1 files changed, 8035 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/34070-8.txt b/34070-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d027a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34070-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8035 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Nations, Vol. I. by C. S.
+Rafinesque
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The American Nations, Vol. I.
+
+Author: C. S. Rafinesque
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2010 [Ebook #34070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
+
+
+
+
+                          The American Nations;
+
+                                   Or,
+
+                     Outlines of A National History;
+
+                                  Of The
+
+                        Ancient and Modern Nations
+
+                                    Of
+
+                         North and South America
+
+                        By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.
+
+                                Volume I.
+
+                               Philadelphia
+
+                      Published by C. S. Rafinesque,
+
+                       No. 110 North Tenth Street.
+
+                                   1836
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Prospectus.
+Dedication.
+Preface.
+Chapter I.
+Chapter II.
+Chapter III.
+Chapter IV.
+Chapter V.
+Chapter VI.
+Chapter VII.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PROSPECTUS.
+
+
+Published quarterly at Five Dollars in advance for Six Numbers or Volumes,
+similar to this, of nearly 300 pages--each separate Number sold for one
+Dollar, or more when they will contain maps and illustrations.
+
+A list of Agents will be given hereafter. At present the principal
+Booksellers may act as such.
+
+The Names of the Subscribers will be printed in a subsequent Number.
+
+It is contemplated to conclude these annals and their illustrations in 12
+Numbers or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to subscribers will only be
+$10, for which a complete American Historical Library will be obtained.
+
+By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes are secured whatever be their
+future price, and will be sent by mail: a similar sum will be due when the
+7th number is issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 at once, will be
+deemed Patrons of the work.
+
+Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, is entitled to a 6th gratis.
+Agents will be allowed 20 per cent commission.
+
+The price of this Number by itself is One Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six
+copies.
+
+It contains an introduction, general view, account of materials and
+cataclysms, the Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian Language,
+notes, tables, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+To The
+
+Society Of Geography
+
+Of Paris.
+
+GENTLEMEN:--
+
+To you I dedicate this work, result of long and weary researches. This
+homage is due to the public approbation you gave to my first analogous
+labor, my Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of Mankind: which
+I endeavored to trace philologically to the centre of Asia. I had
+announced long ago this history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a
+whole hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. I now offer the
+outlines of it under your auspices.
+
+You have furnished the example of cultivating along with Geography, all
+the auxiliary and connected sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly
+the ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one of its bases. You
+will see that I have followed this practice in availing myself of all the
+sciences to enlighten the history of mankind, the Ethnography and annals
+of nations: above all Philology with Chronology and Geography.
+
+The origins and annals of the black nations, and of the American nations,
+were two subjects quite obscure and neglected, or the least known, of the
+history of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the history of the
+Negro nations: a labor so difficult and luckless as to be despised.
+
+My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps furnish the bases of such
+history. All the histories of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have
+perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general and faithful
+history of this hemisphere. I now offer the results of this weary labor.
+
+You will perceive in it many things which have already been said; since it
+is impossible to write history without repetitions; but my plan, the whole
+point of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. You will also
+find many things which were never told or were very improperly presented.
+I shall destroy many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in them
+alone often consist our works upon America.
+
+But I shall not say every thing; where so much is to be related, all
+cannot be told: and I shall be compelled to neglect several minute
+details. I wish to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky
+work, like our pretending _universal histories_, which however, dwell only
+upon one-third of the globe or even less.
+
+I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ them: I quote only when
+authorities are required to render an opinion more forcible. Every where
+else I merely give the abridgement of my great historical materials in
+manuscript, which are arranged by extracts of authorities, and where they
+may be sought for in case of need.
+
+Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of
+
+The Author.
+
+PHILADELPHIA,
+_October 22d, 1833_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In venturing to open a new path in historical researches on the earth and
+mankind, it is incumbent on the bold pioneer to state his views, or at
+least to furnish adequate reasons for deviating so far from the usual
+track.
+
+While every science and branch of knowledge is improving, and has, with
+rapid strides, made continual advances for fifty years past or more, is
+the noble muse of history to be kept stationary forever, by compilers and
+classical plodders? and for America by the foes of the ancient and modern
+nations of a whole hemisphere? No ... it is time to improve history as
+every thing else; to seek the truth and tell it.
+
+As the human mind is yet more swayed by authorities, than genius or
+wisdom; high authorities will be given instead of long explanations. Ever
+since the time of Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to write
+historical truth: men often prefer to be amused, deceived, or helped in
+strife; than to be instructed, or receive sketches of former times. Yet
+there is always a secret delight in viewing faithful pictures of ages
+past, of our ancestors on earth, and our predecessors on the soil of our
+homes, or where we spend the scenes of our own lives.
+
+The worthies who have been taken for models or guides in this arduous
+undertaking, are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, Plato,
+Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond,
+Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly,
+Russell, Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. They shall speak for
+themselves, in quotations of their own words, instead of elaborate
+reflexions.
+
+From God comes wisdom, knowledge and understanding--SOLOMON Prov. 2. v. 6.
+Those who will seek early wisdom will find her--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear
+instruction and be wise, and refuse it not--SOL. Pr. 8. v. 33.
+
+ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM in
+manifestation. BRA in realization. ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH in
+identic passage. ALEIM angels. OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.--MOSES.
+_Genesis ch, 5. v. 1._ Genuine mosaic words, and genuine translation word
+for word.
+
+When I laid the foundations of the earth ... the morning stars sung
+together, and the sons of God shouted for joy.--SPEECH OF GOD HIMSELF IN
+JOB ch. 38., _Vulgar translation: the original is still more striking_.
+
+The Hebrew philosophy divided the world in two hemispheres, the upper was
+SHMIM or _Shamaim_, the Heavens--the lower was SHEOL; but SHEOL-TAHTITH or
+inferior, was the place of bad souls and Rephaim. (The true SHEOL was
+America, or the southern hemisphere). The Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job
+had spoken of America.--PETERS, _Dissertation on Job_.
+
+It is very possible for modern learning to understand better the books of
+Moses, Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, than the Egyptian, Greek
+and Roman commentators: because the intellectual knowledge of languages is
+improving; and those ancient writers have, by their genius, approximated
+to us, while removed from the blindness of their ages.--GEBELIN, _Primitive
+World_.
+
+The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.--ST. PAUL _Corinth._ II. ch.
+3. v. 6. We use great plainness of speech, and not as MOSES who put a veil
+before his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to
+the end of that which is abolished.--_Cor. II. 3. v. 12, 13._--and even unto
+this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart, nevertheless
+when it shall please the Lord, this veil shall be taken away.--_Cor. II. 3.
+v. 15, 16._
+
+To have a right apprehension of words or names, is a good step to the
+knowledge of things.--PLATO _in Cratylo_.
+
+The confusion of words is the cause of all disputes and sects.--D'ISRAELI.
+
+The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses or total neglect, contradictions
+are inseparable from days of tradition.--There exist no instance of a
+people really savage having spontaneously advanced to civilization. Savage
+men are degenerated or imperfect creatures.... Words and even few are the
+rules of analogies in nations.--NIEBUHR, _Roman History, Vol. I._
+
+It is manifest that there are noble resources (for history) still
+remaining, if we will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. There are
+in every climate some scattered fragments of original history, some traces
+of a primitive and universal language. _Even America would contribute to
+this purpose, the more rude the monuments, the more ancient they may
+possibly prove, and afford greater light on enquiry._ BRYANT, MYTHOLOGY;
+conclusion of the work.
+
+To accumulate materials without generalizing any idea is a method as
+sterile in history as in natural philosophy.--The geology of America does
+not differ essentially from that of the old world, the strata and the
+emersion from the waters are not newer: species long extinct have also
+preceded those now peopling the earth, the waters and the air.--The problem
+of the first population of America is no more the province of history,
+than the questions on the origin of plants and animals. When we shall
+better know the brown men of Africa, with those of the north and east of
+Asia, the American nations will be less insulated--They have extended from
+lat. 68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, in plains and mountains,
+assuming various complexions and stature. If Africa has 140 languages,
+America has still more; resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before the
+Romans; but they are susceptible of classification into families. The
+multiplicity of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, perhaps those
+which we call American, belong no more to America, than the Magyar and
+Choud or Finn to Europe.--HUMBOLDT, _American Researches, Introduction_.
+
+If we desire to be fully informed of a nation's history, we must not
+reject the fables under which the few traces that remain of its origin are
+concealed. These, however extravagant, always merit attention they have an
+influence on the character of the people to whom they relate.--_First words
+of_ MALCOLM, _History of Persia_.
+
+The Chinese often call the king, the kingdom and the nation by the same
+name, nay, even also the capital city.--REGIS, _History of Corea, in
+Duhalde China_.
+
+The cradle or first seat of mankind was in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50;
+which is also the native place of all the domestic animals, fruits and
+grains.--_Adelung, Bailly, Higgins, &c._
+
+The Genesis was a compilation of Moses from older annals, some perhaps by
+Noah himself.--_Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder._
+
+The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of Hindus were nations,
+personifications of early tribes.--_Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford._
+
+The early gods and kings of Greece and Italy, were probably tribes, the
+chiefs and followers being called by the same name. This is true also of
+the various Hercules or wandering Heroes.--_Dodwell, Jamieson._
+
+Trying them by the languages, the Americans will appear to be children of
+the earliest human families.--BARTON, _Physical Journal_.
+
+A flood of historical light has lately flown from India and Asia; but we
+lack still the real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America may yet supply
+many facts and fill some blanks.--The original seat of civilization was
+between the Ganges and the Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.--The first
+tribes after the flood were fishermen and Frugivores, next hunters who did
+spread north east as far as America, and shepherds south west, as far as
+Cape of Good hope.--PRITCHARD, _Physical History of Man_.
+
+The genealogy of the kings of England is derived direct from Noah in 25
+generations only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex in 495; and through SCEAF
+born in the ark! giving more than 125 years for each generation, which is
+impossible, and proves these names, successive tribes or dynasties till
+Woden.--INGRAM, _Saxon Chronicle_.
+
+The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians are a peculiar race, perhaps in
+Africa before the flood.--CHAMPOLLION, _Systeme Hieroglyphique_.
+
+The languages are better guides than physical characters for researches on
+mankind, and roots more important than grammars.--KLAPROTH.
+
+Language belongs to man from origin, he never was a dumb animal, else he
+would always have remained so. All languages have something in common, and
+something peculiar.--BEATTIE, _Theory of Language_.
+
+A thousand nations with a thousand idioms, are spread over a thousand
+places on earth. Thrown against each other like the waves of the sea, they
+blend and tend to unity. Several rival languages are formed, polished by
+contract, which overspread the earth; and break to pieces as well as
+nations and empires. Others arise from their ruins, and strive again for
+ascendency, until at last a people and language, son and daughter of all
+the previous nations and idioms, heirs of their dominion and wealth; shall
+perhaps invade the whole earth, and produce again the unity of speech and
+rule.--D'OLIVET, _End of Hebrew Grammar_.
+
+It is said, _In the beginning God made Heaven and Earth_, that is to say,
+the seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter was yet in confusion in
+a potential way.--ST. AUGUSTINE _on Genesis_.
+
+In the whole _Mosaic text_ there is no Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no
+woman, no snake, no ark ... but other words thus improperly translated to
+veil the sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, _Aish_ intellectual
+men, _Ashe_ mate or potent will, HUE our Eve is living existence!... The
+names of patriarchs are all expressive of operations of mankind.... Yet
+Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in Immortality is evident throughout;
+although so obscured by the translation as to have been doubted.... Moses
+with his veils is made absurd; raising the veils he appears wise, deep,
+consistent, even more enlightened than our age on many points.--D'OLIVET,
+_Notes on Genesis_.
+
+Whenever the numerical letters of Moses are taken in their material sense,
+inextricable difficulties have arisen; and which is the true version out
+of the 3 is doubtful: the deep mosaic meaning and import shall never be
+known, until the ancient lost science of numbers is restored, which was
+once known from China to Egypt and Europe.--D'OLIVET, _last note_.
+
+Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, where Rezoan was his successor,
+and exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and Peacock tribes his followers,
+Adam was exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.--PRICE, _Translation of
+Abijauffer's History of Arabia_.
+
+Menu was Adam, but there are seven Menus, the seventh was Noah.--SIR W.
+JONES, _Laws of Menu_. WILFORD.
+
+The Babylonian empire begun 530 years after the flood, 2790 years after
+Adam.--RUSSELL, _Connection of Sacred History_.
+
+Primitive history is under a veil, involved in fables; but all ancient
+fables have a historical base.--BAILLY, _on Atlantis_.
+
+Before Adam God created the _Dives_ (angels) who had 72 kings or
+_Sol-i-man_ for 7000 years, and after them the _Peris_ govern for 2000
+years.--HERBELOT, _Oriental Library_.
+
+Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his Ararat was in the Imalaya
+mountains.--SHUCKFORD, WELLS, _Sacred Geography &c._
+
+As early as 4600 years before Christ, there was a communication between
+the Americans and the east by astronomical coincidences.--CARLI, _American
+Letters_.
+
+Two great wars or _Mahabharat_ followed by dispersions of mankind,
+happened in India in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); and the Indian solar
+empire of _Berhut_ at Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations beyond
+the first, at least to 3750 years B. C.--_Institutes of the Emperor_ AKBAR,
+_translated by_ GLADWIN.
+
+Such are my guides. Are not those quotations sufficient?
+
+For my rules of criticism, I have taken for guide, _Isaac Taylor's_
+excellent history of the transmission of ancient books, London, 1827. They
+may be analysed as follows, from his own summary.
+
+1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived of their authority, we
+should also be deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion!
+
+2. Dates are of little importance; being anciently expressed by letters,
+they are liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern christians reckon
+5508 years from Adam to Christ.
+
+3. Geography and natural facts are open to criticism.
+
+4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not always fabulous, but doubtful.
+Natural phenomena if unconnected with omens, may be right.
+
+5. Speeches and secret motives do not belong to history, they are
+ornaments of rhetoric or mere surmises.
+
+6. Facts are only to be attended to, they become more certain, if
+corroborated by monuments, inscriptions, coins &c.
+
+7. The silence of a historian does not invalidate the assertions of
+others.
+
+8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, party spirit, national
+dislike, must be allowed for. The arrogance of the Greeks and Chinese, who
+call barbarians, nations as good as they, is shameful, and must be
+noticed, as well as errors arising from hiding defeats &c.
+
+The independent sources of history besides writers are, 1. remains of
+literature. 2. Chronological documents and astronomical calculations, 3.
+Natural features of nature and mankind, with permanent physical facts, 4.
+Permanent institutions, manners, monuments, languages &c. Lastly, remote
+facts may be certain; although a long while elapsed: whatever be the
+consequence; and even if the first evidence may have been erroneously
+transmitted, or not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence ought never to
+be doubted.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+    GENERAL INTRODUCTION.--_Natural Regions of America._--_Ancient and
+    Modern Nations._--_Historical Periods._
+
+
+Since our Globe is better known, it is no longer divided into 4
+Continents; but must be divided into 3 great parts of the world or
+_Tholomeres_, each containing 3 lesser divisions or _Geotomes_, viz:
+
+I. PROTHOLIA or THOLARKON, the ancient world, containing, 1. Asia, 2.
+Africa, 3. Europe, which are continents.
+
+II. NEOTHOLIA or HESPERIA, the new world, containing, 1. _Atalia_ or North
+America, 2. _Columbia_ or South America, which are two continents ... and
+3. the _Antilles_ or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the East and North,
+Carib and Lucayes islands.
+
+III. OCEANIA or THOLONESIA, the Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1.
+_Australia_, which is a continent, 2. _Meganesia_ or the great Islands
+from Japan till Ceylan and Madagascar, 3. _Polynesia_, the small Eastern
+Islands. These two last form immense groups of archipelagos, or clustered
+islands.
+
+Therefore the terrestrial world includes 6 continents, and 3 groups of
+archipelagos, forming 9 geotomes.
+
+It is of NEOTHOLIA that I write the history, of this third of the world,
+named likewise America, or the two Americas; a double continent, crowned
+in the East and towards the two poles by archipelagos.
+
+Such an extensive part of the world, reaching nearly to both poles, offers
+to our notice and researches a crowd of objects, nations and events. If
+our universal histories which are confined to a small part only of the old
+world, form already bulky collections; it would be equally so with
+America, if we had complete annals of it. But, notwithstanding the scanty
+materials which have reached us on its ancient history; the modern annals
+and the old traditions of the nations dwelling there, afford many facts:
+and many auxiliary means contribute to enlarge the previous history, in
+unfolding the origins and revolutions of the nations and empires of both
+Americas. Thus, we shall often have to make a choice or abridge these
+materials, particularly in these outlines of a general history.
+
+Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles of the empires, kingdoms and
+republics; which were often mere biographies of monarchs and chiefs,
+conquerors and tyrants. We begin now to think more of mankind and the
+nations. I shall follow this principle, and trace at last a national
+history of America; this subject is so new, that we have not even yet a
+good history of mankind in Europe, much less in Asia and Africa.
+
+Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, having settled in it since
+1815, and having travelled in it every year to study the monuments and
+productions thereof: it was since 1818 that I began to conceive the
+possibility of raising the veil that was thrown over the annals of this
+third of the world. I have visited the public libraries of Washington,
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to
+consult all the historical works on America, and every other part of the
+world. I have read nearly all the travels in America and other distant
+countries. In the Ebeling library deposited in that of Cambridge
+University near Boston, I have found many ancient works on America, often
+unique in the United States, and very rare even in Europe. There is but a
+small number of rare works, which I have not yet been able to see; I shall
+give a list of them, in order that it may be ascertained whether they
+contain facts that have escaped me. My researches upon the languages and
+monuments of America, will compensate this unavoidable neglect, since they
+exceed whatever had been undertaken of the kind. I have thus endeavored to
+collect and compare all the facts relating to my subject.
+
+I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy writers, who have pretended to
+give us histories of America, and have commonly produced mere sketches of
+it, full of neglects and defects. Such were Robertson, Holmes, Touron,
+Herrera, &c., with a crowd of imitators and compilers, which confine
+themselves to some years, or a single region, or the mere first Spanish
+invasions. They have, however, acquired some reputation either by style or
+manner; but they have degraded history, by giving sketches instead of it.
+We must except Herrera, who does not shine by the style; but is at least a
+faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds and colonies during 62 years, from
+1492 till 1552. But Robertson, although praised for his style, is only his
+unfaithful and imperfect imitator, and the obvious slanderer of the
+American nations.
+
+A complete criticism of the writers on America, would be desirable; but
+cannot enter into the plan of these historical outlines; although it may
+find a place in ulterior illustrations. It will be sufficient now to
+indicate that the best works, or those which furnish the greatest number
+of historical materials, are the old writers and travellers, since the
+modern historians and travellers (except Humboldt and a few more) appear
+to forget whatever has already been written on America.
+
+The historian of such an extensive continent, should not be a mere
+annalist; but he ought to know well all the comparative sciences, sisters
+of history, such as chronology, geography, biography, archeology,
+ethnography, philology, &c. He ought also to be a philosopher and a
+philanthropist, to know the natural sciences which become connected with
+history by civilization, agriculture, and geology; he ought, above all, to
+be impartial and a good critic, in order to discard national prejudices,
+and avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. What historian has ever
+united such acquirements? I have tried to acquire them: Have I succeeded?
+I offer my writings as the answer.
+
+My method has been to make copious extracts of all the authors that I
+read. These materials already form a collection of over one hundred books
+of 6000 pages on the history of the earth and mankind: whereof I avail
+myself for all my historical works. I have formed besides another
+collection of iconographic illustrations, maps, plans, monuments, views,
+portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; which may serve
+for proofs and atlas of these works, published or manuscript. This
+tellurian iconography, chiefly American, consists already in ten great
+books or portfolios; having little hope to be enabled to publish them, I
+wish they might be deposited in a great public library, where they might
+be consulted.
+
+Instead of beginning this history of the Americans by generalities, I
+should wish to conclude the work by such results; but it may frequently be
+needful to deviate from this plan, and present results as they happen to
+arise from the facts and events.
+
+The different parts of the Western Hemisphere are often distantly remote,
+and insulated, or little connected in their historical relations. Austral
+America and Boreal America have for instance hardly any historical
+connection: they are as widely separated as China and Europe; but all the
+central parts of America are intimately connected, above all the mountain
+regions from Mexico to Chili, which offer the same relation of
+civilization, languages and annalogies, as the Hindu-European regions and
+nations.
+
+The Neotholian Hemisphere contains many distinct regions; but the natural
+or physical regions are not always identic with the historical regions.
+The isthmus of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide the nation as it
+does the two continents of America: and many groups of nations are
+intermingled throughout. The group of ancient ARUAC nations extended from
+near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil to Tucuman and
+Magellania. The elder group of TALA or atlantic nations could be traced
+from the Ohio to Mexico, Guatimala and South America in the west.
+
+Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to keep in mind the great natural
+regions of America, so as to trace through them the vicissitudes of
+mankind in ancient and modern times. Thus we find six such regions in
+North America, and six in South America, with 3 in the Antilles.
+
+1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, stretching across North America,
+from the streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska in the west, to
+Labrador, Canada and Nova Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by a
+rocky soil, many large lakes and millions of small ones, surrounded near
+the pole and on either side by groups of islands. Its southern limits are
+undefined, but Lake Erie forms one of them.
+
+2. The Californian or Oregon region, stretching from north to south along
+the Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico and Guatimala. It is a region
+of plains and hills.
+
+3. The Mexican region or central mountains and table lands from the
+sources of the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished by volcanoes, a
+dry lofty soil, &c.
+
+4. The Missouri region, extending in vast grassy plains from latitude 50
+to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+5. The Alleghany region, stretching in woody hills and mountains from
+Maine to Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains and the whole of New
+England appear detached portions of it.
+
+6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching from Long Island to Florida,
+Mexico, Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long but narrow region of level
+plains, sands and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and islands.
+
+The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; divided into 3 very natural
+groups.
+
+1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen.
+
+2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands north of them, low and chiefly of coral
+formations.
+
+3. The Carib Islands east and south, commonly volcanic.
+
+The regions of South America are 1. That of the Andes or high volcanic
+mountains extending from Santa Marta to the Island of Chiloé, stretching
+branches east as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The hills of Panama from
+Nicaragua to Choco, are a detached part of it, probably once an island of
+the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic or Austral region, including the
+hills and islands south of Chili, all detached from the Andes, with the
+archipelagos of Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, &c. often
+volcanic.
+
+2. The Atacama region, or lowlands along the Pacific Ocean from the
+valleys of Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished by sterility.
+
+3. The Pampas or region of unwooded plains east of the Andes from the
+strait of Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco.
+
+4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by fertile hills, mountains and
+valleys, forming a vast group of high lands connected to the Andes by an
+isthmus.
+
+5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of shady hills perfectly insulated
+(once a large island) by the plains of the Maranon and Oronoc.
+
+6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc and Maranon, surrounding the
+mountains of Parima: where deserts, swamps and forests are mixed.
+
+These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished by peculiar physical,
+and geological features; but they do not coincide with the ethnological
+regions, where the American tribes have spread and intermixed. It would be
+difficult to state here even the most striking of these last. It will be
+the aim of this work to seek for them, and ascertain their limits; which
+have often varied anciently: while in modern times the European colonies
+and states have invaded them in all directions.
+
+Meantime the population of both Americas, must be distinguished in ancient
+and modern.
+
+In proceeding from the known to the unknown: we ascertain that a multitude
+of nations have come to America since 1492, as colonists or visitors. The
+principal were
+
+1. _Spanish_: who have colonized or conquered from New Mexico to Chili,
+and from Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came not alone, and have
+brought along with them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, 3.
+Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and
+6. Many African-negro nations.
+
+2. _Portugueze_: who have colonized the whole of Brazil, and brought there
+besides many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, Chinese, &c.
+
+3. _English_: Who have colonized the whole eastern side of North America,
+Jamaica and other islands of Antilles, with parts of Yucatan, Honduras,
+Guyana, &c. But they have brought with them, the Welsh, Scotch, Irish,
+Germans, Jews and many African nations.
+
+4. _French_: They colonized Canada, Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib
+islands, Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although conquered in North America
+and Hayti, their language remains. They brought along the Provençals,
+Bretons, Basks, speaking distinct languages, with several African nations.
+
+5. _Scandinavians_: Who partly settled in North America since the 10th
+century, did laterly colonize again Groenland, with Delaware and some
+Carib Islands. They include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes.
+
+6. _Dutch-Hollanders_: Sent colonies to New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c.
+brought Gypsies, Germans and Africans.
+
+7. _Russians_: Have invaded and partly settled the north west shores and
+islands of North America; bringing there Cozacs, Calmucs, and several
+other Tartarian subjects.
+
+8. Besides these, several other nations have laterly visited America, or
+settled therein, blending with the above. All the nations of Europe, even
+Hungarians, Polanders, Greeks and Turks, have been brought there. Pirates
+of all nations, even Algerines, have wandered to America. Almost all the
+nations of Africa have been led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews,
+Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and Tartars: while Oceania has sent
+Malays, Madagascars, Hawayans, &c.
+
+This well known fact of the various and anomalous modern population of
+both Americas within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly help us to form a more
+correct estimate of the ancient population and colonization of such vast
+countries during many thousand years previous to 1492.
+
+It is not yet suitable to give here a complete list of all the ancient
+nations, who have, or may have colonized the Western hemisphere: this can
+only be done afterwards as a result of the instituted enquiries on the
+subject. Meantime I state as highly probable, even by mere analogy, that
+all the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans, in the Eastern
+hemisphere, have either visited or colonized the Americas; particularly
+from the east, the bold navigators, Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians,
+Lybyans, Etruscans, &c., and from the west the ancient tribes of Tartars
+and Chinese, the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout these historical
+outlines find ample proofs of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief
+that a single nation could have populated the whole of the Western
+Hemisphere. It shall appear also that these early settlers must have
+brought along many foreign tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves.
+
+In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be found a kind of classification of
+the ancient nations of both Americas, divided into 25 groups, 14 in North,
+11 in South America. But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: it
+requires a close study of all the American languages, before we can
+ascertain correctly all their mutual affinities, and reduce each to the
+real parent group. Meantime this attempt, and the further correction of it
+in this work, will become very useful historical bases. I give therefore
+the list of the 25 groups, with a well known nation and language as the
+type, to which others may be gradually reduced.
+
+In North America 1. _Uski_ or _Innuit_, type the Esquimaux.
+
+2. _Ongwi_, type the Hurons and Iroquois.
+
+3. _Linni_, type the Lanapi or Delawares.
+
+4. _Wacash_, type the Chopunish, and Nutkas.
+
+5. _Skerreh_, type the Panis.
+
+6. _Nachez_, type the Cados and Chetimachas.
+
+7. _Capaha_, types the Washas or Ozages, and Dacotas or Sioux.
+
+8. _Chactah_, types the Chactahs and Chicasas.
+
+9. _Otali_, Tzulukis or Cherokis.
+
+10. _Atalan_, type the Tarascas.
+
+11. _Otomi_, type the Otomis.
+
+12. _Anahuac_, type the Aztecas.
+
+13. _Maya_, types the Mayas and Huaztecas.
+
+14. _Chontal_, type the Tzendals and Chols.
+
+In South America 15. _Aruac_, types the Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c.
+
+16. _Calina_, types the Caribs and Tamanacs.
+
+17. _Puris_, type the Maypuris.
+
+18. _Yarura_, types the Guaraos and Betoys.
+
+19. _Cuna_, type the Dariens.
+
+20. _Mayna_, type the Panos.
+
+21. _Maca_, type the Muyzcas.
+
+22. _Guarani_, type the Tupis and Omaguas.
+
+23. _Mara_, type the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+
+24. _Lulé_, types the Vilelas and Mbayas.
+
+25. _Chili_, type the Chilians.
+
+Notwithstanding the condensed form of these outlines, the ample materials
+to be brought together, will extend them perhaps beyond the desirable
+limits. In order to lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing that is
+new or important, the work will be divided into three series.
+
+1st. The annals of South America, where many generalities will be
+introduced, that need not be repeated in the 2d series, on the annals of
+North America.
+
+3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where will be thrown and collected
+all the collateral proofs, documents, vocabularies of languages,
+manuscript facts and events, essential quotations, and results of all the
+investigations.
+
+The Peruvian and Austral regions of South America will first be
+introduced, because of paramount importance. By the Peruvian region is
+meant the whole western part of South America from the equator to the
+southern tropic, and by Austral America, the whole of it from that tropic
+to the Magellanic Islands. The gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay,
+appear to divide these regions from Brazil, both physically and
+historically. Austral America includes the countries and nations of Chili,
+Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall often
+be needful to mention their neighbors, with whom they are more or less
+related, and even distant nations that are not always strangers to them.
+
+The ancient nations of Austral America are the least known on many
+accounts, and those on whom most fables and systems have been based. It is
+there that dwell the _Patagons_, who have been believed a peculiar species
+of giants; and those tribes of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed peculiar
+men, with languages without affinities with any other: which will easily
+be proved to be quite false.
+
+If America has had an aboriginal population, or _Autoctons_, men born from
+the soil: it is there they should be found, driven to the south and those
+remote climes by the ancient colonies of other nations; and they should
+offer features, complexions, languages and manners totally different from
+any other. If all the Americans derive from ancient colonies, it is still
+there that ought to be found the primitive tribes, driven on by the
+subsequent colonies and tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are
+exceedingly interesting to study as the most ancient relics of American
+population.
+
+But the origin of the American nations and tribes are only to be
+considered as a branch of their history. The accounts of their dispersion
+and successive settlements, the history of the events which they have
+remembered and transmitted to us by traditions or annals, those of the
+empires which have been founded there in ancient and modern times, the
+study of their civilization and ethnography ... offer surely much more
+interest, and a wide field of historical facts or enquiries.
+
+It appears that as soon as we speak of the ancient Americans, we ought to
+cut the gordian knot, and say whence they came. I do not wish to explain
+beforehand, all my views on this subject. I wish to reserve them for the
+results of the enquiries to be pursued in this work. Yet to satisfy the
+general curiosity expressed on the subject, I may venture to say that I
+have not yet found in either Americas, any people or tribe totally
+different from any other, or without philological affinities: nor with
+features, complexions, and other physical characters quite peculiar. But
+instead, all the ancient American tribes have numerous affinities between
+each other, and with races of mankind in the Eastern hemisphere: both
+physical and moral, as well as philological.
+
+If the American nations sprung from ancient colonies; it is among the
+primitive population of the earth, that their parents must be sought and
+found: since America appears to have been partly peopled even before the
+flood. Therefore the systems which would derive them all from the
+Phenicians, Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later ages, or any single people
+whatever, must be absurd and improbable: since traces of many ancient
+nations are found in this western hemisphere.
+
+It has always appeared probable to me that most of the ancient colonies to
+America, must have come there by the nearest and most direct way; the same
+nearly followed again by Columbus in 1492: either from north Africa or
+south Europe. This becomes still more probable if there were formerly a
+land or large islands in the Atlantic Ocean; of which we have ample
+proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida and Mexico to Chili, appear to
+have reached America from the east, through the tropical islands or
+Antilles; but the ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt once in
+Asia, which appears the cradle of mankind.
+
+However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana are more recent and of African
+origin; while nearly all those of North America appear to have reached
+America by the opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through Alaska or the
+Streight of Behring, once an Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes came
+here from the East, and the North West. It is more doubtful that any came
+from the West or Polynesia.
