusasaki</hi> (burnt land), in order
+to escape their foes, the <hi rend='italic'>Elowi-chik</hi>
+(hunters) of the <hi rend='italic'>Linnapewi</hi>, the original
+manly people.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter IV.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>General View</hi> <hi rend='italic'>of the Ancient and Modern
+Annals of Both Americas.&mdash;european
+Colonies, Modern Fate Of
+Nations, Late Physical Changes, &amp;c.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+After these floods begin the primitive
+annals of mankind in America as elsewhere;
+but still scanty, obscure and involved
+in fables, by personifications of
+tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants,
+fruits or even stones and mountains. The
+origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere
+annals; but the collateral proofs of the
+languages facilitate the enquiry. Those
+who have the most positive facts of primitive
+times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &amp;c.; but commonly
+destitute of dates and correct details. We
+ought not to be surprised at this, since even
+in Asia (except in China,) we possess nothing
+but fragments on those times; while
+the most polished nations of oldest times,
+the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &amp;c. have involved their early histories
+in fables, mythologies and false dates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, whatever might be the early
+origin of the American nations, it may be
+collected from all, that in the ancient periods;
+they were few in number and in
+population; principally confined to some
+<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/>
+peculiar seats of civilization: such as the
+regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac,
+Oaxaca, Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc,
+and Peru. We have positive proofs of
+early empires and splendid monumental
+cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &amp;c.
+in Central America; and in South America
+at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &amp;c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or
+size, were scattered afterwards from the
+Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to
+Chili and Brazil: probably through the
+dispersion and colonization of these early
+empires or states.<note place='foot'>The monumental archeology and history
+of America, is not the least curious.
+Humboldt opened the way; but did little:
+the facts since collected in Central and
+North America, will astonish all the reflecting
+minds, and lead us to times of great
+civilization and prosperity. In the single
+small state of Kentucky, have already been
+found the sites of 200 ancient towns in
+ruins, or having monuments. If as many
+exist in all the neighbourhood, there must
+have been 2000 towns in North America,
+west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+Many earthy remains are gradually
+disappearing under the plough, and will be
+obliterated ere long.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>See</hi> my account of
+monumental sites, published in 1824.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After they had filled the most fruitful or
+suitable regions, carrying with them agriculture,
+domestic animals, religion, laws
+and various graphic systems: they were
+invaded by tribes less civilized; but more
+warlike; principally in North America,
+and in Guyana, Brazil &amp;c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests:
+some of which are recorded in the Apalachian
+region of the United States, in the
+Mexican table land, in Hayti &amp;c. and by
+the Muyzcas, Peruvians &amp;c. further south:
+while in Guyana and Brazil the annals are
+lacking, and the traces of these conflicts
+but faint; yet certified by some traditions
+and the new tribes introduced.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The solar worship prevailed among the
+most civilized nations and empires: that
+of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those
+of the second degree. The least civilized
+<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>
+nations had either adopted the Dualism or
+a mixed religion: while the barbarous
+tribes knew only a kind of <hi rend='italic'>Tao</hi> religion as
+in China,<note place='foot'>The Tao is one of the earliest religions
+of China. It is the personification
+and worship of the powers of nature, the
+earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains,
+lakes, trees &amp;c. The spiritual worship of
+their souls is the purest part of it, while the
+blind material worship of the objects themselves
+is the degradation of it, as in Egypt
+and Guinea.</note> or a fetichism, venerating one
+or many objects of nature. But these four
+main worships, were subject to many fluctuations,
+and diversities: they had often
+degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel
+customs, human sacrifices &amp;c. A kind
+of priesthood was almost universal and
+formed a peculiar caste in many states.
+The legislators and rulers had often been
+priests, and became pontifs as well as
+kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan,
+Cholula, Manazicas &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after
+the floods, the earth had undergone many
+changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the
+subsiding of the sea. Many valleys were
+drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared;
+the shores of the Atlantic from
+New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and
+from La Plata to Magellania, as well as
+those of Peru, Chili &amp;c. were increased
+by the gradual retreat of the sea. The
+great plains of the Mississippi, Oronoc,
+Maranon and Parana were also formed or
+drained of their swamps and morasses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to
+the antecedent antidiluvian period, that
+the real or certain history of the Americans
+begins with many details and dates;
+both in the north and south. It was then
+<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/>
+that the empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans,
+Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas &amp;c.
+were established on the ruins of many anterior
+states. We obtain by the annals
+preserved or recovered of many such nations,
+a tolerable view of this part of their
+history, and even an insight into earlier
+times, when similar revolutions must have
+happened. If many states or nations rose
+and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the
+other: it was a common fate with others
+in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia.
+But we may hope to rescue their names if
+not their deeds, from total oblivion, by
+seeking their monuments, and the fragments
+of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this period some American nations
+rose to a degree of splendor and civilization,
+with knowledge of arts and sciences,
+little inferior to Greeks and Romans; and
+superior to the European nations of the
+middle ages, even down to 1492: quite
+equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems
+of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient
+to transmit knowledge in books,
+schools and inscriptions. This high civilization
+was not merely confined to Mexico
+and Peru, as often erroneously supposed;
+but was scattered from the Apalachis and
+Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south of
+Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/>
+
+<p>
+Although war and slavery prevailed in
+many parts, they were modified by the
+usage of adoption for individuals and whole
+tribes, mutual alliances, confederacies &amp;c.:
+while slavery was changed into a feodal
+vassalage. The feodal system and the
+castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest
+time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient
+annals of America, present us with the
+soothing view of wise legislators, who gave
+civilization and happiness to millions for
+ages, and conquered by deeds of peace.
+Such were most of the conquests of the
+Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos
+&amp;c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis,
+Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory
+and deeds, dwelling on them with more
+pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To them the Americans were indebted
+for their policy, diplomacy, alliances, agriculture
+and knowledge, with the peculiar
+happy mode of holding the land in common
+or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be
+traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams,
+manioc, banana, gourds, beans, and 100
+other cultivated plants and fruits. The
+Mexicans had even botanic gardens and
+<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/>
+pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans.
+The universities of Cuzco, Tunca,
+Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &amp;c.
+were founded earlier than the European
+universities by such benefactors of mankind;
+and 112 domestic animals had been
+tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be
+reckoned.<note place='foot'>See my Memoir on the Domestic
+Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic
+Journal, where the names of all are
+given. But I have collected a few more
+since.</note>
+</p>
+
+<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2.2cm} p{2.7cm} p{2cm}';
+             tblcolumns: 'lw(17) lw(15) lw(15)'">
+<row><cell></cell><cell>In the W. Hemisphere.</cell>
+     <cell>In the Eastern.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Quadrupeds</cell><cell>33 kinds</cell><cell>only 25 kns.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Birds</cell><cell>32</cell><cell>25</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Reptiles</cell><cell>15</cell><cell>10</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Fishes</cell><cell>12</cell><cell>10</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Insects</cell><cell>8</cell><cell>4</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Shells and worms</cell><cell>12</cell><cell>6</cell></row>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The modern history of America since
+1492 presents a multitude of events with
+regular dates: but the historians of these
+later times instead of dwelling upon the
+native nations, appear to notice them merely
+<hi rend='italic'>en passant</hi>! while relating at length the
+discoveries, conquests and wars of the European
+adventurers and colonists.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not thus that we are to notice them;
+but as equal nations. Now that after four
+ages, these colonies are also become independent
+nations, and begin to nurse American
+feelings, we ought to feel for them,
+and reveal the truth. It is not number
+nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar
+manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North
+<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/>
+American tribes, is the best known by peculiar
+fragments; but similar fragments
+may be collected on many other tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader
+of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came
+the ferocious gold hunters of Castille; who
+in their greedy search after golden wealth,
+trampled under foot, both religion and humanity.
+They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from
+Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were
+checked at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa,
+Santa Marta &amp;c. They overthrew
+many flourishing states, and erected over
+them a slavish colonial fabric, soon after
+sunk in sloth and ignorance.<note place='foot'>By admixture with American women,
+the Spaniards formed a mixed race in
+Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &amp;c.;
+called Cholas, Mestizos &amp;c.; which partook
+of the qualities and vices of both
+races; few great men have been produced
+by them; although we know of some
+exceptions. Lavega one of the best American
+historians was son of a Peruvian
+princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the
+Spaniards having no women, took Guarani
+concubines, and all their offsprings were of
+mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos
+of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi
+women. These instances, and the production
+of mulatoes subsequently, teach us
+how some former nations were born in
+America.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were
+the cause of their ruin and subjugation by
+the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches
+Tayronas, Poyays, Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians
+&amp;c. withstood forever their utmost efforts,
+and never were conquered. The happy
+states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca, Hayti,
+Cuba &amp;c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful
+friendly disposition; being cruelly betrayed
+and desolated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the
+Portuguese, where a bastard tribe of Mamalucos
+were born; who sought for slaves
+and gold, from Guayana to Paraguay, and
+destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy
+freebooters, came the rabble of
+pirates and buccaneers to revenge American
+<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/>
+wrongs, upon the Spaniards and Portuguese
+by deeds of cruelty. Thus was
+America flooded with blood, and groaning
+in tears for nearly three centuries. But
+even these horrible deeds were not the
+only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another
+continent was overrun, to supply
+stronger hands, and Africa was made to
+contribute millions of slaves to swell American
+population, or sink there to premature
+death under the lashing scourge of cruel
+tasks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing
+to partake of the American spoils, went in
+search of wealth all over the shores of this
+continent. Not satisfied with mere trading
+colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy
+some weak points, with or without the
+consent of the nations. The Dutch settled
+in Brazil, Surinam, Curazao and New York.
+The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida,
+Hayti, the Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil;
+but have gradually lost all those colonies,
+except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The English nation, more daring, steady
+and lucky, occupied with their auxiliaries,
+the Scotch and Irish, some points of the
+Atlantic shores, many Carib Islands &amp;c.:
+by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller
+islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried
+<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>
+their quarrels over the ocean, and endeavored
+to destroy each other. Laterly
+among them arose in North America the
+holy flame of freedom and independence,
+which has been travelling and spreading
+throughout the continent, ever since.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But among these contending colonies and
+slaving plantations, how were the owners
+of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas!
+seldom with justice&mdash;Popes and kings gave
+away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing
+themselves of this doubtful right, bought
+with trifling presents the good will of some
+tribes, or drove them away by force. Thus
+were settled most of the American colonies;
+except a few, attempted in a spirit of religion
+and peace.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his
+name! gave the example of reducing unsubdued
+tribes to peaceful allies, by words
+and deeds of peace and piety, and Tezutlan
+thus reduced by him was called Verapaz.
+When the Spanish and Portuguese freebooters
+were sunk in wealth and sloth;
+they found it very convenient to employ
+the Jesuits and other monks to subdue for
+them whole tribes and nations, by this easy
+mode. In North America, Roger Williams
+and William Penn, blessed be their
+names! settled colonies without strife, and
+by mere good will towards the owners of
+the soil. But every where the foes or
+successors of these missionaries of peace,
+<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had
+made. Unjust wars were the natural consequence,
+in which the rightful party, did
+not often prevail, being overpowered by
+strength and cunning.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meantime the independent period opens
+a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate
+and become free. Seventeen years
+afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl
+the standard of broken chains. Between
+1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America
+shakes the weak power of Spain. In
+1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an
+American empire. Slavery is abolished
+in all the Spanish states, only retained in
+the colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In
+1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually
+excluded from many states of N. America,
+at early periods; but others from Virginia
+to Louisiana are tenacious of these unholy
+and dangerous bonds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now, the native American tribes within
+the claimed territories of these new independent
+nations, are under a sort of pupilage,
+and often oppressed: although no
+longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil
+alone admits of indescriminate slavery,
+and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states
+that delay wiser measures. Meanwhile at
+the two ends of America, in Canada and
+the United States, as in Buenos Ayres, a
+<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/>
+new kind of oppression has appeared.
+Land stealing and compulsory sales! unhallowed
+means to increase wealth, nearly
+as guilty as the precious Spanish gold
+hunting.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States which ought to set
+the wisest example, of justice and clemency,
+towards reduced tribes, diminished
+by vices taught instead of virtues, are doing
+the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate
+the native tribes, admit them to equal
+rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood,
+in a language untaught, or disqualify
+them for witnesses. They compel them to
+remove, emigrate, disperse, sell their lands
+and homes, at one tenth of the value; and
+this is called fair dealing!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notwithstanding that the European states
+or colonies, occupy or claim, nearly the
+whole of both Americas; yet there are
+many vast regions as yet unsettled by them,
+and where dwell or wander several free
+tribes, particularly in the Arctic wilds,
+in Oregon, California, Texas, the Missouri
+plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa,
+in N. America&mdash;and in S. America in the
+vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko,
+Maranon, Brazil, Chaco, Chili and Magellania.
+The most prominent of these modern
+tribes are the Uskis or Esquimaux,
+the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or
+Sioux, Panis or Skerés, Washas or Ozages,
+Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/>
+Poyays or Musquitos &amp;c. In South
+America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas,
+Talahets or Pampas &amp;c. All divided into
+many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them
+by fair means and deeds of peace, many
+continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings,
+greedy traders, intemperance, and
+above all by killing their game, and stealing
+their lands. Some missions are established
+from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders,
+trappers, land-hunters or squatters, and the
+military of the frontiers: from whom they
+can imbibe no very favorable idea of their
+oppressors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+How is this to end? Is it really intended
+to grasp the whole continent, and make
+these fragments of nations, aliens on their
+own soil? or to annihilate them at last?
+Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of
+landed wealth! There is a God in heaven,
+and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you,
+if you continue to violate the sacred laws
+of mankind. The desperate tribes, either
+become stronger by concentration, or acquired
+knowledge, may fall on you at last,
+like so many Goths and Vandals, Huns
+and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or
+among you will arise Agrarian sects, that
+<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/>
+will deprive your children of this landed
+property so unjustly acquired and held.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity
+does not blind you, imitate the happy policy
+of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &amp;c. that
+has admitted the natives to equality and
+citizenship. Do better still, allow them to
+form peculiar states and territories, preserving
+their languages and laws, and
+admit these states into your confederacies.
+Then you will be secure, and both live in
+peace, increasing and multiplying as time
+rolls on. There is land enough for all, and
+to spare. What need has a man of 1000
+acres of land; while 100 can support a
+large family! in the cold climates, and 10
+acres in the fruitful tropical climates, where
+thrive the banana and the sugar cane. If
+hunters require a large wilderness to sustain
+their mode of life, greedy worshippers
+of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold
+waste for speculation! or to fill with plantations
+of slaves and tenants, in order to
+become lords of future generations; but
+the real wise and active men, the props of
+society, are content with moderate, secure
+estates, which they may improve and beautify
+into smiling gardens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres
+has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The
+Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their
+equally useful Peruvian cattle; they have
+<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/>
+received the horse, and often adopted him
+as a friend, to become Tartars and Arabs
+by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on
+the cruel Spaniards. Some European fruits
+and grains have been received and cultivated:
+while all have been introduced into
+the colonies. Woolen cloth, blankets, iron
+and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the
+still, have been spread by trade. These
+last with horses and guns, have been the
+chief deadly weapons of Europe against
+America.<note place='foot'>The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches,
+the Abipons and Talahets of the
+vast plains of N. and S. America; are already
+become wandering horsemen like
+Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy,
+rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make
+the savage foes furious and reckless: they
+have killed as many as guns have. The
+small pox is another scourge sent to America
+from Europe, the Cholera may be
+another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed
+to America, has been traced to the ancient
+continent also: although it was returned
+from hence again, like maize.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver
+and precious furs: pearls and diamonds,
+cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia
+wool, cacao, vanilla, gum elastic and many
+other useful or medical articles. Maize, returning
+east whence it came; with tobacco,
+a loathsome weed of heathen growth and
+rites. Human knowledge has been increased,
+and trade greatly enlarged; the
+tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks
+have been transmitted. Thus Europe has
+been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.<note place='foot'>The precious commodities of America
+are numberless. If the Europeans had
+traded there for them, as they now do in
+China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how
+different would have been the fate of America?
+Iron would have purchased gold
+and pearls, with every thing else: there
+was no need to use the steel swords, nor
+thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not
+American productions, but lately introduced
+from Arabia and India. The origin
+of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it
+was found wild in South America, as
+orange trees were in Florida.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the
+heavenly religion of Jesus, was offered or
+forced upon many American nations, by the
+same men, who were behaving worse than
+heathens, worshipping gold and mammon
+with the earth itself, bathed in human blood
+and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge,
+<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>
+wanton lust, cupidity and avarice; with all
+the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico
+had ghastly idols and cruel rites; Hayti,
+Cuba, Bogota, Peru &amp;c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was
+substituted the papal worships of other idols,
+saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion
+of love and peace to all mankind, was
+seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits&mdash;except by the heavenly Las-Casas,
+the friendly quakers, the humane moravians,
+and a few other christian missionaries. All
+the sects of christianity have now spread to
+America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with
+a few Mahometans, Hindus, Chinese, Budhists
+&amp;c. Thus all the religions of the
+earth are now found in this hemisphere, by
+the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4
+ages, on the American tribes, that have
+been enslaved, or in frequent communication
+with the nations of Europe&mdash;not in
+religion alone; but in dress, manners,
+knowledge, civilization and pursuits. The
+alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented
+a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and the
+pastoral nomadic life have been adopted.
+In the boreal regions, the English and
+Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers
+of furs. In South America the
+native tribes are often skillful fishermen or
+traders.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/>
+
+<p>
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of
+America are cheering. Many independent
+nations have sprung, which deem themselves
+Americans, and love their homes.
+A general spirit of tolerance and peace is
+spreading, the true religion of the heart
+better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed
+tribes, and the poor slaves. Those
+who wish oppression and intolerance to be
+perpetuated, are not many in this continent,
+at present; they will be fewer still in
+half a century or the year 1892.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of
+mind and manners. A few ages have been
+sufficient to produce these mighty changes.
+Meanwhile, nature although changing slower,
+is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared
+and disappeared, the sea shores have receded,
+the lakes are falling, the streams are
+lessening, the mountains are crumbling, the
+swamps are draining: immense forests have
+been cut, and changed into ploughed fields,
+hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities
+have been built, with innumerable towns
+and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi
+and Magdalena have been cultivated, many
+mines dug for metals or coals. The face
+of the country has been quite changed in
+these new seats of civilization; in the regions
+of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana,
+in Guyana, Brazil; but in the western
+<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>
+regions from Mexico to Chili, agriculture
+has rather receded: they had at least as
+many towns and fields in ancient times.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea
+have caused sad changes in other parts,
+gulfs have been formed on the coast of
+Cumana, Callao twice sunken in volcanic
+tides, mountains and cities overthrown from
+Popayan to Chili: while the alluvial formations
+proceed along the streams and shores;
+their floods are perennials, increasing deltas
+and islands: Hurricanes scatter ruins and
+dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate
+strips of forests. The spouting springs
+and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud,
+clay and marl, pitch and other substances.
+The water volcanoes drown valleys and
+cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated
+Quito. Mexico near a lake and often
+overflowed by it, is now distantly removed;
+the lake having been drained by nature and
+art jointly combined.<note place='foot'>The physical changes undergone in
+America within late historical recollections
+are very numerous, and ought to be collected
+into one connected body by historians
+or geologists.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These rapid sketches and views offer a
+connected picture of men and soil, in this
+hemisphere, during the ages past. The
+detailed local annals of the various nations,
+will enlarge the subject, and present the
+required outlines of the ancient and modern
+events of both.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/>
+
+<milestone unit='tb' rend=' rule: 50%'/>
+
+<p>
+After these general topics on American
+history, I had proposed to enter upon the
+peculiar annals of nations, beginning by
+Peru and Austral America; but wishing to
+give in this first volume something still
+more novel and striking, I have concluded
+to begin by the original unpublished annals
+of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions
+of the Haytians; who assert to have come
+into America, by the north west, and the
+second through the Atlantic Ocean. I
+hear besides that a French traveller D'Orbigny,
+is now publishing in Paris, his travels
+in Austral and Peruvian America, with
+60 vocabularies of languages: where I may
+perhaps find additioned materials for the
+history of those regions.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter V.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Original Annals and Historical Traditions
+of the</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Linapis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>from the creation
+to the flood, passage and settlements
+in America, as far as the Atlantic
+Ocean &amp;c., till 1820 &amp;c.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+We have but few real American Annals,
+given in the original peculiar style. Those
+of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti,
+Peru, &amp;c., have all been translated by
+abridgements or paraphrases. Those of
+the <hi rend='italic'>Ongwi</hi> by Cusick come nearest to the
+aboriginal form, using the usual personifications
+and animalizations of tribes, so
+common all over America and Asia; but
+so often misunderstood: having perplexed
+and disgusted the commentators or translators;
+who did not seize this form of style.
+Even in China, the primitive inhabitants
+often bear the names of beasts, <hi rend='italic'>Lung</hi> dragons,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chi</hi> birds, <hi rend='italic'>Yao</hi> wolf,
+<hi rend='italic'>Miao</hi> tygers.
+In India we find snakes, monkeys, lions &amp;c.
+Early in Europe are dogs <hi rend='italic'>Canari and
+Cynetes</hi>, satyrs, lions &amp;c., syrens, harpies,
+pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &amp;c.<note place='foot'><p>These
+two figures of speech, <hi rend='italic'>Personification</hi>
+and <hi rend='italic'>Animalization</hi>, are two of the
+keys of ancient history. By the first is not
+meant alone the personification of the passions
+or divine attributes; but likewise the
+individuality of men, tribes and nations
+pervading primitive history, by the frequent
+substitution of the singular for the plural,
+as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks,
+and the Americans. It is thus that the
+ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods
+&amp;c. are often meant for their followers;
+the head for the whole set or social body.
+This practice has survived to our days,
+and we mean all the English when we speak
+of <hi rend='italic'>John Bull</hi>, the Russians by the <hi rend='italic'>Northern
+Bear</hi> (a kind of animalization), all
+the Turks by <hi rend='italic'>the Grand Turk</hi> &amp;c. The
+reverse mode of speech or the employment
+of the plural for the singular, is less frequent:
+but used when we substitute in our
+modern languages, <hi rend='italic'>We</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>You</hi> instead of
+I or Thee. It was less common anciently,
+yet it appears Moses employed it when he
+called God, ALEIM our <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> or <hi rend='italic'>the
+Angels</hi>, and polytheism was the consequence
+of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+but in his account of the patriarchs, he has
+used the individuality of tribes.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Animalization</hi> pervades the whole of the
+fabulous periods of history. It is to this
+mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are
+made to speak. Whenever we meet in
+history or fables, animals acting like men
+and conversing, they are surely men, and
+often tribes individualized by an animal
+appellation: such as might be emblematic
+or patronymic, adopted honorable names,
+as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames
+given in derision by foes, such as snake,
+dog, ape &amp;c. Even the Hebrew had their
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign>, who were beings like a man, a
+lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites
+from Eden. This name is preserved
+by the Turks in <foreign rend='italic'>Cherabi</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Chelabi</foreign>, which
+means <hi rend='italic'>Lords</hi> in the old Turkish language
+of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the
+<foreign rend='italic'>El-abi</foreign>, now Arabians,
+which meant <hi rend='italic'>Angel-fathers</hi>,
+or our forefathers the angelic men.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elapi</foreign> means
+<hi rend='italic'>the most manly</hi> in Linapi!
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were
+called beasts or <foreign rend='italic'>Caracol</foreign>,
+turtles <foreign rend='italic'>Icota</foreign>,
+birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even
+gourds and fruits.&mdash;(Roman's Trad.) In
+Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &amp;c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes,
+<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/>
+tygers, giants &amp;c. While throughout North
+America we find tribes of beavers, turtles,
+wolves, dogs, deer, birds. We must learn
+to appreciate this primitive form of speech
+and style, as allegorical names of men &amp;c.
+It is very needful in order to understand
+the following narratives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having obtained, through the late Dr.
+Ward of Indiana, some of the original
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wallam-Olum</foreign> (painted record) of the
+Linapi tribe of Wapahani or White River,
+the translation will be given of the songs
+annexed to each: which form a kind of
+connected annals of the nation. In the
+illustrations of this history, will be figured
+the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation,
+word for word. This will furnish a great
+addition to our knowledge of American
+graphics and philology; but here the annals
+are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical
+and geographical names, so as to afford a
+better clue to the whole.<note place='foot'>The word
+<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> is remarkable, because
+it is analogous to the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Olen</hi>, the
+legislator and teacher of Runes of the
+Celts. The writings of the Druids and
+Irish were called <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ocol</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Callan</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ogham</hi>,
+the Irish <hi rend='smallcaps'>Olam</hi> were recorders and teachers.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> does not properly mean a writing,
+since <foreign rend='italic'>Leki</foreign> is book, paper or letter in
+Linapi; but it implies <hi rend='italic'>a record</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>a notched
+stick</hi>, an engraved piece of wood or bark.
+It comes from <foreign rend='italic'>Ol</foreign> hollow or graved record.
+Hekewelder says that <foreign rend='italic'>Oluma-pisid</foreign> was in
+the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+the river Susquehanna, who kept the <foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign>
+or records of the nation. It is probable
+these were part of them.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We knew by all the writers who have
+had friendly intercourse with the tribes of
+North America, that they did possess, and
+perhaps keep yet, historical and traditional
+records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed
+wampuns &amp;c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be
+the first attempt. Lederer saw 200 years
+ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording
+<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/>
+events of 60 years. Humboldt has
+mentioned the glyphical symbols of the
+Hurons on wood, seen by the Jesuits.
+Heckwelder saw the <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign> or painted
+sticks of the Linapis; but did not describe
+them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main,
+with these historical songs; yet the songs
+appear mere abridgments of more copious
+annals, or the bases of the traditions. The
+Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the
+Sakis and Shawanis &amp;c., all Linapi tribes,
+have such painted tales and annals, called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Neobagun</foreign> (male tool) by the former. Tanner
+has figured some of these pictured
+songs or <foreign rend='italic'>Neobagun</foreign>, in his interesting Narrative.
+Loskiel has stated that the Linapis
+had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty
+in 1766 saw records 370 years old.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Out of these materials and other kept by
+the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis, Panis &amp;c.,
+might be formed or restored a peculiar
+graphic system of north America, different
+from the Mexican system; and probably
+once imported from Asia: where it may
+be compared with the graphic symbols of
+the Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &amp;c., indicated
+by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give
+materials for such researches in my illustrations.
+The symbols, when met alone,
+were inexplicable; but by obtaining the
+<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/>
+words or verses, (since they must commonly
+be sung) we may acquire enough to lead on
+further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol
+applies to a verse or many words; as if the
+ideas were amalgamated in the compound
+system: yet they may often be analyzed,
+and the elements ascertained or conjectured,
+by their repetition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are
+known to but few individuals, and must
+be learned with much labor. Those obtained,
+consist of 3 ancient songs relating
+their traditions previous to arrival in America,
+written in 24, 16 and 20 symbols,
+altogether 60. They are very curious, but
+destitute of chronology. The second series
+relates to America, is comprised in 7 songs,
+4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses
+of 3 words. It begins at the arrival in
+America, and is continued without hardly
+any interruption till the arrival of the European
+colonists towards 1600. As 96
+successive kings or chiefs are mentioned,
+except ten that are nameless: it is susceptible
+of being reduced to a chronology of
+96 generations, forming 32 centuries, and
+reaching back to 1600 years before our
+era. But the whole is very meagre, a
+simple catalogue of rulers, with a few
+deeds: yet it is equal to the Mexican annals
+of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting
+<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>
+in a mere translation, ends the whole, and
+includes some few original details on the
+period from 1600 to 1820.<note place='foot'>These actual
+<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> were at first obtained
+in 1820, as a reward for a medical
+cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable.
+In 1822 were obtained from another
+individual the songs annexed thereto
+in the original language; but no one could
+be found by me able to translate them. I
+had therefore to learn the language since,
+by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and
+a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to
+translate them, which I only accomplished
+in 1833. The contents were totally unknown
+to me in 1824, when I published my
+Annals of Kentucky; which were based on
+the traditions of Hekewelder, and those
+collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+Ottawas, &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The orthography of the Linapi names is
+reduced to the Spanish and French pronunciation,
+except SH as in English, U as
+in French, W as Hou.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical
+account; the concurrent testimonies
+of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant
+proofs. The words of Loskiel
+are these.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q rend='pre'>The Delawares keep genealogies, with
+the character of each man, if wise, rich,
+renowned, or a mighty warrior. They
+use <emph>hieroglyphs</emph> on wood, trees and stones,
+to give caution, information, communicate
+events, achievements, keep records. Some
+time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings
+on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &amp;c.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Song.</hi>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>The Creation &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water
+on the top of the land. <foreign rend='italic'>Aki.</foreign>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. There was much water, and much fog
+over the land, and there was also <hi rend='smallcaps'>Kitani-towit</hi>,
+the God-creator.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Saye-wis</foreign>), an eternal being, and invisible
+although every where.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. It was he who caused much water,
+much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the
+moon and the stars.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>
+
+<p>
+6. And all these he caused to move
+well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared
+up, and the deep water ran off.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood
+there.&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Menak.</foreign>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. It was then, when again the <emph>God-Creator</emph>
+made the makers or spirits.&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Manito-Manitoak.</foreign>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. And also the first beings <foreign rend='italic'>Owiniwak</foreign>,
+and also the angels <foreign rend='italic'>Angelatawiwak</foreign>, and
+also the souls <foreign rend='italic'>Chichankwak</foreign>, all them he
+made.<note place='foot'>This account of the creation is strikingly
+similar to the mosaic and oriental
+accounts; although it does not speak of
+days or <foreign rend='italic'>Yums</foreign>.
+The word for angels <foreign rend='italic'>Angelatawiwak</foreign>,
+is not borrowed, but real
+Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same
+as the Greek <foreign lang='el' rend='italic'>Angelos</foreign>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jin-wis</hi>, ancestor of the
+men.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Jin-wis</foreign> is the
+AISH or <foreign rend='italic'>Adam</foreign> of all
+the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with
+ISH, W' being the article <foreign rend='italic'>he</foreign>, WI added
+to words is common, meaning but <hi rend='italic'>he</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>she</hi>
+and <hi rend='italic'>they</hi>, the plural <foreign rend='italic'>wak</foreign>
+means <hi rend='italic'>many</hi>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. He gave him the first mother <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neta-migaho</hi>,
+mother of the first beings
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Owini</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign>
+may be analyzed O-WI-NI,
+meaning <emph>such-they-men</emph> or beings. O is
+the common article for pronouns <foreign lang='fr' rend='italic'>On</foreign>
+and <foreign lang='fr' rend='italic'>Ce</foreign>
+of the French, in English <emph>such</emph>, <emph>it</emph>, <emph>this</emph>,
+<emph>these</emph>,
+preserved in many Linapi dialects, <foreign rend='italic'>Ni</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ini</foreign> mean both
+<emph>me</emph>, <emph>I</emph>, <emph>my</emph> and <emph>men</emph>. It must
+be noticed that many words of these two
+ancient songs are often obsolete now in
+some modern dialects; but preserved in
+others. This with the peculiar ancient
+style, and the many words suppressed in
+the narrative, and the constant compound
+words, have rendered this translation a
+difficult task.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he
+gave him, beasts he gave him, birds he gave
+him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. But there was a bad spirit <foreign rend='italic'>Makimani</foreign>,
+who caused the bad beings <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign>,
+black snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Nakowak</foreign>, and monsters
+or large reptiles <foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. And caused also flies, and caused
+also gnats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. All the beings were then friends and
+stood there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Thou being <hi rend='smallcaps'>Kiwis</hi>,
+good God <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wunand</hi>
+(these are 2 gods) and the good makers
+or spirits were such.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. With the Jins <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nijini</hi>, the first men,
+and the first mother, their wives, which
+were Fairies <foreign rend='italic'>Nantinewak</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> become
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ni-jini</foreign>, evidently
+the Jins of China and Iran; Jains
+of India.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>
+
+<p>
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies
+was a fat fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Gattamin</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were
+easy-thinking, and all were well-happified.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Powako</foreign>, brings on earth secretly the
+Snake worship <foreign rend='italic'>Initako</foreign>, of the god of the Snakes
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wakon</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Wakon</foreign>
+is the god of all the Missouri
+tribes, and many Asiatic nations. <foreign rend='italic'>Akon</foreign>
+of Syria.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. And there came wickedness, crime
+and unhappiness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper
+was coming, with death was coming.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. All this happened very long ago, at
+the first land <foreign rend='italic'>Netamaki</foreign>, beyond the great
+ocean <foreign rend='italic'>Kitahikan</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. The Flood &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake
+<foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign>, when the men had become
+bad beings <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. This strong snake had become the foe
+of the Jins, and they became troubled, hating
+each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling,
+both were never peaceful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. And they were fighting, least man
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mattapewi</foreign> with
+dead-keeper <foreign rend='italic'>Nihanlowit</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved
+to destroy or fight the beings and the men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Amangam</foreign>) he brought, snake rushing-water
+he brought.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to
+hills, much penetrate, much destroying.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Meantime at <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tula</hi>, at that island,
+<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Nama-bush</hi> (the great hare
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nana</foreign>) became
+the ancestor of beings and men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to
+move and dwell at
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tula</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Tula</foreign> is
+the ancient seat of the Toltecas
+and Mexican nations in Asia: the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tulan</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Turan</foreign>
+or Central Tartary. In
+Linapi the meaning is <emph>Turtle</emph> or <emph>Tortoise</emph>,
+names derived from <foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Thor</foreign> turtle in Hebrew.
+But all derive from strong and tall. <foreign rend='italic'>Tul-ap-in</foreign>
+is the real tortoise of Linapi meaning
+<emph>strong-manly-thing</emph>: the water soft turtle
+is called <foreign rend='italic'>Unami</foreign>. The Chinese, Hindus
+&amp;c. point also to a turtle as the THBE
+refuge of the flood. <foreign rend='italic'>Nana</foreign> appears Noah;
+his title of Hare must allude to his long
+ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and
+songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate
+as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body
+with a large head and nose, and a crest of
+feathers or hair on the head.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. The beings and men (<foreign rend='italic'>Owini and
+Linowi</foreign>) all go forth from the flood creeping
+in shallow water, or swimming afloat,
+asking which is the way to the turtle back
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tulapin</hi>. (This verse like many others
+is in rhymes, and metre of 9 words of 3
+syllables.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. But there were many monsters
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped
+them in a boat, saying come, come, they
+were coming and were helped. (The
+name of the boat or raft is <foreign rend='italic'>Mokol</foreign>.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the
+grandfather of all, the grandfather of the
+beings, the grandfather of the men, and the
+grandfather of the turtles. (This is the beginning
+of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes,
+lasting for 4 verses.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. The men were there, the turtle there,
+they were turtling altogether. (<foreign rend='italic'>Tulapewi</foreign>
+are the turtle-men.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he
+was praying, he the turtle, let it be to make
+well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in
+the plains and the mountains, at the path
+of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful
+action or motion.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. Fate after the Flood.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. After the flood, the manly men <foreign rend='italic'>Linapewi</foreign>,
+with the manly turtle beings dwelt
+close together at the cave house, and dwelling
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Talli</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was
+there, it is cold was there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. To possess mild coldness and much
+game, they go to the northerly plain, to
+hunt cattle they go.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers
+divided into tillers and hunters. <foreign rend='italic'>Wikhi-chik</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elowi-chik</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The most strong, the most good, the
+most holy, the hunters they are.<note place='foot'>The symbol is a kind of Hercules,
+with a club and arrow; his name appears
+to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning
+<emph>the most he</emph>. <foreign rend='italic'>Elu</foreign> the root is probably akin
+to the <foreign rend='italic'>Aleim</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign>
+of Moses, and
+<foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Elai</foreign> meaning strong in Hebrew: also to
+<foreign rend='italic'>Her-cules</foreign> of the Latins,
+<foreign lang='el' rend='italic'>Hera-cleen</foreign> of the
+Greek, <foreign rend='italic'>Her</foreign> prefixed meaning Lord.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. And the hunters spread themselves,
+becoming northerlings, easterlings, southerlings,
+westerlings. <foreign rend='italic'>Lowaniwi</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wapaniwi</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Shawaniwi</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Wunkeniwi</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Thus the white country <foreign rend='italic'>Lumonaki</foreign>,
+north of the turtle country, became the
+hunting country of the turtling true men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid
+in their huts, and the snake priest <foreign rend='italic'>Nakopowa</foreign>
+said to all, let us go.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland
+<foreign rend='italic'>Akhokink</foreign>, and they went away earnestly
+grieving.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and
+by trembling the burnt land <foreign rend='italic'>Lusasaki</foreign> is
+torn and is broken from the snake fortified
+land. <foreign rend='italic'>Akomenaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the
+northerlings all go out, separating, at the
+land of Snow <foreign rend='italic'>Winiaken</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/>
+
+<p>
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the
+gaping sea, where tarried the fathers of
+white eagle and white wolf. <foreign rend='italic'>Waplanewa</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Waptumewi</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. While our fathers were always boating
+and navigating, they saw in the east
+that the snake land was bright and wealthy.
+(Here begins a fine poetical rhyming narrative).&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>See
+Last Note.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. The head-beaver <foreign rend='italic'>Wihlamok</foreign>, and
+the big-bird <foreign rend='italic'>Kicholen</foreign>, were saying to all,
+let us go to the Snake Island <foreign rend='italic'>Akomen</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate
+all the snaking people, <foreign rend='italic'>Wemaken</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings
+and easterlings, went over the water of the
+frozen sea to possess that land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. It was wonderful when they all went
+over the smooth deep water of the frozen sea,
+at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark,
+who all go forth in a single night in the
+dark, to the Snake island of the eastern
+land <foreign rend='italic'>Wapanaki</foreign> in the Dark, by walking
+all the people.&mdash;<hi rend='smallcaps'>Olini.</hi><note place='foot'>Here
+the people begin to be called
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>O-lini</hi>, this was probably their old name
+when coming to America. The tribes that
+used R for L must have said <foreign rend='italic'>O-rini</foreign>, those
+who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+Ottawas, say <foreign rend='italic'>O-nini</foreign>. This will afford
+matter for many philological enquiries and
+comparisons.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. They were the manly north, the manly
+east, the manly south; with manly eagle,
+manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly
+hunter, manly priest, manly rich; with
+manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog.
+(12 words all homophonous rhymes.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland
+<foreign rend='italic'>Shinaking</foreign>. But the western men
+doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain
+at the old turtle land.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>
+
+<p>
+Thus end these interesting and positive
+ancient traditions, by a fine poem on the
+passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis
+have a similar poem: the Illinois had
+also one, and almost every Linapi tribe.
+They are perhaps lost; but this being at
+last rescued, will preserve the memory for
+ever. Now begin the second series of
+songs, in a different style, seldom rhyming,
+but made metrical by an equal number of
+words in each verse, 4 in the 4 first which
+carry the tribe till their conquest of the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>; but only 3 in the 3 later poems
+on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance;
+but they are mere abridgment of better
+annals now probably lost. Numbers shall
+be annexed to each successive king or
+ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings
+or Civil Wars.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were
+then at <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign> or Firland.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The path leader was the white eagle
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Wapalanewa 1</foreign>), who leads them all there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a
+fine land, and was explored by them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls,
+the moving souls, in assembly meet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (<foreign rend='italic'>Kolawil
+2</foreign>) be thou king there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest
+some, to Snake hill, let them all go.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and
+concealing themselves at the Bear hill.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/>
+
+<p>
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (<foreign rend='italic'>Wapagokhos</foreign>
+3) was king at the Firland.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. After him there <foreign rend='italic'>Ianotowi</foreign> (4 true
+maker) was king, and many things he did.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. After him there <foreign rend='italic'>Chilili</foreign> (5 snowbird)
+was king, who says let us go south.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. To spread the fathers of men <foreign rend='italic'>Wokenapi</foreign>,
+and to be able to possess much
+more.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>W'oken-api</foreign>
+properly mean <emph>the fathers
+manly</emph>. <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign> the first seat in
+America must have been near Alaska, and
+the big <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign>, the N. W. coast.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east
+he goes the beaver-he <foreign rend='italic'>Tamakwi</foreign>. (Here
+is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. A beautiful land was the south land,
+the big Firland and the shoreland <foreign rend='italic'>Shabi-yaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land,
+and a lake land, and a cattle land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (<foreign rend='italic'>Ayamek</foreign>
+6) was king, when all the tribes were
+at war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. There was war with the robbing-men,
+snaking-men, blacking men, strongmen.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chikonapi</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Akhonapi</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Makatapi</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Assinapi</foreign>.&mdash;Thus ends the first song with
+civil strife and great wars, dividing some
+tribes probably.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the
+Missouri &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in
+whose time there was much warfare south
+and east.<note place='foot'>It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless
+kings were successive or contemporary
+during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+probable. If otherwise, this lessens the
+generations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. After them <foreign rend='italic'>Langundowi</foreign> (peaceful-he,
+17 kg.) was king at the beautiful land
+<foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>, and there was peace.<note place='foot'>This
+southern land of <foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>,
+and the subsequent <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>, cannot
+be identified; but were west of Oregon
+mountains, probably the Oregon country.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. After such <foreign rend='italic'>Tasukamend</foreign> (never-bad
+<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/>
+18) was king, and he was a good or just
+man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. After such was king <foreign rend='italic'>Pemaholend</foreign>
+(ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Matemik</foreign> (town
+builder 20) who built many towns, and
+afterwards the holy goer <foreign rend='italic'>Pilsohalin</foreign> 21.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Gunokeni</foreign>
+(long while fatherly 22, who ruled long) and
+afterwards the big teeth <foreign rend='italic'>Mangipitak</foreign> 23.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign> (24
+manly recorder or bundler) who caused
+many writings.<note place='foot'>As early as 72 generations before
+1600 or about 800 years before our era, we
+find a recorder of old events, by means of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign>. Compare
+<foreign rend='italic'>Olen</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Olam</foreign>
+of Celts.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Takwachi</foreign> (25
+who shivers with cold) who went south to
+the corn land <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Huminiend</foreign>
+(26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Alkosahit</foreign> (27
+preserving keeper) who had a royal soul
+and was very useful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Shiwapi</foreign> (28
+salt man) and afterwards dry-he <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign>
+29.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. There was no raining, and no corn
+grew, east he goes far from the sea.<note place='foot'>Here this people leave at last the
+Sea shores, and strike to the east over the
+mountains. In <foreign rend='italic'>Oligon</foreign>, we have the etymology
+of Oregon.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. Over hollow mountain <foreign rend='italic'>Oligonunk</foreign>,
+at last to eat he went at a fine plain <foreign rend='italic'>Kalok-waming</foreign>
+of the cattle land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. After <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign> came
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wekwo-chella</foreign>
+(30 much weary) after such the stiff
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Chingalsuwi</foreign> 31.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. After such was <foreign rend='italic'>Kwitikwund</foreign> (32 the
+<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/>
+reprover) who was disliked, and some unwilling
+to obey.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. Being angry some moved easterly,
+and secretly went far off.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. From the Missouri to the
+Mississippi &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. But the wise did tarry, and <foreign rend='italic'>Waka-holend</foreign>
+(33 the beloved) was made king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. It was at the Yellow River <foreign rend='italic'>Wisawana</foreign>
+where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built
+towns.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Wisawana</foreign> is either the Missouri or
+Yellowstone.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+35. All being friends <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> (34
+affable like a beaver) became king and was
+alone the first.<note place='foot'>This
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> is famous in the
+songs of the Linapis, and many kings took
+that title afterwards. He is also the <foreign rend='italic'>Amik-wi</foreign>
+or great beaver of the Miamis and
+Ottawas.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best,
+and all the men came to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. After such good <foreign rend='italic'>Maskansisil</foreign> (35
+strong buffaloe) was king and chieftain or
+leader.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+38. <foreign rend='italic'>Machigokhos</foreign> (36 big-owl) was king,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wapkicholen</foreign> (37 white crane) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+39. <foreign rend='italic'>Wingenund</foreign> (38 mindful) was king
+and pontiff, who made many festivals.<note place='foot'>Wingenund must have been another
+legislator, and high-priest. His festivals
+are called <foreign rend='italic'>Gentiko</foreign>, and known to many
+nations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+40. <foreign rend='italic'>Lapawin</foreign> (whitened 39) was king,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wallama</foreign> (40 painted) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+41. <foreign rend='italic'>Waptiwapit</foreign> (41 white chicken) was
+king, again there is war north and south.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+42. By the wise in assembly <foreign rend='italic'>Tamaskan</foreign>
+(strong wolf 42) was made king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+43. He was able to war on all and he
+killed the strong-stone
+<foreign rend='italic'>Maskansini</foreign>.<note place='foot'><foreign
+rend='italic'>Maskan-Sini</foreign>, must be the Sioux and
+Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout
+North America. The subsequent foes
+<foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign> appear to
+be the <foreign rend='italic'>Kowetas</foreign>, the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign> are
+the Esquimaux, <foreign rend='italic'>Lowakon</foreign>
+are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus
+this was a period of invasions by many nations,
+which compelled the Linapis to go
+further east.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+44. <foreign rend='italic'>Messissuwi</foreign> (43 whole-he) was king
+and made war on the snake-beings <foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+45. <foreign rend='italic'>Chitanwulit</foreign> (44 strong and good)
+<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/>
+was king and made war on the northern
+foes <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+46. <foreign rend='italic'>Alokuwi</foreign> (45 lean he) was king and
+made war on the father snake <foreign rend='italic'>Towakon</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+47. <foreign rend='italic'>Opekasit</foreign> (46 east-looking) was king,
+being sad at the warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and
+they are many who together go east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &amp;c.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+49. The fish river <foreign rend='italic'>Nemasipi</foreign> separated
+the land, and being lazy they tarry there.<note place='foot'><p>The
+Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so
+says Hekewelder: where began the wars
+with the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>, the northern Toltecas
+or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before
+1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+continued for 4 generations or over 130
+years, till about 150 after Christ. The
+allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois
+then united, since called <foreign rend='italic'>Delamatan</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Lamatan</foreign>. The traditions of Hekewelder
+and Cusick both agree here in fact
+and time. That of Hekewelder is most
+ample, taken from other songs; but these
+supply names omitted by both. I rather
+think the Nemosipi must have been the
+Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi
+is called afterwards Masispek, and the
+monuments of the Talegas are found west
+of it at St. Louis &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+In my ancient history of Kentucky, having
+only for guide Hekewelder and some
+other traditions, I placed the conquest of
+the Talegas about 500 of our era; but
+these annals are more correct and remove
+further this event. The computation of
+Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great
+event still earlier, or between 300 and 100
+years before our era. I knew neither Cusick
+nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+50. <foreign rend='italic'>Yagawanend</foreign> (47 hut maker) was
+king, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tallegewi</foreign> (there found) possessing
+the east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+51. <foreign rend='italic'>Chitanitis</foreign> (48 strong friend) king
+was, and he desires the rich land of the
+east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+52. To the east some did pass, but the
+head of the Talegas, <foreign rend='italic'>Talegawil</foreign> killed some
+of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare,
+warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+54. The friends of the north the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign>
+(who are not like the Talligewi,
+the Hurons) were coming to go altogether
+united.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+55. <foreign rend='italic'>Kinehepend</foreign> (49 sharp looking) was
+king, and leader, over the river against foes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+56. Much was there possessed by them,
+and much spoiling and killing of the Talegas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+57. <foreign rend='italic'>Pimokhasuwi</foreign> (50 stirring about) was
+king, but he found the Talegas too strong
+in the war.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/>
+
+<p>
+58. <foreign rend='italic'>Tenchekensit</foreign> (51 opening path) was
+king, and many towns were given up to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+59. <foreign rend='italic'>Paganchihilla</foreign> (52 great fulfiller)
+was king, and all the Talegas went away
+to the south.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+60. <foreign rend='italic'>Hattanwulaton</foreign> (53 he has possession)
+was king, and all the people were well
+pleased.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+61. South of the lakes they settle the
+council fire, and the friends <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign>
+north of the lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+62. But they were not always friends
+and were conspiring when <foreign rend='italic'>Gunitakan</foreign> (54
+long mild) was king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+63. <foreign rend='italic'>Linniwulamen</foreign> (55 man of truth)
+was king, and made war on the Talamatan.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+64. <foreign rend='italic'>Shakagapewi</foreign> (56 just and upright)
+was king, and the Talamatan were trembling.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Second Series or Modern History.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>1st Song. At the Talega land.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at
+the Talega land <foreign rend='italic'>Talegaking</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <foreign rend='italic'>Tamaganend</foreign> (57 beaver leader) was
+king at the White River or <foreign rend='italic'>Wabash Wa-palaneng</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapushuwi</foreign> (58 white linx) was king
+and planted much corn.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulichinik</foreign> (59 well hardy) was king,
+and the people increased.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhihitin</foreign> (60. writer writing) was
+king and painted many books
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wallamo-lumin</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here
+we find another recorder of
+events who probably wrote the former wars
+with the Talegas.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>
+
+<p>
+6. <foreign rend='italic'>Kolachuisen</foreign> (61 pretty blue bird) was
+king, at the place of much fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Makeli-ming</foreign>.
+(near Cincinnati?)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <foreign rend='italic'>Pematalli</foreign> (62 constant there) was
+king and had many towns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. <foreign rend='italic'>Pepomahemen</foreign> (63 paddler up) was
+king of many rivers and streams.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. <foreign rend='italic'>Tankawon</foreign> (64 little cloud) was king,
+while many went away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis,
+went to the south lands.<note place='foot'>The Linapi tribes begin to disperse
+now, about 600 years of our era.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. <foreign rend='italic'>Kichitamak</foreign> (65 big beaver) was
+king at the white lick <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahoning</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. The heavenly prophet <foreign rend='italic'>Onowutok</foreign>
+(66) went to the west.<note place='foot'>This prophet, pontiff and king, went
+probably to visit many tribes, and became
+their legislator.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken
+land and the western southerlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. <foreign rend='italic'>Pawanami</foreign> (67 rich water turtle)
+was king at the Ohio River <foreign rend='italic'>Taleganah</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. <foreign rend='italic'>Lokwelend</foreign> (68 walker) was king,
+and had much warfare.<note place='foot'>These new wars were again with
+the Missouri tribes, <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign> is a new invading
+tribe from the north.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Again with the father snake <foreign rend='italic'>Towako</foreign>,
+again with the stony snake <foreign rend='italic'>Sinako</foreign>, again
+with north snake <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. <foreign rend='italic'>Mokolmokom</foreign> (69 the grand father
+of the boats) was king and went snaking
+in boats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. <foreign rend='italic'>Winelowich</foreign> (70 snow hunter) was
+king and went to the north land of the Esquimaux
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lowushkis</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. <foreign rend='italic'>Linkwekinuk</foreign> (71 sharp looker) was
+king and went to the Alleghany Mountains
+<foreign rend='italic'>Talegachukang</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalawikwan</foreign> (72 east settler)
+<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/>
+was king and went east of the Talega
+land.<note place='foot'>The passage of the Alleghanies was
+towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states
+appear to have had no inhabitants, or but
+few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. At the East till first White
+Man comes.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. This land of the east, was a large
+land <foreign rend='italic'>Amangaki</foreign>, and
+a long land <foreign rend='italic'>Amigaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. This land had no snakes, but was
+a rich land, and many good things were
+found there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. <foreign rend='italic'>Gikenopalat</foreign> (73 great warrior) was
+king near the north.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. <foreign rend='italic'>Hanaholend</foreign> (74 stream loving) was
+king at the branching stream or Susquehanna
+<foreign rend='italic'>Saskwihanang</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Hekewelder
+has given no etymology
+of this river, the name means either branching
+or roaring stream, perhaps both. <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign>
+was the name of east Pennsylvania.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. <foreign rend='italic'>Gattawisi</foreign> (75 becoming fat) was
+king at the sassafras land <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of
+the sun <foreign rend='italic'>Gishikshapipek</foreign>, which was again
+a big sea.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. <foreign rend='italic'>Makhiawip</foreign> (76 red arrow) was
+king at the tide water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. <foreign rend='italic'>Wolomenap</foreign> (77 hollow man) was
+king at the strong falls (of Trenton) <foreign rend='italic'>Mas-kekitong</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wapanand</foreign> (ensters) and the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tumewand</foreign> (wolfers or Mohigans) north-east
+they go.<note place='foot'><p>By this account the Mohigans only
+separated towards 970 from the main body.
+This may be inaccurate, as the north-east
+tribes appear older by their traditions.
+</p>
+<p>
+By the account given by the missionary
+Beatty in 1766, this event would be still
+later: he states that after separating from
+the western tribes and long wanderings, the
+Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware
+370 years before 1766, or in 1396;
+which was preserved in a mosaic belt.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>See
+Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.</hi></p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulitpallat</foreign> (78 good fighter) was
+king and set against the north.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. The <foreign rend='italic'>Maliongwi</foreign> (lickers or Iroquois)
+and the <foreign rend='italic'>Pungelika</foreign> (the lynx like or Eries)
+were all trembling there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. Again <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> (79 beaver II) was
+king there, and with all he made peace.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/>
+
+<p>
+33. And all became friendly, and all became
+united, with this great ruling king.<note place='foot'>This is the second Tamenend who
+united all the tribes 1010. This famous
+name is spelt very variously <foreign rend='italic'>Tamanend</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tamany</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Tamini</foreign>
+&amp;c. all meaning beavering
+or acting like a beaver. There are
+many songs and traditions on them.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. <foreign rend='italic'>Kichitamak</foreign> (80 great beaver) was
+king and remains at the sassafras land or
+Pennsylvania.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahakey</foreign> (81 white body) was
+king and went to the Sea Shore on Jersey
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sheyabi</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+38. <foreign rend='italic'>Elangomel</foreign> (82 friendly to all) was
+king and much good was done.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+39. <foreign rend='italic'>Pitenumen</foreign> (83 mistaker) was king,
+and saw some one come from somewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+40. At this time from the east sea was
+coming a whiter <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here
+is the first mention of white
+men towards 1170 by the computation of
+generations: whether they were Eric or
+Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter.
+The Tuscororas of North Carolina were
+visited at the same time by Cusick tradition,
+the Mohigans had also their <foreign rend='italic'>Wach-queow</foreign>.
+Hekewelder has omitted this
+tradition like many others. But Holm in
+his description of New Sweden positively
+gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe
+Renapis, of a <emph>white woman</emph> who came to
+America, married an American, had a son,
+who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or
+preachers) who came afterwards with long
+beards, and also went to heaven. This
+relates to the bishop Eric who went to
+convert the Americans between 1120 and
+1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+41. <foreign rend='italic'>Makelomush</foreign> (84 much honored) was
+king and made all happy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+42. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulakeningus</foreign> (85 well praised) was
+king and became a warrior of the south.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki
+Snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwako</foreign>, and on the Coweta
+Snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Akowetako</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+44. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapagamoshki</foreign> (86 white otter) was
+king, ally of the <foreign rend='italic'>Lamatan</foreign> or Hurons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+45. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapashum</foreign> (87 white big horn) was
+king and visited the west land of Talega.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+46. There he found the Illinois <foreign rend='italic'>Hiliniki</foreign>,
+the Shawanis <foreign rend='italic'>Shawoniki</foreign>, and the Conoys
+<foreign rend='italic'>Konowiki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+47. <foreign rend='italic'>Nitispayat</foreign> (88 friendly comer) was
+king, and he went to the big lakes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children
+or Miamis, and all the friends or allies.<note place='foot'>The
+Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants
+of the first beaver tribe, separated
+long before.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+49. <foreign rend='italic'>Pakimitzin</foreign> (89 cranberry eater)
+<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>
+was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, <foreign rend='italic'>Tawa</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+50. <foreign rend='italic'>Lowaponskan</foreign> (90 north walker) was
+king, and he visited the noisy place or
+Niagara <foreign rend='italic'>Ganshowenik</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+51. <foreign rend='italic'>Tashawinso</foreign> (91 at leisure gatherer)
+was king, and visited the Sea shores.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring,
+three to be, and they became the Turtle
+tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Unamini</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Minsimini</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chikimini</foreign>.<note place='foot'>This
+verse is double, or has 2 symbols
+with 6 words, appearing to be two
+different readings united, or two modes of
+expressing the same thing, the separation
+of the real Linapis into three tribes.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+53. <foreign rend='italic'>Epallahchund</foreign> (92 failer) was king,
+in the war with the <foreign rend='italic'>Mahongwi</foreign>, wherein
+he fails.<note place='foot'>This may allude to the subjection of
+the Linapis, by the <foreign rend='italic'>Mahongwis</foreign> (Mengwi
+or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the
+division of the tribes. The name of failer
+is certainly an epithet or nickname given:
+most of the names of kings appear of the
+same kind or titles. We know they changed
+names when becoming kings or after great
+deeds.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+54. <foreign rend='italic'>Langomuwi</foreign> (93 friendly he) was
+king and the Mahongwi were frightened.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+55. <foreign rend='italic'>Wangomend</foreign> (94 saluted) was king
+yonder between.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+56. The Cherokis <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwi</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Wasio-towi</foreign>
+(those of the Otali and Wasioto mts.)
+were his foes.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Otali</foreign>
+is the real name of the Cheroki
+mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls
+the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be
+a fragment. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wasioto</foreign> are the Cumberland
+mountains, meaning the <foreign rend='italic'>South
+Sioto</foreign>. The <foreign rend='italic'>Siotos</foreign> were a Missouri tribe
+that advanced as far as the <foreign rend='italic'>Sioto</foreign> river in
+Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled
+by the Ottawas; probably akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Otos</foreign>
+of Missouri. They bear the snake sign in
+the symbol.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+57. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapachikis</foreign> (95 white crab) was
+king and ally a friend of Jersey on the
+shores.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+58. <foreign rend='italic'>Nenachihat</foreign> (96 watcher) was king
+and looking at the sea.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+59. At this time north and south the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wapayachik</foreign> came, the white or eastern
+moving souls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+60. They were friendly, and came in big
+bird-ships, who are they?<note place='foot'>The symbolic glyph for this event is
+nearly the same as for the arrival of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign>
+or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail,
+and cross over it. Every nation is denoted
+by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals.
