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top:0.7ex; left:0.4em;} + .nobo {border: thin;} + .red {color: red;} + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figdrop {padding-top: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img, .figdrop img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p, .figdrop p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figure p.in, .figcenter p.in, .figright p.in, .figleft p.in , .figdrop p.in {margin: 0; text-indent: 8em;} + .figcenter p.poem {margin-left: 1em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft, .figdrop {float: left;} + img.middle { border: none; vertical-align: middle } + /*img { border: 1px solid black;}*/ + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chess Fundamentals, by José Raúl Capablanca + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chess Fundamentals + +Author: José Raúl Capablanca + +Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #33870] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHESS FUNDAMENTALS *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Suzanne Shell, Jana Srna, +Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/frontis.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/frontis.jpg" + alt="José R. Capablanca" title="José R. Capablanca" /></a> + JOSÉ R. CAPABLANCA + </div> + +<h1>CHESS<br /> +FUNDAMENTALS</h1> + +<p class="cenhead">BY</p> + +<h3>JOSÉ R. CAPABLANCA</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD</i></p> + + <p> </p> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">NEW YORK</p> +<h3>HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.<br /> +LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.</h3> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY</p> + +<p class="cenhead">HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">© 1949 BY OLGA CAPABLANCA</p> + + <p><i>All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced + or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, + including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval + system, without permission in writing from the publisher.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Seventeenth Printing</i></p> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>PREFACE</h3> + + <p><i>Chess Fundamentals</i> was first published thirteen years ago. + Since then there have appeared at different times a number of articles + dealing with the so-called Hypermodern Theory. Those who have read the + articles may well have thought that something new, of vital importance, + had been discovered. The fact is that the Hypermodern Theory is merely + the application, during the opening stages generally, of the same old + principles through the medium of somewhat new tactics. There has been no + change in the fundamentals. The change has been only a change of form, + and not always for the best at that.</p> + + <p>In chess the tactics may change but the strategic fundamental + principles are always the same, so that <i>Chess Fundamentals</i> is as + good now as it was thirteen years ago. It will be as good a hundred years + from now; as long in fact as the laws and rules of the game remain what + they are at present. The reader may therefore go over the contents of the + book with the assurance that there is in it everything he needs, and that + there is nothing to be added and nothing to be changed. <i>Chess + Fundamentals</i> was the one standard work of its kind thirteen years ago + and the author firmly believes that it is the one standard work of its + kind now.</p> + + <p class="author">J. R. CAPABLANCA</p> + + <p><i>New York</i></p> + + <p><i>Sept. 1, 1934</i></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>LIST OF CONTENTS</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Table of Contents" title="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> PART I</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER I</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 1. <span class="sc">Some Simple Mates</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 2. <span class="sc">Pawn Promotion</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 3. <span class="sc">Pawn Endings</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 4. <span class="sc">Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 5. <span class="sc">Relative Value of the Pieces</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 6. <span class="sc">General Strategy of the Opening</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 7. <span class="sc">Control of the Centre</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 8. <span class="sc">Traps</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER II</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Further Principles in End-game Play</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 9. <span class="sc">A Cardinal Principle</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 10. <span class="sc">A Classical Ending</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 11. <span class="sc">Obtaining a Passed Pawn</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 12. <span class="sc">How to find out which Pawn will be the first to Queen</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 13. <span class="sc">The Opposition</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 14. <span class="sc">The Relative Value of Knight and Bishop</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 15. <span class="sc">How to Mate with Knight and Bishop</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 16. <span class="sc">Queen against Rook</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER III</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Planning a Win in Middle-game Play</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 17. <span class="sc">Attacking without the aid of Knights</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 18. <span class="sc">Attacking with Knights as a Prominent Force</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 19. <span class="sc">Winning by Indirect Attack</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> +CHAPTER IV</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">General Theory</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 20. <span class="sc">The Initiative</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 21. <span class="sc">Direct Attacks <i>en masse</i></span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 22. <span class="sc">The Force of the Threatened