+
+What is now needful, is to trace these colonies, their travels, epochas,
+and ascertain the nations which they have produced in both Americas. This
+I will endeavour to do, without being prevented by the difficulties of the
+task. I shall always seek to ascertain the true names of each nation or
+tribe: which have often been disguised under a crowd of nicknames and
+erroneous orthographies. These names when thus restored will often furnish
+an original key, to supply the scarcely known languages, or lost
+traditions.
+
+The Brigands who brought desolation over both Americas during two
+centuries, and the careless travellers who visited them in search of
+wealth, took little notice of the languages and traditions of their
+victims or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss of many valuable
+materials, merely indicated. However, a few enlightened visitors, and the
+missionaries have preserved some of them. The first attempt of the kind
+was the outlines of historical songs and traditions of Hayti, collected as
+early as 1498 by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; printed by his
+son, and by Barcias. Yet this valuable document has escaped the notice of
+nearly all the writers on America! evident proof of utter carelessness or
+neglect.
+
+Piedrahita has given some of the historical traditions of the Muyzcas;
+Juarros the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; Ayeta and Herrera those
+of the Mayas of Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected by our historians.
+They have merely dwelt, and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico and
+Peru. We have besides fragments on the early history of the Ongwis,
+Linapis, Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; but we have to regret
+the loss of the written annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas,
+Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of
+which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, as those of the Ongwis and
+Linapis have lately been.
+
+It is only since last age that the study of comparative philology has
+begun to be appreciated: and quite recently that languages have been made
+subservient to historical researches. Pigafetta had, however, set the
+examples as early as 1520 to collect American vocabularies, of which he
+gave two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which are quite important, since by
+them we trace both tribes seen by him to the ARUAC race. For lack of
+frequent ancient vocabularies, we must often grope in the dark; but I do
+not despair to be able to restore many lost languages, by fragments
+escaped from the common ruin. I have already succeeded with the _Taino_ of
+Hayti, the _Cahiri_ of Trinidad, _Talega_ and _Apalachi_ of North America,
+the _Chontal_ of central America, the _Colla_ of Peru, and the _Séké_ of
+old Chili; whereby I shall draw some happy conclusions.
+
+Asia has been the country of fables, Africa of monsters, and America of
+systems, for those who prefer opinions to reality. The systems and
+hypotheses of philosophy or ignorance upon America, exceed all the Asiatic
+fables. A crowd of prejudices, false opinions and fantastic theories, have
+been asserted on this hemisphere, often mistaking a small part of it for
+the whole. Some have declared all the Americans a red, beardless, naked
+and barbarous race, or a peculiar species of men. Others that they came
+out of the ground or from the clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats
+or on the ice. Others that they are all Jews, or Malays, or Tartars.
+Lastly, even that Eden was here and Noah built the ark in America! All
+these systems and fifty more brought forth by ignorance or pride, are
+based upon the most absurd proofs, or a few insulated facts: while there
+are historical facts easy to prove that are neglected or forgotten.
+
+Thus it is a positive fact that many ancient nations of the east, such as
+the Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, Hindus, &c. had heard of
+America, or knew nearly as much of it, as we did of Australia and
+Polynesia 100 years ago. It is as certain that America contained
+anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct nations and tribes; some of
+which were quite civilized, perhaps as much as the Spaniards led by
+Columbus; the others more barbarous, but not entirely savage. There were
+but few, if any, real savages in America, dwelling in woods without social
+ties; most of them were wandering tribes of fishermen or hunters.
+
+There were formerly in America as now, tribes of all complexions, as
+elsewhere: yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, brown, incarnate or
+white, and even blackened or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men from 8 to 4
+feet in size, called giants and pygmies--men with various frames, skulls,
+and features, of all the sorts found in the eastern hemisphere.
+
+The Americans had long before Columbus, large cities; built of stones,
+bricks or wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. Some of which were
+of immense size and population. One of them _Otolum_ near Palenque was 28
+miles long, equal to Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and monuments.
+Nearly all the ancient sciences and useful primitive arts were known in
+America, as well as commerce and navigation, symbolic and alphabetic
+writing, nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The most civilized nations
+had even colleges and universities, canals and paved roads, splendid
+temples and monuments, &c.
+
+It would be tedious to designate all what has not been told, or been very
+unworthily noticed, upon America. The whole of these outlines shall be
+comments upon the forgotten facts relating to this third of the world.
+Such as are found recorded by chance in one or few authors, scattered in
+1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by nearly all the other writers.
+
+Respecting the chronology of the American annals, it is rather obscure and
+doubtful; but perhaps not more so than that of all ancient nations except
+the Chinese. It frequently ascends as far as the floods and even the
+creation. The most ancient dates are found among the Tols or Toltecas and
+Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is
+difficult to make those dates agree among themselves, or with our oriental
+dates. However the American annals may be divided into great periods,
+which can be admitted as certain, and resting points of history at
+peculiar epochas.
+
+Here is their tabular view.
+
+I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus in 1492.
+
+1. _Antidiluvian period_, beginning at the creation, about 6690 years
+before Columbus according to the Tols, and ending with the last cataclysm
+of Peleg, about 3788 years before Columbus.
+
+2. _Doubtful period_, from that epocha till the reform of Tol astronomy,
+1612 years before Columbus. This includes several subordinate periods and
+epochas.
+
+About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement of the Linapis in Shinaki or
+Firland or Oregon in N. W. America.
+
+About 2500 years before Columbus, wars of the Towancas and Ongwis, the
+hero Yatatan, &c. in North America.
+
+3. _Certain period_, from 1612 till Columbus' arrival in 1492. Many lesser
+periods and epochas.
+
+442, after Christ--End of the Tollan kingdom.
+
+492,--Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of Ongwis.
+
+558,--Empire of Tol-tecas begins in Anahuac, and lasts till 942.
+
+840,--Beginning of the wars of Zipanas and Caris in South Peru.
+
+947,--Foundation of the kingdom of Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan.
+
+985,--Discovery of America by the Norwegians.
+
+1000,--Conquest of Quito by the Skiris.
+
+1105,--Beginning of the Incas empire.
+
+1322,--Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or Mexico.
+
+II. Modern history, from 1492 till our days.
+
+1. _Colonial Period_, from 1492 till 1776.
+
+2. _Independent Period_, beginning in 1776. The foundation of the empire
+of Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate period.
+
+Each age may bear the name of a wise legislator or eminent personage: the
+ages of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, 2. Las-Casas, 3. William
+Penn, 4. Washington, 5. Bolivar.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+    MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICANS.--_Authors, Documents,
+    Sciences.--Languages, Civilization, &c._
+
+
+Far from following the example of many American historians, who often take
+a single guide for their crude compilations, or avoid the trouble to
+consult all the historical sources, I have taken care in my researches to
+employ all the possible means to reach the truth, and collect all the
+facts that are scattered among a crowd of writers. I have carefully
+analysed, compared and judged the materials, details and events thus
+procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences have afforded additional
+fragments or proofs.
+
+These materials may be divided into 10 series or kinds
+
+1. Works, printed or manuscript.
+2. Documents and monuments.
+3. Maps, plans, views, &c.
+4. Natural sciences.
+5. Ethnography.
+6. Traditions and annals.
+7. Chronology and astronomy.
+8. Languages and philology.
+9. Religion, mythologies, &c.
+10. Civilization, laws and manners.
+
+The writers upon America are very numerous; but mostly defective or local.
+A number, however, have attempted to consider the whole continent: the
+principal among those containing facts upon all parts of America are
+chiefly
+
+Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish America carried till the year
+1554.
+
+Delaet, Historical Geography of America, till 1630.
+
+Garcias, Origins of the Americans.--Spanish work.
+
+Carli, American Letters.--Italian work.
+
+Ogilby, History and Geography of America, till 1670.
+
+Raynal, European Settlements in America, till 1774.
+
+Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish America in 1786.--Spanish work.
+
+Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820.
+
+Touron, History of America, chiefly ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14
+volumes 1768-70, in French.
+
+Robertson, false History of America or Spanish Conquests of Mexico or
+Peru.
+
+The collections of travels by Hackluyt, Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias,
+Prevost, &c.
+
+The American researches of Ulloa, Humboldt, M'Culloh, &c.
+
+I have consulted and analyzed all these general works, and many others of
+less account; but I have not yet read Hervas nor Compagnone, knowing them
+merely through quotations
+
+The first _Bibliotheca Americana_ or catalogue of writers on America, was
+given by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another appeared in England in 1719; a
+third in France in 1820. They contain the names, authors, editions, dates,
+&c. of over 300 works relating to America. Robertson has given a list of
+nearly as many, which he pretends to have consulted, although he neglected
+what they tell us. Humboldt has also a catalogue of 250 authors, consulted
+by him. In 1831, Aspinwall published his American Library containing 771
+works; and Warden, in Paris, his own, containing 977 American works with
+133 atlasses and maps.
+
+All this does not complete the account of books on America; since I have
+seen many omitted in all these catalogues; although I never could meet
+some mentioned there. I will carefully notice them, that it may be known
+where I found my materials, and what may yet have escaped my researches. I
+have already consulted upwards of 600 writers on both Americas, and there
+are at least 1000 already printed, I mean special or local works connected
+with history. If we were to add to these the botanists, naturalists,
+paltry compilers, and pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of 3000 works
+on America, her inhabitants and productions.
+
+I will refer gradually to them, and have collected them all in my
+manuscript illustrations; _materials_, _printed works_. Therefore we do
+not lack printed materials: but the choice of the best is difficult: since
+many works merely consist in fables, blunders, errors, hypotheses and
+their constant repetitions: which ought to be rejected in order to gather
+facts and the truth. But we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that may
+clash with our ideas and systems: it is chiefly needful so recall and
+restore the events and facts mentioned by the earliest travellers and
+observers.
+
+These numerous local writers ought to be divided into three classes. 1.
+historians and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, 3. antiquarians
+and philologists. I shall now merely mention the most useful (which I have
+all consulted) upon the Peruvian and Austral regions of South America.
+
+1st. The principal historians are, 1. Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes,
+Civil History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of
+Peru, 4. Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix of Paraguay, 6.
+Techo, on Ditto, 7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, and 10.
+Renger, Paraguay.
+
+2d. The principal writers who have furnished historical facts, with
+geographical and ethnographical materials, are _old travellers_, 1.
+Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, 3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6.
+Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12.
+Schmidtmeyer.
+
+_The modern travellers are_, 1. Azara, 2. D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook,
+5. Byron, 6. Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, 10. Beaumont, 11.
+Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, 17.
+Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty.
+
+The principal original geographers and ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on
+Chiquitos 1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, on Patagonia 1774, 4.
+Molina on Chili and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. Skinner, Memoirs on
+Peru, 7. Gili, South America 1782.
+
+3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, antiquities and other
+historical branches are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, &c., on all
+American languages, 2. American researches of Humboldt, Macculoh 1829.
+Those of Depaw and Ranking are shameful, perverting every thing to support
+false systems.
+
+_Manuscripts._ There are yet many such extant on America, in the libraries
+of both hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list of Mexican Manuscripts.
+Funes quotes several on Austral America. There are several extant in
+Central America and South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many have been lost
+through wilful neglect, or destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the
+expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient languages, Mexican,
+Tarasca, Tzendal, &c., are now very rare, and much esteemed. Those burnt
+by Zumaraga, the Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. Lord Kingborough
+has lately published some at a great cost.
+
+The manuscripts which I could consult on South America are but few. Those
+on North America are more numerous and very important; particularly the
+traditions of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are chiefly on wood, bark,
+skins or Mosaic strings. But I have received several manuscript
+vocabularies of the languages of Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I
+have consulted several manuscripts in the libraries of Philadelphia.
+
+There are, besides, in the public or private libraries of all the great
+cities of both Americas, several interesting historical works, which have
+never been published.
+
+There are several in Philadelphia, particularly the historical collections
+of Simetierre. Often the best or most important works cannot be printed:
+while a crowd of paltry compilations are ushered to deceive the public.
+This may be deemed a remainder of the prevailing ignorance and error.
+Instead of appreciating the learned and useful works, the prevailing taste
+is for historical romances and systematic fables. It is needful to seek
+these previous labors, which run the risk of being totally lost, if we
+will not have again to blush hereafter for these historical losses.
+
+I give the list of such among my own manuscripts, as have been employed to
+write this history. They are yet in my possession, but I wish to see them
+deposited in a great public library; where they might be consulted.
+
+1. Materials for the history, ethnography, &c. of the Americans, their
+annals, chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, continued ever since, and
+not yet closed.
+
+2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern languages of both Americas,
+symbols, glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824.
+
+3. Comparative geography and ethnography of ancient and modern America, 5
+books, with maps, &c., begun 1824.
+
+4. Ancient monuments of North and South America, compared with the
+primitive monuments of the eastern hemisphere, 3 books and 200 plans, &c.,
+1822.
+
+5. TELLUS, or the primitive History of the Earth and Mankind in Protholia,
+Oceania and Neotholia, with the ancient and modern general ethnography, 30
+books, begun in 1821.
+
+6. Synglosson, or compared examination of all languages and nations, 6
+books, begun 1825.
+
+7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my historical works and travels,
+containing over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, portraits, alphabets,
+symbols, implements, &c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816.
+
+8. Travels in North America, in 1802, 3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many
+manuscript books and journals.
+
+I have often been apprehensive of the fate of Boturini, for these
+interesting manuscript and long researches. This has happened already for
+one of my manuscripts. As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy of Science
+in Boston, a manuscript of 240 pages, being an _account of the materials
+yet existing for the history of the nations and tribes of America before
+Columbus_. This was for an offered prize of $100: which was never awarded,
+although my memoir was declared the best sent. And instead of depositing
+this manuscript in the library of the American Antiquarian Society as
+requested, it has been _lost_ or _stolen_. If never recovered, and that
+the public may judge of the merits of it, at such an early period of my
+historical studies: I will state the principal results of my enquiries
+therein; which tenor, together with their length, were the ostensible
+reasons for not awarding a prize probably never meant to be awarded.
+
+I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there are yet materials enough,
+notwithstanding the loss of many, for an ancient history of America.
+
+2. That a complete American history ought to employ and combine all the
+materials afforded by geology, geography, physics, chronology, physiology,
+ethnology, archeology, philology, on America, with all the traditions of
+the Americans.
+
+3. Geology and physical geography indicates the cradles and ancient
+settlements of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the places unfit for
+population, the means of access, probable route of colonies, &c.
+
+4. America has an ancient geography previous to 1492, which ought to be
+restored.
+
+5. The coincidence of names of nations and tribes, afford a comparitive
+concordance, indicating ancient connections or identity.
+
+6. The ancient American population, must have been derived from the
+nearest shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The points where all the
+indications and traditions tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and Guyana
+in South America; Anian or Tollan and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga or
+Groenland to the N. E.
+
+7. The philological solution of historical affinities must be sought in
+the roots of the languages, their conformity or analogies, the number of
+similar sounds, roots and words; which are susceptible of a mathematical
+calculation, and referable to the theory of probabilities.
+
+8. Many primitive nations in all parts of the earth, may thus be proved to
+have been akin or related.
+
+9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but perhaps not universal. His ark or
+THBE was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations saved there.
+
+10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian patriarchs were Nations,
+their long ages being the duration of dynasties or states. This opinion
+may also be entertained of many other ancient patriarchs or heads of
+tribes, every where, by the usual figure of personification.
+
+11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so general as Noah's. There may have
+been many successive cataclysms blended in this, as this has been often
+mistaken in date for Noah's.
+
+12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican nations, must have been the Tulan
+of Asia, since Turan and Tartary. There are many places called Tula, all
+over the earth, indicating settlements of Atlantes.
+
+13. The ancient chronology of America may be restored. Several dates
+given, a system proposed.
+
+14. All the races and complexions of mankind are found in America.
+
+15. America was known to the ancient nations, particularly the Atlantes,
+Pelagians, Phenicians, &c.
+
+16. Some highlands of America were not covered at Noah's flood, and might
+become the azylums of men, animals, and vegetation. However, but few
+nations can be traced to these azylums in America.
+
+17. The ancient monuments of both Americas, are similar to the primitive
+monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe.
+
+18. The ancient inscriptions of America can be explained. A key may be
+found for all: some are evidently pelagic.
+
+19. The religions of the Americans, were similar to the primitive
+religions of the eastern hemisphere.
+
+20. The manners and customs, of the Americans, are very various, and form
+no peculiar test.
+
+21. Many American nations were highly civilized, besides the Mexicans and
+Peruvians: skilful in agriculture, and the arts, having cattle, colleges,
+&c.
+
+My reward for having ascertained and proved those facts, was to be denied
+the prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid or lost or stolen! My
+historical researches ever since have continued to confirm nearly all
+these facts.(1)
+
+2. _Documents and monuments._ The historical titles and proofs,
+inscriptions, medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so common elsewhere,
+are but few as yet, in America, belonging to early times: most belong to
+modern history.
+
+There are some ancient inscriptions scattered in South America; but not
+yet published. Molina speaks of one on a pyramid of Cuyo, which late
+travellers have not found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué in Central
+America begin to excite great attention; and I have sought a key for
+them.(2)
+
+Ancient metallic coins and medals, really Americans, are exceedingly
+scarce: yet there are some in Central America. Several medals, perhaps
+foreign and indicating a communication, have been found, but again lost or
+neglected; few have been figured or explained.
+
+Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of
+the ancient Americans are found in all the museums; but excite little
+attention, by not being concentrated, accumulated nor classified. Many
+fine specimens of arts have been melted, or broken and lost. The
+astronomical stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas have been preserved; but
+those of Peru and Central America are lost; as well as that beautiful one
+of the Talegas of North America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic
+signs, found in the Ohio, and once kept in a museum of Philadelphia.
+
+The ancient monuments of both Americas, are very numerous, indicating a
+dense population in places since become wild and desolate, as in North
+America, Guyana, Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in the central parts
+of both Americas, and lessen towards both ends. Yet they are met from lat.
+45 N. to 45 S. They are very variable in different parts; by no means
+identic, indicating different builders or many degrees of civilization,
+from the rudest arts to the most refined: employing many materials, earth,
+clay, gravel, stone, wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular
+cyclopian structures, or regular buildings of rough or cut stones, _pizé_
+or beaten clay, &c.
+
+We do not know as yet one half of those in existence, and many have never
+been described nor figured. Yet they afford every where, one of the most
+evident and certain base of historical researches, confirming traditions,
+or revealing the seats of former empires, their civilization, &c. They
+consist chiefly in mounds, altars, tumuli or tombs, ruined cities,
+villages and forts, temples and dwellings; but we find besides in various
+places, traces of ancient palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals,
+mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, pillars, rocking stones, walls,
+wells, pits &c. They generally resemble the primitive monuments of the
+same kind, met with in the eastern hemisphere, from England and Ireland to
+Mauritania and Africa, extending east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia,
+Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance with the monuments of Egypt,
+Greece, Rome, India and China; yet some kinds somewhat assimilate. In
+fact, there are, throughout both Americas, three very distinct classes of
+monuments, indicating distinct arts and architecture.
+
+The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to those yet used by the rudest
+tribes in the north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating a similar
+barbarous state.
+
+The second or primitive, is known by using wood and earth instead of
+stones for buildings.
+
+The third or most refined, employed stones, often well cut as in Mexico,
+Central America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts nearly equal to those of
+Egypt and India.
+
+Besides such great monumental remains; there are lesser antiquities;
+fragments of sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, &c., either in
+metals, stones, pottery, beads, &c., found every where mixed with the
+others.
+
+But the most singular and dubious relics of antiquity, are subteraneous or
+in excavations: these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: while under ground
+are found trees, stumps, charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls,
+houses, &c. that must have been buried by alluvions, diluvions or new
+formed soil. It has been surmised or ascertained that some may be
+antidiluvian: although those in deep alluvial soils, near streams, and
+connected with graves, may have been buried by men, or fluvial
+inundations. Mummies, skeletons and bones, with human apparel and
+implements have been found in caves, evidently buried there by human
+means, and not by floods. Human remains are but seldom if ever connected
+with the organic remains of the soil and caves, even of the latest
+geological date.
+
+3. _Geography, Maps, &c._ The knowledge of the regions and localities
+inhabited by mankind, or where colonies are sent, empires founded, is
+needful to history, in order to understand and treat the events and
+migrations. The physical configuration of the land, the climates, plains,
+mountains and streams, have a great influence on civilization and
+communications. Physical geography is constant and invariable: while civil
+or ethnographical geography is constantly fluctuating in limits and names.
+
+If we had complete series of maps by chronological order upon America; we
+should find therein the materials for a comparative historical geography,
+and successive ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions of mankind.
+The old maps of America, those of Laet, the old geographers &c. are very
+valuable for this object. Many travellers in America, have given original
+maps, which furnish similar materials. I have chiefly used for Peru and
+Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, D'Anville, Molina, Falkner,
+Cochrane, Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern general maps, relating
+to South America, the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the English of 1815,
+the French of 1830, the latest American of Tanner, &c. By those materials
+I have been able to trace and fix four periods of American geography, 2
+ancient and 2 modern.
+
+I. Primitive geography of America.
+
+II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and 1500.
+
+III. Modern colonial geography.
+
+IV. Modern independent geography.
+
+I have formed Mpt. maps of the two first periods, which shall be published
+gradually, or in my Illustrations of the Ancient Geography of America. We
+have thousands of maps on the early geography of the Eastern Hemisphere,
+and no one as yet on the Western Hemisphere! to show the respective limits
+and positions of Ancient Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero's
+map of Anahuac at the Spanish conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c.
+
+We have the plans of Ancient Mexico and Cuzco; but lack those of
+Tiahuanaco, Otolum, and many more important for ancient history. Several
+plans of ancient sites of civilization have been given, along with those
+of monuments. I have many in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest part of
+modern cities, are built on ancient sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North
+America, the same happens with Cincinnati, Louisville, Pittsburg, St.
+Louis, Philadelphia, Savannah, &c. The views of ruined cities, and those
+of actual cities, are partly historical, connected with the knowledge of
+gradual American civilization.
+
+Many ancient names of islands, lakes, streams and mountains, are preserved
+in actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti--Ontario, Erie, Titicaca--Ohio,
+Alatamaha, Maranon, Parana, Rivers.--Alleghanies, Andes, Parima, Mountains,
+&c. When the names have been changed, it is the duty of the historical
+geographer to compare the old and new names.
+
+The Mexicans and other civilized ancient nations, could draw and paint
+maps. Even our North American tribes can draw rude maps on skins or bark.
+Some of these are preserved in museums; but none have ever been published:
+although some are pretty correct and deserving it.
+
+4. _Natural Sciences._ They are now becoming sisters of history. Geology
+is connected with geography. Botany and Zoology, acquaint us with trees,
+plants and animals, which were used in the arts and agriculture at
+different periods. The Asiatic origin of maize, called _maza_ by Hesiod
+and known to the Pelagians (Hughes Greece,) has been unperceived by
+Humboldt and many others, although it throws some light on the early
+migrations and communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated in Assyria,
+West Tartary, North Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted by Marco
+Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, &c.(3)
+
+America had anciently several cereal plants, besides maize, two kinds of
+indigenous wheat and barley in Chili. The Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of
+South and North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, fruits and flowers,
+were cultivated from Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, the
+indigo and annato were natives. Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and
+collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm,
+&c., were cultivated or collected to use for cloths, threads, ropes, &c.
+
+Paleontology, a new science, seeks for the remains of animals dwelling on
+earth, before mankind. America has already afforded the huge mastodons,
+elephants, megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land animals, and many
+large reptiles, crocodiles of streams and lakes.
+
+American Zoology is very peculiar: a few arctic quadrupeds, birds and
+insects excepted; all the animals of this hemisphere are peculiar to it.
+Reptiles almost entirely such, even in the North. All the American monkeys
+form distinct species. The tropical animals of the two hemispheres are
+distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 quadrupeds formerly domesticated
+in America, the dog only may be deemed a stranger: and it had even many
+American varieties.
+
+The domestic quadrupeds of ancient America were 33, while only 25 in Asia,
+Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2
+deer, 2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation on the domestic animals
+of both hemispheres, 1832. Americans had also tamed 22 birds or fowls, as
+many as Asia, &c., and even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had
+become domestic: altogether 112 in America and only 80 in Europe, Asia,
+&c., before 1492.
+
+American botany offers many peculiar regions; in the North only, akin to
+Asiatic or European botany; but becoming quite distinct in the tropics,
+still more so in Austral America. Since 1492 the European colonists have
+brought many plants, that are become spontaneous from Canada to Chili:
+these must be carefully separated from the ancient indigenous plants.
+
+The American Floras are nearly as many as the 15 natural regions already
+indicated, each having a focal seat or cradle in some range of mountains.
+They become richer or more abundant in species within the tropics,
+decreasing to the North and South. Trees and palm abound there, and
+disappear near the poles, the palms are unknown beyond the 36 degrees
+North and South. The equator has 500 species of trees; in latitude 40 N.
+and S. only 100 kinds are found, or even less. Social plants and grasses
+abound in plains, and in the North dwindle to mosses and lichens.
+
+Trees were early tools of civilization, affording timber, fuel, dies,
+houses, boats, weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in abundance: even
+the tribes of North America near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native
+wild fruits, and had begun to plant orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees,
+crab-trees, nut-trees. They knew how to make oils of nuts, to dry the
+fruits, make sugars out of maples and other trees.
+
+Fish has always afforded an ample supply of food to early nations, whence
+the preference to dwell near streams, Lakes and shores. Notwithstanding
+the swimming rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or oceanic tribes
+of them that are common to both hemispheres. Most of the resident shore
+fishes of America are peculiar species. Still more so with lacustral and
+fluviatile fishes. These are divided into peculiar regions. Our northern
+lakes form one; and almost every large stream has a peculiar generation of
+finny tribes: such are the Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic
+streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c.
+
+Minerals abound in both Americas. It was gold and silver that drew hither
+the greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized nations knew mining,
+smelting, casting and forging. They used gold, silver, copper, brass,
+lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c.
+Even the less civilized tribes of North America used copper and lead,
+clays for pipes, pottery, &c. Iron was scarce because so hard to melt, and
+highly prized; but iron-rings have been found as jewels around the wrists
+of skeletons.
+
+Metallic coins were little known except in Central America; but bits of
+silver, gold, tin, iron, were used as such. The other mediums of exchange
+were skins, mats, nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, &c. Commerce
+was well known to many nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange
+commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea
+for the same purpose all over the Antilles, coast of Peru, and in the
+great streams. It is thus that were found many strange and foreign
+objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., all over America, and in early
+tombs.
+
+5. _Ethnography._ This new science which undertakes to describe nations,
+reckons already many peculiar branches. Anthropography or the knowledge of
+physical mankind. Philology or the comparative study of human speech and
+languages. Besides the nameless branch attending to the moral ideas, arts,
+institutions, manners, civilization, governments and religions of mankind;
+which might be called moral ethnography.
+
+All these studies become the philosophy of history, and shall duly command
+my attention. Some writers neglect them altogether; others, like
+Robertson, do not know how to collect and accumulate facts instead of
+systems: Rollin has shown in his Ancient History, how useful moral
+ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although he omitted philology and
+physical facts.
+
+I have studied the men of all the parts of the world, in order to know and
+compare them, better than had been done. All the errors on the histories
+of nations, proceed commonly from the slender or partial views acquired or
+admitted by the writers. There is much to glean on the ethnography of
+modern nations, and therefrom we may ascend to ancient ethnography. It
+would be needful to study well the physical and moral features of all; the
+shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; the complexions of the skin,
+hairs and eyes; with the casual or permanent varieties.
+
+But, above all, we must better study all the spoken languages and
+dialects. It is strange that we hardly know anything, and sometimes
+nothing at all, on the languages of many existing tribes, with whom we
+have intercourse in both Americas. It would be desirable to procure at
+least a vocabulary of 100 essential words, in each. Such words, including
+the cardinal numbers, will soon become the key of ethnographical
+philology. While the additional study of phonology or sounds of languages,
+their idioms and grammars, their roots, and verbs, the alphabets, glyphs
+and symbols used to communicate ideas, will combine to furnish the
+complete knowledge of philology as a separate science. Although I have not
+always carried so far my researches; I did so for a few, applying chiefly
+myself to the essential features of languages; and the unexpected results
+will be surprising.
+
+American anthropography will teach that there were men of all sizes,
+features and complexions, in this hemisphere before 1492: notwithstanding
+the false assertions of many writers, who take one nation for the whole
+American group. The Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, &c. were
+as white as the Spaniards, 50 such tribes were found in South America;
+while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, the Yaruras, &c., were as black
+as negroes. All the other shades of brown, tawny and coppery, were
+scattered every where. There was not a single red man in America, unless
+painted such. Some tribes had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese,
+Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8
+feet high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet.
+
+6. _Traditions and Annals._ Many American nations preserve a memory of
+historical events by unwritten traditions, repeated from fathers to sons;
+or communicated orally by the priests, chiefs or elderly men. Many are
+preserved yet to this day, by frequent repetitions, being embodied in
+songs, hymns, maxims, tales, drawings, or even symbolic figures and signs.
+Many of those traditions are precious for history, notwithstanding the
+fables, allegories, metaphors, personifications, &c., which partly conceal
+them or render the meaning obscure. We must learn to decipher them as we
+do old inscriptions and medals.
+
+Although many such are now nearly lost for us, by the extinction of the
+living books, who kept the remembrance: there are many already collected,
+and of which we ought to make a good use. But there are as many more,
+which have never been collected nor printed. I have collected many such in
+North America in manuscript. It often happens that the American tribes
+will not communicate them to their foes or oppressors; but their friends
+and allies may hope to receive the deposit of them. Every enlightened
+traveller ought to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet after being
+acquired, they are sometimes lost again, by neglect. I have known some
+learned and unlearned men despise them equally as _Indian Stories_,
+because they despise the ancient American race. There are, however, as yet
+many historical songs, poems and tales to collect among all the American
+tribes, which falling in good hands cannot fail to attract notice and be
+employed usefully. Every one who neglects or destroys them acts as a
+vandal. Malcolm has said at the outset of his history of Persia, that we
+ought never to neglect the original notions of a people on its origin, or
+early history, since therein is found the germ and spring of their
+subsequent conduct, actions and opinions.
+
+My illustrations shall contain many unpublished or forgotten traditions,
+whereof I shall avail myself in all my historical annals and researches. I
+consider those of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, Shawanis, Cados,
+Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, Apalachians, &c., as highly important for the
+annals of North America. The same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas,
+Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans
+and Caribs for the Antilles. And in South America those of the Muyzcas,
+Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons,
+&c.
+
+7. _Chronology and Astronomy._ These two sciences always go together, and
+form a double key of history. The American chronology is by no means fixed
+before 1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve and compare all the
+heterogenous dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt to elucidate it
+gradually; but may often be compelled, as in geology, to relate only
+successive events without dates, and merely referred to a series of
+gradual facts. In Austral America, we are told that none had notions of
+astronomy and dates, except the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only
+in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe that their oral traditions have
+been neglected, as well as those of their neighbours.
+
+In Peru, there are many positive dates, yet I was the first to reduce them
+to chronological order. In Brazil and Guyana, but few dates are found. The
+Muyzcas had very early dates, yet few have been preserved; much obscured
+by personifications of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins their real annals
+only in 1490, or 45 years before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles the
+dates are quite loose, and difficult to reduce even to a serial order.