+1. <foreign rend='italic'>Jinwis</foreign> and his wife by an aureole,
+2. the <foreign rend='italic'>Ako</foreign> or snakes by a forked tongue
+or 2 horns, 3. the <foreign rend='italic'>Jins</foreign> by a crown of rays,
+4. the <foreign rend='italic'>Owinis</foreign> by a feather, 5. the kings by
+3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux
+by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the
+same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar
+pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a
+hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This
+evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan,
+like the Mexican; but the symbols are very
+seldom similar.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious
+and so plain, when properly understood
+and translated. The following addition
+<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>
+is merely a fragment on the subsequent
+period, translated by John Burns. I give
+it as received although I fear it is inaccurate
+in some respects, and a paraphrase
+rather than literal account. Yet by this
+addition, we obtain a kind of general history
+of at least one American tribe, and a
+complete original series of traditions, in
+their peculiar pristine style. Many others
+will be added hereafter, either from printed
+traditions, or historical songs and fragments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fragment on the history of the Linapis
+from about 1600 till 1820.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they
+are, these <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsinis</foreign> (white people) who
+then came out of the sea, to rob us of our
+country. Starving wretches! with smiles
+they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wallamolum</foreign>
+was written by <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhibit</foreign>
+(the writer) to record our glory. Shall
+I write another to record our fall? No! our
+foes have taken care to do it; but I speak
+to thee what they know not or conceal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. We have had many other kings since
+that unhappy time. They were 3 till the
+friendly <foreign rend='italic'>Mikwon</foreign> (Penn)
+came. <foreign rend='italic'>Mattanikum</foreign>
+(not horned, not strong),<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Mattanikum</foreign>
+appears to be both the <foreign rend='italic'>Tinikum</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Mattahorn</foreign> of the Swedes
+and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word,
+but Swedish, so as to translate half the
+name. He was king in 1645.</note>
+when the <foreign rend='italic'>Winakoli</foreign><note place='foot'>Holm
+says the Renapis called the
+Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi
+would be <foreign rend='italic'>Akoli</foreign>,
+meaning <emph>ugly</emph> or <emph>snake-looking</emph>;
+the prefix <foreign rend='italic'>Win</foreign>, means either <emph>the
+beings</emph> or snow, or may refer to Winaki.</note>
+came to <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign>.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nahumen</foreign> (raccoon)
+when the <foreign rend='italic'>Sinalwi</foreign> (Dutch) came. And
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ikwahon</foreign> (fond of women)
+when the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>
+(English) came, with Mikwon and his
+friends soon after.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. They were all received and fed with
+corn; but no land was ever sold, we never
+<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>
+sell any. They were all allowed to dwell
+with us, to build houses and plant corn, as
+our friends and allies. Because they were
+hungry, and thought children of <foreign rend='italic'>Gishaki</foreign>
+(the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.<note place='foot'>The assertion that no land was ever
+sold to the colonists is singular. They
+thought to buy land with trifling presents;
+but the natives understood all the while the
+permission to dwell with them.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine
+new tools, and weapons, and cloth, and
+beads, for which we exchanged skins and
+shells and corn. And we liked them, with
+their things, because we thought they were
+good, and made by the children of <foreign rend='italic'>Gishaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns
+and fire waters, which burned and killed.
+Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since
+we had better ones.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo-Sakima</foreign> (King George) who
+said, more land, more land we must have,
+and no limit could be put to their steps and
+increase.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. But in the north were the children of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lowi-Sakima</foreign>, (King Louis), who were
+our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of
+our foes: yet <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo</foreign> always wanted to war
+with them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. We had 3 kings after <foreign rend='italic'>Mikwon</foreign> came.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Skalichi</foreign> who was another
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign>,<note place='foot'>This
+is a third Tamanend, the great
+king of the whole nation dwelling at the
+forks of the Delaware, which appears in
+Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in
+1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds,
+were only his vassals: he is also called
+Taminy; but is very different from <foreign rend='italic'>Tatami</foreign>
+who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish
+settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but
+has many blunders on Tamanend, having
+mixt the three into one.</note>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Sasunam Wikwikhon</foreign> (our uncle the
+builder), and <foreign rend='italic'>Tatami</foreign> (the beaver taker)
+who was killed by a <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwako</foreign> (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. <foreign rend='italic'>Netatawis</foreign> (first renewed being)
+became king of all the nations in the west,
+again at <foreign rend='italic'>Talligewink</foreign> (Ohio or the Talega
+<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>
+place) on the river Cayahaga, with our old
+allies the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatans</foreign>: and he called on
+all of the east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. But <foreign rend='italic'>Tadeskung</foreign> was chief in the east
+at <foreign rend='italic'>Mahoning</foreign> and
+bribed by the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>:
+there he was burnt in his house, and many
+of our people were massacred at <foreign rend='italic'>Hickory</foreign>
+(Lancaster) by the land robbers <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. Then we joined our friend <foreign rend='italic'>Lowi</foreign> in
+war against the Yankwis; but they were
+strong, and they took <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanaki</foreign> (north
+land, Canada) from Lowi, and came to us
+in <foreign rend='italic'>Talegawink</foreign>, when peace was made;
+and we called them big knives <foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. Then <foreign rend='italic'>Alimi</foreign> (white-eyes) and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gelelenund</foreign>
+(buck killer) were chiefs, and all
+the nations near us were allies under us as
+our grandchildren again.<note place='foot'>Netawatwis was king in the west
+from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton
+(Heck.) was regent of his grandson
+<foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign> till 1780, after him Gelelelund
+was regent till 1782 when the boy <foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign>
+was killed by the Bigknives.&mdash;(Heck.) this
+was the cause of the wars till 1795.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. When the eastern fires were set up,
+and began to resist Dolojo, they said we
+should be another fire with them. But
+they killed our chiefs <foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign> (turtling)
+and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hopokan</foreign> (strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe
+was made king, and he made war on the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani Yankwis</foreign>, and become the ally
+of Dolojo who was then very strong.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger,
+they did not take <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanaki</foreign> (Canada) but
+become free from <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo</foreign>. We went to
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign> (white river) to be further from
+them; but they follow every where, and
+we made war on them, till they sent <foreign rend='italic'>Makhiakho</foreign>
+(black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.<note place='foot'>General Wayne was compared to
+their old foes, and called Black Snake, because
+he beat the allied nations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/>
+
+<p>
+16. We made peace and settle limits.
+Our next king was <foreign rend='italic'>Hacking-Ponskan</foreign>
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful.
+He would not even join our brothers Shawanis
+and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next
+war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Yet after the last peace, the <foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani-Yankwis</foreign>
+came in crowds all around
+us, and they want also our lands of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign>.
+It was useless to resist, because
+they are getting stronger by increasing
+united fires.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. <foreign rend='italic'>Kithtilkund</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lapanibi</foreign> (white
+water) were the chiefs of our two tribes,
+when we resolved to exchange our lands,
+and return at last beyond the <foreign rend='italic'>Masispek</foreign>
+(muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old
+country.<note place='foot'>These are the chiefs of the two united
+tribes, that appear in the last treaty with
+the United States.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. We shall be near our foes the <foreign rend='italic'>Wakon</foreign>
+(god of snakes, the Ozages) but they
+are not worse than the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwiakon</foreign> (English
+snake), who want to possess the whole
+big island.<note place='foot'>The United States here are called
+snakes like the oldest foes of mankind.
+The insiduous manner in which the English
+settled North America, and wronged the
+natives, has procured them that appellation.
+The French and Canadians are never called
+snakes. The former names of <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>
+has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+The belief of their being <foreign rend='italic'>Gishakis</foreign> or children
+of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has
+long been exploded here as in South America.
+The Spanish cruelties did since procure
+to the Castillians the names of devils,
+assassins, snakes of the sea &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. Shall we be free and happy there?
+at the new <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign> (western white river).
+We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions
+between this people and the English,
+United States &amp;c; of which Loskiel, Holm
+and Hekewelder have furnished other fragments,
+and for which we have ample materials
+in the colonial history and late records.
+But this offers some new views and facts:
+which shall be partly compared and discussed
+in the notes; but more properly
+<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/>
+examined and united in accordance with
+other narratives, in the history of the North
+American nations and tribes. The 11
+kings in about 220 years named in this
+fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820
+and later.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That so many generations and names can
+be recollected, may appear doubtful to some;
+but when symbolic signs and paintings,
+with poetical songs, are added, the memory
+can well retain and perpetuate their connection.
+Even in Polynesia, where we
+are not told of symbols, but mere historical
+songs, they reach to the creation and flood;
+Ellis and Tierman tell us that the kings
+and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka,
+Hawahi, Mowi &amp;c. could repeat the names
+of ancestors and kings for 100 generations.
+It would have been well if instead of giving
+us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus
+furnished the connected annals of Polynesia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely
+their own deeds; but the mention of many
+other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in
+Cusick's Traditions of the Ongwis: and
+this forms another clue for American history.
+As early as the Asiatic period we
+find them united to the related people
+<foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nijini</foreign>, before the flood, and calling
+their foes <foreign rend='italic'>Powako</foreign>
+(rich snake), <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign>
+(bad being,) <foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign> (strong
+snake), similar to the satanic tribes of the
+Hebrews &amp;c.<note place='foot'>Many other notions on the primitive
+nations, may be collected from the mythologies
+of the various Linapi tribes. Their
+true devils are similar to vampyres.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/>
+
+<p>
+At the flood they are saved with the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tulapin</foreign> turtlemen, and begin to call
+themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Linapewi</foreign>. Soon after they
+separate, go north and divide into tribes,
+named after the winds, the mode of life
+and animals. The hunters are <foreign rend='italic'>Elowi</foreign> Elohim
+of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules;
+they again meet snakemen, who fly to America
+and must have produced there many
+nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After having filled the north, and after
+the breaking of the land, at Behring strait,
+part of the nation resolve to follow and
+pursue the snakes to the east. The passage
+by the <foreign rend='italic'>Olinis</foreign> over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see
+last note); they settle at Shinaki, and begin
+again to war on snakemen: after which the
+beaver men or Tamakwi separate going east
+where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin
+to a beaver and a dog, and call their
+ancestor <foreign rend='italic'>Chapewi</foreign>,
+similar to <foreign rend='italic'>Apiwi</foreign>, the
+manly in Linapi.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meantime the main tribe going south
+meets other nations which it is difficult to
+identify, as the names are mere epithets
+and nicknames, yet the <foreign rend='italic'>Assinipi</foreign> or stony
+men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet
+called Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi
+origin. They reappear afterwards as
+<foreign rend='italic'>Maskan-sini</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sinako</foreign>, and appear to have
+passed to America soon after the Linapi.
+They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the
+<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/>
+languages prove, and very akin to the Hurons
+or Ongwis in America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign> are met again, which appear
+to have become the ancestors of the
+Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign> were either the Uskis or the
+Skeres. The <foreign rend='italic'>Towakon</foreign> were not the Ottawas;
+but probably the Ozages or their
+ancestors the Wakons.<note place='foot'>Wakon is the god and ancestor of
+all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas,
+Sioux &amp;c. belonging to the <foreign rend='italic'>Capaha</foreign> or
+Missouri group of nations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At last they meet the civilized <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>,
+who are not called snakes, but rather extolled,
+and from whom they borrowed many
+things: their symbol is very different from
+that of the snakes. They were probably
+of eastern or atlantic origin, akin to the
+Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign> become allies,
+were the Hurons, the name means both <foreign rend='italic'>unlike
+the Talegas</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>killer of the Talas</foreign>.&mdash;See
+Cusick, and my Huron Traditions for
+their own annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The separations of the Nentegos and
+Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled
+the sea shores from Florida to Acadia.
+Three tribes of snakes reappear which are
+similar to the former, except the <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign>
+probably the same as <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign>. After
+crossing the Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites
+all the tribes. The <foreign rend='italic'>Hiliniki</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Conowiki</foreign> easily identified remain west of
+the mountains. The Iroquois and Eries
+appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon
+<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>
+after as snakes or foes; whether the Otalis
+or Cherokis of the mountains were real
+snakes of the west is doubtful; it is more
+likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos,
+which was their capital till lately, and
+later they are called <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwi</foreign> by the Linapis.
+Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers,
+as the Linapi grandfathers, of all the akin
+tribes, had then towards 1400, a great
+power in the west: their empire had a
+pontiff <foreign rend='italic'>Mushkiwis</foreign> near lake Michigan, on
+whom Cass has given some very important
+traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following chief chronological periods
+are deducible from these annals, by reckoning
+3 generations in a century. About
+1600 years before Christ passage of Behring
+strait on the ice, lead by <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalanewa</foreign>,
+settlement at <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1450. <foreign rend='italic'>Chilili</foreign> leads them south, and the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tamakwi</foreign> separate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1040. Peace after long wars under <foreign rend='italic'>Langundewi</foreign>
+at the land <foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+800. Annals written by <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+750. <foreign rend='italic'>Takwachi</foreign> leads
+to <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+650. <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign> leads east over mountains.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+460. The first <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> great king on
+the Missouri.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+60. <foreign rend='italic'>Opekasit</foreign> leads to the Mississippi.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatans</foreign>
+against the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/>
+
+<p>
+400. <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhihitan</foreign> writes the annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and
+Nentegos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+800. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalawikwan</foreign> leads over Alleghany
+mountains to <foreign rend='italic'>Amangaki</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+970. <foreign rend='italic'>Wolomenap</foreign> settles the central capital
+at Trenton, and the Mohigans separate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1170. Under <foreign rend='italic'>Pitenumen</foreign>
+arrival of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign>
+the first white men or Europeans.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Additional Note.</hi> As a specimen of the
+original text and poetry of these annals, I
+give now the poem on the passage to America:
+the whole text and all the symbols will
+be given hereafter.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>13. Amakolen</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Nallahemen</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Agunuken</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Powasinep</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wapasinep</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Akomenep.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wematan akomen luchundi.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>15. Witéhen wémiluen</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémaken nihillen.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Nguttichin Wapanawi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Agamunk topanpek</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wulliton épannek.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>17. Wulélémil W'shakuppek</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémopannek hakhsinipek</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Akomen wapanaki nillawi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking</l>
+<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.</l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter VI.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>The poetical annals and traditions of
+the Haytians or Tainos of the Antilles</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>collected in 1498 by</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Roman &amp;c.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>with additions by</hi>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dangleria</hi> <hi rend='italic'>and
+others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient
+Tribes</hi>.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with
+Columbus, who began to convert the Haytians
+in 1496, and collected their traditions,
+after learning their language, out of the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Areitos</foreign> or songs and hymns used in festivals.
+He wrote them in 1498 by order of
+Columbus, and they are inserted at large
+in his life by his son; but were almost neglected
+by Irving. They give us not only
+an insight into the belief, religion, traditions
+of the Antillian people; but also a compendium
+of fragments on their annals.
+Although very desultory, much less connected
+than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&amp;c., and destitute of chronology; yet
+they afford an essential addition to American
+history, and the ancient accounts about
+the Atlantis and Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order to bring them into a kind of
+order, they shall be analyzed, reduced to
+a succession of events and divided into 3
+parts, 1. Cosmogony and Theogony, 2.
+the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient
+<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>
+history previous to Columbus or 1492. A
+fourth part foreign to these traditions would
+be their annals since that time, and till the
+extinction of the nation; which shall be
+given hereafter, with the account of the
+language, and civilization&mdash;What is peculiar
+to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into
+beasts &amp;c., as in Ovid.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The nation who furnished these annals,
+was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch of the
+nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling
+the Lucayes and smaller Antilles: whose
+collective proper name was <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi> meaning
+noble. But they acknowledged as brothers,
+many tribes of the continent under the collective
+name of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guatiaos</hi> brothers, this
+was ascertained in 1520 by Figueroa.&mdash;(See
+Herrera.) These <foreign rend='italic'>Guatiaos</foreign> were the
+Aruac nations and tribes, that were not
+cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by
+Figueroa in 1520 were in the Antilles the
+1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that
+dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda, Marmagitas
+and Gianis Islands. While those of the
+continent were the 1. Aruacas of Guyana,
+2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of
+Oronoc, 4. Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis,
+6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8. Coquibocoa,
+9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt
+with the <foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, the cannibal
+tribes, foes of the <foreign rend='italic'>Guatiaos</foreign>, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated
+<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>
+and conquered most of the eastern
+Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the Tainos spoke the same language
+divided into several dialects; but understood
+reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in
+1512 that two distinct languages were used
+in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of
+Hayti; but in the west was a very different
+language not understood; this was the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> derived
+from the <foreign rend='italic'>Olmeca</foreign> of Oaxaca
+or the <foreign rend='italic'>Maya</foreign> of Yucatan; they having sent
+there a colony, and founded a kingdom.&mdash;(see
+the Maya History.) In Hayti there
+was also in the center of the island a kingdom
+of Mayas? the people were called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-riexes</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Macoryxes</foreign>, (meaning
+<hi rend='italic'>Maya people</hi>). They spoke a language
+different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Cayabo</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cubaba</foreign>,
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Baichagua</foreign>. This kingdom of strangers
+was called <foreign rend='italic'>Cubaba</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caibaba</foreign>, and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ziguayos</foreign>. They are called Caribs by
+some authors; but erroneously.<note place='foot'>The account of these strangers in
+Hayti is very slender and confused, some
+writers deem them the ancestors of all the
+Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo
+as a late comer. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-banex</foreign> name of
+their last king means Maya-head in the
+Maya language. They must have been an
+ancient colony or remain of the Mayas,
+since they had already three dialects. All
+strangers were called Caribs at last by the
+Haytians, whence the blunder.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many other additional traditions on the
+Antilles are scattered in early writers,
+D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz,
+Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo, Columbus, Brigstock,
+Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet,
+&amp;c. which shall be partly noticed here as
+a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a
+general outline of a history of the Antillian
+nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having succeeded to make out a fine
+vocabulary of nearly three hundred words
+<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>
+of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman,
+Columbus, Dangleria, Munoz, Las-Casas,
+Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater
+&amp;c.&mdash;and another of about 150 words of
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Cairi</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eyeri</foreign> language of the Aruac
+Islanders out of Dudley, Rochefort &amp;c.
+I will be enabled to translate and elucidate
+nearly all the Taino historical names and
+allusions, so as to clear up the annals by
+original etymologies. The orthography
+will be Spanish, J must be pronounced as
+Kh, and X as Sh.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Haytians had besides these songs,
+other annals; since the priests taught history,
+and the origin of things to the sons of
+the nobles. They had also perhaps peculiar
+symbols to keep their records, since
+Dangleria mentions that they had paintings
+of beasts, tygers, eagles &amp;c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787
+was found in the mountains of Guanaminto
+a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with
+hieroglyphs! and in the mountains of Limbé,
+engravings of human figures on a serpentine
+rock; besides many sculptures in
+Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua
+one of Lucayes a gold medal <emph>with letters
+on it</emph>! If we had figures of these hieroglyphs
+and engraved symbols, we should
+probably obtain another clue to American
+history and graphic systems. But they are
+probably lost by neglect like those of North
+America! The Antilles being on the way
+from the east to the continent must have
+<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/>
+served as a stepping place to many nations
+on their passage to the continent.<note place='foot'>Traces
+of 44 distinct nations or tribes
+are found in the ancient history of the
+Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors
+of all the American nations of eastern
+origin by the Atlantic ocean.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1st Part.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Theogony and Cosmogony.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Fact.</hi> The Supreme God, bears
+five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or
+female.
+</p>
+
+<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{0.5cm} p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}';
+             tblcolumns: 'lw(4) lw(13) lw(13) lw(10)'">
+<row><cell></cell><cell>By Roman</cell><cell>By Dangleria</cell>
+     <cell>Meanings</cell></row>
+<row><cell>1.</cell><cell>Attabei</cell><cell>Attabeira</cell>
+     <cell>Unic-Being.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>2.</cell><cell>Jemao</cell><cell>Mamona</cell><cell>Eternal.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>3.</cell><cell>Guacas or Apito</cell><cell>Guaca-rapita</cell>
+     <cell>Infinite.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>4.</cell><cell>Apito or Siella</cell><cell>Liella</cell>
+     <cell>Omnipotent.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>5.</cell><cell>Zuimaco</cell><cell>Guimazoa</cell><cell>Invisible.</cell></row>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male
+God. The titles of this god are sufficient
+to indicate the supreme God of nature, and
+they have astonishing analogies with the
+primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &amp;c.
+The most common name was the first, in
+Cuba <foreign rend='italic'>Atabex</foreign>. This and other great Gods
+were not sculptured in idols. The Chillians
+had similar names for the Supreme
+God.<note place='foot'>These titles of the Supreme God might
+furnish many pages of compared analogies.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mamona</foreign> is identic
+with the <foreign rend='italic'>Mammon</foreign> of
+Africa and Asia. <foreign rend='italic'>Liella</foreign> has analogies
+with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+the east. <foreign rend='italic'>Atabeira</foreign> is
+identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Atabyrius</foreign>
+the Jove of the Phrygians and
+Pelasgians: The meaning <emph>Unic-being</emph> has
+analogies in <foreign rend='italic'>Ata-beira</foreign> all over the world.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ata</foreign> is one or first in many languages.
+Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Atmon</foreign> of Egypt,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Baracata</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Paraxacta</foreign> the nature
+or mother of <foreign rend='italic'>Brama</foreign>
+of the Hindus. <foreign rend='italic'>Mamona</foreign>
+with <foreign rend='italic'>Vimana</foreign>
+eternal god of the Jains, the <foreign rend='italic'>Manitos</foreign>
+of North America. <foreign rend='italic'>Até</foreign> was god in Thracian,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ata</foreign> in Brazil,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Etua</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Heyta</foreign> in
+Polynesia. The names of God in the
+Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is <foreign rend='italic'>Ian</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ion</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Jauna</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Jain</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Janieva</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Janugoieva</foreign>
+&amp;c. similar to <foreign rend='italic'>Jemao</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Jocana</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Hiauna</foreign>
+of Hayti.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Fact.</hi> This God was father or mother
+of another great God dwelling in the
+sun with a double name, variable in the
+dialects.
+</p>
+
+<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}';
+             tblcolumns: 'lw(15) lw(15) lw(15)'">
+
+<row><cell></cell><cell>First Name.</cell><cell>Second Name.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>By Roman</cell><cell>Iocahuna</cell><cell>Guamaarocon.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>By Dangleria</cell><cell>Iocauna</cell><cell>Guamaonocon.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>In Cuba</cell><cell>Yocahuna</cell><cell>Guamaoxocoti.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>In Jamaica</cell><cell>Yocahuna</cell><cell>&mdash;&mdash;</cell></row>
+<row><cell>In Boriquen</cell><cell>Iacana</cell><cell>Guamanomocon.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>By Oviedo</cell><cell>Iovana</cell><cell>Guamamona.</cell></row>
+<row><cell>Variations</cell><cell>Iocavaghama</cell><cell>Guamochyna.</cell></row>
+</table>
+
+<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/>
+
+<p>
+The explication of these names is not
+given; but they are identic with the gods
+of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary
+islands.&mdash;The first appears to be the
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jehovah</hi> and
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Yao</hi> of the Orientals, and is
+evidently the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hunaku</hi> or Supreme God of
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign>. The second name means
+<emph>Lord of the World</emph> (<foreign rend='italic'>Guama-ocon</foreign>) and is
+a title.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Gua-ma-o-con</foreign>
+was such-great-of-world,
+in the early monosyllabic language
+of the Antilles. Compare with <foreign rend='italic'>Con-el</foreign>, and
+the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Event.</hi> This last God made the
+World, the Heavens <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign>, and the Earth
+before the terrestrial sun and moon; also
+the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemis</hi> or angels, who are male and
+female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and
+intercessors with the great gods. In the
+dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Zemes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Chemes</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chemis</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the ancestors are since called <foreign rend='italic'>Zemis</foreign>:
+their worship was spread through America,
+under various names, and forms: as well
+as in the east. They are the
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shemayim</foreign> (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shemsia</foreign> of the Pehlavis of Persia.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Samana &amp; Hamsa</foreign> of the Hindus.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shams</foreign> of the Arabic.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Esmun</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Saman</foreign> of the old Irish.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Eshman</foreign> (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Sumari</foreign> of Thibet, <foreign rend='italic'>Chuman</foreign> of Tartary.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Camus</foreign>, a synonym of Magi of Persia.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shin</foreign> of the Chinese.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zamzumin</foreign> ancient giants of Arabia.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chamin &amp; Zaones</foreign> of Egypt.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chama</foreign> of the Phrygians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chamina</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l>
+<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zeones &amp; Zanim</foreign> of the Ammonians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zamones</foreign> (blest) of the Lybians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Lemes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Zanes</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Annas</foreign> of the Pelasgians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chemin</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Shemsho</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Naemas</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Zamiel</foreign>
+of Aram or Syria and Phenicia. <foreign rend='italic'>Chemarim</foreign> Priests.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zin</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Kami</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Kamona</foreign> of Japan and Yedzo.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+While in America we find the <foreign rend='italic'>Chemim</foreign>
+of the Carib women.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tezmin</foreign> of the Mayas.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Inama</foreign> of the Apalachis.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Manito</foreign> of the Linapis.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Camayos</foreign> of the Peruvians.&mdash;Which are
+all identic in meaning <emph>Angels</emph>, <emph>Spirits</emph> and
+their idols. This name changes elsewhere
+in sound: just like <foreign rend='italic'>Enzel</foreign> in Teutonic,
+which has the import of <foreign rend='italic'>El</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aones</foreign>, and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Zemes</foreign>, is root
+of our <emph>Angel</emph> now pronounced
+<foreign rend='italic'>Endjel</foreign>. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to
+be evident. They are not less in <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign>
+heaven, <foreign rend='italic'>Uran</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Turan</foreign> of the primitive
+nation &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>4th Event.</hi> Some of these <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemis</hi> became
+bad beings, and devils <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign>, who send
+diseases, hurricanes (<foreign rend='italic'>Furacan</foreign>), earthquakes
+and thunders to desolate the earth
+and mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign> for devil and evil
+has analogies throughout the earth. The
+most striking are
+</p>
+
+<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Out of America.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zitura</foreign> of Basks.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Guirati</foreign> of Biscayans.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Vetura</foreign> in Bali of Pallis.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tororu</foreign> of Nukahiva island.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yarua</foreign> of the Berber Atlantes.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yurena</foreign> of the Guanches Atlantes.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Daruj</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Puyri</foreign> of
+Zend.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Turug</foreign> of Celts.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tairi</foreign> in Turkish.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tahyri</foreign> of Tahiti.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Fara</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Wara</foreign> of
+Japan.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tarada</foreign> of the Papuas.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Uritiram</foreign> Synonym of Shiva.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Teripis</foreign> of Oscans.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tyranos</foreign> of Greeks.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>In America.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yares</foreign> of the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tayronas</foreign> the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Sura</foreign> of Poyays.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tziri</foreign> of Poconchi.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Huraqui</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sura</foreign> of Apalachi.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tiviri</foreign> of the Yaquis.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kiuras</foreign> of the Powhatans.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tarahu</foreign>, of the Tarahumaras.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Prororu</foreign> of Cumana, derived from
+<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign> another subsequent devil of Hayti.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+By the change of R to L, we have the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tulas</foreign> and Atlantes
+of America.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>See Taraguva</hi>
+of 10th Event.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>5th Event.</hi> The good Zemis were appointed
+to make the earth and men, and to
+rule over both. <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanzex</foreign>, a female
+<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>
+Zemis, made the air and water, and became
+the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This will answer to the first period of
+the earth creation, when the water was
+above the land, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Rkio</foreign> of Moses
+was divided. The name appears to mean
+<emph>the windy</emph>.<note place='foot'><p>Compare the following words for winds
+with <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-banzex</foreign>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Vayajam</foreign> Sanscrit.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Band</foreign> old Arabic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Watem</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Vato</foreign> Zend.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bangin</foreign> Bali.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bentus</foreign> old Latin.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ventus</foreign> Latin.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Andas</foreign> Etruscan.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Abka</foreign> Abask.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sabam</foreign> Ceylon.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>6th Event.</hi> The male Zemis <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi>
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Khaya</foreign>,
+the earth) made the earth and islands; he
+is the <foreign rend='italic'>Aion</foreign> of Sanchoniation. Every land
+and island is animated. The island of Hayti
+was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of
+it was a long tail, called <foreign rend='italic'>Guaca-iarima</foreign>
+(country of the Vent). The caves were
+the holes of the body, venerated and used
+afterwards as temples and tombs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This notion, and comparison of islands
+with turtles, recalls to mind the primitive
+turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis
+&amp;c. <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Kaya</foreign>
+for land has affinities
+all over the world and is a primitive
+word.<note place='foot'><p>It was <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Khaya</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Cayo</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hay</foreign> in
+the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian.
+Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ai</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eia</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ia</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gaya</foreign>,
+in the Pelasgic dialects, since become <foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Yaia</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Gea</foreign> in Greek.
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kahi</foreign> Egyptian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Akhé</foreign> Zend.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kay</foreign> Deri of Iran.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Iya</foreign> Sanscrit.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ca</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Aion</foreign> Phenician.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ay</foreign> Lybian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign> old Irish.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ayate</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gays</foreign> Ausonian and Oscan.
+</p>
+<p>
+In America numerous analogies are found,
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign> Betoy, <foreign rend='italic'>A</foreign> in Lulé,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Catun</foreign> Tzuluki,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Acuti</foreign> Moxos &amp;c.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>7th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> afterwards had a son,
+who was called <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia-El</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Higuera</foreign>, or <foreign rend='italic'>Hibuera</foreign>
+earth-son gourd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This first man like Adam is son of the
+earth, and an EL or Angel, <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> of the
+orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring,
+family and tribe. It will often recur
+in subsequent history, in the singular for
+the plural. The plurals were <foreign rend='italic'>Eli</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>guaili</foreign>.&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Gua</foreign>
+is only the article <emph>This or
+Such</emph>.<note place='foot'>EL for son was primitive Haytian
+and synonymous with tribe, children, family,
+divine or son of God as in Asia. In the
+dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Rabu</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Rahen</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Muru &amp;c.</foreign> meant
+Son. Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign> tribe in Persian,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Zitl</foreign>
+man in Circassian, <foreign rend='italic'>Leh</foreign> Osset,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lez</foreign> Lezghi.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lele</foreign> in Pelasgian, UL in
+Turan, now <foreign rend='italic'>Oglu</foreign>
+in Turk&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Olgos</foreign> Eolian,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Vulgus</foreign> Latin,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chuli</foreign> in Carthulan,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Oleos</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Laos</foreign> in Greek,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eleuth</foreign> in Mongol,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chula</foreign> old Spanish, <foreign rend='italic'>Alu</foreign>
+Copt, <foreign rend='italic'>Bail</foreign> Etruscan,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cobayl</foreign> Berber, <foreign rend='italic'>Haial</foreign>
+in D. <foreign rend='italic'>Shiluh</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ulu</foreign>
+Afgan, <foreign rend='italic'>Eli</foreign> Hungarian,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Filius</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>fam-ilia</foreign>
+Latin &amp;c. Even our
+words <emph>Fellow</emph>, <emph>Child</emph> and <emph>Folks</emph> derive
+from this ancient source, the oriental EL,
+IL, OL.&mdash;In America we find it in the
+OL-mecas, Chols &amp;c.&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Olo</foreign> in Vilela,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Yoale</foreign> Abipon, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Eles</hi>
+Mexican &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>8th Event.</hi> The sun and moon called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Boiniael</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Maroio</foreign> by Roman; but
+<foreign rend='italic'>Binthaitel</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Marohu</foreign> by Dangleria and
+Ovieda, come out of the cave <foreign rend='italic'>Jovovava</foreign>:
+they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A
+cave with the same name was their temple
+in Hayti. Dangleria calls it <foreign rend='italic'>Iovana-boina</foreign>
+Jove Solar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The exact time of this appearance is
+doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding
+to the sun being long obscured by the primitive
+misty atmosphere, another historical
+alluding to the solar and lunar dynasties of
+Asia or America. The meaning of <foreign rend='italic'>Jovo-vava</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Kovo-vava</foreign> is cave of fathers, both
+primitive names. The solar and lunar
+names have many analogies elsewhere,
+among which the chief are
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Names of the Sun.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Oin</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Oein</foreign> of Arabs and Ethiopia.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Oboh</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Baion</foreign>, old Egyptian.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Baon</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Oan</foreign> of Assyrians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Ian</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Belen</foreign> of the Gauls.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Bun</foreign> of the Zend.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Abolion</foreign> of the Pelasgians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Abloin</foreign> of the Thessalians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Ntiélé</foreign> of the Illyrians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Bian</foreign> of the Ausonians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Anactes</foreign> of the Mysians.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Names of the Moon.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yarho</foreign> of the Syrians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Aohri</foreign> of the Tibus.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Warha</foreign> of the Ethiopians.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Carara</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Teoro</foreign> of the Betoys, S. A.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Heriho</foreign> of Canaan.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Humuri</foreign> of Old Arabic.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Matuaré</foreign> of Carthul, Caucasus.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Maraca</foreign> of Guaramis, S. A.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Marama</foreign> of Polynesia.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kamar</foreign> in Maroco.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kamaria</foreign> in Pehlvi.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Gumara</foreign> in Nubian.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+Most of these synonyms and analogies
+are found in the most ancient languages:
+to which may be added that in the ancient
+Haikan language of Armenia, the sun and
+moon were called <foreign rend='italic'>Noah!</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Morante</foreign>,
+names also of Noah and his wife.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>9th Event.</hi> The female Zemis,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Coatris-quia</foreign>
+makes the springs and streams to flow
+over the earth, and became their goddess.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony,
+that of the irruption of subterranean
+waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior
+to Adam. The name of the Zemis is
+of doubtful meaning, probably <foreign rend='italic'>Coatris-quia</foreign>,
+hollow-quite. <foreign rend='italic'>Coa</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Cua</foreign> was the name
+of ancient hollow temples all over America.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Quia</foreign> is
+found in <foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> oldest name of
+Hayti or the <emph>great</emph> (land) <emph>universal</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>10th Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Taragava-el</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Corocora</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Epileguanita</foreign>, two male Zemis of the
+woods and hunters, made the trees and
+beasts. This includes probably two events
+anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>
+
+<p>
+The meanings of these Zemis which
+might guide us, are quite doubtful. <foreign rend='italic'>Taraguva</foreign>
+resembles <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign>
+and also <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign>
+heaven; but <foreign rend='italic'>Epileguanita</foreign> was probably
+the ancient god of the <foreign rend='italic'>Caracol</foreign> or Beastly-men,
+since it was represented by a beast
+or quadruped; while all the other Zemis
+as men and women. <foreign rend='italic'>Ili-guanita</foreign> would
+mean in Haytian <emph>children of the people</emph>.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications
+of the ancient hunters, or men
+of the woods with the beastly and savage
+men of early times. Roman calls the second
+<foreign rend='italic'>Corocore</foreign>, synonyme
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Caracara</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Part II. <hi rend='italic'>Antidiluvian History and Flood.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>11th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia-El</hi> rebels against his
+father <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> and wants to kill him; a warfare,
+in which <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia-El</foreign> is killed by his father,
+who puts his bones into a gourd. <foreign rend='italic'>Higuera</foreign>,
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Hibuera</foreign>, and people the land of that
+name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This refers to the fall of man and the
+wars of the Titans. The name for bones
+is omitted, it would perhaps afford another
+clue. Many American nations venerate
+and animate bones. Dangleria says, that
+<foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign> peopled all the islands of the sea with
+these bones.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>12th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> being childless marries
+<foreign rend='italic'>Itiba-Jatuvava</foreign> from whom he has 4 twin
+sons called <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign>, who became afterwards
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cara-cara-cols</foreign> or the great Cara-cols,
+the great beastly beings; but their
+mother dies at their birth.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/>
+
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Itiba</foreign> means woman ancient and alludes
+perhaps to <foreign rend='italic'>Thibet</foreign>, refuge, or land of Noah.
+(<emph>I</emph>, is the article <emph>the</emph>).
+<foreign rend='italic'>Jatuvava</foreign> perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac <foreign rend='italic'>Kati-uiua</foreign>
+means the moon heavenly. The name of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign> is remarkable, being identic with
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Demavends</foreign> or antidiluvians of Persia,
+called <foreign rend='italic'>Dawand</foreign> in the Zendavesta, the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Demoi</foreign> or old people of the Pelasgians, the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Demons</foreign> of many nations.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign> are found all over America and
+Asia.<note place='foot'>The <foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign>
+are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> of Florida,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Collas</foreign> of Peru &amp;c.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> may be the ancient Caribs, or
+the Guaranis, the <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> of
+Peru, the <foreign rend='italic'>Coras</foreign>
+of Mexico &amp;c.; compare with the ancient
+Carians and many other primitive
+nations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>13th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahiacavo</hi> (grand father) or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Baia-manicoel</foreign> an
+ancestor of the <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign>,
+forms the nation of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con-El</hi>,
+at <foreign rend='italic'>Basamanaco</foreign>,
+and invents agriculture, with the
+art of making cakes and bread.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather
+of mankind. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con-El</hi> is certainly a
+personification, meaning the sons or Elohim
+of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con</hi>, who is the primitive Lybian Hercules
+KON or KHON; and is found in
+Peruvian history as the first legislator of
+Peru. The XONS or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cones</hi> were the
+oldest people of Spain and Italy, same as
+<foreign rend='italic'>Xâones</foreign> of Greece. Their god was XON
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Konah</foreign>.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Basamanaco</foreign> is inexplicable
+unless it alludes to the primitive antidiluvian
+<foreign rend='italic'>Manaco</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Manco</foreign>
+of Peru. <foreign rend='italic'>Ba</foreign> is dwelling,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Samana</foreign> an island near Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>14th Event.</hi> The four brothers
+<foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign>
+meeting a mute <foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign>, making bread, ask
+him for some; but he only gives them instead
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cogioba</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Cohiba</foreign>
+which is tobacco:
+this happened at the door of Basamanaco.
+<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>
+This fable indicates an intercourse of the
+Dimivans and the <foreign rend='italic'>Conels</foreign> which are probably
+a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>15th Event.</hi> This refusal of bread was
+the cause of a quarrel and war, in which
+<foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign> kills or destroys one of the brothers
+or tribes of <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan Caracol</foreign>, but a turtle
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hicotea</foreign> came out of his body, or an island
+thus called, as Hayti was. This <foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign> conqueror
+was <foreign rend='italic'>Baia-mani-coel</foreign>, whose name
+means <emph>Father of food celestial</emph>; but <foreign rend='italic'>Baya</foreign>
+is also the ocean.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This indicates a great war, and probably
+alludes to that of the Atlantes.<note place='foot'>Although we do not meet in Hayti
+the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so
+many allusions to the devils <foreign rend='italic'>Taras</foreign>, and
+Amazons <foreign rend='italic'>Amayuna</foreign>, that we can connect
+these traditions with the Greek accounts.
+The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians
+were foes and vassals of the Atlantes;
+but allies of the Amazons.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>16th Event.</hi> The <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivans</foreign>, probably
+in revenge, broke the gourd of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaiael</hi>
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Khayahel</foreign>); but a flood of waters issue
+from it and drowns the land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This deluge is called <foreign rend='italic'>Niquen</foreign>: there is
+no indication in Roman of the men who
+were destroyed, nor who were saved and
+how; but in Cuba was found a more ample
+tradition of the flood as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>17th Event.</hi> Three Behiques or priests
+who come to Cuba later, taught them that
+the flood had been general, had broken the
+land; and that a good man had been saved
+in a big boat with his family. That many
+animals were also in the boat, a vulture
+and dove are mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different
+words, and without native names.
+Some have supposed this account made
+out by the Spanish priests; but it appears
+<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>
+to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas
+or Mayas in Cuba, being very similar
+to the Mexican accounts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>18th Event.</hi> Another subsequent flood
+although omitted by Roman, is alluded to
+by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba
+were then cut asunder and separated from
+Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great
+islands, were divided by irruptions of the
+sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which
+in the Antilles broke the islands by volcanic
+explosions. It is impossible to say what
+events of the next period, may belong to
+the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian
+events appear to belong to a different
+country than the Antilles, which did not
+even then exist, at least in their actual
+state, and may properly be referred to the
+island Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere.
+It was at this last cataclysm that the Antilles
+assumed their actual shape and number.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Part III.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ancient History.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>19th Event.</hi> After the floods the men
+dwelt in caves on the mountain <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> in
+the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caunana</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Caona</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mountains of <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> must have been
+the refuge of men at one of the floods: they
+answer probably to the <foreign rend='italic'>Cuta</foreign> of the Hindus,
+name given to many rocky lands and capes
+besides mountains. The <foreign rend='italic'>Ceuta</foreign> mountain
+of Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of
+them, also called <foreign rend='italic'>Abyla</foreign>
+from the <foreign rend='italic'>Cabyles</foreign>
+<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>
+or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a
+tradition that men were created on that
+mountain. <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> although unexplained
+is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Icota</foreign> turtle,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ca-uta</foreign> land
+raised. <foreign rend='italic'>Caona</foreign> means golden.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The land <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> of Roman,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caunana</foreign>
+of Dangleria, has been mistaken for the
+land of <foreign rend='italic'>Canaan</foreign> by some writers: others
+deem it Florida. Both are wrong. The
+Haytians did not come from North America;
+but may have sent colonies there.
+They came from the east, South America
+and Africa, or the Atlantis. The name
+means land of Noah? (<foreign rend='italic'>Caa-Nau</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cau-Nana</foreign>).
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caunia</foreign> was the ancient name of
+Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians
+were Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which
+expelled by the Leleges, settled the Grecian
+islands, and Lybia part of which was
+called <foreign rend='italic'>Caani</foreign>. The
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anakim</foreign> of Syria
+giants dwelt in <foreign rend='italic'>Ca-anak</foreign>.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Khaoni</foreign>
+were the ancestors of Epirians and Illyrians.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cauni</foreign> was a mauritanian tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>20th Event.</hi> The sun and moon are two
+great Zemis called <foreign rend='italic'>Binthaitel</foreign> (sun divine)
+and his wife <foreign rend='italic'>Marohu</foreign> (moon), come out of
+the cave <foreign rend='italic'>Iovana-boina</foreign> (Jehovah-Solar),
+and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This historical event must be distinguished
+from the 8th. This refers to the
+solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It
+must be noticed that similar places were
+often shown in Hayti, as the same names
+<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/>
+had been applied by the subsequent settlers,
+even when the event had happened elsewhere.
+In this case, these solar caves
+were temples in Hayti, where the figures
+of the sun and moon were worshipped, and
+prayed to for rain; but Herrera says they
+had their hands bound, which indicates a
+conquest. Pilgrims went to those caves,
+from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land
+of the king <foreign rend='italic'>Mauziation-El</foreign> (Roman) or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Machiunech</foreign> (Dangleria); but whether
+these were former dynasties and kings or
+late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>21st Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Maroco-El</foreign>
+(lunar son) called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Machocha-El</foreign> by Dangleria, held the sway
+over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau,
+and kept them confined to the caves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This indicates a lunar dominion over
+mankind somewhere, and a state of confinement:
+Perhaps in South America; in
+Peru caves are also the first dwellings of
+mankind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>22d Event.</hi> The men were divided into
+double tribes or two nations, the principal
+or largest and of best men was called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazibagiaga</foreign>&mdash;R.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazibaxagua</foreign>&mdash;D.
+(Royal Xagua) and the smaller <foreign rend='italic'>Amaianaba</foreign>&mdash;R.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Amayauna</foreign>&mdash;D. (Mayas?),
+ruled by Cazics for kings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have here two nations well indicated.
+The first the <foreign rend='italic'>Giaga</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Shaguas</foreign>, indicate
+the Lunar tribe, the <foreign rend='italic'>Chia</foreign> of the Muyzcas,
+and other South American tribes <foreign rend='italic'>Achaguas</foreign>
+of Oronoc, the <foreign rend='italic'>Chaguays</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Changas</foreign> of
+<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>
+Peru, <foreign rend='italic'>Agaches</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Agaiz</foreign> or Paraguay;
+but above all the <foreign rend='italic'>Cacha</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Xauxa</foreign> antidiluvian
+people of Peru. While in the second
+we trace again the Amazons or Atlantes,
+one of their main African tribes being the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Amantes</foreign> of Solin,
+another the <foreign rend='italic'>Baniabas</foreign>
+of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In America the
+progeny is found in the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign> of Yucatan,
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Maynas</foreign> of East
+Peru, the <foreign rend='italic'>Mamayant</foreign>
+of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The important name of Cazic for kings
+begins to appear: it is evidently oriental,
+and its affinities will be shown in a note.<note place='foot'><p>Compare
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazic</foreign> with the following
+names for king:
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Oriental Names.</hi>
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ach</foreign> Egypt and Etruscan.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Vasil</foreign> of Greeks.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kasek</foreign> in Sitka.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazi</foreign> in Iran.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sheik</foreign> in Arabic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Zic</foreign> Iberians and Sicules.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Acalic</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Agazi</foreign> Berber.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bazilik</foreign> Pelagian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cahin</foreign> Lybian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hazil</foreign> Carian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cay</foreign> Zend.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Iza</foreign> Tigreh.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazil</foreign> Mindanao island.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cazis</foreign> Socotora island.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Izcan</foreign> of Haikans.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Izca</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kan</foreign> of Turans.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Casis</foreign> of Syrians.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>American Names.</hi><lb/>
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Acachi</foreign> of Totonacas.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Wachil</foreign> of Nachez.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Zac</foreign> of Muyzcas.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cathi</foreign> of Pinindas.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ahatic</foreign> of Huaztecas.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Inca</foreign> of Peruvians.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chiaca</foreign> of Coras.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cuchi</foreign> of Puncays.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Kiuska</foreign> of Tzulukis.
+</p></note>
+It is akin also to <foreign rend='italic'>Kachi</foreign> sun, in the Eyeri
+dialect: the <foreign rend='italic'>Washil</foreign> of the Nachez.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>23d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Machocha-El</hi> was set by
+the sun to watch the caves, and many inhabitants
+of the caves were killed by the
+sun, if they came out in the day time; they
+could only come out at night to seek for
+food. (Dangleria)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This either alludes to the great heat of
+the sun in Africa and the tropics, or to a
+dependance of the Lunar or Cave men
+upon the Solar men. <foreign rend='italic'>Machocha</foreign> has some
+affinities in the South American tribes;
+<foreign rend='italic'>Machicuys</foreign> of
+Tucumen, <foreign rend='italic'>Machacalis</foreign> of
+Brazil, <foreign rend='italic'>Chaehas</foreign> of Perou,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chanchones</foreign> of
+Quixos &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>24th Event.</hi> Some men having dared to
+come in the day time, were changed into
+stones by the sun; (<foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> is stone): also
+<foreign rend='italic'>Machokael</foreign> for allowing it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This fable may allude to a war, between
+<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign> stony or strong men and the
+solar tribes. These <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign> were probably
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Zipas</foreign> or princes of the Muyzcas. In
+Perou there is also a fable of men changed
+to stones at the primitive city of Tiahuanaco,
+which merely means a war and
+change of dominion. The name of <foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign>
+for stone is primitive.&mdash;See the Note for
+affinities.<note place='foot'><p>Compare
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> with the following
+names for stone:
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hiban</foreign> in Berber.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Uben</foreign> in Hebrew.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aben</foreign> in Syriac.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Keibe</foreign> Celtic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Siwa</foreign> Nukahiva island.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ripa</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Rupes</foreign> in Latin.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Sitaba</foreign> Pelasgian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bahiba</foreign> old Arabic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Iba</foreign> Samoyed.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Batu</foreign> Malay.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is in America, <foreign rend='italic'>Siba</foreign> in
+Cahiri, <foreign rend='italic'>Tabu</foreign>
+in Yaoy; <foreign rend='italic'>Saba</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Tebu</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tobu</foreign> in Galibi dialects,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tushub</foreign> in Huasteca,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tepe</foreign> in Mexican,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tzacapu</foreign> in Talasca &amp;c.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>25th Event.</hi> Another set of men, going
+to the shores to fish, were changed into
+<foreign rend='italic'>Joboses</foreign> (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the
+sun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these
+fables: although the Mexicans called the
+Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The
+analogies of <foreign rend='italic'>Jobos</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Kobos</foreign> are found in
+<foreign rend='italic'>Coyba</foreign> of Darien,
+Cuba or <foreign rend='italic'>Coaiba</foreign>, the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mocobis</foreign> of Chaco &amp;c. Another war is
+probably meant by this, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Jobos</foreign> are
+a people. Have they any reference with
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Jubas</foreign> of Mauritania? who formed a
+divine and royal dynasty there. <foreign rend='italic'>Juba</foreign> was
+also the Jove or God of the Lybians.
+Several nations of Central and Mexican
+America had trees for emblems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>26th Event.</hi> The
+dynasty of <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign> begins to rule over the men of
+Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This family of rulers or Cazics became
+famous afterwards as we shall see, as leaders
+of tribes to America. We can easily
+perceive here the ancient Pelagian tribes
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Ionia</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Aones</foreign>.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign> means
+<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>the-Aones</foreign>. It was this dynasty or people
+that sent colonies to America: Oviedo
+says this happened in the time of Hesper
+12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems
+the settlers Hesperians or Cantabrians.
+The root is <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ona</hi> solar name of Lybians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>27th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vagoniana</hi> a ruler of the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign>, went fishing from the cave, and
+became a bird or nightingale; who crossed
+the sea, and settled the island <foreign rend='italic'>Mathinino</foreign>
+(Martinico) with a people of women.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Dangleria</foreign>. His wife in the sea gives him
+two sons which became jewels <foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign> marble and metal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic.
+Whenever we meet tribes of birds,
+in ancient history, they always mean travellers
+and colonies, and often passage over
+the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds.
+The first ships of the Scandinavians and
+Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange
+in the Haytian language as in
+Greek; <foreign rend='italic'>Va-gon-iana</foreign>,
+thus means <emph>Father-Solar-Iana</emph>.
+His people are called women,
+because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon
+tribe. Martinico was the first island
+settled by them: it bears the name of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Matinino</foreign> in Roman, and was thus called
+yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons
+and jewels.<note place='foot'><p>Although Matinino was one of the
+names of Martinico, it may have been given
+afterwards, and there may have been another
+land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis
+or Trinidad.
+</p>
+<p>
+Garcia gives <foreign rend='italic'>Matalino</foreign> as a synonym,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ma</foreign> means great, and thus it would be the
+great <hi rend='smallcaps'>Talino</hi>, the real great
+<foreign rend='italic'>Atalantis</foreign>.
+The conjecture is plausible; but the name
+was afterwards transferred to South America.
+If the real African Atlantis is meant,
+the event must be before the last flood.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>28th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guagu-giona</hi> king of Caziba,
+sent <foreign rend='italic'>Jadruvaba</foreign> out of the caves, to collect
+<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/>
+the holy herb <foreign rend='italic'>Digo</foreign> in order to purify and
+wash the body; but he was changed by the
+sun into a singing bird <foreign rend='italic'>Giahuba-Bogiael</foreign>
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have here a second voyage by sea in
+a bird, and a contention with a solar people,
+caused by a trading voyage to procure some
+American commodity: Indigo probably
+which is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Digo</foreign>.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Jadru-vaba</foreign>
+or the father of <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign>, must be a new
+colonist. <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign> has hardly any analogies
+in America; but <foreign rend='italic'>Giahuba</foreign> in which
+he was changed has some. It appears
+analagous with the <foreign rend='italic'>Yaoy</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Shebaoy</foreign> two
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> tribes of Guyana,
+and thus <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign>
+might be the <foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> themselves; same
+nation with the Haytians once, as the languages
+prove; although extending to Tucuman
+and Patagonia. The name of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Aruagas</foreign>
+was inexplicable: it
+may refer to this origin, or to the <foreign rend='italic'>Rocou</foreign>
+the red paint used by them. But <foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign>
+may also mean <foreign rend='italic'>Aluac</foreign>;
+akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Labuyu</foreign>
+of the Caribs their vassals, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Aluez</foreign>
+vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east;
+here reduced to servitude by foes?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>29th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guagu-Giona</hi> irritated that
+Jadru-vaba does not return, leaves the
+cave of <foreign rend='italic'>Caziba</foreign> in search of him, and went
+with men and women to the island Matinino,
+where the women were left, while the
+men went to the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic,
+<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/>
+unless that of <foreign rend='italic'>Vagoniana</foreign> only mentioned
+by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but
+they are likely to be successive tribes of
+Ionas. That all the women should be left
+in Martinico is a fable, meaning that the
+weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the
+American continent, called <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>, which
+has several meanings, land of Guanas or
+lizard men, or land of metals. It became
+afterwards the name of a peculiar metal
+formed by the natural or artificial amalgam
+of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8 copper:
+and a tribe assumed the name. <foreign rend='italic'>Guana</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guanos</foreign> was the name of a large nation of
+South America; perhaps come from the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guans</foreign> of the Canary islands; but slightly
+related to the Aruacs by the languages:
+yet perhaps akin: it was spread east of the
+Andes, between the two tropics.<note place='foot'>This metal Guanin is the Orichalc
+of the ancient Greeks; which has so much
+puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed
+Platina, which would have been infusible.
+It was the production of Atlantis!</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>30th Event.</hi> The children were left behind,
+because afraid to cross, and were
+crying after their mothers; but became
+changed into <foreign rend='italic'>Tona</foreign> or opossums. Garcia
+says into <foreign rend='italic'>Toa</foreign> or frogs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the
+small islands, nor in Africa. But they are
+plenty in South America, where the notion
+must have sprung. This fable and metamorphosis
+may imply a hidden meaning.
+The opossums are the only animals bearing
+their young in a pouch, as ships bear men.
+Could not this indicate other ships without
+sails, and thus no longer birds with wings?
+</p>
+
+<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>
+
+<p>
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the
+root of <foreign rend='italic'>Nei-ton</foreign> the Lybian neptunes or
+navigators. The twin TUN are the holy
+ancestors of the Chilians, <foreign rend='italic'>Tona-ca</foreign> (flesh
+our) is the ancestor or Adam of some
+Mexican nations. The frogs were the
+emblem of the Muyzcas!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>31st Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guabonito</hi> a woman follows
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guaga-Giona</foreign>
+to the bigland of <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>
+by swimming. He is well pleased with it,
+and calls her his own <foreign rend='italic'>Biberozi</foreign> (wife-loving):
+but as she was diseased he puts her
+apart in a <foreign rend='italic'>Guanara</foreign>, where she heals, and
+he makes her queen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of
+the woman is stated to be the syphilis!
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guabo-n'ito</foreign> means fruit or Guava pear of
+man! The allegory implies another colony
+following <foreign rend='italic'>Guaga</foreign>, not by swimming; but
+with paddles or on rafts; probably a part
+of the lesser tribe of <foreign rend='italic'>Amaiuna</foreign> or Amazons,
+so often called women in antiquity; although
+a powerful African people. All the women
+left in the islands might be of such a tribe,
+and since become the Mayas of Yucatan,
+Hayti &amp;c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>32d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Anacacugia</hi> (flower of Cacao)
+brother of this wife or ally of <foreign rend='italic'>Guaga</foreign>,
+runs away from him on the back of a manati
+or seal, and goes back to the women of
+Matinino.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This implies a separation of tribes, one
+returning to the islands, where they probably
+<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>
+formed the Cairi nation. The seal used
+for boats, is a third fable, found in Greece;
+boats are thus compared to birds, opossums
+and seals. Many American languages
+animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a <foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, or sea cow; real seals not
+being found in the Antilles. If the name
+was <foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, it
+has affinities with the <foreign rend='italic'>Ama-yuna</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Ama-Zons</foreign> tribe.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ma-ti-ni-no</foreign>
+is in Haytian <emph>great-mount-the-good</emph>, while
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mana-ti</foreign> is
+<hi rend='italic'>moving mountain</hi>. Has not
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anacacu</foreign> a reference to
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Anakim</foreign> of
+Asia, the <foreign rend='italic'>Cacus</foreign> of
+Europe, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tam-anacu</foreign>
+of South America?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>33d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hi-Auna</hi>
+father of <foreign rend='italic'>Guago-giona</foreign>
+comes with his son to the land of
+Guanin, and being the grandfather of all
+the tribes, they receive the names of <foreign rend='italic'>Hi-auna</foreign>;
+which is afterwards changed to
+children of Guanin. <foreign rend='italic'>Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin</foreign>
+(the-plural such-children such-Nin), and
+lastly the whole united nation is called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guanini</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Aones came then also to America,
+and there was a confederacy of the tribes.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gua-gu</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-go</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-ga</foreign>, may be 3
+spellings of a same name; but they might
+also be three successive and distinct tribes
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign>. <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-bonito</foreign>
+in one instance is
+made another lord or tribe, instead of a
+wife of <foreign rend='italic'>Guago</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>34th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Albebora</hi>
+and his son <foreign rend='italic'>Al-bebora-El</foreign>,
+were also Guanini lords or
+Cazics, who came with the <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign> tribe.
+<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/>
+This indicates again another nation. The
+name is remarkable, because it resembles
+<foreign rend='italic'>Albion</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bora</foreign>, two primitive nations of
+the north, which settled England and the
+boreal regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans
+of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the <foreign rend='italic'>Aboras</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Aboris</foreign> of
+ancient Italy, the mountaineers since called
+<foreign rend='italic'>Abori-genes</foreign> by the Greeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>35th Event.</hi> Another Guaga-giona II. or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guaba-giona</foreign> is mentioned afterwards,
+whose son became the <foreign rend='italic'>Guanini</foreign> tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guaba</foreign> means both <emph>the father</emph>
+and <emph>the Guava pear</emph>. The succession of these
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gionas</foreign> is very obscure; but many are
+probably omitted, and the whole poetical
+records allude to the most famous of the
+dynasty or nation. Guanini implies the
+Golden tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>36th Event.</hi> The settlement of the Guaninis
+in Hayti was from Matinino and the
+east; being exiled from Matinino, they are
+led by <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign> who begins the kingdom of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cabonao</foreign> in Hayti; they settle on the river
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bahaboni</foreign>, where they built their houses,
+and afterwards the great temple of <foreign rend='italic'>Camotzia</foreign>.