Attack</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 23. <span class="sc">Relinquishing the Initiative</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 24. <span class="sc">Cutting off Pieces from the Scene of Action</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 25. <span class="sc">A Player's Motives Criticised in a Specimen Game</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER V</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">End-game Strategy</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 26. <span class="sc">The Sudden Attack from a Different Side</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 27. <span class="sc">The Danger of a Safe Position</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 28. <span class="sc">Endings with one Rook and Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 29. <span class="sc">A Difficult Ending: Two Rooks and Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 30. <span class="sc">Rook, Bishop and Pawns</span> <i>v.</i> <span class="sc">Rook, Knight and Pawns</span><br /> + (A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst<br /> + imposing restraint.) </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER VI</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Further Openings and Middle-games</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 31. <span class="sc">Some Salient Points about Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 32. <span class="sc">Some Possible Developments from a Ruy Lopez</span><br /> + (showing the weakness of a backward Q B P; the<br /> + power of a Pawn at K 5, etc.) </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 33. <span class="sc">The Influence of a "Hole"</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page150">150</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> +PART II</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> GAME.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 1. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (Match, 1909)</span><br /> + White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 2. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian, 1911)</span><br /> + White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 3. <span class="sc">Irregular Defence (Havana, 1913)</span><br /> + White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 4. <span class="sc">French Defence (St. Petersburg, 1913)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page174">174</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 5. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br /> + White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 6. <span class="sc">French Defence (Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)</span><br /> + White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page189">189</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 7. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (San Sebastian, 1911)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page197">197</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 8. <span class="sc">Centre Game (Berlin, 1913)</span><br /> + White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page201">201</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 9. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page209">209</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 10. <span class="sc">Petroff Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 11. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 12. <span class="sc">French Defence (New York, 1918)</span><br /> + White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page225">225</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 13. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (New York, 1918)</span><br /> + White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J.R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page231">231</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 14. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (New York, 1918)</span><br /> + White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J.R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page238">238</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span></p> + +<h2>CHESS FUNDAMENTALS</h2> + +<h3>PART I</h3> + +<h3>CHAPTER I</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">First Principles: Endings, Middle-Game and Openings</span></p> + + <p>The first thing a student should do, is to familiarise himself with + the power of the pieces. This can best be done by learning how to + accomplish quickly some of the simple mates.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">1. SOME SIMPLE MATES</p> + + <p><b>Example 1.</b>—The ending Rook and King against King.</p> + + <p><i>The principle is to drive the opposing King to the last line on any + side of the board</i>.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig1.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p> + + <p>In this position the power of the Rook is demonstrated by the first + move, R - R 7, which immediately confines the Black King to the last + rank, and the mate is quickly accomplished by: 1 R - R 7, K - Kt 1; + 2 K - Kt 2.</p> + + <p>The combined action of King and Rook is needed to arrive at a position + in which mate can be forced. The general principle for a beginner to + follow is to</p> + + <p><i>keep his King as much as possible on the same rank, or, as in this + case, file, as the opposing King.</i></p> + + <p>When, in this case, the King has been brought to the sixth rank, it is + better to place it, not on the same file, but on the one next to it + towards the centre.</p> + + <p>2...K - B 1; 3 K - B 3, K - K 1; 4 K - K 4, K - Q 1; 5 K - Q 5, + K - B 1; 6 K - Q 6.</p> + + <p>Not K - B 6, because then the Black King will go back to Q 1 and it + will take much longer to mate. If now the King moves back to Q 1, R - R 8 + mates at once.</p> + + <p>6...K - Kt 1; 7 R - Q B 7, K - R 1; 8 K - B 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - Kt 6, + K - R 1; 10 R - B 8 mate.</p> + + <p>It has taken exactly ten moves to mate from the original position. On + move 5 Black could have played K - K 1, and, according to principle, + White would have continued 6 K - Q 6, K - B 1 (the Black King will + ultimately be forced to move in front of the White King and be mated by + R - R 8); 7 K - K 6, K - Kt 1; 8 K - B 6, K - R 1; 9 K - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; + 10 R - R 8 mate. <!