+
+But in Central and Mexican America, we find many early dates with a
+regular chronology. Yet some are extravagant or contradictory. I shall
+endeavour to elucidate them, so as to reduce the whole to order. They must
+form the base of a regular American chronology, that ascends by dates to
+the flood and creation. In Yucatan the first regular date only reach to
+940 after Christ.
+
+In North America, where the smallest number of dates existed; we have
+unexpectedly and quite lately, found that many ancient dates could be
+procured. Cusick has published those of the Ongwi traditions, and I have
+ascertained those of the Linapis. Both of which reach to the flood and
+creation, and afford series of available dates as early as 1600 years
+before our era; thus nearly as ample as those of the TOL-tecas, and as
+plain in some instances.
+
+Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized nations of ancient America.
+They had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and 13 solar years. Humboldt
+has well written on that subject; but much remains to be gleaned. The
+northern tribes reckon by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, &c.,
+and by winters instead of years, moons instead of solar months. They had
+also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, &c. the months were of 20
+days, including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians had months of 27
+days, or 3 weeks of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas small weeks of 3
+days, &c. No where in ancient America, was found the sabatical week of
+days, based on the 7 planets and the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is
+remarkable, as evincing a remote antiquity, and separation before this
+week was adopted in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c.
+
+Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas reckoned only 365 days in the
+solar year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then they added the hours to
+the year. This forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas had a very
+complicated astronomy, and three kinds of years. The usual was of 20
+moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. The horal division unknown in
+many parts of America, was of 4 hours in the day for the Muyzcas and
+Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of 12
+signs with 360 degrees were not known. The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and
+104 degrees.
+
+Arithmetic is intimately connected with astronomy. A complete decimal
+numeration was known to all the civilized American nations, and even to
+the northern tribes. The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the manual
+mode; there are traces also of a binary numeration, the most simple of
+all: while others had complex calculations by 13 and by 20 or scores. We
+find no trace of any by 7, and but slight indications of a ternary
+numeration by 3 and 9. All these American modes of reckoning may thus be
+reduced to the _binary_, by two or pairs; and the quinary or manual by the
+five fingers, of which the decimal is the double, and by 20 the quadruple.
+
+8. _Languages._ They are becoming one of the most important aids in
+history. When the annals are ample and clear, the examination of the
+languages is merely a supplement to historical knowledge; but when they
+are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; languages then supply more or less
+to their defects or loss. Their comparative study furnish us new lights to
+ascertain the origines, parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, wars,
+&c., of the nations thus deprived of written annals or even traditions.
+They serve also to rectify the imperfect annals or the fabulous
+traditions. This study may lead besides to trace the manners, religions,
+intercourse, arts and sciences of nearly all nations; since the proper
+languages of each people offers a picture of the civilization, acquired or
+borrowed knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each.
+
+It is above all in both Americas that this study is indispensable in
+historical researches: I will therefore apply to languages in all cases,
+and make constant use of them; and they will unfold new facts quite
+unknown, although very important, Historical lights shall thereby be
+thrown on many obscure subjects, whence astonishing and unexpected results
+may spring, in which I shall depend as much as upon mutilated and
+neglectful traditions.
+
+By taking into view all the American languages or as many as are already
+known, we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd systems of
+philosophers and philologists, who taking only a few as samples of the
+whole, have either deemed _all the Americans_, as many Jews, or Tartars,
+or Atlantes, or sprung from the ground, and so on. Now the fact is that
+these writers have never taken the trouble to compare the numerous
+American languages and dialects, reduce them to groups, and seek their
+affinities elsewhere.
+
+Adelung and Vater had once stated without proof, that nearly 1200
+languages existed in America. Balbi has reduced them to 423, of which 212
+in South America; but they can be much further reduced, most of them being
+mere dialects. The whole may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, or
+even less; which were certainly identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years
+ago: and all of which have astonishing affinities with the groups of the
+eastern hemisphere, so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 years ago.
+
+Vater and Maltebrun have given a few hundred examples of such analogies:
+and the systematic writers have supposed that they had exhausted the
+comparisons. Yet a single language, the Chilian, has by itself more
+affinities with the languages of Europe, than all those mentioned by Vater
+and others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic affinities of
+American languages, vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to the nations.
+If we suppose that there are 400 languages in America, and as many in the
+eastern hemisphere, and each to have about 2000 roots or essential words
+only; while the mean affinities are only 25 per cent: we shall find as
+many as 200,000 affinities! out of America, in every American language;
+and in all the 400, as many as 80 millions! instead of the paltry
+reckoning of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible of mathematical proofs,
+and shall be unfolded gradually in these pages.
+
+The theory about the common exclusive grammatical structure of all the
+American languages, is equally erroneous and based upon partial facts.
+Instead of all the American languages being polysynthetic by amalgamating
+words, we find in America many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic:
+while the amalgamation of words prevails more or less in Europe and
+Africa; chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, Berber and other
+Atlantic dialects, the Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the Sanscrit
+and all the derived languages.
+
+It had been asserted that no American language was monosylabic: yet Balbi
+states that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera has lately proved the
+same of the Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such American groups of
+languages. But there are more; nay many American languages have
+monosylabic roots, even among the most amalgamated groups.
+
+The most obvious grammatical classification of American languages, has
+escaped the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the epithetic
+structure, or relative position of ideas. Under this view all the
+languages arrange themselves in three great classes or groups. 1. Regular,
+2. Resupinate, 3. Mixt.
+
+1. _The Regular_ is the most simple and natural form: where the roots or
+nouns are prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, expressing epithetes
+or qualities follow or are added. This group includes in the Eastern
+Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the
+Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All the Celtic and Cantabrian
+languages. 4. All the Polynesian and Malay languages. 5. The Bhotiya and
+many languages of Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. 7. Yakut of
+Siberia, &c.
+
+In America this group includes my groups 1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3.
+Capaha. 4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related thereto in North-west
+America, the Kaluchi, Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani languages of South
+America, and perhaps many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c.
+
+2. _The Resupinate or Reflexed Group_: where the roots or nouns
+substantive are reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, which are
+prefixed. This second mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the
+languages of China and Tartary. 2. In all the Teutonic languages German,
+Swede, English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, Greek and Slavonic
+languages. 4. In all the Turkish languages of Turan, Bokhara, Turkey. 5.
+The Newari of Imalaya. 6. The Qua or Hottentot of South Africa.
+
+In America, it is the most prevailing form, found in my groups 1. Linni or
+Linapis. 2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican and Othomi languages.
+4. Chontal. 5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North America,--and in South
+America. 6. Chili. 7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many more: although
+hardly indicated by the philologists.
+
+3. _Mixt Form_, which employs or adopts more or less the two former modes;
+although there is always a prevailing form, that indicates the original
+mode of uniting ideas. This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit and all
+derived languages. 2. In the Zend and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the
+Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek.
+4. The Japanese, &c.
+
+While in America it is found 1. In the Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3.
+The Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, and in North America. 4. The
+Atalan. 5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some others.
+
+This comparative classification of languages, will greatly help future
+investigations. It will show the improbability of the two opposite modes
+of annexing ideas having been entertained, by the same people at any time;
+while the mixt form evinces amalgamations of ancient nations. We have thus
+acquired another clue to trace primitive connections, another available
+mean to pursue the human steps on earth.
+
+9. _Religions and Mythologies._ The human opinions on the past and future
+form every where ample themes of thoughts and actions. From revelations,
+inspirations, oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, have arisen all
+the worships, and rites, dogmas and creeds, swaying the human mind,
+through hope or fear, love or hatred. The history of religious ideas, is
+in fact the history of civilization, since they have sprung together in
+social men. Nearly all the religions of Asia (which from hence have spread
+throughout the earth along with mankind) were found in America: except the
+modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism and Budhism were very faint and
+local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism hardly known. Christianity or
+some of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and may arise from other
+sources. The most prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, Solar
+worship, Polytheism, Dualism or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of
+Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal worship. We find throughout
+America many modifications of these creeds: with several complex
+mythologies, more or less analogous to eastern dogmas.
+
+The investigation of these American religions affords not only an insight
+into the ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient communications
+with Asia or Africa. Throughout North America the Dualism, mythologies and
+fabulous traditions point to a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, Mexico
+and Yucatan, begin to appear the Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry
+foreign to it. This Solar worship appears in a purer form in North
+America, as far as Peru. While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and Chili,
+prevailed several worships of heavenly and terrestial spirits; somewhat
+akin to the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, Iran, India, China and
+Polynesia.
+
+American religions admitted, like many others, of Priests, oracles,
+temples, shrines, pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations,
+confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration for animals, men and stars.
+Idols painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, stone, metals, &c.; bloody
+rites by human sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. But none of
+these practices were general, some were quite local and circumscribed.
+Thus circumscision was only used by the Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis
+of Tucuman, &c. Traces of a triple god or Indian Trimurti have been met
+from Ohio to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing religion. As the
+same idea was found among the Celts and Polynesians, it may have come by
+the east rather than Polynesia in the west.
+
+10. _Civilization and Manners._ This completes the history of all nations.
+When their annals are well known, it becomes a very proper appendix to
+them; when they are not, it is a very needful supplement to the
+traditions, &c. But we must not make any history consist merely in such an
+account, as often done by negligent writers. The manners and customs of
+every people, are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or improved by
+civilization, imitation, arts and sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford
+any test of connections. They are often borrowed, from neighbors or
+strangers, disused after awhile by whims or wars, invented to suit the
+climate and productions it may afford. We have positive proofs that the
+Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified the customs of all the tribes
+they conquered or visited. This must have happened formerly also, by other
+visits or communications. Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty of the
+origin and duration of the primitive American customs, they must be
+studied, as one of the sources and objects of history.
+
+We find, in ancient America, nearly all the forms of social civilization
+and manners of the east. But the Nomadic life with camels, oxen and sheep,
+was unknown, as well as those animals. The American cattle or lamas, &c.
+of South America, hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of Mexico, deers of
+Florida, buffalos of Taos, were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. The
+Nomadic wandering tribes of America were chiefly hunters and fishermen:
+scattered around the agricultural nations, spreading from Canada to Chili.
+
+All the kinds of governments were known in America: Theocracy, despotism,
+monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. But the most prevailing were theocracy
+among the civilized nations, oligarchy among the barbarous nations: with
+two peculiar modifications, of double kings as among Arabs, civil and
+military; and chiefs of families or tribes, as among all primitive
+nations. Queens were known to but few tribes, although the female line was
+often hereditary. Written laws and codes were known to the Tol-tecas,
+Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were elsewhere
+preserved by priests or magistrates.
+
+Polygamy prevailed among some tribes or castes, but was not universal. The
+4 castes of Indians are distinctly found in nearly all the civilized
+nations, often modified into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. The arts
+of music, medicine, smithery, painting, sculpture, architecture,
+agriculture, pottery, &c., were well known to nearly all. The sciences of
+geometry, geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were cultivated from Mexico
+to Peru, even taught in schools and colleges; with the arts, the laws, the
+rites, and history of the country.
+
+Marsden has well distinguished several degrees of civilization in Asia. If
+no American nation had reached the Greeks and Romans, or our modern
+polished and improved civilization; it is not extraordinary. But the
+Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly equal
+to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus in civilization; not far removed from
+the European civilization of the 15th century: nay, in some things
+superior. The second degree of American civilization found in Chili,
+Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. was equal
+to that of the Arabs, Malays, Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While the
+third degree found in all the barbarous nations, Innuit or Esquimaux,
+Shoshonis, Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse than what we find among
+the Fins, Laplanders, Tartars, Sames, Negroes and Hottentots.
+
+Individual property in land was almost unknown in America; but feodal and
+tribal property well understood. Common property of tribes and villages
+over their territories, was the most usual tenure, modified by wars,
+conquests, tributes. Individual property existed only for tenements and
+personal property. Warfares, marriages and funerals were very different in
+every nation. The weapons of war were clubs, arrows, darts, lances, axes,
+Macana swords, Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, thronged
+balls, &c. as elsewhere. There was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds,
+envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, walls, ditches, were used for
+defence, besides _Estopils_ a peculiar quilted armor. Flags, banners, and
+standards were known. The calumets, leaves or green feathers, council
+fires, and white flags were emblems of peace. Alliances and confederations
+existed from earliest times, also the adoption of tribes and prisoners.
+Slavery was hardly known; but vassalage much extended over conquered
+tribes.
+
+Dresses and ornaments were quite various. Seal skins used by the Innuit.
+Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North America. In tropical America
+many tribes went nearly naked, with a mere apron or pagne of cotton or
+grass cloth. But the civilized nations were decently clothed with cotton
+shirts and feather mantles. The _Poncho_ is a true American dress known
+from Mexico to Chili, hardly known out of America except Polynesia.(4)
+
+Women wore long pagnes or gowns. They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; of
+cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. there and elsewhere; either
+twisted, plaited or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians had a peculiar loom
+and plough. Cotton looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and all over South
+America, even by the Caribs to make hamacs or hanging beds. Among some
+nations women had the most labor to perform; yet even the men assumed
+hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, &c. More civilized tribes worked
+together in the fields: The proud and warlike employed vassals or slaves.
+
+Painting the body or face, was usual among many nations, but not general.
+It was useful against heat and flies, or was used to inspire love or
+terror. Ornaments to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, &c., were
+more or less adopted by men and women. The hair was usually worn long; but
+many tribes cut it in various ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even
+when scanty was deemed unbecoming by many tribes, and totally eradicated;
+but some tribes wore beards. The head was often left uncovered; but hats
+were worn in the N. W. and Central America, turbans in Paria and Florida,
+feather crowns in the tropics, _Lautas_ or diadem-bands in Peru and the
+Andes. Shoes and gloves were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather
+clods, and mocassins or slippers of various substances, commonly used;
+with singular snow shoes of bark in winter by northern tribes.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+    AMERICAN CATACLYSMS _or Considerations on the Periods of American
+    Geogony, Ontogony, Floods, and ancient population &c. of both
+    Americas._
+
+
+History does not merely consist in accumulating facts: these constitute
+the annals of empires; but the real philosophical history has a nobler
+aim. It seeks results, teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy the
+foes of mankind, and inspires veneration for the benefactors of the human
+race. It presents examples worthy to be followed, and records the crimes
+to be avoided.
+
+The several departments of history that are distinguished as biography,
+civil and ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical surveys of mankind,
+comparative philology, archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. All combine
+to instruct and amuse, to record the past and present, and to lead to
+better future actions, an improved social order. The nations often forget
+the wise lessons of time and experience; but they are continually recalled
+to memory and view by the historians, who seek the truth, and setting
+aside the sway of human passions or national prejudices, present the
+faithful mirror of history to the eyes of posterity.
+
+Such is my aim. American history has been so much despised or perverted,
+that few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet it affords ample scope for
+reflection, study and admiration. Nearly one half of the habitable globe,
+during all the past ages, cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to
+draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom and philanthropy: that mutual
+benevolence of mankind, which ought ever to be felt; but is so often
+discarded or forgotten through the contrary tendencies of pride, lust,
+cupidity, and all the baneful passions.
+
+The connections of historical facts with all the sciences, afford another
+useful theme; that may vastly increase our comparative knowledge: much of
+it has arisen, besides observation, from accurate comparison, analysis and
+generalization, which combine to give results, enlarging the field and
+sphere of human knowledge, in all its branches.
+
+If we go back, by the help of geology, to the most remote periods of
+existence and life in this hemisphere, we find it like the remainder of
+the globe, immersed under the Ocean. There, in the depths of the briny
+waves, the actual rocks now supporting the dry soil, were formed and
+matured: superposed and intermingled by aquatic and volcanic phenomena and
+cataclysms, if not by superadded aerial depositions. Then were formed the
+primitive strata of America, ere life had begun to vivify the waters; then
+were cast the Porphyries, Granites, Shales, Basalts, and other primitive
+or volcanic rocks, that are now chiefly found in Boreal and Western
+America, the Andes, Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and Boreal
+Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. This was the first period of terrestial
+Creation.
+
+After this period of unknown length, began the epocha of aquatic life;
+when the breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave life and motion to
+organized aquatic beings; 1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and
+Alcyonites, 3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms and radials, 5. Sluggs and
+shells, 6. Mollusca and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and Crustacites....
+All incipient vegetating beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually
+evolved and born in the waters of the Sea.... Followed by the more perfect
+vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles;
+lastly, 10. Seals and whales. Some of which require shallow water, to
+dwell and breed.... This was the second period of American Creation:
+_Aquatic life_.
+
+The third epocha is that of the destruction of aquatic life, by cataclysms
+and depositions, submarine volcanic cavernous eruptions or other causes,
+throwing suddenly in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances that
+have formed the secondary mountains or strata of psamites, argillites,
+calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed the aquatic tribes in their
+way; which becoming therein entombed as living medals of this globe,
+declare to us these mighty successive cataclysms or floods of sand, clay,
+lime and coal; now met in vast regions, the Alleghanies and Central North
+America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; the hills and plains of Brazil,
+Chili, East Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This was the second period of
+terrestrial formation in America, the third of successive eventful
+periods.
+
+The fourth must have been the rise of the land above the waters, if not
+already partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial upheaving and distortion
+of strata, by an awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, or of
+growing crystalization; forming mountains and islands, raising them above
+the Ocean; to become the nucleus of future Continents. The American
+hemisphere had then probably two great islands, in the North and South,
+with many smaller islands between them, in the tropical sea: the Alleghany
+and Atlantis forming two others in the east, and many others studding the
+two polar regions. The insulated mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua and
+the long valley of Choco, must then have formed another Island of the
+Antilles. Guyana or Parima was also another large island: while Brazil was
+a vast peninsula attached to the Andes. I have endeavored to express this
+first configuration of America in my two maps of North and South America;
+when the Ocean was yet about 500 feet higher than it is actually. Whether
+this cataclysm was contemporaneous throughout, or by successive throes
+must be ascertained by Geogony.... This was the fourth period of
+terrestrial events in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial
+separate existence.
+
+When the dry land had appeared, the creative power of GOD exerted upon the
+virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth into life, Plants and Flowers,
+Trees and Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, 1. Worms and
+Slugs, 2. Insects and Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds and Fowls,
+5. Beasts and Bats. Streams began to flow, valleys were excavated in the
+soft or yielding strata by heavy tides and powerful streams: then the
+fishes of the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the streams and lakes. A
+few shell and other aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh
+waters.... This was the fifth period of terrestrial events; that of
+terrestrial life.
+
+Meantime the land was continuing to rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry
+soil was extending: land volcanoes began to appear in the Andes and
+elsewhere, overwhelming some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes had new
+paroxysms, slaty mud involved terrestrial plants and trees in successive
+eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand was forming tertiary strata on the
+shores, involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and fishes.... This was
+the sixth period of terrestrial events, that of land volcanoes.
+
+After all these; mankind was created by GOD, and appeared as lord of the
+earth, and the complement of living creation.... This may be deemed
+another Period, if we like; although it was but the complement of the
+terrestrial living productions, begun in the 5th, and probably proceeding
+in the 6th. Where the first man or men appeared and dwelt, is unknown or
+very dubious. Asia is commonly deemed the first dwelling of mankind, and
+Central Asia or Thibet the cradle of our race: although China, India,
+Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same honor. But few authors have
+placed this cradle in America, and even then not for the _Adamites_. Yet
+America had some inhabitants before the flood, if we are to believe the
+concurrent traditions of many American nations; who keep the memory of it,
+and point to their refuges.(5)
+
+Of these American Anti-diluvians we know little or nothing: their traces
+are few and uncertain. It would be otherwise if we could identify them
+with the anti-diluvian _Atlantes_, or find their diluvial remains. The
+skeletons found in Guadaloupe, and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain
+Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions of American philosophical
+society 1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been buried there; like the
+mummies of many American caves. Some of the American mounds have appeared
+anti-diluvian; but the fact is not well proved. The subterranean
+antiquities are also of an equivocal character. The town of log houses
+lately found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian soil, cannot be so
+remote; the soil instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. All the
+facts on these remote times, shall be hereafter collected, presented and
+examined carefully.
+
+Thus, has been presented by geological results, a rapid sketch of the
+American periods, to the birth of mankind. These 6 periods or _yums_, are
+well ascertained as to succession; but their duration is unknown: and each
+of them includes several subordinate periods; which it is not needful to
+investigate in these outlines. The works on geology may be consulted if
+required. These 6 _yums_ or great periods do not answer exactly to the 6
+_yums_ or manifestations of the mosaic cosmogony, since geogony begins
+only with the 3d, ending with the 5th.
+
+Such oriental accounts are always deserving our attention, and susceptible
+of the deepest philosophical commentary, as they mainly agree with all the
+detected facts. But there are at least 3 accounts of the creation or
+cosmogony in the _Sepher_ or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of Moses in
+chapter 2d of Genesis from verse 4 to 25; in both, no _yums_, days nor
+periods are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account of chapter 1st. ending
+only at ch. 2, v. 3. Even in this usual account more than 7 periods can be
+found, including heaven, earth and men.
+
+These are the real Mosaic periods, with his own names, very different from
+the subsequent Jewish names, in various dialects.
+
+1. PERIOD OF TIME OR YUM. BRA-SHITH Real beginning or Real Supreme Being
+producing ALEIM the Angels, SHMIM Heavens, and ARTZ Earth.
+
+2. YUM. THEU-UBEU Chaos, and THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God.
+
+3. YUM. AUR Essence of celestial light or Ether. First divine
+manifestation of _Mshe_ or Moses.
+
+4. YUM. RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d.
+
+5. YUM. Sea and dry land, upheaving of land over the waters, or subsiding
+of the ocean. Vegetation. 3d.
+
+6. YUM. Sun and Moon appearance by a change in the misty atmosphere? with
+XUXBIM stars? 4th.
+
+7. YUM. Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th.
+
+8. YUM. Beasts and cattle, with ADM mankind or human emanation, our Adam,
+ZXR male, and NKBE female. 6th.
+
+9. YUM. _Shbioi_ seventh manifestation, _Aleim_ became IEUE Jehovah, the
+living-self-with-self, the supreme or powerful self.
+
+10. YUM. AD emanation, our mist.
+
+11. YUM. ADM into GN or _Gan._ our Eden.
+
+12. YUM. OTZ Growth, of lives with good and evil.
+
+13. YUM. NER 4 flowing emanations or streams.
+
+14. YUM. ASHE Intellectual man-mate, called afterwards EUA living
+existence, our Eve.--Self-with-life.
+
+All these periods should require long comments, and discussions, rather
+physical than historical. It is by no means certain that the sun and moon
+are implied in the 6th yum. The text says a couple of MARTH Centralities
+EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. Some have
+seen here the solar and lunar dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might be the
+XRUBIM of later times. The real sun and moon may belong to the _yum_ of
+AUR. The stars, according to Job, were in existence before the foundation
+of the earth, and our astronomy teaches this implicitly.
+
+In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation takes 4 periods. The grass grows
+by light before the sun had appeared through the misty atmosphere, and the
+fishes come after the land and herbs, at the same period with fowls. Our
+actual geology does not confirm this last fact; but a proper explanation
+of the biblic words would confirm the truth.(6)
+
+Many still consider AISH intellectual man as the human race, previous to
+_Adam_, father of the Adamites; but the concurrent proofs are very
+slender: nor is their posterity known; unless _Nahash_ or the snakes,
+_Elohim_ or the sons of God, the _Rephains_ or giants, and the _Nephilim_
+or apostates, be considered as such. Indications of races of men different
+from the Adamites may be collected both in the Bible, and in all the
+ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; but no positive connected
+account has ever been made out as yet.
+
+The _Nahash_, _Hareth_ or _Satan_ of the Bible, is identic with the
+_Nagas_ (snakes) of the Hindus, the _Zabul_ and _Dives_, (devils) of Iran,
+evidently men, and foes of the Adamites: they are also the U-long or
+antidiluvian dragons of China. In America the satanic notions will be seen
+in the respective account of religions. They often assume in this
+hemisphere the appearance of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire malignant
+being. But the nations of the Linapi group connect the ideas of devils,
+snakes and foes, all called _Ako_ or _N'akho_ very similar with _Nahash_
+and _Nagas_. They assert that they were created by the Evil Spirit, were
+always foes of real men; that they caused the flood, and went afterwards
+to America before the Strait of Behring was formed.--_See_ Linapi
+Traditions.
+
+The ALEIM, _Elohim_ or _Egregori_ or angels of the Hebrew were instead
+sons of God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation of the earth; while
+Job ascribes it to _Eloah_, the real God. Herder has said that we shall
+never understand well the mosaic history, until we ascertain who were
+these _Elohim_ and _Cherubim_(7) dwelling on earth. My dissertation on
+anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to clear the matter; meantime it
+may be stated that they appear to be the HO-LO of anti-diluvian Chinese
+history, or LO-LO of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also the
+celestial emperors beginning the history of China: the _Alorus_ first
+dynasty of Assyria before the flood: the _Ang_-ELOS and P'EL of the
+Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO (old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI (old men
+or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, the LAHI or ancient Thibetans.
+
+They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, the _Peris_ or _Pelis_ of Iran,
+ancient beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the Semetic nation have
+preserved that name for God, in EL, _Allah_, _Baal_, or made of it their
+universal article _El_, _Al_, meaning HE or _the Being_: whence also the
+Pelagic and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the Spanish EL. By the
+frequent usual change of L into R, we have ER root found in many languages
+for men: forming the _Heros_ of Greece, sons of God; the HER or lords of
+the Germanic tribes, the _Seres_ of Thibet or ancient Chinese, _Ergaz_ men
+of the African Atlantes. _Erk_ man in Turkish or Turan Atlantes, akin to
+_Egregori_!
+
+In America these similar indications are widely spread, and among the most
+ancient nations. EL means man in Tolteca and Mexican, OL is old and
+_Yollo_ a spirit or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, _Elohi_ is land
+and spirit in Tzuluki. _Yol_ means _man_ in the Atakapa language of the
+Cado or Nachez group. _Pele_ means the same in Lulé of South America; but
+_Peli_ is soul in Chilian, which approximate to _Peleg_ and _Lelex_,
+ancient Pelagian tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, TOL, pervade the
+whole of ancient America, and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas and
+TALAS, American Atlantes, the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the _Auto-Toles_
+or African Atlantes. These lead to the giants of both hemispheres or
+ancient men of renown. But the subject must be postponed, and will be
+found resumed in the history of Austral and Central America, where these
+atlantes and giants are found.
+
+Returning from this digression; we may resume the geological periods of
+America previous to mankind, in the six successive epochas, already
+mentioned.
+
+1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before life.
+
+2. Period of aquatic organic life.
+
+3. Period of aquatic cataclysms.
+
+4. Period of the dry land or islands.
+
+5. Period of terrestrial life.
+
+6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes.
+
+After which begins the human period, till the flood. The question whether
+man or men appeared together, or before or after, in both hemispheres;
+must be left undecided. Some writers have even placed _Eden_ the GN of
+Moses in America and the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the Imalaya
+mountains, valleys and plains, are higher than the Andes, older in
+geological series, and more suitable for human life, not being volcanic:
+it is extremely probable that they were the cradle of mankind, rather than
+America.
+
+Yet men reached America before the flood, and were here at this eventful
+period. But we are ignorant of the precise way they came, and how they
+reached this land which was then only a group of large islands, unless
+North America was united to Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. The
+clearest traditions point to the east, Africa and Europe then united at
+the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis as a stepping place. The
+Mexican traditions point to Asia, by two different opposite quarters, the
+east and the north west. The Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by
+the north west. The Linapi nations, although earlier, came the same way,
+and over the ice of Behring Strait, after its disruption. The Hongwis came
+the same way, although they boast of being Autochtones, as did the Greeks,
+which we know in both instances to be false.
+
+The Nachez nations say they came from the east. The Olmecas or earliest
+people of Anahuac point that way also; although both speak of an American
+flood. The Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern origin, like all the
+Aruac nations; but remembered the flood and parceling of the islands. The
+Carib nations appear postdiluvians and the last come in South America; yet
+the Tamanacs one of the group speak of an American flood. The Guarani call
+themselves eastern men, and came from Africa after the flood. It is in
+South America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., that a positive memory was
+found of several floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, which gave
+refuge to several tribes. Yet it is there also that the most obvious
+philological affinities are found with North Africa and the shores of the
+Mediteranean; while many invasions of foreign later nations are recorded,
+&c.
+
+All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts of the American flood, will
+be carefully collected and given. This will form the first period of human
+history in America, extending to 2262 years at least, according to the
+computation of the 70; the most plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon
+nearly the same time between their period of creation and their main
+flood: or with trifling differences, less than the various terms of
+Josephus and others; but various other calculations are found in Anahuac.
+
+Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly sufficient to people America,
+and fill it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed parents of the
+Atlantes and Africans. They were skilful, powerful and wicked, inventing
+agriculture and arts, building cities &c.: while the Sethites invented
+astronomy, letters and dwelt in tents. If the American Atlantes were
+antidiluvian, they must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, KIN of
+Moses.
+
+In 1170 years after Adam, the _Egregori_ angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt.
+Hermon, in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, and uniting with the
+Cainites, gave birth to the _Rephaim_, _Nephilim_ and _Eliud_, tribes of
+Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made war on the angels and men. They are
+said in the Bible to have gone to _Sheol_ (the lower world or South
+America) with their king Belial: where they were drowned by the flood.
+_See Universal History._
+
+The Giants dwelt in _Talo-tolo_, the world _Tolo_ of the Hindus, where we
+find the _Tol_-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: called also _Atala_
+and once sunk in the waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, whose Atlantes
+were also Giants or powerful men. The Egregori have been deemed the Titans
+of the Greeks, and Atlas was a Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed in
+America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, Chilians, &c. being often such:
+the term Giant must always be understood to refer to powerful perverse
+men. The names of _Rephaim_ and _Nephilim_ appear unknown in America,
+being mere Hebrew epithets for giants and apostates.
+
+During this primitive period, geological and physical changes probably
+proceeded in America. The plains gradually appeared, but full of marshes,
+lakes and wide streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles and obnoxious
+animals. Which must have assailed mankind and greatly impeded their
+settlements. Although the lives of men were perhaps longer than now; yet
+it is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs of this period,
+allude to as many Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from each other. In
+this I agree entirely with the learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.(8)
+
+Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, dwelt then on earth; in America
+several species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, megalonyx,
+hyenas, bears, &c., which prowled in plains and caves. The temperature of
+the earth was higher; little clothing was needed. Men were at war with
+beasts, and among themselves. Violence predominated in many regions, and
+Noah one of the _M'nus_ of the Hindus, a patriarch of the Adamites, a
+prophet according to the Arabs, went over the earth to preach against this
+corruption. Not being attended to, he foresaw that a great calamity would
+befall for these iniquities, and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge in
+Central Asia: where he collected his relations and friends. Some say they
+were 72, our translations of Moses reduces them to 8; but his 3 sons of
+Noah, are evidently as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained therefore 4
+tribes, including his own, and many individuals, besides a multitude of
+animals.
+
+I do not give now the history of this flood. Before it can be given
+accurately, we must collect all the scattered traditions about it, compare
+them, and omitting all fabulous and obviously impossible details, form a
+narrative of the whole facts. The notions and traditions of the Americans
+are very various, as they do not always point to this flood. We find them
+asserting that men were saved in mountains, or caves, on rafts or boats.
+Few, if any, allude to an ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those of
+Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding to several floods, and
+particularly the subsequent of Peleg.