+They gave to the island the name of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> or great universe; but afterwards
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hayti</foreign>, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This important event is best given with
+those details by Dangleria: while Roman
+appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin.
+Yet <foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> was more probably
+<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>
+the first name given to South America,
+rather than to Hayti: another name for
+which was <foreign rend='italic'>Bohio</foreign>
+or habitations. <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Guamo</foreign> means
+lord or master, <foreign rend='italic'>Tzia</foreign> is
+temple. The exile of the Guaninis from
+the islands, must allude to another revolution
+and perhaps invasion. This <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign>,
+was probably the same as the <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Coma</foreign> of Cuba
+in later time, <foreign rend='italic'>Comayagua</foreign>
+of Honduras; which assimilate the first
+civilized Haytians with the tribes of Central
+America. It might have happened that
+these <foreign rend='italic'>Camos</foreign>
+were <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign> and the ancestors
+of the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-riexes</foreign>. The history of
+the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America,
+will be connected with these annals
+hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>37th Event.</hi> Other exiles of Matinino
+settle at the island <foreign rend='italic'>Cabini</foreign> now Turtle island;
+and near it on the north shore of
+Hayti, from whence they spread through
+the island, which is called <foreign rend='italic'>Bouhi</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Bohio</foreign>,
+meaning full of towns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House
+and town or habitation, are synonymous in
+Haytian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>38th Event.</hi> They found
+some <foreign rend='italic'>Caracoles</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Taracolas</foreign>, crabs! or beastly men,
+dwelling in the island. The <foreign rend='italic'>Guaninis</foreign>
+wanting women, took some Caracols beasts
+for wives, and made them suitable women,
+by washing them, and giving them to eat
+the fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Inriri Cahuvial</foreign>. This was done
+by a <foreign rend='italic'>Vagoniana</foreign> II.
+<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>
+These Caracols had then survived the
+flood or come before the Guaninis, the name
+of the fruit that made them women, if explained,
+might elucidate this event; but
+the signification was not given; another
+version will suggest other important analogies.<note place='foot'>But
+Garcia gives a different version
+of this fable, he says that the men being in
+want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?)
+to catch wives, who were like ants
+on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+being caught became the wives of the
+Guaninis. Ants were called <foreign rend='italic'>Comekhon</foreign>
+in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe
+akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Comaguas</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Comayaguas &amp;c.</foreign>
+who were previous settlers of Hayti, and
+descendants of <foreign rend='italic'>Kon</foreign>!
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Khons</foreign> of Lybia?
+But it is strange that we find here the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Myrmidons</foreign> of Grecian fable! and many
+affinities in the name of that tribe of ants.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mur-mekon</foreign> in Pelagian
+and Greek, <foreign rend='italic'>Umekon</foreign>
+in Thracian, <foreign rend='italic'>Formica</foreign>
+in Latin, <foreign rend='italic'>Camot</foreign>
+in Bali, <foreign rend='italic'>Mohur</foreign> in Iran &amp;c., while in America
+<foreign rend='italic'>Comagen</foreign> of Uraba,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Camaxen</foreign> of the
+Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+to the ancient people of Ants; the
+Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of
+dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and
+Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>39th Event.</hi> These Caracols deprived of
+their women, took other female beasts for
+wives (another tribe) and from this union
+most of the Haytians descended, becoming
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anaborias</foreign> or vassals of the Guaninis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anaboria</foreign> means flower or lizard of labor!
+these might be descended from <foreign rend='italic'>Albebora</foreign>.
+This name for bondsmen, boors or
+laborers, was widely spread in America,
+and has affinities all over the world, even
+with the Latin labor.<note place='foot'><p>Compare with
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anaboria</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Naboritas</foreign>
+(working men) the following names
+for vassals and laborers&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Naboriti</foreign> in
+Coyba, <foreign rend='italic'>Labuyu</foreign> of Caribs,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Anaconas</foreign> of
+Peru and Muyzcas, <foreign rend='italic'>Naboria</foreign> of Mayas
+&amp;c.&mdash;and in the east.
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Tabara</foreign> in Turan.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Burutis</foreign> in Ausonian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aborian</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Abeirgon</foreign> Pelagic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Boor</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Bura</foreign> Frisic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ambactos</foreign> in Gaul.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Manahunis</foreign> in Tahiti.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nerba</foreign> Hindostani.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bendar</foreign> Pehlvi.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Abondas</foreign> Saxon.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Canabas</foreign>, Knave Gothic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Nebara</foreign> Nepal.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Parias</foreign> India.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>40th Event.</hi> These first inhabitants of
+Hayti, fed on dates, bananas, cocos, fruits,
+nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms:
+until taught the use of Cazabi or bread by
+<foreign rend='italic'>Boition</foreign>, with maize, cotton, mandioc &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural
+indicating the tropical food of old times.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>41st Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Michetauri Guauana</foreign>,
+was the leader of the first colony to <foreign rend='italic'>Coaibai</foreign>
+(death house) in the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Soraia</foreign> (setting
+sun), and became the king of it. There
+the people are called <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign> (phantoms or
+ghosts) and go about by night; but are not
+dead people whose name is <foreign rend='italic'>Opia</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Coaibai</foreign> is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien,
+or both. It became the paradise of
+<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>
+the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further
+west, and a place of delight. The names
+and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate
+to those of the Greeks &amp;c. about
+the fortunate islands of the west: those of
+the Orientals and Hebrews about the island
+<foreign rend='italic'>Elisha</foreign>, and
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Sheol</foreign> or place of souls, the
+Hebrew Plutonic region. <foreign rend='italic'>Soraya</foreign> for setting
+sun, is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Surya</foreign> of the Hindus:
+whence came <foreign rend='italic'>Syria</foreign> the west, and
+even our word <emph>sorrow</emph>; while <foreign rend='italic'>Sol</foreign> comes
+from Sheol. <foreign rend='italic'>Azil</foreign> sun in Pelasgian, is akin
+to <foreign rend='italic'>Elisha</foreign> whence our
+word Azylum! <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign>
+is akin to ghost, <foreign rend='italic'>Ghaib</foreign>
+in Syrian, <foreign rend='italic'>Coyocop</foreign>
+of the Nachez, <foreign rend='italic'>Goz</foreign>
+of the Vilelas. <foreign rend='italic'>Opi</foreign>
+has affinities every where. <foreign rend='italic'>Michetauri</foreign> is
+perhaps a synonym of <foreign rend='italic'>Machi-tuyra</foreign> great
+devil, <foreign rend='italic'>Guauana</foreign> is such-Auna. Perhaps
+this fable alludes to an anterior event and
+the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.<note place='foot'>It
+is remarkable that the primitive
+notions of the Haytians about ghosts &amp;c.
+prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Obiah</foreign> or
+sortilege, and <foreign rend='italic'>Dupin</foreign>
+ghosts, of Jamaica &amp;c., appear to have
+survived. If introduced lately by the African
+Negroes, it is strange they should be
+similar to the Haytian names of old.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>42d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aumatex</hi> a great Cazic marries
+the female Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanzex</foreign>, goddess
+of waters and wind, and she has two sons
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guatauva</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign>, who become
+male Zemis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs
+to this time or to the cosmogony. I
+presume it is historical, alluding to new
+tribes, and perhaps foreign to Hayti. The
+names are difficult to explain, nor is it
+stated what these sons performed; but
+being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They
+<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>
+are perhaps the ancestors of the Guataios
+and the Puruays?<note place='foot'>The two brothers became gods of
+good and evil, as their names indicate&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>Gua-tauva</foreign>
+implies <emph>such goodness</emph>: while
+<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign> is the devil of Cumana, under
+the names of <foreign rend='italic'>Proruru</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Proguro</foreign>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>43d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Corocoro</hi> the quadruped
+Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, <foreign rend='italic'>Guamorete</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Guatabanex</foreign>,
+who rule in Hayti. His temple
+was in <foreign rend='italic'>Sacaba</foreign>, and his high-priest was
+called <foreign rend='italic'>Cavava-Niovava</foreign>. Cave father and
+our father.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This alludes to different tribes than the
+Guaninis: <foreign rend='italic'>Coro</foreign> was a tribe in Cumana.
+Perhaps this is another version of the
+10th Event, or a proper indication of the
+subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation,
+when more civilized, and become the
+Mayorex.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>44th Event.</hi> Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &amp;c.
+of the first <foreign rend='italic'>Bohito</foreign> (old man), a priest and
+legislator, called <foreign rend='italic'>Boition</foreign> by Dangleria,
+meaning both <emph>Priest-solar</emph> and Old <foreign rend='italic'>Ion</foreign>: he
+introduces agriculture and the use of bread,
+divides the nation into 3 castes, <foreign rend='italic'>Tainos</foreign>, or
+nobles, <foreign rend='italic'>Bohitos</foreign>
+or priests, <foreign rend='italic'>Anaborias</foreign> or
+vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters
+and fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles
+the religion; establishing mysteries and
+oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many
+other institutions, holydays, festivals, religious
+dances, schools &amp;c., declaring the
+land common to all, like the sun and water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came
+to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized the people;
+but it is difficult to distinguish the
+deeds of each. They were probably priests
+<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>
+leading more civilized colonies from the
+east or from America. Their name which
+is variously spelt or varies in dialects was
+also <foreign rend='italic'>Buhuti</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Boitio</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bauti</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Buhui</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Boyeto</foreign>
+&amp;c., is akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Boyez</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Poyes</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Piazes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Payes</foreign>
+of South America, used by
+the Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Piaches</foreign> of Tamanacs,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bauti</foreign> of Dabaiba,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Papas</foreign> of Central
+America, <foreign rend='italic'>Bochica</foreign> of
+Muyzcas; but the names of priests all over
+ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies<note place='foot'><p>These priests drest in white as in
+Central America, and the Druids; are
+primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and
+Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in
+</p>
+<p>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hubantes</foreign> in Pelagic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Faybo</foreign> of the Guanches.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Vates</foreign> Ausonian and Gaul.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aobu</foreign> in Aramic.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Behotus</foreign> Dorian.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bedo</foreign> old French.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Phonto</foreign> in Egypt.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Purohito</foreign> in Sanscrit.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Budan</foreign> in Pelvi.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Budha</foreign> of Budhists.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Baharas</foreign> Nepal.<lb/>
+<foreign rend='italic'>Heotes</foreign> Sicanian &amp;c.
+</p></note>&mdash;and therefore
+they came from the east. The civilization
+and religion introduced or improved
+by them is also oriental; it was more advanced
+than we are aware; since they had
+ample fields and orchards, roads and canals,
+schools in which they taught history, religion,
+medicine and useful arts. Of their
+astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor
+of their hieroglyphs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>45th Event.</hi> Bohito II.
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Buhui-tihu</foreign>
+(old eminent) comes and improves still further
+the rites &amp;c., becoming high-priest.
+He introduces medicines, charms, the use
+of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy
+herbs <foreign rend='italic'>Gueyo</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Zochen &amp;c.</foreign>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is all what can be collected on this
+second law-giver, and he is even blended
+with the next, except by name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>46th Event.</hi> Bohito III.
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Baio-habao</foreign>
+(sea-lyre) comes next, introducing music,
+sacred instruments called after him, and
+<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>
+probably the rites of the triple named god
+of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: <foreign rend='italic'>Bugia</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aiba</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Bradama</foreign>: who became the
+Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This god with three names is evidently
+Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India: found
+in Yucatan as <foreign rend='italic'>Izona</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Echuah</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Bacab</foreign>.
+See my dissertation in Atlantic Journal, on
+similar names of triple God all over America
+and the east. It does not follow that
+this worship came direct from India; but
+it might come through the Pelagians, who
+had it as <foreign rend='italic'>Bram</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Amen</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Vix</foreign>, inverted
+among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same
+about a god creator preserver and destroyer
+was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria,
+Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary
+islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>47th Event.</hi> Happy state of this civilized
+people, hardly knowing war, passing the
+time in festivals, dancing, singing and making
+love: whence called the Fortunate islands,
+by the navigators that happened to go
+so far. They dwelt in wooden houses and
+had towns of 1000 houses.&mdash;Herrera.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic
+sources of ancient history, and the
+ancient traditions of Europe about the
+happy land of the west, Elisha or Elysium,
+Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &amp;c.:
+besides the happy state in which Hayti
+was found.&mdash;See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America,
+<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>
+and the great Atlantis: the most explicit is
+found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>48th Event.</hi> The Phenicians driven by
+a storm, while going from Gades to Africa,
+discover the large island <hi rend='smallcaps'>Atlantis</hi>, many
+days in the ocean west of Lybia. It was
+very fruitful, with mountains, large plains
+and navigable rivers; with many woods
+and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful;
+it is a residence fit for gods: the inhabitants
+are a strong and healthful people; they
+have many towns, with stately buildings,
+houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &amp;c.&mdash;Diod.
+Book V.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered
+so far as to deem this island Madeira
+or the Canaries; which are small islands,
+without streams, and the first without inhabitants.
+It can only apply to Hayti, or
+even the continent of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>49th Event.</hi> <emph>A black people</emph> came to
+Hayti from the south or south-east, who
+had darts of Guanin metal, and were called
+the Black Guaninis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This tradition preserved by Herrera,
+Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a colony
+of <emph>Negroes</emph> or men painting black, from
+South America. They might be the black
+Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria,
+or some other American Negro
+nation, of which there are many.&mdash;See my
+account of ancient Black Nations of America.
+Dangleria mentions two wild tribes
+<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/>
+of savages in Hayti towards 1500, one
+speechless! (which means they spoke a
+different language) probably a remain of
+the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana
+of Guacarima.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>50th Event.</hi> Navigations of the Haytians
+and Cubans, settlements of the Lucayas islands,
+Jamaica, and probably some parts of
+Florida: mutual trade with Cuba and the
+continent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These colonial and trading voyages must
+have begun long before and have been continual.
+Columbus met individuals in Cuba
+who had visited Hayti, Jamaica and Yamaya,
+the Maya land or Yucatan. <foreign rend='italic'>Yucayas</foreign>
+or Lucayans knew Cuba, Hayti and Florida,
+which was called <foreign rend='italic'>Cautio</foreign> says Fulgar,
+quoted by Cardenas, who deems the Antilles
+peopled from hence, blending it with <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign>
+the original seat of the Haytians. South
+America was once called <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>, afterwards
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caribana</foreign> when it was overspread
+by the Carib tribes. The Nachez appear
+to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas
+knew Hayti and called it <foreign rend='italic'>Atsi</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>51st Event.</hi> The
+<foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign> (whence our
+Canibals) or the <foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, (whence our
+Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding
+on human flesh, begin to spread to Guyana
+and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and
+colonies to the peaceful islands of the Antilles,
+and even to Florida.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/>
+
+<p>
+The Caribas evidently descended from
+the Galibis, and other akin nations of South
+America, did not originate in North America,
+as supposed by Bridgstock and a few
+others. Laborde who spent 20 years with
+them, and knew well their language, has
+published some of their traditions in 1704.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Lon-quo</foreign> was their original god, who made
+<foreign rend='italic'>Racumon</foreign> their chief or leader to America,
+who leads there the tribes of snakes, men,
+Cabatos-trees and birds. The true name
+of the nation was <foreign rend='italic'>Cali</foreign>, those of the main
+were <foreign rend='italic'>Cali-nago</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Calibis</foreign>, of the islands
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cali-ponam</foreign>. Rochefort &amp;c.&mdash;See my
+Carib Traditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>52d Event.</hi> The Calibis of Guyana after
+long wars with <foreign rend='italic'>Alouague</foreign> the kings of the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aruacas</foreign>, send the
+general <foreign rend='italic'>Timani</foreign> to
+conquer the Aruacas Islanders, <foreign rend='italic'>Cahiris</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Eyeris</foreign> &amp;c. who
+leads the tribe of <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign>
+(vassals) and conquer several islands,
+killing the men and keeping the women.&mdash;Rochefort
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The period of this invasion is unknown;
+those who bring the Caribs from North
+America, make it much later of course;
+but it is likely to be an old event: although
+several invasions are probably meant and
+blended. The <foreign rend='italic'>Timanis</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign>
+must have effected this. They adopted
+many customs and partly the religion of
+the conquered women. The following tradition
+belongs probably to the conquered
+Eyeris.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>53d Event.</hi> Once when living wretched
+and on the spontaneous fruits of the earth,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Oubek-Eyeri</foreign> (heaven man) a holy man
+drest all in white cotton, comes from heaven
+(<foreign rend='italic'>Oubek</foreign> above). He first appears to
+a desolate old man <foreign rend='italic'>Boyez</foreign>, and teach him
+to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This must have been a priest or bohito
+of Hayti, who tried to civilize the Caribs:
+unless it refers to anterior traditions. He
+taught religion also, that good men would
+go after death to the happy islands of the
+west, and become <foreign rend='italic'>Chemin</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Icheiri</foreign> Zemis;
+while bad men should become <foreign rend='italic'>Oumekoua</foreign>
+wanderers at sea, and <foreign rend='italic'>Mabouyas</foreign>
+devils.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>54th Event.</hi> The Caribas in search of
+these fortunate islands go to Hayti and
+Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida,
+where they extended inland, becoming
+the tribes of <foreign rend='italic'>Cofachi</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Matica</foreign> and
+<foreign rend='italic'>Amana</foreign>. They dwell there a long while
+often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer
+them and incorporate at last.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars
+with the Apalachis; the details belong to
+the history of North America and the nations
+of Florida.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>55th Event.</hi> Some expelled Caribs hearing
+by traders of Zigateo, steal some canos
+and run away to this island, one of the
+Lucayas; well received; but sent to Ayay
+(Santa Cruz) desert island, where they
+<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/>
+settle and increase. This happened towards
+1150 of our era.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This positive fact begins the certain
+chronology of the Antilles; but Brigstock
+is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives,
+the ancestors of all the Carib and Galibis
+tribes as far as Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>56th Event.</hi> Civil wars in Hayti, attempt
+of some kings to become independent from
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Bohitos</foreign> government. The Cazic
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guamaretus</foreign> despise his
+god or Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Corochotum</foreign>,
+for which he is overcome in
+battle and his palace burnt. Dangleria.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This indicates probably a revolution, and
+attempt to overthrow the ancient religion,
+perhaps before 1150.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>57th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazi-baquel</hi> restores peace,
+and the worship of the great God <foreign rend='italic'>Jocavaghama</foreign>,
+with the Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Tarugavael</foreign> found
+in the woods. Meantime the god <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jocava</hi>
+prophecies by an oracle that the <foreign rend='italic'>Maguacochios</foreign>
+(great people clothed) would come,
+with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave
+the rebellious Haytians. This was understood
+to apply to the Caribs, and Spaniards
+afterwards.<note place='foot'>The Caribs went nearly naked; when
+the Spaniards came with clothes and guns
+the prophecy was explained. <foreign rend='italic'>Cochio</foreign> for
+dress and mantle has affinities with many
+ancient languages, <foreign rend='italic'>Gonachen</foreign> in Iran,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ahico</foreign> of Guanches,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> of Peru and
+Chili, <foreign rend='italic'>Cachaca</foreign> of Gauls,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cochaya</foreign> of Slavonians,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cota</foreign> in Celtic &amp;c.: whence our
+coat.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>58th Event.</hi> This great king <hi rend='smallcaps'>Baquel</hi>,
+begins a dynasty, and has many successors
+<foreign rend='italic'>Gamanacoel</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Guarionel</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guayaronel</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guavanenechin</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guavavo-conel</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caramarex</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Guaramatex &amp;c.</foreign>, who are the
+chief kings of Hayti. <foreign rend='italic'>Guarionex</foreign> was his
+successor when the Spaniards came.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been
+<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>
+kings or cazics from time immemorial in
+the great kingdom and valley of Maguana,
+180 miles long and 30 broad, running from
+east to west; having from east to west the
+provinces Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba,
+Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs
+through it, which is probably the same as
+Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of
+the feodal system of Cazics and Tainos
+established in Hayti. All the other kings
+bearing them allegiance: and their dialect
+was the court language.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>59th Event.</hi> The island becomes divided
+into 5 principal kingdoms, with many provinces
+each having a Cazic. They were
+1. <foreign rend='italic'>Caizimu</foreign> in the east with 11 provinces,
+Higuey was the first of them, 2. <foreign rend='italic'>Bainoa</foreign>
+in the centre, the largest of all, belonging
+to the <foreign rend='italic'>Baquel</foreign> dynasty, with 24 provinces,
+Maguana being the first of them, 3. <foreign rend='italic'>Guacarima</foreign>,
+the west end, with 12 provinces,
+Xaragua being the main, 4. <foreign rend='italic'>Hubaba</foreign>, a
+small kingdom with 3 provinces in the
+south mountains, 5. <foreign rend='italic'>Cotoy</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Cayabo</foreign> in
+the mountains of the north, held by the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Mayoriex</foreign> people, with 7 provinces, and
+the mountains Zibao.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dangleria gives the names of all these
+provinces, but he has omitted the kingdom
+of <foreign rend='italic'>Marien</foreign> in the north-west, he makes it
+only a province of Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix
+and Munoz have given maps of old
+Hayti, with the situations of many, the
+<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>
+rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &amp;c.;
+see my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>60th Event.</hi> Meantime Cuba was also
+divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayzi</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Maiti</foreign>
+opposite Hayti, 2. <foreign rend='italic'>Bayamo</foreign> west of it, 3.
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cueyba</foreign> in the centre, whence the name of
+<foreign rend='italic'>Cuba</foreign>, probably
+the head kingdom, 4. <foreign rend='italic'>Camayegua</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Camaguey</foreign> inhabited by a
+different people, famous tribe, probably
+<foreign rend='italic'>Comayaguas</foreign> of Honduras, or Olmecas,
+5. <foreign rend='italic'>Xagua</foreign> near the middle,
+6. <foreign rend='italic'>Macaca</foreign> in
+the south opposite Jamaica, 7. <foreign rend='italic'>Haniguanica</foreign>
+at the west end where are the high
+mountains <foreign rend='italic'>Uhima</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>61st Event.</hi> The island of Jamaica was
+divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen also
+Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico,
+formed one, but had 26 Cazics in as many
+valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo
+being desert. The <foreign rend='italic'>Yucayas</foreign> (white islands)
+now Bahama, were numberless, the
+largest being Amana, Zigateo, Bahama,
+Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto,
+Abaco &amp;c. The Cazics were much
+respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor
+was in common and the daily food given
+from the public stores. Some islands were
+at war; but only used sticks in their quarrels.
+Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom,
+the great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>62d Event.</hi> The Caribas of Ayay having
+multiplied, spread again over the eastern
+islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen;
+<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>
+but meeting their ancient tribes in <foreign rend='italic'>Curucueria</foreign>
+now Guadeloupe: it becomes their
+chief island: whence they send war parties
+to 1000 miles off, even to the continent;
+and occupy <foreign rend='italic'>Galana</foreign> now Marigalante,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Matinino</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Madinino</foreign> now Martinique,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Liamaca</foreign> now Antigua,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Liamuiga</foreign> St.
+Christopher, <foreign rend='italic'>Bayaraco</foreign>
+St. Vincent, <foreign rend='italic'>Bequia</foreign>
+Grenada &amp;c. called collectively <foreign rend='italic'>Caliaqua</foreign>
+the islands of the Calibis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>63d Event.</hi> They molest the shores of
+Boriquen, where they are always repulsed,
+but often steal men and children to eat
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>64th Event.</hi> They assail the shores of
+Hayti, where they are much feared; signals
+by smoke are made when they appear.
+In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern regions of
+the island, the Haytians become warlike to
+defend themselves, and use poisoned arrows
+as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used
+only darts, lances and macanas, peculiar
+wooden swords.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>65th Event.</hi> The Caribs went as far as
+the shores of Cuba, and desolated the south
+shores: the Cubans removing their towns
+inland. They were called Canibas and
+Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement
+at Baracoa to the south-east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>66th Event.</hi> They were repulsed in their
+attempt against the warlike Jamaicans who
+used arrows; they do not appear to have
+molested the Yucayans, owing to their former
+alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>
+
+<p>
+These events are chiefly collected from
+Columbus' own account, and personal narratives
+of his travels, with other retrospective
+hints by the Spanish writers. They
+will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>67th Event.</hi> The population of all the
+Tainos in the Antilles was at least two
+millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in
+Cuba; 100,000 in Boriquen; 60,000 in
+Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides
+the unknown Carib population.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish
+arrival: others have swelled it to 6
+millions, including all the West Indies.
+Las-Casas states that the Lucayas had
+500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>68th Event.</hi> The domestic animals of
+these islands, were among beasts, Alco
+dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari
+hogs and manatis: turtles and guanas
+among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges,
+fowls, ducks and red cranes among birds:
+remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos
+or fire flies used for lamps among insects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such were found either in one or all
+the islands; which were not therefore destitute
+of domestic animals, as commonly
+believed. Columbus found tame fowls at
+Cuba in 1492; which were probably the
+Powis fowls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>69th Event.</hi> Beroica was king of Jamaica
+(about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica
+<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Abem-beroica</foreign>, meaning Beroica
+II., Beroica III.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503
+Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the east,
+and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>70th Event.</hi> The island Puta or Cahiri
+now Trinidad at the furthest east end of
+the Antilles was still inhabited by several
+Aruac tribes, Cahiris, Yaoy &amp;c. which
+resisted the inroads of their constant foes
+the Galibis and Caribas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>71st Event.</hi> Between 1450 and 1480
+Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>72d Event.</hi> Cayacoa was king of Caizimu
+and Higuey in the east from about 1460 to
+1494 when he died.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>73d Event.</hi> About 1470 some Caribs
+settle in Samana, the east peninsula of
+Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo
+and Manicatex, form themselves a small
+kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation,
+Mayo-banex their king admits them
+as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces,
+Dahabon, Zibaho and Manababo. He was
+so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana
+the Venus of Hayti, sister of the
+king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon
+after.<note place='foot'>This is the most plausible account
+of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya
+and not a Carib: his name is not Carib,
+but Haytian, meaning <emph>gold of the house</emph>.
+Anacaona would hardly have married a
+Carib? I have attempted to put probable
+dates to these retrospective events, loosely
+mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish
+writers.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>74th Event.</hi> About 1475, Behechio is
+king of Guacarima in the west, till 1500.
+His capital was Xaragua. He became a
+conqueror of several provinces, as far as
+Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal
+<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>
+Cazics, and 30 wives, his favorite queen
+was Guanahata.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa,
+and says that as usual with great
+kings, he received many titles, being called
+Shining Copper, Bright Highness, and
+Rich Flood. These titles were really
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tureigua hobin</foreign>, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Siarei-huibo</foreign>, Star-bright Highness.</l>
+<l><foreign rend='italic'>Duyh-zinequen</foreign>, Wealthy in Streams.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>75th Event.</hi> In 1480 Guarionex succeeds
+Guaramatex as the greatest king of Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>76th Event.</hi> In 1486 the Cubans send a
+colony to Florida, in search of a river and
+spring restoring to youth; they visit the
+<foreign rend='italic'>Pola</foreign> islands, now Martyrs or Florida keys,
+the <foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> nation of South Florida, and
+settle the town of Abaiba near the cape of
+Florida.&mdash;Herrera.<note place='foot'>The intercourse between Cuba, Florida
+and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria
+says the Lucayas were a happy
+people, with beautiful women, for whose
+sake many Cubans and Floridans came to
+live there.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge
+of Florida. The <foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> are perhaps
+descendants of the ancient Cara-<foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign> of
+Hayti: they dwelt in Florida till 1760,
+when they removed to Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>77th Event.</hi> In 1490 and previous to it,
+war in Cuba between the kingdom of Cuba
+or Colba, and Cavilla king of the <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign>
+nation, in the country of Bafan, whose
+capital was Fava.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Columbus' Narrative.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492.
+The <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> are the same as the Cama-yegua,
+the foreign people of Cuba.<note place='foot'><p>It will be proper to recapitulate here
+the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles,
+mentioned in these traditions and
+annals; adding to each some well-known
+modern nations of the continent, bearing
+nearly the same name, and most probably
+descended from them: unless it is preferred
+to consider them as ancestors rather than
+posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime
+we acquire thereby a new clue to
+American annals and ethnology: since
+nearly all the nations of America may be
+connected with those by other links of
+languages, traditions &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+1. <foreign rend='italic'>Zemis</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Chemes</foreign>, Compare Zemis and
+Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyras</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Taras</foreign>, Compare Tarascas
+and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and
+Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanz</foreign>, Compare Abays and Abipons
+of Chaco?
+</p>
+<p>
+4. <foreign rend='italic'>Khayas</foreign>, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas
+of Peru.
+</p>
+<p>
+5. <foreign rend='italic'>Higueras</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hibueras</foreign>, Compare Guaranis,
+they called man <foreign rend='italic'>Ibi</foreign>, the Borias &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+6. <foreign rend='italic'>Boinis</foreign>, Bohanes of Charcas, and
+names of priests in South America.
+</p>
+<p>
+7. <foreign rend='italic'>Marohus</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Marocas</foreign>, Muras of Brazil,
+Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.
+</p>
+<p>
+8. <foreign rend='italic'>Corocores</foreign>, Coretus of Brazil, Coras
+of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+9. <foreign rend='italic'>Coles</foreign>, probably same as Cores, Colas
+of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central
+America, Cholas of South America.
+</p>
+<p>
+10. <foreign rend='italic'>Caracara</foreign> again same, Caras, Caris,
+Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also
+Caribs?
+</p>
+<p>
+11. <foreign rend='italic'>Manicos</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Manacos</foreign>, the great
+Nacos&mdash;Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of
+Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+</p>
+<p>
+12. <foreign rend='italic'>Icotas</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Hicoteas</foreign>, Cotos Carib
+tribes.
+</p>
+<p>
+13. <foreign rend='italic'>Cautas</foreign> appear same as
+<foreign rend='italic'>I-cota</foreign>&mdash;<foreign rend='italic'>I</foreign>
+and <foreign rend='italic'>Hi</foreign> are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes
+of Cumana and Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p>
+14. <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Caonas</foreign>, Cagnas, Canaris
+of Peru.
+</p>
+<p>
+15. <foreign rend='italic'>Giagau</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Xaguas</foreign>, Changas of Peru,
+Achaguas of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p>
+16. <foreign rend='italic'>Amayunas</foreign>, Mayoriexes of Hayti,
+Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p>
+17. <foreign rend='italic'>Machocha</foreign>, Machicuis of Charcas,
+Chunchos of Peru.
+</p>
+<p>
+18. <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign>, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois
+of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p>
+19. <foreign rend='italic'>Khoboses</foreign>, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas
+of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p>
+20. <foreign rend='italic'>Gionas</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Aunas</foreign>, Yana-conas of
+Peru.
+</p>
+<p>
+21. <foreign rend='italic'>Kadrus</foreign>, Aruacs of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p>
+22. <foreign rend='italic'>Giahubas</foreign>, Yaoys, Shiahubas and
+Yahus of Guyana.
+</p>
+<p>
+23. <foreign rend='italic'>Guaninis</foreign>, Guanas all over South
+America.
+</p>
+<p>
+24. <foreign rend='italic'>Tonas</foreign>, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas
+of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+</p>
+<p>
+25. <foreign rend='italic'>Anacac</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, Tamanacus of
+Guyana.
+</p>
+<p>
+26. <foreign rend='italic'>Boras</foreign>, Anaborias of S. America.
+Boroas of Chili.
+</p>
+<p>
+27. <foreign rend='italic'>Comos</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Comis</foreign>
+or <foreign rend='italic'>Come-Khon</foreign>, Comayaguas
+of Honduras, Comagre of Darien,
+Aculma of Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+28. <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign>, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of
+Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p>
+29. <foreign rend='italic'>Aumatex</foreign>, Yumas, Yameos of Peru,
+Amatalas of Moxos.
+</p>
+<p>
+30. <foreign rend='italic'>Guatauvas</foreign>, Guatayos or Aruac
+tribes.
+</p>
+<p>
+31. <foreign rend='italic'>Moretes</foreign>, Muretes of Moxos? Muras
+of Brazil.
+</p>
+<p>
+32. <foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign>,
+<foreign rend='italic'>Canimas</foreign>, The
+Calibis or Caribs.
+</p>
+<p>
+33. <foreign rend='italic'>Timanis</foreign>, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs
+and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+</p>
+<p>
+34. <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign>, Abuyas and Abayes
+synonym of Mbayas.
+</p>
+<p>
+35. <foreign rend='italic'>Cahiris</foreign> Caris of South America.
+</p>
+<p>
+36. <foreign rend='italic'>Eyeris</foreign>, Yaros of Parana.
+</p>
+<p>
+37. <foreign rend='italic'>Toas</foreign>, Taos of Tucuman, and of New
+Mexico.
+</p>
+<p>
+38. <foreign rend='italic'>Oumekwas</foreign>, Omaguas, Humayons of
+Chaco &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+39. <foreign rend='italic'>Mabuyas</foreign>, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of
+North and South America.
+</p>
+<p>
+40. <foreign rend='italic'>Cofachis,</foreign> Cofachis or Cowetas of
+North America?
+</p>
+<p>
+41. <foreign rend='italic'>Apalachis</foreign>, Apalaches, Yamasis of
+North America.
+</p>
+<p>
+42. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayoriex</foreign> or
+<foreign rend='italic'>Ziguayos</foreign>, Mayas,
+Guayos of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p>
+43. <foreign rend='italic'>Cons</foreign>, Chons and Yana-Conas of
+Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas
+of South America.
+</p>
+<p>
+44. <foreign rend='italic'>Els</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign>
+(children), Eles and Ols
+of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or
+Pelé of Chaco.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus, how gratuitous was the common
+opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles.
+Meantime we find nowhere in these
+annals that name of Antilia, which in their
+language would have been <foreign rend='italic'>Anti-ili</foreign> sons of
+Antes, or <foreign rend='italic'>Ana-ti-ili</foreign> flower-high-children.
+It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both
+referring to the <foreign rend='italic'>Antis</foreign> or Anteus, the early
+inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Chapter VII.</head>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>The Haytian or Taino Language</hi> <hi rend='italic'>restored,
+with fragments of the dialects of
+Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen,
+Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar,
+roots, and comparative Vocabularies.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+At an early period I endeavored to collect
+all the scattered fragments of this language,
+in order to elucidate and support
+the historical traditions. This labour concluded
+in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At
+the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest,
+many Spaniards spoke that language;
+many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology
+was not then attended to. Therefore
+we have no dictionary nor grammar of this
+language. Meantime the very nation has
+disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, nearly all the early travellers
+and writers on the West Indies have preserved
+by chance, some words of it. Columbus
+himself mentions some of them in
+his original journal. Roman and Dangleria
+explain many of the quoted words. Others
+are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo,
+Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &amp;c.; which had
+never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a
+long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths
+<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/>
+of them are geographical or historical names
+unexplained and unavailable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have used, compared and brought together
+all these loose materials, and thus
+succeeded in restoring about 234 words of
+this language, a list ample enough for all
+historical purposes. This contains besides
+50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects,
+with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects.
+We know that from Bahama to Cuba,
+Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language
+was spoken in various slight dialects, but
+understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But this language, which had also partly
+spread in Florida, and in South America,
+has the appearance of being a mixt speech.
+This appears from the many synonyms, the
+deviations of dialects, and the double forms,
+or relative position of words. In the small
+eastern islands the <hi rend='italic'>Eyeris</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Cabres</hi> had
+been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved
+the women, and these preserved their own
+language, mixt with some Carib words and
+taught it to their daughters; so as to produce
+a double language, that of the women
+being quite peculiar. This singular fact
+well authenticated, will enable us to presume
+a similar conquest and custom, wherever
+we shall meet in America, with a peculiar
+female idiom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The many nations or tribes mentioned
+in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated;
+and the settlement in Cuba and
+<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>
+Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this
+mixture of synonyms. But the existence
+also of many homonyms, leads us to a former
+more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to
+which it is most akin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the primitive languages of North
+Africa and South Europe, it had received
+this regular position of ideas; but by the
+mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations
+using the inverse form, it borrowed
+that new form. The same happened in
+Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes,
+who received in Greece and Italy the inverse
+form of speech from the Scythian,
+Illyrian and Gothic tribes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The comparative examination of the
+Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me,
+<hi rend='italic'>upon all the languages of the earth</hi>, as I
+was determined that one American nation
+at least, should be traced philologically to
+its real origin. Thus I found many thousand
+analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and
+vocabularies. A single American language
+does then contain more comparative analogies
+in about 200 words than all those collected
+by Vater and Malte, out of 400
+American languages; and this fact upsets
+all the illusions, theories and false views,
+based thereon by them, Humboldt and
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But this comprehensive labour teaches
+<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/>
+other facts, by far more important and
+available. 1. That American languages
+have analogies with all the languages of
+the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies
+with each other, 3. That it is only the
+superior number of analogies that may indicate
+a filial or parental connection out
+of America, 4. And that also similar greatest
+number of analogies, indicate the parental
+relations of American languages and
+nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that
+unless a language and nation is compared
+<emph>with all the others</emph>, we can never ascertain
+accurately, nor trace its real parentage
+philologically.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This consequence is obvious, although it
+will not please the lazy or timid philologists
+and historians. It shall be further pursued
+and elucidated hereafter; but now let us
+apply these rules to the Haytian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us
+select a few.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. <hi rend='italic'>Ainu of Choka</hi> islands between Japan
+and <hi rend='italic'>Kamchatka</hi>, 22 comparable words 4
+alike in Haytian&mdash;Boat, house, no, drink&mdash;Mutual
+affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. <hi rend='italic'>Singala</hi> of Ceylon, 50 comparable
+words, 16 analogies, with Haytian&mdash;Mutual
+affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. <hi rend='italic'>Guanch</hi> of the Canary island nearest
+to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words,
+14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent.
+Distant connection.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/>
+
+<p>
+4. <hi rend='italic'>Mandara.</hi> Handsome black nation
+in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable,
+6 akin,&mdash;one, water, man, king, mother,
+river&mdash;Mutual analogies 50 per cent.
+Nearer connection than with the Guanch,
+or separation less remote.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. <hi rend='italic'>Pelagic</hi>, or ancestors of the Greeks
+and Italians. Comparable words in all the
+ancient and modern dialects nearly 200,
+whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!&mdash;Mutual
+affinity 80 per cent! Complete
+and near connection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic
+origin!</hi> No other group of languages offer
+anything like as many. The nearest after,
+are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask,
+Sanscrit, Persian &amp;c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies
+with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &amp;c.,
+are all less in amount.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In America the Haytian affinities are of
+course the greatest with the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> nations
+of South America; who are their brothers,
+and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and
+the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta.
+Yet they may have been divided long ago,
+or ever since their American settlement:
+since out of two selected for comparisons,
+after the vocabularies, the <hi rend='italic'>Araguas</hi> had
+only 70 per cent of analogy, and the <hi rend='italic'>Cairi</hi>
+only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities
+after these, were with the <hi rend='italic'>Apalachis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nachez</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cadoz</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Huastecas</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mexican</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tarasca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi> &amp;c. of N. America,
+<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/>
+and the <hi rend='italic'>Darien</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Betoy</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Peruvian</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Chili</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mbaya &amp;c.</hi> of South America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those with the nations of N. America of
+Asiatic origin, and the nations of South
+America of African origin, such as the
+Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced.
+See the compared vocabularies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Haytian shall now become therefore
+one of the touchstones of other American
+languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic
+origin, and above all the connection
+with the American Pelagians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities
+of this interesting language, and
+first its phonology.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It appears to have all the sounds of the
+Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek
+TH, PS, the Cairi had <hi rend='italic'>TH</hi>. It has been
+written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography
+applies well to it; but leaves a
+doubt whether it had the Celtic and French
+û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH,
+lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in
+English, and the French TCH.&mdash;It had
+the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish,
+written X and J. Also the Spanish LL,
+GN or Ñ, and TZ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It had few P being changed to B; few
+F often changed to V; few L changing to
+Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed
+to T.&mdash;It had no nasal sounds as in Italian,
+AN becoming <hi rend='italic'>Ana</hi> &amp;c. Many dipthongs
+AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &amp;c. as in
+Italian, each vowel sounded. This made
+<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/>
+the language soft, pleasing and musical as
+in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says
+the accent was always on the last syllable,
+as in French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been
+written; what Vater has said is quite loose
+and inaccurate. We have not even the
+<hi rend='italic'>Lord's Prayer</hi> in it, so as to serve as a
+model. Our only guides are a few translated
+phrases of Roman and Dangleria;
+but they enable us to perceive the main
+features of it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the chief was the great use of
+articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar
+one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes
+after the nouns. It was a demonstrative
+article, meaning <hi rend='italic'>such</hi>, or
+<hi rend='italic'>this</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>that</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>these</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>those</hi>; but never changing and common
+as our <hi rend='italic'>The</hi>: while this indicative <hi rend='italic'>The</hi>
+was declinable or changing as in the Italic
+languages, and extremely various, although
+always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN,
+NI, N', ZI, LI &amp;c. A third kind of article
+was O, which when added, appears to
+have been comparative, and to mean <hi rend='italic'>Akin</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Like</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Similar</hi>, or our English AS. The
+relative article <hi rend='italic'>Of</hi> was A prefixed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Examples of Articles.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-yava</hi> This pear.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-ma</hi> This great, or lord.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-tiaos</hi> Those brothers.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Ma-za-gua</hi> Great plain such.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Bala-gua</hi> Sea such, the ocean.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>I-Guana</hi> The guana or lizard.</l>
+<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Ni-taino</hi> The good or noble.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Mi-taino</hi> My noble lord.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Li-ani</hi> The wife. Eyeri dialect.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Hin-Guaili</hi> The such-sons, the children.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Ziba o</hi> Stone like, stony.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>A-na</hi> Of bloom, a flower.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>A-boria</hi> Of labor, a vassal.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>A-maca</hi> Of wood, a bed.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>A-ma</hi> Of great, water.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>A-reiti</hi> Of rite, song.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+These articles formed probably the declinations
+of nouns, as we do not perceive
+a different desinense. This form was more
+like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The feminine was formed nearly as in
+Italian, O changing to A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Taina</hi>,
+Lord, Lady&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hita</hi>, Man, Woman;
+but there must have been irregularities
+difficult to trace: as some words masculine
+end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were
+neutral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some words are formed by duplication,
+implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental
+language.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi> life,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi> mother and wife
+in dialects. <hi rend='italic'>Ba</hi> habitation,
+<hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi>
+Father. <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> great,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mama</hi> mother. <hi rend='italic'>Xau</hi>
+cake, <hi rend='italic'>Xauxau</hi> bread or large cake.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian,
+or in S as in Spanish; but there are some
+irregular plurals. <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Taini</hi>, Lord,
+Lords. <hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>hitos</hi> man, men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+EL son. ILI sons. <hi rend='italic'>Zemi</hi> angel, <hi rend='italic'>Zemes</hi>
+angels.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/>
+
+<p>
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in
+UM. <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi> man, <hi rend='italic'>Eyerium</hi>
+men; <hi rend='italic'>Inaru</hi>
+woman, <hi rend='italic'>Inayum</hi> women.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The adjectives are put before or after
+the substantives, blending the two forms;
+and the prevailing form in compound words
+is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Examples of regular position.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Hay-ti</hi> Land-high.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Ana-caona</hi> Flower (of) gold.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Buhui-tihu</hi> Priest high or eminent.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+Examples of inverse positions.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Bo-hito</hi> Old man or priest.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Jaya-el</hi> Earth-son.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>N'abor-itas</hi> The working men.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from
+nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus
+<hi rend='italic'>Ziba</hi> stone, <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi>
+stony, <hi rend='italic'>Zibayo</hi> mount.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Turei</hi> heaven, <hi rend='italic'>Tureigua</hi> heavenly or
+heaven-like.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Duhos</hi> wealth, <hi rend='italic'>Duihzi</hi> wealthy or
+wealth-is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The superlatives are commonly formed
+by duplication. <hi rend='italic'>Ua</hi> old, <hi rend='italic'>Uaua</hi> very old.
+<hi rend='italic'>Co</hi> fruitful, <hi rend='italic'>Coco</hi> very fruitful, the coco
+nut.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Or else by the affix <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> which amplifies
+every thing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine;
+but <hi rend='italic'>our</hi> is <hi rend='italic'>Ahia</hi>?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy,
+thine.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/>
+
+<p>
+LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+NI, N' Common like <hi rend='italic'>It</hi> or rather <hi rend='italic'>On</hi> of
+the French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful;
+but perhaps the inflexions alone formed
+them. These pronouns are pure Italian!
+or rather primitive. They were often dispensed
+with as in Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing.
+By a few examples of the verb <hi rend='italic'>to be</hi>, it was
+quite irregular as with us.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> To be&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tei</hi>
+be thou&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bei</hi> being.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Beira</hi> a being&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dacha</hi> I am.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>El</hi> he is&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Zi</hi> it is, this is.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+In these <hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> appears the root, derives
+from <hi rend='italic'>Eil</hi>, and was then similar to <hi rend='italic'>El</hi> son,
+as <hi rend='italic'>Zi</hi> to <hi rend='italic'>Izi</hi> eyes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This verb joined to others was added to
+words. <hi rend='italic'>Guarocoel</hi> we know he is, may be
+analyzed <hi rend='italic'>Gua-roco-el</hi> such-know-he-is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have an example of negative verbs
+in <hi rend='italic'>Macabuca</hi> I do not care, which is <hi rend='italic'>Macabuca</hi>
+not-care, or never-mind; in French
+<hi rend='italic'>n'importe</hi>, in Italian <hi rend='italic'>non curo</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by
+the few preserved phrases; which I have
+analyzed as follow, and compared with the
+Italian.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>1. <hi rend='italic'>Teitoca</hi> thou be quiet.
+<hi rend='italic'>Tacitu</hi> Italian.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>tocheta</hi> much. <hi rend='italic'>molto.</hi></l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>zinato</hi> angry.
+<hi rend='italic'>irato.</hi></l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Guame-chyna</hi> this
+great God. <hi rend='italic'>gran-Nume.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>2. <hi rend='italic'>Gua-ibba</hi> that go. <hi rend='italic'>Vai</hi> It.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>zinato</hi> angry. <hi rend='italic'>irato.</hi></l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>macabuca</hi> not care. <hi rend='italic'>non curo.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>3. <hi rend='italic'>Dios</hi> Spanish God. <hi rend='italic'>Dio</hi> It.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Aboria</hi> Servant. <hi rend='italic'>Servo.</hi></l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>dacha</hi> I am. <hi rend='italic'>Sono.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+This idiom or position of words is perfect
+in Italian which admits of many transpositions;
+but in English syntax and idiom
+these phrases mean
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.</l>
+<l>2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.</l>
+<l>3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The Haytian numbers have not been
+transmitted to us, and I could only collect
+the following secondary numbers&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi>
+first, <hi rend='italic'>Bem</hi> second, <hi rend='italic'>Abem</hi> third: which
+however are primitive and indicate a binary
+numeration: although the language
+had probably the decimals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By a careful analytical process I have
+been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic
+roots. All the long words can be thus
+analyzed, and show that this compound
+form only arises, as usual in American
+languages, by the blunders of the Spanish
+writers, who wrote long words instead of
+short ones; blending articles and affixes.
+The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced
+is a very simple language, approximating
+to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein
+short monosyllables of generic import,
+<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/>
+formed the base of the speech, and became
+modified by union and relative position.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By these means the following essential
+roots of the language have been collected,
+and are given to help future similar investigations
+of American languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Examples of composition.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Cazabi</hi> Bread.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ca-za-bi</hi> soil-fruitful-life.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Manati</hi> Sea cow.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ma-na-ti</hi> great-thing-eminent.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Turei</hi> Heaven. <hi rend='italic'>T'ur-ei</hi> Thou-light-be.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Furzidi</hi> Cloudy. <hi rend='italic'>Fur-zi-di</hi>
+gloom-it-is-day. (or now)</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Areiti</hi> Song, rites. <hi rend='italic'>A-rei-ti</hi>
+of reality eminent.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Nanichi</hi> Soul. <hi rend='italic'>Na-ni-chi</hi>
+thing the active.</l>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Maroyo</hi> Moon. <hi rend='italic'>Ma-ro-yo</hi> great lovely.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this
+language or genera of ideas.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>A, Of, as, like.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ac</hi>, Holy, sacred, religious.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Am</hi>, Water, root, plenty.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>An</hi>, Male thing, man, people, folk.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>At</hi>, One, alone, first, unic.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ba</hi>, Father, ancestor, dwelling.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bal</hi>, Raft, floating, wave, sea.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ban</hi>, Wind, air.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bao</hi>, Music, lyre, instrument.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bat</hi>, Beating, game, play, ball.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bem</hi>, Second, double, twin, two, next.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bi</hi>, Life, wife, mother.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Boa</hi>, Habitation, house.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bor</hi>, Labor, work, vassal, service.</l>
+<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ca</hi>, Land, soil, earth, dry.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Can</hi>, Fish, swift, bad.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chi</hi>, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chon</hi>, Hot, dry, fever.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chuc</hi>, Take, grasp, hold.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Co</hi>, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Coai</hi>, Joy, delight, happiness.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cu</hi>, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cus</hi>, Worm, creeping.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>, Day, now, actual.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Duh</hi>, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ei</hi>, Existence, to be.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>El</hi>, Son, tribe, child, he is.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Fur</hi>, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Gia</hi>, Fowl, bird, flying.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>, Such, this, that, these, those.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Guey</hi>, Shell, hollow, closed.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha</hi>, Yes, sure, certain.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hi</hi>, The, indication, here.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hio</hi>, House, hut, cottage.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Huib</hi>, Head.</l>
+<l>I, The, sign of life and action.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Io</hi>, God, the living-type.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>It</hi>, Man, male.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>In</hi>, Woman, female.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Iz</hi>, Eyes, looks.</l>
+<l>L', LI, He, she, they, his &amp;c., oft. changed to Y.</l>
+<l>MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &amp;c.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Mas</hi>, Food, to eat &amp;c.</l>
+<l>MI, M', Me, my, mine.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Na</hi>, Thing, bloom, lizard.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ni</hi>, N', The thing, my thing.</l>
+<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>No</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Noa</hi>,
+Boat, navigation, noble.</l>
+<l>O, Like, similar, akin.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ob</hi>, Copper, yellow.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Op</hi>, Dead.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Pu</hi>, Wood, purple.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ra</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rei</hi>, Real, rite, evidence,
+offspring.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ris</hi>, Red.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ro</hi>, Love, belove.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ri</hi>, Male, people, men.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Sor</hi>, West, Eve, late, far.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi>, Breast, milk.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ti</hi>, High, lofty, eminent.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Tab</hi>, Tube, pipe.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Tai</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiao</hi>, Brother, friend,
+good.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Toc</hi>, Rest, peace, quiet.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ua</hi>, Old, ancient.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ur</hi>, Light.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ut</hi>, Rabbits.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Va</hi>, Cave, hollow, father, origin.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Var</hi>, War, warrior.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Xau</hi>, Cake, baked, bread.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Xi</hi>, Strong, pungent, pepper.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Yar</hi>, End, tail, vent.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Yu</hi>, White, bright.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Za</hi>, Grass, fruitful, plenty.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zem</hi>, Angels, deities, idols.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zib</hi>, Stone, rock.</l>
+<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zic</hi>, King, ruler.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+Such was the Haytian language, once
+spoken by several millions, and a western
+branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived
+from the Asiatic <hi rend='italic'>Pelegs</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Palis</hi>, once
+peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean
+3 or 4000 years ago.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/>
+
+<p>
+The following comparative vocabularies
+will prove this fact. They have not been
+made to support it; but to find the truth,
+and the probable ancestors of this American
+nation, by seeking them all over the
+earth. If this nation one of the nearest to
+the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of
+such remote antiquity, those further removed
+and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which
+their own history shall disclose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Out of the 234 words collected; many
+it will be perceived, are hardly comparable;
+being names of peculiar animals and plants.
+About 200 offer comparisons with our languages
+well known. It must be remarked
+that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian
+words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages.
+Humboldt has given a list of them. Those
+admitted in the English language now are,
+hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco,
+pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana,
+mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal,
+maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &amp;c.;
+which must not be compared, since they
+have been borrowed by us from the Haytian.
+The Spaniards have besides, chichas,
+balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati,
+maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco,
+nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/>
+
+<p>
+Yet several of those words may be usefully
+compared in ancient languages often
+extinct, previous to the late connection
+with America. Thus we find analogies
+for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam,
+chicha, macana, manati &amp;c., in many: indicating
+very ancient connections.&mdash;Even
+the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua
+&amp;c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Comparative</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Vocabulary of
+Hayti.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Authorities</hi>,&mdash;R. Roman&mdash;C. Columbus&mdash;D.
+Dangleria,&mdash;Ac. Acosta,&mdash;Her.
+Herrera,&mdash;M. Munoz,&mdash;L. Las-Casas,&mdash;O.
+Oviedo,&mdash;G. Garcia or Gili,&mdash;E. Edwards,&mdash;H.
+Humboldt,&mdash;V. Vater,&mdash;A. all
+or nearly all of them,&mdash;Laet,&mdash;Diaz,&mdash;St.
+Mery,&mdash;Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All or whole <hi rend='smallcaps'>Quis</hi> R. D. Xus O.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Analogies, <hi rend='italic'>Oya</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Jikoga</hi>
+Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Chukoat</hi> Nepal,
+<hi rend='italic'>Huy</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Qualunque</hi>
+Italy.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ixquich</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Kiyih</hi>
+Mohigan &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Angel and Idol. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zemes</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chemes</hi>
+A. analogies in annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alligator or crocodile. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cayman A.</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Caram</hi> Bornu, <hi rend='italic'>Taymah</hi> Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cuina</hi> Bechuana,
+<hi rend='italic'>Caimio Chamoa</hi> Egyptian
+Dialects.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cayman</hi> Peruvian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Camac</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Amangam</hi> Linapi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Ants or pismires <hi rend='smallcaps'>Comexon R.</hi> see notes.
+Apple, pear, guava. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaiva</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guayaba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xagua A.</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Apis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Puar</hi>, old French,
+<hi rend='italic'>Apple</hi> English, <hi rend='italic'>Aguas</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Carba</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Carpos</hi> Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Carpath</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Ribi</hi> Egypt.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/>
+
+<p>
+Angry <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zynato</hi> D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Irato</hi> Ital, <hi rend='italic'>Orgytheis</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Cato</hi> (bad) Ausonian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yahat</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Ita</hi> Tonga.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Am, I am <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dacha</hi> D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Nach</hi> Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Da</hi>
+(is) Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Davo</hi> Sanscrit.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Naca</hi>
+Maipuri, <hi rend='italic'>Ehaca</hi> Tarasca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Arachis or ground-nut. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mani</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Manis</hi>
+A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Nux</hi>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Aloe <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maguey</hi>. Magheih H.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Agave</hi>
+Greek.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Annona or Papaw <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guanavan</hi> H.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ananas or pine-apple <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boniama</hi> G.