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 2.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig2.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Since the Black King is in the centre of the board, the best way to + proceed is to advance your own King thus: 1 K - K 2, K - Q 4; 2 K - K 3. + As the Rook has not yet come into play, it is better to advance the King + straight into the centre of the board, not in front, but to one side of + the other King. Should now the Black King move to K 4, the Rook drives it + back by R - R 5 ch. On the other hand, if 2... K - B 5 instead, then also + 3 R - R 5. If now 3... K - Kt 5, there follows 4 K - Q 3; but if instead + 3... K - B 6; then 4 R - R 4, keeping the King confined to as few squares + as possible.</p> + + <p>Now the ending may continue: 4...K - B 7; 5 R - B 4 ch, K - Kt 6; + 6 K - Q 3, K - Kt 7; 7 R - Kt 4 ch, K - R 6; 8 K - B 3, K - R 7. It + should be noticed how often the White King has moved next to the Rook, + not only to defend it, but also to reduce the mobility of the opposing + King. Now <!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page6"></a>{6}</span>White mates in three moves thus: 9 R - R 4 ch, + K - Kt 8; 10 R - any square on the Rook's file, forcing the Black King + in front of the White, K - B 8; 11 R - R 1 mate. It has taken eleven + moves to mate, and, under any conditions, I believe it should be done in + under twenty. While it may be monotonous, it is worth while for the + beginner to practice such things, as it will teach him the proper + handling of his pieces.</p> + + <p><b>Example 3.</b>—Now we come to two Bishops and King against + King.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig3.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Since the Black King is in the corner, White can play 1 B - Q 3, + K - Kt 2; 2 B - K Kt 5, K - B 2; 3 B - B 5, and already the Black King is + confined to a few squares. If the Black King, in the original position, + had been in the centre of the board, or away from the last row, White + should have advanced his King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops, + restricted <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page7"></a>{7}</span>the Black King's movements to as few squares + as possible.</p> + + <p>We might now continue: 3...K - Kt 2; 4 K - B 2. In this ending the + Black King must not only be driven to the edge of the board, but he must + also be forced into a corner, and, before a mate can be given, the White + King must be brought to the sixth rank and, at the same time, in one of + the last two files; in this case either K R 6, K Kt 6, K B 7, K B 8, and + as K R 6 and K Kt 6 are the nearest squares, it is to either of these + squares that the King ought to go. 4...K - B 2; 5 K - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; + 6 K - R 4, K - B 2; 7 K - R 5, K - Kt 2; 8 B - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - R 6, + K - B 1. White must now mark time and move one of the Bishops, so as to + force the Black King to go back; 10 B - R 5, K - Kt 1; 11 B - K 7, + K - R 1. Now the White Bishop must take up a position from which it can + give check next move along the White diagonal, when the Black King moves + back to Kt 1. 12 B - K Kt 4, K - Kt 1; 13 B - K 6 ch, K - R 1; + 14 B - B 6 mate.</p> + + <p>It has taken fourteen moves to force the mate and, in any position, it + should be done in under thirty.</p> + + <p>In all endings of this kind, care must be taken not to drift into a + stale mate.</p> + + <p>In this particular ending one should remember that the King must not + only be driven to the edge of the board, but also into a corner. In all + such endings, however, it is immaterial whether the King is forced <!-- + Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span>on to the + last rank, or to an outside file, e.g. K R 5 or Q R 4, K 1 or Q 8.</p> + + <p><b>Example 4.</b>—We now come to Queen and King against King. As + the Queen combines the power of the Rook and the Bishop, it is the + easiest mate of all and should always be accomplished in under ten moves. + Take the following position:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig4.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>A good way to begin is to make the first move with the Queen, trying + to limit the Black King's mobility as much as possible. Thus: 1 Q - B 6, + K - Q 5; 2 K - Q 2. Already the Black King has only one available square + 2...K - K 4; 3 K - K 3, K - B 4; 4 Q - Q 6, K - Kt 4. (Should Black play + K - Kt 5, then Q - Kt 6 ch); 5 Q - K 6, K - R 5 (if K - R 4, K - B 4 and + mate next move); 6 Q - K Kt 6, K - R 6; 7 K - B 3, K moves; 8 Q + mates.</p> + + <p>In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black King must be + forced to the edge of the board; only <!-- Page 9 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>{9}</span>the Queen being so much + more powerful than the Rook, the process is far easier and shorter. These + are the three elementary endings and in all of these the principle is the + same. In each case the co-operation of the King is needed. In order to + force a mate without the aid of the King, at least two Rooks are + required.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">2. PAWN PROMOTION</p> + + <p>The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage that can be + obtained in a game; and it often is sufficient to win, even when the Pawn + is the only remaining unit, apart from the Kings. It is essential, + speaking generally, that</p> + + <p><i>the King should be in front of his Pawn, with at least one + intervening square</i>.</p> + + <p>If the opposing King is directly in front of the Pawn, then the game + cannot be won. This can best be explained by the following examples.</p> + + <p><b>Example 5.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig5.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p> + + <p>The position is drawn, and the way to proceed is for Black to keep the + King always directly in front of the Pawn, and when it cannot be done, as + for instance in this position because of the White King, then the Black + King must be kept in front of the White King. The play would proceed + thus: 1 P - K 3, K - K 4; 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 4. This is a very important + move. Any other move would lose, as will be shown later. As the Black + King cannot be kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far + forward as possible and, at the same time, in front of the White + King.