+
+The most explicit traditions on that score are those of the Linapi
+nations; although the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of the real
+Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a great flood in Asia: when their nations
+at least was partly saved in _Tula_ (the turtle land) in Central Asia, by
+the help of a goddess, and Noah or _Nana-bush_. The men were then called
+_Linowi_ and _Linapi_: two other races of men were saved, the _Owini_
+(beings) and the _Tulapewi_, turtlings or atlantes. Besides these foes the
+_Maskanako_ (strong snakes), _Nakowa_ (dark snakes), and the _Amangamek_,
+monsters of the sea; who caused this dire flood. These notions are
+strikingly similar to the Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle saving
+mankind at the flood. _Nana-bush_ is evidently Noah, his name means
+_Noah-Noah-hare_, or the _Great Noah_ and _Hare_.
+
+The Chinese accounts of the first flood, do not allude to any ark, but
+mountains were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu account is very near the
+mosaic; but has no boat, and many persons were saved. The accounts of the
+Assyrians, Arabs, Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, Polynesians,
+&c. are all different. The mosaic account was borrowed from some ancient
+source now forgotten. It is said that Noah himself wrote an account of the
+flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting the mosaic account from
+the supernatural and the impossible, we obtain the real tradition of a
+great aquatic cataclysm. Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption of
+the ocean, attended with volcanic floods of waters from the Caspian sea
+(as Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change of climate: which overflew
+the earth or most of it; except some _Thebas_, refuges in mountains,
+_swimming_ over the waters, as it were: there some men and tribes, many
+animals, trees and plants were preserved: to spread afterwards again over
+the earth.
+
+After this flood, America was left pretty much as it is now, except that
+the shores were higher yet, many flat plains inundated and full of
+marshes. The Antilles yet united in larger islands and perhaps with
+Cumana. The Strait of Choco nearly filled up: and diluvial soil, gravel,
+sand, boulders and organic remains scattered over the land, the hills,
+plains and caves. Many fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation had been
+destroyed wherever the flood went; but the buried seeds, and those of
+mountain plants gradually grew or spread again. The terrestrial animals
+and birds saved in the mountains, spread themselves again over the earth.
+Mankind in despair at the disaster, kept for a long while on mountains,
+and did not occupy again the desolated hills and plains, until many years
+after.
+
+The Chinese account of this flood, state positively that it was attended
+with a change in the length of the year, formerly of only 360 days, a
+change in the seasons, an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling men
+to dress in skins and mats. Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven to
+the mountains, became very troublesome, men being compelled to defend
+themselves against their attacks.
+
+The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the Bible, where like Hales and
+Russel, he has at last adopted the computation of the Septuagint and
+Josephus, reckons 5411 years from Adam to our era, the oriental Christians
+reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's
+flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese and Hindu chronology are partly
+fabulous; but may be reconciled to these periods; as well as to the second
+cataclysm of the earth; that of Peleg according to the Biblists. The only
+knowledge the Bible gives about it, is that the earth was split, broken or
+divided, in the time of the patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived or
+lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's flood. But David has sung this
+cataclysm in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account brings this second flood
+to the year 2296 before Christ, or 858 years after the former. The Hindu
+account concealed in many fables agrees also with this period. But it
+appears to have lasted longer, and many years. It is evidently in date the
+mistaken Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and annihilating the place
+between them. The Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, the first was
+under _Yunti_, the second under _Yao_, and 42 emperors are mentioned
+between the two floods.
+
+In America, it is often difficult to distinguish which is meant by the
+various imperfect traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, there are at least
+two cataclysms mentioned by the annals or traditions. Also among some
+northern tribes. The Linapi annals or songs allude to the second, which
+broke by volcanoes the _Lusasaki_ (burnt land) and separated America or
+_Akomenaki_ (snake island) from Asia to Behring strait.
+
+Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted nearly 3000 years from Adam's
+epocha, or 3212 by oriental computation. The interval between Adam and
+Noah ought to be called the Adamic period, that between Noah and Peleg's
+floods the Noahic period. It was at this last convulsion that the earth
+took its actual form. The Straits of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina,
+Hellespont, Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, Sunda, &c., were then
+formed. The Atlantis Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the Island Lanca in
+the Indian Ocean were sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, &c. are
+fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, Madagascar, &c. the fragments of
+Lanca.(9)
+
+In America, the Boreal islands may have been broken, like the British
+islands of Europe. Some suppose that they might once join together with
+Iceland. The Antilles were split in the actual form--Behring Strait divided
+America from Asia. The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. The lowlands
+of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic shores were inundated and then partly
+left dry by huge volcanic tides. This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic
+flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having at least three great focusses,
+1. in the North Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, 3. In Polynesia or
+the Pacific Ocean. In China all the lowlands were overflowed and partly
+overwhelmed. The great Islands of Java and Sumatra were formed; which
+formerly were united with Asia and several islands in the vicinity, under
+the remembered name of _Sunda_ land.
+
+If mankind had not reached America before Noah, it must surely have
+reached it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes were in the
+neighbourhood and bold navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians,
+Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then various peculiar names, mostly traced
+in America. Twenty American nations have distinct remembrance of this
+splitting of American lands and islands; local or partial floods, less
+general and disastrous than the former.
+
+This cataclysm was not so deadly to animals and vegetables as the former;
+but it must have destroyed them in several sunken islands: and have added
+second clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: with many volcanic
+productions, chiefly clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. The memorials,
+annals and traditions of the American nations are very scanty on this
+period; difficult to be distinguished from the Adamic: while the monuments
+to be referred to it, are not easily traced, nor distinct in form. The
+_Linapi_ tribes had not yet reached America, and dwelt in Asia; but by
+their account the Snake tribes _Akowi_ went to America in that period, led
+by _Nakopowa_ (the Snake priest); it is even hinted that they caused this
+cataclysm or at least the separation of Asia and America, at _Lusasaki_
+(burnt land), in order to escape their foes, the _Elowi-chik_ (hunters) of
+the _Linnapewi_, the original manly people.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+    GENERAL VIEW _of the Ancient and Modern Annals of Both
+    Americas.--european Colonies, Modern Fate Of Nations, Late Physical
+    Changes, &c._
+
+
+After these floods begin the primitive annals of mankind in America as
+elsewhere; but still scanty, obscure and involved in fables, by
+personifications of tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, fruits or
+even stones and mountains. The origin of nearly all the nations is neither
+clear nor well ascertained, by their mere annals; but the collateral
+proofs of the languages facilitate the enquiry. Those who have the most
+positive facts of primitive times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas,
+Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly destitute of dates and correct
+details. We ought not to be surprised at this, since even in Asia (except
+in China,) we possess nothing but fragments on those times; while the most
+polished nations of oldest times, the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs,
+Jews, &c. have involved their early histories in fables, mythologies and
+false dates.
+
+However, whatever might be the early origin of the American nations, it
+may be collected from all, that in the ancient periods; they were few in
+number and in population; principally confined to some peculiar seats of
+civilization: such as the regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, Oaxaca,
+Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, and Peru. We have positive proofs of early
+empires and splendid monumental cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c.
+in Central America; and in South America at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while
+cities and monuments of a lesser order or size, were scattered afterwards
+from the Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to Chili and Brazil: probably
+through the dispersion and colonization of these early empires or
+states.(10)
+
+After they had filled the most fruitful or suitable regions, carrying with
+them agriculture, domestic animals, religion, laws and various graphic
+systems: they were invaded by tribes less civilized; but more warlike;
+principally in North America, and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions
+must have followed these contests: some of which are recorded in the
+Apalachian region of the United States, in the Mexican table land, in
+Hayti &c. and by the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: while in Guyana
+and Brazil the annals are lacking, and the traces of these conflicts but
+faint; yet certified by some traditions and the new tribes introduced.
+
+The solar worship prevailed among the most civilized nations and empires:
+that of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those of the second degree. The
+least civilized nations had either adopted the Dualism or a mixed
+religion: while the barbarous tribes knew only a kind of _Tao_ religion as
+in China,(11) or a fetichism, venerating one or many objects of nature.
+But these four main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, and
+diversities: they had often degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry,
+with various rites, and some cruel customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind of
+priesthood was almost universal and formed a peculiar caste in many
+states. The legislators and rulers had often been priests, and became
+pontifs as well as kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, Cholula,
+Manazicas &c.
+
+During a period of 2 or 3000 years after the floods, the earth had
+undergone many changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the subsiding of the
+sea. Many valleys were drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; the
+shores of the Atlantic from New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and from La
+Plata to Magellania, as well as those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased by
+the gradual retreat of the sea. The great plains of the Mississippi,
+Oronoc, Maranon and Parana were also formed or drained of their swamps and
+morasses.
+
+It is at the end of this epocha, equal to the antecedent antidiluvian
+period, that the real or certain history of the Americans begins with many
+details and dates; both in the north and south. It was then that the
+empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas
+&c. were established on the ruins of many anterior states. We obtain by
+the annals preserved or recovered of many such nations, a tolerable view
+of this part of their history, and even an insight into earlier times,
+when similar revolutions must have happened. If many states or nations
+rose and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the other: it was a common
+fate with others in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. But we may hope to
+rescue their names if not their deeds, from total oblivion, by seeking
+their monuments, and the fragments of human tribes they left to mourn
+their fate.
+
+In this period some American nations rose to a degree of splendor and
+civilization, with knowledge of arts and sciences, little inferior to
+Greeks and Romans; and superior to the European nations of the middle
+ages, even down to 1492: quite equal at least to that of the Egyptians and
+Hindus. The American graphic systems of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum,
+Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient to transmit knowledge in
+books, schools and inscriptions. This high civilization was not merely
+confined to Mexico and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; but was
+scattered from the Apalachis and Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south
+of Peru, filling the whole intermediate space.
+
+Although war and slavery prevailed in many parts, they were modified by
+the usage of adoption for individuals and whole tribes, mutual alliances,
+confederacies &c.: while slavery was changed into a feodal vassalage. The
+feodal system and the castes prevailed in all civilized nations of
+America, as in India and Asia from earliest time.
+
+Instead of perpetual wars the ancient annals of America, present us with
+the soothing view of wise legislators, who gave civilization and happiness
+to millions for ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. Such were most of
+the conquests of the Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,
+Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos &c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,
+Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I
+shall revive, with pleasure, their memory and deeds, dwelling on them with
+more pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.
+
+To them the Americans were indebted for their policy, diplomacy,
+alliances, agriculture and knowledge, with the peculiar happy mode of
+holding the land in common or feodal tenure, with property in tenements
+and moveables. To them may be traced the introduction of useful plants,
+the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, manioc, banana, gourds, beans,
+and 100 other cultivated plants and fruits. The Mexicans had even botanic
+gardens and pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. The universities
+of Cuzco, Tunca, Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. were founded
+earlier than the European universities by such benefactors of mankind; and
+112 domestic animals had been tamed in America, while only 80 in the
+eastern hemisphere. Of which must be reckoned.(12)
+
+                    In the W.         In the Eastern.
+                    Hemisphere.
+Quadrupeds          33 kinds          only 25 kns.
+Birds               32                25
+Reptiles            15                10
+Fishes              12                10
+Insects             8                 4
+Shells and worms    12                6
+
+The modern history of America since 1492 presents a multitude of events
+with regular dates: but the historians of these later times instead of
+dwelling upon the native nations, appear to notice them merely _en
+passant_! while relating at length the discoveries, conquests and wars of
+the European adventurers and colonists.
+
+It is not thus that we are to notice them; but as equal nations. Now that
+after four ages, these colonies are also become independent nations, and
+begin to nurse American feelings, we ought to feel for them, and reveal
+the truth. It is not number nor dominion alone that constitute a people;
+but a peculiar language, and peculiar manners. The modern history of the
+Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North American tribes, is the best
+known by peculiar fragments; but similar fragments may be collected on
+many other tribes.
+
+Meantime Columbus came, another leader of colonists to America; since many
+had come before him: and with him came the ferocious gold hunters of
+Castille; who in their greedy search after golden wealth, trampled under
+foot, both religion and humanity. They enslaved, tortured and destroyed
+millions of human beings from Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were checked
+at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, Santa Marta &c. They overthrew many
+flourishing states, and erected over them a slavish colonial fabric, soon
+after sunk in sloth and ignorance.(13)
+
+The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were the cause of their ruin and
+subjugation by the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches Tayronas, Poyays,
+Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians &c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, and
+never were conquered. The happy states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca,
+Hayti, Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful friendly disposition;
+being cruelly betrayed and desolated.
+
+In the east, Brazil was occupied by the Portuguese, where a bastard tribe
+of Mamalucos were born; who sought for slaves and gold, from Guayana to
+Paraguay, and destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy freebooters,
+came the rabble of pirates and buccaneers to revenge American wrongs, upon
+the Spaniards and Portuguese by deeds of cruelty. Thus was America flooded
+with blood, and groaning in tears for nearly three centuries. But even
+these horrible deeds were not the only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with
+the weak labor of American slaves; another continent was overrun, to
+supply stronger hands, and Africa was made to contribute millions of
+slaves to swell American population, or sink there to premature death
+under the lashing scourge of cruel tasks.
+
+The English, French, and Dutch wishing to partake of the American spoils,
+went in search of wealth all over the shores of this continent. Not
+satisfied with mere trading colonies, as in India, they sent stationary
+colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy some weak points, with or
+without the consent of the nations. The Dutch settled in Brazil, Surinam,
+Curazao and New York. The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, Hayti, the
+Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; but have gradually lost all those
+colonies, except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.
+
+The English nation, more daring, steady and lucky, occupied with their
+auxiliaries, the Scotch and Irish, some points of the Atlantic shores,
+many Carib Islands &c.: by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,
+Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller islands. Since, whenever the Europeans
+were at war among themselves, they carried their quarrels over the ocean,
+and endeavored to destroy each other. Laterly among them arose in North
+America the holy flame of freedom and independence, which has been
+travelling and spreading throughout the continent, ever since.
+
+But among these contending colonies and slaving plantations, how were the
+owners of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! seldom with
+justice--Popes and kings gave away lands and rights, which did not belong
+to them; nobles and merchants, availing themselves of this doubtful right,
+bought with trifling presents the good will of some tribes, or drove them
+away by force. Thus were settled most of the American colonies; except a
+few, attempted in a spirit of religion and peace.
+
+The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his name! gave the example of reducing
+unsubdued tribes to peaceful allies, by words and deeds of peace and
+piety, and Tezutlan thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. When the
+Spanish and Portuguese freebooters were sunk in wealth and sloth; they
+found it very convenient to employ the Jesuits and other monks to subdue
+for them whole tribes and nations, by this easy mode. In North America,
+Roger Williams and William Penn, blessed be their names! settled colonies
+without strife, and by mere good will towards the owners of the soil. But
+every where the foes or successors of these missionaries of peace,
+deceived or betrayed the allies they had made. Unjust wars were the
+natural consequence, in which the rightful party, did not often prevail,
+being overpowered by strength and cunning.
+
+Meantime the independent period opens a new era for America. In 1776 the
+United States of North America confederate and become free. Seventeen
+years afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl the standard of broken
+chains. Between 1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America shakes the weak
+power of Spain. In 1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an American empire.
+Slavery is abolished in all the Spanish states, only retained in the
+colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1834 England emancipates the slaves of
+all her colonies. Slavery was gradually excluded from many states of N.
+America, at early periods; but others from Virginia to Louisiana are
+tenacious of these unholy and dangerous bonds.
+
+Now, the native American tribes within the claimed territories of these
+new independent nations, are under a sort of pupilage, and often
+oppressed: although no longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil alone
+admits of indescriminate slavery, and will rue the consequence at some
+future period, like those colonies and states that delay wiser measures.
+Meanwhile at the two ends of America, in Canada and the United States, as
+in Buenos Ayres, a new kind of oppression has appeared. Land stealing and
+compulsory sales! unhallowed means to increase wealth, nearly as guilty as
+the precious Spanish gold hunting.
+
+The United States which ought to set the wisest example, of justice and
+clemency, towards reduced tribes, diminished by vices taught instead of
+virtues, are doing the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate the native
+tribes, admit them to equal rights, as in the new Spanish States; but
+compel them to submit to laws not understood, in a language untaught, or
+disqualify them for witnesses. They compel them to remove, emigrate,
+disperse, sell their lands and homes, at one tenth of the value; and this
+is called fair dealing!
+
+Notwithstanding that the European states or colonies, occupy or claim,
+nearly the whole of both Americas; yet there are many vast regions as yet
+unsettled by them, and where dwell or wander several free tribes,
+particularly in the Arctic wilds, in Oregon, California, Texas, the
+Missouri plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, in N. America--and in S.
+America in the vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, Maranon, Brazil,
+Chaco, Chili and Magellania. The most prominent of these modern tribes are
+the Uskis or Esquimaux, the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or Sioux, Panis
+or Skerés, Washas or Ozages, Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,
+Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,
+Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, Talahets or Pampas &c. All
+divided into many lesser tribes and independent communities.
+
+Instead of endeavoring to civilize them by fair means and deeds of peace,
+many continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, greedy traders,
+intemperance, and above all by killing their game, and stealing their
+lands. Some missions are established from Groenland to Chili; but the
+intercourse of the majority is with traders, trappers, land-hunters or
+squatters, and the military of the frontiers: from whom they can imbibe no
+very favorable idea of their oppressors.
+
+How is this to end? Is it really intended to grasp the whole continent,
+and make these fragments of nations, aliens on their own soil? or to
+annihilate them at last? Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of landed
+wealth! There is a God in heaven, and he deals justly with nations as with
+men. He may find means to punish you, if you continue to violate the
+sacred laws of mankind. The desperate tribes, either become stronger by
+concentration, or acquired knowledge, may fall on you at last, like so
+many Goths and Vandals, Huns and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and
+desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or among you will arise Agrarian
+sects, that will deprive your children of this landed property so unjustly
+acquired and held.
+
+Be wise and just in time, if cupidity does not blind you, imitate the
+happy policy of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that has admitted the natives
+to equality and citizenship. Do better still, allow them to form peculiar
+states and territories, preserving their languages and laws, and admit
+these states into your confederacies. Then you will be secure, and both
+live in peace, increasing and multiplying as time rolls on. There is land
+enough for all, and to spare. What need has a man of 1000 acres of land;
+while 100 can support a large family! in the cold climates, and 10 acres
+in the fruitful tropical climates, where thrive the banana and the sugar
+cane. If hunters require a large wilderness to sustain their mode of life,
+greedy worshippers of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold waste for
+speculation! or to fill with plantations of slaves and tenants, in order
+to become lords of future generations; but the real wise and active men,
+the props of society, are content with moderate, secure estates, which
+they may improve and beautify into smiling gardens.
+
+The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres has been productive of much
+more misery, than mutual benefit. The Americans have received the European
+cattle without imparting to Europe, their equally useful Peruvian cattle;
+they have received the horse, and often adopted him as a friend, to become
+Tartars and Arabs by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on the cruel
+Spaniards. Some European fruits and grains have been received and
+cultivated: while all have been introduced into the colonies. Woolen
+cloth, blankets, iron and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and
+gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the still, have been spread by
+trade. These last with horses and guns, have been the chief deadly weapons
+of Europe against America.(14)
+
+In return, Europe has received gold, silver and precious furs: pearls and
+diamonds, cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia wool, cacao,
+vanilla, gum elastic and many other useful or medical articles. Maize,
+returning east whence it came; with tobacco, a loathsome weed of heathen
+growth and rites. Human knowledge has been increased, and trade greatly
+enlarged; the tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks have been
+transmitted. Thus Europe has been the gainer, and was for a long while
+jealous of these treasures.(15)
+
+Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the heavenly religion of Jesus, was
+offered or forced upon many American nations, by the same men, who were
+behaving worse than heathens, worshipping gold and mammon with the earth
+itself, bathed in human blood and tears; introducing slavery and over
+toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, wanton lust, cupidity and
+avarice; with all the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico had ghastly
+idols and cruel rites; Hayti, Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but
+peaceful, harmless worships: to which was substituted the papal worships
+of other idols, saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion of love and
+peace to all mankind, was seldom introduced in America, even by the
+Jesuits--except by the heavenly Las-Casas, the friendly quakers, the humane
+moravians, and a few other christian missionaries. All the sects of
+christianity have now spread to America, and even some arisen there; nay,
+the Jews have reached this continent, with a few Mahometans, Hindus,
+Chinese, Budhists &c. Thus all the religions of the earth are now found in
+this hemisphere, by the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately
+proclaimed in many parts.
+
+Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 ages, on the American tribes, that
+have been enslaved, or in frequent communication with the nations of
+Europe--not in religion alone; but in dress, manners, knowledge,
+civilization and pursuits. The alphabetical writing has been introduced
+among them, the Tzulukis have invented a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and
+the pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. In the boreal regions, the
+English and Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers of furs. In
+South America the native tribes are often skillful fishermen or traders.
+
+Upon the whole, the late prospects of America are cheering. Many
+independent nations have sprung, which deem themselves Americans, and love
+their homes. A general spirit of tolerance and peace is spreading, the
+true religion of the heart better understood; and a disposition is
+evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed tribes, and the poor
+slaves. Those who wish oppression and intolerance to be perpetuated, are
+not many in this continent, at present; they will be fewer still in half a
+century or the year 1892.
+
+Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of mind and manners. A few ages have
+been sufficient to produce these mighty changes. Meanwhile, nature
+although changing slower, is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.
+Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared and disappeared, the sea shores have
+receded, the lakes are falling, the streams are lessening, the mountains
+are crumbling, the swamps are draining: immense forests have been cut, and
+changed into ploughed fields, hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,
+causeways and canals made, splendid cities have been built, with
+innumerable towns and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi and
+Magdalena have been cultivated, many mines dug for metals or coals. The
+face of the country has been quite changed in these new seats of
+civilization; in the regions of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, in
+Guyana, Brazil; but in the western regions from Mexico to Chili,
+agriculture has rather receded: they had at least as many towns and fields
+in ancient times.
+
+Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea have caused sad changes in other
+parts, gulfs have been formed on the coast of Cumana, Callao twice sunken
+in volcanic tides, mountains and cities overthrown from Popayan to Chili:
+while the alluvial formations proceed along the streams and shores; their
+floods are perennials, increasing deltas and islands: Hurricanes scatter
+ruins and dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate strips of
+forests. The spouting springs and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, clay
+and marl, pitch and other substances. The water volcanoes drown valleys
+and cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated Quito. Mexico near a lake
+and often overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; the lake having been
+drained by nature and art jointly combined.(16)
+
+These rapid sketches and views offer a connected picture of men and soil,
+in this hemisphere, during the ages past. The detailed local annals of the
+various nations, will enlarge the subject, and present the required
+outlines of the ancient and modern events of both.
+
+                  -------------------------------------
+
+After these general topics on American history, I had proposed to enter
+upon the peculiar annals of nations, beginning by Peru and Austral
+America; but wishing to give in this first volume something still more
+novel and striking, I have concluded to begin by the original unpublished
+annals of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions of the Haytians; who
+assert to have come into America, by the north west, and the second
+through the Atlantic Ocean. I hear besides that a French traveller
+D'Orbigny, is now publishing in Paris, his travels in Austral and Peruvian
+America, with 60 vocabularies of languages: where I may perhaps find
+additioned materials for the history of those regions.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+    _Original Annals and Historical Traditions of the_ LINAPIS, _from
+    the creation to the flood, passage and settlements in America, as
+    far as the Atlantic Ocean &c., till 1820 &c._
+
+
+We have but few real American Annals, given in the original peculiar
+style. Those of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, Peru, &c., have all
+been translated by abridgements or paraphrases. Those of the _Ongwi_ by
+Cusick come nearest to the aboriginal form, using the usual
+personifications and animalizations of tribes, so common all over America
+and Asia; but so often misunderstood: having perplexed and disgusted the
+commentators or translators; who did not seize this form of style. Even in
+China, the primitive inhabitants often bear the names of beasts, _Lung_
+dragons, _Chi_ birds, _Yao_ wolf, _Miao_ tygers. In India we find snakes,
+monkeys, lions &c. Early in Europe are dogs _Canari and Cynetes_, satyrs,
+lions &c., syrens, harpies, pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.(17)
+
+In the Antilles the first inhabitants were called beasts or _Caracol_,
+turtles _Icota_, birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even gourds and
+fruits.--(Roman's Trad.) In Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,
+snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, tygers, giants &c. While
+throughout North America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, wolves, dogs,
+deer, birds. We must learn to appreciate this primitive form of speech and
+style, as allegorical names of men &c. It is very needful in order to
+understand the following narratives.
+
+Having obtained, through the late Dr. Ward of Indiana, some of the
+original _Wallam-Olum_ (painted record) of the Linapi tribe of Wapahani or
+White River, the translation will be given of the songs annexed to each:
+which form a kind of connected annals of the nation. In the illustrations
+of this history, will be figured the original glyphs or symbols, and the
+original songs, with a literal translation, word for word. This will
+furnish a great addition to our knowledge of American graphics and
+philology; but here the annals are chiefly interesting historically. I
+have translated, however, all the historical and geographical names, so as
+to afford a better clue to the whole.(18)
+
+We knew by all the writers who have had friendly intercourse with the
+tribes of North America, that they did possess, and perhaps keep yet,
+historical and traditional records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,
+on wood, bark, skins, in stringed wampuns &c.; but none had been published
+in the original form. This shall be the first attempt. Lederer saw 200
+years ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording events of 60 years.
+Humboldt has mentioned the glyphical symbols of the Hurons on wood, seen
+by the Jesuits. Heckwelder saw the _Olumapi_ or painted sticks of the
+Linapis; but did not describe them; he merely translated some of their
+traditional tales: which agree in the main, with these historical songs;
+yet the songs appear mere abridgments of more copious annals, or the bases
+of the traditions. The Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the Sakis and
+Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, have such painted tales and annals,
+called _Neobagun_ (male tool) by the former. Tanner has figured some of
+these pictured songs or _Neobagun_, in his interesting Narrative. Loskiel
+has stated that the Linapis had complete genealogies, with symbols
+expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty in 1766 saw records 370 years
+old.
+
+Out of these materials and other kept by the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis,
+Panis &c., might be formed or restored a peculiar graphic system of north
+America, different from the Mexican system; and probably once imported
+from Asia: where it may be compared with the graphic symbols of the
+Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated by Humboldt; but which are unknown
+to me. Meantime I shall give materials for such researches in my
+illustrations. The symbols, when met alone, were inexplicable; but by
+obtaining the words or verses, (since they must commonly be sung) we may
+acquire enough to lead on further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity
+of this system, is that each symbol applies to a verse or many words; as
+if the ideas were amalgamated in the compound system: yet they may often
+be analyzed, and the elements ascertained or conjectured, by their
+repetition.
+
+These historical songs of the Linapi, are known to but few individuals,
+and must be learned with much labor. Those obtained, consist of 3 ancient
+songs relating their traditions previous to arrival in America, written in
+24, 16 and 20 symbols, altogether 60. They are very curious, but destitute
+of chronology. The second series relates to America, is comprised in 7
+songs, 4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses of 3 words. It begins
+at the arrival in America, and is continued without hardly any
+interruption till the arrival of the European colonists towards 1600. As
+96 successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, except ten that are nameless:
+it is susceptible of being reduced to a chronology of 96 generations,
+forming 32 centuries, and reaching back to 1600 years before our era. But
+the whole is very meagre, a simple catalogue of rulers, with a few deeds:
+yet it is equal to the Mexican annals of the same kind. A last song, which
+has neither symbols nor words, consisting in a mere translation, ends the
+whole, and includes some few original details on the period from 1600 to
+1820.(19)
+
+The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish and French
+pronunciation, except SH as in English, U as in French, W as Hou.
+
+If any one is inclined to doubt this historical account; the concurrent
+testimonies of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant proofs. The
+words of Loskiel are these.
+
+"The Delawares keep genealogies, with the character of each man, if wise,
+rich, renowned, or a mighty warrior. They use _hieroglyphs_ on wood, trees
+and stones, to give caution, information, communicate events,
+achievements, keep records. Some time the hero has at his feet, men, heads
+or weapons. They have also paintings on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.
+
+1. _Song._--_The Creation &c._
+
+1. At first there was nothing but sea-water on the top of the land. _Aki._
+
+2. There was much water, and much fog over the land, and there was also
+KITANI-TOWIT, the God-creator.
+
+3. And this God-creator was the first-being (_Saye-wis_), an eternal
+being, and invisible although every where.
+
+4. It was he who caused much water, much land, much cloud, much heaven.
+
+5. It was he who caused the sun, the moon and the stars.
+
+6. And all these he caused to move well.
+
+7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared up, and the deep water ran off.
+
+8. It looks bright, and islands stood there.--_Menak._
+
+9. It was then, when again the _God-Creator_ made the makers or
+spirits.--_Manito-Manitoak._
+
+10. And also the first beings _Owiniwak_, and also the angels
+_Angelatawiwak_, and also the souls _Chichankwak_, all them he made.(20)
+
+11. And afterwards he made the man-being JIN-WIS, ancestor of the men.(21)
+
+12. He gave him the first mother NETA-MIGAHO, mother of the first beings
+OWINI.(22)
+
+13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he gave him, beasts he gave him, birds
+he gave him.
+
+14. But there was a bad spirit _Makimani_, who caused the bad beings
+_Makowini_, black snakes _Nakowak_, and monsters or large reptiles
+_Amangamek_.
+
+15. And caused also flies, and caused also gnats.
+
+16. All the beings were then friends and stood there.
+
+17. Thou being KIWIS, good God WUNAND (these are 2 gods) and the good
+makers or spirits were such.
+
+18. With the Jins NIJINI, the first men, and the first mother, their
+wives, which were Fairies _Nantinewak_.(23)
+
+19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies was a fat fruit _Gattamin_.
+
+20. All were willingly-pleased, all were easy-thinking, and all were
+well-happified.
+
+21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, _Powako_, brings on earth secretly
+the Snake worship _Initako_, of the god of the Snakes WAKON.(24)
+
+22. And there came wickedness, crime and unhappiness.
+
+23. And bad weather was coming, distemper was coming, with death was
+coming.
+
+24. All this happened very long ago, at the first land _Netamaki_, beyond
+the great ocean _Kitahikan_.
+
+_2d Song. The Flood &c._
+
+1. There was long ago a powerful snake _Maskanako_, when the men had
+become bad beings _Makowini_.
+
+2. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became
+troubled, hating each other.
+
+3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.
+
+4. And they were fighting, least man _Mattapewi_ with dead-keeper
+_Nihanlowit_.
+
+5. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings
+and the men.
+
+6. The dark snake he brought, the monster (_Amangam_) he brought, snake
+rushing-water he brought.
+
+7. Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much
+destroying.
+
+8. Meantime at TULA, at that island, NAMA-BUSH (the great hare _Nana_)
+became the ancestor of beings and men.
+
+9. Being born creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at TULA.(25)
+
+10. The beings and men (_Owini and Linowi_) all go forth from the flood
+creeping in shallow water, or swimming afloat, asking which is the way to
+the turtle back TULAPIN. (This verse like many others is in rhymes, and
+metre of 9 words of 3 syllables.)
+
+11. But there were many monsters (_Amangamek_) in the way, and some men
+were devoured by them.
+
+12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped them in a boat, saying come,
+come, they were coming and were helped. (The name of the boat or raft is
+_Mokol_.)
+
+13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the grandfather of all, the grandfather of
+the beings, the grandfather of the men, and the grandfather of the
+turtles. (This is the beginning of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, lasting
+for 4 verses.)