+<hi rend='italic'>Fanpolomi</hi>
+E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Annato or red paint <hi rend='smallcaps'>Achioto</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Bixa</hi> G.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Apart, aside, the side <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nara</hi>
+R.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Parte</hi>
+It., <hi rend='italic'>Share</hi> English &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Armadillo <hi rend='smallcaps'>Atatu</hi> E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Army <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaravara</hi> G., see War.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Air, see Wind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Above <hi rend='italic'>Ubek</hi> in Eyeri. <hi rend='italic'>Super</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ubique</hi>,
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Breast and milk <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi> R&mdash;primitive word
+found in all languages,&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Teth</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Tit</hi> Saxon,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tad</hi> Chaldaic, <hi rend='italic'>Toho</hi> Ainu,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aha</hi> (milk) Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Aho</hi>
+Guanche, <hi rend='italic'>Tea</hi> Bisharis, <hi rend='italic'>Doa</hi>
+Hindu &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Bread or cake <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazabi</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cazavi</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Cuac</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi> in dialects.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Also primitive found in 100 languages. <hi rend='italic'>Oguia</hi> Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ahran</hi> Celtic and Berber, <hi rend='italic'>Shakua</hi>
+Abask, <hi rend='italic'>Kabaka</hi>
+Nuba, <hi rend='italic'>Khas</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi>
+Zingani, <hi rend='italic'>Yacu</hi> Dhagul
+mountains, <hi rend='italic'>Axaus</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Artos</hi> Greek &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cuzavi</hi>
+Tayrones, <hi rend='italic'>Cosque</hi> Chili,
+<hi rend='italic'>Casaah</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Cancu</hi> Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Shokua</hi> Atakapas, <hi rend='italic'>Pasca</hi> Apalachi &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Be, to be, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tei</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ei</hi> D.&mdash;Primitive.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>E</hi>
+Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Hei</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Eu</hi> Armoric,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hei</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Esti</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>E</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Hein</hi> Pelagic,
+Eolian, <hi rend='italic'>Pet</hi> Egypt &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Eini</hi>
+Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Atz</hi> Chaymas
+&amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Being, and a being, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bei</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beira</hi> A.&mdash;primitive,
+same roots,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boat, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Canoa</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Pages.</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Primitive word of 100 languages, <hi rend='italic'>Nau Sanscrit</hi>, Pelagic,
+Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Nave</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Barca</hi>
+Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Naus</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guyon</hi>
+Guanch, <hi rend='italic'>Scafo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cahekiu</hi>
+Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Xepec</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Bacolo</hi>
+Illyric, <hi rend='italic'>Cahani</hi> Ainu, <hi rend='italic'>Cayic</hi>
+Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Doa</hi> Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Naos</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Cana</hi> Bastul or Iberian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Naoi</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Kan</hi>
+Teutonic &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Noatek</hi> Mbaya,
+<hi rend='italic'>Canahua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Canabir</hi>
+Galibis, <hi rend='italic'>Palayak</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Banias</hi>
+Panama &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Bird, fowl, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bogiael</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Ipis</hi>
+in Cuba.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Compare <hi rend='italic'>Halit</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Ibis</hi>
+Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Pirid</hi> old Saxon,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ipira</hi> Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Vogel</hi>
+German, <hi rend='italic'>Pollo</hi> Oscan. <hi rend='italic'>Ugedu</hi>
+Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Ogia</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Uchel</hi>
+Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Bo</hi> Burman,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mapel</hi> Suanic, <hi rend='italic'>Haliga</hi>
+Pelagic &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gualpa</hi> Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Coxol</hi> Huasteca &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Bed. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Amaca</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Amazas</hi>
+L. <hi rend='italic'>Barbacoa</hi>
+H. <hi rend='italic'>Nehera</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nekera in Dialects</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ekia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kunera</hi>,
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Tamapat</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Nedokuri</hi>
+Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Cama</hi> Lusitanian, <hi rend='italic'>Make</hi>
+Egypt&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Camata</hi> Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Amaca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Akat</hi> Galibi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mucara</hi> Betoy? <hi rend='italic'>Amaca</hi> Yaoy,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chinchero</hi> Guarauna.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Blue and violet, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tunna</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Quibey</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guei</hi>,
+dialects.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cyanus</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Chuanta</hi> Abask.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Beer, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chicha</hi> A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Alicha</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cheruisa</hi> Gauls,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chelia</hi> Cantabrians, <hi rend='italic'>Chacoli</hi>
+Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Shashu</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Ichua</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Isua</hi> African Atlantes,
+<hi rend='italic'>Acha</hi> (Wine) Aramic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Chica</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Chicha</hi> Chili,
+Mbayas, <hi rend='italic'>Cachina</hi> Apalachi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Huicu</hi> Galibis &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Beloved, loved, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rozi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Berozi</hi> R.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Eros</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Behar</hi> Persian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Careich</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Cara</hi>
+Italic and Hebrew, <hi rend='italic'>Heri</hi> Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Eiras</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Meres</hi> Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Amore</hi> Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Amuri</hi> Sicilian.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/>
+
+<p>
+Ball, ball-game, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Batos</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Batei</hi> G.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Orpatos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ballota</hi>
+Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Baton</hi> French, <hi rend='italic'>Bandy</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bate</hi> old English&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Pali</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Palican</hi> Chili.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Beast, beastly, wild, <hi rend='italic'>Caracol</hi> R.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Caracal</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Car</hi>
+Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Heraca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Ferua</hi> Italy,
+<hi rend='italic'>Caracol</hi> Berber Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Caracoler</hi>
+old French, <hi rend='italic'>Ho-lo</hi>
+old Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Olo-olo</hi> Bugis and Macasar.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Basket, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hava</hi> G.&mdash;Primitive, see Cave.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bright, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tureigna</hi> D.&mdash;see Light.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bananas, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bananas</hi> Her. <hi rend='italic'>Camois</hi> G.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bad fellow, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vaquiano</hi> Ac.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Paquiano</hi>
+Sicily.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Brother, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guatiao</hi> Her.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tayo</hi>
+Polynesia,
+<hi rend='italic'>Fratielo</hi> Ital. D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Blood, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Moinalu</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Omoina</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Idoimen</hi>
+African Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Odola</hi>
+Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Zemo</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Tola</hi>
+Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Haimai</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Haematos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aimonos</hi>
+Romaic, <hi rend='italic'>Hamanos</hi> Illyric,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mulu</hi> Koriak and Kamchatka.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Corn, maize, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahiz</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mayz</hi> A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Maiza</hi> Bask. <hi rend='italic'>Mas</hi>
+Nepal and Congo. <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Kirata of
+Imalaya, <hi rend='italic'>Me</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Maza</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Maiz</hi> Turan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zimidi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zimind</hi>
+Caucasian languages, <hi rend='italic'>Mozen</hi> Guanch,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tiemzin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>timezin tomzin</hi>
+African Atlantic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hazez</hi>
+Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Iziz</hi> Huasteca,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zara</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Yasit</hi> Cora,
+<hi rend='italic'>Umita</hi> Chili.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Cold, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ymizui</hi> R.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hima</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Hiems</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Frimat</hi> French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cave, cavern, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cova</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Giaga</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Beina</hi> O.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cabina</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Phinon</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Caura</hi>
+Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Thebi</hi>
+old Egyptian, <hi rend='italic'>Tabaita</hi> Ausonian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ketena</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Phian</hi> Oscan
+and Etruscan? <hi rend='italic'>Libanah</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuena</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Tana</hi>
+Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Deina</hi> Teuton ... Primitive.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Cotton, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mapu</hi> E. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zeiba</hi>
+A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gosupon</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Kapas</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kipi</hi> Sanscrit language,
+</p>
+
+<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Bombaz</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Cosib</hi> old Arabic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cloth, see dress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Club, see sword.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copper, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tuob</hi> C. Yellow copper,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobin</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Kuop</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Kupros</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Cupreus</hi>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Careless, I don't care, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Macabuca</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bucanaco</hi>
+Congo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cutting, knife, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Henequen</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ecuta</hi>
+Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Totenika</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Sikunatant</hi>
+Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Kangiac</hi>
+Arabic &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Children or tribe, EL, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ili</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaili</hi> R.&mdash;Primitive,
+analogies already given in annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copei</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Copal</hi>
+G. H.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Conch-shell, <hi rend='italic'>Maguey</hi> C. as Aloe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cake, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Xauxau</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Akes</hi> C. see Bread.
+<hi rend='italic'>Xau</hi> is primitive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cocos, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coco</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Coquillas</hi> in Boriquen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cedar, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cauvana</hi> G.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cacao, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cacao</hi> A. same in Mexico &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Church, temple, chapel, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cu</hi>
+Acosta, <hi rend='italic'>Tzia</hi>.&mdash;Primitive,
+same name in Maya, Chontal,
+Mexican &amp;c. <hi rend='italic'>Gu</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Tia</hi> Chinese D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cloudy, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Furzidi</hi>, Her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cane, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yaruma</hi>, Her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Crabs, <hi rend='italic'>Taracolas</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Grankio</hi> Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Harkinos</hi> Greek.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dress, mantle, cloth, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cochio</hi> D. R. <hi rend='italic'>Yaguas</hi>
+Her.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ahico</hi> Guanch, <hi rend='italic'>Haico</hi>
+Berber, <hi rend='italic'>Cachaca</hi> Gaul, <hi rend='italic'>Cochaya</hi>
+Slavonian&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Poncho</hi> Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cuayo</hi> Galibi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Danse and song, rites and worship <hi rend='smallcaps'>Areitos</hi>
+<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/>
+A., <hi rend='italic'>Areites</hi> D., <hi rend='italic'>Areiti</hi>
+G., <hi rend='italic'>Batocos</hi> G.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Iroitos</hi> sacred songs of Greeks,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ticos</hi> Illyrian, <hi rend='italic'>Artesis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Orchesis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xoreite</hi>, danses of Pelagians and
+Greeks, <hi rend='italic'>Ariette</hi> (song) French
+and Ital., <hi rend='italic'>Hurah</hi> Saxon,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ahura</hi> Havay&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Yaravis</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mitotes</hi> Mexican.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Dog, <hi rend='italic'>Cuchis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gochis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi> (a peculiar
+kind.)&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Khoy</hi> Caucasus, <hi rend='italic'>Cunis</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Kiuen</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Chiu</hi>
+Mungur of Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Chien</hi> French,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cucus</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Cucura</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Cucha</hi> Newar,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cuxur</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cuncha</hi>
+Guanch Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Cuch</hi> Curdish,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cho</hi> Siam&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Chichi</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Chegua</hi>
+Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cule</hi> Lule, <hi rend='italic'>Allco</hi> Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vichu</hi> Tarasca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Day, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>&mdash;Primitive
+<hi rend='italic'>Dies</hi> Latin and all
+Pelagic languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Daughter, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rahen</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Chera</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Ahu</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Raena</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Nuora</hi>
+Italic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ninah</hi>
+Darien, <hi rend='italic'>Tahira</hi> Omagua.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Dead, ghost, spirit, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Opia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Goeiz</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Boa</hi> old Ethiopic, <hi rend='italic'>Aporoya</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Iya</hi> Bishri,
+<hi rend='italic'>Obit</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Leoba</hi>
+Irish, <hi rend='italic'>Zabi</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Obiah</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Oabye</hi>,
+Africans&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Pitini</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Conopas</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ho</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Obihi</hi> Othomi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maboya</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Chipi</hi> Ottawa.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Devil and Evil, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tuyra</hi> D., see Annals.
+<hi rend='italic'>Mabuya</hi> Eyeri is Carib.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eternal, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mamona</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Jemao</hi>, title of God,
+see Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Earth, land, and island, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Khaya</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cayos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hay</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi> &amp;c. A.&mdash;Primitive,
+see Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Imas</hi>, Mani A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Mets</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Yam</hi>
+Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Jian</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Ishamas</hi> Kamchatka,
+<hi rend='italic'>Macanu</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Uem</hi> Copt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mas</hi> Sanscrit and
+Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Mashu</hi> Nepal&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Micuni</hi> Peruvian.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+End, tail, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yarima</hi> D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Uras</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ora</hi>
+Anglo-Saxon, <hi rend='italic'>Gomera</hi> Aramic,
+<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Oari</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Ura</hi>
+Manchu, <hi rend='italic'>Brim</hi> Teutonic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Yara</hi>
+Tarasca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Emerald, gem, and money, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aguacat</hi>,
+O.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Achates</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Agata</hi> Latin &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eyes, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Izi</hi>, O.&mdash;Primitive,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mizi</hi> in Polynesia,
+<hi rend='italic'>Opsis</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aiz</hi>
+English, <hi rend='italic'>Iz</hi> Oriental
+language&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cosi</hi> Cahiri.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Field, plain, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Conuco</hi> G. V.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zavana</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Zanaga,
+Mazagua</hi>, A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Khana</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Bashan</hi>
+old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Chonu</hi> Yakut,
+<hi rend='italic'>Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza</hi>, African
+Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Coy</hi>
+Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Ager</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Kuni</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nabeku</hi> Iberian Spanish&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cog</hi>
+Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Cu</hi> Omaguas, <hi rend='italic'>Tzallan</hi> Huasteca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Fly, flying-insect, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cocuyo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuinix</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Huica</hi>
+Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Musca</hi>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fountain, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mini</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cum</hi>
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Ain</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Hecoas</hi> Pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Frog, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi> G. Onomatopeia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Father, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Baia</hi>, R.,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi> Ey.&mdash;Primitive,
+found in 500 languages.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Bap</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Ibas Babas</hi>
+of atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Ab</hi> Oriental Lang,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pa</hi> Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Yaya</hi>
+Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Babo Avo</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Ayenl</hi> French,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi> Votiac and Edda, <hi rend='italic'>Oaba</hi>
+Abase, <hi rend='italic'>Aita</hi> Bask; <hi rend='italic'>Ba
+Ab Baba</hi>, Sanscrit; <hi rend='italic'>Bay</hi>
+Jolof.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Yaya</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Iyay</hi>
+Taos, <hi rend='italic'>Haia</hi> Sheba, <hi rend='italic'>Ochai</hi>
+Yaqui, <hi rend='italic'>Yapa</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Lahai</hi>
+Cochimi and Lamones, <hi rend='italic'>Ahay</hi> Eslen,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aoy</hi> Eclemac,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Yai</hi>
+Zamuca, <hi rend='italic'>Ahen</hi> Yameos, <hi rend='italic'>Yare</hi> Puri,
+<hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi> Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Papa</hi> Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Frolic, Intoxication.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Barbasco</hi> St.
+Mary, <hi rend='italic'>Frasco</hi> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fish, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ican</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaycan M</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ihan</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Icthos</hi> Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guiena</hi> Iolof, <hi rend='italic'>Nga</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Gna</hi>
+Limbua and Newar of Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Piscan</hi>
+Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Ica</hi> Tonga
+and Nukahiva, <hi rend='italic'>Sakana</hi> Japan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Iguah</hi> Java,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Yacun</hi>
+Wokon, <hi rend='italic'>Hucat</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Makach</hi> Nachez.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Fire, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cuyo</hi> D, <hi rend='italic'>Cuxo</hi> H.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ecu</hi> Hottentot, <hi rend='italic'>Cuat</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Taquat</hi> afr Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Guy</hi> Kawi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Koke</hi> Coptic, <hi rend='italic'>Ogiak</hi> Turk,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cuasi</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Fuyo</hi> Iberian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Fuoco</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Ucut</hi>
+Moluccas.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Totecuh</hi> Muscolgi, <hi rend='italic'>Cu</hi>
+Sussih, <hi rend='italic'>Icu</hi> Lulè, <hi rend='italic'>Eguza</hi>
+Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Yucu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xucu</hi> Moxas,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cutha</hi>, Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cuyah</hi>
+Malali, <hi rend='italic'>Cuati</hi> Sapibo, <hi rend='italic'>Kueh</hi> Taculis.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Fire-fly, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cucuyos</hi> G.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cucuyo</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Locuyos</hi>
+H. <hi rend='italic'>Cucuix</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi> in Lucayas O.
+see Fire and Fly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Foe, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Anaki</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Akani</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Katahi</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Neikos</hi>
+(strife) Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Uaina</hi> Slavic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vahini</hi> Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Katalki</hi> Kendy, <hi rend='italic'>Anakim</hi> Aramic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Acanitu</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Nemico</hi> Italian.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Flower, Blossom, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ana</hi> A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Anu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi>, Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Anota</hi> Singala, <hi rend='italic'>Anathos</hi> Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Suan</hi> Newar, <hi rend='italic'>Athina</hi>
+Palo, <hi rend='italic'>Tana</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Dani</hi> Othomi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Fruit. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Inas</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guauanas</hi>,
+Ac.&mdash;Derived
+from Flower.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fruitful Co.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Com</hi> Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Comestible</hi>
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fever, see heat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Flamingo, Red bird. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ipiris</hi> Diaz in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+God. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jovana</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Yocahuna</hi> R. and
+many other names and titles in all the Islands.
+See the annals and notes. All are
+compound primitive words: additional analogies.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Jan</hi> Janus of Etruscans,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ju</hi> Ombrian, <hi rend='italic'>Yu</hi> Ausonian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Jovis</hi> Latin,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Jona</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yauna</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Juncva</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Jaungoieva</hi> of
+Basks&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Jo-cauna</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Janum</hi> of Lybians, IEUE of Moses,
+<hi rend='italic'>Joh</hi> Luchu, <hi rend='italic'>Yavang</hi> Sunda,
+<hi rend='italic'>Iona</hi> Troyan, <hi rend='italic'>Iunak</hi>
+Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Achaman Ahican</hi> Guanch,
+&amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Yah</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>yoha
+vah</hi> Chactah, <hi rend='italic'>Hioh</hi> New Albion,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yaho</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Oyuac</hi>
+Old Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Jahuagon</hi> Huron,
+<hi rend='italic'>Wakon</hi> Ozages,
+<hi rend='italic'>Conome</hi> Yaruras,
+<hi rend='italic'>Oho</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Ogha</hi> Othomi, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/>
+
+<p>
+Great, Big, Large. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ma</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Magua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama</hi>,
+A.&mdash;Primitive, akin to all old Languages,
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Magnus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Megas</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Oriental and Sanscrit
+Languages, <hi rend='italic'>Masa</hi> Pehlvi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mese</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Maha</hi>
+Hindu and Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Maque</hi> Jolof,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maunu</hi> Fulah, <hi rend='italic'>Mah</hi>
+Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Mag</hi> Medic and Irish,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guadul</hi> Phenician, <hi rend='italic'>Maigh</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Magla</hi> Carthuli,
+<hi rend='italic'>Waka</hi> Japan.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ecuah</hi> Tzuluki,
+<hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> Nachez, <hi rend='italic'>Guazu</hi>
+Guarami, <hi rend='italic'>Zhuma</hi> Muyzcas,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Manaho</hi> Othomi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Green. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Huarahua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaragua</hi> Laet.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Xloris</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Viridis</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Huryo</hi> Nepal,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Veragua</hi>
+Chontal.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Gold. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Caona, Cauni</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Canchana</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Sona</hi>
+Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Kin</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Sanu</hi>
+Manding, <hi rend='italic'>Sun</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cancha</hi>, Peru.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Go and Come. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Guaiba</hi> D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Odebo</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Amòular</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Va</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Vaya</hi> Italic D,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hanba</hi>
+Cosa afr, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gati</hi>
+Sanscrit,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hoye</hi> Tarahumara,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hupua</hi> Yaqui, <hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi>
+Chactah, <hi rend='italic'>Hai</hi> Patagon, <hi rend='italic'>Auha</hi>
+Aleutian.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Gourd. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Higuera</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Hibuera</hi>
+D. O. <hi rend='italic'>Hibue
+ra</hi> M.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Guara</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Cucurbita</hi> Latin.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Gentle, mild, tame. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Matum</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Boniatum</hi>
+O.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Manso</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Matio</hi>
+(Foolish,) <hi rend='italic'>Amato</hi> (beloved), <hi rend='italic'>Bonus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>mitis</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Gathos</hi> Greek.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Guitar, Lyre. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Habao.</hi> R.&mdash;
+<hi rend='italic'>Hiuhaba</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Chobao</hi>
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Balajo</hi> Jolof, <hi rend='italic'>Oboe</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hinoa</hi> Italic D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coai</hi>
+R. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chali</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Lali</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Loula</hi> Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chagla</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Shali</hi> Cashmir,
+<hi rend='italic'>Shialar</hi> Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Gala</hi>
+Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Yaul</hi> Scand, <hi rend='italic'>Hali</hi> Zend,
+<hi rend='italic'>Coya</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Noali</hi>
+Armoric,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Quali</hi> Mexican,
+<hi rend='italic'>Haylli</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ululaez</hi> Maya.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Goeiz.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi>
+Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Necuya</hi> Epirian, <hi rend='italic'>Goe</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ghaib</hi> Aramic and Persian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Goiti</hi> Slavic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Goz</hi>
+Vilela, <hi rend='italic'>Coyocop</hi> Nachez,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aguis</hi> Peru.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Grand-father. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahiacavo</hi> R. See Father.
+<hi rend='italic'>Narguti</hi> In Eyeri D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Guayac, Holy-wood. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guayac</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guayacan</hi>
+H. <hi rend='italic'>Guacum</hi> O.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Grove, Forest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Arcabutos</hi> Ac.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Good. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiao</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> D. See noble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+House, Habitation. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boa</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Bai</hi>
+R. <hi rend='italic'>Canei</hi> M. <hi rend='italic'>Tunohoko</hi>
+Eyeri D. Primitive.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ocos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hustau</hi>
+Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>Acam</hi> Afr Atlantic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Uyon</hi> Uigur, <hi rend='italic'>Huis</hi>
+Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Khaneh</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Kanaba</hi>
+Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Oneh</hi> Old Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bantaba</hi> Fulah, <hi rend='italic'>Beit</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>baith</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Bara</hi>
+Pelvi, <hi rend='italic'>Batos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Beotes</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Xoa</hi> Dorian, <hi rend='italic'>Hu</hi>
+Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Bohiga</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi> Etruscan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Abode, Booth</hi> English&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi>
+Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Buhio</hi> Maya,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ochoch</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Aothi,
+Baua</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Pokos</hi> Tao, <hi rend='italic'>Nixai</hi>
+Quiché, <hi rend='italic'>Uya</hi> Lulé, <hi rend='italic'>Bahi</hi>
+Aruac, <hi rend='italic'>Huachi</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Oca</hi>
+Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Uca</hi> Omagua, <hi rend='italic'>Ba</hi>
+Mizteca, <hi rend='italic'>Chaho</hi> Tarasca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zimu</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Huibo</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cima</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Suma</hi>
+Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Ima Sama</hi> Pelagic and Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Imula</hi> Ombay Id, <hi rend='italic'>Kimita</hi>
+Yedzo, <hi rend='italic'>Kima</hi> Ligurian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Iman</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Zimba</hi>
+Bunda Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Yuma</hi> Japan&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Uma</hi>
+Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Chémé</hi> Quiché,
+<hi rend='italic'>China</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Umitz</hi>
+Nutka, <hi rend='italic'>Muhuti</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Yama</hi> Othomi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Heliconia. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bihao</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong,
+raised. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tihu</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Tichetu, Car, Huibo,
+Uta</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ti</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Tien</hi>
+Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Tithos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Auti, Alti</hi>
+Italic, L. <hi rend='italic'>Tith</hi> Lybian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tip</hi> Saxon, <hi rend='italic'>Timal</hi> Oscan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tohu</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Gibor</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Bop</hi> Jolof, <hi rend='italic'>Obo</hi>
+Mogol, <hi rend='italic'>Ube</hi>
+Singala.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Iba</hi> Apalachi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Uebo, Uipo</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Hayo</hi>
+Cado.
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/>
+
+<p>
+Heaven, sky. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Turei</hi> D.
+<hi rend='italic'>Siela</hi> O, <hi rend='italic'>Coaiba</hi>
+R. <hi rend='italic'>Coyaba</hi> (Paradise.) <hi rend='italic'>Soraya</hi> (West
+sky.) <hi rend='italic'>Ubec</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Uranus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Skia</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Turan</hi> Old Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Irem</hi> Persian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aru</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Ciel</hi>
+French, <hi rend='italic'>Coelum</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Arai</hi> Tahiti,
+<hi rend='italic'>Coelba</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Suraga</hi>
+Bugis, <hi rend='italic'>Suroloyo</hi> Kawi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Surya</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Sora</hi>
+Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Uren</hi> Armoric, <hi rend='italic'>Arai</hi> Turan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Serua</hi> Baik, <hi rend='italic'>Urain</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hyalla</hi> Fullah.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Capu</hi>
+Yaoy and Tamanac, <hi rend='italic'>Coane</hi> Maya, <hi rend='italic'>Cabu</hi>
+Otomacas, <hi rend='italic'>Turci</hi> Paria, <hi rend='italic'>Hetucoba</hi>
+Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Yabe</hi> Guarani,
+<hi rend='italic'>Purini</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Cabo</hi>
+Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Tacab</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Pacha</hi>
+Aymara.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Heart and Soul. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nanichi</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Nasha</hi> Chaldic, <hi rend='italic'>Anima</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Han</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Gan</hi>
+Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Huchi</hi> Deri Persian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Uhane</hi> Havay, <hi rend='italic'>Zinio</hi> Afgan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nima</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Amé</hi>
+Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Anichal</hi> Celtic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nehima</hi> Congo,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Kaueshin</hi>
+Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Ichick</hi> Huazteca,
+<hi rend='italic'>Agna</hi> Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Cama</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Nashawanith</hi> Powhatan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ninohuani</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Nandi</hi>
+Ottomaca, <hi rend='italic'>Juani</hi> Yarura,
+<hi rend='italic'>Amitani</hi> Maipuri, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Holy. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Auc</hi> D. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yac</hi>
+G. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaca</hi> R.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cadish</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Aucus</hi>
+Old Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Hagios</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Agi</hi>
+Touga, <hi rend='italic'>Haga</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi>
+Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Hancus</hi> Ausonian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Khuab</hi> Old Egypt,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Aca</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>huaca</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Wakon</hi> Dacota,
+<hi rend='italic'>Huacan</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Hualic</hi> Huazteca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zechon</hi>.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zeziones</hi>
+M.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ako</hi> Old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Sicus</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Xerone</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Chaone</hi> Pelagian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chon</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Chaud</hi>
+(Cho) French, <hi rend='italic'>Cau</hi> Romanic,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Achi</hi>
+Chili.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zaino</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Scuna</hi> Ac.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Sis-ino</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Chinia</hi>
+Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Suina</hi> Russian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zayos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Zanno</hi>
+Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Zinial</hi> Ligurian, <hi rend='italic'>Muaca</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Charcu</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Taguazen</hi>
+Guanch,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tayasu</hi> Guarani,
+<hi rend='italic'>Sayones</hi> Calamari, <hi rend='italic'>Nigda</hi> Mbaya.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hill. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Huibo</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Carive</hi> Laet, see mountain.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/>
+
+<p>
+Hollow, hole, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yara</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Yari</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yaru</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Coatris</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Trou</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Creux</hi> French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hut. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boharque</hi> M.
+<hi rend='italic'>Canei</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Tuhonoko</hi>
+Ey. See House.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Insect. See Little.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Island, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Caya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caic</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Caiz</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caiques</hi>. All&mdash;see
+Earth and Land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Infinite, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rapita</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Apito</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Virita</hi> R. D. O.
+title of God with <hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi> holy. Analogies
+with <hi rend='italic'>Rapid</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Veritas</hi> Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Invisible, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guimazoa</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zuimaco</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Quinazona</hi>
+R. D. O.&mdash;other title of God, compound
+words, perhaps of different import:
+with many affinities in divine names of
+Lybia, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In, Within, Inside. <hi rend='italic'>Hiqui</hi> in Cuba Laet.
+<hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi> C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Indigo, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Digo</hi> R.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is, it is, this is. ZI&mdash;primitive <hi rend='italic'>Ze</hi> in Mosaic
+and Oriental Languages.&mdash;He is, she
+is, EL or <hi rend='italic'>eil</hi>, see Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+King. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazic</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Cacique</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Caciqui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caxicus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Casiche</hi> Various spellings.&mdash;See the
+Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Knowledge, to know. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaroco</hi>,
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Char</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Imparar</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Rasaca</hi>
+Malay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Life. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bi</hi> G.&mdash;Primitive. I Oriental L.
+<hi rend='italic'>Vita</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Bios</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Vie</hi> French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lizard. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guana</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Iguana</hi>
+A. <hi rend='italic'>Yuanas</hi>
+Her,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Aguana</hi> Guinea, <hi rend='italic'>Iagandu</hi> Congo,
+<hi rend='italic'>Athaguan</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Manatha</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Guha</hi>
+Singala,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Iuganas</hi> Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Leguan</hi>
+Aruwak.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/>
+
+<p>
+Labor. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boria</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nabor</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Anaboria</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Naboritis</hi>. See Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nigua</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Nianti</hi> Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Nigu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>niga</hi> Sicily,
+<hi rend='italic'>Niente</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Ngai</hi>
+Birman, <hi rend='italic'>Naga</hi>
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Ngni</hi> Newar, <hi rend='italic'>Guti</hi>
+Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Minizi</hi> Gothic,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Piqua</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Chigua</hi> Darien,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nechet</hi> Adaiz, <hi rend='italic'>Enchique</hi>
+Yaoy.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Land. See Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord. See Noble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Light, Shining. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tureigna</hi> D. See Heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lake, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Haguai</hi>. See Water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Man, men, male, husband, people. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hito
+Guani</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cari</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Magua</hi> G. 3 roots IT,
+RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT
+found in
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Iota</hi> Old Gothic, <hi rend='italic'>Itua</hi>
+Polynesia, <hi rend='italic'>Toy</hi> Old Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hitnos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hita</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Ati</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Itga</hi> Nubian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hetus</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Het</hi>
+Talahet, <hi rend='italic'>Dito</hi> Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Fito</hi>
+Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhihuit</hi> Cumanche, &amp;c.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+RI in <hi rend='italic'>Ria</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Vir</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Hari</hi> Tombuctu, <hi rend='italic'>Ira</hi>
+Tambu, <hi rend='italic'>Er</hi> Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Air</hi>
+Celtic and Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Yeri</hi> Hungarian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ari</hi> Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Nieri</hi>
+Illyrian, <hi rend='italic'>Vair</hi> Gothic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Viro</hi> Timuacan, <hi rend='italic'>Ir</hi> Oscan, &amp;c.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+AN in <hi rend='italic'>Nan</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Yang</hi>,
+Chinese D. <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Anam, <hi rend='italic'>Gens</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Han</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Huinac</hi>
+Tzendal, <hi rend='italic'>Aner</hi> Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Orang</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Guan</hi>
+Gaunch,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hua</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Huentu</hi>
+Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Guana</hi> Guanas, &amp;c.
+</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Mother. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mama</hi> D.&mdash;Primitive word,
+found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages,
+the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and
+Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and
+Polynesia; changed to <hi rend='italic'>Mu</hi> in Chinese;
+<hi rend='italic'>Am</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Om</hi> in Arabic Languages&mdash;In America
+<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/>
+quite common also, least changed in
+<hi rend='italic'>Hama</hi> Shebaoy, <hi rend='italic'>Amani</hi>,
+Adaiz <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Mobima,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mama</hi> Betoy, Omagua and Peru.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Moon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maroyo</hi> R.
+<hi rend='italic'>Marohus</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Mona</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi> in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Much, Many. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tocheta</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tucho</hi> Iberian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chuanti</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Chehel</hi> Persian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Totus</hi> Latin.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tacha</hi>
+Achagua, <hi rend='italic'>Mioch</hi>
+Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Tobu</hi> Brazilian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mammeafruit. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mamey</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Millet. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Panycke</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Panicum</hi> Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tihui</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Huibo</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Baino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hayti</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Mtay</hi> Carthul, <hi rend='italic'>Oiten</hi>
+Lusitanian, <hi rend='italic'>Hauteur</hi> (pr hotoer)
+French, <hi rend='italic'>Tith</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Buno</hi>, Romaic, <hi rend='italic'>Guibo</hi> Aramic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tohu</hi> Copt,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Uibui</hi>
+Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Caquihuin</hi> Totonaca,
+<hi rend='italic'>Titi</hi> Collas of Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ehuata</hi>
+Omagua, <hi rend='italic'>Vata</hi> Tarasca,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hatez</hi> Chontal, <hi rend='italic'>Guetia</hi> Mbaya, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Music, Noise. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Habao</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Giahuba</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Hapan</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hubub</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Buba</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Bhatai</hi>
+Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Behan</hi> Turan and
+Khorazan.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Paypa</hi> Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ahbal</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Tupan</hi> Guarani.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Me, I, my, mine, myself&mdash;NI, N', MI,
+M'.&mdash;Primitive, found in all the European
+and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mich</hi> Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Mina</hi> Negro Langs,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nio</hi> Japan,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ne</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Me</hi> Mexican Languages, <hi rend='italic'>Na</hi> Apalachi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mi</hi> Linapi Dial,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hi</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Pimas
+Muscolgi, <hi rend='italic'>Nia</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Mio</hi>
+Dacota, <hi rend='italic'>Gane</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kuno</hi> Japan.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Metal, hard. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nin</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guanin</hi>
+C. <hi rend='italic'>Hobin</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Irania</hi> Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vina</hi> Jolof,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Panilgue</hi>
+(Iron) Chili.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Manati, Sea-Cow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Manati</hi> A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Lamantin</hi>
+French, <hi rend='italic'>Mamatino</hi> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/>
+
+<p>
+Mosquito. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jejen</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Zinzara</hi> Toscan.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mushroom. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yegan</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guayegan</hi>
+R.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Fungus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Agaricus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Mycos</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guarib</hi>
+Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Guaygrion</hi> Celtic, and Old
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meadow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zavana</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Zabana</hi> A. See
+Field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Master, Lord. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guama</hi>. See Prince.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mantle. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yaguas</hi>. Her. See Dress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Moving. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mana</hi>. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Manioc. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boniata</hi> O, is the mild kind,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yuco</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mahogany. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahogani</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Cahoba</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mangrove tree. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mangle</hi> H.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi>
+Her, <hi rend='italic'>Nitaino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mitaino</hi>
+Dialects.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Thano</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Tona</hi> Japan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hainac</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Theano</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tuyano</hi>
+Pelagian, <hi rend='italic'>Turanos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Zain</hi>
+Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Atueyn</hi> Birman,
+<hi rend='italic'>No</hi> (fine) Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ethauo</hi>
+Singala, <hi rend='italic'>Tayon</hi> Kamchatka,
+<hi rend='italic'>Talen</hi> Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Ona</hi>
+(good) Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Sitino</hi> Old Arabic;
+<hi rend='italic'>Tonos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Taminas</hi>
+Scythian, <hi rend='italic'>Maitai</hi> Polynesia,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Toani</hi>
+Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Tzalleine</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Votan</hi> Chontal,
+<hi rend='italic'>Noen</hi> Mocobi, <hi rend='italic'>Nin</hi>
+Abipon, <hi rend='italic'>Hitana</hi> Apalachi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mayana</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maca</hi>
+D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Eyni</hi> Mozabi, Lybian; <hi rend='italic'>Nani</hi>
+Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Dorian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Niani</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Niente</hi>
+Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Ima</hi> Tahiti, <hi rend='italic'>Mabi</hi>
+Birman, <hi rend='italic'>An</hi> Copt,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ama</hi>
+Othomi, <hi rend='italic'>Isana</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Nitio</hi>
+Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Mayan</hi> Puncays; <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Matar</hi> Maya,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mani</hi> Poconchi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Nuts. <hi rend='italic'>Zibayos</hi> D&mdash;Derived from <hi rend='italic'>Ziba</hi>
+Stone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now, To-day. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>. See Grammar.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Adesso
+Oggidi</hi> Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One, first, alone, unique. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ata</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Atu</hi> R.
+<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/>
+D.&mdash;Primitive, found in 200 Languages.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Bat</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Yat</hi>
+Kong Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Atus</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Ada</hi> Aramic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ath</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Tahi</hi> Polynesia, <hi rend='italic'>Tah</hi>
+Gaman Afr, <hi rend='italic'>Auto</hi> Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yat</hi> Shilo Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Suat</hi>
+Sumatra.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> Muyzcas,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hatun</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi> Pimas,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> Innuit, <hi rend='italic'>Aguit</hi>
+Vilela, <hi rend='italic'>Carata</hi> Sapibo, <hi rend='italic'>Nacut</hi>
+Micmac, <hi rend='italic'>Scatta</hi> Onondago.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Old, oldman. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ua</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Boh</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Beh</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohito</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi> A. See Priest.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Holbo</hi>
+Copt,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bial</hi>
+Huazteca, &amp;c.&mdash;Very old Uaua
+as in Mexican.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Oldest, Eldest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nenechin</hi>, R.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ainé</hi>
+French.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Onion, Bulb. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cabaicos</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Macoanes</hi>
+D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cepa</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Ceba</hi> Tonga
+Isl., <hi rend='italic'>Kipo</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cipola</hi> Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cipuda</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Zaibel</hi>
+German, <hi rend='italic'>Bacang</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bawang</hi>
+Malay and Javan.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Omnipotent. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Liella</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Siela</hi>. Title of
+God, analogies with EL, and <hi rend='italic'>Ciel</hi> Heaven
+in French, pr. <hi rend='italic'>Siel</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Opossum. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tona</hi> R.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ocymum. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zochen</hi> R.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Paddle, Oar. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pagaya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pages</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nae</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Pahi</hi>
+(boat) Tahiti, <hi rend='italic'>Nae</hi> is the root of
+boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pheasant. <hi rend='italic'>Babiayas</hi> Her.
+Cuba.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Phasianus</hi>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Palace. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Canei</hi> H. See House.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toca</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Sata</hi>
+Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Netuc</hi> Tozi old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Cueto</hi>
+Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Paca</hi> Aussonian, <hi rend='italic'>Thegi</hi> Scand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Axi</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aji</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ages</hi> A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ac</hi> is a primitive
+word for sharp. <hi rend='italic'>Ac</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>ag</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Acutus</hi> Latin,
+<hi rend='italic'>Oxus</hi> Greek,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Axi</hi> Cumana.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/>
+
+<p>
+Priest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bohito</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Bautio</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Buhui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Behique</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Boition</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bouiti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Buutio</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Boyeto</hi>, &amp;c., by different writers, and in
+Dialects. See the Annals and Notes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pontif, High-priest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Buhui-tihu</hi> A. See
+High.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pipe, Tube. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tobaco</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Tubus</hi> Latin,
+<hi rend='italic'>Sipos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Hukah</hi>
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Chibuc</hi> Turk,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bacana</hi>
+Carib.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Purple. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ragui</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Anigua</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Uarg</hi> Celtic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Banicos</hi>, Iberian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Patatos. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Batatas</hi>.&mdash;The same in South
+America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Place. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guara</hi> R.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People, men. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chivi</hi>,
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ibar</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Cabres</hi>
+Eyeri. See Man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parrot. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Paraca</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi> Cuba and Aruac.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. <hi rend='italic'>Guayava</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guaxaba</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pimento. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pimento</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Pimienta</hi> Maya.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Poke. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cucato</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Xucato</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Pocan</hi> Powhatan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Coacum</hi> Mohigan, <hi rend='italic'>Cuechiliz</hi> Mexican.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Plain. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Magua</hi>. See Field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Palm. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yagua</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Caico</hi> Eyeri.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Paradise. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coaibai</hi> R. Her. See Heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Physician. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boiti</hi> G. See Priest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parsnep. <hi rend='italic'>Guaieros</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Xobos</hi> R. Plumbs
+<hi rend='italic'>Hicaco</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Cainito</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prince, Lord. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guama</hi> D.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Tequeni-gua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gua-miniqui</hi>
+Her, <hi rend='italic'>Hamon</hi> afr Atlantes,
+<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Samah</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Lucumon</hi>
+Etruscan, <hi rend='italic'>Vimala</hi> Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Magister</hi> Lat., <hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Menuh</hi>, Zend and Old Sanser,
+<hi rend='italic'>Haman</hi> Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Buyama</hi>
+Old Arabic&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Tequanes</hi> Mexican.,
+<hi rend='italic'>Tuinametin</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Tequenes</hi>
+Muyzcas, <hi rend='italic'>Inquathil</hi>
+Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Amo</hi> Choco, <hi rend='italic'>Ahan</hi> Maya, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Raft. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Balza</hi> A.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Balza</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Balca</hi> Italian
+D. <hi rend='italic'>Balagan</hi> Malay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Root, Yam. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Niames</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Ames</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>M'ames</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ima</hi> Molucas, <hi rend='italic'>Lami</hi>
+Macasar, <hi rend='italic'>Nuni</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Boniam</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Boan</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Niami</hi>
+African L.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Nanat</hi>
+Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Moniatos</hi> Calamari.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Rabbits. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aguti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Aguchi</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Huti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Utia</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cuti</hi> A. R. Peculiar Genus <hi rend='italic'>Cavia</hi> like
+Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hutia</hi>
+Largest; <hi rend='italic'>Chemi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cori</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mohuy</hi>,
+Smallest.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cavia</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Pucarara</hi> in Dialects
+E. <hi rend='italic'>Quinaxes</hi> E. Cuba.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Saraguchi</hi> Egypt,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guniyu</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Cuniculus</hi> Latin,
+<hi rend='italic'>Lagotis</hi> Greek,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cuyes</hi>
+Quito, <hi rend='italic'>Coy</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Cuya</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Curus</hi> Tayronas, <hi rend='italic'>Quinazis</hi> Cauca.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Red. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ris</hi>. Diaz, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Achioto</hi> Her. Bay or
+Scarlet-red. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pu</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bu</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Giria</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Kiris</hi>
+Arab, <hi rend='italic'>Rehita</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Rosso</hi> Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Rubus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Badius</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Puniceus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Erythros</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Bai</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Bugra</hi>
+Maroco, <hi rend='italic'>Arbho</hi> Thibet.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Duchi</hi>
+M. <hi rend='italic'>Duhos</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Duyhzi</hi> D.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Divitia</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Guhya</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Duhut</hi> Hindi,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dites</hi>
+Darien, <hi rend='italic'>Cusca</hi> Quichè.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Rattle, Holy music. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maraca</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Amara</hi> Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Raya</hi>
+Pelagic.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Quaqua</hi> Huazteca,
+<hi rend='italic'>Amaraca</hi> Tupi Brazil, <hi rend='italic'>Tamaraca</hi>
+Aruac and Anzerma,
+<hi rend='italic'>Malaca</hi> Apalachi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Retreat. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiba</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Thbe</hi>
+Moses, <hi rend='italic'>Tiba</hi> Thibet,
+<hi rend='italic'>Theba</hi> Egypt. &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Remora fish. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Remora</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Reveo</hi> H.
+<hi rend='italic'>Rambos</hi> Ac.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Remor</hi> Pelagic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rope. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cabuya</hi> G.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cable</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cord</hi>, English,
+French, Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+River. See Stream.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/>
+
+<p>
+Rites, worship, reality.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reiti</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ritus</hi>
+Latin &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sea, Ocean. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bagua</hi> V. <hi rend='italic'>Balahua</hi> Ey.
+Evident analogy with <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Aqua</hi>, (water)
+in Spanish and Italian.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Talahua</hi> Mogol, <hi rend='italic'>Balua</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pela</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Va</hi> Sanscrit,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ab</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Baa</hi>
+Sussu of Afr, <hi rend='italic'>Panyui</hi> Tarahum, <hi rend='italic'>Cagua</hi>
+Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> Tupi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Star, Bright. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Starei</hi> D.&mdash;Primitive,
+found from England to India.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Asterias</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aster</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Sial</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Taroth</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Tara</hi> Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Stara</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Izeran</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Yethra</hi>
+African Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Izara</hi> Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Sitarah</hi> Persian.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Sirica</hi>
+Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, <hi rend='italic'>Chirica</hi> Yaoy,
+<hi rend='italic'>Silico</hi> Betoy, <hi rend='italic'>Ergrai</hi>
+Abipon, <hi rend='italic'>Stan</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Setere</hi>
+Patagon.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Sword, Club, Weapon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Macana</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Machana</hi>
+O.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Mukenai</hi> Dorian, <hi rend='italic'>Makaira</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Magal</hi> Aramic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maguila</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Maco</hi>
+(spear) Gaunch, <hi rend='italic'>Mayado</hi> (club)
+Do. <hi rend='italic'>Mazza</hi> Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mace</hi> Old English,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Macana</hi>
+Darien, and many other languages of South America.
+<hi rend='italic'>Macahui</hi> Mexican.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Stream, River, Flood, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Niquen</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Neguin</hi>
+D. <hi rend='italic'>Ziniquin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuhen</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> in Cuba.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Dhuni</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Dunic</hi>
+Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Dexamen</hi> Guanch,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chuen</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Cuemen</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Hunica Kayan</hi> Turan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nahuen</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Amnica</hi>
+Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Nukil</hi> Afgan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Binanga</hi> Bugi, <hi rend='italic'>Annigan</hi>
+Scand, <hi rend='italic'>Annegar</hi> (to drown)
+Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Nikli</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Khian</hi>
+Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Nikar</hi>, Toba Old Arabic.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Wuinic</hi>
+Aruac, <hi rend='italic'>Necua</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Cuyk</hi> Aleutian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nidachi</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Uchi</hi> Chacta.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Furacane</hi> D.
+<hi rend='italic'>Huracanes</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Urogan</hi> Ey. Derived from
+rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Rages Soarah</hi>, (rage and storm) Aramic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Racas</hi>
+Toba Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Taravat</hi> African Negros,
+<hi rend='italic'>Burasca</hi> Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Orage</hi> French, <hi rend='italic'>Hurlig</hi> Saxon, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Sun. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boinial</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Binthaitel</hi>. See Annals.
+<hi rend='italic'>Kachi</hi> in Eyeri. See King.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/>
+
+<p>
+Setting Sun, the West. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Soraya</hi>. See
+Heaven.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Surya</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Soir</hi>
+evening in French, <hi rend='italic'>Sera</hi> in Italian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Vesper</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hesper</hi>,
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Spera</hi> Romaic.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Song, see Dance.&mdash;Soul, see Heart.&mdash;Small,
+see Little.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. <hi rend='italic'>Rabu</hi>,
+in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Stone, Rock. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ziba</hi> A. See the Annals.
+Rocky <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>. Demonstrative article much
+employed, found in many old languages.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ath</hi>
+Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian,
+&amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> in South America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shell. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guey</hi> C. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cohob</hi> O.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Strong. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Carib</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Agi</hi> A. See Pepper.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shark. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiburon</hi> Ac. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tebura</hi> O.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Stranger. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chapeton</hi> AC. <hi rend='italic'>Guachinango</hi>
+Diaz in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soup, Boiled. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Calalu</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bollito</hi>
+It. <hi rend='italic'>Olla</hi>
+Spt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Snake. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boba</hi> in Boriquen.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Boa</hi>
+African
+L., <hi rend='italic'>Ob</hi> Oriental L., <hi rend='italic'>Coluber</hi> Latin,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ophis</hi> Greek.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Coa</hi>
+Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Boya</hi> Guarani.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN,
+ZI, NI, LI.&mdash;Primitive, variable in Dialects,
+root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do.
+Y, <hi rend='italic'>Ye</hi> Old English, I Persian and Lybian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yn</hi> Celtic, Y Old Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>N'</hi> Illyrian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ohi</hi> Havay,&mdash;TI Cora, TL Mexican,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ini</hi> Pimal, <hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>
+Lapani D., <hi rend='italic'>Nuya</hi> Achagua,
+<hi rend='italic'>Iu</hi> Payuri. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This, that, these, those. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>, same as
+such. See Grammar.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/>
+
+<p>
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.&mdash;Primitive
+from Celtic to Sanscrit. <hi rend='italic'>Ti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>te</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>toi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>tien</hi>
+Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask,
+Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian,
+Magyar, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Take. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chuc</hi> C. <hi rend='italic'>Chugue</hi>
+Her.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Busca</hi>
+Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Aku</hi> Lampung of Sumatra.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Huyca</hi>
+Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Uhca</hi> Tarasca.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tomato. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tomates</hi> G.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Temple. See Church.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tree. See Wood.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Town, habitation. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bohio</hi>, same as house&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Bahus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pagus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Urbis</hi> Italic L., <hi rend='italic'>Paese</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pays</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Payz</hi>
+Modern I., <hi rend='italic'>Choyo</hi> Greek D., <hi rend='italic'>Bajeth</hi>
+Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Huebo</hi>
+Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Bohus</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Bya</hi> Scand, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Thread. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hico</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hilo</hi>
+Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Trico</hi>
+Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Hagu</hi> Nepal&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pito</hi> Maya.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tobacco, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cohiba</hi> O. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cogioba</hi>
+R. <hi rend='italic'>Cohoba</hi>
+D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Dokhan</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhica</hi>
+Nuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Turtle. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Icota</hi> G. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Icotea</hi>
+H. <hi rend='italic'>Cabini</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Chucua</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Icuma</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Boco</hi>
+Bali.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cotos</hi>
+Cumana.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two, or Second. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bem</hi>?&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi>
+Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Binus</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Ambi</hi> Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three, or Third. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Abem</hi>?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tame, Mild. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Matum</hi> D.
+<hi rend='italic'>Boniatum</hi> O.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bonus</hi>
+Latin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Throne. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Duchi</hi> M.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Vine, Creeper. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bejuco</hi> D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bixuco</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bexucum</hi> O., <hi rend='italic'>Bochuco</hi> M. Grape-vine.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Uveriu</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Uyeros</hi>
+M.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Uva</hi> Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Viniera</hi>
+Catalan, <hi rend='italic'>Zibi</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Ivy</hi> (pr Aivi) English.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/>
+
+<p>
+Water. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ama</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bagua</hi>.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Primitive. <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Atlantes and
+Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Aman</hi> Modern
+Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Aemon</hi> Gaunch,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mohu</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Nam</hi> Siam,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maim</hi> Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Balua</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Oman</hi> Old Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ameh</hi> Affadeh Negros,
+<hi rend='italic'>Maza</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Kama</hi> Corana,
+<hi rend='italic'>Asma</hi> Romaic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> Spanish, <hi rend='italic'>Aigo</hi>
+Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>Lagus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Lacus</hi> (lake) Latin and
+Celtic.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>May</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mayu</hi>, Peru,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nhama</hi> Puris, <hi rend='italic'>Amuk</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ahua</hi> Tzuluki, <hi rend='italic'>Iia</hi>
+Chontal, <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>A</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi>
+Veragua, <hi rend='italic'>Ak</hi> Atakapus, <hi rend='italic'>Haya</hi>
+Shebay, <hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Ahay</hi> Eslen, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Woman, Wife. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Inuya</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hita</hi>.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Iti</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bibi</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Inara</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Liani</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Churon</hi>, Ey.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+Several roots, <hi rend='italic'>Iti</hi> same as
+<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi> man,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi> is wife D.
+<hi rend='italic'>Gyna</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guine</hi>
+Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Nurin</hi> Desatir and
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Cunica</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Enaztia</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Toya</hi> Bask D., <hi rend='italic'>Iona</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zaita</hi> (girl) Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zitta</hi> (bride) Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Tanaya</hi>
+Tedla Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Yuri</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nin</hi>
+Chinese Dialects, <hi rend='italic'>Ita</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Itua</hi>,
+Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Gin</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Gina</hi>
+Australia, <hi rend='italic'>Cuinta</hi> Congo,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nuriu</hi> Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Machini</hi>
+Polynesia; <hi rend='italic'>Ana</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Biana</hi> Oscan,
+<hi rend='italic'>Puta</hi> Venitian, <hi rend='italic'>Heana Beana</hi>
+Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Zitella</hi> (girl)
+Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Nurani</hi> Pehlvi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Shina</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Wanito</hi> Kawi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Uxor</hi> (wife) Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Boba</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Chura</hi> Slavic Bulgar, <hi rend='italic'>Biby</hi>
+Malabar, <hi rend='italic'>Muchn</hi> Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Keron</hi>
+(girl) Dorian Greek,
+<hi rend='italic'>Koriza</hi> Romanic, &amp;c.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Uita</hi>
+Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Zitua</hi> Mexican,
+<hi rend='italic'>Nuatitu</hi> Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Esena</hi>
+Moxas, <hi rend='italic'>Tiguy</hi> Muyzcas, <hi rend='italic'>Tinio</hi>
+Maypuri, <hi rend='italic'>Yatè</hi> Mocobi, <hi rend='italic'>Nikib</hi>
+Atakapus, <hi rend='italic'>Zina</hi> (girl)
+Othomi, <hi rend='italic'>Wanita</hi> Uchi, <hi rend='italic'>Iras</hi>
+Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Ira</hi> Coyba, <hi rend='italic'>Nia</hi>
+Apalachi.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+White. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yuca</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luca</hi> A.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Leucas</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi>
+Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Casis</hi> Scythian, <hi rend='italic'>Chuna</hi> Bask,
+<hi rend='italic'>Aluca</hi> Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Cucua</hi>
+Abask,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Luza</hi> Chacta, <hi rend='italic'>Elu</hi>
+Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Lapaca</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Zaco</hi>
+Totonaca, <hi rend='italic'>Luc</hi> Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Yurac</hi>
+Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Hacaya</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Usca</hi>
+Ozage, <hi rend='italic'>Yutaga</hi> Mocobi,
+<hi rend='italic'>Zac</hi> Maya.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Wood or Tree. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maca</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mapu</hi>
+A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Butos</hi>
+Ac.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Maica Chimala</hi> Dialects.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Kha</hi> Circaz, <hi rend='italic'>Micha</hi>
+Abask, <hi rend='italic'>Khad</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Taimala</hi>
+Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Makia</hi> Oscan, (yet forest in
+Toscan.) <hi rend='italic'>Gas</hi>
+Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Gatz</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Agaz</hi>
+Tartar, <hi rend='italic'>Cayu</hi> Malay,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi>
+Omagua and Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Caa</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Kag</hi> Atakapas,
+<hi rend='italic'>Canch</hi> Nachez, <hi rend='italic'>Manga</hi>
+Adaiz, <hi rend='italic'>Aca</hi> Peru,
+<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/>
+&amp;c. <hi rend='italic'>Butos</hi> is like <hi rend='italic'>Bois</hi>
+(bua) French, <hi rend='italic'>Wood</hi> (Vud)
+English.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+War, Army. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guazavara</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Huctu</hi> Ey.
+Warrior. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vara</hi>.&mdash;Root same as in English
+and Gothic, <hi rend='italic'>Guerra</hi> Italian, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wanderer. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Umakua</hi> Ey.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Omuvagu</hi> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wind or Air. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Banzex</hi> D.&mdash;Primitive.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<hi rend='italic'>Baud</hi> Old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Bao</hi>
+Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Bad</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Bau</hi> Ruyaga,
+<hi rend='italic'>Andai</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Nabha</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Bentus</hi> Ausonian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Bana</hi> Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Hanem</hi>
+Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Abklia</hi> Abask,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Eheca</hi>
+Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Acate</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Peco</hi>
+Chetimacha, &amp;c.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+West. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Soraia</hi> R.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Warab</hi> Old Arabic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Varapa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Saraya</hi>
+Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Urop</hi> Pelagic,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hesper</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Vesper</hi>
+Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Urai</hi> Bugis.
+<hi rend='italic'>Sor</hi> Aramic. See Setting Sun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+World. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Queya</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ocon</hi>
+R. D.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>On</hi> Oriental
+Root, <hi rend='italic'>Xton</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Queya</hi>
+from <hi rend='italic'>Quiscaya</hi>
+whole earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Which, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hiqui</hi> Laet.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Qui</hi>
+French, <hi rend='italic'>Ilquale</hi>
+Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Cui</hi> Sicilian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Worms. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cusi</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Piojo</hi>
+in Jamaica.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Cus</hi>
+Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Baco</hi> Toscan, <hi rend='italic'>Pioc</hi> (vermin)
+Celtic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yes. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha</hi>.&mdash;Primitive.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ha</hi> Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi>
+Gothic and Lamut, <hi rend='italic'>Do</hi> Ostiac, <hi rend='italic'>Aham</hi>
+Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Am</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>A</hi> Timani and Bulam
+Africa, <hi rend='italic'>Uaa</hi> Jolof,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yaga</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi>
+English, <hi rend='italic'>Hea</hi> African Atlantes,&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Haha</hi>
+Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Aa</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Haa</hi> Otomaco,
+Othomi and Cumanchi, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi> Totonac and
+Puris, <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Chili,
+<hi rend='italic'>Oyah</hi> Ozage, <hi rend='italic'>Ahi</hi> Cado,
+<hi rend='italic'>Yasay</hi> Aruac.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yellow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobas</hi>.&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Majob</hi>
+Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Lobidus</hi>
+Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Bahenda</hi> Biaju of Borneo,
+<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Aubain</hi> (Oben) Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Hoang</hi> Chinese.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yuca gloriosa. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yuca</hi> E. same in Mexico,
+meaning bright, white.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of
+Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands
+</p>
+
+<p>
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus,
+Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo,
+&amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Land or Country, <hi rend='italic'>Katos</hi>, L. <hi rend='italic'>Xai</hi> J. <hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Island, <hi rend='italic'>Caya</hi>, L <hi rend='italic'>Cayo</hi>, C <hi rend='italic'>Caic</hi> J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Stranger, <hi rend='italic'>Guachinango</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+House, <hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Remora, <hi rend='italic'>Reves</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Partridge, <hi rend='italic'>Lizas</hi>, C. by Ocampo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pheasant, <hi rend='italic'>Babiayas</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parrot, <hi rend='italic'>Maxa</hi> C. <hi rend='italic'>Macan</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prince, Lord, <hi rend='italic'>Guami</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rabbits, <hi rend='italic'>Usias</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hutic</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Quinaxes</hi> C.