</p> + + <p>3 P - K 4 ch, K - K 4; 4 K - K 3, K - K 3; 5 K - B 4, K - B 3. Again + the same case. As the White King comes up, the Black King must be kept in + front of it, since it cannot be brought up to the Pawn.</p> + + <p>6 P - K 5 ch, K - K 3; 7 K - K 4, K - K 2; 8 K - Q 5, K - Q 2; + 9 P - K 6 ch, K - K 2; 10 K - K 5, K - K 1; 11 K - Q 6, K - Q 1. If now + White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in front of it and White + must either give up the Pawn or play K - K 6, and a stale mate results. + If instead of advancing the Pawn White withdraws his King, Black brings + his King up to the Pawn and, when forced to go back, he moves to K <i>in + front</i> of the Pawn ready to come up again or to move in front of the + White King, as before, should the latter advance.</p> + + <p>The whole mode of procedure is very important and the student should + become thoroughly conversant <!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page11"></a>{11}</span>with its details; for it involves principles + to be taken up later on, and because many a beginner has lost identical + positions from lack of proper knowledge. At this stage of the book I + cannot lay too much stress on its importance.</p> + + <p><b>Example 6.</b>—In this position White wins, as the King is in + front of his Pawn and there is one intervening square.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig6.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The method to follow is to</p> + + <p><i>advance the King as far as is compatible with the safety of the + Pawn and never to advance the Pawn until it is essential to its own + safety</i>.</p> + + <p>Thus:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">1. K - K 4, K - K 3.</p> + + <p>Black does not allow the White King to advance, therefore White is now + compelled to advance his Pawn so as to force Black to move away. He is + then able to advance his own King.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">2. P - K3, K - B 3; 3. K - Q 5, K - K 2.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p> + + <p>If Black had played 3...K - B 4, then White would be forced to advance + the Pawn to K 4, since he could not advance his King without leaving + Black the opportunity to play K - K 5, winning the Pawn. Since he has not + done so, it is better for White not to advance the Pawn yet, since its + own safety does not require it, but to try to bring the King still + further forward. Thus:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">4. K - K 5, K - Q 2; 5. K - B 6, K - K 1.</p> + + <p>Now the White Pawn is too far back and it may be brought up within + protection of the King.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">6. P - K 4, K - Q 2.</p> + + <p>Now it would not do to play K - B 7, because Black would play K - Q 3, + and White would have to bring back his King to protect the Pawn. + Therefore he must continue.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">7. P - K 5, K - K 1.</p> + + <p>Had he moved anywhere else, White could have played K - B 7, followed + by the advance of the Pawn to K 6, K 7, K 8; all these squares being + protected by the King. As Black tries to prevent that, White must now + force him to move away, at the same time always keeping the King in front + of the Pawn. Thus:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">8. K - K 6.</p> + + <p>P - K 6 would make it a draw, as Black would then play K - B, and we + would have a position similar to the one explained in connection with + Example 5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">8...K - B 1; 9. K - Q 7.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span></p> + + <p>King moves and the White Pawn advances to K 8, becomes a Queen, and it + is all over.</p> + + <p>This ending is like the previous one, and for the same reasons should + be thoroughly understood before proceeding any further.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">3. PAWN ENDINGS</p> + + <p>I shall now give a couple of simple endings of two Pawns against one, + or three against two, that the reader may see how they can be won. Fewer + explanations will be given, as it is up to the student to work things out + for himself. Furthermore, nobody can learn how to play well merely from + the study of a book; it can only serve as a guide and the rest must be + done by the teacher, if the student has one; if not, the student must + realise by long and bitter experience the practical application of the + many things explained in the book.</p> + + <p><b>Example 7.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig7.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span></p> + + <p>In this position White cannot win by playing 1 P - B 6, because Black + plays, not P × P, which would lose, but 1...K - Kt 1, and if then + 2 P × P, K × P, and draws, as shown in a previous case. If 2 P - B 7 ch, + K - B 1, and White will never be able to Queen his Pawn without losing + it. If 2 K - K 7, P × P; 3 K × P, K - B 1, and draws. White, however, can + win the position given in the diagram by playing:</p> + + <p>1 K - Q 7, K - Kt 1; 2 K - K 7, K - R 1; 3 P - B 6, P × P. If + 3...K - Kt 1; 4 P - B 7 ch, K - R 1; 5 P - B 8 (Q) mate.</p> + + <p>4 K - B 7, P - B 4; 5 P - Kt 7 ch, K - R 2; 6 P - Kt 8 (Q) ch, + K - R 3; 7 Q - Kt 6 mate.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig8.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig8.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 8.</b>—In the above position White can't win by + 1 P - B 5. Black's best answer would be P - Kt 3 draws. (The student + should work this out.) He cannot win by 1 P - Kt 5, because P - Kt 3 + draws. (This, because of the principle of the "<i>opposition</i>" <!-- + Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"></a>{15}</span>which + governs this ending as well as all the Pawn-endings already given, and + which will be explained more fully later on.)</p> + + <p>White can win, however, by playing: 1 K - K 4, K - K 3. (If + 1...P - Kt 3; 2 K - Q 4, K - K 3; 3 K - B 5, K - B 3; 4 K - Q 6, K - B 2; + 5 P - Kt 5, K - Kt 2; 6 K - K 7, K - Kt 1; 7 K - B 6, K - R 2; 8 K - B 7 + and White wins the Pawn.)</p> + + <p>2 P - B 5 ch, K - B 3; 3 K - B 4, P - Kt 3. (If this Pawn is kept back + we arrive at the ending shown in Example 7.) 4 P - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2; + 5 P - B 6, K - K 3; 6 K - K 4, K - B 2; 7 K - K 5, K - B 1. White cannot + force his Bishop's Pawn into Q (find out why), but by giving his Pawn up + he can win the other Pawn and the game. Thus:</p> + + <p>8 P - B 7, K × P; 9 K - Q 6, K - B 1; 10 K - K 6, K - Kt 2; + 11 K - K 7, K - Kt 1; 12 K - B 6, K - R 2; 13 K - B 7, K - R 1; + 14 K × P , K - Kt 1.