+
+14. The men were there, the turtle there, they were turtling altogether.
+(_Tulapewi_ are the turtle-men.)
+
+15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he was praying, he the turtle, let
+it be to make well.
+
+16. Water running off, it is drying, in the plains and the mountains, at
+the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion.
+
+_3d Song. Fate after the Flood._
+
+1. After the flood, the manly men _Linapewi_, with the manly turtle beings
+dwelt close together at the cave house, and dwelling of _Talli_.
+
+2. It freezes was there, it snows was there, it is cold was there.
+
+3. To possess mild coldness and much game, they go to the northerly plain,
+to hunt cattle they go.
+
+4. To be strong and to be rich the comers divided into tillers and
+hunters. _Wikhi-chik_, _Elowi-chik_.
+
+5. The most strong, the most good, the most holy, the hunters they
+are.(26)
+
+6. And the hunters spread themselves, becoming northerlings, easterlings,
+southerlings, westerlings. _Lowaniwi_, _Wapaniwi_, _Shawaniwi_,
+_Wunkeniwi_.
+
+7. Thus the white country _Lumonaki_, north of the turtle country, became
+the hunting country of the turtling true men.
+
+8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the snake priest
+_Nakopowa_ said to all, let us go.
+
+9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland _Akhokink_, and they went away
+earnestly grieving.
+
+10. Thus escaping by going so far, and by trembling the burnt land
+_Lusasaki_ is torn and is broken from the snake fortified land.
+_Akomenaki_.
+
+11. Being free, having no trouble, the northerlings all go out,
+separating, at the land of Snow _Winiaken_.
+
+12. The fish resort to the shores of the gaping sea, where tarried the
+fathers of white eagle and white wolf. _Waplanewa_, _Waptumewi_.
+
+13. While our fathers were always boating and navigating, they saw in the
+east that the snake land was bright and wealthy. (Here begins a fine
+poetical rhyming narrative).--_See Last Note._
+
+14. The head-beaver _Wihlamok_, and the big-bird _Kicholen_, were saying
+to all, let us go to the Snake Island _Akomen_.
+
+15. By going with us, we shall annihilate all the snaking people,
+_Wemaken_.
+
+16. Having all agreed, the northerlings and easterlings, went over the
+water of the frozen sea to possess that land.
+
+17. It was wonderful when they all went over the smooth deep water of the
+frozen sea, at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.
+
+18. They were ten thousand in the dark, who all go forth in a single night
+in the dark, to the Snake island of the eastern land _Wapanaki_ in the
+Dark, by walking all the people.--OLINI.(27)
+
+19. They were the manly north, the manly east, the manly south; with manly
+eagle, manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly hunter, manly priest, manly
+rich; with manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. (12 words all
+homophonous rhymes.)
+
+20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland _Shinaking_. But the western
+men doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain at the old turtle land.
+
+Thus end these interesting and positive ancient traditions, by a fine poem
+on the passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis have a similar poem:
+the Illinois had also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. They are perhaps
+lost; but this being at last rescued, will preserve the memory for ever.
+Now begin the second series of songs, in a different style, seldom
+rhyming, but made metrical by an equal number of words in each verse, 4 in
+the 4 first which carry the tribe till their conquest of the _Talegas_;
+but only 3 in the 3 later poems on the subsequent history. Thus these
+songs diminish in details as they advance; but they are mere abridgment of
+better annals now probably lost. Numbers shall be annexed to each
+successive king or ruler, so as to compute the generations.
+
+1. _Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings or Civil Wars._
+
+1. Long ago, the fathers of men were then at _Shinaki_ or Firland.
+
+2. The path leader was the white eagle (_Wapalanewa 1_), who leads them
+all there.
+
+3. The Snake island was a big land, a fine land, and was explored by them.
+
+4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, the moving souls, in assembly
+meet.
+
+5. All say to him, beautiful-head (_Kolawil 2_) be thou king there.
+
+6. The snakes are coming, thou killest some, to Snake hill, let them all
+go.
+
+7. All the snakes were quite weak, and concealing themselves at the Bear
+hill.
+
+8. After Kolawil, white owl (_Wapagokhos_ 3) was king at the Firland.
+
+9. After him there _Ianotowi_ (4 true maker) was king, and many things he
+did.
+
+10. After him there _Chilili_ (5 snowbird) was king, who says let us go
+south.
+
+11. To spread the fathers of men _Wokenapi_, and to be able to possess
+much more.(28)
+
+12. South he goes the snowbird, but east he goes the beaver-he _Tamakwi_.
+(Here is the separation of the Dinnis.)
+
+13. A beautiful land was the south land, the big Firland and the shoreland
+_Shabi-yaki_.
+
+14. But the eastern land was a fish land, and a lake land, and a cattle
+land.
+
+15. After Chilili, the great warrior (_Ayamek_ 6) was king, when all the
+tribes were at war.
+
+16. There was war with the robbing-men, snaking-men, blacking men,
+strongmen. _Chikonapi_, _Akhonapi_, _Makatapi_, _Assinapi_.--Thus ends the
+first song with civil strife and great wars, dividing some tribes
+probably.
+
+_2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the Missouri &c._
+
+17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in whose time there was much warfare
+south and east.(29)
+
+18. After them _Langundowi_ (peaceful-he, 17 kg.) was king at the
+beautiful land _Akolaking_, and there was peace.(30)
+
+19. After such _Tasukamend_ (never-bad 18) was king, and he was a good or
+just man.
+
+20. After such was king _Pemaholend_ (ever beloved 19) who did much good.
+
+21. King afterwards was _Matemik_ (town builder 20) who built many towns,
+and afterwards the holy goer _Pilsohalin_ 21.
+
+22. King afterwards was _Gunokeni_ (long while fatherly 22, who ruled
+long) and afterwards the big teeth _Mangipitak_ 23.
+
+23. King afterwards was _Olumapi_ (24 manly recorder or bundler) who
+caused many writings.(31)
+
+24. King afterwards was _Takwachi_ (25 who shivers with cold) who went
+south to the corn land _Minihaking_.
+
+25. King afterwards was _Huminiend_ (26 corn eater) who planted much corn
+there.
+
+26. King afterwards was _Alkosahit_ (27 preserving keeper) who had a royal
+soul and was very useful.
+
+27. King afterwards was _Shiwapi_ (28 salt man) and afterwards dry-he
+_Penkwonwi_ 29.
+
+28. There was no raining, and no corn grew, east he goes far from the
+sea.(32)
+
+29. Over hollow mountain _Oligonunk_, at last to eat he went at a fine
+plain _Kalok-waming_ of the cattle land.
+
+30. After _Penkwonwi_ came _Wekwo-chella_ (30 much weary) after such the
+stiff (_Chingalsuwi_ 31.)
+
+31. After such was _Kwitikwund_ (32 the reprover) who was disliked, and
+some unwilling to obey.
+
+32. Being angry some moved easterly, and secretly went far off.
+
+_3d Song. From the Missouri to the Mississippi &c._
+
+33. But the wise did tarry, and _Waka-holend_ (33 the beloved) was made
+king.
+
+34. It was at the Yellow River _Wisawana_ where there was much corn, large
+meadows, and again were built towns.(33)
+
+35. All being friends _Tamenend_ (34 affable like a beaver) became king
+and was alone the first.(34)
+
+36. Such Tamenend was the very best, and all the men came to him.
+
+37. After such good _Maskansisil_ (35 strong buffaloe) was king and
+chieftain or leader.
+
+38. _Machigokhos_ (36 big-owl) was king, _Wapkicholen_ (37 white crane)
+was king.
+
+39. _Wingenund_ (38 mindful) was king and pontiff, who made many
+festivals.(35)
+
+40. _Lapawin_ (whitened 39) was king, _Wallama_ (40 painted) was king.
+
+41. _Waptiwapit_ (41 white chicken) was king, again there is war north and
+south.
+
+42. By the wise in assembly _Tamaskan_ (strong wolf 42) was made king.
+
+43. He was able to war on all and he killed the strong-stone
+_Maskansini_.(36)
+
+44. _Messissuwi_ (43 whole-he) was king and made war on the snake-beings
+_Akowini_.
+
+45. _Chitanwulit_ (44 strong and good) was king and made war on the
+northern foes _Lowanuski_.
+
+46. _Alokuwi_ (45 lean he) was king and made war on the father snake
+_Towakon_.
+
+47. _Opekasit_ (46 east-looking) was king, being sad at the warfare.
+
+48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and they are many who together go
+east.
+
+_4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c._
+
+49. The fish river _Nemasipi_ separated the land, and being lazy they
+tarry there.(37)
+
+50. _Yagawanend_ (47 hut maker) was king, and the _Tallegewi_ (there
+found) possessing the east.
+
+51. _Chitanitis_ (48 strong friend) king was, and he desires the rich land
+of the east.
+
+52. To the east some did pass, but the head of the Talegas, _Talegawil_
+killed some of them.
+
+53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, warfare.
+
+54. The friends of the north the _Talamatan_ (who are not like the
+Talligewi, the Hurons) were coming to go altogether united.
+
+55. _Kinehepend_ (49 sharp looking) was king, and leader, over the river
+against foes.
+
+56. Much was there possessed by them, and much spoiling and killing of the
+Talegas.
+
+57. _Pimokhasuwi_ (50 stirring about) was king, but he found the Talegas
+too strong in the war.
+
+58. _Tenchekensit_ (51 opening path) was king, and many towns were given
+up to him.
+
+59. _Paganchihilla_ (52 great fulfiller) was king, and all the Talegas
+went away to the south.
+
+60. _Hattanwulaton_ (53 he has possession) was king, and all the people
+were well pleased.
+
+61. South of the lakes they settle the council fire, and the friends
+_Talamatan_ north of the lakes.
+
+62. But they were not always friends and were conspiring when _Gunitakan_
+(54 long mild) was king.
+
+63. _Linniwulamen_ (55 man of truth) was king, and made war on the
+Talamatan.
+
+64. _Shakagapewi_ (56 just and upright) was king, and the Talamatan were
+trembling.
+
+SECOND SERIES OR MODERN HISTORY.
+
+_1st Song. At the Talega land._
+
+1. All were peaceful long ago there at the Talega land _Talegaking_.
+
+2. _Tamaganend_ (57 beaver leader) was king at the White River or _Wabash
+Wa-palaneng_.
+
+3. _Wapushuwi_ (58 white linx) was king and planted much corn.
+
+4. _Wulichinik_ (59 well hardy) was king, and the people increased.
+
+5. _Lekhihitin_ (60. writer writing) was king and painted many books
+_Wallamo-lumin_.(38)
+
+6. _Kolachuisen_ (61 pretty blue bird) was king, at the place of much
+fruit _Makeli-ming_. (near Cincinnati?)
+
+7. _Pematalli_ (62 constant there) was king and had many towns.
+
+8. _Pepomahemen_ (63 paddler up) was king of many rivers and streams.
+
+9. _Tankawon_ (64 little cloud) was king, while many went away.
+
+10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, went to the south lands.(39)
+
+11. _Kichitamak_ (65 big beaver) was king at the white lick _Wapahoning_.
+
+12. The heavenly prophet _Onowutok_ (66) went to the west.(40)
+
+13. The west he visited, the forsaken land and the western southerlings.
+
+14. _Pawanami_ (67 rich water turtle) was king at the Ohio River
+_Taleganah_.
+
+15. _Lokwelend_ (68 walker) was king, and had much warfare.(41)
+
+16. Again with the father snake _Towako_, again with the stony snake
+_Sinako_, again with north snake _Lowako_.
+
+17. _Mokolmokom_ (69 the grand father of the boats) was king and went
+snaking in boats.
+
+18. _Winelowich_ (70 snow hunter) was king and went to the north land of
+the Esquimaux _Lowushkis_.
+
+19. _Linkwekinuk_ (71 sharp looker) was king and went to the Alleghany
+Mountains _Talegachukang_.
+
+20. _Wapalawikwan_ (72 east settler) was king and went east of the Talega
+land.(42)
+
+_2d Song. At the East till first White Man comes._
+
+21. This land of the east, was a large land _Amangaki_, and a long land
+_Amigaki_.
+
+22. This land had no snakes, but was a rich land, and many good things
+were found there.
+
+23. _Gikenopalat_ (73 great warrior) was king near the north.
+
+24. _Hanaholend_ (74 stream loving) was king at the branching stream or
+Susquehanna _Saskwihanang_.(43)
+
+25. _Gattawisi_ (75 becoming fat) was king at the sassafras land _Winaki_.
+
+26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of the sun _Gishikshapipek_, which
+was again a big sea.
+
+27. _Makhiawip_ (76 red arrow) was king at the tide water.
+
+28. _Wolomenap_ (77 hollow man) was king at the strong falls (of Trenton)
+_Mas-kekitong_.
+
+29. The _Wapanand_ (ensters) and the _Tumewand_ (wolfers or Mohigans)
+north-east they go.(44)
+
+30. _Wulitpallat_ (78 good fighter) was king and set against the north.
+
+31. The _Maliongwi_ (lickers or Iroquois) and the _Pungelika_ (the lynx
+like or Eries) were all trembling there.
+
+32. Again _Tamenend_ (79 beaver II) was king there, and with all he made
+peace.
+
+33. And all became friendly, and all became united, with this great ruling
+king.(45)
+
+34. _Kichitamak_ (80 great beaver) was king and remains at the sassafras
+land or Pennsylvania.
+
+37. _Wapahakey_ (81 white body) was king and went to the Sea Shore on
+Jersey _Sheyabi_.
+
+38. _Elangomel_ (82 friendly to all) was king and much good was done.
+
+39. _Pitenumen_ (83 mistaker) was king, and saw some one come from
+somewhere.
+
+40. At this time from the east sea was coming a whiter _Wapsi_.(46)
+
+_3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies._
+
+41. _Makelomush_ (84 much honored) was king and made all happy.
+
+42. _Wulakeningus_ (85 well praised) was king and became a warrior of the
+south.
+
+43. He must make war on the Cheroki Snakes _Otaliwako_, and on the Coweta
+Snakes _Akowetako_.
+
+44. _Wapagamoshki_ (86 white otter) was king, ally of the _Lamatan_ or
+Hurons.
+
+45. _Wapashum_ (87 white big horn) was king and visited the west land of
+Talega.
+
+46. There he found the Illinois _Hiliniki_, the Shawanis _Shawoniki_, and
+the Conoys _Konowiki_.
+
+47. _Nitispayat_ (88 friendly comer) was king, and he went to the big
+lakes.
+
+48. And he visited all the beaver-children or Miamis, and all the friends
+or allies.(47)
+
+49. _Pakimitzin_ (89 cranberry eater) was king, and made alliance with the
+Ottawas, _Tawa_.
+
+50. _Lowaponskan_ (90 north walker) was king, and he visited the noisy
+place or Niagara _Ganshowenik_.
+
+51. _Tashawinso_ (91 at leisure gatherer) was king, and visited the Sea
+shores.
+
+52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, three to be, and they became
+the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. _Unamini_,
+_Minsimini_, _Chikimini_.(48)
+
+53. _Epallahchund_ (92 failer) was king, in the war with the _Mahongwi_,
+wherein he fails.(49)
+
+54. _Langomuwi_ (93 friendly he) was king and the Mahongwi were
+frightened.
+
+55. _Wangomend_ (94 saluted) was king yonder between.
+
+56. The Cherokis _Otaliwi_ and _Wasio-towi_ (those of the Otali and
+Wasioto mts.) were his foes.(50)
+
+57. _Wapachikis_ (95 white crab) was king and ally a friend of Jersey on
+the shores.
+
+58. _Nenachihat_ (96 watcher) was king and looking at the sea.
+
+59. At this time north and south the _Wapayachik_ came, the white or
+eastern moving souls.
+
+60. They were friendly, and came in big bird-ships, who are they?(51)
+
+Thus end these poetical annals, so curious and so plain, when properly
+understood and translated. The following addition is merely a fragment on
+the subsequent period, translated by John Burns. I give it as received
+although I fear it is inaccurate in some respects, and a paraphrase rather
+than literal account. Yet by this addition, we obtain a kind of general
+history of at least one American tribe, and a complete original series of
+traditions, in their peculiar pristine style. Many others will be added
+hereafter, either from printed traditions, or historical songs and
+fragments.
+
+_Fragment on the history of the Linapis from about 1600 till 1820._
+
+1. Alas, alas! we know now who they are, these _Wapsinis_ (white people)
+who then came out of the sea, to rob us of our country. Starving wretches!
+with smiles they came; but soon became snaking foes.
+
+2. The _Wallamolum_ was written by _Lekhibit_ (the writer) to record our
+glory. Shall I write another to record our fall? No! our foes have taken
+care to do it; but I speak to thee what they know not or conceal.
+
+3. We have had many other kings since that unhappy time. They were 3 till
+the friendly _Mikwon_ (Penn) came. _Mattanikum_ (not horned, not
+strong),(52) when the _Winakoli_(53) came to _Winaki_. _Nahumen_ (raccoon)
+when the _Sinalwi_ (Dutch) came. And _Ikwahon_ (fond of women) when the
+_Yankwis_ (English) came, with Mikwon and his friends soon after.
+
+4. They were all received and fed with corn; but no land was ever sold, we
+never sell any. They were all allowed to dwell with us, to build houses
+and plant corn, as our friends and allies. Because they were hungry, and
+thought children of _Gishaki_ (the sun land) and not snakes nor children
+of snakes.(54)
+
+5. And they were traders, bringing fine new tools, and weapons, and cloth,
+and beads, for which we exchanged skins and shells and corn. And we liked
+them, with their things, because we thought they were good, and made by
+the children of _Gishaki_.
+
+6. But alas! they brought also fire guns and fire waters, which burned and
+killed. Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since we had better ones.
+
+7. And after Mikwon, came the children of _Dolojo-Sakima_ (King George)
+who said, more land, more land we must have, and no limit could be put to
+their steps and increase.
+
+8. But in the north were the children of _Lowi-Sakima_, (King Louis), who
+were our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of our foes: yet
+_Dolojo_ always wanted to war with them.
+
+9. We had 3 kings after _Mikwon_ came. _Skalichi_ who was another
+_Tamenend_,(55) and _Sasunam Wikwikhon_ (our uncle the builder), and
+_Tatami_ (the beaver taker) who was killed by a _Yankwako_ (English
+snake), and we vowed revenge.
+
+10. _Netatawis_ (first renewed being) became king of all the nations in
+the west, again at _Talligewink_ (Ohio or the Talega place) on the river
+Cayahaga, with our old allies the _Talamatans_: and he called on all of
+the east.
+
+11. But _Tadeskung_ was chief in the east at _Mahoning_ and bribed by the
+_Yankwis_: there he was burnt in his house, and many of our people were
+massacred at _Hickory_ (Lancaster) by the land robbers _Yankwis_.
+
+12. Then we joined our friend _Lowi_ in war against the Yankwis; but they
+were strong, and they took _Lowanaki_ (north land, Canada) from Lowi, and
+came to us in _Talegawink_, when peace was made; and we called them big
+knives _Kichikani_.
+
+13. Then _Alimi_ (white-eyes) and _Gelelenund_ (buck killer) were chiefs,
+and all the nations near us were allies under us as our grandchildren
+again.(56)
+
+14. When the eastern fires were set up, and began to resist Dolojo, they
+said we should be another fire with them. But they killed our chiefs
+_Unamiwi_ (turtling) and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then _Hopokan_
+(strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe was made king, and he made war on the
+_Kichikani Yankwis_, and become the ally of Dolojo who was then very
+strong.
+
+15. But the eastern fires were stronger, they did not take _Lowanaki_
+(Canada) but become free from _Dolojo_. We went to _Wapahani_ (white
+river) to be further from them; but they follow every where, and we made
+war on them, till they sent _Makhiakho_ (black snake, General Wayne) who
+made strong war.(57)
+
+16. We made peace and settle limits. Our next king was _Hacking-Ponskan_
+(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. He would not even join our
+brothers Shawanis and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next war.
+
+17. Yet after the last peace, the _Kichikani-Yankwis_ came in crowds all
+around us, and they want also our lands of _Wapahani_. It was useless to
+resist, because they are getting stronger by increasing united fires.
+
+18. _Kithtilkund_ and _Lapanibi_ (white water) were the chiefs of our two
+tribes, when we resolved to exchange our lands, and return at last beyond
+the _Masispek_ (muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old country.(58)
+
+19. We shall be near our foes the _Wakon_ (god of snakes, the Ozages) but
+they are not worse than the _Yankwiakon_ (English snake), who want to
+possess the whole big island.(59)
+
+20. Shall we be free and happy there? at the new _Wapahani_ (western white
+river). We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.
+
+Such is one of the accounts of the transactions between this people and
+the English, United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm and Hekewelder have
+furnished other fragments, and for which we have ample materials in the
+colonial history and late records. But this offers some new views and
+facts: which shall be partly compared and discussed in the notes; but more
+properly examined and united in accordance with other narratives, in the
+history of the North American nations and tribes. The 11 kings in about
+220 years named in this fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 and
+later.
+
+That so many generations and names can be recollected, may appear doubtful
+to some; but when symbolic signs and paintings, with poetical songs, are
+added, the memory can well retain and perpetuate their connection. Even in
+Polynesia, where we are not told of symbols, but mere historical songs,
+they reach to the creation and flood; Ellis and Tierman tell us that the
+kings and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, Hawahi, Mowi &c. could
+repeat the names of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. It would have
+been well if instead of giving us mere fragments of the songs and names,
+they had translated the whole, and thus furnished the connected annals of
+Polynesia.
+
+In the Linapi annals, we find not merely their own deeds; but the mention
+of many other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in Cusick's Traditions
+of the Ongwis: and this forms another clue for American history. As early
+as the Asiatic period we find them united to the related people _Owini_
+and _Nijini_, before the flood, and calling their foes _Powako_ (rich
+snake), _Makowini_ (bad being,) _Maskanako_ (strong snake), similar to the
+satanic tribes of the Hebrews &c.(60)
+
+At the flood they are saved with the _Tulapin_ turtlemen, and begin to
+call themselves _Linapewi_. Soon after they separate, go north and divide
+into tribes, named after the winds, the mode of life and animals. The
+hunters are _Elowi_ Elohim of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; they
+again meet snakemen, who fly to America and must have produced there many
+nations.
+
+After having filled the north, and after the breaking of the land, at
+Behring strait, part of the nation resolve to follow and pursue the snakes
+to the east. The passage by the _Olinis_ over the hard sea or ice, is
+beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see last note); they settle at
+Shinaki, and begin again to war on snakemen: after which the beaver men or
+Tamakwi separate going east where they became the Dinni nations, yet
+called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin to a beaver and a dog, and
+call their ancestor _Chapewi_, similar to _Apiwi_, the manly in Linapi.
+
+Meantime the main tribe going south meets other nations which it is
+difficult to identify, as the names are mere epithets and nicknames, yet
+the _Assinipi_ or stony men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet called
+Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi origin. They reappear afterwards
+as _Maskan-sini_ or _Sinako_, and appear to have passed to America soon
+after the Linapi. They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the languages
+prove, and very akin to the Hurons or Ongwis in America.
+
+The _Akowini_ are met again, which appear to have become the ancestors of
+the Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The _Lowanuski_ were either the Uskis
+or the Skeres. The _Towakon_ were not the Ottawas; but probably the Ozages
+or their ancestors the Wakons.(61)
+
+At last they meet the civilized _Talegas_, who are not called snakes, but
+rather extolled, and from whom they borrowed many things: their symbol is
+very different from that of the snakes. They were probably of eastern or
+atlantic origin, akin to the Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient
+Cherokis. The _Talamatan_ become allies, were the Hurons, the name means
+both _unlike the Talegas_ and _killer of the Talas_.--See Cusick, and my
+Huron Traditions for their own annals.
+
+The separations of the Nentegos and Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or
+Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled the sea shores from Florida to
+Acadia. Three tribes of snakes reappear which are similar to the former,
+except the _Lowako_ probably the same as _Lowanuski_. After crossing the
+Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites all the tribes. The _Hiliniki_ and
+_Conowiki_ easily identified remain west of the mountains. The Iroquois
+and Eries appear under peculiar Linapi names.
+
+The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon after as snakes or foes; whether the
+Otalis or Cherokis of the mountains were real snakes of the west is
+doubtful; it is more likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, which
+was their capital till lately, and later they are called _Otaliwi_ by the
+Linapis. Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.
+
+The Tawas who call themselves fathers, as the Linapi grandfathers, of all
+the akin tribes, had then towards 1400, a great power in the west: their
+empire had a pontiff _Mushkiwis_ near lake Michigan, on whom Cass has
+given some very important traditions.
+
+The following chief chronological periods are deducible from these annals,
+by reckoning 3 generations in a century. About 1600 years before Christ
+passage of Behring strait on the ice, lead by _Wapalanewa_, settlement at
+_Shinaki_.
+
+1450. _Chilili_ leads them south, and the _Tamakwi_ separate.
+
+1040. Peace after long wars under _Langundewi_ at the land _Akolaking_.
+
+800. Annals written by _Olumapi_.
+
+750. _Takwachi_ leads to _Minihaking_.
+
+650. _Penkwonwi_ leads east over mountains.
+
+460. The first _Tamenend_ great king on the Missouri.
+
+60. _Opekasit_ leads to the Mississippi.
+
+About 50 years of our era, alliance with the _Talamatans_ against the
+_Talegas_.
+
+150. Conquest or expulsion of the _Talegas_.
+
+400. _Lekhihitan_ writes the annals.
+
+540. Separation of the Shawanis and Nentegos.
+
+800. _Wapalawikwan_ leads over Alleghany mountains to _Amangaki_.
+
+970. _Wolomenap_ settles the central capital at Trenton, and the Mohigans
+separate.
+
+1170. Under _Pitenumen_ arrival of _Wapsi_ the first white men or
+Europeans.
+
+_Additional Note._ As a specimen of the original text and poetry of these
+annals, I give now the poem on the passage to America: the whole text and
+all the symbols will be given hereafter.
+
+13. Amakolen
+    Nallahemen
+    Agunuken
+    Powasinep
+    Wapasinep
+    Akomenep.
+
+14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi
+    Wematan akomen luchundi.
+
+15. Witéhen wémiluen
+    Wémaken nihillen.
+
+16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi
+    Nguttichin Wapanawi
+    Agamunk topanpek
+    Wulliton épannek.
+
+17. Wulélémil W'shakuppek
+    Wémopannek hakhsinipek
+    Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek
+
+18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi
+    Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi
+    Akomen wapanaki nillawi
+    Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini
+
+19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi
+    Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi
+    Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi
+    Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.
+
+20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking
+    Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking
+    Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+    THE POETICAL ANNALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE HAYTIANS OR TAINOS OF
+    THE ANTILLES, _collected in 1498 by_ ROMAN &C. _with additions by_
+    DANGLERIA _and others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient Tribes_.
+
+
+Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with Columbus, who began to convert the
+Haytians in 1496, and collected their traditions, after learning their
+language, out of the _Areitos_ or songs and hymns used in festivals. He
+wrote them in 1498 by order of Columbus, and they are inserted at large in
+his life by his son; but were almost neglected by Irving. They give us not
+only an insight into the belief, religion, traditions of the Antillian
+people; but also a compendium of fragments on their annals. Although very
+desultory, much less connected than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis
+&c., and destitute of chronology; yet they afford an essential addition to
+American history, and the ancient accounts about the Atlantis and
+Antilles.
+
+In order to bring them into a kind of order, they shall be analyzed,
+reduced to a succession of events and divided into 3 parts, 1. Cosmogony
+and Theogony, 2. the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient history
+previous to Columbus or 1492. A fourth part foreign to these traditions
+would be their annals since that time, and till the extinction of the
+nation; which shall be given hereafter, with the account of the language,
+and civilization--What is peculiar to these traditions among the Americans,
+are the metamorphoses of men into beasts &c., as in Ovid.
+
+The nation who furnished these annals, was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch
+of the nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling the Lucayes and smaller
+Antilles: whose collective proper name was TAINO meaning noble. But they
+acknowledged as brothers, many tribes of the continent under the
+collective name of GUATIAOS brothers, this was ascertained in 1520 by
+Figueroa.--(See Herrera.) These _Guatiaos_ were the Aruac nations and
+tribes, that were not cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by Figueroa in
+1520 were in the Antilles the 1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.
+Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda,
+Marmagitas and Gianis Islands. While those of the continent were the 1.
+Aruacas of Guyana, 2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of Oronoc, 4.
+Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, 6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8.
+Coquibocoa, 9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt with the _Canibas_
+or _Caribas_, the cannibal tribes, foes of the _Guatiaos_, which are the
+Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated and conquered most of the
+eastern Antilles.
+
+All the Tainos spoke the same language divided into several dialects; but
+understood reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in 1512 that two distinct
+languages were used in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of Hayti; but
+in the west was a very different language not understood; this was the
+_Cami_ derived from the _Olmeca_ of Oaxaca or the _Maya_ of Yucatan; they
+having sent there a colony, and founded a kingdom.--(see the Maya History.)
+In Hayti there was also in the center of the island a kingdom of Mayas?
+the people were called _Mayo-riexes_ or _Macoryxes_, (meaning _Maya
+people_). They spoke a language different from the Haytian (Dangleria)
+divided into 3 dialects _Cayabo_, _Cubaba_, and _Baichagua_. This kingdom
+of strangers was called _Cubaba_ or _Caibaba_, and _Ziguayos_. They are
+called Caribs by some authors; but erroneously.(62)
+
+Many other additional traditions on the Antilles are scattered in early
+writers, D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo,
+Columbus, Brigstock, Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, &c. which shall be
+partly noticed here as a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a general
+outline of a history of the Antillian nations.
+
+Having succeeded to make out a fine vocabulary of nearly three hundred
+words of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, Columbus, Dangleria,
+Munoz, Las-Casas, Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater &c.--and another of about
+150 words of the _Cairi_ or _Eyeri_ language of the Aruac Islanders out of
+Dudley, Rochefort &c. I will be enabled to translate and elucidate nearly
+all the Taino historical names and allusions, so as to clear up the annals
+by original etymologies. The orthography will be Spanish, J must be
+pronounced as Kh, and X as Sh.
+
+The Haytians had besides these songs, other annals; since the priests
+taught history, and the origin of things to the sons of the nobles. They
+had also perhaps peculiar symbols to keep their records, since Dangleria
+mentions that they had paintings of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton,
+hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 was found in the mountains of
+Guanaminto a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with hieroglyphs! and in
+the mountains of Limbé, engravings of human figures on a serpentine rock;
+besides many sculptures in Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua one of
+Lucayes a gold medal _with letters on it_! If we had figures of these
+hieroglyphs and engraved symbols, we should probably obtain another clue
+to American history and graphic systems. But they are probably lost by
+neglect like those of North America! The Antilles being on the way from
+the east to the continent must have served as a stepping place to many
+nations on their passage to the continent.(63)
+
+1st Part.--_Theogony and Cosmogony._
+
+1. _Fact._ The Supreme God, bears five names or titles given by Roman and
+Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or female.
+
+       By Roman        By Dangleria    Meanings
+1.     Attabei         Attabeira       Unic-Being.
+2.     Jemao           Mamona          Eternal.
+3.     Guacas or       Guaca-rapita    Infinite.
+       Apito
+4.     Apito or        Liella          Omnipotent.
+       Siella
+5.     Zuimaco         Guimazoa        Invisible.