+<hi rend='italic'>Hutia</hi> L.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Opuntia, <hi rend='italic'>Tuna</hi> C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cacao, <hi rend='italic'>Cacao</hi> C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Priest, <hi rend='italic'>Behique</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi> C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+River, <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Corn, <hi rend='italic'>Maysi</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Zabi</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+God, <hi rend='italic'>Yocahuna</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Guama-coti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama-oxocoti</hi>,
+C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Supreme being, <hi rend='italic'>Attabex</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/>
+
+<p>
+Ghost, <hi rend='italic'>Dupi</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Life, <hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi>, C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fountain, <hi rend='italic'>Mini</hi>, C. L.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wood, <hi rend='italic'>Maica</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cedar, <hi rend='italic'>Cauvana</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dog, <hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alligator, <hi rend='italic'>Cayaman</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Poke, <hi rend='italic'>Cucato</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fire-fly, <hi rend='italic'>Locuyos</hi>, C. <hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi>, L.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noble, <hi rend='italic'>To</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shell, <hi rend='italic'>Cohobas</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Red, <hi rend='italic'>Ris</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+White Worm, <hi rend='italic'>Cusi</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Palm Worm, <hi rend='italic'>Piojo</hi>, J.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+King. <hi rend='italic'>Caxicus</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Within, <hi rend='italic'>Hiqui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Gold, <hi rend='italic'>Nucay</hi>, C. L. Columbus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yams, <hi rend='italic'>Mames</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Grape Vine, <hi rend='italic'>Uveros</hi>, C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects
+Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite
+different from Carib, by Rochefort, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Land, Island, <hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi>, E. <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+God, <hi rend='italic'>Iocana</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama-nomocon</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Noble, <hi rend='italic'>Ditayno</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Snake, <hi rend='italic'>Boba</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cloudy, <hi rend='italic'>Furzidi</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mahogany, <hi rend='italic'>Maga</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Poison Apple, <hi rend='italic'>Manzanila</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cotton Tree, <hi rend='italic'>Zeyba,</hi> B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Violet, <hi rend='italic'>Quibey</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/>
+
+<p>
+Bananas, <hi rend='italic'>Camois</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Coco, <hi rend='italic'>Coquillas</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Guayac, <hi rend='italic'>Guage</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hog, <hi rend='italic'>Saine</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Piraguas</hi>, B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wood, Tree, Bow, <hi rend='italic'>Chimala</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Angel, <hi rend='italic'>Chemin</hi>, Angels, <hi rend='italic'>Chemignum</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spirits, <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Moon, <hi rend='italic'>Mona</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Storm, <hi rend='italic'>Urogan</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Blood, <hi rend='italic'>Moinalu</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Heaven or above, <hi rend='italic'>Ubec</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pages</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Man, <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi>, Men, <hi rend='italic'>Eyerium</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Woman, <hi rend='italic'>Inaru</hi>, Women, <hi rend='italic'>Inuyum</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Foe, <hi rend='italic'>Akani</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Little, <hi rend='italic'>Nianti</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+House, Hut, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhonoco</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Garden, <hi rend='italic'>Chali</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+War, <hi rend='italic'>Nihuctu</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mother, <hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nucu-churon</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Father, <hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nucu-chili</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Grandfather, <hi rend='italic'>Narguti</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wife, <hi rend='italic'>Liani</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Son, <hi rend='italic'>Rabu</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Daughter, <hi rend='italic'>Rahen</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The, <hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, N'.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Heart, <hi rend='italic'> Nanichi</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Vassal, <hi rend='italic'>Labuyu</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sea, <hi rend='italic'>Balana</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bed, <hi rend='italic'>Nekera</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sun, <hi rend='italic'>Kachi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cochi</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Money, <hi rend='italic'>Agucat</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/>
+
+<p>
+Palm, <hi rend='italic'>Caico</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Red, <hi rend='italic'>Pu</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People, <hi rend='italic'>Ibas</hi>, B. Cabres, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Priest, <hi rend='italic'>Boyez</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wanderer, <hi rend='italic'>Umckua</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Devil, <hi rend='italic'>Mabuya</hi>, E.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad
+Island, 1594.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This Dialect of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>aruac</hi> is the nearest
+geographically to the <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi>, and yet very
+different; nearer in words to the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> of
+the Continent. Therefore the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> altho' belonging to the same group,
+are distinct Languages, and the two people
+had been separated for ages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words
+of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been
+neglected by all the Philologists. Out of
+these 27 are in my <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> List, and offer
+16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared;
+but afford a kind of supplement to it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Man, <hi rend='italic'>Guttemock</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Woman, <hi rend='italic'>Hiaru</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Heaven, <hi rend='italic'>Huihua</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Gold, <hi rend='italic'>Calcoari</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Maize, <hi rend='italic'>Mauris</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pipe, <hi rend='italic'>Bayu</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shell, <hi rend='italic'>Tibetibe</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Water, <hi rend='italic'>Bara</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Oronuy</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sun, <hi rend='italic'>Hadali</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Moon, <hi rend='italic'>Katti</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Callit</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/>
+
+<p>
+Fire, <hi rend='italic'>Hicket</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eyes, <hi rend='italic'>Cosi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Scrath</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Canosin</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Stone, <hi rend='italic'>Sibath</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Head, <hi rend='italic'>Cabbo</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copper, <hi rend='italic'>Arara</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Metal, Iron, <hi rend='italic'>Mointiman</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Emerald, <hi rend='italic'>Taarao</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sword, <hi rend='italic'>Caspara</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This, My, <hi rend='italic'>Da</hi>, D.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parrot, <hi rend='italic'>Wahowa</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tree, <hi rend='italic'>Mentini</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Potato, <hi rend='italic'>Halete</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Batatas, <hi rend='italic'>Caenuda</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Knife, <hi rend='italic'>Yedola</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Basket, <hi rend='italic'>Queca</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tobacco, <hi rend='italic'>Hurreit</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hand, <hi rend='italic'>Can</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Feet, <hi rend='italic'>Cutti</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Knees, <hi rend='italic'>Cude</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Toes, <hi rend='italic'>Boda</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hair, <hi rend='italic'>Bairo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Barah</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bow, <hi rend='italic'>Marahabo</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Arrow, <hi rend='italic'>Semaro</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spoon, <hi rend='italic'>Heldaro</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Silver, <hi rend='italic'>Perota</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Forehead, <hi rend='italic'>Dessi</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tongue, <hi rend='italic'>Dill</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ears, <hi rend='italic'>Dudica</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lips, <hi rend='italic'>Desire</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Teeth, <hi rend='italic'>Arehe</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Monkey, <hi rend='italic'>Howa</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/>
+
+<p>
+Chest, <hi rend='italic'>Bodad</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Well, <hi rend='italic'>Sakel</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bracelet, <hi rend='italic'>Techir</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scissors, <hi rend='italic'>Arkeano</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Comb, <hi rend='italic'>Baruda</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mouth, <hi rend='italic'>Lacoak</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bell, <hi rend='italic'>Toletilero</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Stick, <hi rend='italic'>Adoth</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Beach, <hi rend='italic'>Barenaine</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Flying fish, <hi rend='italic'>Bohery</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tunny fish, <hi rend='italic'>Uassa</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I don't know, <hi rend='italic'>Nonguo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nonquapa</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a
+dozen words of the Brazilian Language;
+which are quite different from the <hi rend='italic'>Tupi</hi>;
+but very akin to the Haytian. Altho' he
+does not name the tribe he visited, they
+must have been <hi rend='italic'>Araguas</hi>, who are thus
+traced to the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> Stock. This great nation
+was still further extended; since the
+Patagons or <hi rend='italic'>Tinguis</hi>, the Chiquitos or
+<hi rend='italic'>Taos</hi>, and perhaps the <hi rend='italic'>Charruas</hi> belonged
+to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime
+adding some words from Cabot &amp; Vespucci,
+we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are
+comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual
+analogy, much more than with the <hi rend='italic'>Cairi</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10 Consimilar Words.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+House, <hi rend='italic'>Boi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi>, by Cabot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Corn, <hi rend='italic'>Maiz</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rattle, <hi rend='italic'>Hanmaraca</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoe</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/>
+
+<p>
+Sword, <hi rend='italic'>Macana</hi>, Cabot.
+King, <hi rend='italic'>Cachic</hi>, (written <hi rend='italic'>Cacich</hi>) Italian
+Orthography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Good, <hi rend='italic'>Tum</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bed, <hi rend='italic'>Hamac</hi>.
+Big-land, <hi rend='italic'>Taquino</hi>, by Vespuci, name of
+Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Knife, <hi rend='italic'>Tarse</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bananas, <hi rend='italic'>Pacaras</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pear, <hi rend='italic'>Caxus</hi>, by Cabot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meal or Cassave, <hi rend='italic'>Hui</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hook, <hi rend='italic'>Pinda</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scissors, <hi rend='italic'>Pirame</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Comb, <hi rend='italic'>Chipag</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+End Of First Volume.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+  <div id="footnotes">
+    <index index="toc" />
+    <index index="pdf" />
+    <head>Footnotes</head>
+    <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+  </div>
+  <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+  </div>
+</back>
+</text>
+</TEI.2>
diff --git a/34070.txt b/34070.txt
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+++ b/34070.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S.
+Rafinesque
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The American Nations, Vol. I.
+
+Author: C. S. Rafinesque
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
+
+
+
+
+                          The American Nations;
+
+                                   Or,
+
+                     Outlines of A National History;
+
+                                  Of The
+
+                        Ancient and Modern Nations
+
+                                    Of
+
+                         North and South America
+
+                        By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.
+
+                                Volume I.
+
+                               Philadelphia
+
+                      Published by C. S. Rafinesque,
+
+                       No. 110 North Tenth Street.
+
+                                   1836
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Prospectus.
+Dedication.
+Preface.
+Chapter I.
+Chapter II.
+Chapter III.
+Chapter IV.
+Chapter V.
+Chapter VI.
+Chapter VII.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PROSPECTUS.
+
+
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in advance for Six Numbers or Volumes,
+similar to this, of nearly 300 pages--each separate Number sold for one
+Dollar, or more when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter. At present the principal
+Booksellers may act as such.
+
+The Names of the Subscribers will be printed in a subsequent Number.
+
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals and their illustrations in 12
+Numbers or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to subscribers will only be
+$10, for which a complete American Historical Library will be obtained.
+
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes are secured whatever be their
+future price, and will be sent by mail: a similar sum will be due when the
+7th number is issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 at once, will be
+deemed Patrons of the work.
+
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, is entitled to a 6th gratis.
+Agents will be allowed 20 per cent commission.
+
+The price of this Number by itself is One Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six
+copies.
+
+It contains an introduction, general view, account of materials and
+cataclysms, the Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian Language,
+notes, tables, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+To The
+
+Society Of Geography
+
+Of Paris.
+
+GENTLEMEN:--
+
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and weary researches. This
+homage is due to the public approbation you gave to my first analogous
+labor, my Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of Mankind: which
+I endeavored to trace philologically to the centre of Asia. I had
+announced long ago this history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a
+whole hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. I now offer the
+outlines of it under your auspices.
+
+You have furnished the example of cultivating along with Geography, all
+the auxiliary and connected sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly
+the ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one of its bases. You
+will see that I have followed this practice in availing myself of all the
+sciences to enlighten the history of mankind, the Ethnography and annals
+of nations: above all Philology with Chronology and Geography.
+
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and of the American nations,
+were two subjects quite obscure and neglected, or the least known, of the
+history of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the history of the
+Negro nations: a labor so difficult and luckless as to be despised.
+
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps furnish the bases of such
+history. All the histories of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general and faithful
+history of this hemisphere. I now offer the results of this weary labor.
+
+You will perceive in it many things which have already been said; since it
+is impossible to write history without repetitions; but my plan, the whole
+point of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. You will also
+find many things which were never told or were very improperly presented.
+I shall destroy many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in them
+alone often consist our works upon America.
+
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much is to be related, all
+cannot be told: and I shall be compelled to neglect several minute
+details. I wish to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending _universal histories_, which however, dwell only
+upon one-third of the globe or even less.
+
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ them: I quote only when
+authorities are required to render an opinion more forcible. Every where
+else I merely give the abridgement of my great historical materials in
+manuscript, which are arranged by extracts of authorities, and where they
+may be sought for in case of need.
+
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+
+The Author.
+
+PHILADELPHIA,
+_October 22d, 1833_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In venturing to open a new path in historical researches on the earth and
+mankind, it is incumbent on the bold pioneer to state his views, or at
+least to furnish adequate reasons for deviating so far from the usual
+track.
+
+While every science and branch of knowledge is improving, and has, with
+rapid strides, made continual advances for fifty years past or more, is
+the noble muse of history to be kept stationary forever, by compilers and
+classical plodders? and for America by the foes of the ancient and modern
+nations of a whole hemisphere? No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and tell it.
+
+As the human mind is yet more swayed by authorities, than genius or
+wisdom; high authorities will be given instead of long explanations. Ever
+since the time of Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to write
+historical truth: men often prefer to be amused, deceived, or helped in
+strife; than to be instructed, or receive sketches of former times. Yet
+there is always a secret delight in viewing faithful pictures of ages
+past, of our ancestors on earth, and our predecessors on the soil of our
+homes, or where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+
+The worthies who have been taken for models or guides in this arduous
+undertaking, are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, Plato,
+Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly,
+Russell, Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. They shall speak for
+themselves, in quotations of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge and understanding--SOLOMON Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find her--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear
+instruction and be wise, and refuse it not--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 33.
+
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM in
+manifestation. BRA in realization. ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH in
+identic passage. ALEIM angels. OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.--MOSES.
+_Genesis ch, 5. v. 1._ Genuine mosaic words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+
+When I laid the foundations of the earth ... the morning stars sung
+together, and the sons of God shouted for joy.--SPEECH OF GOD HIMSELF IN
+JOB ch. 38., _Vulgar translation: the original is still more striking_.
+
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or _Shamaim_, the Heavens--the lower was SHEOL; but SHEOL-TAHTITH or
+inferior, was the place of bad souls and Rephaim. (The true SHEOL was
+America, or the southern hemisphere). The Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job
+had spoken of America.--PETERS, _Dissertation on Job_.
+
+It is very possible for modern learning to understand better the books of
+Moses, Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, than the Egyptian, Greek
+and Roman commentators: because the intellectual knowledge of languages is
+improving; and those ancient writers have, by their genius, approximated
+to us, while removed from the blindness of their ages.--GEBELIN, _Primitive
+World_.
+
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.--ST. PAUL _Corinth._ II. ch.
+3. v. 6. We use great plainness of speech, and not as MOSES who put a veil
+before his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to
+the end of that which is abolished.--_Cor. II. 3. v. 12, 13._--and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart, nevertheless
+when it shall please the Lord, this veil shall be taken away.--_Cor. II. 3.
+v. 15, 16._
+
+To have a right apprehension of words or names, is a good step to the
+knowledge of things.--PLATO _in Cratylo_.
+
+The confusion of words is the cause of all disputes and sects.--D'ISRAELI.
+
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses or total neglect, contradictions
+are inseparable from days of tradition.--There exist no instance of a
+people really savage having spontaneously advanced to civilization. Savage
+men are degenerated or imperfect creatures.... Words and even few are the
+rules of analogies in nations.--NIEBUHR, _Roman History, Vol. I._
+
+It is manifest that there are noble resources (for history) still
+remaining, if we will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. There are
+in every climate some scattered fragments of original history, some traces
+of a primitive and universal language. _Even America would contribute to
+this purpose, the more rude the monuments, the more ancient they may
+possibly prove, and afford greater light on enquiry._ BRYANT, MYTHOLOGY;
+conclusion of the work.
+
+To accumulate materials without generalizing any idea is a method as
+sterile in history as in natural philosophy.--The geology of America does
+not differ essentially from that of the old world, the strata and the
+emersion from the waters are not newer: species long extinct have also
+preceded those now peopling the earth, the waters and the air.--The problem
+of the first population of America is no more the province of history,
+than the questions on the origin of plants and animals. When we shall
+better know the brown men of Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less insulated--They have extended from
+lat. 68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, in plains and mountains,
+assuming various complexions and stature. If Africa has 140 languages,
+America has still more; resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before the
+Romans; but they are susceptible of classification into families. The
+multiplicity of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, perhaps those
+which we call American, belong no more to America, than the Magyar and
+Choud or Finn to Europe.--HUMBOLDT, _American Researches, Introduction_.
+
+If we desire to be fully informed of a nation's history, we must not
+reject the fables under which the few traces that remain of its origin are
+concealed. These, however extravagant, always merit attention they have an
+influence on the character of the people to whom they relate.--_First words
+of_ MALCOLM, _History of Persia_.
+
+The Chinese often call the king, the kingdom and the nation by the same
+name, nay, even also the capital city.--REGIS, _History of Corea, in
+Duhalde China_.
+
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50;
+which is also the native place of all the domestic animals, fruits and
+grains.--_Adelung, Bailly, Higgins, &c._
+
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses from older annals, some perhaps by
+Noah himself.--_Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder._
+
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of Hindus were nations,
+personifications of early tribes.--_Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford._
+
+The early gods and kings of Greece and Italy, were probably tribes, the
+chiefs and followers being called by the same name. This is true also of
+the various Hercules or wandering Heroes.--_Dodwell, Jamieson._
+
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans will appear to be children of
+the earliest human families.--BARTON, _Physical Journal_.
+
+A flood of historical light has lately flown from India and Asia; but we
+lack still the real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America may yet supply
+many facts and fill some blanks.--The original seat of civilization was
+between the Ganges and the Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.--The first
+tribes after the flood were fishermen and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and shepherds south west, as far as
+Cape of Good hope.--PRITCHARD, _Physical History of Man_.
+
+The genealogy of the kings of England is derived direct from Noah in 25
+generations only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex in 495; and through SCEAF
+born in the ark! giving more than 125 years for each generation, which is
+impossible, and proves these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.--INGRAM, _Saxon Chronicle_.
+
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians are a peculiar race, perhaps in
+Africa before the flood.--CHAMPOLLION, _Systeme Hieroglyphique_.
+
+The languages are better guides than physical characters for researches on
+mankind, and roots more important than grammars.--KLAPROTH.
+
+Language belongs to man from origin, he never was a dumb animal, else he
+would always have remained so. All languages have something in common, and
+something peculiar.--BEATTIE, _Theory of Language_.
+
+A thousand nations with a thousand idioms, are spread over a thousand
+places on earth. Thrown against each other like the waves of the sea, they
+blend and tend to unity. Several rival languages are formed, polished by
+contract, which overspread the earth; and break to pieces as well as
+nations and empires. Others arise from their ruins, and strive again for
+ascendency, until at last a people and language, son and daughter of all
+the previous nations and idioms, heirs of their dominion and wealth; shall
+perhaps invade the whole earth, and produce again the unity of speech and
+rule.--D'OLIVET, _End of Hebrew Grammar_.
+
+It is said, _In the beginning God made Heaven and Earth_, that is to say,
+the seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter was yet in confusion in
+a potential way.--ST. AUGUSTINE _on Genesis_.
+
+In the whole _Mosaic text_ there is no Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no
+woman, no snake, no ark ... but other words thus improperly translated to
+veil the sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, _Aish_ intellectual
+men, _Ashe_ mate or potent will, HUE our Eve is living existence!... The
+names of patriarchs are all expressive of operations of mankind.... Yet
+Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in Immortality is evident throughout;
+although so obscured by the translation as to have been doubted.... Moses
+with his veils is made absurd; raising the veils he appears wise, deep,
+consistent, even more enlightened than our age on many points.--D'OLIVET,
+_Notes on Genesis_.
+
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses are taken in their material sense,
+inextricable difficulties have arisen; and which is the true version out
+of the 3 is doubtful: the deep mosaic meaning and import shall never be
+known, until the ancient lost science of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and Europe.--D'OLIVET, _last note_.
+
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, where Rezoan was his successor,
+and exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and Peacock tribes his followers,
+Adam was exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.--PRICE, _Translation of
+Abijauffer's History of Arabia_.
+
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven Menus, the seventh was Noah.--SIR W.
+JONES, _Laws of Menu_. WILFORD.
+
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years after the flood, 2790 years after
+Adam.--RUSSELL, _Connection of Sacred History_.
+
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved in fables; but all ancient
+fables have a historical base.--BAILLY, _on Atlantis_.
+
+Before Adam God created the _Dives_ (angels) who had 72 kings or
+_Sol-i-man_ for 7000 years, and after them the _Peris_ govern for 2000
+years.--HERBELOT, _Oriental Library_.
+
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his Ararat was in the Imalaya
+mountains.--SHUCKFORD, WELLS, _Sacred Geography &c._
+
+As early as 4600 years before Christ, there was a communication between
+the Americans and the east by astronomical coincidences.--CARLI, _American
+Letters_.
+
+Two great wars or _Mahabharat_ followed by dispersions of mankind,
+happened in India in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); and the Indian solar
+empire of _Berhut_ at Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations beyond
+the first, at least to 3750 years B. C.--_Institutes of the Emperor_ AKBAR,
+_translated by_ GLADWIN.
+
+Such are my guides. Are not those quotations sufficient?
+
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken for guide, _Isaac Taylor's_
+excellent history of the transmission of ancient books, London, 1827. They
+may be analysed as follows, from his own summary.
+
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived of their authority, we
+should also be deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+
+2. Dates are of little importance; being anciently expressed by letters,
+they are liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern christians reckon
+5508 years from Adam to Christ.
+
+3. Geography and natural facts are open to criticism.
+
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not always fabulous, but doubtful.
+Natural phenomena if unconnected with omens, may be right.
+
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not belong to history, they are
+ornaments of rhetoric or mere surmises.
+
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they become more certain, if
+corroborated by monuments, inscriptions, coins &c.
+
+7. The silence of a historian does not invalidate the assertions of
+others.
+
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, party spirit, national
+dislike, must be allowed for. The arrogance of the Greeks and Chinese, who
+call barbarians, nations as good as they, is shameful, and must be
+noticed, as well as errors arising from hiding defeats &c.
+
+The independent sources of history besides writers are, 1. remains of
+literature. 2. Chronological documents and astronomical calculations, 3.
+Natural features of nature and mankind, with permanent physical facts, 4.
+Permanent institutions, manners, monuments, languages &c. Lastly, remote
+facts may be certain; although a long while elapsed: whatever be the
+consequence; and even if the first evidence may have been erroneously
+transmitted, or not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence ought never to
+be doubted.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+    GENERAL INTRODUCTION.--_Natural Regions of America._--_Ancient and
+    Modern Nations._--_Historical Periods._
+
+
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no longer divided into 4
+Continents; but must be divided into 3 great parts of the world or
+_Tholomeres_, each containing 3 lesser divisions or _Geotomes_, viz:
+
+I. PROTHOLIA or THOLARKON, the ancient world, containing, 1. Asia, 2.
+Africa, 3. Europe, which are continents.
+
+II. NEOTHOLIA or HESPERIA, the new world, containing, 1. _Atalia_ or North
+America, 2. _Columbia_ or South America, which are two continents ... and
+3. the _Antilles_ or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the East and North,
+Carib and Lucayes islands.
+
+III. OCEANIA or THOLONESIA, the Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1.
+_Australia_, which is a continent, 2. _Meganesia_ or the great Islands
+from Japan till Ceylan and Madagascar, 3. _Polynesia_, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense groups of archipelagos, or clustered
+islands.
+
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes 6 continents, and 3 groups of
+archipelagos, forming 9 geotomes.
+
+It is of NEOTHOLIA that I write the history, of this third of the world,
+named likewise America, or the two Americas; a double continent, crowned
+in the East and towards the two poles by archipelagos.
+
+Such an extensive part of the world, reaching nearly to both poles, offers
+to our notice and researches a crowd of objects, nations and events. If
+our universal histories which are confined to a small part only of the old
+world, form already bulky collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it. But, notwithstanding the scanty
+materials which have reached us on its ancient history; the modern annals
+and the old traditions of the nations dwelling there, afford many facts:
+and many auxiliary means contribute to enlarge the previous history, in
+unfolding the origins and revolutions of the nations and empires of both
+Americas. Thus, we shall often have to make a choice or abridge these
+materials, particularly in these outlines of a general history.
+
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles of the empires, kingdoms and
+republics; which were often mere biographies of monarchs and chiefs,
+conquerors and tyrants. We begin now to think more of mankind and the
+nations. I shall follow this principle, and trace at last a national
+history of America; this subject is so new, that we have not even yet a
+good history of mankind in Europe, much less in Asia and Africa.
+
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, having settled in it since
+1815, and having travelled in it every year to study the monuments and
+productions thereof: it was since 1818 that I began to conceive the
+possibility of raising the veil that was thrown over the annals of this
+third of the world. I have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to
+consult all the historical works on America, and every other part of the
+world. I have read nearly all the travels in America and other distant
+countries. In the Ebeling library deposited in that of Cambridge
+University near Boston, I have found many ancient works on America, often
+unique in the United States, and very rare even in Europe. There is but a
+small number of rare works, which I have not yet been able to see; I shall
+give a list of them, in order that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My researches upon the languages and
+monuments of America, will compensate this unavoidable neglect, since they
+exceed whatever had been undertaken of the kind. I have thus endeavored to
+collect and compare all the facts relating to my subject.
+
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy writers, who have pretended to
+give us histories of America, and have commonly produced mere sketches of
+it, full of neglects and defects. Such were Robertson, Holmes, Touron,
+Herrera, &c., with a crowd of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region, or the mere first Spanish
+invasions. They have, however, acquired some reputation either by style or
+manner; but they have degraded history, by giving sketches instead of it.
+We must except Herrera, who does not shine by the style; but is at least a
+faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds and colonies during 62 years, from
+1492 till 1552. But Robertson, although praised for his style, is only his
+unfaithful and imperfect imitator, and the obvious slanderer of the
+American nations.
+
+A complete criticism of the writers on America, would be desirable; but
+cannot enter into the plan of these historical outlines; although it may
+find a place in ulterior illustrations. It will be sufficient now to
+indicate that the best works, or those which furnish the greatest number
+of historical materials, are the old writers and travellers, since the
+modern historians and travellers (except Humboldt and a few more) appear
+to forget whatever has already been written on America.
+
+The historian of such an extensive continent, should not be a mere
+annalist; but he ought to know well all the comparative sciences, sisters
+of history, such as chronology, geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &c. He ought also to be a philosopher and a
+philanthropist, to know the natural sciences which become connected with
+history by civilization, agriculture, and geology; he ought, above all, to
+be impartial and a good critic, in order to discard national prejudices,
+and avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. What historian has ever
+united such acquirements? I have tried to acquire them: Have I succeeded?
+I offer my writings as the answer.
+
+My method has been to make copious extracts of all the authors that I
+read. These materials already form a collection of over one hundred books
+of 6000 pages on the history of the earth and mankind: whereof I avail
+myself for all my historical works. I have formed besides another
+collection of iconographic illustrations, maps, plans, monuments, views,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; which may serve
+for proofs and atlas of these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American, consists already in ten great
+books or portfolios; having little hope to be enabled to publish them, I
+wish they might be deposited in a great public library, where they might
+be consulted.
+
+Instead of beginning this history of the Americans by generalities, I
+should wish to conclude the work by such results; but it may frequently be
+needful to deviate from this plan, and present results as they happen to
+arise from the facts and events.
+
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere are often distantly remote,
+and insulated, or little connected in their historical relations. Austral
+America and Boreal America have for instance hardly any historical
+connection: they are as widely separated as China and Europe; but all the
+central parts of America are intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which offer the same relation of
+civilization, languages and annalogies, as the Hindu-European regions and
+nations.
+
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains many distinct regions; but the natural
+or physical regions are not always identic with the historical regions.
+The isthmus of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide the nation as it
+does the two continents of America: and many groups of nations are
+intermingled throughout. The group of ancient ARUAC nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil to Tucuman and
+Magellania. The elder group of TALA or atlantic nations could be traced
+from the Ohio to Mexico, Guatimala and South America in the west.
+
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to keep in mind the great natural
+regions of America, so as to trace through them the vicissitudes of
+mankind in ancient and modern times. Thus we find six such regions in
+North America, and six in South America, with 3 in the Antilles.
+
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, stretching across North America,
+from the streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska in the west, to
+Labrador, Canada and Nova Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by a
+rocky soil, many large lakes and millions of small ones, surrounded near
+the pole and on either side by groups of islands. Its southern limits are
+undefined, but Lake Erie forms one of them.
+
+2. The Californian or Oregon region, stretching from north to south along
+the Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico and Guatimala. It is a region
+of plains and hills.
+
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains and table lands from the
+sources of the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished by volcanoes, a
+dry lofty soil, &c.
+
+4. The Missouri region, extending in vast grassy plains from latitude 50
+to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in woody hills and mountains from
+Maine to Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains and the whole of New
+England appear detached portions of it.
+
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching from Long Island to Florida,
+Mexico, Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long but narrow region of level
+plains, sands and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and islands.
+
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; divided into 3 very natural
+groups.
+
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+
+3. The Carib Islands east and south, commonly volcanic.
+
+The regions of South America are 1. That of the Andes or high volcanic
+mountains extending from Santa Marta to the Island of Chiloe, stretching
+branches east as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The hills of Panama from
+Nicaragua to Choco, are a detached part of it, probably once an island of
+the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached from the Andes, with the
+archipelagos of Chiloe, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, &c. often
+volcanic.
+
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands along the Pacific Ocean from the
+valleys of Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished by sterility.
+
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded plains east of the Andes from the
+strait of Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by fertile hills, mountains and
+valleys, forming a vast group of high lands connected to the Andes by an
+isthmus.
+
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of shady hills perfectly insulated
+(once a large island) by the plains of the Maranon and Oronoc.
+
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc and Maranon, surrounding the
+mountains of Parima: where deserts, swamps and forests are mixed.
+
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished by peculiar physical,
+and geological features; but they do not coincide with the ethnological
+regions, where the American tribes have spread and intermixed. It would be
+difficult to state here even the most striking of these last. It will be
+the aim of this work to seek for them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern times the European colonies
+and states have invaded them in all directions.
+
+Meantime the population of both Americas, must be distinguished in ancient
+and modern.
+
+In proceeding from the known to the unknown: we ascertain that a multitude
+of nations have come to America since 1492, as colonists or visitors. The
+principal were
+
+1. _Spanish_: who have colonized or conquered from New Mexico to Chili,
+and from Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came not alone, and have
+brought along with them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, 3.
+Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and
+6. Many African-negro nations.
+
+2. _Portugueze_: who have colonized the whole of Brazil, and brought there
+besides many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, Chinese, &c.
+
+3. _English_: Who have colonized the whole eastern side of North America,
+Jamaica and other islands of Antilles, with parts of Yucatan, Honduras,
+Guyana, &c. But they have brought with them, the Welsh, Scotch, Irish,
+Germans, Jews and many African nations.
+
+4. _French_: They colonized Canada, Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib
+islands, Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although conquered in North America
+and Hayti, their language remains. They brought along the Provencals,
+Bretons, Basks, speaking distinct languages, with several African nations.
+
+5. _Scandinavians_: Who partly settled in North America since the 10th
+century, did laterly colonize again Groenland, with Delaware and some
+Carib Islands. They include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+
+6. _Dutch-Hollanders_: Sent colonies to New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c.
+brought Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+
+7. _Russians_: Have invaded and partly settled the north west shores and
+islands of North America; bringing there Cozacs, Calmucs, and several
+other Tartarian subjects.
+
+8. Besides these, several other nations have laterly visited America, or
+settled therein, blending with the above. All the nations of Europe, even
+Hungarians, Polanders, Greeks and Turks, have been brought there. Pirates
+of all nations, even Algerines, have wandered to America. Almost all the
+nations of Africa have been led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and Tartars: while Oceania has sent
+Malays, Madagascars, Hawayans, &c.
+
+This well known fact of the various and anomalous modern population of
+both Americas within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly help us to form a more
+correct estimate of the ancient population and colonization of such vast
+countries during many thousand years previous to 1492.
+
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete list of all the ancient
+nations, who have, or may have colonized the Western hemisphere: this can
+only be done afterwards as a result of the instituted enquiries on the
+subject. Meantime I state as highly probable, even by mere analogy, that
+all the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans, in the Eastern
+hemisphere, have either visited or colonized the Americas; particularly
+from the east, the bold navigators, Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians,
+Lybyans, Etruscans, &c., and from the west the ancient tribes of Tartars
+and Chinese, the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout these historical
+outlines find ample proofs of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated the whole of the Western
+Hemisphere. It shall appear also that these early settlers must have
+brought along many foreign tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be found a kind of classification of
+the ancient nations of both Americas, divided into 25 groups, 14 in North,
+11 in South America. But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: it
+requires a close study of all the American languages, before we can
+ascertain correctly all their mutual affinities, and reduce each to the
+real parent group. Meantime this attempt, and the further correction of it
+in this work, will become very useful historical bases. I give therefore
+the list of the 25 groups, with a well known nation and language as the
+type, to which others may be gradually reduced.
+
+In North America 1. _Uski_ or _Innuit_, type the Esquimaux.
+
+2. _Ongwi_, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+
+3. _Linni_, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+
+4. _Wacash_, type the Chopunish, and Nutkas.
+
+5. _Skerreh_, type the Panis.
+
+6. _Nachez_, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+
+7. _Capaha_, types the Washas or Ozages, and Dacotas or Sioux.
+
+8. _Chactah_, types the Chactahs and Chicasas.
+
+9. _Otali_, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+
+10. _Atalan_, type the Tarascas.
+
+11. _Otomi_, type the Otomis.
+
+12. _Anahuac_, type the Aztecas.
+
+13. _Maya_, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+
+14. _Chontal_, type the Tzendals and Chols.
+
+In South America 15. _Aruac_, types the Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c.
+
+16. _Calina_, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+
+17. _Puris_, type the Maypuris.
+
+18. _Yarura_, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+
+19. _Cuna_, type the Dariens.
+
+20. _Mayna_, type the Panos.
+
+21. _Maca_, type the Muyzcas.
+
+22. _Guarani_, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+
+23. _Mara_, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+
+24. _Lule_, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+
+25. _Chili_, type the Chilians.
+
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of these outlines, the ample materials
+to be brought together, will extend them perhaps beyond the desirable
+limits. In order to lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing that is
+new or important, the work will be divided into three series.
+
+1st. The annals of South America, where many generalities will be
+introduced, that need not be repeated in the 2d series, on the annals of
+North America.
+
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where will be thrown and collected
+all the collateral proofs, documents, vocabularies of languages,
+manuscript facts and events, essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of South America will first be
+introduced, because of paramount importance. By the Peruvian region is
+meant the whole western part of South America from the equator to the
+southern tropic, and by Austral America, the whole of it from that tropic
+to the Magellanic Islands. The gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil, both physically and
+historically. Austral America includes the countries and nations of Chili,
+Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall often
+be needful to mention their neighbors, with whom they are more or less
+related, and even distant nations that are not always strangers to them.
+
+The ancient nations of Austral America are the least known on many
+accounts, and those on whom most fables and systems have been based. It is
+there that dwell the _Patagons_, who have been believed a peculiar species
+of giants; and those tribes of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed peculiar
+men, with languages without affinities with any other: which will easily
+be proved to be quite false.
+
+If America has had an aboriginal population, or _Autoctons_, men born from
+the soil: it is there they should be found, driven to the south and those
+remote climes by the ancient colonies of other nations; and they should
+offer features, complexions, languages and manners totally different from
+any other. If all the Americans derive from ancient colonies, it is still
+there that ought to be found the primitive tribes, driven on by the
+subsequent colonies and tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most ancient relics of American
+population.
+
+But the origin of the American nations and tribes are only to be
+considered as a branch of their history. The accounts of their dispersion
+and successive settlements, the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions or annals, those of the
+empires which have been founded there in ancient and modern times, the
+study of their civilization and ethnography ... offer surely much more
+interest, and a wide field of historical facts or enquiries.
+
+It appears that as soon as we speak of the ancient Americans, we ought to
+cut the gordian knot, and say whence they came. I do not wish to explain
+beforehand, all my views on this subject. I wish to reserve them for the
+results of the enquiries to be pursued in this work. Yet to satisfy the
+general curiosity expressed on the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any people or tribe totally
+different from any other, or without philological affinities: nor with
+features, complexions, and other physical characters quite peculiar. But
+instead, all the ancient American tribes have numerous affinities between
+each other, and with races of mankind in the Eastern hemisphere: both
+physical and moral, as well as philological.
+
+If the American nations sprung from ancient colonies; it is among the
+primitive population of the earth, that their parents must be sought and
+found: since America appears to have been partly peopled even before the
+flood. Therefore the systems which would derive them all from the
+Phenicians, Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later ages, or any single people
+whatever, must be absurd and improbable: since traces of many ancient
+nations are found in this western hemisphere.
+
+It has always appeared probable to me that most of the ancient colonies to
+America, must have come there by the nearest and most direct way; the same
+nearly followed again by Columbus in 1492: either from north Africa or
+south Europe. This becomes still more probable if there were formerly a
+land or large islands in the Atlantic Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida and Mexico to Chili, appear to
+have reached America from the east, through the tropical islands or
+Antilles; but the ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt once in
+Asia, which appears the cradle of mankind.
+
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana are more recent and of African
+origin; while nearly all those of North America appear to have reached
+America by the opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through Alaska or the
+Streight of Behring, once an Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes came
+here from the East, and the North West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+
+What is now needful, is to trace these colonies, their travels, epochas,
+and ascertain the nations which they have produced in both Americas. This
+I will endeavour to do, without being prevented by the difficulties of the
+task. I shall always seek to ascertain the true names of each nation or
+tribe: which have often been disguised under a crowd of nicknames and
+erroneous orthographies. These names when thus restored will often furnish
+an original key, to supply the scarcely known languages, or lost
+traditions.
+
+The Brigands who brought desolation over both Americas during two
+centuries, and the careless travellers who visited them in search of
+wealth, took little notice of the languages and traditions of their
+victims or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss of many valuable
+materials, merely indicated. However, a few enlightened visitors, and the
+missionaries have preserved some of them. The first attempt of the kind
+was the outlines of historical songs and traditions of Hayti, collected as
+early as 1498 by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; printed by his
+son, and by Barcias. Yet this valuable document has escaped the notice of
+nearly all the writers on America! evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical traditions of the Muyzcas;
+Juarros the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; Ayeta and Herrera those
+of the Mayas of Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected by our historians.
+They have merely dwelt, and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico and
+Peru. We have besides fragments on the early history of the Ongwis,
+Linapis, Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; but we have to regret
+the loss of the written annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, as those of the Ongwis and
+Linapis have lately been.
+
+It is only since last age that the study of comparative philology has
+begun to be appreciated: and quite recently that languages have been made
+subservient to historical researches. Pigafetta had, however, set the
+examples as early as 1520 to collect American vocabularies, of which he
+gave two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which are quite important, since by
+them we trace both tribes seen by him to the ARUAC race. For lack of
+frequent ancient vocabularies, we must often grope in the dark; but I do
+not despair to be able to restore many lost languages, by fragments
+escaped from the common ruin. I have already succeeded with the _Taino_ of
+Hayti, the _Cahiri_ of Trinidad, _Talega_ and _Apalachi_ of North America,
+the _Chontal_ of central America, the _Colla_ of Peru, and the _Seke_ of
+old Chili; whereby I shall draw some happy conclusions.
+
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa of monsters, and America of
+systems, for those who prefer opinions to reality. The systems and
+hypotheses of philosophy or ignorance upon America, exceed all the Asiatic
+fables. A crowd of prejudices, false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often mistaking a small part of it for
+the whole. Some have declared all the Americans a red, beardless, naked
+and barbarous race, or a peculiar species of men. Others that they came
+out of the ground or from the clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all Jews, or Malays, or Tartars.
+Lastly, even that Eden was here and Noah built the ark in America! All
+these systems and fifty more brought forth by ignorance or pride, are
+based upon the most absurd proofs, or a few insulated facts: while there
+are historical facts easy to prove that are neglected or forgotten.
+
+Thus it is a positive fact that many ancient nations of the east, such as
+the Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, Hindus, &c. had heard of
+America, or knew nearly as much of it, as we did of Australia and
+Polynesia 100 years ago. It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct nations and tribes; some of
+which were quite civilized, perhaps as much as the Spaniards led by
+Columbus; the others more barbarous, but not entirely savage. There were
+but few, if any, real savages in America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes of fishermen or hunters.
+
+There were formerly in America as now, tribes of all complexions, as
+elsewhere: yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, brown, incarnate or
+white, and even blackened or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men from 8 to 4
+feet in size, called giants and pygmies--men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the eastern hemisphere.
+
+The Americans had long before Columbus, large cities; built of stones,
+bricks or wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. Some of which were
+of immense size and population. One of them _Otolum_ near Palenque was 28
+miles long, equal to Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and monuments.
+Nearly all the ancient sciences and useful primitive arts were known in
+America, as well as commerce and navigation, symbolic and alphabetic
+writing, nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The most civilized nations
+had even colleges and universities, canals and paved roads, splendid
+temples and monuments, &c.
+
+It would be tedious to designate all what has not been told, or been very
+unworthily noticed, upon America. The whole of these outlines shall be
+comments upon the forgotten facts relating to this third of the world.
+Such as are found recorded by chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by nearly all the other writers.
+
+Respecting the chronology of the American annals, it is rather obscure and
+doubtful; but perhaps not more so than that of all ancient nations except
+the Chinese. It frequently ascends as far as the floods and even the
+creation. The most ancient dates are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is
+difficult to make those dates agree among themselves, or with our oriental
+dates. However the American annals may be divided into great periods,
+which can be admitted as certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+
+Here is their tabular view.
+
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus in 1492.
+
+1. _Antidiluvian period_, beginning at the creation, about 6690 years
+before Columbus according to the Tols, and ending with the last cataclysm
+of Peleg, about 3788 years before Columbus.
+
+2. _Doubtful period_, from that epocha till the reform of Tol astronomy,
+1612 years before Columbus. This includes several subordinate periods and
+epochas.
+
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement of the Linapis in Shinaki or
+Firland or Oregon in N. W. America.
+
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars of the Towancas and Ongwis, the
+hero Yatatan, &c. in North America.
+
+3. _Certain period_, from 1612 till Columbus' arrival in 1492. Many lesser
+periods and epochas.
+
+442, after Christ--End of the Tollan kingdom.
+
+492,--Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of Ongwis.
+
+558,--Empire of Tol-tecas begins in Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+
+840,--Beginning of the wars of Zipanas and Caris in South Peru.
+
+947,--Foundation of the kingdom of Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+
+985,--Discovery of America by the Norwegians.
+
+1000,--Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+
+1105,--Beginning of the Incas empire.
+
+1322,--Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or Mexico.
+
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our days.
+
+1. _Colonial Period_, from 1492 till 1776.
+
+2. _Independent Period_, beginning in 1776. The foundation of the empire
+of Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate period.
+
+Each age may bear the name of a wise legislator or eminent personage: the
+ages of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, 2. Las-Casas, 3. William
+Penn, 4. Washington, 5. Bolivar.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+    MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICANS.--_Authors, Documents,
+    Sciences.--Languages, Civilization, &c._
+
+
+Far from following the example of many American historians, who often take
+a single guide for their crude compilations, or avoid the trouble to
+consult all the historical sources, I have taken care in my researches to
+employ all the possible means to reach the truth, and collect all the
+facts that are scattered among a crowd of writers. I have carefully
+analysed, compared and judged the materials, details and events thus
+procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences have afforded additional
+fragments or proofs.
+
+These materials may be divided into 10 series or kinds
+
+1. Works, printed or manuscript.
+2. Documents and monuments.
+3. Maps, plans, views, &c.
+4. Natural sciences.
+5. Ethnography.
+6. Traditions and annals.
+7. Chronology and astronomy.
+8. Languages and philology.
+9. Religion, mythologies, &c.
+10. Civilization, laws and manners.
+
+The writers upon America are very numerous; but mostly defective or local.
+A number, however, have attempted to consider the whole continent: the
+principal among those containing facts upon all parts of America are
+chiefly
+
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish America carried till the year
+1554.
+
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America, till 1630.
+
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.--Spanish work.
+
+Carli, American Letters.--Italian work.
+
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America, till 1670.
+
+Raynal, European Settlements in America, till 1774.
+
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish America in 1786.--Spanish work.
+
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+
+Touron, History of America, chiefly ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14
+volumes 1768-70, in French.
+
+Robertson, false History of America or Spanish Conquests of Mexico or
+Peru.
+
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt, Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias,
+Prevost, &c.
+
+The American researches of Ulloa, Humboldt, M'Culloh, &c.
+
+I have consulted and analyzed all these general works, and many others of
+less account; but I have not yet read Hervas nor Compagnone, knowing them
+merely through quotations
+
+The first _Bibliotheca Americana_ or catalogue of writers on America, was
+given by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another appeared in England in 1719; a
+third in France in 1820. They contain the names, authors, editions, dates,
+&c. of over 300 works relating to America. Robertson has given a list of
+nearly as many, which he pretends to have consulted, although he neglected
+what they tell us. Humboldt has also a catalogue of 250 authors, consulted
+by him. In 1831, Aspinwall published his American Library containing 771
+works; and Warden, in Paris, his own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+
+All this does not complete the account of books on America; since I have
+seen many omitted in all these catalogues; although I never could meet
+some mentioned there. I will carefully notice them, that it may be known
+where I found my materials, and what may yet have escaped my researches. I
+have already consulted upwards of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean special or local works connected
+with history. If we were to add to these the botanists, naturalists,
+paltry compilers, and pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of 3000 works
+on America, her inhabitants and productions.
+
+I will refer gradually to them, and have collected them all in my
+manuscript illustrations; _materials_, _printed works_. Therefore we do
+not lack printed materials: but the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders, errors, hypotheses and
+their constant repetitions: which ought to be rejected in order to gather
+facts and the truth. But we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that may
+clash with our ideas and systems: it is chiefly needful so recall and
+restore the events and facts mentioned by the earliest travellers and
+observers.
+
+These numerous local writers ought to be divided into three classes. 1.
+historians and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, 3. antiquarians
+and philologists. I shall now merely mention the most useful (which I have
+all consulted) upon the Peruvian and Austral regions of South America.
+
+1st. The principal historians are, 1. Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes,
+Civil History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of
+Peru, 4. Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix of Paraguay, 6.
+Techo, on Ditto, 7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, and 10.
+Renger, Paraguay.
+
+2d. The principal writers who have furnished historical facts, with
+geographical and ethnographical materials, are _old travellers_, 1.
+Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, 3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12.
+Schmidtmeyer.
+
+_The modern travellers are_, 1. Azara, 2. D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook,
+5. Byron, 6. Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, 10. Beaumont, 11.
+Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, 17.
+Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+
+The principal original geographers and ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on
+Chiquitos 1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, on Patagonia 1774, 4.
+Molina on Chili and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. Skinner, Memoirs on
+Peru, 7. Gili, South America 1782.
+
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, antiquities and other
+historical branches are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, &c., on all
+American languages, 2. American researches of Humboldt, Macculoh 1829.
+Those of Depaw and Ranking are shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+
+_Manuscripts._ There are yet many such extant on America, in the libraries
+of both hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list of Mexican Manuscripts.
+Funes quotes several on Austral America. There are several extant in
+Central America and South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many have been lost
+through wilful neglect, or destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient languages, Mexican,
+Tarasca, Tzendal, &c., are now very rare, and much esteemed. Those burnt
+by Zumaraga, the Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. Lord Kingborough
+has lately published some at a great cost.
+
+The manuscripts which I could consult on South America are but few. Those
+on North America are more numerous and very important; particularly the
+traditions of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are chiefly on wood, bark,
+skins or Mosaic strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the libraries of Philadelphia.
+
+There are, besides, in the public or private libraries of all the great
+cities of both Americas, several interesting historical works, which have
+never been published.
+
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly the historical collections
+of Simetierre. Often the best or most important works cannot be printed:
+while a crowd of paltry compilations are ushered to deceive the public.
+This may be deemed a remainder of the prevailing ignorance and error.
+Instead of appreciating the learned and useful works, the prevailing taste
+is for historical romances and systematic fables. It is needful to seek
+these previous labors, which run the risk of being totally lost, if we
+will not have again to blush hereafter for these historical losses.
+
+I give the list of such among my own manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my possession, but I wish to see them
+deposited in a great public library; where they might be consulted.
+
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography, &c. of the Americans, their
+annals, chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, continued ever since, and
+not yet closed.
+
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern languages of both Americas,
+symbols, glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &c., begun 1824.
+
+4. Ancient monuments of North and South America, compared with the
+primitive monuments of the eastern hemisphere, 3 books and 200 plans, &c.,
+1822.
+
+5. TELLUS, or the primitive History of the Earth and Mankind in Protholia,
+Oceania and Neotholia, with the ancient and modern general ethnography, 30
+books, begun in 1821.
+
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination of all languages and nations, 6
+books, begun 1825.
+
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my historical works and travels,
+containing over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, &c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802, 3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+
+I have often been apprehensive of the fate of Boturini, for these
+interesting manuscript and long researches. This has happened already for
+one of my manuscripts. As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy of Science
+in Boston, a manuscript of 240 pages, being an _account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations and tribes of America before
+Columbus_. This was for an offered prize of $100: which was never awarded,
+although my memoir was declared the best sent. And instead of depositing
+this manuscript in the library of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been _lost_ or _stolen_. If never recovered, and that
+the public may judge of the merits of it, at such an early period of my
+historical studies: I will state the principal results of my enquiries
+therein; which tenor, together with their length, were the ostensible
+reasons for not awarding a prize probably never meant to be awarded.
+
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there are yet materials enough,
+notwithstanding the loss of many, for an ancient history of America.
+
+2. That a complete American history ought to employ and combine all the
+materials afforded by geology, geography, physics, chronology, physiology,
+ethnology, archeology, philology, on America, with all the traditions of
+the Americans.
+
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates the cradles and ancient
+settlements of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the places unfit for
+population, the means of access, probable route of colonies, &c.
+
+4. America has an ancient geography previous to 1492, which ought to be
+restored.
+
+5. The coincidence of names of nations and tribes, afford a comparitive
+concordance, indicating ancient connections or identity.
+
+6. The ancient American population, must have been derived from the
+nearest shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The points where all the
+indications and traditions tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and Guyana
+in South America; Anian or Tollan and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga or
+Groenland to the N. E.
+
+7. The philological solution of historical affinities must be sought in
+the roots of the languages, their conformity or analogies, the number of
+similar sounds, roots and words; which are susceptible of a mathematical
+calculation, and referable to the theory of probabilities.
+
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of the earth, may thus be proved to
+have been akin or related.
+
+9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but perhaps not universal. His ark or
+THBE was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations saved there.
+
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian patriarchs were Nations,
+their long ages being the duration of dynasties or states. This opinion
+may also be entertained of many other ancient patriarchs or heads of
+tribes, every where, by the usual figure of personification.
+
+11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so general as Noah's. There may have
+been many successive cataclysms blended in this, as this has been often
+mistaken in date for Noah's.
+
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican nations, must have been the Tulan
+of Asia, since Turan and Tartary. There are many places called Tula, all
+over the earth, indicating settlements of Atlantes.
+
+13. The ancient chronology of America may be restored. Several dates
+given, a system proposed.
+
+14. All the races and complexions of mankind are found in America.
+
+15. America was known to the ancient nations, particularly the Atlantes,
+Pelagians, Phenicians, &c.
+
+16. Some highlands of America were not covered at Noah's flood, and might
+become the azylums of men, animals, and vegetation. However, but few
+nations can be traced to these azylums in America.
+
+17. The ancient monuments of both Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America can be explained. A key may be
+found for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+
+19. The religions of the Americans, were similar to the primitive
+religions of the eastern hemisphere.
+
+20. The manners and customs, of the Americans, are very various, and form
+no peculiar test.
+
+21. Many American nations were highly civilized, besides the Mexicans and
+Peruvians: skilful in agriculture, and the arts, having cattle, colleges,
+&c.
+
+My reward for having ascertained and proved those facts, was to be denied
+the prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid or lost or stolen! My
+historical researches ever since have continued to confirm nearly all
+these facts.(1)
+
+2. _Documents and monuments._ The historical titles and proofs,
+inscriptions, medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so common elsewhere,
+are but few as yet, in America, belonging to early times: most belong to
+modern history.
+
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered in South America; but not
+yet published. Molina speaks of one on a pyramid of Cuyo, which late
+travellers have not found. Those of Otolum near Palenque in Central
+America begin to excite great attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.(2)
+
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really Americans, are exceedingly
+scarce: yet there are some in Central America. Several medals, perhaps
+foreign and indicating a communication, have been found, but again lost or
+neglected; few have been figured or explained.
+
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of
+the ancient Americans are found in all the museums; but excite little
+attention, by not being concentrated, accumulated nor classified. Many
+fine specimens of arts have been melted, or broken and lost. The
+astronomical stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas have been preserved; but
+those of Peru and Central America are lost; as well as that beautiful one
+of the Talegas of North America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+
+The ancient monuments of both Americas, are very numerous, indicating a
+dense population in places since become wild and desolate, as in North
+America, Guyana, Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in the central parts
+of both Americas, and lessen towards both ends. Yet they are met from lat.
+45 N. to 45 S. They are very variable in different parts; by no means
+identic, indicating different builders or many degrees of civilization,
+from the rudest arts to the most refined: employing many materials, earth,
+clay, gravel, stone, wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings of rough or cut stones, _pize_
+or beaten clay, &c.
+
+We do not know as yet one half of those in existence, and many have never
+been described nor figured. Yet they afford every where, one of the most
+evident and certain base of historical researches, confirming traditions,
+or revealing the seats of former empires, their civilization, &c. They
+consist chiefly in mounds, altars, tumuli or tombs, ruined cities,
+villages and forts, temples and dwellings; but we find besides in various
+places, traces of ancient palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, pillars, rocking stones, walls,
+wells, pits &c. They generally resemble the primitive monuments of the
+same kind, met with in the eastern hemisphere, from England and Ireland to
+Mauritania and Africa, extending east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance with the monuments of Egypt,
+Greece, Rome, India and China; yet some kinds somewhat assimilate. In
+fact, there are, throughout both Americas, three very distinct classes of
+monuments, indicating distinct arts and architecture.
+
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to those yet used by the rudest
+tribes in the north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating a similar
+barbarous state.
+
+The second or primitive, is known by using wood and earth instead of
+stones for buildings.
+
+The third or most refined, employed stones, often well cut as in Mexico,
+Central America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts nearly equal to those of
+Egypt and India.
+
+Besides such great monumental remains; there are lesser antiquities;
+fragments of sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, &c., either in
+metals, stones, pottery, beads, &c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+
+But the most singular and dubious relics of antiquity, are subteraneous or
+in excavations: these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: while under ground
+are found trees, stumps, charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &c. that must have been buried by alluvions, diluvions or new
+formed soil. It has been surmised or ascertained that some may be
+antidiluvian: although those in deep alluvial soils, near streams, and
+connected with graves, may have been buried by men, or fluvial
+inundations. Mummies, skeletons and bones, with human apparel and
+implements have been found in caves, evidently buried there by human
+means, and not by floods. Human remains are but seldom if ever connected
+with the organic remains of the soil and caves, even of the latest
+geological date.
+
+3. _Geography, Maps, &c._ The knowledge of the regions and localities
+inhabited by mankind, or where colonies are sent, empires founded, is
+needful to history, in order to understand and treat the events and
+migrations. The physical configuration of the land, the climates, plains,
+mountains and streams, have a great influence on civilization and
+communications. Physical geography is constant and invariable: while civil
+or ethnographical geography is constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+
+If we had complete series of maps by chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative historical geography,
+and successive ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions of mankind.
+The old maps of America, those of Laet, the old geographers &c. are very
+valuable for this object. Many travellers in America, have given original
+maps, which furnish similar materials. I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, D'Anville, Molina, Falkner,
+Cochrane, Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern general maps, relating
+to South America, the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the English of 1815,
+the French of 1830, the latest American of Tanner, &c. By those materials
+I have been able to trace and fix four periods of American geography, 2
+ancient and 2 modern.
+
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and 1500.
+
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two first periods, which shall be published
+gradually, or in my Illustrations of the Ancient Geography of America. We
+have thousands of maps on the early geography of the Eastern Hemisphere,
+and no one as yet on the Western Hemisphere! to show the respective limits
+and positions of Ancient Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero's
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c.
+
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico and Cuzco; but lack those of
+Tiahuanaco, Otolum, and many more important for ancient history. Several
+plans of ancient sites of civilization have been given, along with those
+of monuments. I have many in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest part of
+modern cities, are built on ancient sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati, Louisville, Pittsburg, St.
+Louis, Philadelphia, Savannah, &c. The views of ruined cities, and those
+of actual cities, are partly historical, connected with the knowledge of
+gradual American civilization.
+
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes, streams and mountains, are preserved
+in actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti--Ontario, Erie, Titicaca--Ohio,
+Alatamaha, Maranon, Parana, Rivers.--Alleghanies, Andes, Parima, Mountains,
+&c. When the names have been changed, it is the duty of the historical
+geographer to compare the old and new names.
+
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient nations, could draw and paint
+maps. Even our North American tribes can draw rude maps on skins or bark.
+Some of these are preserved in museums; but none have ever been published:
+although some are pretty correct and deserving it.
+
+4. _Natural Sciences._ They are now becoming sisters of history. Geology
+is connected with geography. Botany and Zoology, acquaint us with trees,
+plants and animals, which were used in the arts and agriculture at
+different periods. The Asiatic origin of maize, called _maza_ by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes Greece,) has been unperceived by
+Humboldt and many others, although it throws some light on the early
+migrations and communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated in Assyria,
+West Tartary, North Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted by Marco
+Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, &c.(3)
+
+America had anciently several cereal plants, besides maize, two kinds of
+indigenous wheat and barley in Chili. The Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of
+South and North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, fruits and flowers,
+were cultivated from Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, the
+indigo and annato were natives. Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm,
+&c., were cultivated or collected to use for cloths, threads, ropes, &c.
+
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for the remains of animals dwelling on
+earth, before mankind. America has already afforded the huge mastodons,
+elephants, megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land animals, and many
+large reptiles, crocodiles of streams and lakes.
+
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a few arctic quadrupeds, birds and
+insects excepted; all the animals of this hemisphere are peculiar to it.
+Reptiles almost entirely such, even in the North. All the American monkeys
+form distinct species. The tropical animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 quadrupeds formerly domesticated
+in America, the dog only may be deemed a stranger: and it had even many
+American varieties.
+
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2
+deer, 2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation on the domestic animals
+of both hemispheres, 1832. Americans had also tamed 22 birds or fowls, as
+many as Asia, &c., and even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America and only 80 in Europe, Asia,
+&c., before 1492.
+
+American botany offers many peculiar regions; in the North only, akin to
+Asiatic or European botany; but becoming quite distinct in the tropics,
+still more so in Austral America. Since 1492 the European colonists have
+brought many plants, that are become spontaneous from Canada to Chili:
+these must be carefully separated from the ancient indigenous plants.
+
+The American Floras are nearly as many as the 15 natural regions already
+indicated, each having a focal seat or cradle in some range of mountains.
+They become richer or more abundant in species within the tropics,
+decreasing to the North and South. Trees and palm abound there, and
+disappear near the poles, the palms are unknown beyond the 36 degrees
+North and South. The equator has 500 species of trees; in latitude 40 N.
+and S. only 100 kinds are found, or even less. Social plants and grasses
+abound in plains, and in the North dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+
+Trees were early tools of civilization, affording timber, fuel, dies,
+houses, boats, weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in abundance: even
+the tribes of North America near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees,
+crab-trees, nut-trees. They knew how to make oils of nuts, to dry the
+fruits, make sugars out of maples and other trees.
+
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply of food to early nations, whence
+the preference to dwell near streams, Lakes and shores. Notwithstanding
+the swimming rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or oceanic tribes
+of them that are common to both hemispheres. Most of the resident shore
+fishes of America are peculiar species. Still more so with lacustral and
+fluviatile fishes. These are divided into peculiar regions. Our northern
+lakes form one; and almost every large stream has a peculiar generation of
+finny tribes: such are the Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c.
+
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It was gold and silver that drew hither
+the greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized nations knew mining,
+smelting, casting and forging. They used gold, silver, copper, brass,
+lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c.
+Even the less civilized tribes of North America used copper and lead,
+clays for pipes, pottery, &c. Iron was scarce because so hard to melt, and
+highly prized; but iron-rings have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+
+Metallic coins were little known except in Central America; but bits of
+silver, gold, tin, iron, were used as such. The other mediums of exchange
+were skins, mats, nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, &c. Commerce
+was well known to many nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea
+for the same purpose all over the Antilles, coast of Peru, and in the
+great streams. It is thus that were found many strange and foreign
+objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., all over America, and in early
+tombs.
+
+5. _Ethnography._ This new science which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches. Anthropography or the knowledge of
+physical mankind. Philology or the comparative study of human speech and
+languages. Besides the nameless branch attending to the moral ideas, arts,
+institutions, manners, civilization, governments and religions of mankind;
+which might be called moral ethnography.
+
+All these studies become the philosophy of history, and shall duly command
+my attention. Some writers neglect them altogether; others, like
+Robertson, do not know how to collect and accumulate facts instead of
+systems: Rollin has shown in his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although he omitted philology and
+physical facts.
+
+I have studied the men of all the parts of the world, in order to know and
+compare them, better than had been done. All the errors on the histories
+of nations, proceed commonly from the slender or partial views acquired or
+admitted by the writers. There is much to glean on the ethnography of
+modern nations, and therefrom we may ascend to ancient ethnography. It
+would be needful to study well the physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; the complexions of the skin,
+hairs and eyes; with the casual or permanent varieties.
+
+But, above all, we must better study all the spoken languages and
+dialects. It is strange that we hardly know anything, and sometimes
+nothing at all, on the languages of many existing tribes, with whom we
+have intercourse in both Americas. It would be desirable to procure at
+least a vocabulary of 100 essential words, in each. Such words, including
+the cardinal numbers, will soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of phonology or sounds of languages,
+their idioms and grammars, their roots, and verbs, the alphabets, glyphs
+and symbols used to communicate ideas, will combine to furnish the
+complete knowledge of philology as a separate science. Although I have not
+always carried so far my researches; I did so for a few, applying chiefly
+myself to the essential features of languages; and the unexpected results
+will be surprising.