</p> + + <p>There is still some resistance in Black's position. In fact, the only + way to win is the one given here, as will easily be seen by + experiment.</p> + + <p>15 K - R 6 (if K - B 6, K - R 2; and in order to win White must get + back to the actual position, as against 16 P - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1 draws), + K - R 1; 16 P - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 17 P - Kt 7, K - B 2; 18 K - R 7, and + White queens the Pawn and wins.</p> + + <p>This ending, apparently so simple, should show the student the + enormous difficulties to be surmounted, <!-- Page 16 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span>even when there are + hardly any pieces left, when playing against an adversary who knows how + to use the resources at his disposal, and it should show the student, + also, the necessity of paying strict attention to these elementary things + which form the basis of true mastership in Chess.</p> + + <p><b>Example 9.</b>—In this ending</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig9.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig9.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White can win by advancing any of the three Pawns on the first move, + but it is convenient to follow the general rule, whenever there is no + good reason against it, of <i>advancing the Pawn that has no Pawn + opposing it</i>. Thus we begin by—</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">1. P - B 5, K - K 2.</p> + + <p>If P - Kt 3, P - B 6; and we have a similar ending to one of those + shown above. If 1...P - R 3; 2 P - Kt 5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">2. K - K 5, K - B 2; 3. P - Kt 5, K - K 2.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span></p> + + <p>If 3...P - Kt 3; 4 P - B 6, and if 3...P - R 3; 4 P - Kt 6 ch, and in + either case we have a similar ending to one of those already shown.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">4. P - R 5,</p> + + <p>and by following it up with P - Kt 6 we have the same ending + previously shown. Should Black play 4...P - Kt 3, then R P × P, P × P; + P - B 6 ch with the same result.</p> + + <p>Having now seen the cases when the Pawns are all on one side of the + board we shall now examine a case when there are Pawns on both sides of + the board.</p> + + <p><b>Example 10.</b>—In these cases the general rule is to <i>act + immediately on the side where you have the superior forces</i>. Thus we + have:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig10.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig10.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p class="cenhead">1. P - K Kt 4.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span></p> + + <p>It is generally advisable to advance the Pawn that is free from + opposition.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black makes an advance on the other side, and now White considers + whether or not he should stop the advance. In this case either way wins, + but generally the advance should be stopped when the opposing King is far + away.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">2. P - Q R 4, K - B 3; 3. P - R 4, K - K 3.</p> + + <p>If 3...K - Kt 3, then simple counting will show that White goes to the + other side with his King, wins the P at Q R 4, and then Queens his single + Pawn long before Black can do the same.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">4. P - Kt 5, K - B 2; 5. K - B 5, K - Kt 2; 6. P - R 5, K - B 2.</p> + + <p>If 6...P - R 3; 7 P - Kt 6, and then the two Pawns defend themselves + and White can go to the other side with his King, to win the other + Pawn.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">7. K - K 5.</p> + + <p>Now it is time to go to the other side with the King, win the Black + Pawn and Queen the single Pawn. This is typical of all such endings and + should be worked out by the student in this case and in similar cases + which he can put up. <!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME</p> + + <p>By the time the student has digested all that has been previously + explained, he, no doubt, is anxious to get to the actual game and play + with all the pieces. However, before considering the openings, we shall + devote a little time to some combinations that often arise during the + game, and which will give the reader some idea of the beauty of the game, + once he becomes better acquainted with it.</p> + + <p><b>Example 11.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig11.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig11.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is Black's move, and thinking that White merely threatens to play + Q - R 6 and to mate at K Kt 7, Black plays 1 ... R - K 1, threatening + mate by way of R - K 8. White now uncovers his real and most effective + threat, viz.:</p> + + <p>1 ... R - K 1; 2 Q × P ch, K × Q; 3 R - R 3 ch, K - Kt 1; + 4 R - R 8 mate. <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page20"></a>{20}</span></p> + + <p>This same type of combination may come as the result of a somewhat + more complicated position.</p> + + <p><b>Example 12.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig12.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig12.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White is a piece behind, and unless he can win it back quickly he will + lose; he therefore plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He cannot take the Kt because White threatens mate by Q × P ch + followed by R - R 3 ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Again if B × Kt; Q × P ch, K × Q; R - R 3 ch, King moves; + R - R 8 mate.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - Q 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains with a Q and a B + against a R and B, and should therefore win easily. These two examples + show the <!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page21"></a>{21}</span>danger of advancing the K Kt P one square, + after having Castled on that side.</p> + + <p><b>Example 13.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig13.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig13.