+
+Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male God. The titles of this god are
+sufficient to indicate the supreme God of nature, and they have
+astonishing analogies with the primitive God of Asia and Europe, the
+Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. The most common name was the
+first, in Cuba _Atabex_. This and other great Gods were not sculptured in
+idols. The Chillians had similar names for the Supreme God.(64)
+
+2. _Fact._ This God was father or mother of another great God dwelling in
+the sun with a double name, variable in the dialects.
+
+                  First Name.       Second Name.
+By Roman          Iocahuna          Guamaarocon.
+By Dangleria      Iocauna           Guamaonocon.
+In Cuba           Yocahuna          Guamaoxocoti.
+In Jamaica        Yocahuna          ----
+In Boriquen       Iacana            Guamanomocon.
+By Oviedo         Iovana            Guamamona.
+Variations        Iocavaghama       Guamochyna.
+
+The explication of these names is not given; but they are identic with the
+gods of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary islands.--The first appears
+to be the JEHOVAH and YAO of the Orientals, and is evidently the HUNAKU or
+Supreme God of the _Mayas_. The second name means _Lord of the World_
+(_Guama-ocon_) and is a title.(65)
+
+3. _Event._ This last God made the World, the Heavens _Turei_, and the
+Earth before the terrestrial sun and moon; also the ZEMIS or angels, who
+are male and female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and intercessors
+with the great gods. In the dialects _Zemes_, _Chemes_, _Chemis_.
+
+All the ancestors are since called _Zemis_: their worship was spread
+through America, under various names, and forms: as well as in the east.
+They are the
+
+_Shemayim_ (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.
+_Shemsia_ of the Pehlavis of Persia.
+_Samana & Hamsa_ of the Hindus.
+_Shams_ of the Arabic.
+_Esmun_, _Saman_ of the old Irish.
+_Eshman_ (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.
+_Sumari_ of Thibet, _Chuman_ of Tartary.
+_Camus_, a synonym of Magi of Persia.
+_Shin_ of the Chinese.
+_Zamzumin_ ancient giants of Arabia.
+_Chamin & Zaones_ of Egypt.
+_Chama_ of the Phrygians.
+_Chamina_ of the Etruscans.
+_Zeones & Zanim_ of the Ammonians.
+_Zamones_ (blest) of the Lybians.
+_Lemes_, _Zanes_ and _Annas_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Chemin_, _Shemsho_, _Naemas_ and _Zamiel_ of Aram or Syria and Phenicia.
+            _Chemarim_ Priests.
+_Zin_, _Kami_ and _Kamona_ of Japan and Yedzo.
+
+While in America we find the _Chemim_ of the Carib women.
+
+_Tezmin_ of the Mayas.
+_Inama_ of the Apalachis.
+_Manito_ of the Linapis.
+
+_Camayos_ of the Peruvians.--Which are all identic in meaning _Angels_,
+_Spirits_ and their idols. This name changes elsewhere in sound: just like
+_Enzel_ in Teutonic, which has the import of _El_, _Aones_, and _Zemes_,
+is root of our _Angel_ now pronounced _Endjel_. This oriental connection
+of ideas, names and worship, appears to be evident. They are not less in
+_Turei_ heaven, _Uran_, _Turan_ of the primitive nation &c.
+
+_4th Event._ Some of these ZEMIS became bad beings, and devils _Tuyra_,
+who send diseases, hurricanes (_Furacan_), earthquakes and thunders to
+desolate the earth and mankind.
+
+The names of _Tuyra_ for devil and evil has analogies throughout the
+earth. The most striking are
+
+_Out of America._
+
+_Zitura_ of Basks.
+_Guirati_ of Biscayans.
+_Vetura_ in Bali of Pallis.
+_Tororu_ of Nukahiva island.
+_Yarua_ of the Berber Atlantes.
+_Yurena_ of the Guanches Atlantes.
+_Daruj_, _Puyri_ of Zend.
+_Turug_ of Celts.
+_Tairi_ in Turkish.
+_Tahyri_ of Tahiti.
+_Fara_, _Wara_ of Japan.
+_Tarada_ of the Papuas.
+_Uritiram_ Synonym of Shiva.
+_Teripis_ of Oscans.
+_Tyranos_ of Greeks.
+
+_In America._
+
+_Yares_ of the _Tayronas_ the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.
+_Sura_ of Poyays.
+_Tziri_ of Poconchi.
+_Huraqui_, _Sura_ of Apalachi.
+_Tiviri_ of the Yaquis.
+_Kiuras_ of the Powhatans.
+_Tarahu_, of the Tarahumaras.
+_Prororu_ of Cumana, derived from _Pregonero_ another subsequent devil of
+            Hayti.
+
+By the change of R to L, we have the _Tulas_ and Atlantes of America.--_See
+Taraguva_ of 10th Event.
+
+_5th Event._ The good Zemis were appointed to make the earth and men, and
+to rule over both. _Guabanzex_, a female Zemis, made the air and water,
+and became the goddess of the ocean and winds.
+
+This will answer to the first period of the earth creation, when the water
+was above the land, and the _Rkio_ of Moses was divided. The name appears
+to mean _the windy_.(66)
+
+_6th Event._ The male Zemis JAIA (_Khaya_, the earth) made the earth and
+islands; he is the _Aion_ of Sanchoniation. Every land and island is
+animated. The island of Hayti was a great animal like a turtle; the head
+and mouth was in the east, the west end of it was a long tail, called
+_Guaca-iarima_ (country of the Vent). The caves were the holes of the
+body, venerated and used afterwards as temples and tombs.
+
+This notion, and comparison of islands with turtles, recalls to mind the
+primitive turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis &c. _Jaia_ or _Kaya_
+for land has affinities all over the world and is a primitive word.(67)
+
+_7th Event._ JAIA afterwards had a son, who was called _Jaia-El_,
+_Higuera_, or _Hibuera_ earth-son gourd.
+
+This first man like Adam is son of the earth, and an EL or Angel, _Elohim_
+of the orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, family and tribe.
+It will often recur in subsequent history, in the singular for the plural.
+The plurals were _Eli_, _Ili_, _guaili_.--_Gua_ is only the article _This
+or Such_.(68)
+
+_8th Event._ The sun and moon called _Boiniael_ and _Maroio_ by Roman; but
+_Binthaitel_ and _Marohu_ by Dangleria and Ovieda, come out of the cave
+_Jovovava_: they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A cave with the same name
+was their temple in Hayti. Dangleria calls it _Iovana-boina_ Jove Solar.
+
+The exact time of this appearance is doubtful, and there appears to be two
+blended events, one of cosmogony alluding to the sun being long obscured
+by the primitive misty atmosphere, another historical alluding to the
+solar and lunar dynasties of Asia or America. The meaning of _Jovo-vava_
+or _Kovo-vava_ is cave of fathers, both primitive names. The solar and
+lunar names have many analogies elsewhere, among which the chief are
+
+_Names of the Sun._
+
+_Oin_, _Oein_ of Arabs and Ethiopia.
+_Oboh_, _Baion_, old Egyptian.
+_Baon_, _Oan_ of Assyrians.
+_Ian_ of the Etruscans.
+_Belen_ of the Gauls.
+_Bun_ of the Zend.
+_Abolion_ of the Pelasgians.
+_Abloin_ of the Thessalians.
+_Ntiélé_ of the Illyrians.
+_Bian_ of the Ausonians.
+_Anactes_ of the Mysians.
+
+_Names of the Moon._
+
+_Yarho_ of the Syrians.
+_Aohri_ of the Tibus.
+
+_Warha_ of the Ethiopians.
+_Carara_ of the Etruscans.
+_Teoro_ of the Betoys, S. A.
+_Heriho_ of Canaan.
+_Humuri_ of Old Arabic.
+_Matuaré_ of Carthul, Caucasus.
+_Maraca_ of Guaramis, S. A.
+_Marama_ of Polynesia.
+_Kamar_ in Maroco.
+_Kamaria_ in Pehlvi.
+_Gumara_ in Nubian.
+
+Most of these synonyms and analogies are found in the most ancient
+languages: to which may be added that in the ancient Haikan language of
+Armenia, the sun and moon were called _Noah!_ and _Morante_, names also of
+Noah and his wife.
+
+_9th Event._ The female Zemis, _Coatris-quia_ makes the springs and
+streams to flow over the earth, and became their goddess.
+
+This is another period of oriental cosmogony, that of the irruption of
+subterranean waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior to Adam. The
+name of the Zemis is of doubtful meaning, probably _Coatris-quia_,
+hollow-quite. _Coa_ or _Cua_ was the name of ancient hollow temples all
+over America. _Quia_ is found in _Quisqueia_ oldest name of Hayti or the
+_great_ (land) _universal_.
+
+_10th Event._ _Taragava-el_ and _Corocora_ or _Epileguanita_, two male
+Zemis of the woods and hunters, made the trees and beasts. This includes
+probably two events anterior to the men, unless they be men.
+
+The meanings of these Zemis which might guide us, are quite doubtful.
+_Taraguva_ resembles _Tuyra_ and also _Turei_ heaven; but _Epileguanita_
+was probably the ancient god of the _Caracol_ or Beastly-men, since it was
+represented by a beast or quadruped; while all the other Zemis as men and
+women. _Ili-guanita_ would mean in Haytian _children of the people_.
+Therefore I presume that these are personifications of the ancient
+hunters, or men of the woods with the beastly and savage men of early
+times. Roman calls the second _Corocore_, synonyme of _Caracara_.
+
+Part II. _Antidiluvian History and Flood._
+
+_11th Event._ JAIA-EL rebels against his father JAIA and wants to kill
+him; a warfare, in which _Jaia-El_ is killed by his father, who puts his
+bones into a gourd. _Higuera_, or _Hibuera_, and people the land of that
+name.
+
+This refers to the fall of man and the wars of the Titans. The name for
+bones is omitted, it would perhaps afford another clue. Many American
+nations venerate and animate bones. Dangleria says, that _Jaia_ peopled
+all the islands of the sea with these bones.
+
+_12th Event._ JAIA being childless marries _Itiba-Jatuvava_ from whom he
+has 4 twin sons called _Dimivan_, who became afterwards _Cara-cara-cols_
+or the great Cara-cols, the great beastly beings; but their mother dies at
+their birth.
+
+_Itiba_ means woman ancient and alludes perhaps to _Thibet_, refuge, or
+land of Noah. (_I_, is the article _the_). _Jatuvava_ perhaps
+Japhet-father, but in Aruac _Kati-uiua_ means the moon heavenly. The name
+of _Dimivan_ is remarkable, being identic with the _Demavends_ or
+antidiluvians of Persia, called _Dawand_ in the Zendavesta, the _Demoi_ or
+old people of the Pelasgians, the _Demons_ of many nations. The _Caras_
+and _Cols_ are found all over America and Asia.(69)
+
+_13th Event._ AHIACAVO (grand father) or _Baia-manicoel_ an ancestor of
+the _Dimivan_, forms the nation of CON-EL, at _Basamanaco_, and invents
+agriculture, with the art of making cakes and bread.
+
+The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather of mankind. CON-EL is certainly
+a personification, meaning the sons or Elohim of CON, who is the primitive
+Lybian Hercules KON or KHON; and is found in Peruvian history as the first
+legislator of Peru. The XONS or CONES were the oldest people of Spain and
+Italy, same as _Xâones_ of Greece. Their god was XON or _Konah_.
+_Basamanaco_ is inexplicable unless it alludes to the primitive
+antidiluvian _Manaco_ or _Manco_ of Peru. _Ba_ is dwelling, _Samana_ an
+island near Hayti.
+
+_14th Event._ The four brothers _Dimivan_ meeting a mute _Conel_, making
+bread, ask him for some; but he only gives them instead _Cogioba_ or
+_Cohiba_ which is tobacco: this happened at the door of Basamanaco. This
+fable indicates an intercourse of the Dimivans and the _Conels_ which are
+probably a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.
+
+_15th Event._ This refusal of bread was the cause of a quarrel and war, in
+which _Conel_ kills or destroys one of the brothers or tribes of _Dimivan
+Caracol_, but a turtle _Hicotea_ came out of his body, or an island thus
+called, as Hayti was. This _Conel_ conqueror was _Baia-mani-coel_, whose
+name means _Father of food celestial_; but _Baya_ is also the ocean.
+
+This indicates a great war, and probably alludes to that of the
+Atlantes.(70)
+
+_16th Event._ The _Dimivans_, probably in revenge, broke the gourd of
+JAIAEL (_Khayahel_); but a flood of waters issue from it and drowns the
+land.
+
+This deluge is called _Niquen_: there is no indication in Roman of the men
+who were destroyed, nor who were saved and how; but in Cuba was found a
+more ample tradition of the flood as follows.
+
+_17th Event._ Three Behiques or priests who come to Cuba later, taught
+them that the flood had been general, had broken the land; and that a good
+man had been saved in a big boat with his family. That many animals were
+also in the boat, a vulture and dove are mentioned.
+
+Herrera and others relate this, but in different words, and without native
+names. Some have supposed this account made out by the Spanish priests;
+but it appears to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas or Mayas in
+Cuba, being very similar to the Mexican accounts.
+
+_18th Event._ Another subsequent flood although omitted by Roman, is
+alluded to by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba were then cut
+asunder and separated from Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands
+Lucayas that then joined to the great islands, were divided by irruptions
+of the sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which in the Antilles broke
+the islands by volcanic explosions. It is impossible to say what events of
+the next period, may belong to the interval between the two floods; but
+probably some of them. All these antidiluvian events appear to belong to a
+different country than the Antilles, which did not even then exist, at
+least in their actual state, and may properly be referred to the island
+Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. It was at this last cataclysm that the
+Antilles assumed their actual shape and number.
+
+Part III.--_Ancient History._
+
+_19th Event._ After the floods the men dwelt in caves on the mountain
+_Cauta_ in the land of _Caanau_ or _Caunana_ or _Caona_.
+
+The mountains of _Cauta_ must have been the refuge of men at one of the
+floods: they answer probably to the _Cuta_ of the Hindus, name given to
+many rocky lands and capes besides mountains. The _Ceuta_ mountain of
+Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of them, also called _Abyla_ from the
+_Cabyles_ or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a tradition that men were
+created on that mountain. _Cauta_ although unexplained is identic with
+_Icota_ turtle, _Ca-uta_ land raised. _Caona_ means golden.
+
+The land _Caanau_ of Roman, _Caunana_ of Dangleria, has been mistaken for
+the land of _Canaan_ by some writers: others deem it Florida. Both are
+wrong. The Haytians did not come from North America; but may have sent
+colonies there. They came from the east, South America and Africa, or the
+Atlantis. The name means land of Noah? (_Caa-Nau_, _Cau-Nana_). _Caunia_
+was the ancient name of Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians were
+Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which expelled by the Leleges, settled the
+Grecian islands, and Lybia part of which was called _Caani_. The _Anakim_
+of Syria giants dwelt in _Ca-anak_. The _Khaoni_ were the ancestors of
+Epirians and Illyrians. _Cauni_ was a mauritanian tribe.
+
+_20th Event._ The sun and moon are two great Zemis called _Binthaitel_
+(sun divine) and his wife _Marohu_ (moon), come out of the cave
+_Iovana-boina_ (Jehovah-Solar), and rule the world, establishing the solar
+and lunar dynasties.
+
+This historical event must be distinguished from the 8th. This refers to
+the solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It must be noticed that similar
+places were often shown in Hayti, as the same names had been applied by
+the subsequent settlers, even when the event had happened elsewhere. In
+this case, these solar caves were temples in Hayti, where the figures of
+the sun and moon were worshipped, and prayed to for rain; but Herrera says
+they had their hands bound, which indicates a conquest. Pilgrims went to
+those caves, from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land of the king
+_Mauziation-El_ (Roman) or _Machiunech_ (Dangleria); but whether these
+were former dynasties and kings or late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.
+
+_21st Event._ _Maroco-El_ (lunar son) called _Machocha-El_ by Dangleria,
+held the sway over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, and kept them
+confined to the caves.
+
+This indicates a lunar dominion over mankind somewhere, and a state of
+confinement: Perhaps in South America; in Peru caves are also the first
+dwellings of mankind.
+
+_22d Event._ The men were divided into double tribes or two nations, the
+principal or largest and of best men was called _Cazibagiaga_--R.
+_Cazibaxagua_--D. (Royal Xagua) and the smaller _Amaianaba_--R.
+_Amayauna_--D. (Mayas?), ruled by Cazics for kings.
+
+We have here two nations well indicated. The first the _Giaga_ or
+_Shaguas_, indicate the Lunar tribe, the _Chia_ of the Muyzcas, and other
+South American tribes _Achaguas_ of Oronoc, the _Chaguays_ or _Changas_ of
+Peru, _Agaches_ or _Agaiz_ or Paraguay; but above all the _Cacha_ or
+_Xauxa_ antidiluvian people of Peru. While in the second we trace again
+the Amazons or Atlantes, one of their main African tribes being the
+_Amantes_ of Solin, another the _Baniabas_ of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In
+America the progeny is found in the _Mayas_ of Yucatan, the _Maynas_ of
+East Peru, the _Mamayant_ of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c.
+
+The important name of Cazic for kings begins to appear: it is evidently
+oriental, and its affinities will be shown in a note.(71) It is akin also
+to _Kachi_ sun, in the Eyeri dialect: the _Washil_ of the Nachez.
+
+_23d Event._ MACHOCHA-EL was set by the sun to watch the caves, and many
+inhabitants of the caves were killed by the sun, if they came out in the
+day time; they could only come out at night to seek for food. (Dangleria)
+
+This either alludes to the great heat of the sun in Africa and the
+tropics, or to a dependance of the Lunar or Cave men upon the Solar men.
+_Machocha_ has some affinities in the South American tribes; _Machicuys_
+of Tucumen, _Machacalis_ of Brazil, _Chaehas_ of Perou, _Chanchones_ of
+Quixos &c.
+
+_24th Event._ Some men having dared to come in the day time, were changed
+into stones by the sun; (_Ziba_ is stone): also _Machokael_ for allowing
+it.
+
+This fable may allude to a war, between the _Zibas_ stony or strong men
+and the solar tribes. These _Zibas_ were probably the _Zipas_ or princes
+of the Muyzcas. In Perou there is also a fable of men changed to stones at
+the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, which merely means a war and change of
+dominion. The name of _Ziba_ for stone is primitive.--See the Note for
+affinities.(72)
+
+_25th Event._ Another set of men, going to the shores to fish, were
+changed into _Joboses_ (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the sun.
+
+This metamorphose is peculiar to these fables: although the Mexicans
+called the Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The analogies of _Jobos_ or
+_Kobos_ are found in _Coyba_ of Darien, Cuba or _Coaiba_, the _Mocobis_ of
+Chaco &c. Another war is probably meant by this, and the _Jobos_ are a
+people. Have they any reference with the _Jubas_ of Mauritania? who formed
+a divine and royal dynasty there. _Juba_ was also the Jove or God of the
+Lybians. Several nations of Central and Mexican America had trees for
+emblems.
+
+_26th Event._ The dynasty of _Giona_ or _Hi-Auna_ begins to rule over the
+men of Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.
+
+This family of rulers or Cazics became famous afterwards as we shall see,
+as leaders of tribes to America. We can easily perceive here the ancient
+Pelagian tribes of _Ionia_ and _Aones_. _Hi-Auna_ means _the-Aones_. It
+was this dynasty or people that sent colonies to America: Oviedo says this
+happened in the time of Hesper 12th king of Spain, about 750 years after
+the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems the settlers Hesperians or
+Cantabrians. The root is ONA solar name of Lybians.
+
+_27th Event._ VAGONIANA a ruler of the _Hi-Auna_, went fishing from the
+cave, and became a bird or nightingale; who crossed the sea, and settled
+the island _Mathinino_ (Martinico) with a people of women. _Dangleria_.
+His wife in the sea gives him two sons which became jewels _Ziba_ and
+_Guanin_ marble and metal.
+
+This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. Whenever we meet tribes of
+birds, in ancient history, they always mean travellers and colonies, and
+often passage over the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. The first
+ships of the Scandinavians and Europeans seen in North America, were
+called birds by the natives. V and B interchange in the Haytian language
+as in Greek; _Va-gon-iana_, thus means _Father-Solar-Iana_. His people are
+called women, because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon tribe. Martinico
+was the first island settled by them: it bears the name of _Matinino_ in
+Roman, and was thus called yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons and
+jewels.(73)
+
+_28th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA king of Caziba, sent _Jadruvaba_ out of the
+caves, to collect the holy herb _Digo_ in order to purify and wash the
+body; but he was changed by the sun into a singing bird _Giahuba-Bogiael_
+(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.
+
+We have here a second voyage by sea in a bird, and a contention with a
+solar people, caused by a trading voyage to procure some American
+commodity: Indigo probably which is identic with _Digo_. _Jadru-vaba_ or
+the father of _Khadru_, must be a new colonist. _Khadru_ has hardly any
+analogies in America; but _Giahuba_ in which he was changed has some. It
+appears analagous with the _Yaoy_ and _Shebaoy_ two _Aruac_ tribes of
+Guyana, and thus _Khadru_ might be the _Aruac_ themselves; same nation
+with the Haytians once, as the languages prove; although extending to
+Tucuman and Patagonia. The name of _Aruac_ or _Aruagas_ was inexplicable:
+it may refer to this origin, or to the _Rocou_ the red paint used by them.
+But _Aruac_ may also mean _Aluac_; akin to the _Labuyu_ of the Caribs
+their vassals, and the _Aluez_ vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they
+derive from the ALE angels of the east; here reduced to servitude by foes?
+
+_29th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA irritated that Jadru-vaba does not return,
+leaves the cave of _Caziba_ in search of him, and went with men and women
+to the island Matinino, where the women were left, while the men went to
+the land of _Guanin_.
+
+This is the third passage of the Atlantic, unless that of _Vagoniana_ only
+mentioned by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but they are likely to be
+successive tribes of Ionas. That all the women should be left in Martinico
+is a fable, meaning that the weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in
+the islands; while the warriors went to the American continent, called
+_Guanin_, which has several meanings, land of Guanas or lizard men, or
+land of metals. It became afterwards the name of a peculiar metal formed
+by the natural or artificial amalgam of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8
+copper: and a tribe assumed the name. _Guana_ or _Guanos_ was the name of
+a large nation of South America; perhaps come from the _Guans_ of the
+Canary islands; but slightly related to the Aruacs by the languages: yet
+perhaps akin: it was spread east of the Andes, between the two
+tropics.(74)
+
+_30th Event._ The children were left behind, because afraid to cross, and
+were crying after their mothers; but became changed into _Tona_ or
+opossums. Garcia says into _Toa_ or frogs.
+
+There are no opossums in Hayti nor the small islands, nor in Africa. But
+they are plenty in South America, where the notion must have sprung. This
+fable and metamorphosis may imply a hidden meaning. The opossums are the
+only animals bearing their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. Could not
+this indicate other ships without sails, and thus no longer birds with
+wings?
+
+TON is a remarkable word, since it is the root of _Nei-ton_ the Lybian
+neptunes or navigators. The twin TUN are the holy ancestors of the
+Chilians, _Tona-ca_ (flesh our) is the ancestor or Adam of some Mexican
+nations. The frogs were the emblem of the Muyzcas!
+
+_31st Event._ GUABONITO a woman follows _Guaga-Giona_ to the bigland of
+_Guanin_ by swimming. He is well pleased with it, and calls her his own
+_Biberozi_ (wife-loving): but as she was diseased he puts her apart in a
+_Guanara_, where she heals, and he makes her queen.
+
+A singular romantic fable, the disease of the woman is stated to be the
+syphilis! _Guabo-n'ito_ means fruit or Guava pear of man! The allegory
+implies another colony following _Guaga_, not by swimming; but with
+paddles or on rafts; probably a part of the lesser tribe of _Amaiuna_ or
+Amazons, so often called women in antiquity; although a powerful African
+people. All the women left in the islands might be of such a tribe, and
+since become the Mayas of Yucatan, Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas,
+the Amazons of South America.
+
+_32d Event._ ANACACUGIA (flower of Cacao) brother of this wife or ally of
+_Guaga_, runs away from him on the back of a manati or seal, and goes back
+to the women of Matinino.
+
+This implies a separation of tribes, one returning to the islands, where
+they probably formed the Cairi nation. The seal used for boats, is a third
+fable, found in Greece; boats are thus compared to birds, opossums and
+seals. Many American languages animate boats and ships. This seal must
+mean a _Manati_, or sea cow; real seals not being found in the Antilles.
+If the name was _Manati_, it has affinities with the _Ama-yuna_ or
+_Ama-Zons_ tribe. _Ma-ti-ni-no_ is in Haytian _great-mount-the-good_,
+while _Mana-ti_ is _moving mountain_. Has not _Anacacu_ a reference to the
+_Anakim_ of Asia, the _Cacus_ of Europe, and the _Tam-anacu_ of South
+America?
+
+_33d Event._ HI-AUNA father of _Guago-giona_ comes with his son to the
+land of Guanin, and being the grandfather of all the tribes, they receive
+the names of _Hi-auna_; which is afterwards changed to children of Guanin.
+_Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin_ (the-plural such-children such-Nin), and lastly the
+whole united nation is called _Guanini_.
+
+The Aones came then also to America, and there was a confederacy of the
+tribes. _Gua-gu_, _Gua-go_ and _Gua-ga_, may be 3 spellings of a same
+name; but they might also be three successive and distinct tribes of
+_Giona_. _Gua-bonito_ in one instance is made another lord or tribe,
+instead of a wife of _Guago_.
+
+_34th Event._ ALBEBORA and his son _Al-bebora-El_, were also Guanini lords
+or Cazics, who came with the _Giona_ tribe. This indicates again another
+nation. The name is remarkable, because it resembles _Albion_ and _Bora_,
+two primitive nations of the north, which settled England and the boreal
+regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans of later times. Perhaps these Boras
+are identic with the _Aboras_ and _Aboris_ of ancient Italy, the
+mountaineers since called _Abori-genes_ by the Greeks.
+
+_35th Event._ Another Guaga-giona II. or _Guaba-giona_ is mentioned
+afterwards, whose son became the _Guanini_ tribe.
+
+_Guaba_ means both _the father_ and _the Guava pear_. The succession of
+these _Gionas_ is very obscure; but many are probably omitted, and the
+whole poetical records allude to the most famous of the dynasty or nation.
+Guanini implies the Golden tribe.
+
+_36th Event._ The settlement of the Guaninis in Hayti was from Matinino
+and the east; being exiled from Matinino, they are led by _Camo_ who
+begins the kingdom of _Cabonao_ in Hayti; they settle on the river
+_Bahaboni_, where they built their houses, and afterwards the great temple
+of _Camotzia_. They gave to the island the name of _Quisqueia_ or great
+universe; but afterwards _Hayti_, meaning land rough or hilly.
+(Dangleria.)
+
+This important event is best given with those details by Dangleria: while
+Roman appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. Yet _Quisqueia_ was
+more probably the first name given to South America, rather than to Hayti:
+another name for which was _Bohio_ or habitations. _Camo_ or _Guamo_ means
+lord or master, _Tzia_ is temple. The exile of the Guaninis from the
+islands, must allude to another revolution and perhaps invasion. This
+_Camo_, was probably the same as the _Cami_ or _Coma_ of Cuba in later
+time, _Comayagua_ of Honduras; which assimilate the first civilized
+Haytians with the tribes of Central America. It might have happened that
+these _Camos_ were _Mayas_ and the ancestors of the _Mayo-riexes_. The
+history of the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, will be connected
+with these annals hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.
+
+_37th Event._ Other exiles of Matinino settle at the island _Cabini_ now
+Turtle island; and near it on the north shore of Hayti, from whence they
+spread through the island, which is called _Bouhi_ or _Bohio_, meaning
+full of towns.
+
+Dangleria mentions this likewise. House and town or habitation, are
+synonymous in Haytian.
+
+_38th Event._ They found some _Caracoles_ or _Taracolas_, crabs! or
+beastly men, dwelling in the island. The _Guaninis_ wanting women, took
+some Caracols beasts for wives, and made them suitable women, by washing
+them, and giving them to eat the fruit _Inriri Cahuvial_. This was done by
+a _Vagoniana_ II. These Caracols had then survived the flood or come
+before the Guaninis, the name of the fruit that made them women, if
+explained, might elucidate this event; but the signification was not
+given; another version will suggest other important analogies.(75)
+
+_39th Event._ These Caracols deprived of their women, took other female
+beasts for wives (another tribe) and from this union most of the Haytians
+descended, becoming _Anaborias_ or vassals of the Guaninis.
+
+_Anaboria_ means flower or lizard of labor! these might be descended from
+_Albebora_. This name for bondsmen, boors or laborers, was widely spread
+in America, and has affinities all over the world, even with the Latin
+labor.(76)
+
+_40th Event._ These first inhabitants of Hayti, fed on dates, bananas,
+cocos, fruits, nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: until taught
+the use of Cazabi or bread by _Boition_, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c.
+
+Another fact of Dangleria, very natural indicating the tropical food of
+old times.
+
+_41st Event._ _Michetauri Guauana_, was the leader of the first colony to
+_Coaibai_ (death house) in the land of _Soraia_ (setting sun), and became
+the king of it. There the people are called _Goeiz_ (phantoms or ghosts)
+and go about by night; but are not dead people whose name is _Opia_.
+
+_Coaibai_ is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, or both. It became the
+paradise of the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further west, and a place of
+delight. The names and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate to those
+of the Greeks &c. about the fortunate islands of the west: those of the
+Orientals and Hebrews about the island _Elisha_, and the _Sheol_ or place
+of souls, the Hebrew Plutonic region. _Soraya_ for setting sun, is identic
+with _Surya_ of the Hindus: whence came _Syria_ the west, and even our
+word _sorrow_; while _Sol_ comes from Sheol. _Azil_ sun in Pelasgian, is
+akin to _Elisha_ whence our word Azylum! _Goeiz_ is akin to ghost, _Ghaib_
+in Syrian, _Coyocop_ of the Nachez, _Goz_ of the Vilelas. _Opi_ has
+affinities every where. _Michetauri_ is perhaps a synonym of _Machi-tuyra_
+great devil, _Guauana_ is such-Auna. Perhaps this fable alludes to an
+anterior event and the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.(77)
+
+_42d Event._ AUMATEX a great Cazic marries the female Zemi _Guabanzex_,
+goddess of waters and wind, and she has two sons _Guatauva_ and
+_Pregonero_, who become male Zemis.
+
+It is impossible to say if this event belongs to this time or to the
+cosmogony. I presume it is historical, alluding to new tribes, and perhaps
+foreign to Hayti. The names are difficult to explain, nor is it stated
+what these sons performed; but being sons of water and wind, they must
+have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They are perhaps the ancestors of the
+Guataios and the Puruays?(78)
+
+_43d Event._ COROCORO the quadruped Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor
+of two lines of kings, _Guamorete_ and _Guatabanex_, who rule in Hayti.
+His temple was in _Sacaba_, and his high-priest was called
+_Cavava-Niovava_. Cave father and our father.
+
+This alludes to different tribes than the Guaninis: _Coro_ was a tribe in
+Cumana. Perhaps this is another version of the 10th Event, or a proper
+indication of the subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, when more
+civilized, and become the Mayorex.