+
+American anthropography will teach that there were men of all sizes,
+features and complexions, in this hemisphere before 1492: notwithstanding
+the false assertions of many writers, who take one nation for the whole
+American group. The Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, &c. were
+as white as the Spaniards, 50 such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, the Yaruras, &c., were as black
+as negroes. All the other shades of brown, tawny and coppery, were
+scattered every where. There was not a single red man in America, unless
+painted such. Some tribes had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8
+feet high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+
+6. _Traditions and Annals._ Many American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions, repeated from fathers to sons;
+or communicated orally by the priests, chiefs or elderly men. Many are
+preserved yet to this day, by frequent repetitions, being embodied in
+songs, hymns, maxims, tales, drawings, or even symbolic figures and signs.
+Many of those traditions are precious for history, notwithstanding the
+fables, allegories, metaphors, personifications, &c., which partly conceal
+them or render the meaning obscure. We must learn to decipher them as we
+do old inscriptions and medals.
+
+Although many such are now nearly lost for us, by the extinction of the
+living books, who kept the remembrance: there are many already collected,
+and of which we ought to make a good use. But there are as many more,
+which have never been collected nor printed. I have collected many such in
+North America in manuscript. It often happens that the American tribes
+will not communicate them to their foes or oppressors; but their friends
+and allies may hope to receive the deposit of them. Every enlightened
+traveller ought to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet after being
+acquired, they are sometimes lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them equally as _Indian Stories_,
+because they despise the ancient American race. There are, however, as yet
+many historical songs, poems and tales to collect among all the American
+tribes, which falling in good hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects or destroys them acts as a
+vandal. Malcolm has said at the outset of his history of Persia, that we
+ought never to neglect the original notions of a people on its origin, or
+early history, since therein is found the germ and spring of their
+subsequent conduct, actions and opinions.
+
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished or forgotten traditions,
+whereof I shall avail myself in all my historical annals and researches. I
+consider those of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, Shawanis, Cados,
+Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, Apalachians, &c., as highly important for the
+annals of North America. The same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons,
+&c.
+
+7. _Chronology and Astronomy._ These two sciences always go together, and
+form a double key of history. The American chronology is by no means fixed
+before 1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve and compare all the
+heterogenous dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt to elucidate it
+gradually; but may often be compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely referred to a series of
+gradual facts. In Austral America, we are told that none had notions of
+astronomy and dates, except the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe that their oral traditions have
+been neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+
+In Peru, there are many positive dates, yet I was the first to reduce them
+to chronological order. In Brazil and Guyana, but few dates are found. The
+Muyzcas had very early dates, yet few have been preserved; much obscured
+by personifications of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins their real annals
+only in 1490, or 45 years before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles the
+dates are quite loose, and difficult to reduce even to a serial order.
+
+But in Central and Mexican America, we find many early dates with a
+regular chronology. Yet some are extravagant or contradictory. I shall
+endeavour to elucidate them, so as to reduce the whole to order. They must
+form the base of a regular American chronology, that ascends by dates to
+the flood and creation. In Yucatan the first regular date only reach to
+940 after Christ.
+
+In North America, where the smallest number of dates existed; we have
+unexpectedly and quite lately, found that many ancient dates could be
+procured. Cusick has published those of the Ongwi traditions, and I have
+ascertained those of the Linapis. Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available dates as early as 1600 years
+before our era; thus nearly as ample as those of the TOL-tecas, and as
+plain in some instances.
+
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized nations of ancient America.
+They had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and 13 solar years. Humboldt
+has well written on that subject; but much remains to be gleaned. The
+northern tribes reckon by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, &c.,
+and by winters instead of years, moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, &c. the months were of 20
+days, including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians had months of 27
+days, or 3 weeks of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas small weeks of 3
+days, &c. No where in ancient America, was found the sabatical week of
+days, based on the 7 planets and the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is
+remarkable, as evincing a remote antiquity, and separation before this
+week was adopted in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c.
+
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas reckoned only 365 days in the
+solar year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then they added the hours to
+the year. This forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas had a very
+complicated astronomy, and three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. The horal division unknown in
+many parts of America, was of 4 hours in the day for the Muyzcas and
+Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of 12
+signs with 360 degrees were not known. The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with astronomy. A complete decimal
+numeration was known to all the civilized American nations, and even to
+the northern tribes. The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the manual
+mode; there are traces also of a binary numeration, the most simple of
+all: while others had complex calculations by 13 and by 20 or scores. We
+find no trace of any by 7, and but slight indications of a ternary
+numeration by 3 and 9. All these American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the _binary_, by two or pairs; and the quinary or manual by the
+five fingers, of which the decimal is the double, and by 20 the quadruple.
+
+8. _Languages._ They are becoming one of the most important aids in
+history. When the annals are ample and clear, the examination of the
+languages is merely a supplement to historical knowledge; but when they
+are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; languages then supply more or less
+to their defects or loss. Their comparative study furnish us new lights to
+ascertain the origines, parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, wars,
+&c., of the nations thus deprived of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect annals or the fabulous
+traditions. This study may lead besides to trace the manners, religions,
+intercourse, arts and sciences of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture of the civilization, acquired or
+borrowed knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each.
+
+It is above all in both Americas that this study is indispensable in
+historical researches: I will therefore apply to languages in all cases,
+and make constant use of them; and they will unfold new facts quite
+unknown, although very important, Historical lights shall thereby be
+thrown on many obscure subjects, whence astonishing and unexpected results
+may spring, in which I shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+
+By taking into view all the American languages or as many as are already
+known, we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd systems of
+philosophers and philologists, who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed _all the Americans_, as many Jews, or Tartars,
+or Atlantes, or sprung from the ground, and so on. Now the fact is that
+these writers have never taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce them to groups, and seek their
+affinities elsewhere.
+
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without proof, that nearly 1200
+languages existed in America. Balbi has reduced them to 423, of which 212
+in South America; but they can be much further reduced, most of them being
+mere dialects. The whole may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, or
+even less; which were certainly identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years
+ago: and all of which have astonishing affinities with the groups of the
+eastern hemisphere, so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 years ago.
+
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few hundred examples of such analogies:
+and the systematic writers have supposed that they had exhausted the
+comparisons. Yet a single language, the Chilian, has by itself more
+affinities with the languages of Europe, than all those mentioned by Vater
+and others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic affinities of
+American languages, vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to the nations.
+If we suppose that there are 400 languages in America, and as many in the
+eastern hemisphere, and each to have about 2000 roots or essential words
+only; while the mean affinities are only 25 per cent: we shall find as
+many as 200,000 affinities! out of America, in every American language;
+and in all the 400, as many as 80 millions! instead of the paltry
+reckoning of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible of mathematical proofs,
+and shall be unfolded gradually in these pages.
+
+The theory about the common exclusive grammatical structure of all the
+American languages, is equally erroneous and based upon partial facts.
+Instead of all the American languages being polysynthetic by amalgamating
+words, we find in America many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words prevails more or less in Europe and
+Africa; chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, Berber and other
+Atlantic dialects, the Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the Sanscrit
+and all the derived languages.
+
+It had been asserted that no American language was monosylabic: yet Balbi
+states that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera has lately proved the
+same of the Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such American groups of
+languages. But there are more; nay many American languages have
+monosylabic roots, even among the most amalgamated groups.
+
+The most obvious grammatical classification of American languages, has
+escaped the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the epithetic
+structure, or relative position of ideas. Under this view all the
+languages arrange themselves in three great classes or groups. 1. Regular,
+2. Resupinate, 3. Mixt.
+
+1. _The Regular_ is the most simple and natural form: where the roots or
+nouns are prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, expressing epithetes
+or qualities follow or are added. This group includes in the Eastern
+Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All the Celtic and Cantabrian
+languages. 4. All the Polynesian and Malay languages. 5. The Bhotiya and
+many languages of Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. 7. Yakut of
+Siberia, &c.
+
+In America this group includes my groups 1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3.
+Capaha. 4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related thereto in North-west
+America, the Kaluchi, Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani languages of South
+America, and perhaps many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c.
+
+2. _The Resupinate or Reflexed Group_: where the roots or nouns
+substantive are reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, which are
+prefixed. This second mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In all the Teutonic languages German,
+Swede, English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, Greek and Slavonic
+languages. 4. In all the Turkish languages of Turan, Bokhara, Turkey. 5.
+The Newari of Imalaya. 6. The Qua or Hottentot of South Africa.
+
+In America, it is the most prevailing form, found in my groups 1. Linni or
+Linapis. 2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican and Othomi languages.
+4. Chontal. 5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North America,--and in South
+America. 6. Chili. 7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many more: although
+hardly indicated by the philologists.
+
+3. _Mixt Form_, which employs or adopts more or less the two former modes;
+although there is always a prevailing form, that indicates the original
+mode of uniting ideas. This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit and all
+derived languages. 2. In the Zend and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek.
+4. The Japanese, &c.
+
+While in America it is found 1. In the Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3.
+The Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, and in North America. 4. The
+Atalan. 5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some others.
+
+This comparative classification of languages, will greatly help future
+investigations. It will show the improbability of the two opposite modes
+of annexing ideas having been entertained, by the same people at any time;
+while the mixt form evinces amalgamations of ancient nations. We have thus
+acquired another clue to trace primitive connections, another available
+mean to pursue the human steps on earth.
+
+9. _Religions and Mythologies._ The human opinions on the past and future
+form every where ample themes of thoughts and actions. From revelations,
+inspirations, oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, have arisen all
+the worships, and rites, dogmas and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The history of religious ideas, is
+in fact the history of civilization, since they have sprung together in
+social men. Nearly all the religions of Asia (which from hence have spread
+throughout the earth along with mankind) were found in America: except the
+modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism hardly known. Christianity or
+some of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and may arise from other
+sources. The most prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, Solar
+worship, Polytheism, Dualism or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal worship. We find throughout
+America many modifications of these creeds: with several complex
+mythologies, more or less analogous to eastern dogmas.
+
+The investigation of these American religions affords not only an insight
+into the ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient communications
+with Asia or Africa. Throughout North America the Dualism, mythologies and
+fabulous traditions point to a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, Mexico
+and Yucatan, begin to appear the Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry
+foreign to it. This Solar worship appears in a purer form in North
+America, as far as Peru. While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and Chili,
+prevailed several worships of heavenly and terrestial spirits; somewhat
+akin to the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, Iran, India, China and
+Polynesia.
+
+American religions admitted, like many others, of Priests, oracles,
+temples, shrines, pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration for animals, men and stars.
+Idols painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, stone, metals, &c.; bloody
+rites by human sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. But none of
+these practices were general, some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis
+of Tucuman, &c. Traces of a triple god or Indian Trimurti have been met
+from Ohio to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing religion. As the
+same idea was found among the Celts and Polynesians, it may have come by
+the east rather than Polynesia in the west.
+
+10. _Civilization and Manners._ This completes the history of all nations.
+When their annals are well known, it becomes a very proper appendix to
+them; when they are not, it is a very needful supplement to the
+traditions, &c. But we must not make any history consist merely in such an
+account, as often done by negligent writers. The manners and customs of
+every people, are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or improved by
+civilization, imitation, arts and sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford
+any test of connections. They are often borrowed, from neighbors or
+strangers, disused after awhile by whims or wars, invented to suit the
+climate and productions it may afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified the customs of all the tribes
+they conquered or visited. This must have happened formerly also, by other
+visits or communications. Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty of the
+origin and duration of the primitive American customs, they must be
+studied, as one of the sources and objects of history.
+
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all the forms of social civilization
+and manners of the east. But the Nomadic life with camels, oxen and sheep,
+was unknown, as well as those animals. The American cattle or lamas, &c.
+of South America, hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of Mexico, deers of
+Florida, buffalos of Taos, were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. The
+Nomadic wandering tribes of America were chiefly hunters and fishermen:
+scattered around the agricultural nations, spreading from Canada to Chili.
+
+All the kinds of governments were known in America: Theocracy, despotism,
+monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. But the most prevailing were theocracy
+among the civilized nations, oligarchy among the barbarous nations: with
+two peculiar modifications, of double kings as among Arabs, civil and
+military; and chiefs of families or tribes, as among all primitive
+nations. Queens were known to but few tribes, although the female line was
+often hereditary. Written laws and codes were known to the Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were elsewhere
+preserved by priests or magistrates.
+
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes or castes, but was not universal. The
+4 castes of Indians are distinctly found in nearly all the civilized
+nations, often modified into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. The arts
+of music, medicine, smithery, painting, sculpture, architecture,
+agriculture, pottery, &c., were well known to nearly all. The sciences of
+geometry, geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were cultivated from Mexico
+to Peru, even taught in schools and colleges; with the arts, the laws, the
+rites, and history of the country.
+
+Marsden has well distinguished several degrees of civilization in Asia. If
+no American nation had reached the Greeks and Romans, or our modern
+polished and improved civilization; it is not extraordinary. But the
+Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly equal
+to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century: nay, in some things
+superior. The second degree of American civilization found in Chili,
+Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. was equal
+to that of the Arabs, Malays, Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While the
+third degree found in all the barbarous nations, Innuit or Esquimaux,
+Shoshonis, Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse than what we find among
+the Fins, Laplanders, Tartars, Sames, Negroes and Hottentots.
+
+Individual property in land was almost unknown in America; but feodal and
+tribal property well understood. Common property of tribes and villages
+over their territories, was the most usual tenure, modified by wars,
+conquests, tributes. Individual property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages and funerals were very different in
+every nation. The weapons of war were clubs, arrows, darts, lances, axes,
+Macana swords, Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, thronged
+balls, &c. as elsewhere. There was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, walls, ditches, were used for
+defence, besides _Estopils_ a peculiar quilted armor. Flags, banners, and
+standards were known. The calumets, leaves or green feathers, council
+fires, and white flags were emblems of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption of tribes and prisoners.
+Slavery was hardly known; but vassalage much extended over conquered
+tribes.
+
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various. Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North America. In tropical America
+many tribes went nearly naked, with a mere apron or pagne of cotton or
+grass cloth. But the civilized nations were decently clothed with cotton
+shirts and feather mantles. The _Poncho_ is a true American dress known
+from Mexico to Chili, hardly known out of America except Polynesia.(4)
+
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns. They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; of
+cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. there and elsewhere; either
+twisted, plaited or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians had a peculiar loom
+and plough. Cotton looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and all over South
+America, even by the Caribs to make hamacs or hanging beds. Among some
+nations women had the most labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, &c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike employed vassals or slaves.
+
+Painting the body or face, was usual among many nations, but not general.
+It was useful against heat and flies, or was used to inspire love or
+terror. Ornaments to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, &c., were
+more or less adopted by men and women. The hair was usually worn long; but
+many tribes cut it in various ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by many tribes, and totally eradicated;
+but some tribes wore beards. The head was often left uncovered; but hats
+were worn in the N. W. and Central America, turbans in Paria and Florida,
+feather crowns in the tropics, _Lautas_ or diadem-bands in Peru and the
+Andes. Shoes and gloves were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of various substances, commonly used;
+with singular snow shoes of bark in winter by northern tribes.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+    AMERICAN CATACLYSMS _or Considerations on the Periods of American
+    Geogony, Ontogony, Floods, and ancient population &c. of both
+    Americas._
+
+
+History does not merely consist in accumulating facts: these constitute
+the annals of empires; but the real philosophical history has a nobler
+aim. It seeks results, teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy the
+foes of mankind, and inspires veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be followed, and records the crimes
+to be avoided.
+
+The several departments of history that are distinguished as biography,
+civil and ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical surveys of mankind,
+comparative philology, archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. All combine
+to instruct and amuse, to record the past and present, and to lead to
+better future actions, an improved social order. The nations often forget
+the wise lessons of time and experience; but they are continually recalled
+to memory and view by the historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national prejudices, present the
+faithful mirror of history to the eyes of posterity.
+
+Such is my aim. American history has been so much despised or perverted,
+that few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet it affords ample scope for
+reflection, study and admiration. Nearly one half of the habitable globe,
+during all the past ages, cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom and philanthropy: that mutual
+benevolence of mankind, which ought ever to be felt; but is so often
+discarded or forgotten through the contrary tendencies of pride, lust,
+cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+
+The connections of historical facts with all the sciences, afford another
+useful theme; that may vastly increase our comparative knowledge: much of
+it has arisen, besides observation, from accurate comparison, analysis and
+generalization, which combine to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its branches.
+
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to the most remote periods of
+existence and life in this hemisphere, we find it like the remainder of
+the globe, immersed under the Ocean. There, in the depths of the briny
+waves, the actual rocks now supporting the dry soil, were formed and
+matured: superposed and intermingled by aquatic and volcanic phenomena and
+cataclysms, if not by superadded aerial depositions. Then were formed the
+primitive strata of America, ere life had begun to vivify the waters; then
+were cast the Porphyries, Granites, Shales, Basalts, and other primitive
+or volcanic rocks, that are now chiefly found in Boreal and Western
+America, the Andes, Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and Boreal
+Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. This was the first period of terrestial
+Creation.
+
+After this period of unknown length, began the epocha of aquatic life;
+when the breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave life and motion to
+organized aquatic beings; 1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and
+Alcyonites, 3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms and radials, 5. Sluggs and
+shells, 6. Mollusca and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and Crustacites....
+All incipient vegetating beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles;
+lastly, 10. Seals and whales. Some of which require shallow water, to
+dwell and breed.... This was the second period of American Creation:
+_Aquatic life_.
+
+The third epocha is that of the destruction of aquatic life, by cataclysms
+and depositions, submarine volcanic cavernous eruptions or other causes,
+throwing suddenly in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances that
+have formed the secondary mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed the aquatic tribes in their
+way; which becoming therein entombed as living medals of this globe,
+declare to us these mighty successive cataclysms or floods of sand, clay,
+lime and coal; now met in vast regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; the hills and plains of Brazil,
+Chili, East Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This was the second period of
+terrestrial formation in America, the third of successive eventful
+periods.
+
+The fourth must have been the rise of the land above the waters, if not
+already partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial upheaving and distortion
+of strata, by an awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, or of
+growing crystalization; forming mountains and islands, raising them above
+the Ocean; to become the nucleus of future Continents. The American
+hemisphere had then probably two great islands, in the North and South,
+with many smaller islands between them, in the tropical sea: the Alleghany
+and Atlantis forming two others in the east, and many others studding the
+two polar regions. The insulated mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua and
+the long valley of Choco, must then have formed another Island of the
+Antilles. Guyana or Parima was also another large island: while Brazil was
+a vast peninsula attached to the Andes. I have endeavored to express this
+first configuration of America in my two maps of North and South America;
+when the Ocean was yet about 500 feet higher than it is actually. Whether
+this cataclysm was contemporaneous throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This was the fourth period of
+terrestrial events in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+
+When the dry land had appeared, the creative power of GOD exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth into life, Plants and Flowers,
+Trees and Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, 1. Worms and
+Slugs, 2. Insects and Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds and Fowls,
+5. Beasts and Bats. Streams began to flow, valleys were excavated in the
+soft or yielding strata by heavy tides and powerful streams: then the
+fishes of the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the streams and lakes. A
+few shell and other aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of terrestrial events; that of
+terrestrial life.
+
+Meantime the land was continuing to rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry
+soil was extending: land volcanoes began to appear in the Andes and
+elsewhere, overwhelming some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes had new
+paroxysms, slaty mud involved terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand was forming tertiary strata on the
+shores, involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and fishes.... This was
+the sixth period of terrestrial events, that of land volcanoes.
+
+After all these; mankind was created by GOD, and appeared as lord of the
+earth, and the complement of living creation.... This may be deemed
+another Period, if we like; although it was but the complement of the
+terrestrial living productions, begun in the 5th, and probably proceeding
+in the 6th. Where the first man or men appeared and dwelt, is unknown or
+very dubious. Asia is commonly deemed the first dwelling of mankind, and
+Central Asia or Thibet the cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same honor. But few authors have
+placed this cradle in America, and even then not for the _Adamites_. Yet
+America had some inhabitants before the flood, if we are to believe the
+concurrent traditions of many American nations; who keep the memory of it,
+and point to their refuges.(5)
+
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we know little or nothing: their traces
+are few and uncertain. It would be otherwise if we could identify them
+with the anti-diluvian _Atlantes_, or find their diluvial remains. The
+skeletons found in Guadaloupe, and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions of American philosophical
+society 1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been buried there; like the
+mummies of many American caves. Some of the American mounds have appeared
+anti-diluvian; but the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal character. The town of log houses
+lately found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian soil, cannot be so
+remote; the soil instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. All the
+facts on these remote times, shall be hereafter collected, presented and
+examined carefully.
+
+Thus, has been presented by geological results, a rapid sketch of the
+American periods, to the birth of mankind. These 6 periods or _yums_, are
+well ascertained as to succession; but their duration is unknown: and each
+of them includes several subordinate periods; which it is not needful to
+investigate in these outlines. The works on geology may be consulted if
+required. These 6 _yums_ or great periods do not answer exactly to the 6
+_yums_ or manifestations of the mosaic cosmogony, since geogony begins
+only with the 3d, ending with the 5th.
+
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving our attention, and susceptible
+of the deepest philosophical commentary, as they mainly agree with all the
+detected facts. But there are at least 3 accounts of the creation or
+cosmogony in the _Sepher_ or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of Moses in
+chapter 2d of Genesis from verse 4 to 25; in both, no _yums_, days nor
+periods are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account of chapter 1st. ending
+only at ch. 2, v. 3. Even in this usual account more than 7 periods can be
+found, including heaven, earth and men.
+
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with his own names, very different from
+the subsequent Jewish names, in various dialects.
+
+1. PERIOD OF TIME OR YUM. BRA-SHITH Real beginning or Real Supreme Being
+producing ALEIM the Angels, SHMIM Heavens, and ARTZ Earth.
+
+2. YUM. THEU-UBEU Chaos, and THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+
+3. YUM. AUR Essence of celestial light or Ether. First divine
+manifestation of _Mshe_ or Moses.
+
+4. YUM. RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+
+5. YUM. Sea and dry land, upheaving of land over the waters, or subsiding
+of the ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+
+6. YUM. Sun and Moon appearance by a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+
+7. YUM. Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th.
+
+8. YUM. Beasts and cattle, with ADM mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+ZXR male, and NKBE female. 6th.
+
+9. YUM. _Shbioi_ seventh manifestation, _Aleim_ became IEUE Jehovah, the
+living-self-with-self, the supreme or powerful self.
+
+10. YUM. AD emanation, our mist.
+
+11. YUM. ADM into GN or _Gan._ our Eden.
+
+12. YUM. OTZ Growth, of lives with good and evil.
+
+13. YUM. NER 4 flowing emanations or streams.
+
+14. YUM. ASHE Intellectual man-mate, called afterwards EUA living
+existence, our Eve.--Self-with-life.
+
+All these periods should require long comments, and discussions, rather
+physical than historical. It is by no means certain that the sun and moon
+are implied in the 6th yum. The text says a couple of MARTH Centralities
+EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. Some have
+seen here the solar and lunar dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might be the
+XRUBIM of later times. The real sun and moon may belong to the _yum_ of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were in existence before the foundation
+of the earth, and our astronomy teaches this implicitly.
+
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation takes 4 periods. The grass grows
+by light before the sun had appeared through the misty atmosphere, and the
+fishes come after the land and herbs, at the same period with fowls. Our
+actual geology does not confirm this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the truth.(6)
+
+Many still consider AISH intellectual man as the human race, previous to
+_Adam_, father of the Adamites; but the concurrent proofs are very
+slender: nor is their posterity known; unless _Nahash_ or the snakes,
+_Elohim_ or the sons of God, the _Rephains_ or giants, and the _Nephilim_
+or apostates, be considered as such. Indications of races of men different
+from the Adamites may be collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; but no positive connected
+account has ever been made out as yet.
+
+The _Nahash_, _Hareth_ or _Satan_ of the Bible, is identic with the
+_Nagas_ (snakes) of the Hindus, the _Zabul_ and _Dives_, (devils) of Iran,
+evidently men, and foes of the Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America the satanic notions will be seen
+in the respective account of religions. They often assume in this
+hemisphere the appearance of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire malignant
+being. But the nations of the Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called _Ako_ or _N'akho_ very similar with _Nahash_
+and _Nagas_. They assert that they were created by the Evil Spirit, were
+always foes of real men; that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring was formed.--_See_ Linapi
+Traditions.
+
+The ALEIM, _Elohim_ or _Egregori_ or angels of the Hebrew were instead
+sons of God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation of the earth; while
+Job ascribes it to _Eloah_, the real God. Herder has said that we shall
+never understand well the mosaic history, until we ascertain who were
+these _Elohim_ and _Cherubim_(7) dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to clear the matter; meantime it
+may be stated that they appear to be the HO-LO of anti-diluvian Chinese
+history, or LO-LO of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also the
+celestial emperors beginning the history of China: the _Alorus_ first
+dynasty of Assyria before the flood: the _Ang_-ELOS and P'EL of the
+Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO (old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI (old men
+or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, the _Peris_ or _Pelis_ of Iran,
+ancient beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the Semetic nation have
+preserved that name for God, in EL, _Allah_, _Baal_, or made of it their
+universal article _El_, _Al_, meaning HE or _the Being_: whence also the
+Pelagic and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the Spanish EL. By the
+frequent usual change of L into R, we have ER root found in many languages
+for men: forming the _Heros_ of Greece, sons of God; the HER or lords of
+the Germanic tribes, the _Seres_ of Thibet or ancient Chinese, _Ergaz_ men
+of the African Atlantes. _Erk_ man in Turkish or Turan Atlantes, akin to
+_Egregori_!
+
+In America these similar indications are widely spread, and among the most
+ancient nations. EL means man in Tolteca and Mexican, OL is old and
+_Yollo_ a spirit or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, _Elohi_ is land
+and spirit in Tzuluki. _Yol_ means _man_ in the Atakapa language of the
+Cado or Nachez group. _Pele_ means the same in Lule of South America; but
+_Peli_ is soul in Chilian, which approximate to _Peleg_ and _Lelex_,
+ancient Pelagian tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, TOL, pervade the
+whole of ancient America, and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas and
+TALAS, American Atlantes, the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the _Auto-Toles_
+or African Atlantes. These lead to the giants of both hemispheres or
+ancient men of renown. But the subject must be postponed, and will be
+found resumed in the history of Austral and Central America, where these
+atlantes and giants are found.
+
+Returning from this digression; we may resume the geological periods of
+America previous to mankind, in the six successive epochas, already
+mentioned.
+
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before life.
+
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+
+After which begins the human period, till the flood. The question whether
+man or men appeared together, or before or after, in both hemispheres;
+must be left undecided. Some writers have even placed _Eden_ the GN of
+Moses in America and the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the Imalaya
+mountains, valleys and plains, are higher than the Andes, older in
+geological series, and more suitable for human life, not being volcanic:
+it is extremely probable that they were the cradle of mankind, rather than
+America.
+
+Yet men reached America before the flood, and were here at this eventful
+period. But we are ignorant of the precise way they came, and how they
+reached this land which was then only a group of large islands, unless
+North America was united to Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. The
+clearest traditions point to the east, Africa and Europe then united at
+the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis as a stepping place. The
+Mexican traditions point to Asia, by two different opposite quarters, the
+east and the north west. The Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although earlier, came the same way,
+and over the ice of Behring Strait, after its disruption. The Hongwis came
+the same way, although they boast of being Autochtones, as did the Greeks,
+which we know in both instances to be false.
+
+The Nachez nations say they came from the east. The Olmecas or earliest
+people of Anahuac point that way also; although both speak of an American
+flood. The Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern origin, like all the
+Aruac nations; but remembered the flood and parceling of the islands. The
+Carib nations appear postdiluvians and the last come in South America; yet
+the Tamanacs one of the group speak of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from Africa after the flood. It is in
+South America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., that a positive memory was
+found of several floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, which gave
+refuge to several tribes. Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North Africa and the shores of the
+Mediteranean; while many invasions of foreign later nations are recorded,
+&c.
+
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts of the American flood, will
+be carefully collected and given. This will form the first period of human
+history in America, extending to 2262 years at least, according to the
+computation of the 70; the most plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period of creation and their main
+flood: or with trifling differences, less than the various terms of
+Josephus and others; but various other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly sufficient to people America,
+and fill it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed parents of the
+Atlantes and Africans. They were skilful, powerful and wicked, inventing
+agriculture and arts, building cities &c.: while the Sethites invented
+astronomy, letters and dwelt in tents. If the American Atlantes were
+antidiluvian, they must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, KIN of
+Moses.
+
+In 1170 years after Adam, the _Egregori_ angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt.
+Hermon, in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, and uniting with the
+Cainites, gave birth to the _Rephaim_, _Nephilim_ and _Eliud_, tribes of
+Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made war on the angels and men. They are
+said in the Bible to have gone to _Sheol_ (the lower world or South
+America) with their king Belial: where they were drowned by the flood.
+_See Universal History._
+
+The Giants dwelt in _Talo-tolo_, the world _Tolo_ of the Hindus, where we
+find the _Tol_-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: called also _Atala_
+and once sunk in the waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, whose Atlantes
+were also Giants or powerful men. The Egregori have been deemed the Titans
+of the Greeks, and Atlas was a Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed in
+America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, Chilians, &c. being often such:
+the term Giant must always be understood to refer to powerful perverse
+men. The names of _Rephaim_ and _Nephilim_ appear unknown in America,
+being mere Hebrew epithets for giants and apostates.
+
+During this primitive period, geological and physical changes probably
+proceeded in America. The plains gradually appeared, but full of marshes,
+lakes and wide streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles and obnoxious
+animals. Which must have assailed mankind and greatly impeded their
+settlements. Although the lives of men were perhaps longer than now; yet
+it is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs of this period,
+allude to as many Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from each other. In
+this I agree entirely with the learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.(8)
+
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, dwelt then on earth; in America
+several species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, megalonyx,
+hyenas, bears, &c., which prowled in plains and caves. The temperature of
+the earth was higher; little clothing was needed. Men were at war with
+beasts, and among themselves. Violence predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the _M'nus_ of the Hindus, a patriarch of the Adamites, a
+prophet according to the Arabs, went over the earth to preach against this
+corruption. Not being attended to, he foresaw that a great calamity would
+befall for these iniquities, and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge in
+Central Asia: where he collected his relations and friends. Some say they
+were 72, our translations of Moses reduces them to 8; but his 3 sons of
+Noah, are evidently as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained therefore 4
+tribes, including his own, and many individuals, besides a multitude of
+animals.
+
+I do not give now the history of this flood. Before it can be given
+accurately, we must collect all the scattered traditions about it, compare
+them, and omitting all fabulous and obviously impossible details, form a
+narrative of the whole facts. The notions and traditions of the Americans
+are very various, as they do not always point to this flood. We find them
+asserting that men were saved in mountains, or caves, on rafts or boats.
+Few, if any, allude to an ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those of
+Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding to several floods, and
+particularly the subsequent of Peleg.
+
+The most explicit traditions on that score are those of the Linapi
+nations; although the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of the real
+Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a great flood in Asia: when their nations
+at least was partly saved in _Tula_ (the turtle land) in Central Asia, by
+the help of a goddess, and Noah or _Nana-bush_. The men were then called
+_Linowi_ and _Linapi_: two other races of men were saved, the _Owini_
+(beings) and the _Tulapewi_, turtlings or atlantes. Besides these foes the
+_Maskanako_ (strong snakes), _Nakowa_ (dark snakes), and the _Amangamek_,
+monsters of the sea; who caused this dire flood. These notions are
+strikingly similar to the Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle saving
+mankind at the flood. _Nana-bush_ is evidently Noah, his name means
+_Noah-Noah-hare_, or the _Great Noah_ and _Hare_.
+
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood, do not allude to any ark, but
+mountains were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu account is very near the
+mosaic; but has no boat, and many persons were saved. The accounts of the
+Assyrians, Arabs, Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, Polynesians,
+&c. are all different. The mosaic account was borrowed from some ancient
+source now forgotten. It is said that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting the mosaic account from
+the supernatural and the impossible, we obtain the real tradition of a
+great aquatic cataclysm. Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption of
+the ocean, attended with volcanic floods of waters from the Caspian sea
+(as Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change of climate: which overflew
+the earth or most of it; except some _Thebas_, refuges in mountains,
+_swimming_ over the waters, as it were: there some men and tribes, many
+animals, trees and plants were preserved: to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+
+After this flood, America was left pretty much as it is now, except that
+the shores were higher yet, many flat plains inundated and full of
+marshes. The Antilles yet united in larger islands and perhaps with
+Cumana. The Strait of Choco nearly filled up: and diluvial soil, gravel,
+sand, boulders and organic remains scattered over the land, the hills,
+plains and caves. Many fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation had been
+destroyed wherever the flood went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread again. The terrestrial animals
+and birds saved in the mountains, spread themselves again over the earth.
+Mankind in despair at the disaster, kept for a long while on mountains,
+and did not occupy again the desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+
+The Chinese account of this flood, state positively that it was attended
+with a change in the length of the year, formerly of only 360 days, a
+change in the seasons, an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling men
+to dress in skins and mats. Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven to
+the mountains, became very troublesome, men being compelled to defend
+themselves against their attacks.
+
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the Bible, where like Hales and
+Russel, he has at last adopted the computation of the Septuagint and
+Josephus, reckons 5411 years from Adam to our era, the oriental Christians
+reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these periods; as well as to the second
+cataclysm of the earth; that of Peleg according to the Biblists. The only
+knowledge the Bible gives about it, is that the earth was split, broken or
+divided, in the time of the patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived or
+lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's flood. But David has sung this
+cataclysm in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account brings this second flood
+to the year 2296 before Christ, or 858 years after the former. The Hindu
+account concealed in many fables agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many years. It is evidently in date the
+mistaken Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and annihilating the place
+between them. The Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, the first was
+under _Yunti_, the second under _Yao_, and 42 emperors are mentioned
+between the two floods.
+
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish which is meant by the
+various imperfect traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, there are at least
+two cataclysms mentioned by the annals or traditions. Also among some
+northern tribes. The Linapi annals or songs allude to the second, which
+broke by volcanoes the _Lusasaki_ (burnt land) and separated America or
+_Akomenaki_ (snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted nearly 3000 years from Adam's
+epocha, or 3212 by oriental computation. The interval between Adam and
+Noah ought to be called the Adamic period, that between Noah and Peleg's
+floods the Noahic period. It was at this last convulsion that the earth
+took its actual form. The Straits of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina,
+Hellespont, Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, Sunda, &c., were then
+formed. The Atlantis Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the Island Lanca in
+the Indian Ocean were sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, &c. are
+fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, Madagascar, &c. the fragments of
+Lanca.(9)
+
+In America, the Boreal islands may have been broken, like the British
+islands of Europe. Some suppose that they might once join together with
+Iceland. The Antilles were split in the actual form--Behring Strait divided
+America from Asia. The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. The lowlands
+of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic shores were inundated and then partly
+left dry by huge volcanic tides. This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having at least three great focusses,
+1. in the North Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, 3. In Polynesia or
+the Pacific Ocean. In China all the lowlands were overflowed and partly
+overwhelmed. The great Islands of Java and Sumatra were formed; which
+formerly were united with Asia and several islands in the vicinity, under
+the remembered name of _Sunda_ land.
+
+If mankind had not reached America before Noah, it must surely have
+reached it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes were in the
+neighbourhood and bold navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then various peculiar names, mostly traced
+in America. Twenty American nations have distinct remembrance of this
+splitting of American lands and islands; local or partial floods, less
+general and disastrous than the former.
+
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to animals and vegetables as the former;
+but it must have destroyed them in several sunken islands: and have added
+second clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: with many volcanic
+productions, chiefly clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. The memorials,
+annals and traditions of the American nations are very scanty on this
+period; difficult to be distinguished from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced, nor distinct in form. The
+_Linapi_ tribes had not yet reached America, and dwelt in Asia; but by
+their account the Snake tribes _Akowi_ went to America in that period, led
+by _Nakopowa_ (the Snake priest); it is even hinted that they caused this
+cataclysm or at least the separation of Asia and America, at _Lusasaki_
+(burnt land), in order to escape their foes, the _Elowi-chik_ (hunters) of
+the _Linnapewi_, the original manly people.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+    GENERAL VIEW _of the Ancient and Modern Annals of Both
+    Americas.--european Colonies, Modern Fate Of Nations, Late Physical
+    Changes, &c._
+
+
+After these floods begin the primitive annals of mankind in America as
+elsewhere; but still scanty, obscure and involved in fables, by
+personifications of tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, fruits or
+even stones and mountains. The origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere annals; but the collateral
+proofs of the languages facilitate the enquiry. Those who have the most
+positive facts of primitive times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly destitute of dates and correct
+details. We ought not to be surprised at this, since even in Asia (except
+in China,) we possess nothing but fragments on those times; while the most
+polished nations of oldest times, the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &c. have involved their early histories in fables, mythologies and
+false dates.
+
+However, whatever might be the early origin of the American nations, it
+may be collected from all, that in the ancient periods; they were few in
+number and in population; principally confined to some peculiar seats of
+civilization: such as the regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, Oaxaca,
+Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, and Peru. We have positive proofs of early
+empires and splendid monumental cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c.
+in Central America; and in South America at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or size, were scattered afterwards
+from the Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to Chili and Brazil: probably
+through the dispersion and colonization of these early empires or
+states.(10)
+
+After they had filled the most fruitful or suitable regions, carrying with
+them agriculture, domestic animals, religion, laws and various graphic
+systems: they were invaded by tribes less civilized; but more warlike;
+principally in North America, and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests: some of which are recorded in the
+Apalachian region of the United States, in the Mexican table land, in
+Hayti &c. and by the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: while in Guyana
+and Brazil the annals are lacking, and the traces of these conflicts but
+faint; yet certified by some traditions and the new tribes introduced.
+
+The solar worship prevailed among the most civilized nations and empires:
+that of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those of the second degree. The
+least civilized nations had either adopted the Dualism or a mixed
+religion: while the barbarous tribes knew only a kind of _Tao_ religion as
+in China,(11) or a fetichism, venerating one or many objects of nature.
+But these four main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, and
+diversities: they had often degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind of
+priesthood was almost universal and formed a peculiar caste in many
+states. The legislators and rulers had often been priests, and became
+pontifs as well as kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, Cholula,
+Manazicas &c.
+
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after the floods, the earth had
+undergone many changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the subsiding of the
+sea. Many valleys were drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; the
+shores of the Atlantic from New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and from La
+Plata to Magellania, as well as those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased by
+the gradual retreat of the sea. The great plains of the Mississippi,
+Oronoc, Maranon and Parana were also formed or drained of their swamps and
+morasses.
+
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to the antecedent antidiluvian
+period, that the real or certain history of the Americans begins with many
+details and dates; both in the north and south. It was then that the
+empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas
+&c. were established on the ruins of many anterior states. We obtain by
+the annals preserved or recovered of many such nations, a tolerable view
+of this part of their history, and even an insight into earlier times,
+when similar revolutions must have happened. If many states or nations
+rose and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the other: it was a common
+fate with others in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. But we may hope to
+rescue their names if not their deeds, from total oblivion, by seeking
+their monuments, and the fragments of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+
+In this period some American nations rose to a degree of splendor and
+civilization, with knowledge of arts and sciences, little inferior to
+Greeks and Romans; and superior to the European nations of the middle
+ages, even down to 1492: quite equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient to transmit knowledge in
+books, schools and inscriptions. This high civilization was not merely
+confined to Mexico and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; but was
+scattered from the Apalachis and Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south
+of Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+
+Although war and slavery prevailed in many parts, they were modified by
+the usage of adoption for individuals and whole tribes, mutual alliances,
+confederacies &c.: while slavery was changed into a feodal vassalage. The
+feodal system and the castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest time.
+
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient annals of America, present us with
+the soothing view of wise legislators, who gave civilization and happiness
+to millions for ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. Such were most of
+the conquests of the Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos &c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory and deeds, dwelling on them with
+more pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+
+To them the Americans were indebted for their policy, diplomacy,
+alliances, agriculture and knowledge, with the peculiar happy mode of
+holding the land in common or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, manioc, banana, gourds, beans,
+and 100 other cultivated plants and fruits. The Mexicans had even botanic
+gardens and pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. The universities
+of Cuzco, Tunca, Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. were founded
+earlier than the European universities by such benefactors of mankind; and
+112 domestic animals had been tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be reckoned.(12)
+
+                    In the W.         In the Eastern.
+                    Hemisphere.
+Quadrupeds          33 kinds          only 25 kns.
+Birds               32                25
+Reptiles            15                10
+Fishes              12                10
+Insects             8                 4
+Shells and worms    12                6
+
+The modern history of America since 1492 presents a multitude of events
+with regular dates: but the historians of these later times instead of
+dwelling upon the native nations, appear to notice them merely _en
+passant_! while relating at length the discoveries, conquests and wars of
+the European adventurers and colonists.
+
+It is not thus that we are to notice them; but as equal nations. Now that
+after four ages, these colonies are also become independent nations, and
+begin to nurse American feelings, we ought to feel for them, and reveal
+the truth. It is not number nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North American tribes, is the best
+known by peculiar fragments; but similar fragments may be collected on
+many other tribes.
+
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came the ferocious gold hunters of
+Castille; who in their greedy search after golden wealth, trampled under
+foot, both religion and humanity. They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were checked
+at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, Santa Marta &c. They overthrew many
+flourishing states, and erected over them a slavish colonial fabric, soon
+after sunk in sloth and ignorance.(13)
+
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were the cause of their ruin and
+subjugation by the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches Tayronas, Poyays,
+Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians &c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, and
+never were conquered. The happy states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca,
+Hayti, Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful friendly disposition;
+being cruelly betrayed and desolated.
+
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the Portuguese, where a bastard tribe
+of Mamalucos were born; who sought for slaves and gold, from Guayana to
+Paraguay, and destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy freebooters,
+came the rabble of pirates and buccaneers to revenge American wrongs, upon
+the Spaniards and Portuguese by deeds of cruelty. Thus was America flooded
+with blood, and groaning in tears for nearly three centuries. But even
+these horrible deeds were not the only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another continent was overrun, to
+supply stronger hands, and Africa was made to contribute millions of
+slaves to swell American population, or sink there to premature death
+under the lashing scourge of cruel tasks.
+
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing to partake of the American spoils,
+went in search of wealth all over the shores of this continent. Not
+satisfied with mere trading colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy some weak points, with or
+without the consent of the nations. The Dutch settled in Brazil, Surinam,
+Curazao and New York. The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, Hayti, the
+Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; but have gradually lost all those
+colonies, except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+
+The English nation, more daring, steady and lucky, occupied with their
+auxiliaries, the Scotch and Irish, some points of the Atlantic shores,
+many Carib Islands &c.: by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried their quarrels over the ocean,
+and endeavored to destroy each other. Laterly among them arose in North
+America the holy flame of freedom and independence, which has been
+travelling and spreading throughout the continent, ever since.
+
+But among these contending colonies and slaving plantations, how were the
+owners of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! seldom with
+justice--Popes and kings gave away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing themselves of this doubtful right,
+bought with trifling presents the good will of some tribes, or drove them
+away by force. Thus were settled most of the American colonies; except a
+few, attempted in a spirit of religion and peace.
+
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his name! gave the example of reducing
+unsubdued tribes to peaceful allies, by words and deeds of peace and
+piety, and Tezutlan thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. When the
+Spanish and Portuguese freebooters were sunk in wealth and sloth; they
+found it very convenient to employ the Jesuits and other monks to subdue
+for them whole tribes and nations, by this easy mode. In North America,
+Roger Williams and William Penn, blessed be their names! settled colonies
+without strife, and by mere good will towards the owners of the soil. But
+every where the foes or successors of these missionaries of peace,
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had made. Unjust wars were the
+natural consequence, in which the rightful party, did not often prevail,
+being overpowered by strength and cunning.
+
+Meantime the independent period opens a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate and become free. Seventeen
+years afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl the standard of broken
+chains. Between 1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America shakes the weak
+power of Spain. In 1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an American empire.
+Slavery is abolished in all the Spanish states, only retained in the
+colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually excluded from many states of N.
+America, at early periods; but others from Virginia to Louisiana are
+tenacious of these unholy and dangerous bonds.
+
+Now, the native American tribes within the claimed territories of these
+new independent nations, are under a sort of pupilage, and often
+oppressed: although no longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil alone
+admits of indescriminate slavery, and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states that delay wiser measures.
+Meanwhile at the two ends of America, in Canada and the United States, as
+in Buenos Ayres, a new kind of oppression has appeared. Land stealing and
+compulsory sales! unhallowed means to increase wealth, nearly as guilty as
+the precious Spanish gold hunting.
+
+The United States which ought to set the wisest example, of justice and
+clemency, towards reduced tribes, diminished by vices taught instead of
+virtues, are doing the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate the native
+tribes, admit them to equal rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood, in a language untaught, or
+disqualify them for witnesses. They compel them to remove, emigrate,
+disperse, sell their lands and homes, at one tenth of the value; and this
+is called fair dealing!
+
+Notwithstanding that the European states or colonies, occupy or claim,
+nearly the whole of both Americas; yet there are many vast regions as yet
+unsettled by them, and where dwell or wander several free tribes,
+particularly in the Arctic wilds, in Oregon, California, Texas, the
+Missouri plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, in N. America--and in S.
+America in the vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, Maranon, Brazil,
+Chaco, Chili and Magellania. The most prominent of these modern tribes are
+the Uskis or Esquimaux, the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or Sioux, Panis
+or Skeres, Washas or Ozages, Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, Talahets or Pampas &c. All
+divided into many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them by fair means and deeds of peace,
+many continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, greedy traders,
+intemperance, and above all by killing their game, and stealing their
+lands. Some missions are established from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders, trappers, land-hunters or
+squatters, and the military of the frontiers: from whom they can imbibe no
+very favorable idea of their oppressors.
+
+How is this to end? Is it really intended to grasp the whole continent,
+and make these fragments of nations, aliens on their own soil? or to
+annihilate them at last? Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of landed
+wealth! There is a God in heaven, and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you, if you continue to violate the
+sacred laws of mankind. The desperate tribes, either become stronger by
+concentration, or acquired knowledge, may fall on you at last, like so
+many Goths and Vandals, Huns and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or among you will arise Agrarian
+sects, that will deprive your children of this landed property so unjustly
+acquired and held.
+
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity does not blind you, imitate the
+happy policy of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that has admitted the natives
+to equality and citizenship. Do better still, allow them to form peculiar
+states and territories, preserving their languages and laws, and admit
+these states into your confederacies. Then you will be secure, and both
+live in peace, increasing and multiplying as time rolls on. There is land
+enough for all, and to spare. What need has a man of 1000 acres of land;
+while 100 can support a large family! in the cold climates, and 10 acres
+in the fruitful tropical climates, where thrive the banana and the sugar
+cane. If hunters require a large wilderness to sustain their mode of life,
+greedy worshippers of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold waste for
+speculation! or to fill with plantations of slaves and tenants, in order
+to become lords of future generations; but the real wise and active men,
+the props of society, are content with moderate, secure estates, which
+they may improve and beautify into smiling gardens.
+
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their equally useful Peruvian cattle;
+they have received the horse, and often adopted him as a friend, to become
+Tartars and Arabs by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on the cruel
+Spaniards. Some European fruits and grains have been received and
+cultivated: while all have been introduced into the colonies. Woolen
+cloth, blankets, iron and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the still, have been spread by
+trade. These last with horses and guns, have been the chief deadly weapons
+of Europe against America.(14)
+
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver and precious furs: pearls and
+diamonds, cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia wool, cacao,
+vanilla, gum elastic and many other useful or medical articles. Maize,
+returning east whence it came; with tobacco, a loathsome weed of heathen
+growth and rites. Human knowledge has been increased, and trade greatly
+enlarged; the tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks have been
+transmitted. Thus Europe has been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.(15)
+
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the heavenly religion of Jesus, was
+offered or forced upon many American nations, by the same men, who were
+behaving worse than heathens, worshipping gold and mammon with the earth
+itself, bathed in human blood and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, wanton lust, cupidity and
+avarice; with all the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico had ghastly
+idols and cruel rites; Hayti, Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was substituted the papal worships
+of other idols, saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion of love and
+peace to all mankind, was seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits--except by the heavenly Las-Casas, the friendly quakers, the humane
+moravians, and a few other christian missionaries. All the sects of
+christianity have now spread to America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with a few Mahometans, Hindus,
+Chinese, Budhists &c. Thus all the religions of the earth are now found in
+this hemisphere, by the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 ages, on the American tribes, that
+have been enslaved, or in frequent communication with the nations of
+Europe--not in religion alone; but in dress, manners, knowledge,
+civilization and pursuits. The alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and
+the pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. In the boreal regions, the
+English and Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers of furs. In
+South America the native tribes are often skillful fishermen or traders.
+
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of America are cheering. Many
+independent nations have sprung, which deem themselves Americans, and love
+their homes. A general spirit of tolerance and peace is spreading, the
+true religion of the heart better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed tribes, and the poor
+slaves. Those who wish oppression and intolerance to be perpetuated, are
+not many in this continent, at present; they will be fewer still in half a
+century or the year 1892.
+
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of mind and manners. A few ages have
+been sufficient to produce these mighty changes. Meanwhile, nature
+although changing slower, is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared and disappeared, the sea shores have
+receded, the lakes are falling, the streams are lessening, the mountains
+are crumbling, the swamps are draining: immense forests have been cut, and
+changed into ploughed fields, hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities have been built, with
+innumerable towns and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi and
+Magdalena have been cultivated, many mines dug for metals or coals. The
+face of the country has been quite changed in these new seats of
+civilization; in the regions of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, in
+Guyana, Brazil; but in the western regions from Mexico to Chili,
+agriculture has rather receded: they had at least as many towns and fields
+in ancient times.
+
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea have caused sad changes in other
+parts, gulfs have been formed on the coast of Cumana, Callao twice sunken
+in volcanic tides, mountains and cities overthrown from Popayan to Chili:
+while the alluvial formations proceed along the streams and shores; their
+floods are perennials, increasing deltas and islands: Hurricanes scatter
+ruins and dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate strips of
+forests. The spouting springs and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, clay
+and marl, pitch and other substances. The water volcanoes drown valleys
+and cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated Quito. Mexico near a lake
+and often overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; the lake having been
+drained by nature and art jointly combined.(16)
+
+These rapid sketches and views offer a connected picture of men and soil,
+in this hemisphere, during the ages past. The detailed local annals of the
+various nations, will enlarge the subject, and present the required
+outlines of the ancient and modern events of both.
+
+                  -------------------------------------
+
+After these general topics on American history, I had proposed to enter
+upon the peculiar annals of nations, beginning by Peru and Austral
+America; but wishing to give in this first volume something still more
+novel and striking, I have concluded to begin by the original unpublished
+annals of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions of the Haytians; who
+assert to have come into America, by the north west, and the second
+through the Atlantic Ocean. I hear besides that a French traveller
+D'Orbigny, is now publishing in Paris, his travels in Austral and Peruvian
+America, with 60 vocabularies of languages: where I may perhaps find
+additioned materials for the history of those regions.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+    _Original Annals and Historical Traditions of the_ LINAPIS, _from
+    the creation to the flood, passage and settlements in America, as
+    far as the Atlantic Ocean &c., till 1820 &c._
+
+
+We have but few real American Annals, given in the original peculiar
+style. Those of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, Peru, &c., have all
+been translated by abridgements or paraphrases. Those of the _Ongwi_ by
+Cusick come nearest to the aboriginal form, using the usual
+personifications and animalizations of tribes, so common all over America
+and Asia; but so often misunderstood: having perplexed and disgusted the
+commentators or translators; who did not seize this form of style. Even in
+China, the primitive inhabitants often bear the names of beasts, _Lung_
+dragons, _Chi_ birds, _Yao_ wolf, _Miao_ tygers. In India we find snakes,
+monkeys, lions &c. Early in Europe are dogs _Canari and Cynetes_, satyrs,
+lions &c., syrens, harpies, pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.(17)
+
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were called beasts or _Caracol_,
+turtles _Icota_, birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even gourds and
+fruits.--(Roman's Trad.) In Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, tygers, giants &c. While
+throughout North America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, wolves, dogs,
+deer, birds. We must learn to appreciate this primitive form of speech and
+style, as allegorical names of men &c. It is very needful in order to
+understand the following narratives.
+
+Having obtained, through the late Dr. Ward of Indiana, some of the
+original _Wallam-Olum_ (painted record) of the Linapi tribe of Wapahani or
+White River, the translation will be given of the songs annexed to each:
+which form a kind of connected annals of the nation. In the illustrations
+of this history, will be figured the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation, word for word. This will
+furnish a great addition to our knowledge of American graphics and
+philology; but here the annals are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical and geographical names, so as
+to afford a better clue to the whole.(18)
+
+We knew by all the writers who have had friendly intercourse with the
+tribes of North America, that they did possess, and perhaps keep yet,
+historical and traditional records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed wampuns &c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be the first attempt. Lederer saw 200
+years ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording events of 60 years.
+Humboldt has mentioned the glyphical symbols of the Hurons on wood, seen
+by the Jesuits. Heckwelder saw the _Olumapi_ or painted sticks of the
+Linapis; but did not describe them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main, with these historical songs;
+yet the songs appear mere abridgments of more copious annals, or the bases
+of the traditions. The Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the Sakis and
+Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, have such painted tales and annals,
+called _Neobagun_ (male tool) by the former. Tanner has figured some of
+these pictured songs or _Neobagun_, in his interesting Narrative. Loskiel
+has stated that the Linapis had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty in 1766 saw records 370 years
+old.
+
+Out of these materials and other kept by the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis,
+Panis &c., might be formed or restored a peculiar graphic system of north
+America, different from the Mexican system; and probably once imported
+from Asia: where it may be compared with the graphic symbols of the
+Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give materials for such researches in my
+illustrations. The symbols, when met alone, were inexplicable; but by
+obtaining the words or verses, (since they must commonly be sung) we may
+acquire enough to lead on further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol applies to a verse or many words; as
+if the ideas were amalgamated in the compound system: yet they may often
+be analyzed, and the elements ascertained or conjectured, by their
+repetition.
+
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are known to but few individuals,
+and must be learned with much labor. Those obtained, consist of 3 ancient
+songs relating their traditions previous to arrival in America, written in
+24, 16 and 20 symbols, altogether 60. They are very curious, but destitute
+of chronology. The second series relates to America, is comprised in 7
+songs, 4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses of 3 words. It begins
+at the arrival in America, and is continued without hardly any
+interruption till the arrival of the European colonists towards 1600. As
+96 successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, except ten that are nameless:
+it is susceptible of being reduced to a chronology of 96 generations,
+forming 32 centuries, and reaching back to 1600 years before our era. But
+the whole is very meagre, a simple catalogue of rulers, with a few deeds:
+yet it is equal to the Mexican annals of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting in a mere translation, ends the
+whole, and includes some few original details on the period from 1600 to
+1820.(19)
+
+The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish and French
+pronunciation, except SH as in English, U as in French, W as Hou.
+
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical account; the concurrent
+testimonies of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant proofs. The
+words of Loskiel are these.
+
+"The Delawares keep genealogies, with the character of each man, if wise,
+rich, renowned, or a mighty warrior. They use _hieroglyphs_ on wood, trees
+and stones, to give caution, information, communicate events,
+achievements, keep records. Some time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.
+
+1. _Song._--_The Creation &c._
+
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water on the top of the land. _Aki._
+
+2. There was much water, and much fog over the land, and there was also
+KITANI-TOWIT, the God-creator.
+
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being (_Saye-wis_), an eternal
+being, and invisible although every where.
+
+4. It was he who caused much water, much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the moon and the stars.
+
+6. And all these he caused to move well.
+
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared up, and the deep water ran off.
+
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood there.--_Menak._
+
+9. It was then, when again the _God-Creator_ made the makers or
+spirits.--_Manito-Manitoak._
+
+10. And also the first beings _Owiniwak_, and also the angels
+_Angelatawiwak_, and also the souls _Chichankwak_, all them he made.(20)
+
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being JIN-WIS, ancestor of the men.(21)
+
+12. He gave him the first mother NETA-MIGAHO, mother of the first beings
+OWINI.(22)
+
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he gave him, beasts he gave him, birds
+he gave him.
+
+14. But there was a bad spirit _Makimani_, who caused the bad beings
+_Makowini_, black snakes _Nakowak_, and monsters or large reptiles
+_Amangamek_.
+
+15. And caused also flies, and caused also gnats.
+
+16. All the beings were then friends and stood there.
+
+17. Thou being KIWIS, good God WUNAND (these are 2 gods) and the good
+makers or spirits were such.
+
+18. With the Jins NIJINI, the first men, and the first mother, their
+wives, which were Fairies _Nantinewak_.(23)
+
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies was a fat fruit _Gattamin_.
+
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were easy-thinking, and all were
+well-happified.
+
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, _Powako_, brings on earth secretly
+the Snake worship _Initako_, of the god of the Snakes WAKON.(24)
+
+22. And there came wickedness, crime and unhappiness.
+
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper was coming, with death was
+coming.
+
+24. All this happened very long ago, at the first land _Netamaki_, beyond
+the great ocean _Kitahikan_.
+
+_2d Song. The Flood &c._
+
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake _Maskanako_, when the men had
+become bad beings _Makowini_.
+
+2. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became
+troubled, hating each other.
+
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.
+
+4. And they were fighting, least man _Mattapewi_ with dead-keeper
+_Nihanlowit_.
+
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings
+and the men.
+
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster (_Amangam_) he brought, snake
+rushing-water he brought.
+
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much
+destroying.
+
+8. Meantime at TULA, at that island, NAMA-BUSH (the great hare _Nana_)
+became the ancestor of beings and men.
+
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at TULA.(25)
+
+10. The beings and men (_Owini and Linowi_) all go forth from the flood
+creeping in shallow water, or swimming afloat, asking which is the way to
+the turtle back TULAPIN. (This verse like many others is in rhymes, and
+metre of 9 words of 3 syllables.)