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>This is another very interesting type of combination. Black has a R + for a Kt and should therefore win, unless White is able to obtain some + compensation immediately. White, in fact, mates in a few moves thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Kt - B 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Forced, otherwise Q X P mates.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Q - Kt 3 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B × P mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><b>Example 14.</b>—The same type of combination occurs in a more + complicated form in the following position. <!-- Page 22 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig14.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig14.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If ...B × Kt; Q - B 3 threatens mate, and therefore wins the Q, which + is already attacked.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - B 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R - Kt 3 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B × P mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><b>Example 15.</b>—A very frequent type of combination is shown + in the following position.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig15.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig15.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span></p> + + <p>Here White is the exchange and a Pawn behind, but he can win quickly + thus: 1 B × P ch, K × B. (If 1...K - R 1; 2 Q - K R 5, P - K Kt 3; + 3 Q - R 6, and wins.)</p> + + <p>2 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; 3 Kt - Kt 5, and Black cannot stop mate at + K R 7 except by sacrificing the Queen by Q - K 5, which would leave White + with a Q for a R.</p> + + <p><b>Example 16.</b>—This same type of combination is seen in a + more complicated form in the following position.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig16.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White proceeds as follows: 1 Kt × Kt ch (this clears the line for the + B); B × Kt (to stop the Kt from moving to Kt 5 after the sacrifice of the + B); 2 R × B, Kt × R best; 3 B × P ch, K × B. (If 3..K - R 1; 4 Q - R 5, + P - K Kt 3; 5 B × P ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 3; 7 P - Kt 5 ch, + K - K 3; 8 B × P ch, R × B; 9 Q - K 4 mate.) 4 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; + 5 Kt - Kt 5, R - B 1; <!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page24"></a>{24}</span>6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 1; 7 Q - R 8 ch, + Kt - Kt 1; 8 Kt - R 7 ch, K - K 2; 9 R - K 1 ch, K - Q 1; + 10 Q × Kt mate.</p> + + <p>This combination is rather long and has many variations, therefore a + beginner will hardly be able to fathom it; but, knowing the type of + combination, he might under similar circumstances undertake and carry out + a brilliant attack which he would otherwise never think of. It will be + seen that all the combinations shown have for a foundation the proper + co-ordination of the pieces, which have all been brought to bear against + a weak point.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES</p> + + <p>Before going on to the general principles of the openings, it is + advisable to give the student an idea of the proper relative value of the + pieces. There is no complete and accurate table for all of them, and the + only thing to do is to compare the pieces separately.</p> + + <p>For all general theoretical purposes the Bishop and the Knight have to + be considered as of the same value, though it is my opinion that the + Bishop will prove the more valuable piece in most cases; and it is well + known that two Bishops are almost always better than two Knights.</p> + + <p>The Bishop will be stronger against Pawns than the Knight, and in + combination with Pawns will also be stronger against the Rook than the + Knight will be. <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p> + + <p>A Bishop and a Rook are also stronger than a Knight and a Rook, but a + Queen and a Knight may be stronger than a Queen and a Bishop.</p> + + <p>A Bishop will often be worth more than three Pawns, but a Knight very + seldom so, and may even not be worth so much.</p> + + <p>A Rook will be worth a Knight and two Pawns, or a Bishop and two + Pawns, but, as said before, the Bishop will be a better piece against the + Rook.</p> + + <p>Two Rooks are slightly stronger than a Queen. They are slightly weaker + than two Knights and a Bishop, and a little more so than two Bishops and + a Knight. The power of the Knight decreases as the pieces are changed + off. The power of the Rook, on the contrary, increases.</p> + + <p>The King, a purely <i>defensive</i> piece throughout the middle-game, + becomes an <i>offensive</i> piece once all the pieces are off the board, + and sometimes even when there are one or two minor pieces left. The + handling of the King becomes of paramount importance once the end-game + stage is reached.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING</p> + + <p>The main thing is to <i>develop the pieces quickly</i>. Get them into + play as fast as you can.</p> + + <p>From the outset two moves, 1 P - K 4 or 1 P - Q 4, open up lines for + the Queen and a Bishop. Therefore, theoretically one of these two moves + must be the best, as no other first move accomplishes so much. <!-- Page + 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 17.</b>—Suppose we begin:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is both an attacking and a developing move. Black can now either + reply with the identical move or play</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This developing move at the same time defends the King's Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>These moves are of a purely developing nature.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>It is generally advisable not to bring this Bishop out until one + Knight is out</i>, preferably the King's Knight. The Bishop could also + have been played to B 4, but it is advisable whenever possible to combine + development and attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black replies in the same manner, threatening a possible exchange of + Bishop for Knight with Kt × P to follow.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>an indirect way of preventing 5...B × Kt, which more experience or + study will show to be bad. At the same time <i>the Rook is brought into + action in the centre, a very important point</i>. <!-- Page 27 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black follows the same line of reasoning.