+
+_44th Event._ Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. of the first _Bohito_ (old man),
+a priest and legislator, called _Boition_ by Dangleria, meaning both
+_Priest-solar_ and Old _Ion_: he introduces agriculture and the use of
+bread, divides the nation into 3 castes, _Tainos_, or nobles, _Bohitos_ or
+priests, _Anaborias_ or vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters and
+fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles the religion; establishing mysteries
+and oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many other institutions, holydays,
+festivals, religious dances, schools &c., declaring the land common to
+all, like the sun and water.
+
+There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized
+the people; but it is difficult to distinguish the deeds of each. They
+were probably priests leading more civilized colonies from the east or
+from America. Their name which is variously spelt or varies in dialects
+was also _Buhuti_, _Boitio_, _Bauti_, _Buhui_, _Boyeto_ &c., is akin to
+the _Boyez_, _Poyes_, _Piazes_, _Payes_ of South America, used by the
+Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, _Piaches_ of Tamanacs, _Bauti_ of
+Dabaiba, _Papas_ of Central America, _Bochica_ of Muyzcas; but the names
+of priests all over ancient eastern nations, have still more
+analogies(79)--and therefore they came from the east. The civilization and
+religion introduced or improved by them is also oriental; it was more
+advanced than we are aware; since they had ample fields and orchards,
+roads and canals, schools in which they taught history, religion, medicine
+and useful arts. Of their astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor of
+their hieroglyphs.
+
+_45th Event._ Bohito II. or _Buhui-tihu_ (old eminent) comes and improves
+still further the rites &c., becoming high-priest. He introduces
+medicines, charms, the use of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead
+of mummies as formerly, the holy herbs _Gueyo_ and _Zochen &c._
+
+This is all what can be collected on this second law-giver, and he is even
+blended with the next, except by name.
+
+_46th Event._ Bohito III. or _Baio-habao_ (sea-lyre) comes next,
+introducing music, sacred instruments called after him, and probably the
+rites of the triple named god of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: _Bugia_,
+_Aiba_ and _Bradama_: who became the Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.
+
+This god with three names is evidently Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India:
+found in Yucatan as _Izona_, _Echuah_ and _Bacab_. See my dissertation in
+Atlantic Journal, on similar names of triple God all over America and the
+east. It does not follow that this worship came direct from India; but it
+might come through the Pelagians, who had it as _Bram_, _Amen_ and _Vix_,
+inverted among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same about a god creator
+preserver and destroyer was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, Egypt,
+Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary islands. The Mayoriex came probably
+with Bohito III.
+
+_47th Event._ Happy state of this civilized people, hardly knowing war,
+passing the time in festivals, dancing, singing and making love: whence
+called the Fortunate islands, by the navigators that happened to go so
+far. They dwelt in wooden houses and had towns of 1000 houses.--Herrera.
+
+This period is indicated by twenty authentic sources of ancient history,
+and the ancient traditions of Europe about the happy land of the west,
+Elisha or Elysium, Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: besides the
+happy state in which Hayti was found.--See the account of the ancient
+notions and communications with America, and the great Atlantis: the most
+explicit is found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.
+
+_48th Event._ The Phenicians driven by a storm, while going from Gades to
+Africa, discover the large island ATLANTIS, many days in the ocean west of
+Lybia. It was very fruitful, with mountains, large plains and navigable
+rivers; with many woods and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts
+and fish. The air is mild and healthful; it is a residence fit for gods:
+the inhabitants are a strong and healthful people; they have many towns,
+with stately buildings, houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.--Diod.
+Book V.
+
+The translators of Diodorus have blundered so far as to deem this island
+Madeira or the Canaries; which are small islands, without streams, and the
+first without inhabitants. It can only apply to Hayti, or even the
+continent of South America.
+
+_49th Event._ _A black people_ came to Hayti from the south or south-east,
+who had darts of Guanin metal, and were called the Black Guaninis.
+
+This tradition preserved by Herrera, Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a
+colony of _Negroes_ or men painting black, from South America. They might
+be the black Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, or some other
+American Negro nation, of which there are many.--See my account of ancient
+Black Nations of America. Dangleria mentions two wild tribes of savages in
+Hayti towards 1500, one speechless! (which means they spoke a different
+language) probably a remain of the Caracols, another swift dwelling in
+caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana of Guacarima.
+
+_50th Event._ Navigations of the Haytians and Cubans, settlements of the
+Lucayas islands, Jamaica, and probably some parts of Florida: mutual trade
+with Cuba and the continent.
+
+These colonial and trading voyages must have begun long before and have
+been continual. Columbus met individuals in Cuba who had visited Hayti,
+Jamaica and Yamaya, the Maya land or Yucatan. _Yucayas_ or Lucayans knew
+Cuba, Hayti and Florida, which was called _Cautio_ says Fulgar, quoted by
+Cardenas, who deems the Antilles peopled from hence, blending it with
+_Cauta_ the original seat of the Haytians. South America was once called
+_Guanin_, afterwards _Caribana_ when it was overspread by the Carib
+tribes. The Nachez appear to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas knew Hayti
+and called it _Atsi_.
+
+_51st Event._ The _Canibas_ (whence our Canibals) or the _Caribas_,
+(whence our Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding on human flesh,
+begin to spread to Guyana and South America; becoming bold navigators
+also, they send war parties and colonies to the peaceful islands of the
+Antilles, and even to Florida.
+
+The Caribas evidently descended from the Galibis, and other akin nations
+of South America, did not originate in North America, as supposed by
+Bridgstock and a few others. Laborde who spent 20 years with them, and
+knew well their language, has published some of their traditions in 1704.
+_Lon-quo_ was their original god, who made _Racumon_ their chief or leader
+to America, who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, Cabatos-trees and
+birds. The true name of the nation was _Cali_, those of the main were
+_Cali-nago_ or _Calibis_, of the islands _Cali-ponam_. Rochefort &c.--See
+my Carib Traditions.
+
+_52d Event._ The Calibis of Guyana after long wars with _Alouague_ the
+kings of the _Aruacas_, send the general _Timani_ to conquer the Aruacas
+Islanders, _Cahiris_, _Eyeris_ &c. who leads the tribe of _Labouyous_
+(vassals) and conquer several islands, killing the men and keeping the
+women.--Rochefort &c.
+
+The period of this invasion is unknown; those who bring the Caribs from
+North America, make it much later of course; but it is likely to be an old
+event: although several invasions are probably meant and blended. The
+_Timanis_ and _Labouyous_ must have effected this. They adopted many
+customs and partly the religion of the conquered women. The following
+tradition belongs probably to the conquered Eyeris.
+
+_53d Event._ Once when living wretched and on the spontaneous fruits of
+the earth, _Oubek-Eyeri_ (heaven man) a holy man drest all in white
+cotton, comes from heaven (_Oubek_ above). He first appears to a desolate
+old man _Boyez_, and teach him to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and
+make bread of it &c.
+
+This must have been a priest or bohito of Hayti, who tried to civilize the
+Caribs: unless it refers to anterior traditions. He taught religion also,
+that good men would go after death to the happy islands of the west, and
+become _Chemin_ or _Icheiri_ Zemis; while bad men should become _Oumekoua_
+wanderers at sea, and _Mabouyas_ devils.
+
+_54th Event._ The Caribas in search of these fortunate islands go to Hayti
+and Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, where they extended
+inland, becoming the tribes of _Cofachi_, _Matica_ and _Amana_. They dwell
+there a long while often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer them and
+incorporate at last.
+
+See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars with the Apalachis; the details
+belong to the history of North America and the nations of Florida.
+
+_55th Event._ Some expelled Caribs hearing by traders of Zigateo, steal
+some canos and run away to this island, one of the Lucayas; well received;
+but sent to Ayay (Santa Cruz) desert island, where they settle and
+increase. This happened towards 1150 of our era.
+
+This positive fact begins the certain chronology of the Antilles; but
+Brigstock is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, the ancestors of all
+the Carib and Galibis tribes as far as Brazil.
+
+_56th Event._ Civil wars in Hayti, attempt of some kings to become
+independent from the _Bohitos_ government. The Cazic _Guamaretus_ despise
+his god or Zemi _Corochotum_, for which he is overcome in battle and his
+palace burnt. Dangleria.
+
+This indicates probably a revolution, and attempt to overthrow the ancient
+religion, perhaps before 1150.
+
+_57th Event._ CAZI-BAQUEL restores peace, and the worship of the great God
+_Jocavaghama_, with the Zemi _Tarugavael_ found in the woods. Meantime the
+god JOCAVA prophecies by an oracle that the _Maguacochios_ (great people
+clothed) would come, with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave the
+rebellious Haytians. This was understood to apply to the Caribs, and
+Spaniards afterwards.(80)
+
+_58th Event._ This great king BAQUEL, begins a dynasty, and has many
+successors _Gamanacoel_, _Guarionel_, _Guayaronel_, _Guavanenechin_,
+_Guavavo-conel_, _Caramarex_, _Guaramatex &c._, who are the chief kings of
+Hayti. _Guarionex_ was his successor when the Spaniards came.
+
+The ancestors of Guarionex had been kings or cazics from time immemorial
+in the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, 180 miles long and 30 broad,
+running from east to west; having from east to west the provinces
+Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs through
+it, which is probably the same as Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.
+They appear to have been at the head of the feodal system of Cazics and
+Tainos established in Hayti. All the other kings bearing them allegiance:
+and their dialect was the court language.
+
+_59th Event._ The island becomes divided into 5 principal kingdoms, with
+many provinces each having a Cazic. They were 1. _Caizimu_ in the east
+with 11 provinces, Higuey was the first of them, 2. _Bainoa_ in the
+centre, the largest of all, belonging to the _Baquel_ dynasty, with 24
+provinces, Maguana being the first of them, 3. _Guacarima_, the west end,
+with 12 provinces, Xaragua being the main, 4. _Hubaba_, a small kingdom
+with 3 provinces in the south mountains, 5. _Cotoy_ or _Cayabo_ in the
+mountains of the north, held by the _Mayoriex_ people, with 7 provinces,
+and the mountains Zibao.
+
+Dangleria gives the names of all these provinces, but he has omitted the
+kingdom of _Marien_ in the north-west, he makes it only a province of
+Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix and Munoz have given maps of old Hayti, with the
+situations of many, the rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; see
+my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.
+
+_60th Event._ Meantime Cuba was also divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. _Mayzi_
+or _Maiti_ opposite Hayti, 2. _Bayamo_ west of it, 3. _Cueyba_ in the
+centre, whence the name of _Cuba_, probably the head kingdom, 4.
+_Camayegua_ or _Camaguey_ inhabited by a different people, famous tribe,
+probably _Comayaguas_ of Honduras, or Olmecas, 5. _Xagua_ near the middle,
+6. _Macaca_ in the south opposite Jamaica, 7. _Haniguanica_ at the west
+end where are the high mountains _Uhima_.
+
+_61st Event._ The island of Jamaica was divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen
+also Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, formed one, but had 26
+Cazics in as many valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo being desert. The
+_Yucayas_ (white islands) now Bahama, were numberless, the largest being
+Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, Abaco
+&c. The Cazics were much respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques
+(priests) judges and stewards. Labor was in common and the daily food
+given from the public stores. Some islands were at war; but only used
+sticks in their quarrels. Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, the
+great Cazic resided at Saomoto.
+
+_62d Event._ The Caribas of Ayay having multiplied, spread again over the
+eastern islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; but meeting their ancient
+tribes in _Curucueria_ now Guadeloupe: it becomes their chief island:
+whence they send war parties to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; and
+occupy _Galana_ now Marigalante, _Matinino_ or _Madinino_ now Martinique,
+_Liamaca_ now Antigua, _Liamuiga_ St. Christopher, _Bayaraco_ St. Vincent,
+_Bequia_ Grenada &c. called collectively _Caliaqua_ the islands of the
+Calibis.
+
+_63d Event._ They molest the shores of Boriquen, where they are always
+repulsed, but often steal men and children to eat them.
+
+_64th Event._ They assail the shores of Hayti, where they are much feared;
+signals by smoke are made when they appear. In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern
+regions of the island, the Haytians become warlike to defend themselves,
+and use poisoned arrows as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used only
+darts, lances and macanas, peculiar wooden swords.
+
+_65th Event._ The Caribs went as far as the shores of Cuba, and desolated
+the south shores: the Cubans removing their towns inland. They were called
+Canibas and Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement at Baracoa to the
+south-east.
+
+_66th Event._ They were repulsed in their attempt against the warlike
+Jamaicans who used arrows; they do not appear to have molested the
+Yucayans, owing to their former alliance and gift of the island Ayay.
+
+These events are chiefly collected from Columbus' own account, and
+personal narratives of his travels, with other retrospective hints by the
+Spanish writers. They will also afford the notices of the subsequent
+events.
+
+_67th Event._ The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at
+least two millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in Cuba; 100,000 in
+Boriquen; 60,000 in Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides the unknown
+Carib population.
+
+This is the least calculation, at the Spanish arrival: others have swelled
+it to 6 millions, including all the West Indies. Las-Casas states that the
+Lucayas had 500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.
+
+_68th Event._ The domestic animals of these islands, were among beasts,
+Alco dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari hogs and manatis: turtles
+and guanas among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, fowls, ducks and
+red cranes among birds: remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos or fire
+flies used for lamps among insects.
+
+Such were found either in one or all the islands; which were not therefore
+destitute of domestic animals, as commonly believed. Columbus found tame
+fowls at Cuba in 1492; which were probably the Powis fowls.
+
+_69th Event._ Beroica was king of Jamaica (about the year 1420) he began a
+dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica and _Abem-beroica_, meaning
+Beroica II., Beroica III.
+
+Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the
+east, and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.
+
+_70th Event._ The island Puta or Cahiri now Trinidad at the furthest east
+end of the Antilles was still inhabited by several Aruac tribes, Cahiris,
+Yaoy &c. which resisted the inroads of their constant foes the Galibis and
+Caribas.
+
+_71st Event._ Between 1450 and 1480 Guaramatex was the greatest king and
+Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.
+
+_72d Event._ Cayacoa was king of Caizimu and Higuey in the east from about
+1460 to 1494 when he died.
+
+_73d Event._ About 1470 some Caribs settle in Samana, the east peninsula
+of Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo and Manicatex, form themselves
+a small kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, Mayo-banex their king
+admits them as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, Dahabon, Zibaho and
+Manababo. He was so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana the Venus
+of Hayti, sister of the king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon after.(81)
+
+_74th Event._ About 1475, Behechio is king of Guacarima in the west, till
+1500. His capital was Xaragua. He became a conqueror of several provinces,
+as far as Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal Cazics, and 30 wives,
+his favorite queen was Guanahata.
+
+Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, and says that as usual with
+great kings, he received many titles, being called Shining Copper, Bright
+Highness, and Rich Flood. These titles were really
+
+_Tureigua hobin_, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.
+_Siarei-huibo_, Star-bright Highness.
+_Duyh-zinequen_, Wealthy in Streams.
+
+_75th Event._ In 1480 Guarionex succeeds Guaramatex as the greatest king
+of Hayti.
+
+_76th Event._ In 1486 the Cubans send a colony to Florida, in search of a
+river and spring restoring to youth; they visit the _Pola_ islands, now
+Martyrs or Florida keys, the _Colas_ nation of South Florida, and settle
+the town of Abaiba near the cape of Florida.--Herrera.(82)
+
+This proves a previous trade and knowledge of Florida. The _Colas_ are
+perhaps descendants of the ancient Cara-_Cols_ of Hayti: they dwelt in
+Florida till 1760, when they removed to Cuba.
+
+_77th Event._ In 1490 and previous to it, war in Cuba between the kingdom
+of Cuba or Colba, and Cavilla king of the _Cami_ nation, in the country of
+Bafan, whose capital was Fava.--_Columbus' Narrative._
+
+Columbus heard of this war in 1492. The _Cami_ are the same as the
+Cama-yegua, the foreign people of Cuba.(83)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+    THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the
+    dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,
+    Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._
+
+
+At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of
+this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical
+traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important
+results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish
+discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves
+were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we
+have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation
+has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
+
+However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies
+have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some
+of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the
+quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia,
+Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor
+Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but
+three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and
+unavailable.
+
+I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and
+thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample
+enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the
+Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,
+useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to
+Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight
+dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
+
+But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South
+America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the
+many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or
+relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or
+_Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and
+these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught
+it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the
+women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will
+enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet
+in America, with a peculiar female idiom.
+
+The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had
+gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas,
+will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many
+homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic
+and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.
+
+From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had
+received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya
+and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The
+same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in
+Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian
+and Gothic tribes.
+
+The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by
+me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one
+American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real
+origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have
+used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American
+language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words
+than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American
+languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false
+views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.
+
+But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important
+and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the
+languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each
+other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may
+indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also
+similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of
+American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a
+language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never
+ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.
+
+This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid
+philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated
+hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.
+
+I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.
+
+1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable
+words 4 alike in Haytian--Boat, house, no, drink--Mutual affinity only 21
+per cent. No parentage.
+
+2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with
+Haytian--Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
+
+3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32
+comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant
+connection.
+
+4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words
+comparable, 6 akin,--one, water, man, king, mother, river--Mutual analogies
+50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less
+remote.
+
+5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in
+all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer
+more or less analogies!--Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near
+connection.
+
+_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of
+languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic
+L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected
+with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese,
+Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.
+
+In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the
+_Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to
+the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet
+they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American
+settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the
+vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the
+_Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with
+the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_,
+_Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_,
+_Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.
+
+Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of
+South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were
+much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.
+
+The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other
+American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above
+all the connection with the American Pelagians.
+
+Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting
+language, and first its phonology.
+
+It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks
+the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards,
+and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt
+whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English
+SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.--It
+had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the
+Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.
+
+It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing
+to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.--It had no nasal sounds as in
+Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI
+&c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft,
+pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the
+accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.
+
+On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is
+quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord's Prayer_ in it, so
+as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of
+Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of
+it.
+
+One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a
+peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It
+was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_,
+_those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative
+_The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely
+various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N', ZI, LI
+&c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been
+comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The
+relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.
+
+Examples of Articles.
+
+_Gua-yava_ This pear.
+_Gua-ma_ This great, or lord.
+_Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers.
+_Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such.
+_Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean.
+_I-Guana_ The guana or lizard.
+_Ni-taino_ The good or noble.
+_Mi-taino_ My noble lord.
+_Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect.
+_Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children.
+_Ziba o_ Stone like, stony.
+_A-na_ Of bloom, a flower.
+_A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal.
+_A-maca_ Of wood, a bed.
+_A-ma_ Of great, water.
+_A-reiti_ Of rite, song.
+
+These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not
+perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan,
+and Greek, than the Latin.
+
+The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.--_Taino_,
+_Taina_, Lord, Lady--_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been
+irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N,
+U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.
+
+Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the
+Oriental language.--_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_
+habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake,
+_Xauxau_ bread or large cake.
+
+The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but
+there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_,
+_hitos_ man, men.
+
+EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.
+
+The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men;
+_Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.
+
+The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two
+forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the
+regular as in Latin.
+
+Examples of regular position.
+
+_Hay-ti_ Land-high.
+_Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold.
+_Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.
+
+Examples of inverse positions.
+
+_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest.
+_Jaya-el_ Earth-son.
+_N'abor-itas_ The working men.
+
+The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O
+added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.
+
+_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.
+
+_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.
+
+The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very
+old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.
+
+Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.
+
+The pronouns appear very simple.
+
+MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?
+
+TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.
+
+LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
+
+NI, N' Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.
+
+How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions
+alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive.
+They were often dispensed with as in Italian.
+
+Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to
+be_, it was quite irregular as with us.
+
+_Ei_ To be--_Tei_ be thou--_Bei_ being.
+_Beira_ a being--_Dacha_ I am.
+_El_ he is--_Zi_ it is, this is.
+
+In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar
+to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.
+
+This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is,
+may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.
+
+We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is
+_Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n'importe_, in Italian _non
+curo_.
+
+Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I
+have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.
+
+1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian.
+_tocheta_ much. _molto._
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._
+
+2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It.
+_zinato_ angry. _irato._
+_macabuca_ not care. _non curo._
+
+3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It.
+_Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._
+_dacha_ I am. _Sono._
+
+This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many
+transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean
+
+1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.
+2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.
+3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.
+
+The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only
+collect the following secondary numbers--_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_
+third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration:
+although the language had probably the decimals.
+
+By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound
+words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be
+thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in
+American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long
+words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian
+thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the
+primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic
+import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and
+relative position.
+
+By these means the following essential roots of the language have been
+collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American
+languages.
+
+Examples of composition.
+
+_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life.
+_Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent.
+_Turei_ Heaven. _T'ur-ei_ Thou-light-be.
+_Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now)
+_Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent.
+_Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active.
+_Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.
+
+74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.
+
+A, Of, as, like.
+AC, Holy, sacred, religious.
+AM, Water, root, plenty.
+AN, Male thing, man, people, folk.
+AT, One, alone, first, unic.
+BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling.
+BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea.
+BAN, Wind, air.
+BAO, Music, lyre, instrument.
+BAT, Beating, game, play, ball.
+BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next.
+BI, Life, wife, mother.
+BOA, Habitation, house.
+BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service.
+CA, Land, soil, earth, dry.
+CAN, Fish, swift, bad.
+CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.
+CHON, Hot, dry, fever.
+CHUC, Take, grasp, hold.
+CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.
+COAI, Joy, delight, happiness.
+CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.
+CUS, Worm, creeping.
+DI, Day, now, actual.
+DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.
+EI, Existence, to be.
+EL, Son, tribe, child, he is.
+FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.
+GIA, Fowl, bird, flying.
+GUA, Such, this, that, these, those.
+GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed.
+HA, Yes, sure, certain.
+HI, The, indication, here.
+HIO, House, hut, cottage.
+HUIB, Head.
+I, The, sign of life and action.
+IO, God, the living-type.
+IT, Man, male.
+IN, Woman, female.
+IZ, Eyes, looks.
+L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.
+MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.
+MAS, Food, to eat &c.
+MI, M', Me, my, mine.
+NA, Thing, bloom, lizard.
+NI, N', The thing, my thing.
+NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble.
+O, Like, similar, akin.
+OB, Copper, yellow.
+OP, Dead.
+PU, Wood, purple.
+RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring.
+RIS, Red.
+RO, Love, belove.
+RI, Male, people, men.
+SOR, West, Eve, late, far.
+TOA, Breast, milk.
+TI, High, lofty, eminent.
+TAB, Tube, pipe.
+TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good.
+TOC, Rest, peace, quiet.
+UA, Old, ancient.
+UR, Light.
+UT, Rabbits.
+VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin.
+VAR, War, warrior.
+XAU, Cake, baked, bread.
+XI, Strong, pungent, pepper.
+YAR, End, tail, vent.
+YU, White, bright.
+ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty.
+ZEM, Angels, deities, idols.
+ZIB, Stone, rock.
+ZIC, King, ruler.
+
+Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a
+western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic
+_Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the
+Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.
+
+The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not
+been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors
+of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this
+nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such
+remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed
+equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall
+disclose.
+
+Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly
+comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer
+comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the
+Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced
+into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of
+them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe,
+keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany,
+patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco,
+cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared,
+since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have
+besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey,
+tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.
+
+Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages
+often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find
+analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati
+&c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.--Even the words manati,
+hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages,
+not derived from Hayti.
+
+_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._
+
+_Authorities_,--R. Roman--C. Columbus--D. Dangleria,--Ac. Acosta,--Her.
+Herrera,--M. Munoz,--L. Las-Casas,--O. Oviedo,--G. Garcia or Gili,--E.
+Edwards,--H. Humboldt,--V. Vater,--A. all or nearly all of
+them,--Laet,--Diaz,--St. Mery,--Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
+
+All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.
+
+
+    Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_
+    Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.--_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.
+
+
+Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.
+
+Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.--
+
+
+    _Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_
+    Egyptian Dialects.--_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_
+    Linapi.
+
+
+Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA,
+_Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._--
+
+
+    _Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_
+    Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.
+
+
+Angry ZYNATO D.--
+
+
+    _Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_
+    Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.
+
+
+Am, I am DACHA D.--
+
+
+    _Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.--_Naca_ Maipuri,
+    _Ehaca_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.--_Nux_ Latin.
+
+Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.--_Agave_ Greek.
+
+Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.
+
+Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.
+
+Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.
+
+Apart, aside, the side NARA R.--_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.
+
+Armadillo ATATU E.
+
+Army GUARAVARA G., see War.
+
+Air, see Wind.
+
+Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.
+
+Breast and milk TOA R--primitive word found in all languages,--
+
+
+    _Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_
+    (milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.
+
+
+Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.--
+
+
+    Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_
+    Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan,
+    _Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_
+    Greek &c.--_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado,
+    _Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.
+
+
+Be, to be, TEI, EI D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan,
+    _Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt
+    &c.--_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.
+
+
+Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.--primitive, same roots,
+
+Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._--
+
+
+    Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset,
+    _Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_,
+    _Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_
+    Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic,
+    _Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic
+    &c.--_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_
+    Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.
+
+
+Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.--
+
+
+    Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_
+    Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_
+    Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_
+    Pelagic &c.--_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.
+
+
+Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.--
+
+
+    _Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_
+    Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt--_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi,
+    _Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.
+
+
+Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.--_Cyanus_ Greek,
+_Chuanta_ Abask.
+
+Beer, CHICHA A.--
+
+
+    _Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask,
+    _Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine)
+    Aramic--_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi,
+    _Huicu_ Galibis &c.
+
+
+Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.--
+
+
+    _Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and
+    Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian,
+    _Amuri_ Sicilian.
+
+
+Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.--
+
+
+    _Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_
+    old English--_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.
+
+
+Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.--
+
+
+    _Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_
+    Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese,
+    _Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.
+
+
+Basket, HAVA G.--Primitive, see Cave.
+
+Bright, TUREIGNA D.--see Light.
+
+Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.
+
+Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.--_Paquiano_ Sicily.
+
+Brother, GUATIAO Her.--_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.
+
+Blood, MOINALU Ey.--
+
+
+    _Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_
+    Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_
+    Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.
+
+
+Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.--
+
+
+    _Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_
+    Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_
+    Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_
+    African Atlantic--_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru,
+    _Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.
+
+
+Cold, YMIZUI R.--_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.
+
+Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.--
+
+
+    _Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old
+    Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and
+    Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton
+    ... Primitive.
+
+
+Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.--_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit
+language,
+
+_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.
+
+Cloth, see dress.
+
+Club, see sword.
+
+Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.--_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek,
+_Cupreus_ Latin.
+
+Careless, I don't care, MACABUCA D.--_Bucanaco_ Congo.
+
+Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.--_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_
+Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.
+
+Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.--Primitive, analogies already given
+in annals.
+
+Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.
+
+Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.
+
+Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.
+
+Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.
+
+Cedar, CAUVANA G.
+
+Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.
+
+Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.--Primitive, same name in Maya,
+Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.
+
+Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.
+
+Cane, YARUMA, Her.
+
+Crabs, _Taracolas_.--_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.
+
+Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.--
+
+
+    _Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_
+    Slavonian--_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.
+
+
+Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G.,
+_Batocos_ G.--
+
+
+    _Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_,
+    _Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_
+    (song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay--_Yaravis_
+    Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.
+
+
+Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)--
+
+
+    _Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of
+    Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_
+    Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish,
+    _Cho_ Siam--_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule,
+    _Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Day, DI--Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.
+
+Daughter, RAHEN Ey.--
+
+
+    _Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic--_Ninah_
+    Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.
+
+
+Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.--
+
+
+    _Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin,
+    _Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans--_Pitini_,
+    _Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_
+    Ottawa.
+
+
+Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.
+
+Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.
+
+Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c.
+A.--Primitive, see Annals.
+
+Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.--
+
+
+    _Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka,
+    _Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_
+    Nepal--_Micuni_ Peruvian.
+
+
+End, tail, YARIMA D.--
+
+
+    _Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan,
+    _Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic--_Yara_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.--_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.
+
+Eyes, IZI, O.--Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_
+English, _Iz_ Oriental language--_Cosi_ Cahiri.
+
+Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.--
+
+
+    _Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar,
+    Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin,
+    _Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish--_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas,
+    _Tzallan_ Huasteca.
+
+
+Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.--_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic
+Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.
+
+Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.--_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_
+Pelagic.
+
+Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.
+
+Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.--Primitive, found in 500
+languages.--
+
+
+    _Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_
+    Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac
+    and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_
+    Jolof.--_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui,
+    _Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_
+    Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri,
+    _Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
+
+
+Frolic, Intoxication.--_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.
+
+Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.--
+
+
+    _Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua
+    and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva,
+    _Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,--_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora,
+    _Makach_ Nachez.
+
+
+Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.--
+
+
+    _Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_
+    Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_
+    Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.--_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_
+    Lulè, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili,
+    _Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.
+
+
+Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in
+Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.
+
+Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_
+    Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian,
+    _Nemico_ Italian.
+
+
+Flower, Blossom, ANA A.--
+
+
+    _Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_
+    Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.
+
+
+Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.--Derived from Flower.
+
+Fruitful Co.--_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.
+
+Fever, see heat.
+
+Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.
+
+God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the
+Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words:
+additional analogies.--
+
+
+    _Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_
+    Latin,--_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of
+    Basks--_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu,
+    _Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_
+    Guanch, &c.--_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_
+    Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages,
+    _Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.
+
+
+Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.--Primitive, akin to all old
+Languages,
+
+
+    --_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit
+    Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali,
+    _Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish,
+    _Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_
+    Japan.--_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_
+    Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.
+
+
+Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.--
+
+
+    _Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,--_Veragua_ Chontal.
+
+
+Gold. CAONA, CAUNI--
+
+
+    _Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding,
+    _Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.
+
+
+Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.--
+
+
+    _Odebo_ Greek, _Amòular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr,
+    _Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,--_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_
+    Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.
+
+
+Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.--
+
+
+    _Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.
+
+
+Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--
+
+
+    _Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_,
+    _mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.
+
+
+Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.-- _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof,
+_Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.
+
+Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.--
+
+
+    _Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_
+    Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic,
+    _Noali_ Armoric,--_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.
+
+
+Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_
+    Slavic--_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.
+
+
+Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.
+
+Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.
+
+Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.
+
+Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.
+
+House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D.
+Primitive.--
+
+
+    _Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_
+    Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet,
+    _Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_
+    Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese,
+    _Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English--_Bohio_
+    Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi,
+    _Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quiché, _Uya_ Lulé, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_
+    Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.
+
+
+Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.--
+
+
+    _Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_
+    Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_
+    Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan--_Uma_ Peruvian, _Chémé_ Quiché, _China_
+    Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.
+
+
+Heliconia. BIHAO.
+
+High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car,
+Huibo, Uta_--
+
+
+    _Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic,
+    L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_
+    Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.--_Iba_ Apalachi,
+    _Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.
+
+
+Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_
+(West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_
+    Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_
+    Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit,
+    _Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_
+    Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.--_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya,
+    _Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_
+    Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi,
+    _Pacha_ Aymara.
+
+
+Heart and Soul. NANICHI--
+
+
+    _Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_
+    Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Amé_
+    Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,--_Kaueshin_ Aleutian,
+    _Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_
+    Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura,
+    _Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.
+
+
+Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.--
+
+
+    _Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga,
+    _Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old
+    Egypt,--_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora,
+    _Hualic_ Huazteca.
+
+
+Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.--
+
+
+    _Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian,
+    _Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,--_Achi_ Chili.
+
+
+Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.
+
+
+    --_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_
+    Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_
+    Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,--_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari,
+    _Nigda_ Mbaya.
+
+
+His, her, He, she. LI.
+
+Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.
+
+Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.--_Trou_, _Creux_ French.
+
+Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.
+
+Insect. See Little.
+
+Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All--see Earth and Land.
+
+Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_
+holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.
+
+Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.--other title of God,
+compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in
+divine names of Lybia, &c.
+
+In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.
+
+Indigo, DIGO R.
+
+Is, it is, this is. ZI--primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.--He
+is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.