+
+11. But there were many monsters (_Amangamek_) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped them in a boat, saying come,
+come, they were coming and were helped. (The name of the boat or raft is
+_Mokol_.)
+
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the grandfather of all, the grandfather of
+the beings, the grandfather of the men, and the grandfather of the
+turtles. (This is the beginning of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, lasting
+for 4 verses.)
+
+14. The men were there, the turtle there, they were turtling altogether.
+(_Tulapewi_ are the turtle-men.)
+
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he was praying, he the turtle, let
+it be to make well.
+
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in the plains and the mountains, at
+the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion.
+
+_3d Song. Fate after the Flood._
+
+1. After the flood, the manly men _Linapewi_, with the manly turtle beings
+dwelt close together at the cave house, and dwelling of _Talli_.
+
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was there, it is cold was there.
+
+3. To possess mild coldness and much game, they go to the northerly plain,
+to hunt cattle they go.
+
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers divided into tillers and
+hunters. _Wikhi-chik_, _Elowi-chik_.
+
+5. The most strong, the most good, the most holy, the hunters they
+are.(26)
+
+6. And the hunters spread themselves, becoming northerlings, easterlings,
+southerlings, westerlings. _Lowaniwi_, _Wapaniwi_, _Shawaniwi_,
+_Wunkeniwi_.
+
+7. Thus the white country _Lumonaki_, north of the turtle country, became
+the hunting country of the turtling true men.
+
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the snake priest
+_Nakopowa_ said to all, let us go.
+
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland _Akhokink_, and they went away
+earnestly grieving.
+
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and by trembling the burnt land
+_Lusasaki_ is torn and is broken from the snake fortified land.
+_Akomenaki_.
+
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the northerlings all go out,
+separating, at the land of Snow _Winiaken_.
+
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the gaping sea, where tarried the
+fathers of white eagle and white wolf. _Waplanewa_, _Waptumewi_.
+
+13. While our fathers were always boating and navigating, they saw in the
+east that the snake land was bright and wealthy. (Here begins a fine
+poetical rhyming narrative).--_See Last Note._
+
+14. The head-beaver _Wihlamok_, and the big-bird _Kicholen_, were saying
+to all, let us go to the Snake Island _Akomen_.
+
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate all the snaking people,
+_Wemaken_.
+
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings and easterlings, went over the
+water of the frozen sea to possess that land.
+
+17. It was wonderful when they all went over the smooth deep water of the
+frozen sea, at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark, who all go forth in a single night
+in the dark, to the Snake island of the eastern land _Wapanaki_ in the
+Dark, by walking all the people.--OLINI.(27)
+
+19. They were the manly north, the manly east, the manly south; with manly
+eagle, manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly hunter, manly priest, manly
+rich; with manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. (12 words all
+homophonous rhymes.)
+
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland _Shinaking_. But the western
+men doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain at the old turtle land.
+
+Thus end these interesting and positive ancient traditions, by a fine poem
+on the passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis have a similar poem:
+the Illinois had also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. They are perhaps
+lost; but this being at last rescued, will preserve the memory for ever.
+Now begin the second series of songs, in a different style, seldom
+rhyming, but made metrical by an equal number of words in each verse, 4 in
+the 4 first which carry the tribe till their conquest of the _Talegas_;
+but only 3 in the 3 later poems on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance; but they are mere abridgment of
+better annals now probably lost. Numbers shall be annexed to each
+successive king or ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+
+1. _Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings or Civil Wars._
+
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were then at _Shinaki_ or Firland.
+
+2. The path leader was the white eagle (_Wapalanewa 1_), who leads them
+all there.
+
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a fine land, and was explored by them.
+
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, the moving souls, in assembly
+meet.
+
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (_Kolawil 2_) be thou king there.
+
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest some, to Snake hill, let them all
+go.
+
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and concealing themselves at the Bear
+hill.
+
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (_Wapagokhos_ 3) was king at the Firland.
+
+9. After him there _Ianotowi_ (4 true maker) was king, and many things he
+did.
+
+10. After him there _Chilili_ (5 snowbird) was king, who says let us go
+south.
+
+11. To spread the fathers of men _Wokenapi_, and to be able to possess
+much more.(28)
+
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east he goes the beaver-he _Tamakwi_.
+(Here is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+
+13. A beautiful land was the south land, the big Firland and the shoreland
+_Shabi-yaki_.
+
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land, and a lake land, and a cattle
+land.
+
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (_Ayamek_ 6) was king, when all the
+tribes were at war.
+
+16. There was war with the robbing-men, snaking-men, blacking men,
+strongmen. _Chikonapi_, _Akhonapi_, _Makatapi_, _Assinapi_.--Thus ends the
+first song with civil strife and great wars, dividing some tribes
+probably.
+
+_2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the Missouri &c._
+
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in whose time there was much warfare
+south and east.(29)
+
+18. After them _Langundowi_ (peaceful-he, 17 kg.) was king at the
+beautiful land _Akolaking_, and there was peace.(30)
+
+19. After such _Tasukamend_ (never-bad 18) was king, and he was a good or
+just man.
+
+20. After such was king _Pemaholend_ (ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+
+21. King afterwards was _Matemik_ (town builder 20) who built many towns,
+and afterwards the holy goer _Pilsohalin_ 21.
+
+22. King afterwards was _Gunokeni_ (long while fatherly 22, who ruled
+long) and afterwards the big teeth _Mangipitak_ 23.
+
+23. King afterwards was _Olumapi_ (24 manly recorder or bundler) who
+caused many writings.(31)
+
+24. King afterwards was _Takwachi_ (25 who shivers with cold) who went
+south to the corn land _Minihaking_.
+
+25. King afterwards was _Huminiend_ (26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+
+26. King afterwards was _Alkosahit_ (27 preserving keeper) who had a royal
+soul and was very useful.
+
+27. King afterwards was _Shiwapi_ (28 salt man) and afterwards dry-he
+_Penkwonwi_ 29.
+
+28. There was no raining, and no corn grew, east he goes far from the
+sea.(32)
+
+29. Over hollow mountain _Oligonunk_, at last to eat he went at a fine
+plain _Kalok-waming_ of the cattle land.
+
+30. After _Penkwonwi_ came _Wekwo-chella_ (30 much weary) after such the
+stiff (_Chingalsuwi_ 31.)
+
+31. After such was _Kwitikwund_ (32 the reprover) who was disliked, and
+some unwilling to obey.
+
+32. Being angry some moved easterly, and secretly went far off.
+
+_3d Song. From the Missouri to the Mississippi &c._
+
+33. But the wise did tarry, and _Waka-holend_ (33 the beloved) was made
+king.
+
+34. It was at the Yellow River _Wisawana_ where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built towns.(33)
+
+35. All being friends _Tamenend_ (34 affable like a beaver) became king
+and was alone the first.(34)
+
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best, and all the men came to him.
+
+37. After such good _Maskansisil_ (35 strong buffaloe) was king and
+chieftain or leader.
+
+38. _Machigokhos_ (36 big-owl) was king, _Wapkicholen_ (37 white crane)
+was king.
+
+39. _Wingenund_ (38 mindful) was king and pontiff, who made many
+festivals.(35)
+
+40. _Lapawin_ (whitened 39) was king, _Wallama_ (40 painted) was king.
+
+41. _Waptiwapit_ (41 white chicken) was king, again there is war north and
+south.
+
+42. By the wise in assembly _Tamaskan_ (strong wolf 42) was made king.
+
+43. He was able to war on all and he killed the strong-stone
+_Maskansini_.(36)
+
+44. _Messissuwi_ (43 whole-he) was king and made war on the snake-beings
+_Akowini_.
+
+45. _Chitanwulit_ (44 strong and good) was king and made war on the
+northern foes _Lowanuski_.
+
+46. _Alokuwi_ (45 lean he) was king and made war on the father snake
+_Towakon_.
+
+47. _Opekasit_ (46 east-looking) was king, being sad at the warfare.
+
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and they are many who together go
+east.
+
+_4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c._
+
+49. The fish river _Nemasipi_ separated the land, and being lazy they
+tarry there.(37)
+
+50. _Yagawanend_ (47 hut maker) was king, and the _Tallegewi_ (there
+found) possessing the east.
+
+51. _Chitanitis_ (48 strong friend) king was, and he desires the rich land
+of the east.
+
+52. To the east some did pass, but the head of the Talegas, _Talegawil_
+killed some of them.
+
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, warfare.
+
+54. The friends of the north the _Talamatan_ (who are not like the
+Talligewi, the Hurons) were coming to go altogether united.
+
+55. _Kinehepend_ (49 sharp looking) was king, and leader, over the river
+against foes.
+
+56. Much was there possessed by them, and much spoiling and killing of the
+Talegas.
+
+57. _Pimokhasuwi_ (50 stirring about) was king, but he found the Talegas
+too strong in the war.
+
+58. _Tenchekensit_ (51 opening path) was king, and many towns were given
+up to him.
+
+59. _Paganchihilla_ (52 great fulfiller) was king, and all the Talegas
+went away to the south.
+
+60. _Hattanwulaton_ (53 he has possession) was king, and all the people
+were well pleased.
+
+61. South of the lakes they settle the council fire, and the friends
+_Talamatan_ north of the lakes.
+
+62. But they were not always friends and were conspiring when _Gunitakan_
+(54 long mild) was king.
+
+63. _Linniwulamen_ (55 man of truth) was king, and made war on the
+Talamatan.
+
+64. _Shakagapewi_ (56 just and upright) was king, and the Talamatan were
+trembling.
+
+SECOND SERIES OR MODERN HISTORY.
+
+_1st Song. At the Talega land._
+
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at the Talega land _Talegaking_.
+
+2. _Tamaganend_ (57 beaver leader) was king at the White River or _Wabash
+Wa-palaneng_.
+
+3. _Wapushuwi_ (58 white linx) was king and planted much corn.
+
+4. _Wulichinik_ (59 well hardy) was king, and the people increased.
+
+5. _Lekhihitin_ (60. writer writing) was king and painted many books
+_Wallamo-lumin_.(38)
+
+6. _Kolachuisen_ (61 pretty blue bird) was king, at the place of much
+fruit _Makeli-ming_. (near Cincinnati?)
+
+7. _Pematalli_ (62 constant there) was king and had many towns.
+
+8. _Pepomahemen_ (63 paddler up) was king of many rivers and streams.
+
+9. _Tankawon_ (64 little cloud) was king, while many went away.
+
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, went to the south lands.(39)
+
+11. _Kichitamak_ (65 big beaver) was king at the white lick _Wapahoning_.
+
+12. The heavenly prophet _Onowutok_ (66) went to the west.(40)
+
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken land and the western southerlings.
+
+14. _Pawanami_ (67 rich water turtle) was king at the Ohio River
+_Taleganah_.
+
+15. _Lokwelend_ (68 walker) was king, and had much warfare.(41)
+
+16. Again with the father snake _Towako_, again with the stony snake
+_Sinako_, again with north snake _Lowako_.
+
+17. _Mokolmokom_ (69 the grand father of the boats) was king and went
+snaking in boats.
+
+18. _Winelowich_ (70 snow hunter) was king and went to the north land of
+the Esquimaux _Lowushkis_.
+
+19. _Linkwekinuk_ (71 sharp looker) was king and went to the Alleghany
+Mountains _Talegachukang_.
+
+20. _Wapalawikwan_ (72 east settler) was king and went east of the Talega
+land.(42)
+
+_2d Song. At the East till first White Man comes._
+
+21. This land of the east, was a large land _Amangaki_, and a long land
+_Amigaki_.
+
+22. This land had no snakes, but was a rich land, and many good things
+were found there.
+
+23. _Gikenopalat_ (73 great warrior) was king near the north.
+
+24. _Hanaholend_ (74 stream loving) was king at the branching stream or
+Susquehanna _Saskwihanang_.(43)
+
+25. _Gattawisi_ (75 becoming fat) was king at the sassafras land _Winaki_.
+
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of the sun _Gishikshapipek_, which
+was again a big sea.
+
+27. _Makhiawip_ (76 red arrow) was king at the tide water.
+
+28. _Wolomenap_ (77 hollow man) was king at the strong falls (of Trenton)
+_Mas-kekitong_.
+
+29. The _Wapanand_ (ensters) and the _Tumewand_ (wolfers or Mohigans)
+north-east they go.(44)
+
+30. _Wulitpallat_ (78 good fighter) was king and set against the north.
+
+31. The _Maliongwi_ (lickers or Iroquois) and the _Pungelika_ (the lynx
+like or Eries) were all trembling there.
+
+32. Again _Tamenend_ (79 beaver II) was king there, and with all he made
+peace.
+
+33. And all became friendly, and all became united, with this great ruling
+king.(45)
+
+34. _Kichitamak_ (80 great beaver) was king and remains at the sassafras
+land or Pennsylvania.
+
+37. _Wapahakey_ (81 white body) was king and went to the Sea Shore on
+Jersey _Sheyabi_.
+
+38. _Elangomel_ (82 friendly to all) was king and much good was done.
+
+39. _Pitenumen_ (83 mistaker) was king, and saw some one come from
+somewhere.
+
+40. At this time from the east sea was coming a whiter _Wapsi_.(46)
+
+_3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies._
+
+41. _Makelomush_ (84 much honored) was king and made all happy.
+
+42. _Wulakeningus_ (85 well praised) was king and became a warrior of the
+south.
+
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki Snakes _Otaliwako_, and on the Coweta
+Snakes _Akowetako_.
+
+44. _Wapagamoshki_ (86 white otter) was king, ally of the _Lamatan_ or
+Hurons.
+
+45. _Wapashum_ (87 white big horn) was king and visited the west land of
+Talega.
+
+46. There he found the Illinois _Hiliniki_, the Shawanis _Shawoniki_, and
+the Conoys _Konowiki_.
+
+47. _Nitispayat_ (88 friendly comer) was king, and he went to the big
+lakes.
+
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children or Miamis, and all the friends
+or allies.(47)
+
+49. _Pakimitzin_ (89 cranberry eater) was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, _Tawa_.
+
+50. _Lowaponskan_ (90 north walker) was king, and he visited the noisy
+place or Niagara _Ganshowenik_.
+
+51. _Tashawinso_ (91 at leisure gatherer) was king, and visited the Sea
+shores.
+
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, three to be, and they became
+the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. _Unamini_,
+_Minsimini_, _Chikimini_.(48)
+
+53. _Epallahchund_ (92 failer) was king, in the war with the _Mahongwi_,
+wherein he fails.(49)
+
+54. _Langomuwi_ (93 friendly he) was king and the Mahongwi were
+frightened.
+
+55. _Wangomend_ (94 saluted) was king yonder between.
+
+56. The Cherokis _Otaliwi_ and _Wasio-towi_ (those of the Otali and
+Wasioto mts.) were his foes.(50)
+
+57. _Wapachikis_ (95 white crab) was king and ally a friend of Jersey on
+the shores.
+
+58. _Nenachihat_ (96 watcher) was king and looking at the sea.
+
+59. At this time north and south the _Wapayachik_ came, the white or
+eastern moving souls.
+
+60. They were friendly, and came in big bird-ships, who are they?(51)
+
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious and so plain, when properly
+understood and translated. The following addition is merely a fragment on
+the subsequent period, translated by John Burns. I give it as received
+although I fear it is inaccurate in some respects, and a paraphrase rather
+than literal account. Yet by this addition, we obtain a kind of general
+history of at least one American tribe, and a complete original series of
+traditions, in their peculiar pristine style. Many others will be added
+hereafter, either from printed traditions, or historical songs and
+fragments.
+
+_Fragment on the history of the Linapis from about 1600 till 1820._
+
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they are, these _Wapsinis_ (white people)
+who then came out of the sea, to rob us of our country. Starving wretches!
+with smiles they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+
+2. The _Wallamolum_ was written by _Lekhibit_ (the writer) to record our
+glory. Shall I write another to record our fall? No! our foes have taken
+care to do it; but I speak to thee what they know not or conceal.
+
+3. We have had many other kings since that unhappy time. They were 3 till
+the friendly _Mikwon_ (Penn) came. _Mattanikum_ (not horned, not
+strong),(52) when the _Winakoli_(53) came to _Winaki_. _Nahumen_ (raccoon)
+when the _Sinalwi_ (Dutch) came. And _Ikwahon_ (fond of women) when the
+_Yankwis_ (English) came, with Mikwon and his friends soon after.
+
+4. They were all received and fed with corn; but no land was ever sold, we
+never sell any. They were all allowed to dwell with us, to build houses
+and plant corn, as our friends and allies. Because they were hungry, and
+thought children of _Gishaki_ (the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.(54)
+
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine new tools, and weapons, and cloth,
+and beads, for which we exchanged skins and shells and corn. And we liked
+them, with their things, because we thought they were good, and made by
+the children of _Gishaki_.
+
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns and fire waters, which burned and
+killed. Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since we had better ones.
+
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children of _Dolojo-Sakima_ (King George)
+who said, more land, more land we must have, and no limit could be put to
+their steps and increase.
+
+8. But in the north were the children of _Lowi-Sakima_, (King Louis), who
+were our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of our foes: yet
+_Dolojo_ always wanted to war with them.
+
+9. We had 3 kings after _Mikwon_ came. _Skalichi_ who was another
+_Tamenend_,(55) and _Sasunam Wikwikhon_ (our uncle the builder), and
+_Tatami_ (the beaver taker) who was killed by a _Yankwako_ (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+
+10. _Netatawis_ (first renewed being) became king of all the nations in
+the west, again at _Talligewink_ (Ohio or the Talega place) on the river
+Cayahaga, with our old allies the _Talamatans_: and he called on all of
+the east.
+
+11. But _Tadeskung_ was chief in the east at _Mahoning_ and bribed by the
+_Yankwis_: there he was burnt in his house, and many of our people were
+massacred at _Hickory_ (Lancaster) by the land robbers _Yankwis_.
+
+12. Then we joined our friend _Lowi_ in war against the Yankwis; but they
+were strong, and they took _Lowanaki_ (north land, Canada) from Lowi, and
+came to us in _Talegawink_, when peace was made; and we called them big
+knives _Kichikani_.
+
+13. Then _Alimi_ (white-eyes) and _Gelelenund_ (buck killer) were chiefs,
+and all the nations near us were allies under us as our grandchildren
+again.(56)
+
+14. When the eastern fires were set up, and began to resist Dolojo, they
+said we should be another fire with them. But they killed our chiefs
+_Unamiwi_ (turtling) and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then _Hopokan_
+(strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe was made king, and he made war on the
+_Kichikani Yankwis_, and become the ally of Dolojo who was then very
+strong.
+
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger, they did not take _Lowanaki_
+(Canada) but become free from _Dolojo_. We went to _Wapahani_ (white
+river) to be further from them; but they follow every where, and we made
+war on them, till they sent _Makhiakho_ (black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.(57)
+
+16. We made peace and settle limits. Our next king was _Hacking-Ponskan_
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. He would not even join our
+brothers Shawanis and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next war.
+
+17. Yet after the last peace, the _Kichikani-Yankwis_ came in crowds all
+around us, and they want also our lands of _Wapahani_. It was useless to
+resist, because they are getting stronger by increasing united fires.
+
+18. _Kithtilkund_ and _Lapanibi_ (white water) were the chiefs of our two
+tribes, when we resolved to exchange our lands, and return at last beyond
+the _Masispek_ (muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old country.(58)
+
+19. We shall be near our foes the _Wakon_ (god of snakes, the Ozages) but
+they are not worse than the _Yankwiakon_ (English snake), who want to
+possess the whole big island.(59)
+
+20. Shall we be free and happy there? at the new _Wapahani_ (western white
+river). We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions between this people and
+the English, United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm and Hekewelder have
+furnished other fragments, and for which we have ample materials in the
+colonial history and late records. But this offers some new views and
+facts: which shall be partly compared and discussed in the notes; but more
+properly examined and united in accordance with other narratives, in the
+history of the North American nations and tribes. The 11 kings in about
+220 years named in this fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 and
+later.
+
+That so many generations and names can be recollected, may appear doubtful
+to some; but when symbolic signs and paintings, with poetical songs, are
+added, the memory can well retain and perpetuate their connection. Even in
+Polynesia, where we are not told of symbols, but mere historical songs,
+they reach to the creation and flood; Ellis and Tierman tell us that the
+kings and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, Hawahi, Mowi &c. could
+repeat the names of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. It would have
+been well if instead of giving us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus furnished the connected annals of
+Polynesia.
+
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely their own deeds; but the mention
+of many other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in Cusick's Traditions
+of the Ongwis: and this forms another clue for American history. As early
+as the Asiatic period we find them united to the related people _Owini_
+and _Nijini_, before the flood, and calling their foes _Powako_ (rich
+snake), _Makowini_ (bad being,) _Maskanako_ (strong snake), similar to the
+satanic tribes of the Hebrews &c.(60)
+
+At the flood they are saved with the _Tulapin_ turtlemen, and begin to
+call themselves _Linapewi_. Soon after they separate, go north and divide
+into tribes, named after the winds, the mode of life and animals. The
+hunters are _Elowi_ Elohim of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; they
+again meet snakemen, who fly to America and must have produced there many
+nations.
+
+After having filled the north, and after the breaking of the land, at
+Behring strait, part of the nation resolve to follow and pursue the snakes
+to the east. The passage by the _Olinis_ over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see last note); they settle at
+Shinaki, and begin again to war on snakemen: after which the beaver men or
+Tamakwi separate going east where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin to a beaver and a dog, and
+call their ancestor _Chapewi_, similar to _Apiwi_, the manly in Linapi.
+
+Meantime the main tribe going south meets other nations which it is
+difficult to identify, as the names are mere epithets and nicknames, yet
+the _Assinipi_ or stony men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet called
+Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi origin. They reappear afterwards
+as _Maskan-sini_ or _Sinako_, and appear to have passed to America soon
+after the Linapi. They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the languages
+prove, and very akin to the Hurons or Ongwis in America.
+
+The _Akowini_ are met again, which appear to have become the ancestors of
+the Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The _Lowanuski_ were either the Uskis
+or the Skeres. The _Towakon_ were not the Ottawas; but probably the Ozages
+or their ancestors the Wakons.(61)
+
+At last they meet the civilized _Talegas_, who are not called snakes, but
+rather extolled, and from whom they borrowed many things: their symbol is
+very different from that of the snakes. They were probably of eastern or
+atlantic origin, akin to the Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The _Talamatan_ become allies, were the Hurons, the name means
+both _unlike the Talegas_ and _killer of the Talas_.--See Cusick, and my
+Huron Traditions for their own annals.
+
+The separations of the Nentegos and Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled the sea shores from Florida to
+Acadia. Three tribes of snakes reappear which are similar to the former,
+except the _Lowako_ probably the same as _Lowanuski_. After crossing the
+Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites all the tribes. The _Hiliniki_ and
+_Conowiki_ easily identified remain west of the mountains. The Iroquois
+and Eries appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon after as snakes or foes; whether the
+Otalis or Cherokis of the mountains were real snakes of the west is
+doubtful; it is more likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, which
+was their capital till lately, and later they are called _Otaliwi_ by the
+Linapis. Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers, as the Linapi grandfathers, of all
+the akin tribes, had then towards 1400, a great power in the west: their
+empire had a pontiff _Mushkiwis_ near lake Michigan, on whom Cass has
+given some very important traditions.
+
+The following chief chronological periods are deducible from these annals,
+by reckoning 3 generations in a century. About 1600 years before Christ
+passage of Behring strait on the ice, lead by _Wapalanewa_, settlement at
+_Shinaki_.
+
+1450. _Chilili_ leads them south, and the _Tamakwi_ separate.
+
+1040. Peace after long wars under _Langundewi_ at the land _Akolaking_.
+
+800. Annals written by _Olumapi_.
+
+750. _Takwachi_ leads to _Minihaking_.
+
+650. _Penkwonwi_ leads east over mountains.
+
+460. The first _Tamenend_ great king on the Missouri.
+
+60. _Opekasit_ leads to the Mississippi.
+
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with the _Talamatans_ against the
+_Talegas_.
+
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the _Talegas_.
+
+400. _Lekhihitan_ writes the annals.
+
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and Nentegos.
+
+800. _Wapalawikwan_ leads over Alleghany mountains to _Amangaki_.
+
+970. _Wolomenap_ settles the central capital at Trenton, and the Mohigans
+separate.
+
+1170. Under _Pitenumen_ arrival of _Wapsi_ the first white men or
+Europeans.
+
+_Additional Note._ As a specimen of the original text and poetry of these
+annals, I give now the poem on the passage to America: the whole text and
+all the symbols will be given hereafter.
+
+13. Amakolen
+    Nallahemen
+    Agunuken
+    Powasinep
+    Wapasinep
+    Akomenep.
+
+14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi
+    Wematan akomen luchundi.
+
+15. Witehen wemiluen
+    Wemaken nihillen.
+
+16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi
+    Nguttichin Wapanawi
+    Agamunk topanpek
+    Wulliton epannek.
+
+17. Wulelemil W'shakuppek
+    Wemopannek hakhsinipek
+    Kitahikan pokhakhopek
+
+18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi
+    Wemoltin gutikuni nillawi
+    Akomen wapanaki nillawi
+    Ponskan-ponskan wemiwi Olini
+
+19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi
+    Lanewapi Tamakwapi Tumewapi
+    Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi
+    Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.
+
+20. Wemipayat guneunga Shinaking
+    Wunkenapi chanelendam payaking
+    Allowelendam kowiyey Tulpaking.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+    THE POETICAL ANNALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE HAYTIANS OR TAINOS OF
+    THE ANTILLES, _collected in 1498 by_ ROMAN &C. _with additions by_
+    DANGLERIA _and others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient Tribes_.
+
+
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with Columbus, who began to convert the
+Haytians in 1496, and collected their traditions, after learning their
+language, out of the _Areitos_ or songs and hymns used in festivals. He
+wrote them in 1498 by order of Columbus, and they are inserted at large in
+his life by his son; but were almost neglected by Irving. They give us not
+only an insight into the belief, religion, traditions of the Antillian
+people; but also a compendium of fragments on their annals. Although very
+desultory, much less connected than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&c., and destitute of chronology; yet they afford an essential addition to
+American history, and the ancient accounts about the Atlantis and
+Antilles.
+
+In order to bring them into a kind of order, they shall be analyzed,
+reduced to a succession of events and divided into 3 parts, 1. Cosmogony
+and Theogony, 2. the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient history
+previous to Columbus or 1492. A fourth part foreign to these traditions
+would be their annals since that time, and till the extinction of the
+nation; which shall be given hereafter, with the account of the language,
+and civilization--What is peculiar to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into beasts &c., as in Ovid.
+
+The nation who furnished these annals, was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch
+of the nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling the Lucayes and smaller
+Antilles: whose collective proper name was TAINO meaning noble. But they
+acknowledged as brothers, many tribes of the continent under the
+collective name of GUATIAOS brothers, this was ascertained in 1520 by
+Figueroa.--(See Herrera.) These _Guatiaos_ were the Aruac nations and
+tribes, that were not cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by Figueroa in
+1520 were in the Antilles the 1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda,
+Marmagitas and Gianis Islands. While those of the continent were the 1.
+Aruacas of Guyana, 2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of Oronoc, 4.
+Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, 6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8.
+Coquibocoa, 9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt with the _Canibas_
+or _Caribas_, the cannibal tribes, foes of the _Guatiaos_, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated and conquered most of the
+eastern Antilles.
+
+All the Tainos spoke the same language divided into several dialects; but
+understood reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in 1512 that two distinct
+languages were used in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of Hayti; but
+in the west was a very different language not understood; this was the
+_Cami_ derived from the _Olmeca_ of Oaxaca or the _Maya_ of Yucatan; they
+having sent there a colony, and founded a kingdom.--(see the Maya History.)
+In Hayti there was also in the center of the island a kingdom of Mayas?
+the people were called _Mayo-riexes_ or _Macoryxes_, (meaning _Maya
+people_). They spoke a language different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects _Cayabo_, _Cubaba_, and _Baichagua_. This kingdom
+of strangers was called _Cubaba_ or _Caibaba_, and _Ziguayos_. They are
+called Caribs by some authors; but erroneously.(62)
+
+Many other additional traditions on the Antilles are scattered in early
+writers, D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo,
+Columbus, Brigstock, Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, &c. which shall be
+partly noticed here as a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a general
+outline of a history of the Antillian nations.
+
+Having succeeded to make out a fine vocabulary of nearly three hundred
+words of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, Columbus, Dangleria,
+Munoz, Las-Casas, Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater &c.--and another of about
+150 words of the _Cairi_ or _Eyeri_ language of the Aruac Islanders out of
+Dudley, Rochefort &c. I will be enabled to translate and elucidate nearly
+all the Taino historical names and allusions, so as to clear up the annals
+by original etymologies. The orthography will be Spanish, J must be
+pronounced as Kh, and X as Sh.
+
+The Haytians had besides these songs, other annals; since the priests
+taught history, and the origin of things to the sons of the nobles. They
+had also perhaps peculiar symbols to keep their records, since Dangleria
+mentions that they had paintings of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 was found in the mountains of
+Guanaminto a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with hieroglyphs! and in
+the mountains of Limbe, engravings of human figures on a serpentine rock;
+besides many sculptures in Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua one of
+Lucayes a gold medal _with letters on it_! If we had figures of these
+hieroglyphs and engraved symbols, we should probably obtain another clue
+to American history and graphic systems. But they are probably lost by
+neglect like those of North America! The Antilles being on the way from
+the east to the continent must have served as a stepping place to many
+nations on their passage to the continent.(63)
+
+1st Part.--_Theogony and Cosmogony._
+
+1. _Fact._ The Supreme God, bears five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or female.
+
+       By Roman        By Dangleria    Meanings
+1.     Attabei         Attabeira       Unic-Being.
+2.     Jemao           Mamona          Eternal.
+3.     Guacas or       Guaca-rapita    Infinite.
+       Apito
+4.     Apito or        Liella          Omnipotent.
+       Siella
+5.     Zuimaco         Guimazoa        Invisible.
+
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male God. The titles of this god are
+sufficient to indicate the supreme God of nature, and they have
+astonishing analogies with the primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. The most common name was the
+first, in Cuba _Atabex_. This and other great Gods were not sculptured in
+idols. The Chillians had similar names for the Supreme God.(64)
+
+2. _Fact._ This God was father or mother of another great God dwelling in
+the sun with a double name, variable in the dialects.
+
+                  First Name.       Second Name.
+By Roman          Iocahuna          Guamaarocon.
+By Dangleria      Iocauna           Guamaonocon.
+In Cuba           Yocahuna          Guamaoxocoti.
+In Jamaica        Yocahuna          ----
+In Boriquen       Iacana            Guamanomocon.
+By Oviedo         Iovana            Guamamona.
+Variations        Iocavaghama       Guamochyna.
+
+The explication of these names is not given; but they are identic with the
+gods of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary islands.--The first appears
+to be the JEHOVAH and YAO of the Orientals, and is evidently the HUNAKU or
+Supreme God of the _Mayas_. The second name means _Lord of the World_
+(_Guama-ocon_) and is a title.(65)
+
+3. _Event._ This last God made the World, the Heavens _Turei_, and the
+Earth before the terrestrial sun and moon; also the ZEMIS or angels, who
+are male and female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and intercessors
+with the great gods. In the dialects _Zemes_, _Chemes_, _Chemis_.
+
+All the ancestors are since called _Zemis_: their worship was spread
+through America, under various names, and forms: as well as in the east.
+They are the
+
+_Shemayim_ (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.
+_Shemsia_ of the Pehlavis of Persia.
+_Samana & Hamsa_ of the Hindus.
+_Shams_ of the Arabic.
+_Esmun_, _Saman_ of the old Irish.
+_Eshman_ (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.
+_Sumari_ of Thibet, _Chuman_ of Tartary.
+_Camus_, a synonym of Magi of Persia.
+_Shin_ of the Chinese.
+_Zamzumin_ ancient giants of Arabia.
+_Chamin & Zaones_ of Egypt.
+_Chama_ of the Phrygians.
+_Chamina_ of the Etruscans.
+_Zeones & Zanim_ of the Ammonians.
+_Zamones_ (blest) of the Lybians.
+_Lemes_, _Zanes_ and _Annas_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Chemin_, _Shemsho_, _Naemas_ and _Zamiel_ of Aram or Syria and Phenicia.
+            _Chemarim_ Priests.
+_Zin_, _Kami_ and _Kamona_ of Japan and Yedzo.
+
+While in America we find the _Chemim_ of the Carib women.
+
+_Tezmin_ of the Mayas.
+_Inama_ of the Apalachis.
+_Manito_ of the Linapis.
+
+_Camayos_ of the Peruvians.--Which are all identic in meaning _Angels_,
+_Spirits_ and their idols. This name changes elsewhere in sound: just like
+_Enzel_ in Teutonic, which has the import of _El_, _Aones_, and _Zemes_,
+is root of our _Angel_ now pronounced _Endjel_. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to be evident. They are not less in
+_Turei_ heaven, _Uran_, _Turan_ of the primitive nation &c.
+
+_4th Event._ Some of these ZEMIS became bad beings, and devils _Tuyra_,
+who send diseases, hurricanes (_Furacan_), earthquakes and thunders to
+desolate the earth and mankind.
+
+The names of _Tuyra_ for devil and evil has analogies throughout the
+earth. The most striking are
+
+_Out of America._
+
+_Zitura_ of Basks.
+_Guirati_ of Biscayans.
+_Vetura_ in Bali of Pallis.
+_Tororu_ of Nukahiva island.
+_Yarua_ of the Berber Atlantes.
+_Yurena_ of the Guanches Atlantes.
+_Daruj_, _Puyri_ of Zend.
+_Turug_ of Celts.
+_Tairi_ in Turkish.
+_Tahyri_ of Tahiti.
+_Fara_, _Wara_ of Japan.
+_Tarada_ of the Papuas.
+_Uritiram_ Synonym of Shiva.
+_Teripis_ of Oscans.
+_Tyranos_ of Greeks.
+
+_In America._
+
+_Yares_ of the _Tayronas_ the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.
+_Sura_ of Poyays.
+_Tziri_ of Poconchi.
+_Huraqui_, _Sura_ of Apalachi.
+_Tiviri_ of the Yaquis.
+_Kiuras_ of the Powhatans.
+_Tarahu_, of the Tarahumaras.
+_Prororu_ of Cumana, derived from _Pregonero_ another subsequent devil of
+            Hayti.
+
+By the change of R to L, we have the _Tulas_ and Atlantes of America.--_See
+Taraguva_ of 10th Event.
+
+_5th Event._ The good Zemis were appointed to make the earth and men, and
+to rule over both. _Guabanzex_, a female Zemis, made the air and water,
+and became the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+
+This will answer to the first period of the earth creation, when the water
+was above the land, and the _Rkio_ of Moses was divided. The name appears
+to mean _the windy_.(66)
+
+_6th Event._ The male Zemis JAIA (_Khaya_, the earth) made the earth and
+islands; he is the _Aion_ of Sanchoniation. Every land and island is
+animated. The island of Hayti was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of it was a long tail, called
+_Guaca-iarima_ (country of the Vent). The caves were the holes of the
+body, venerated and used afterwards as temples and tombs.
+
+This notion, and comparison of islands with turtles, recalls to mind the
+primitive turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis &c. _Jaia_ or _Kaya_
+for land has affinities all over the world and is a primitive word.(67)
+
+_7th Event._ JAIA afterwards had a son, who was called _Jaia-El_,
+_Higuera_, or _Hibuera_ earth-son gourd.
+
+This first man like Adam is son of the earth, and an EL or Angel, _Elohim_
+of the orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, family and tribe.
+It will often recur in subsequent history, in the singular for the plural.
+The plurals were _Eli_, _Ili_, _guaili_.--_Gua_ is only the article _This
+or Such_.(68)
+
+_8th Event._ The sun and moon called _Boiniael_ and _Maroio_ by Roman; but
+_Binthaitel_ and _Marohu_ by Dangleria and Ovieda, come out of the cave
+_Jovovava_: they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A cave with the same name
+was their temple in Hayti. Dangleria calls it _Iovana-boina_ Jove Solar.
+
+The exact time of this appearance is doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding to the sun being long obscured
+by the primitive misty atmosphere, another historical alluding to the
+solar and lunar dynasties of Asia or America. The meaning of _Jovo-vava_
+or _Kovo-vava_ is cave of fathers, both primitive names. The solar and
+lunar names have many analogies elsewhere, among which the chief are
+
+_Names of the Sun._
+
+_Oin_, _Oein_ of Arabs and Ethiopia.
+_Oboh_, _Baion_, old Egyptian.
+_Baon_, _Oan_ of Assyrians.
+_Ian_ of the Etruscans.
+_Belen_ of the Gauls.
+_Bun_ of the Zend.
+_Abolion_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Abloin_ of the Thessalians.
+_Ntiele_ of the Illyrians.
+_Bian_ of the Ausonians.
+_Anactes_ of the Mysians.
+
+_Names of the Moon._
+
+_Yarho_ of the Syrians.
+_Aohri_ of the Tibus.
+
+_Warha_ of the Ethiopians.
+_Carara_ of the Etruscans.
+_Teoro_ of the Betoys, S. A.
+_Heriho_ of Canaan.
+_Humuri_ of Old Arabic.
+_Matuare_ of Carthul, Caucasus.
+_Maraca_ of Guaramis, S. A.
+_Marama_ of Polynesia.
+_Kamar_ in Maroco.
+_Kamaria_ in Pehlvi.
+_Gumara_ in Nubian.
+
+Most of these synonyms and analogies are found in the most ancient
+languages: to which may be added that in the ancient Haikan language of
+Armenia, the sun and moon were called _Noah!_ and _Morante_, names also of
+Noah and his wife.
+
+_9th Event._ The female Zemis, _Coatris-quia_ makes the springs and
+streams to flow over the earth, and became their goddess.
+
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony, that of the irruption of
+subterranean waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior to Adam. The
+name of the Zemis is of doubtful meaning, probably _Coatris-quia_,
+hollow-quite. _Coa_ or _Cua_ was the name of ancient hollow temples all
+over America. _Quia_ is found in _Quisqueia_ oldest name of Hayti or the
+_great_ (land) _universal_.
+
+_10th Event._ _Taragava-el_ and _Corocora_ or _Epileguanita_, two male
+Zemis of the woods and hunters, made the trees and beasts. This includes
+probably two events anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+
+The meanings of these Zemis which might guide us, are quite doubtful.
+_Taraguva_ resembles _Tuyra_ and also _Turei_ heaven; but _Epileguanita_
+was probably the ancient god of the _Caracol_ or Beastly-men, since it was
+represented by a beast or quadruped; while all the other Zemis as men and
+women. _Ili-guanita_ would mean in Haytian _children of the people_.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications of the ancient
+hunters, or men of the woods with the beastly and savage men of early
+times. Roman calls the second _Corocore_, synonyme of _Caracara_.
+
+Part II. _Antidiluvian History and Flood._
+
+_11th Event._ JAIA-EL rebels against his father JAIA and wants to kill
+him; a warfare, in which _Jaia-El_ is killed by his father, who puts his
+bones into a gourd. _Higuera_, or _Hibuera_, and people the land of that
+name.
+
+This refers to the fall of man and the wars of the Titans. The name for
+bones is omitted, it would perhaps afford another clue. Many American
+nations venerate and animate bones. Dangleria says, that _Jaia_ peopled
+all the islands of the sea with these bones.
+
+_12th Event._ JAIA being childless marries _Itiba-Jatuvava_ from whom he
+has 4 twin sons called _Dimivan_, who became afterwards _Cara-cara-cols_
+or the great Cara-cols, the great beastly beings; but their mother dies at
+their birth.
+
+_Itiba_ means woman ancient and alludes perhaps to _Thibet_, refuge, or
+land of Noah. (_I_, is the article _the_). _Jatuvava_ perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac _Kati-uiua_ means the moon heavenly. The name
+of _Dimivan_ is remarkable, being identic with the _Demavends_ or
+antidiluvians of Persia, called _Dawand_ in the Zendavesta, the _Demoi_ or
+old people of the Pelasgians, the _Demons_ of many nations. The _Caras_
+and _Cols_ are found all over America and Asia.(69)
+
+_13th Event._ AHIACAVO (grand father) or _Baia-manicoel_ an ancestor of
+the _Dimivan_, forms the nation of CON-EL, at _Basamanaco_, and invents
+agriculture, with the art of making cakes and bread.
+
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather of mankind. CON-EL is certainly
+a personification, meaning the sons or Elohim of CON, who is the primitive
+Lybian Hercules KON or KHON; and is found in Peruvian history as the first
+legislator of Peru. The XONS or CONES were the oldest people of Spain and
+Italy, same as _Xaones_ of Greece. Their god was XON or _Konah_.
+_Basamanaco_ is inexplicable unless it alludes to the primitive
+antidiluvian _Manaco_ or _Manco_ of Peru. _Ba_ is dwelling, _Samana_ an
+island near Hayti.
+
+_14th Event._ The four brothers _Dimivan_ meeting a mute _Conel_, making
+bread, ask him for some; but he only gives them instead _Cogioba_ or
+_Cohiba_ which is tobacco: this happened at the door of Basamanaco. This
+fable indicates an intercourse of the Dimivans and the _Conels_ which are
+probably a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+
+_15th Event._ This refusal of bread was the cause of a quarrel and war, in
+which _Conel_ kills or destroys one of the brothers or tribes of _Dimivan
+Caracol_, but a turtle _Hicotea_ came out of his body, or an island thus
+called, as Hayti was. This _Conel_ conqueror was _Baia-mani-coel_, whose
+name means _Father of food celestial_; but _Baya_ is also the ocean.
+
+This indicates a great war, and probably alludes to that of the
+Atlantes.(70)
+
+_16th Event._ The _Dimivans_, probably in revenge, broke the gourd of
+JAIAEL (_Khayahel_); but a flood of waters issue from it and drowns the
+land.
+
+This deluge is called _Niquen_: there is no indication in Roman of the men
+who were destroyed, nor who were saved and how; but in Cuba was found a
+more ample tradition of the flood as follows.
+
+_17th Event._ Three Behiques or priests who come to Cuba later, taught
+them that the flood had been general, had broken the land; and that a good
+man had been saved in a big boat with his family. That many animals were
+also in the boat, a vulture and dove are mentioned.
+
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different words, and without native
+names. Some have supposed this account made out by the Spanish priests;
+but it appears to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas or Mayas in
+Cuba, being very similar to the Mexican accounts.
+
+_18th Event._ Another subsequent flood although omitted by Roman, is
+alluded to by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba were then cut
+asunder and separated from Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great islands, were divided by irruptions
+of the sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which in the Antilles broke
+the islands by volcanic explosions. It is impossible to say what events of
+the next period, may belong to the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian events appear to belong to a
+different country than the Antilles, which did not even then exist, at
+least in their actual state, and may properly be referred to the island
+Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. It was at this last cataclysm that the
+Antilles assumed their actual shape and number.
+
+Part III.--_Ancient History._
+
+_19th Event._ After the floods the men dwelt in caves on the mountain
+_Cauta_ in the land of _Caanau_ or _Caunana_ or _Caona_.
+
+The mountains of _Cauta_ must have been the refuge of men at one of the
+floods: they answer probably to the _Cuta_ of the Hindus, name given to
+many rocky lands and capes besides mountains. The _Ceuta_ mountain of
+Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of them, also called _Abyla_ from the
+_Cabyles_ or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a tradition that men were
+created on that mountain. _Cauta_ although unexplained is identic with
+_Icota_ turtle, _Ca-uta_ land raised. _Caona_ means golden.
+
+The land _Caanau_ of Roman, _Caunana_ of Dangleria, has been mistaken for
+the land of _Canaan_ by some writers: others deem it Florida. Both are
+wrong. The Haytians did not come from North America; but may have sent
+colonies there. They came from the east, South America and Africa, or the
+Atlantis. The name means land of Noah? (_Caa-Nau_, _Cau-Nana_). _Caunia_
+was the ancient name of Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians were
+Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which expelled by the Leleges, settled the
+Grecian islands, and Lybia part of which was called _Caani_. The _Anakim_
+of Syria giants dwelt in _Ca-anak_. The _Khaoni_ were the ancestors of
+Epirians and Illyrians. _Cauni_ was a mauritanian tribe.
+
+_20th Event._ The sun and moon are two great Zemis called _Binthaitel_
+(sun divine) and his wife _Marohu_ (moon), come out of the cave
+_Iovana-boina_ (Jehovah-Solar), and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+
+This historical event must be distinguished from the 8th. This refers to
+the solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It must be noticed that similar
+places were often shown in Hayti, as the same names had been applied by
+the subsequent settlers, even when the event had happened elsewhere. In
+this case, these solar caves were temples in Hayti, where the figures of
+the sun and moon were worshipped, and prayed to for rain; but Herrera says
+they had their hands bound, which indicates a conquest. Pilgrims went to
+those caves, from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land of the king
+_Mauziation-El_ (Roman) or _Machiunech_ (Dangleria); but whether these
+were former dynasties and kings or late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+
+_21st Event._ _Maroco-El_ (lunar son) called _Machocha-El_ by Dangleria,
+held the sway over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, and kept them
+confined to the caves.
+
+This indicates a lunar dominion over mankind somewhere, and a state of
+confinement: Perhaps in South America; in Peru caves are also the first
+dwellings of mankind.
+
+_22d Event._ The men were divided into double tribes or two nations, the
+principal or largest and of best men was called _Cazibagiaga_--R.
+_Cazibaxagua_--D. (Royal Xagua) and the smaller _Amaianaba_--R.
+_Amayauna_--D. (Mayas?), ruled by Cazics for kings.
+
+We have here two nations well indicated. The first the _Giaga_ or
+_Shaguas_, indicate the Lunar tribe, the _Chia_ of the Muyzcas, and other
+South American tribes _Achaguas_ of Oronoc, the _Chaguays_ or _Changas_ of
+Peru, _Agaches_ or _Agaiz_ or Paraguay; but above all the _Cacha_ or
+_Xauxa_ antidiluvian people of Peru. While in the second we trace again
+the Amazons or Atlantes, one of their main African tribes being the
+_Amantes_ of Solin, another the _Baniabas_ of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In
+America the progeny is found in the _Mayas_ of Yucatan, the _Maynas_ of
+East Peru, the _Mamayant_ of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c.
+
+The important name of Cazic for kings begins to appear: it is evidently
+oriental, and its affinities will be shown in a note.(71) It is akin also
+to _Kachi_ sun, in the Eyeri dialect: the _Washil_ of the Nachez.
+
+_23d Event._ MACHOCHA-EL was set by the sun to watch the caves, and many
+inhabitants of the caves were killed by the sun, if they came out in the
+day time; they could only come out at night to seek for food. (Dangleria)
+
+This either alludes to the great heat of the sun in Africa and the
+tropics, or to a dependance of the Lunar or Cave men upon the Solar men.
+_Machocha_ has some affinities in the South American tribes; _Machicuys_
+of Tucumen, _Machacalis_ of Brazil, _Chaehas_ of Perou, _Chanchones_ of
+Quixos &c.
+
+_24th Event._ Some men having dared to come in the day time, were changed
+into stones by the sun; (_Ziba_ is stone): also _Machokael_ for allowing
+it.
+
+This fable may allude to a war, between the _Zibas_ stony or strong men
+and the solar tribes. These _Zibas_ were probably the _Zipas_ or princes
+of the Muyzcas. In Perou there is also a fable of men changed to stones at
+the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, which merely means a war and change of
+dominion. The name of _Ziba_ for stone is primitive.--See the Note for
+affinities.(72)
+
+_25th Event._ Another set of men, going to the shores to fish, were
+changed into _Joboses_ (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the sun.
+
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these fables: although the Mexicans
+called the Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The analogies of _Jobos_ or
+_Kobos_ are found in _Coyba_ of Darien, Cuba or _Coaiba_, the _Mocobis_ of
+Chaco &c. Another war is probably meant by this, and the _Jobos_ are a
+people. Have they any reference with the _Jubas_ of Mauritania? who formed
+a divine and royal dynasty there. _Juba_ was also the Jove or God of the
+Lybians. Several nations of Central and Mexican America had trees for
+emblems.
+
+_26th Event._ The dynasty of _Giona_ or _Hi-Auna_ begins to rule over the
+men of Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+
+This family of rulers or Cazics became famous afterwards as we shall see,
+as leaders of tribes to America. We can easily perceive here the ancient
+Pelagian tribes of _Ionia_ and _Aones_. _Hi-Auna_ means _the-Aones_. It
+was this dynasty or people that sent colonies to America: Oviedo says this
+happened in the time of Hesper 12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems the settlers Hesperians or
+Cantabrians. The root is ONA solar name of Lybians.
+
+_27th Event._ VAGONIANA a ruler of the _Hi-Auna_, went fishing from the
+cave, and became a bird or nightingale; who crossed the sea, and settled
+the island _Mathinino_ (Martinico) with a people of women. _Dangleria_.
+His wife in the sea gives him two sons which became jewels _Ziba_ and
+_Guanin_ marble and metal.
+
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. Whenever we meet tribes of
+birds, in ancient history, they always mean travellers and colonies, and
+often passage over the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. The first
+ships of the Scandinavians and Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange in the Haytian language
+as in Greek; _Va-gon-iana_, thus means _Father-Solar-Iana_. His people are
+called women, because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon tribe. Martinico
+was the first island settled by them: it bears the name of _Matinino_ in
+Roman, and was thus called yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons and
+jewels.(73)
+
+_28th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA king of Caziba, sent _Jadruvaba_ out of the
+caves, to collect the holy herb _Digo_ in order to purify and wash the
+body; but he was changed by the sun into a singing bird _Giahuba-Bogiael_
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+
+We have here a second voyage by sea in a bird, and a contention with a
+solar people, caused by a trading voyage to procure some American
+commodity: Indigo probably which is identic with _Digo_. _Jadru-vaba_ or
+the father of _Khadru_, must be a new colonist. _Khadru_ has hardly any
+analogies in America; but _Giahuba_ in which he was changed has some. It
+appears analagous with the _Yaoy_ and _Shebaoy_ two _Aruac_ tribes of
+Guyana, and thus _Khadru_ might be the _Aruac_ themselves; same nation
+with the Haytians once, as the languages prove; although extending to
+Tucuman and Patagonia. The name of _Aruac_ or _Aruagas_ was inexplicable:
+it may refer to this origin, or to the _Rocou_ the red paint used by them.
+But _Aruac_ may also mean _Aluac_; akin to the _Labuyu_ of the Caribs
+their vassals, and the _Aluez_ vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east; here reduced to servitude by foes?
+
+_29th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA irritated that Jadru-vaba does not return,
+leaves the cave of _Caziba_ in search of him, and went with men and women
+to the island Matinino, where the women were left, while the men went to
+the land of _Guanin_.
+
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic, unless that of _Vagoniana_ only
+mentioned by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but they are likely to be
+successive tribes of Ionas. That all the women should be left in Martinico
+is a fable, meaning that the weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the American continent, called
+_Guanin_, which has several meanings, land of Guanas or lizard men, or
+land of metals. It became afterwards the name of a peculiar metal formed
+by the natural or artificial amalgam of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8
+copper: and a tribe assumed the name. _Guana_ or _Guanos_ was the name of
+a large nation of South America; perhaps come from the _Guans_ of the
+Canary islands; but slightly related to the Aruacs by the languages: yet
+perhaps akin: it was spread east of the Andes, between the two
+tropics.(74)
+
+_30th Event._ The children were left behind, because afraid to cross, and
+were crying after their mothers; but became changed into _Tona_ or
+opossums. Garcia says into _Toa_ or frogs.
+
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the small islands, nor in Africa. But
+they are plenty in South America, where the notion must have sprung. This
+fable and metamorphosis may imply a hidden meaning. The opossums are the
+only animals bearing their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. Could not
+this indicate other ships without sails, and thus no longer birds with
+wings?
+
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the root of _Nei-ton_ the Lybian
+neptunes or navigators. The twin TUN are the holy ancestors of the
+Chilians, _Tona-ca_ (flesh our) is the ancestor or Adam of some Mexican
+nations. The frogs were the emblem of the Muyzcas!
+
+_31st Event._ GUABONITO a woman follows _Guaga-Giona_ to the bigland of
+_Guanin_ by swimming. He is well pleased with it, and calls her his own
+_Biberozi_ (wife-loving): but as she was diseased he puts her apart in a
+_Guanara_, where she heals, and he makes her queen.
+
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of the woman is stated to be the
+syphilis! _Guabo-n'ito_ means fruit or Guava pear of man! The allegory
+implies another colony following _Guaga_, not by swimming; but with
+paddles or on rafts; probably a part of the lesser tribe of _Amaiuna_ or
+Amazons, so often called women in antiquity; although a powerful African
+people. All the women left in the islands might be of such a tribe, and
+since become the Mayas of Yucatan, Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+
+_32d Event._ ANACACUGIA (flower of Cacao) brother of this wife or ally of
+_Guaga_, runs away from him on the back of a manati or seal, and goes back
+to the women of Matinino.
+
+This implies a separation of tribes, one returning to the islands, where
+they probably formed the Cairi nation. The seal used for boats, is a third
+fable, found in Greece; boats are thus compared to birds, opossums and
+seals. Many American languages animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a _Manati_, or sea cow; real seals not being found in the Antilles.
+If the name was _Manati_, it has affinities with the _Ama-yuna_ or
+_Ama-Zons_ tribe. _Ma-ti-ni-no_ is in Haytian _great-mount-the-good_,
+while _Mana-ti_ is _moving mountain_. Has not _Anacacu_ a reference to the
+_Anakim_ of Asia, the _Cacus_ of Europe, and the _Tam-anacu_ of South
+America?
+
+_33d Event._ HI-AUNA father of _Guago-giona_ comes with his son to the
+land of Guanin, and being the grandfather of all the tribes, they receive
+the names of _Hi-auna_; which is afterwards changed to children of Guanin.
+_Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin_ (the-plural such-children such-Nin), and lastly the
+whole united nation is called _Guanini_.
+
+The Aones came then also to America, and there was a confederacy of the
+tribes. _Gua-gu_, _Gua-go_ and _Gua-ga_, may be 3 spellings of a same
+name; but they might also be three successive and distinct tribes of
+_Giona_. _Gua-bonito_ in one instance is made another lord or tribe,
+instead of a wife of _Guago_.
+
+_34th Event._ ALBEBORA and his son _Al-bebora-El_, were also Guanini lords
+or Cazics, who came with the _Giona_ tribe. This indicates again another
+nation. The name is remarkable, because it resembles _Albion_ and _Bora_,
+two primitive nations of the north, which settled England and the boreal
+regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the _Aboras_ and _Aboris_ of ancient Italy, the
+mountaineers since called _Abori-genes_ by the Greeks.
+
+_35th Event._ Another Guaga-giona II. or _Guaba-giona_ is mentioned
+afterwards, whose son became the _Guanini_ tribe.
+
+_Guaba_ means both _the father_ and _the Guava pear_. The succession of
+these _Gionas_ is very obscure; but many are probably omitted, and the
+whole poetical records allude to the most famous of the dynasty or nation.
+Guanini implies the Golden tribe.
+
+_36th Event._ The settlement of the Guaninis in Hayti was from Matinino
+and the east; being exiled from Matinino, they are led by _Camo_ who
+begins the kingdom of _Cabonao_ in Hayti; they settle on the river
+_Bahaboni_, where they built their houses, and afterwards the great temple
+of _Camotzia_. They gave to the island the name of _Quisqueia_ or great
+universe; but afterwards _Hayti_, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+
+This important event is best given with those details by Dangleria: while
+Roman appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. Yet _Quisqueia_ was
+more probably the first name given to South America, rather than to Hayti:
+another name for which was _Bohio_ or habitations. _Camo_ or _Guamo_ means
+lord or master, _Tzia_ is temple. The exile of the Guaninis from the
+islands, must allude to another revolution and perhaps invasion. This
+_Camo_, was probably the same as the _Cami_ or _Coma_ of Cuba in later
+time, _Comayagua_ of Honduras; which assimilate the first civilized
+Haytians with the tribes of Central America. It might have happened that
+these _Camos_ were _Mayas_ and the ancestors of the _Mayo-riexes_. The
+history of the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, will be connected
+with these annals hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+
+_37th Event._ Other exiles of Matinino settle at the island _Cabini_ now
+Turtle island; and near it on the north shore of Hayti, from whence they
+spread through the island, which is called _Bouhi_ or _Bohio_, meaning
+full of towns.
+
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House and town or habitation, are
+synonymous in Haytian.
+
+_38th Event._ They found some _Caracoles_ or _Taracolas_, crabs! or
+beastly men, dwelling in the island. The _Guaninis_ wanting women, took
+some Caracols beasts for wives, and made them suitable women, by washing
+them, and giving them to eat the fruit _Inriri Cahuvial_. This was done by
+a _Vagoniana_ II. These Caracols had then survived the flood or come
+before the Guaninis, the name of the fruit that made them women, if
+explained, might elucidate this event; but the signification was not
+given; another version will suggest other important analogies.(75)
+
+_39th Event._ These Caracols deprived of their women, took other female
+beasts for wives (another tribe) and from this union most of the Haytians
+descended, becoming _Anaborias_ or vassals of the Guaninis.
+
+_Anaboria_ means flower or lizard of labor! these might be descended from
+_Albebora_. This name for bondsmen, boors or laborers, was widely spread
+in America, and has affinities all over the world, even with the Latin
+labor.(76)
+
+_40th Event._ These first inhabitants of Hayti, fed on dates, bananas,
+cocos, fruits, nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: until taught
+the use of Cazabi or bread by _Boition_, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c.
+
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural indicating the tropical food of
+old times.
+
+_41st Event._ _Michetauri Guauana_, was the leader of the first colony to
+_Coaibai_ (death house) in the land of _Soraia_ (setting sun), and became
+the king of it. There the people are called _Goeiz_ (phantoms or ghosts)
+and go about by night; but are not dead people whose name is _Opia_.