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>These moves have a two-fold object, viz.: to protect the King's Pawn + and to open the diagonal for the development of the Queen's Bishop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig17.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>A very powerful move, which brings us to the middle-game stage, as + there is already in view a combination to win quickly by Kt - Q 5. This + threat makes it impossible for Black to continue the same course. (There + is a long analysis showing that Black should lose if he also plays + B - Kt 5.) He is now forced to play 7...B × Kt, as experience has shown, + thus bringing up to notice three things.</p> + + <p>First, the complete development of the opening has taken only seven + moves. (This varies up to ten or twelve moves in some very exceptional + cases. As a rule, eight should be enough.) Second, Black has <!-- Page 28 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span>been compelled + to exchange a Bishop for a Knight, but as a compensation he has isolated + White's Q R P and doubled a Pawn. (This, at such an early stage of the + game, is rather an advantage for White, as the Pawn is doubled towards + the centre of the board.) Third, White by the exchange brings up a Pawn + to control the square Q 4, puts Black on the defensive, as experience + will show, and thus keeps <i>the initiative</i>, an unquestionable + advantage.<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The strategical principles expounded above are the same for all the + openings, only their tactical application varies according to the + circumstances.</p> + + <p>Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on the following point + which the student should bear in mind.</p> + + <p><i>Before development has been completed no piece should be moved more + than once, unless it is essential in order to obtain either material + advantage or to secure freedom of action.</i></p> + + <p>The beginner would do well to remember this, as well as what has + already been stated: viz., <i>bring out the Knights before bringing out + the Bishops</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE</p> + + <p>The four squares, K 4 and Q 4 on each side respectively, are the + centre squares, and control of these squares is called control of the + centre. <i>The control of the centre is of great importance.</i> No + violent attack can succeed without controlling at least two of these <!-- + Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span>squares, + and possibly three. Many a manœuvre in the opening has for its sole + object the control of the centre, which invariably ensures the + initiative. It is well always to bear this in mind, since it will often + be the reason of a series of moves which could not otherwise be properly + understood. As this book progresses I shall dwell more fully on these + different points. At present I shall devote some time to openings taken + at random and explain the moves according to general principles. The + student will in that way train his mind in the proper direction, and will + thus have less trouble in finding a way out when confronted with a new + and difficult situation.</p> + + <p><b>Example 18.</b></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A timid move. Black assumes a defensive attitude at once. On principle + the move is wrong. In the openings, whenever possible, <i>pieces should + be moved in preference to Pawns</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White takes the offensive immediately and strives to control the + centre so as to have ample room to deploy his forces.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also prefers the text + move to Kt - Q B 3, which would be the more natural square for the Kt. + But on <!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page30"></a>{30}</span>principle the move is wrong, because it + blocks the action of the Queen's Bishop, and instead of facilitating the + action of Black's pieces, tends, on the contrary, to cramp them.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black is forced to pay the penalty of his previous move. Such a move + on Black's part condemns by itself any form of opening that makes it + necessary. White threatened Kt - Kt 5 and Black could not stop it with + 4...B - K 2, because of 5 P × P, Kt × P (if 5...P × P, 6 Q - Q 5); + 6 Kt × Kt, P × Kt; 7 Q - R 5, and White wins a Pawn and has besides a + perfectly safe position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It should be noticed that White does not Castle yet. The reason is + that he wants to deploy his forces first, and through the last move force + Black to play P - Q B 3 to make room for the Queen as White threatens + R - Q 1, to be followed by P × P. Black's other alternatives would + finally force him to play P × P, thus abandoning the centre to White.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>With this last move White completes his development, while Black is + evidently somewhat hampered. A simple examination will suffice to show + that White's position <!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page31"></a>{31}</span>is unassailable. There are no weak spots in + his armour, and his pieces are ready for any manœuvre that he may + wish to carry out in order to begin the attack on the enemy's position. + The student should carefully study this example. It will show him that it + is sometimes convenient to delay Castling. I have given the moves as they + come to my mind without following any standard book on openings. Whether + the moves given by me agree or not with the standard works, I do not + know, but at the present stage of this book it is not convenient to enter + into discussions of mere technicalities which the student will be able to + understand when he has become more proficient.</p> + + <p><b>Example 19.</b></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A bad move, which violates one of the principles set down, according + to which at least one Knight should be developed before the Bishops are + brought out, and also because it exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which + in the opening is generally bad, unless there is some compensation.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>4...P × P loses a Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If Kt - B 3; Q - Q Kt 3 wins a Pawn.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q - Q Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent Kt - Q 5.