+
+King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various
+spellings.--See the Annals.
+
+Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.--_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_
+Malay.
+
+Life. BI G.--Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_
+French.
+
+Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,--_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo,
+_Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,--_Iuganas_ Cumana,
+_Leguan_ Aruwak.
+
+Labor. BORIA.
+
+Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.
+
+Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.--
+
+
+    _Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_
+    Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,--_Piqua_ Peru,
+    _Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.
+
+
+Land. See Earth.
+
+Lord. See Noble.
+
+Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.
+
+Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.
+
+Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots
+IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in
+
+
+    _Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_
+    Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_
+    Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_
+    Cumanche, &c.--
+
+    RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_
+    Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian,
+    _Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.--
+
+    AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_
+    Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_
+    Gaunch,--_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.
+
+
+Mother. MAMA D.--Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly
+so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask
+and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in
+Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages--In America quite common also,
+least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy,
+Omagua and Peru.
+
+Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.
+
+Much, Many. TOCHETA D.--_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_
+Persian, _Totus_ Latin.--_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_
+Brazilian.
+
+Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.
+
+Millet. PANYCKE D.--_Panicum_ Latin.
+
+Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_,
+_Zibao_, _Hayti_.--
+
+
+    _Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French,
+    _Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_
+    Copt,--_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru,
+    _Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya,
+    &c.
+
+
+Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.--
+
+
+    _Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali,
+    _Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.--_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca,
+    _Tupan_ Guarani.
+
+
+Me, I, my, mine, myself--NI, N', MI, M'.--Primitive, found in all the
+European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated--
+
+
+    _Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_
+    Japan,--_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_
+    Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_
+    Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.
+
+
+Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.--_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_
+Jolof,--_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.
+
+Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.--_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.
+
+Mosquito. JEJEN D.--_Zinzara_ Toscan.
+
+Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.--_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek,
+_Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.
+
+Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.
+
+Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.
+
+Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.
+
+Moving. MANA. See Grammar.
+
+Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.
+
+Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.
+
+Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.
+
+Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_,
+_Mitaino_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_
+    Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_
+    (fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_
+    Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_,
+    _Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,--_Toani_ Mexican,
+    _Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_
+    Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.
+
+
+No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.--
+
+
+    _Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_
+    Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_
+    Copt,--_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_
+    Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.
+
+
+Nuts. _Zibayos_ D--Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.
+
+Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.--_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.
+
+One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.--Primitive, found in 200
+Languages.
+
+
+    _Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_
+    Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_
+    Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.--_Ata_ Muyzcas,
+    _Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_
+    Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.
+
+
+Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.--_Holbo_
+Copt,--_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.--Very old Uaua as in Mexican.
+
+Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.--_Ainé_ French.
+
+Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.--
+
+
+    _Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian,
+    _Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and
+    Javan.
+
+
+Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_
+Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.
+
+Opossum. TONA R.
+
+Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.
+
+Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.--_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the
+root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
+
+Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.--_Phasianus_ Latin.
+
+Palace. CANEI H. See House.
+
+Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.--_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old
+Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.
+
+Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.--_Ac_ is a
+primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_
+Greek,--_Axi_ Cumana.
+
+Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_,
+_Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects.
+See the Annals and Notes.
+
+Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.
+
+Part or Share. See Apart.
+
+Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi,
+_Chibuc_ Turk,--_Bacana_ Carib.
+
+Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.--_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.
+
+Patatos. BATATAS.--The same in South America.
+
+Place. GUARA R.
+
+People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.
+
+Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.
+
+Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.
+
+Pimento. PIMENTO.--_Pimienta_ Maya.
+
+Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.--_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_
+Mexican.
+
+Plain. MAGUA. See Field.
+
+Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.
+
+Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.
+
+Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.
+
+Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.
+
+Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.
+
+Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.
+
+
+    _Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_
+    Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat.,
+    _Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old
+    Arabic--_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_
+    Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.
+
+
+Raft. BALZA A.--_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.
+
+Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M'ames_.--
+
+
+    _Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic,
+    _Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.--_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_
+    Calamari.
+
+
+Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus
+_Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.--_Hutia_ Largest;
+_Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.--_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E.
+_Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_
+    Greek,--_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_
+    Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.
+
+
+Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.--
+
+
+    _Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian,
+    _Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek,
+    _Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.
+
+
+Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.--
+
+
+    _Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,--_Dites_ Darien,
+    _Cusca_ Quichè.
+
+
+Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.--
+
+
+    _Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.--_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi
+    Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.
+
+
+Retreat. TIBA.--_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.
+
+Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.--_Remor_ Pelagic.
+
+Rope. CABUYA G.--_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.
+
+River. See Stream.
+
+Rites, worship, reality. REITI.--_Ritus_ Latin &c.
+
+Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_,
+(water) in Spanish and Italian.--
+
+
+    _Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_
+    Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva,
+    _Gua_ Tupi.
+
+
+Star, Bright. STAREI D.--Primitive, found from England to India.
+
+
+    _Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic,
+    _Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African
+    Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.--_Sirica_ Galibi,
+    Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_
+    Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.
+
+
+Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.--
+
+
+    _Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask,
+    _Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_
+    Old English,--_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South
+    America. _Macahui_ Mexican.
+
+
+Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in
+Cuba.--
+
+
+    _Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_
+    Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi,
+    _Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand,
+    _Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_,
+    Toba Old Arabic.--_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian,
+    _Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.
+
+
+Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived
+from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.--
+
+
+    _Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic,
+    _Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French,
+    _Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.
+
+
+Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.
+
+Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.--
+
+
+    _Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian,
+    _Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.
+
+
+Song, see Dance.--Soul, see Heart.--Small, see Little.
+
+Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.
+
+Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.
+
+Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old
+languages.--_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.--_Gua_ in South
+America.
+
+Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.
+
+Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.
+
+Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.
+
+Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.
+
+Soup, Boiled. CALALU.--_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.
+
+Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.--_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_
+Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.--_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.
+
+The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.--Primitive,
+variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. Y, _Ye_ Old
+English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N'_
+Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,--TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D.,
+_Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.
+
+This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.
+
+Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.--Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_,
+_toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic,
+Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.
+
+Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.--_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of
+Sumatra.--_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.
+
+Tomato. TOMATES G.
+
+Temple. See Church.
+
+Tree. See Wood.
+
+Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house--
+
+
+    _Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_
+    Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian,
+    _Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.
+
+
+Thread. HICO D.--_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal--_Hito_, _Pito_
+Maya.
+
+Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.--_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.
+
+Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.--_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_
+Bali.--_Cotos_ Cumana.
+
+Two, or Second. BEM?--_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.
+
+Three, or Third. ABEM?
+
+Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.--_Bonus_ Latin.
+
+Throne. DUCHI M.
+
+Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.--_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine.
+UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.--_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_
+(pr Aivi) English.
+
+Vassal. See Laborer.
+
+Water. AMA. BAGUA.--
+
+
+    Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes,
+    _Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_
+    Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo,
+    _Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic,
+    _Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.--_May_, _Mayu_, Peru,
+    _Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_
+    Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_
+    Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.
+
+
+Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.--
+
+
+    Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,--_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_
+    Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_,
+    _Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask,
+    _Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_
+    Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_
+    Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia;
+    _Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic,
+    _Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_
+    Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_
+    Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_
+    Romanic, &c.--_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva,
+    _Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yatè_ Mocobi,
+    _Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_
+    Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.
+
+
+White. YUCA, LUCA A.--
+
+
+    _Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask,
+    _Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,--_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi,
+    _Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru,
+    _Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.
+
+
+Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.--_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.--
+
+
+    _Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi,
+    _Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi,
+    _Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,--_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya,
+    _Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c.
+    _Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.
+
+
+War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.--Root same as in English
+and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.
+
+Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.--_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.
+
+Wind or Air. BANZEX D.--Primitive.
+
+
+    _Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga,
+    _Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi,
+    _Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,--_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora,
+    _Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.
+
+
+West. SORAIA R.--_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_
+Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See
+Setting Sun.
+
+World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.--_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from
+_Quiscaya_ whole earth.
+
+Which, HIQUI Laet.--_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.
+
+Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.--_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_
+(vermin) Celtic.
+
+Yes. HA.--Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac,
+_Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof,
+_Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,--_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_
+Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris,
+_May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.
+
+Yellow. HOBAS.--_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of
+Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.
+
+Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.
+
+Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas
+Islands
+
+C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.
+
+J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.
+
+L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.
+
+Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.
+
+Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.
+
+Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.
+
+House, _Bohio_, C.
+
+Remora, _Reves_, C.
+
+Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.
+
+Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.
+
+Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.
+
+Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.
+
+Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.
+
+Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.
+
+Cacao, _Cacao_ C.
+
+Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.
+
+River, _Agua_ C.
+
+Corn, _Maysi_, C.
+
+Bread, _Zabi_, C.
+
+God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.
+
+Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.
+
+Ghost, _Dupi_, J.
+
+Life, _Bi_, C. L.
+
+Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.
+
+Wood, _Maica_, J.
+
+Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.
+
+Dog, _Alco_, C.
+
+Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.
+
+Poke, _Cucato_, J.
+
+Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.
+
+Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.
+
+Shell, _Cohobas_, C.
+
+Guayac, Guacum, C.
+
+Red, _Ris_, C.
+
+White Worm, _Cusi_, J.
+
+Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.
+
+King. _Caxicus_, C.
+
+Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.
+
+Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.
+
+Yams, _Mames_, C.
+
+Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.
+
+Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
+
+B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.
+
+E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by
+Rochefort, &c.
+
+Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.
+
+God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.
+
+Noble, _Ditayno_, B.
+
+Snake, _Boba_, B.
+
+Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.
+
+Mahogany, _Maga_, B.
+
+Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.
+
+Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.
+
+Violet, _Quibey_, B.
+
+Bananas, _Camois_, E.
+
+Coco, _Coquillas_, B.
+
+Guayac, _Guage_, B.
+
+Hog, _Saine_, B.
+
+Boat, _Piraguas_, B.
+
+Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.
+
+Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.
+
+Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.
+
+Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.
+
+Storm, _Urogan_, E.
+
+Blood, _Moinalu_, E.
+
+Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.
+
+Bread, _Maru_, E.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.
+
+Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.
+
+Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.
+
+Foe, _Akani_, E.
+
+Little, _Nianti_, E.
+
+House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.
+
+Garden, _Chali_, E.
+
+War, _Nihuctu_, E.
+
+Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.
+
+Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.
+
+Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.
+
+Wife, _Liani_, E.
+
+Son, _Rabu_, E.
+
+Daughter, _Rahen_, E.
+
+The, _Ni_, N'.
+
+Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.
+
+Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.
+
+Sea, _Balana_, E.
+
+Bed, _Nekera_, E.
+
+Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.
+
+Money, _Agucat_.
+
+Palm, _Caico_.
+
+Red, _Pu_, E.
+
+People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.
+
+Priest, _Boyez_, E.
+
+Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.
+
+Devil, _Mabuya_, E.
+
+Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.
+
+This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_,
+and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent.
+Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho' belonging to the same group, are
+distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.
+
+Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet
+have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my
+_Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder
+27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to
+it.
+
+16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
+
+Man, _Guttemock_.
+
+Woman, _Hiaru_.
+
+Heaven, _Huihua_.
+
+Gold, _Calcoari_.
+
+Maize, _Mauris_.
+
+Pipe, _Bayu_.
+
+Shell, _Tibetibe_.
+
+Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.
+
+Sun, _Hadali_.
+
+Moon, _Katti_.
+
+Bread, _Callit_.
+
+Fire, _Hicket_.
+
+Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.
+
+Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.
+
+Stone, _Sibath_.
+
+Head, _Cabbo_.
+
+12 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Copper, _Arara_.
+
+Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.
+
+Emerald, _Taarao_.
+
+Sword, _Caspara_.
+
+This, My, _Da_, D.
+
+Parrot, _Wahowa_.
+
+Tree, _Mentini_.
+
+Potato, _Halete_.
+
+Batatas, _Caenuda_.
+
+Knife, _Yedola_.
+
+Basket, _Queca_.
+
+Tobacco, _Hurreit_.
+
+27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hand, _Can_.
+
+Feet, _Cutti_.
+
+Knees, _Cude_.
+
+Toes, _Boda_.
+
+Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.
+
+Bow, _Marahabo_.
+
+Arrow, _Semaro_.
+
+Spoon, _Heldaro_.
+
+Silver, _Perota_.
+
+Forehead, _Dessi_.
+
+Tongue, _Dill_.
+
+Ears, _Dudica_.
+
+Lips, _Desire_.
+
+Teeth, _Arehe_.
+
+Monkey, _Howa_.
+
+Chest, _Bodad_.
+
+Well, _Sakel_.
+
+Bracelet, _Techir_.
+
+Scissors, _Arkeano_.
+
+Comb, _Baruda_.
+
+Mouth, _Lacoak_.
+
+Bell, _Toletilero_.
+
+Stick, _Adoth_.
+
+Beach, _Barenaine_.
+
+Flying fish, _Bohery_.
+
+Tunny fish, _Uassa_.
+
+I don't know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.
+
+Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
+
+As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian
+Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the
+Haytian. Altho' he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been
+_Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was
+still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or
+_Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show
+elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17
+Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10
+affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with
+the _Cairi_.
+
+10 Consimilar Words.
+
+House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.
+
+Corn, _Maiz_.
+
+Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.
+
+Boat, _Canoe_.
+
+Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian
+Orthography.
+
+Good, _Tum_.
+
+Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.
+
+4 Different Comparable Words.
+
+Knife, _Tarse_.
+
+Bananas, _Pacaras_.
+
+Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.
+
+Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.
+
+3 Words Not Comparable.
+
+Hook, _Pinda_.
+
+Scissors, _Pirame_.
+
+Comb, _Chipag_.
+
+End Of First Volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet
+      on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America,
+      before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many
+      important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in
+      philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my
+      surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also
+      greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and
+      western route of the Mexican nations.
+
+    2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but
+      many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises,
+      although the Lybian analogies are evident.
+
+    3 In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14,
+      published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize,
+      used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern
+      Greeks call it _Arabo-sité_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called
+      _Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy
+      through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in
+      Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having
+      native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in
+      Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately
+      saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
+      quite wild in America.
+
+    4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for
+      the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the
+      sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
+      and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish
+      colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.
+
+    5 E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men,
+      pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE
+      or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the
+      commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and
+      other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very
+      erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not
+      correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I
+      follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
+      between consonants.
+
+    6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with
+      mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G'bforeign_, and
+      women _N'shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many
+      names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM
+      _Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any
+      analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out
+      hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic
+      Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be
+      well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums
+      which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the
+      contrary.
+
+      7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production--translated
+      reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come
+      from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting
+      or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI
+      NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE,
+      verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.
+
+      8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of
+      life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts
+      or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men,
+      over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these
+      animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only
+      appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
+
+      Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which
+      represent also men! and were personified.
+
+      1. SH'R'TZ, Production--Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of
+      Poets.
+
+      2. N'F'SH, Animated--Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds
+      of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he
+      had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
+
+      3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of
+      Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.
+
+    7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a
+      lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or
+      the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the
+      laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.
+
+    8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first
+      chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation,
+      antidiluvian history and flood has been given.
+
+_    9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator,
+      including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a
+      sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and
+      united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_
+      that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
+
+      The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia
+      including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca
+      was separated from Siam by a strait.
+
+   10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least
+      curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since
+      collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the
+      reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and
+      prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been
+      found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments.
+      If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000
+      towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
+      Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and
+      will be obliterated ere long.--_See_ my account of monumental sites,
+      published in 1824.
+
+   11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the
+      personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air,
+      winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual
+      worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind
+      material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it,
+      as in Egypt and Guinea.
+
+   12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832,
+      Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have
+      collected a few more since.
+
+   13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race
+      in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.;
+      which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great
+      men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions.
+      Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian
+      princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women,
+      took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt
+      breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese
+      and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes
+      subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.
+
+   14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets
+      of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become
+      wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
+      tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of
+      hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have
+      killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent
+      to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis
+      wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient
+      continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like
+      maize.
+
+   15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans
+      had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia
+      and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron
+      would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there
+      was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and
+      rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia
+      and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was
+      found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.
+
+   16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical
+      recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one
+      connected body by historians or geologists.
+
+   17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_,
+      are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant
+      alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but
+      likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading
+      primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for
+      the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the
+      Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros,
+      Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole
+      set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we
+      mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by
+      the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the
+      Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the
+      plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we
+      substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or
+      Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it
+      when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and
+      polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions;
+      but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality
+      of tribes.
+
+      _Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of
+      history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of
+      Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet
+      in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they
+      are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal
+      appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted
+      honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in
+      derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had
+      their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle;
+      who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the
+      Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old
+      Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_,
+      now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the
+      angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!
+
+   18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN,
+      the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of
+      the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM
+      were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a
+      writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it
+      implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or
+      bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says
+      that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
+      the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation.
+      It is probable these were part of them.
+
+   19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for
+      a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822
+      were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in
+      the original language; but no one could be found by me able to
+      translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the
+      help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on
+      purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The
+      contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my
+      Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of
+      Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
+      Ottawas, &c.
+
+   20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and
+      oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The
+      word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi,
+      put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.
+
+_   21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is
+      identic with ISH, W' being the article _he_, WI added to words is
+      common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means
+      _many_.
+
+_   22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings.
+      O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in
+      English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi
+      dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It
+      must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often
+      obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This
+      with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in
+      the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this
+      translation a difficult task.
+
+   23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and
+      Iran; Jains of India.
+
+_   24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic
+      nations. _Akon_ of Syria.
+
+_   25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in
+      Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the
+      meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle
+      in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the
+      real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft
+      turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a
+      turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his
+      title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes
+      have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but
+      his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest
+      of feathers or hair on the head.
+
+   26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name
+      appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_.
+      _Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses,
+      and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the
+      Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.
+
+   27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their
+      old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must
+      have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and
+      Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological
+      enquiries and comparisons.
+
+_   28 W'oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first
+      seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_,
+      the N. W. coast.
+
+   29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or
+      contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most
+      probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.
+
+   30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_,
+      cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably
+      the Oregon country.
+
+   31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our
+      era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare
+      _Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.
+
+   32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the
+      east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of
+      Oregon.
+
+_   33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.
+
+   34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many
+      kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great
+      beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.
+
+   35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His
+      festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.
+
+_   36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard
+      people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_
+      appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux,
+      _Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period
+      of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go
+      further east.
+
+   37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the
+      wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards
+      48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which
+      continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after
+      Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then
+      united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of
+      Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of
+      Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply
+      names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been
+      the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called
+      afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west
+      of it at St. Louis &c.
+
+      In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder
+      and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas
+      about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove
+      further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place
+      this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before
+      our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
+
+   38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the
+      former wars with the Talegas.
+
+   39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.
+
+   40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes,
+      and became their legislator.
+
+   41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a
+      new invading tribe from the north.
+
+   42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the
+      atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few.
+      Hekewelder confirms these facts.
+
+   43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means
+      either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the
+      name of east Pennsylvania.
+
+   44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the
+      main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear
+      older by their traditions.
+
+      By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event
+      would be still later: he states that after separating from the
+      western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on
+      the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was
+      preserved in a mosaic belt.--_See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol
+      I._
+
+   45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This
+      famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_
+      &c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many
+      songs and traditions on them.
+
+   46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the
+      computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or
+      both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina
+      were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had
+      also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like
+      many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively
+      gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white
+      woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went
+      to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards
+      with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the
+      bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160,
+      rather than Madoc or a warlike band.
+
+   47 The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe,
+      separated long before.
+
+   48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be
+      two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same
+      thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.
+
+   49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_
+      (Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the
+      tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname
+      given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles.
+      We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.
+
+_   50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair:
+      this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment.
+      The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South
+      Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as
+      the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the
+      Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the
+      snake sign in the symbol.
+
+   51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the
+      arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and
+      cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the
+      head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the
+      _Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a
+      crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3
+      feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the
+      Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing
+      to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a
+      cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the
+      Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.
+
+_   52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the
+      Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to
+      translate half the name. He was king in 1645.
+
+   53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect
+      Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the
+      prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to
+      Winaki.
+
+   54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is
+      singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the
+      natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.
+
+   55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation
+      dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's
+      treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned
+      in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is
+      very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
+      Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder
+      mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the
+      three into one.
+
+   56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or
+      Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till
+      1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy
+      _Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.--(Heck.) this was the cause of
+      the wars till 1795.
+
+   57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black
+      Snake, because he beat the allied nations.
+
+   58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the
+      last treaty with the United States.
+
+   59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of
+      mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North
+      America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that
+      appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The
+      former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees.
+      The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at
+      the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The
+      Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of
+      devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.
+
+   60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from
+      the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are
+      similar to vampyres.
+
+   61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes,
+      Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of
+      nations.
+
+   62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and
+      confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs;
+      yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of
+      their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have
+      been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had
+      already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by
+      the Haytians, whence the blunder.
+
+   63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient
+      history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of
+      all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.
+
+   64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared
+      analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia.
+      _Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
+      the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the
+      Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in
+      _Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many
+      languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the
+      nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_
+      eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _Até_ was
+      god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia.
+      The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_,
+      _Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to
+      _Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.
+
+_   65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic
+      language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the
+      Atlantes, Guanches &c.
+
+   66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.
+
+      _Vayajam_ Sanscrit.
+      _Band_ old Arabic.
+      _Watem_, _Vato_ Zend.
+      _Bangin_ Bali.
+      _Bentus_ old Latin.
+      _Ventus_ Latin.
+      _Andas_ Etruscan.
+      _Abka_ Abask.
+      _Sabam_ Ceylon.
+
+   67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure
+      Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the
+      Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.
+
+      _Kahi_ Egyptian.
+      _Akhé_ Zend.
+      _Kay_ Deri of Iran.
+      _Iya_ Sanscrit.
+      _Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician.
+      _Ay_ Lybian.
+      _Aya_ old Irish.
+      _Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.
+
+      In America numerous analogies are found,
+
+      _Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lulé, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.
+
+   68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe,
+      children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects
+      _Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in
+      Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_
+      in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk--_Olgos_ Eolian,
+      _Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek,
+      _Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_
+      Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan,
+      _Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words
+      _Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the
+      oriental EL, IL, OL.--In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols
+      &c.--_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.
+
+   69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida,
+      _Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the
+      Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare
+      with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.
+
+   70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have
+      so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that
+      we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The
+      ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the
+      Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.
+
+   71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:
+
+      _Oriental Names._
+
+      _Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan.
+      _Vasil_ of Greeks.
+      _Kasek_ in Sitka.
+      _Cazi_ in Iran.
+      _Sheik_ in Arabic.
+      _Zic_ Iberians and Sicules.
+      _Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber.
+      _Bazilik_ Pelagian.
+      _Cahin_ Lybian.
+      _Hazil_ Carian.
+      _Cay_ Zend.
+      _Iza_ Tigreh.
+      _Cazil_ Mindanao island.
+      _Cazis_ Socotora island.
+      _Izcan_ of Haikans.
+      _Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans.
+      _Casis_ of Syrians.
+
+      _American Names._
+
+      _Acachi_ of Totonacas.
+      _Wachil_ of Nachez.
+      _Zac_ of Muyzcas.
+      _Cathi_ of Pinindas.
+      _Ahatic_ of Huaztecas.
+      _Inca_ of Peruvians.
+      _Chiaca_ of Coras.
+      _Cuchi_ of Puncays.
+      _Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.
+
+   72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:
+
+      _Hiban_ in Berber.
+      _Uben_ in Hebrew.
+      _Aben_ in Syriac.
+      _Keibe_ Celtic.
+      _Siwa_ Nukahiva island.
+      _Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin.
+      _Sitaba_ Pelasgian.
+      _Bahiba_ old Arabic.
+      _Iba_ Samoyed.
+      _Batu_ Malay.
+
+      It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_,
+      _Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican,
+      _Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.
+
+   73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have
+      been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that
+      name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
+
+      Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it
+      would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The
+      conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to
+      South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must
+      be before the last flood.
+
+   74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has
+      so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which
+      would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!
+
+   75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the
+      men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch
+      wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
+      being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called
+      _Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the
+      _Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti,
+      and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange
+      that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many
+      affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in
+      Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin,
+      _Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of
+      Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
+      to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a
+      people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus
+      traced also to America.
+
+   76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following
+      names for vassals and laborers--_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of
+      Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.--and
+      in the east.
+
+      _Tabara_ in Turan.
+      _Burutis_ in Ausonian.
+      _Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic.
+      _Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic.
+      _Ambactos_ in Gaul.
+      _Manahunis_ in Tahiti.
+      _Nerba_ Hindostani.
+      _Bendar_ Pehlvi.
+      _Abondas_ Saxon.
+      _Canabas_, Knave Gothic.
+      _Nebara_ Nepal.
+      _Parias_ India.
+
+   77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about
+      ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The
+      _Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to
+      have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is
+      strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.
+
+   78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names
+      indicate--_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is
+      the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.
+
+   79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids;
+      are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their
+      name is found in
+
+      _Hubantes_ in Pelagic.
+      _Faybo_ of the Guanches.
+      _Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul.
+      _Aobu_ in Aramic.
+      _Behotus_ Dorian.
+      _Bedo_ old French.
+      _Phonto_ in Egypt.
+      _Purohito_ in Sanscrit.
+      _Budan_ in Pelvi.
+      _Budha_ of Budhists.
+      _Baharas_ Nepal.
+      _Heotes_ Sicanian &c.
+
+   80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes
+      and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle
+      has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran,
+      _Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls,
+      _Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.
+
+   81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a
+      Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning
+      _gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I
+      have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events,
+      loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.
+
+   82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent.
+      Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful
+      women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.
+
+   83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and
+      tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals;
+      adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent,
+      bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them:
+      unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than
+      posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new
+      clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations
+      of America may be connected with those by other links of languages,
+      traditions &c.
+
+      1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and
+      Chimus of Peru.
+
+      2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico,
+      Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
+
+      3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
+
+      4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
+
+      5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man
+      _Ibi_, the Borias &c.
+
+      6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South
+      America.
+
+      7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru,
+      Maronios of Charcas.
+
+      8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana,
+      Coras of Mexico.
+
+      9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of
+      Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
+
+      10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and
+      Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
+
+      11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos--Manicas or Manoas,
+      Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
+
+      12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.
+
+      13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_--_I_ and _Hi_ are articles,
+      Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
+
+      14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
+
+      15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
+
+      16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of
+      Chaco.
+
+      17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
+
+      18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
+
+      19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of
+      Chaco.
+
+      20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.
+
+      21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.
+
+      22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
+
+      23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.
+
+      24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
+
+      25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.
+
+      26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
+
+      27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre
+      of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
+
+      28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
+
+      29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
+
+      30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
+
+      31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
+
+      32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.
+
+      33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
+
+      34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
+
+      35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.
+
+      36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.
+
+      37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
+
+      38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
+
+      39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
+
+      40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
+
+      41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
+
+      42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
+
+      43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos
+      and Conamas of South America.
+
+      44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or
+      Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.
+
+      Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation
+      filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that
+      name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_
+      sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a
+      Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus,
+      the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN NATIONS, VOL. I.***
+
+
+
+CREDITS
+
+
+October 14, 2010
+
+            Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1
+            Produced by Julia Miller, David King, and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. (This
+            file was produced from scans of public domain material
+            produced by Microsoft for the Live Search Books site.)
+
+
+
+A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG
+
+
+This file should be named 34070-8.txt or 34070-8.zip.
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+
+
+    http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/0/7/34070/
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be
+renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one
+owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and
+you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission
+and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
+General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
+distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works to protect the Project
+Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered
+trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you
+receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of
+this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
+for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
+performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away
+-- you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks.
+Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+
+
+_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
+any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"),
+you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.
+
+
+General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works
+
+
+1.A.
+
+
+By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work,
+you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the
+terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright)
+agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this
+agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee
+for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work
+and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may
+obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set
+forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+
+1.B.
+
+
+"Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or
+associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be
+bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can
+do with most Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works even without complying
+with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are
+a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works if you
+follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+
+1.C.
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or
+PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual
+work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in
+the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
+distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on
+the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
+course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of
+promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
+Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
+keeping the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} name associated with the work. You can
+easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License when you
+share it without charge with others.
+
+
+1.D.
+
+
+The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you
+can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant
+state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of
+your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before
+downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating
+derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work.
+The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of
+any work in any country outside the United States.
+
+
+1.E.
+
+
+Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+
+1.E.1.
+
+
+The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access
+to, the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License must appear prominently whenever
+any copy of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work (any work on which the phrase
+"Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg"
+is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or
+distributed:
+
+
+    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+    almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
+    or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
+    included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+1.E.2.
+
+
+If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is derived from the
+public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with
+permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and
+distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or
+charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you
+must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7
+or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+
+1.E.3.
+
+
+If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply
+with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed
+by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project
+Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License for all works posted with the permission of the
+copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+
+1.E.4.
+
+
+Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License
+terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any
+other work associated with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}.
+
+
+1.E.5.
+
+
+Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic
+work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying
+the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate
+access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License.
+
+
+1.E.6.
+
+
+You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed,
+marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word
+processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted
+on the official Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} web site (http://www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form.
+Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License as
+specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+
+1.E.7.
+
+
+Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing,
+copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works unless you comply
+with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+
+1.E.8.
+
+
+You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or
+distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works provided that
+
+    - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+      the use of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works calculated using the method you
+      already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to
+      the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark, but he has agreed to
+      donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg
+      Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60
+      days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally
+      required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments
+      should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg
+      Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4,
+      "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+      Archive Foundation."
+
+    - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+      you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+      does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License.
+      You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the
+      works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and
+      all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works.
+
+    - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+      any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+      electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+      receipt of the work.
+
+    - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+      distribution of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works.
+
+
+1.E.9.
+
+
+If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic
+work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this
+agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in
+Section 3 below.
+
+
+1.F.
+
+
+1.F.1.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to
+identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works in creating the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection. Despite these
+efforts, Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, and the medium on which they
+may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to,
+incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright
+or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk
+or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot
+be read by your equipment.
+
+
+1.F.2.
+
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -- Except for the "Right of
+Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
+damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE
+NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
+OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
+FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT
+WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
+PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY
+OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+1.F.3.
+
+
+LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND -- If you discover a defect in this
+electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund
+of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to
+the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a
+physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation.
+The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect
+to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the
+work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose
+to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
+lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a
+refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+
+1.F.4.
+
+
+Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
+paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+
+1.F.5.
+
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the
+exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or
+limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state
+applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make
+the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state
+law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement
+shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+
+1.F.6.
+
+
+INDEMNITY -- You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark
+owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and
+any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
+of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs
+and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from
+any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of
+this or any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, and (c) any Defect
+you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.
+
+
+           Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+
+
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic
+works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including
+obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the
+efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks
+of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance
+they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}'s goals and ensuring
+that the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection will remain freely available for
+generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} and future generations. To learn more about the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations
+can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at
+http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.
+
+
+   Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of
+Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.
+The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541.
+Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full
+extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr.
+S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North
+1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information
+can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at
+http://www.pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+
+
+    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+    Chief Executive and Director
+    gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.
+
+
+  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+                                Foundation
+
+
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread
+public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the
+number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment
+including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are
+particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
+Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable
+effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
+requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
+received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
+determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have
+not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against
+accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us
+with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any
+statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the
+United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods
+and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including
+checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please
+visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.
+
+
+      General Information About Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works.
+
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
+anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}
+eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} eBooks are often created from several printed editions,
+all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright
+notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance
+with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook
+number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed
+(zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the
+old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed.
+_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+
+    http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}, including how
+to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
+how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email
+newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+***FINIS***
+
\ No newline at end of file