+
+_Coaibai_ is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, or both. It became the
+paradise of the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further west, and a place of
+delight. The names and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate to those
+of the Greeks &c. about the fortunate islands of the west: those of the
+Orientals and Hebrews about the island _Elisha_, and the _Sheol_ or place
+of souls, the Hebrew Plutonic region. _Soraya_ for setting sun, is identic
+with _Surya_ of the Hindus: whence came _Syria_ the west, and even our
+word _sorrow_; while _Sol_ comes from Sheol. _Azil_ sun in Pelasgian, is
+akin to _Elisha_ whence our word Azylum! _Goeiz_ is akin to ghost, _Ghaib_
+in Syrian, _Coyocop_ of the Nachez, _Goz_ of the Vilelas. _Opi_ has
+affinities every where. _Michetauri_ is perhaps a synonym of _Machi-tuyra_
+great devil, _Guauana_ is such-Auna. Perhaps this fable alludes to an
+anterior event and the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.(77)
+
+_42d Event._ AUMATEX a great Cazic marries the female Zemi _Guabanzex_,
+goddess of waters and wind, and she has two sons _Guatauva_ and
+_Pregonero_, who become male Zemis.
+
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs to this time or to the
+cosmogony. I presume it is historical, alluding to new tribes, and perhaps
+foreign to Hayti. The names are difficult to explain, nor is it stated
+what these sons performed; but being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They are perhaps the ancestors of the
+Guataios and the Puruays?(78)
+
+_43d Event._ COROCORO the quadruped Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, _Guamorete_ and _Guatabanex_, who rule in Hayti.
+His temple was in _Sacaba_, and his high-priest was called
+_Cavava-Niovava_. Cave father and our father.
+
+This alludes to different tribes than the Guaninis: _Coro_ was a tribe in
+Cumana. Perhaps this is another version of the 10th Event, or a proper
+indication of the subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, when more
+civilized, and become the Mayorex.
+
+_44th Event._ Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. of the first _Bohito_ (old man),
+a priest and legislator, called _Boition_ by Dangleria, meaning both
+_Priest-solar_ and Old _Ion_: he introduces agriculture and the use of
+bread, divides the nation into 3 castes, _Tainos_, or nobles, _Bohitos_ or
+priests, _Anaborias_ or vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters and
+fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles the religion; establishing mysteries
+and oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many other institutions, holydays,
+festivals, religious dances, schools &c., declaring the land common to
+all, like the sun and water.
+
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized
+the people; but it is difficult to distinguish the deeds of each. They
+were probably priests leading more civilized colonies from the east or
+from America. Their name which is variously spelt or varies in dialects
+was also _Buhuti_, _Boitio_, _Bauti_, _Buhui_, _Boyeto_ &c., is akin to
+the _Boyez_, _Poyes_, _Piazes_, _Payes_ of South America, used by the
+Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, _Piaches_ of Tamanacs, _Bauti_ of
+Dabaiba, _Papas_ of Central America, _Bochica_ of Muyzcas; but the names
+of priests all over ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies(79)--and therefore they came from the east. The civilization and
+religion introduced or improved by them is also oriental; it was more
+advanced than we are aware; since they had ample fields and orchards,
+roads and canals, schools in which they taught history, religion, medicine
+and useful arts. Of their astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor of
+their hieroglyphs.
+
+_45th Event._ Bohito II. or _Buhui-tihu_ (old eminent) comes and improves
+still further the rites &c., becoming high-priest. He introduces
+medicines, charms, the use of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy herbs _Gueyo_ and _Zochen &c._
+
+This is all what can be collected on this second law-giver, and he is even
+blended with the next, except by name.
+
+_46th Event._ Bohito III. or _Baio-habao_ (sea-lyre) comes next,
+introducing music, sacred instruments called after him, and probably the
+rites of the triple named god of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: _Bugia_,
+_Aiba_ and _Bradama_: who became the Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+
+This god with three names is evidently Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India:
+found in Yucatan as _Izona_, _Echuah_ and _Bacab_. See my dissertation in
+Atlantic Journal, on similar names of triple God all over America and the
+east. It does not follow that this worship came direct from India; but it
+might come through the Pelagians, who had it as _Bram_, _Amen_ and _Vix_,
+inverted among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same about a god creator
+preserver and destroyer was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, Egypt,
+Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+
+_47th Event._ Happy state of this civilized people, hardly knowing war,
+passing the time in festivals, dancing, singing and making love: whence
+called the Fortunate islands, by the navigators that happened to go so
+far. They dwelt in wooden houses and had towns of 1000 houses.--Herrera.
+
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic sources of ancient history,
+and the ancient traditions of Europe about the happy land of the west,
+Elisha or Elysium, Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: besides the
+happy state in which Hayti was found.--See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America, and the great Atlantis: the most
+explicit is found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+
+_48th Event._ The Phenicians driven by a storm, while going from Gades to
+Africa, discover the large island ATLANTIS, many days in the ocean west of
+Lybia. It was very fruitful, with mountains, large plains and navigable
+rivers; with many woods and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful; it is a residence fit for gods:
+the inhabitants are a strong and healthful people; they have many towns,
+with stately buildings, houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.--Diod.
+Book V.
+
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered so far as to deem this island
+Madeira or the Canaries; which are small islands, without streams, and the
+first without inhabitants. It can only apply to Hayti, or even the
+continent of South America.
+
+_49th Event._ _A black people_ came to Hayti from the south or south-east,
+who had darts of Guanin metal, and were called the Black Guaninis.
+
+This tradition preserved by Herrera, Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a
+colony of _Negroes_ or men painting black, from South America. They might
+be the black Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, or some other
+American Negro nation, of which there are many.--See my account of ancient
+Black Nations of America. Dangleria mentions two wild tribes of savages in
+Hayti towards 1500, one speechless! (which means they spoke a different
+language) probably a remain of the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana of Guacarima.
+
+_50th Event._ Navigations of the Haytians and Cubans, settlements of the
+Lucayas islands, Jamaica, and probably some parts of Florida: mutual trade
+with Cuba and the continent.
+
+These colonial and trading voyages must have begun long before and have
+been continual. Columbus met individuals in Cuba who had visited Hayti,
+Jamaica and Yamaya, the Maya land or Yucatan. _Yucayas_ or Lucayans knew
+Cuba, Hayti and Florida, which was called _Cautio_ says Fulgar, quoted by
+Cardenas, who deems the Antilles peopled from hence, blending it with
+_Cauta_ the original seat of the Haytians. South America was once called
+_Guanin_, afterwards _Caribana_ when it was overspread by the Carib
+tribes. The Nachez appear to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas knew Hayti
+and called it _Atsi_.
+
+_51st Event._ The _Canibas_ (whence our Canibals) or the _Caribas_,
+(whence our Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding on human flesh,
+begin to spread to Guyana and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and colonies to the peaceful islands of the
+Antilles, and even to Florida.
+
+The Caribas evidently descended from the Galibis, and other akin nations
+of South America, did not originate in North America, as supposed by
+Bridgstock and a few others. Laborde who spent 20 years with them, and
+knew well their language, has published some of their traditions in 1704.
+_Lon-quo_ was their original god, who made _Racumon_ their chief or leader
+to America, who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, Cabatos-trees and
+birds. The true name of the nation was _Cali_, those of the main were
+_Cali-nago_ or _Calibis_, of the islands _Cali-ponam_. Rochefort &c.--See
+my Carib Traditions.
+
+_52d Event._ The Calibis of Guyana after long wars with _Alouague_ the
+kings of the _Aruacas_, send the general _Timani_ to conquer the Aruacas
+Islanders, _Cahiris_, _Eyeris_ &c. who leads the tribe of _Labouyous_
+(vassals) and conquer several islands, killing the men and keeping the
+women.--Rochefort &c.
+
+The period of this invasion is unknown; those who bring the Caribs from
+North America, make it much later of course; but it is likely to be an old
+event: although several invasions are probably meant and blended. The
+_Timanis_ and _Labouyous_ must have effected this. They adopted many
+customs and partly the religion of the conquered women. The following
+tradition belongs probably to the conquered Eyeris.
+
+_53d Event._ Once when living wretched and on the spontaneous fruits of
+the earth, _Oubek-Eyeri_ (heaven man) a holy man drest all in white
+cotton, comes from heaven (_Oubek_ above). He first appears to a desolate
+old man _Boyez_, and teach him to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &c.
+
+This must have been a priest or bohito of Hayti, who tried to civilize the
+Caribs: unless it refers to anterior traditions. He taught religion also,
+that good men would go after death to the happy islands of the west, and
+become _Chemin_ or _Icheiri_ Zemis; while bad men should become _Oumekoua_
+wanderers at sea, and _Mabouyas_ devils.
+
+_54th Event._ The Caribas in search of these fortunate islands go to Hayti
+and Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, where they extended
+inland, becoming the tribes of _Cofachi_, _Matica_ and _Amana_. They dwell
+there a long while often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer them and
+incorporate at last.
+
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars with the Apalachis; the details
+belong to the history of North America and the nations of Florida.
+
+_55th Event._ Some expelled Caribs hearing by traders of Zigateo, steal
+some canos and run away to this island, one of the Lucayas; well received;
+but sent to Ayay (Santa Cruz) desert island, where they settle and
+increase. This happened towards 1150 of our era.
+
+This positive fact begins the certain chronology of the Antilles; but
+Brigstock is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, the ancestors of all
+the Carib and Galibis tribes as far as Brazil.
+
+_56th Event._ Civil wars in Hayti, attempt of some kings to become
+independent from the _Bohitos_ government. The Cazic _Guamaretus_ despise
+his god or Zemi _Corochotum_, for which he is overcome in battle and his
+palace burnt. Dangleria.
+
+This indicates probably a revolution, and attempt to overthrow the ancient
+religion, perhaps before 1150.
+
+_57th Event._ CAZI-BAQUEL restores peace, and the worship of the great God
+_Jocavaghama_, with the Zemi _Tarugavael_ found in the woods. Meantime the
+god JOCAVA prophecies by an oracle that the _Maguacochios_ (great people
+clothed) would come, with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave the
+rebellious Haytians. This was understood to apply to the Caribs, and
+Spaniards afterwards.(80)
+
+_58th Event._ This great king BAQUEL, begins a dynasty, and has many
+successors _Gamanacoel_, _Guarionel_, _Guayaronel_, _Guavanenechin_,
+_Guavavo-conel_, _Caramarex_, _Guaramatex &c._, who are the chief kings of
+Hayti. _Guarionex_ was his successor when the Spaniards came.
+
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been kings or cazics from time immemorial
+in the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, 180 miles long and 30 broad,
+running from east to west; having from east to west the provinces
+Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs through
+it, which is probably the same as Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of the feodal system of Cazics and
+Tainos established in Hayti. All the other kings bearing them allegiance:
+and their dialect was the court language.
+
+_59th Event._ The island becomes divided into 5 principal kingdoms, with
+many provinces each having a Cazic. They were 1. _Caizimu_ in the east
+with 11 provinces, Higuey was the first of them, 2. _Bainoa_ in the
+centre, the largest of all, belonging to the _Baquel_ dynasty, with 24
+provinces, Maguana being the first of them, 3. _Guacarima_, the west end,
+with 12 provinces, Xaragua being the main, 4. _Hubaba_, a small kingdom
+with 3 provinces in the south mountains, 5. _Cotoy_ or _Cayabo_ in the
+mountains of the north, held by the _Mayoriex_ people, with 7 provinces,
+and the mountains Zibao.
+
+Dangleria gives the names of all these provinces, but he has omitted the
+kingdom of _Marien_ in the north-west, he makes it only a province of
+Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix and Munoz have given maps of old Hayti, with the
+situations of many, the rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; see
+my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+
+_60th Event._ Meantime Cuba was also divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. _Mayzi_
+or _Maiti_ opposite Hayti, 2. _Bayamo_ west of it, 3. _Cueyba_ in the
+centre, whence the name of _Cuba_, probably the head kingdom, 4.
+_Camayegua_ or _Camaguey_ inhabited by a different people, famous tribe,
+probably _Comayaguas_ of Honduras, or Olmecas, 5. _Xagua_ near the middle,
+6. _Macaca_ in the south opposite Jamaica, 7. _Haniguanica_ at the west
+end where are the high mountains _Uhima_.
+
+_61st Event._ The island of Jamaica was divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen
+also Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, formed one, but had 26
+Cazics in as many valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo being desert. The
+_Yucayas_ (white islands) now Bahama, were numberless, the largest being
+Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, Abaco
+&c. The Cazics were much respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor was in common and the daily food
+given from the public stores. Some islands were at war; but only used
+sticks in their quarrels. Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, the
+great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+
+_62d Event._ The Caribas of Ayay having multiplied, spread again over the
+eastern islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; but meeting their ancient
+tribes in _Curucueria_ now Guadeloupe: it becomes their chief island:
+whence they send war parties to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; and
+occupy _Galana_ now Marigalante, _Matinino_ or _Madinino_ now Martinique,
+_Liamaca_ now Antigua, _Liamuiga_ St. Christopher, _Bayaraco_ St. Vincent,
+_Bequia_ Grenada &c. called collectively _Caliaqua_ the islands of the
+Calibis.
+
+_63d Event._ They molest the shores of Boriquen, where they are always
+repulsed, but often steal men and children to eat them.
+
+_64th Event._ They assail the shores of Hayti, where they are much feared;
+signals by smoke are made when they appear. In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern
+regions of the island, the Haytians become warlike to defend themselves,
+and use poisoned arrows as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used only
+darts, lances and macanas, peculiar wooden swords.
+
+_65th Event._ The Caribs went as far as the shores of Cuba, and desolated
+the south shores: the Cubans removing their towns inland. They were called
+Canibas and Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement at Baracoa to the
+south-east.
+
+_66th Event._ They were repulsed in their attempt against the warlike
+Jamaicans who used arrows; they do not appear to have molested the
+Yucayans, owing to their former alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+
+These events are chiefly collected from Columbus' own account, and
+personal narratives of his travels, with other retrospective hints by the
+Spanish writers. They will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+
+_67th Event._ The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at
+least two millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in Cuba; 100,000 in
+Boriquen; 60,000 in Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides the unknown
+Carib population.
+
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish arrival: others have swelled
+it to 6 millions, including all the West Indies. Las-Casas states that the
+Lucayas had 500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+
+_68th Event._ The domestic animals of these islands, were among beasts,
+Alco dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari hogs and manatis: turtles
+and guanas among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, fowls, ducks and
+red cranes among birds: remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos or fire
+flies used for lamps among insects.
+
+Such were found either in one or all the islands; which were not therefore
+destitute of domestic animals, as commonly believed. Columbus found tame
+fowls at Cuba in 1492; which were probably the Powis fowls.
+
+_69th Event._ Beroica was king of Jamaica (about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica and _Abem-beroica_, meaning
+Beroica II., Beroica III.
+
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the
+east, and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+
+_70th Event._ The island Puta or Cahiri now Trinidad at the furthest east
+end of the Antilles was still inhabited by several Aruac tribes, Cahiris,
+Yaoy &c. which resisted the inroads of their constant foes the Galibis and
+Caribas.
+
+_71st Event._ Between 1450 and 1480 Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+
+_72d Event._ Cayacoa was king of Caizimu and Higuey in the east from about
+1460 to 1494 when he died.
+
+_73d Event._ About 1470 some Caribs settle in Samana, the east peninsula
+of Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo and Manicatex, form themselves
+a small kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, Mayo-banex their king
+admits them as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, Dahabon, Zibaho and
+Manababo. He was so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana the Venus
+of Hayti, sister of the king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon after.(81)
+
+_74th Event._ About 1475, Behechio is king of Guacarima in the west, till
+1500. His capital was Xaragua. He became a conqueror of several provinces,
+as far as Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal Cazics, and 30 wives,
+his favorite queen was Guanahata.
+
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, and says that as usual with
+great kings, he received many titles, being called Shining Copper, Bright
+Highness, and Rich Flood. These titles were really
+
+_Tureigua hobin_, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.
+_Siarei-huibo_, Star-bright Highness.
+_Duyh-zinequen_, Wealthy in Streams.
+
+_75th Event._ In 1480 Guarionex succeeds Guaramatex as the greatest king
+of Hayti.
+
+_76th Event._ In 1486 the Cubans send a colony to Florida, in search of a
+river and spring restoring to youth; they visit the _Pola_ islands, now
+Martyrs or Florida keys, the _Colas_ nation of South Florida, and settle
+the town of Abaiba near the cape of Florida.--Herrera.(82)
+
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge of Florida. The _Colas_ are
+perhaps descendants of the ancient Cara-_Cols_ of Hayti: they dwelt in
+Florida till 1760, when they removed to Cuba.
+
+_77th Event._ In 1490 and previous to it, war in Cuba between the kingdom
+of Cuba or Colba, and Cavilla king of the _Cami_ nation, in the country of
+Bafan, whose capital was Fava.--_Columbus' Narrative._
+
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492. The _Cami_ are the same as the
+Cama-yegua, the foreign people of Cuba.(83)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+    THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the
+    dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,
+    Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._
+
+
+At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of
+this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical
+traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish
+discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves
+were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we
+have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation
+has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+
+However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies
+have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some
+of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the
+quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia,
+Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but
+three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and
+unavailable.
+
+I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and
+thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample
+enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the
+Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to
+Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight
+dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+
+But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South
+America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the
+many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or
+relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or
+_Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and
+these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught
+it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the
+women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will
+enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet
+in America, with a peculiar female idiom.
+
+The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had
+gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas,
+will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many
+homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.
+
+From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had
+received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya
+and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The
+same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in
+Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian
+and Gothic tribes.
+
+The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by
+me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one
+American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real
+origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American
+language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words
+than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American
+languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false
+views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.
+
+But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important
+and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the
+languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each
+other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may
+indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also
+similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of
+American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a
+language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never
+ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.
+
+This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid
+philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated
+hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.
+
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.
+
+1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable
+words 4 alike in Haytian--Boat, house, no, drink--Mutual affinity only 21
+per cent. No parentage.
+
+2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with
+Haytian--Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+
+3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32
+comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant
+connection.
+
+4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words
+comparable, 6 akin,--one, water, man, king, mother, river--Mutual analogies
+50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less
+remote.
+
+5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in
+all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer
+more or less analogies!--Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near
+connection.
+
+_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of
+languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic
+L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese,
+Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.
+
+In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the
+_Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to
+the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet
+they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American
+settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the
+vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the
+_Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with
+the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_,
+_Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_,
+_Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.
+
+Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of
+South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were
+much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.
+
+The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other
+American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above
+all the connection with the American Pelagians.
+
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting
+language, and first its phonology.
+
+It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks
+the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards,
+and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt
+whether it had the Celtic and French u (unless it be y) Hebrew and English
+SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.--It
+had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the
+Spanish LL, GN or N, and TZ.
+
+It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing
+to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.--It had no nasal sounds as in
+Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI
+&c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft,
+pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the
+accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.
+
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is
+quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord's Prayer_ in it, so
+as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of
+Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of
+it.
+
+One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a
+peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It
+was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_,
+_those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative
+_The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely
+various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N', ZI, LI
+&c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been
+comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The
+relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.
+
+Examples of Articles.
+
+_Gua-yava_ This pear.
+_Gua-ma_ This great, or lord.
+_Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers.
+_Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such.
+_Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean.
+_I-Guana_ The guana or lizard.
+_Ni-taino_ The good or noble.
+_Mi-taino_ My noble lord.
+_Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect.
+_Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children.
+_Ziba o_ Stone like, stony.
+_A-na_ Of bloom, a flower.
+_A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal.
+_A-maca_ Of wood, a bed.
+_A-ma_ Of great, water.
+_A-reiti_ Of rite, song.
+
+These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not
+perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan,
+and Greek, than the Latin.
+
+The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.--_Taino_,
+_Taina_, Lord, Lady--_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been
+irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N,
+U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.
+
+Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the
+Oriental language.--_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_
+habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake,
+_Xauxau_ bread or large cake.
+
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but
+there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_,
+_hitos_ man, men.
+
+EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.
+
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men;
+_Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.
+
+The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two
+forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the
+regular as in Latin.
+
+Examples of regular position.
+
+_Hay-ti_ Land-high.
+_Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold.
+_Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.
+
+Examples of inverse positions.
+
+_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest.
+_Jaya-el_ Earth-son.
+_N'abor-itas_ The working men.
+
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O
+added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.
+
+_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.
+
+_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.
+
+The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very
+old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.
+
+Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.
+
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+
+MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?
+
+TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.
+
+LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
+
+NI, N' Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.
+
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions
+alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive.
+They were often dispensed with as in Italian.
+
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to
+be_, it was quite irregular as with us.
+
+_Ei_ To be--_Tei_ be thou--_Bei_ being.
+_Beira_ a being--_Dacha_ I am.
+_El_ he is--_Zi_ it is, this is.
+
+In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar
+to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.
+
+This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is,
+may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.
+
+We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is
+_Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n'importe_, in Italian _non
+curo_.
+
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I
+have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.
+
+1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian.
+_tocheta_ much. _molto._
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._
+
+2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It.
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_macabuca_ not care. _non curo._
+
+3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It.
+_Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._
+_dacha_ I am. _Sono._
+
+This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many
+transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean
+
+1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.
+2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.
+3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.
+
+The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only
+collect the following secondary numbers--_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_
+third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration:
+although the language had probably the decimals.
+
+By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be
+thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in
+American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long
+words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian
+thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the
+primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic
+import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and
+relative position.
+
+By these means the following essential roots of the language have been
+collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American
+languages.
+
+Examples of composition.
+
+_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life.
+_Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent.
+_Turei_ Heaven. _T'ur-ei_ Thou-light-be.
+_Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now)
+_Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent.
+_Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active.
+_Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.
+
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.
+
+A, Of, as, like.
+AC, Holy, sacred, religious.
+AM, Water, root, plenty.
+AN, Male thing, man, people, folk.
+AT, One, alone, first, unic.
+BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling.
+BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea.
+BAN, Wind, air.
+BAO, Music, lyre, instrument.
+BAT, Beating, game, play, ball.
+BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next.
+BI, Life, wife, mother.
+BOA, Habitation, house.
+BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service.
+CA, Land, soil, earth, dry.
+CAN, Fish, swift, bad.
+CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.
+CHON, Hot, dry, fever.
+CHUC, Take, grasp, hold.
+CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.
+COAI, Joy, delight, happiness.
+CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.
+CUS, Worm, creeping.
+DI, Day, now, actual.
+DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.
+EI, Existence, to be.
+EL, Son, tribe, child, he is.
+FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.
+GIA, Fowl, bird, flying.
+GUA, Such, this, that, these, those.
+GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed.
+HA, Yes, sure, certain.
+HI, The, indication, here.
+HIO, House, hut, cottage.
+HUIB, Head.
+I, The, sign of life and action.
+IO, God, the living-type.
+IT, Man, male.
+IN, Woman, female.
+IZ, Eyes, looks.
+L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.
+MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.
+MAS, Food, to eat &c.
+MI, M', Me, my, mine.
+NA, Thing, bloom, lizard.
+NI, N', The thing, my thing.
+NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble.
+O, Like, similar, akin.
+OB, Copper, yellow.
+OP, Dead.
+PU, Wood, purple.
+RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring.
+RIS, Red.
+RO, Love, belove.
+RI, Male, people, men.
+SOR, West, Eve, late, far.
+TOA, Breast, milk.
+TI, High, lofty, eminent.
+TAB, Tube, pipe.
+TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good.
+TOC, Rest, peace, quiet.
+UA, Old, ancient.
+UR, Light.
+UT, Rabbits.
+VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin.
+VAR, War, warrior.
+XAU, Cake, baked, bread.
+XI, Strong, pungent, pepper.
+YAR, End, tail, vent.
+YU, White, bright.
+ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty.
+ZEM, Angels, deities, idols.
+ZIB, Stone, rock.
+ZIC, King, ruler.
+
+Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a
+western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic
+_Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the
+Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.
+
+The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not
+been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors
+of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this
+nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such
+remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall
+disclose.
+
+Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly
+comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer
+comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the
+Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of
+them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe,
+keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany,
+patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared,
+since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have
+besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey,
+tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.
+
+Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages
+often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find
+analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati
+&c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.--Even the words manati,
+hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+
+_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._
+
+_Authorities_,--R. Roman--C. Columbus--D. Dangleria,--Ac. Acosta,--Her.
+Herrera,--M. Munoz,--L. Las-Casas,--O. Oviedo,--G. Garcia or Gili,--E.
+Edwards,--H. Humboldt,--V. Vater,--A. all or nearly all of
+them,--Laet,--Diaz,--St. Mery,--Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+
+All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.
+
+
+    Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_
+    Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.--_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.
+
+
+Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.
+
+Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.--
+
+
+    _Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_
+    Egyptian Dialects.--_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_
+    Linapi.
+
+
+Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA,
+_Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._--
+
+
+    _Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_
+    Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.
+
+
+Angry ZYNATO D.--
+
+
+    _Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_
+    Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.
+
+
+Am, I am DACHA D.--
+
+
+    _Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.--_Naca_ Maipuri,
+    _Ehaca_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.--_Nux_ Latin.
+
+Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.--_Agave_ Greek.
+
+Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.
+
+Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.
+
+Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.
+
+Apart, aside, the side NARA R.--_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.
+
+Armadillo ATATU E.
+
+Army GUARAVARA G., see War.
+
+Air, see Wind.
+
+Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.
+
+Breast and milk TOA R--primitive word found in all languages,--
+
+
+    _Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_
+    (milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.
+
+
+Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.--
+
+
+    Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_
+    Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan,
+    _Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_
+    Greek &c.--_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado,
+    _Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.
+
+
+Be, to be, TEI, EI D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan,
+    _Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt
+    &c.--_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.
+
+
+Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.--primitive, same roots,
+
+Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._--
+
+
+    Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset,
+    _Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_,
+    _Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_
+    Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic,
+    _Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic
+    &c.--_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_
+    Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.
+
+
+Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.--
+
+
+    Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_
+    Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_
+    Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_
+    Pelagic &c.--_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.
+
+
+Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.--
+
+
+    _Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_
+    Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt--_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi,
+    _Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.
+
+
+Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.--_Cyanus_ Greek,
+_Chuanta_ Abask.
+
+Beer, CHICHA A.--
+
+
+    _Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask,
+    _Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine)
+    Aramic--_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi,
+    _Huicu_ Galibis &c.
+
+
+Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.--
+
+
+    _Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and
+    Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian,
+    _Amuri_ Sicilian.
+
+
+Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.--
+
+
+    _Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_
+    old English--_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.
+
+
+Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.--
+
+
+    _Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_
+    Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese,
+    _Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.
+
+
+Basket, HAVA G.--Primitive, see Cave.
+
+Bright, TUREIGNA D.--see Light.
+
+Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.
+
+Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.--_Paquiano_ Sicily.
+
+Brother, GUATIAO Her.--_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.
+
+Blood, MOINALU Ey.--
+
+
+    _Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_
+    Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_
+    Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.
+
+
+Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.--
+
+
+    _Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_
+    Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_
+    Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_
+    African Atlantic--_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru,
+    _Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.
+
+
+Cold, YMIZUI R.--_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.
+
+Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.--
+
+
+    _Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old
+    Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and
+    Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton
+    ... Primitive.
+
+
+Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.--_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit
+language,
+
+_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.
+
+Cloth, see dress.
+
+Club, see sword.
+
+Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.--_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek,
+_Cupreus_ Latin.
+
+Careless, I don't care, MACABUCA D.--_Bucanaco_ Congo.
+
+Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.--_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_
+Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.
+
+Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.--Primitive, analogies already given
+in annals.
+
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.
+
+Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.
+
+Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.
+
+Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.
+
+Cedar, CAUVANA G.
+
+Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.
+
+Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.--Primitive, same name in Maya,
+Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.
+
+Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.
+
+Cane, YARUMA, Her.
+
+Crabs, _Taracolas_.--_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.
+
+Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.--
+
+
+    _Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_
+    Slavonian--_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.
+
+
+Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G.,
+_Batocos_ G.--
+
+
+    _Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_,
+    _Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_
+    (song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay--_Yaravis_
+    Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.
+
+
+Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)--
+
+
+    _Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of
+    Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_
+    Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish,
+    _Cho_ Siam--_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule,
+    _Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Day, DI--Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.
+
+Daughter, RAHEN Ey.--
+
+
+    _Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic--_Ninah_
+    Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.
+
+
+Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.--
+
+
+    _Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin,
+    _Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans--_Pitini_,
+    _Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_
+    Ottawa.
+
+
+Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.
+
+Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.
+
+Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c.
+A.--Primitive, see Annals.
+
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.--
+
+
+    _Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka,
+    _Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_
+    Nepal--_Micuni_ Peruvian.
+
+
+End, tail, YARIMA D.--
+
+
+    _Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan,
+    _Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic--_Yara_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.--_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.
+
+Eyes, IZI, O.--Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_
+English, _Iz_ Oriental language--_Cosi_ Cahiri.
+
+Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.--
+
+
+    _Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar,
+    Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin,
+    _Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish--_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas,
+    _Tzallan_ Huasteca.
+
+
+Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.--_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic
+Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.
+
+Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.--_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_
+Pelagic.
+
+Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.
+
+Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.--Primitive, found in 500
+languages.--
+
+
+    _Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_
+    Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac
+    and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_
+    Jolof.--_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui,
+    _Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_
+    Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri,
+    _Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+
+
+Frolic, Intoxication.--_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.
+
+Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.--
+
+
+    _Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua
+    and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva,
+    _Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,--_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora,
+    _Makach_ Nachez.
+
+
+Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.--
+
+
+    _Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_
+    Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_
+    Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.--_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_
+    Lule, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili,
+    _Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.
+
+
+Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in
+Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.
+
+Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_
+    Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian,
+    _Nemico_ Italian.
+
+
+Flower, Blossom, ANA A.--
+
+
+    _Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_
+    Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.
+
+
+Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.--Derived from Flower.
+
+Fruitful Co.--_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.
+
+Fever, see heat.
+
+Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.
+
+God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the
+Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words:
+additional analogies.--
+
+
+    _Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_
+    Latin,--_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of
+    Basks--_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu,
+    _Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_
+    Guanch, &c.--_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_
+    Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages,
+    _Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.
+
+
+Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.--Primitive, akin to all old
+Languages,
+
+
+    --_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit
+    Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali,
+    _Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish,
+    _Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_
+    Japan.--_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_
+    Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.
+
+
+Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.--
+
+
+    _Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,--_Veragua_ Chontal.
+
+
+Gold. CAONA, CAUNI--
+
+
+    _Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding,
+    _Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.
+
+
+Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.--
+
+
+    _Odebo_ Greek, _Amoular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr,
+    _Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,--_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_
+    Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.
+
+
+Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.--
+
+
+    _Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.
+
+
+Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--
+
+
+    _Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_,
+    _mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.
+
+
+Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.-- _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof,
+_Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.
+
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.--
+
+
+    _Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_
+    Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic,
+    _Noali_ Armoric,--_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.
+
+
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_
+    Slavic--_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.
+
+
+Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.
+
+Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.
+
+Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.
+
+Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.
+
+House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D.
+Primitive.--
+
+
+    _Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_
+    Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet,
+    _Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_
+    Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese,
+    _Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English--_Bohio_
+    Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi,
+    _Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quiche, _Uya_ Lule, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_
+    Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.--
+
+
+    _Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_
+    Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_
+    Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan--_Uma_ Peruvian, _Cheme_ Quiche, _China_
+    Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.
+
+
+Heliconia. BIHAO.
+
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car,
+Huibo, Uta_--
+
+
+    _Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic,
+    L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_
+    Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.--_Iba_ Apalachi,
+    _Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.
+
+
+Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_
+(West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_
+    Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_
+    Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit,
+    _Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_
+    Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.--_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya,
+    _Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_
+    Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi,
+    _Pacha_ Aymara.
+
+
+Heart and Soul. NANICHI--
+
+
+    _Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_
+    Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Ame_
+    Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,--_Kaueshin_ Aleutian,
+    _Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_
+    Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura,
+    _Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.
+
+
+Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.--
+
+
+    _Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga,
+    _Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old
+    Egypt,--_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora,
+    _Hualic_ Huazteca.
+
+
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.--
+
+
+    _Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian,
+    _Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,--_Achi_ Chili.
+
+
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.
+
+
+    --_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_
+    Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_
+    Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,--_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari,
+    _Nigda_ Mbaya.
+
+
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+
+Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.
+
+Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.--_Trou_, _Creux_ French.
+
+Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.
+
+Insect. See Little.
+
+Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All--see Earth and Land.
+
+Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_
+holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.
+
+Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.--other title of God,
+compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in
+divine names of Lybia, &c.
+
+In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.
+
+Indigo, DIGO R.
+
+Is, it is, this is. ZI--primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.--He
+is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.
+
+King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various
+spellings.--See the Annals.
+
+Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.--_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_
+Malay.
+
+Life. BI G.--Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_
+French.
+
+Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,--_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo,
+_Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,--_Iuganas_ Cumana,
+_Leguan_ Aruwak.
+
+Labor. BORIA.
+
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.
+
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_
+    Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,--_Piqua_ Peru,
+    _Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.
+
+
+Land. See Earth.
+
+Lord. See Noble.
+
+Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.
+
+Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.
+
+Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots
+IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in
+
+
+    _Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_
+    Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_
+    Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_
+    Cumanche, &c.--
+
+    RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_
+    Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian,
+    _Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.--
+
+    AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_
+    Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_
+    Gaunch,--_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.
+
+
+Mother. MAMA D.--Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask
+and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in
+Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages--In America quite common also,
+least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy,
+Omagua and Peru.
+
+Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+
+Much, Many. TOCHETA D.--_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_
+Persian, _Totus_ Latin.--_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_
+Brazilian.
+
+Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.
+
+Millet. PANYCKE D.--_Panicum_ Latin.
+
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_,
+_Zibao_, _Hayti_.--
+
+
+    _Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French,
+    _Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_
+    Copt,--_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru,
+    _Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya,
+    &c.
+
+
+Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.--
+
+
+    _Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali,
+    _Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.--_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca,
+    _Tupan_ Guarani.
+
+
+Me, I, my, mine, myself--NI, N', MI, M'.--Primitive, found in all the
+European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated--
+
+
+    _Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_
+    Japan,--_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_
+    Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_
+    Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.
+
+
+Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.--_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_
+Jolof,--_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.
+
+Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.--_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.
+
+Mosquito. JEJEN D.--_Zinzara_ Toscan.
+
+Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.--_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek,
+_Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.
+
+Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.
+
+Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.
+
+Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.
+
+Moving. MANA. See Grammar.
+
+Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.
+
+Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.
+
+Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.
+
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_,
+_Mitaino_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_
+    Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_
+    (fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_
+    Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_,
+    _Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,--_Toani_ Mexican,
+    _Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_
+    Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.
+
+
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.--
+
+
+    _Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_
+    Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_
+    Copt,--_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_
+    Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.
+
+
+Nuts. _Zibayos_ D--Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.
+
+Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.--_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.
+
+One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.--Primitive, found in 200
+Languages.
+
+
+    _Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_
+    Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_
+    Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.--_Ata_ Muyzcas,
+    _Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_
+    Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.
+
+
+Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.--_Holbo_
+Copt,--_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.--Very old Uaua as in Mexican.
+
+Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.--_Aine_ French.
+
+Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.--
+
+
+    _Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian,
+    _Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and
+    Javan.
+
+
+Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_
+Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.
+
+Opossum. TONA R.
+
+Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.
+
+Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.--_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the
+root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+
+Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.--_Phasianus_ Latin.
+
+Palace. CANEI H. See House.
+
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.--_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old
+Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.
+
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.--_Ac_ is a
+primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_
+Greek,--_Axi_ Cumana.
+
+Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_,
+_Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects.
+See the Annals and Notes.
+
+Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.
+
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+
+Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi,
+_Chibuc_ Turk,--_Bacana_ Carib.
+
+Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.--_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.
+
+Patatos. BATATAS.--The same in South America.
+
+Place. GUARA R.
+
+People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.
+
+Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.
+
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.
+
+Pimento. PIMENTO.--_Pimienta_ Maya.
+
+Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.--_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_
+Mexican.
+
+Plain. MAGUA. See Field.
+
+Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.
+
+Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.
+
+Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.
+
+Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.
+
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.
+
+Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.
+
+
+    _Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_
+    Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat.,
+    _Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old
+    Arabic--_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_
+    Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.
+
+
+Raft. BALZA A.--_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.
+
+Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M'ames_.--
+
+
+    _Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic,
+    _Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.--_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_
+    Calamari.
+
+
+Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus
+_Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.--_Hutia_ Largest;
+_Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.--_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E.
+_Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_
+    Greek,--_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_
+    Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.
+
+
+Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.--
+
+
+    _Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian,
+    _Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek,
+    _Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.
+
+
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.--
+
+
+    _Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,--_Dites_ Darien,
+    _Cusca_ Quiche.
+
+
+Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.--
+
+
+    _Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.--_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi
+    Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.
+
+
+Retreat. TIBA.--_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.
+
+Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.--_Remor_ Pelagic.
+
+Rope. CABUYA G.--_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.
+
+River. See Stream.
+
+Rites, worship, reality. REITI.--_Ritus_ Latin &c.
+
+Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_,
+(water) in Spanish and Italian.--
+
+
+    _Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_
+    Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva,
+    _Gua_ Tupi.
+
+
+Star, Bright. STAREI D.--Primitive, found from England to India.
+
+
+    _Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic,
+    _Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African
+    Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.--_Sirica_ Galibi,
+    Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_
+    Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.
+
+
+Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.--
+
+
+    _Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask,
+    _Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_
+    Old English,--_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South
+    America. _Macahui_ Mexican.
+
+
+Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in
+Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_
+    Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi,
+    _Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand,
+    _Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_,
+    Toba Old Arabic.--_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian,
+    _Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.
+
+
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived
+from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.--
+
+
+    _Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic,
+    _Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French,
+    _Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.
+
+
+Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.
+
+Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.--
+
+
+    _Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian,
+    _Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.
+
+
+Song, see Dance.--Soul, see Heart.--Small, see Little.
+
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+
+Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.
+
+Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old
+languages.--_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.--_Gua_ in South
+America.
+
+Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.
+
+Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.
+
+Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.
+
+Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.
+
+Soup, Boiled. CALALU.--_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.
+
+Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.--_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_
+Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.--_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.
+
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.--Primitive,
+variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. Y, _Ye_ Old
+English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N'_
+Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,--TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D.,
+_Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.
+
+This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.
+
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.--Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_,
+_toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic,
+Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.
+
+Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.--_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of
+Sumatra.--_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.
+
+Tomato. TOMATES G.
+
+Temple. See Church.
+
+Tree. See Wood.
+
+Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house--
+
+
+    _Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_
+    Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian,
+    _Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.
+
+
+Thread. HICO D.--_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal--_Hito_, _Pito_
+Maya.
+
+Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.--_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.
+
+Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.--_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_
+Bali.--_Cotos_ Cumana.
+
+Two, or Second. BEM?--_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.
+
+Three, or Third. ABEM?
+
+Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--_Bonus_ Latin.
+
+Throne. DUCHI M.
+
+Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.--_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine.
+UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.--_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_
+(pr Aivi) English.
+
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+
+Water. AMA. BAGUA.--
+
+
+    Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes,
+    _Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_
+    Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo,
+    _Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic,
+    _Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.--_May_, _Mayu_, Peru,
+    _Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_
+    Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_
+    Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.
+
+
+Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.--
+
+
+    Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,--_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_
+    Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_,
+    _Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask,
+    _Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_
+    Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_
+    Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia;
+    _Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic,
+    _Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_
+    Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_
+    Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_
+    Romanic, &c.--_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva,
+    _Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yate_ Mocobi,
+    _Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_
+    Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.
+
+
+White. YUCA, LUCA A.--
+
+
+    _Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask,
+    _Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,--_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi,
+    _Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru,
+    _Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.
+
+
+Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.--_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi,
+    _Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi,
+    _Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,--_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya,
+    _Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c.
+    _Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.
+
+
+War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.--Root same as in English
+and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.
+
+Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.--_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.
+
+Wind or Air. BANZEX D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga,
+    _Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi,
+    _Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,--_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora,
+    _Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.
+
+
+West. SORAIA R.--_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_
+Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See
+Setting Sun.
+
+World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.--_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from
+_Quiscaya_ whole earth.
+
+Which, HIQUI Laet.--_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.
+
+Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.--_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_
+(vermin) Celtic.
+
+Yes. HA.--Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac,
+_Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof,
+_Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,--_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_
+Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris,
+_May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.
+
+Yellow. HOBAS.--_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of
+Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.
+
+Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.
+
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas
+Islands
+
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.
+
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.
+
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.
+
+Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.
+
+Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.
+
+Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.
+
+House, _Bohio_, C.
+
+Remora, _Reves_, C.
+
+Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.
+
+Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.
+
+Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.
+
+Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.
+
+Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.
+
+Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.
+
+Cacao, _Cacao_ C.
+
+Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.
+
+River, _Agua_ C.
+
+Corn, _Maysi_, C.
+
+Bread, _Zabi_, C.
+
+God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.
+
+Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.
+
+Ghost, _Dupi_, J.
+
+Life, _Bi_, C. L.
+
+Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.
+
+Wood, _Maica_, J.
+
+Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.
+
+Dog, _Alco_, C.
+
+Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.
+
+Poke, _Cucato_, J.
+
+Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.
+
+Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.
+
+Shell, _Cohobas_, C.
+
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+
+Red, _Ris_, C.
+
+White Worm, _Cusi_, J.
+
+Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.
+
+King. _Caxicus_, C.
+
+Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.
+
+Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.
+
+Yams, _Mames_, C.
+
+Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.
+
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.
+
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by
+Rochefort, &c.
+
+Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.
+
+God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.
+
+Noble, _Ditayno_, B.
+
+Snake, _Boba_, B.
+
+Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.
+
+Mahogany, _Maga_, B.
+
+Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.
+
+Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.
+
+Violet, _Quibey_, B.
+
+Bananas, _Camois_, E.
+
+Coco, _Coquillas_, B.
+
+Guayac, _Guage_, B.
+
+Hog, _Saine_, B.
+
+Boat, _Piraguas_, B.
+
+Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.
+
+Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.
+
+Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.
+
+Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.
+
+Storm, _Urogan_, E.
+
+Blood, _Moinalu_, E.
+
+Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.
+
+Bread, _Maru_, E.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.
+
+Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.
+
+Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.
+
+Foe, _Akani_, E.
+
+Little, _Nianti_, E.
+
+House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.
+
+Garden, _Chali_, E.
+
+War, _Nihuctu_, E.
+
+Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.
+
+Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.
+
+Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.
+
+Wife, _Liani_, E.
+
+Son, _Rabu_, E.
+
+Daughter, _Rahen_, E.
+
+The, _Ni_, N'.
+
+Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.
+
+Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.
+
+Sea, _Balana_, E.
+
+Bed, _Nekera_, E.
+
+Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.
+
+Money, _Agucat_.
+
+Palm, _Caico_.
+
+Red, _Pu_, E.
+
+People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.
+
+Priest, _Boyez_, E.
+
+Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.
+
+Devil, _Mabuya_, E.
+
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.
+
+This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_,
+and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent.
+Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho' belonging to the same group, are
+distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.
+
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet
+have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my
+_Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to
+it.
+
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+
+Man, _Guttemock_.
+
+Woman, _Hiaru_.
+
+Heaven, _Huihua_.
+
+Gold, _Calcoari_.
+
+Maize, _Mauris_.
+
+Pipe, _Bayu_.
+
+Shell, _Tibetibe_.
+
+Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.
+
+Sun, _Hadali_.
+
+Moon, _Katti_.
+
+Bread, _Callit_.
+
+Fire, _Hicket_.
+
+Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.
+
+Stone, _Sibath_.
+
+Head, _Cabbo_.
+
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Copper, _Arara_.
+
+Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.
+
+Emerald, _Taarao_.
+
+Sword, _Caspara_.
+
+This, My, _Da_, D.
+
+Parrot, _Wahowa_.
+
+Tree, _Mentini_.
+
+Potato, _Halete_.
+
+Batatas, _Caenuda_.
+
+Knife, _Yedola_.
+
+Basket, _Queca_.
+
+Tobacco, _Hurreit_.
+
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hand, _Can_.
+
+Feet, _Cutti_.
+
+Knees, _Cude_.
+
+Toes, _Boda_.
+
+Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.
+
+Bow, _Marahabo_.
+
+Arrow, _Semaro_.
+
+Spoon, _Heldaro_.
+
+Silver, _Perota_.
+
+Forehead, _Dessi_.
+
+Tongue, _Dill_.
+
+Ears, _Dudica_.
+
+Lips, _Desire_.
+
+Teeth, _Arehe_.
+
+Monkey, _Howa_.
+
+Chest, _Bodad_.
+
+Well, _Sakel_.
+
+Bracelet, _Techir_.
+
+Scissors, _Arkeano_.
+
+Comb, _Baruda_.
+
+Mouth, _Lacoak_.
+
+Bell, _Toletilero_.
+
+Stick, _Adoth_.
+
+Beach, _Barenaine_.
+
+Flying fish, _Bohery_.
+
+Tunny fish, _Uassa_.
+
+I don't know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.
+
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian
+Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the
+Haytian. Altho' he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been
+_Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was
+still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or
+_Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show
+elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17
+Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with
+the _Cairi_.
+
+10 Consimilar Words.
+
+House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.
+
+Corn, _Maiz_.
+
+Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.
+
+Boat, _Canoe_.
+
+Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian
+Orthography.
+
+Good, _Tum_.
+
+Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.
+
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Knife, _Tarse_.
+
+Bananas, _Pacaras_.
+
+Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.
+
+Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.
+
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hook, _Pinda_.
+
+Scissors, _Pirame_.
+
+Comb, _Chipag_.
+
+End Of First Volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet
+      on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America,
+      before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many
+      important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in
+      philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my
+      surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also
+      greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and
+      western route of the Mexican nations.
+
+    2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but
+      many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises,
+      although the Lybian analogies are evident.
+
+    3 In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14,
+      published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize,
+      used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern
+      Greeks call it _Arabo-site_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called
+      _Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy
+      through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in
+      Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having
+      native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in
+      Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately
+      saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+      quite wild in America.
+
+    4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for
+      the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the
+      sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+      and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish
+      colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.
+
+    5 E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men,
+      pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE
+      or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the
+      commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and
+      other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very
+      erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not
+      correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I
+      follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+      between consonants.
+
+    6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with
+      mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G'bforeign_, and
+      women _N'shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many
+      names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM
+      _Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any
+      analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out
+      hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic
+      Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be
+      well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums
+      which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the
+      contrary.
+
+      7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production--translated
+      reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come
+      from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting
+      or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI
+      NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE,
+      verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.
+
+      8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of
+      life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts
+      or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men,
+      over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these
+      animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only
+      appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+
+      Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which
+      represent also men! and were personified.
+
+      1. SH'R'TZ, Production--Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of
+      Poets.
+
+      2. N'F'SH, Animated--Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds
+      of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he
+      had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+
+      3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of
+      Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.
+
+    7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a
+      lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or
+      the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the
+      laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.
+
+    8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first
+      chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation,
+      antidiluvian history and flood has been given.
+
+_    9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator,
+      including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a
+      sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and
+      united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_
+      that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
+
+      The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia
+      including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca
+      was separated from Siam by a strait.
+
+   10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least
+      curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since
+      collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the
+      reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and
+      prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been
+      found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments.
+      If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000
+      towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+      Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and
+      will be obliterated ere long.--_See_ my account of monumental sites,
+      published in 1824.
+
+   11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the
+      personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air,
+      winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual
+      worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind
+      material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it,
+      as in Egypt and Guinea.
+
+   12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832,
+      Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have
+      collected a few more since.
+
+   13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race
+      in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.;
+      which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great
+      men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions.
+      Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian
+      princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women,
+      took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt
+      breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese
+      and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes
+      subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.
+
+   14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets
+      of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become
+      wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+      tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of
+      hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have
+      killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent
+      to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis
+      wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient
+      continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like
+      maize.
+
+   15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans
+      had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia
+      and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron
+      would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there
+      was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and
+      rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia
+      and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was
+      found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.
+
+   16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical
+      recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one
+      connected body by historians or geologists.
+
+   17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_,
+      are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant
+      alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but
+      likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading
+      primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for
+      the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the
+      Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros,
+      Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole
+      set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we
+      mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by
+      the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the
+      Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the
+      plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we
+      substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or
+      Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it
+      when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and
+      polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+      but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality
+      of tribes.
+
+      _Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of
+      history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+      Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet
+      in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they
+      are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal
+      appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted
+      honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in
+      derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had
+      their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle;
+      who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the
+      Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old
+      Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_,
+      now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the
+      angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!
+
+   18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN,
+      the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of
+      the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM
+      were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a
+      writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it
+      implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or
+      bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says
+      that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+      the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation.
+      It is probable these were part of them.
+
+   19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for
+      a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822
+      were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in
+      the original language; but no one could be found by me able to
+      translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the
+      help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on
+      purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The
+      contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my
+      Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of
+      Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+      Ottawas, &c.
+
+   20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and
+      oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The
+      word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi,
+      put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.
+
+_   21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is
+      identic with ISH, W' being the article _he_, WI added to words is
+      common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means
+      _many_.
+
+_   22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings.
+      O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in
+      English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi
+      dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It
+      must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often
+      obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This
+      with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in
+      the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this
+      translation a difficult task.
+
+   23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and
+      Iran; Jains of India.
+
+_   24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic
+      nations. _Akon_ of Syria.
+
+_   25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in
+      Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the
+      meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle
+      in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the
+      real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft
+      turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a
+      turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his
+      title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes
+      have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but
+      his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest
+      of feathers or hair on the head.
+
+   26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name
+      appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_.
+      _Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses,
+      and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the
+      Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.
+
+   27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their
+      old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must
+      have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+      Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological
+      enquiries and comparisons.
+
+_   28 W'oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first
+      seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_,
+      the N. W. coast.
+
+   29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or
+      contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+      probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.
+
+   30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_,
+      cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably
+      the Oregon country.
+
+   31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our
+      era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare
+      _Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.
+
+   32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the
+      east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of
+      Oregon.
+
+_   33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.
+
+   34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many
+      kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great
+      beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.
+
+   35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His
+      festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.
+
+_   36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard
+      people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_
+      appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux,
+      _Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period
+      of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go
+      further east.
+
+   37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the
+      wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards
+      48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+      continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after
+      Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then
+      united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of
+      Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of
+      Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply
+      names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been
+      the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called
+      afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west
+      of it at St. Louis &c.
+
+      In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder
+      and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas
+      about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove
+      further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place
+      this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before
+      our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
+
+   38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the
+      former wars with the Talegas.
+
+   39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.
+
+   40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes,
+      and became their legislator.
+
+   41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a
+      new invading tribe from the north.
+
+   42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the
+      atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few.
+      Hekewelder confirms these facts.
+
+   43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means
+      either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the
+      name of east Pennsylvania.
+
+   44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the
+      main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear
+      older by their traditions.
+
+      By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event
+      would be still later: he states that after separating from the
+      western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on
+      the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was
+      preserved in a mosaic belt.--_See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol
+      I._
+
+   45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This
+      famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_
+      &c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many
+      songs and traditions on them.
+
+   46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the
+      computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or
+      both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina
+      were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had
+      also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like
+      many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively
+      gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white
+      woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went
+      to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards
+      with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the
+      bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160,
+      rather than Madoc or a warlike band.
+
+   47 The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe,
+      separated long before.
+
+   48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be
+      two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same
+      thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.
+
+   49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_
+      (Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the
+      tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname
+      given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles.
+      We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.
+
+_   50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair:
+      this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment.
+      The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South
+      Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as
+      the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the
+      Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the
+      snake sign in the symbol.
+
+   51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the
+      arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and
+      cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the
+      head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the
+      _Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a
+      crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3
+      feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the
+      Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing
+      to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a
+      cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the
+      Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.
+
+_   52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the
+      Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to
+      translate half the name. He was king in 1645.
+
+   53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect
+      Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the
+      prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to
+      Winaki.
+
+   54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is
+      singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the
+      natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.
+
+   55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation
+      dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's
+      treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned
+      in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is
+      very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+      Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder
+      mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the
+      three into one.
+
+   56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or
+      Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till
+      1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy
+      _Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.--(Heck.) this was the cause of
+      the wars till 1795.
+
+   57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black
+      Snake, because he beat the allied nations.
+
+   58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the
+      last treaty with the United States.
+
+   59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of
+      mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North
+      America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that
+      appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The
+      former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+      The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at
+      the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The
+      Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of
+      devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.
+
+   60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from
+      the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are
+      similar to vampyres.
+
+   61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes,
+      Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of
+      nations.
+
+   62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and
+      confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs;
+      yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of
+      their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have
+      been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had
+      already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by
+      the Haytians, whence the blunder.
+
+   63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient
+      history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of
+      all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.
+
+   64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared
+      analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia.
+      _Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+      the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the
+      Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in
+      _Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many
+      languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the
+      nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_
+      eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _Ate_ was
+      god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia.
+      The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_,
+      _Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to
+      _Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.
+
+_   65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic
+      language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the
+      Atlantes, Guanches &c.
+
+   66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.
+
+      _Vayajam_ Sanscrit.
+      _Band_ old Arabic.
+      _Watem_, _Vato_ Zend.
+      _Bangin_ Bali.
+      _Bentus_ old Latin.
+      _Ventus_ Latin.
+      _Andas_ Etruscan.
+      _Abka_ Abask.
+      _Sabam_ Ceylon.
+
+   67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure
+      Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the
+      Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.
+
+      _Kahi_ Egyptian.
+      _Akhe_ Zend.
+      _Kay_ Deri of Iran.
+      _Iya_ Sanscrit.
+      _Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician.
+      _Ay_ Lybian.
+      _Aya_ old Irish.
+      _Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.
+
+      In America numerous analogies are found,
+
+      _Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lule, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.
+
+   68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe,
+      children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects
+      _Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in
+      Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_
+      in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk--_Olgos_ Eolian,
+      _Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek,
+      _Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_
+      Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan,
+      _Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words
+      _Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the
+      oriental EL, IL, OL.--In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols
+      &c.--_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.
+
+   69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida,
+      _Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the
+      Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare
+      with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.
+
+   70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have
+      so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that
+      we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The
+      ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the
+      Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.
+
+   71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:
+
+      _Oriental Names._
+
+      _Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan.
+      _Vasil_ of Greeks.
+      _Kasek_ in Sitka.
+      _Cazi_ in Iran.
+      _Sheik_ in Arabic.
+      _Zic_ Iberians and Sicules.
+      _Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber.
+      _Bazilik_ Pelagian.
+      _Cahin_ Lybian.
+      _Hazil_ Carian.
+      _Cay_ Zend.
+      _Iza_ Tigreh.
+      _Cazil_ Mindanao island.
+      _Cazis_ Socotora island.
+      _Izcan_ of Haikans.
+      _Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans.
+      _Casis_ of Syrians.
+
+      _American Names._
+
+      _Acachi_ of Totonacas.
+      _Wachil_ of Nachez.
+      _Zac_ of Muyzcas.
+      _Cathi_ of Pinindas.
+      _Ahatic_ of Huaztecas.
+      _Inca_ of Peruvians.
+      _Chiaca_ of Coras.
+      _Cuchi_ of Puncays.
+      _Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.
+
+   72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:
+
+      _Hiban_ in Berber.
+      _Uben_ in Hebrew.
+      _Aben_ in Syriac.
+      _Keibe_ Celtic.
+      _Siwa_ Nukahiva island.
+      _Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin.
+      _Sitaba_ Pelasgian.
+      _Bahiba_ old Arabic.
+      _Iba_ Samoyed.
+      _Batu_ Malay.
+
+      It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_,
+      _Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican,
+      _Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.
+
+   73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have
+      been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that
+      name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
+
+      Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it
+      would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The
+      conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to
+      South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must
+      be before the last flood.
+
+   74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has
+      so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which
+      would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!
+
+   75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the
+      men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch
+      wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+      being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called
+      _Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the
+      _Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti,
+      and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange
+      that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many
+      affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in
+      Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin,
+      _Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of
+      Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+      to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a
+      people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus
+      traced also to America.
+
+   76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following
+      names for vassals and laborers--_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of
+      Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.--and
+      in the east.
+
+      _Tabara_ in Turan.
+      _Burutis_ in Ausonian.
+      _Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic.
+      _Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic.
+      _Ambactos_ in Gaul.
+      _Manahunis_ in Tahiti.
+      _Nerba_ Hindostani.
+      _Bendar_ Pehlvi.
+      _Abondas_ Saxon.
+      _Canabas_, Knave Gothic.
+      _Nebara_ Nepal.
+      _Parias_ India.
+
+   77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about
+      ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The
+      _Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to
+      have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is
+      strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.
+
+   78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names
+      indicate--_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is
+      the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.
+
+   79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids;
+      are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their
+      name is found in
+
+      _Hubantes_ in Pelagic.
+      _Faybo_ of the Guanches.
+      _Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul.
+      _Aobu_ in Aramic.
+      _Behotus_ Dorian.
+      _Bedo_ old French.
+      _Phonto_ in Egypt.
+      _Purohito_ in Sanscrit.
+      _Budan_ in Pelvi.
+      _Budha_ of Budhists.
+      _Baharas_ Nepal.
+      _Heotes_ Sicanian &c.
+
+   80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes
+      and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle
+      has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran,
+      _Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls,
+      _Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.
+
+   81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a
+      Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning
+      _gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I
+      have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events,
+      loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.
+
+   82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent.
+      Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful
+      women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.
+
+   83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and
+      tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals;
+      adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent,
+      bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them:
+      unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than
+      posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new
+      clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations
+      of America may be connected with those by other links of languages,
+      traditions &c.
+
+      1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and
+      Chimus of Peru.
+
+      2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico,
+      Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
+
+      3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
+
+      4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
+
+      5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man
+      _Ibi_, the Borias &c.
+
+      6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South
+      America.
+
+      7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru,
+      Maronios of Charcas.
+
+      8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana,
+      Coras of Mexico.
+
+      9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of
+      Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
+
+      10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and
+      Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
+
+      11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos--Manicas or Manoas,
+      Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+
+      12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.
+
+      13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_--_I_ and _Hi_ are articles,
+      Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
+
+      14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
+
+      15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
+
+      16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of
+      Chaco.
+
+      17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
+
+      18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
+
+      19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of
+      Chaco.
+
+      20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.
+
+      21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.
+
+      22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
+
+      23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.
+
+      24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+
+      25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.
+
+      26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
+
+      27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre
+      of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
+
+      28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
+
+      29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
+
+      30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
+
+      31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
+
+      32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.
+
+      33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+
+      34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
+
+      35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.
+
+      36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.
+
+      37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
+
+      38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
+
+      39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
+
+      40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
+
+      41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
+
+      42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
+
+      43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos
+      and Conamas of South America.
+
+      44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or
+      Vilelas and Lules or Pele of Chaco.
+
+      Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation
+      filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that
+      name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_
+      sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a
+      Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus,
+      the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
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