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig18.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen, and White, with a + Bishop and a Knight already developed, has a chance of obtaining an + advantage quickly by playing Kt - Q 5 anyway. The student is left to work + out the many variations arising from this position.</p> + + <p>These examples will show the practical application of the principles + previously enunciated. The student is warned against playing Pawns in + preference to pieces at the beginning of the game, especially P - K R 3 + and P - Q R 3, which are moves very commonly indulged in by + beginners.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">8. TRAPS</p> + + <p>I shall now give a few positions or traps to be avoided in the + openings, and in which (practice has shown) beginners are often caught. + <!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 20.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig19.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - Q 5 mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><b>Example 21.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig20.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig20.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span></p> + + <p>Black, having the move, should play P - K 3. But suppose he plays + Kt - K B 3 instead, then comes—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. B × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - K 5 would also give White the advantage, the threat being of + course if B × Q; 2 B × P mate. Nor does B - R 5 help matters, because of + 2 Q × B, 1... B - K 3 leaves Black with the inferior position. But + White's move in the text secures an immediate material advantage, and the + beginner at any rate should never miss such an opportunity for the sake + of a speculative advantage in position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K moves</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and White has won a Pawn besides having the better position.</p> + + <p>There are a good many other traps—in fact, there is a book + written on traps on the chess board; but the type given above is the most + common of all.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER II</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Further Principles in End-Game Play</span></p> + + <p>We shall now go back to the endings in search of a few more + principles, then again to the middle-game, and finally to the openings + once more, so that the advance may not only be gradual but homogeneous. + In this way the foundation on which we expect to build the structure will + be firm and solid.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig21.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig21.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>In the position shown above, White can draw by playing P - Kt 4 + according to the general rule that governs such cases, i.e. <i>to advance + the Pawn that is free from opposition</i>. But suppose that White, either + because he does not know this principle or because he <!-- Page 36 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span>does not, in + this case, sufficiently appreciate the value of its application; suppose, + we say, that he plays 1 P - Q R 4. Then Black can win by playing + 1... P - Q R 4, applying one of the cardinal principles of the high + strategy of chess—</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>A unit that holds two.</i></p> + + <p>In this case one Pawn would hold two of the opponent's Pawns. The + student cannot lay too much stress on this principle. It can be applied + in many ways, and it constitutes one of the principal weapons in the + hands of a master.</p> + + <p><b>Example 22.</b>—The example given should be sufficient proof. + We give a few moves of the main variation:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> (Best; see why.)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> (Best.)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - R 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 8 (Q)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P - R 8 (Q)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × Q</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This brings the game to a position which is won by Black, and which + constitutes one of the classical endings of King and Pawns. I shall try + to explain the guiding idea of it to those not familiar with it. <!-- + Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">10. A CLASSICAL ENDING</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig22.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 23.</b>—In this position White's best line of defence + consists in keeping his Pawn where it stands at R 2. As soon as the Pawn + is advanced it becomes easier for Black to win. On the other hand, + Black's plan to win (supposing that White does not advance his Pawn) may + be divided into three parts. The first part will be to get his King to + K R 6, at the same time keeping intact the position of his Pawns. (This + is all important, since, in order to win the game, it is essential at the + end that Black may be able to advance his rearmost Pawn one or two + squares according to the position of the White King.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 2 K - Kt 4, K - B 7; 3 P - R 4, P - Kt 3 will win. <!-- Page 38 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The first part has been completed.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig23.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig23.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The second part will be short and will consist in advancing the R P up + the K.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This ends the second part.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig24.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span></p> + + <p>The third part will consist in timing the advance of the Kt P so as to + play P - Kt 6 when the White King is at R 1. It now becomes evident how + necessary it is to be able to move the Kt P either one or two squares + according to the position of the White King, as indicated previously.<a + name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> In this case, as it is White's + move, the Pawn will be advanced two squares since the White King will be + in the corner, but if it were now Black's move the Kt P should only be + advanced one square since the White King is at Kt 1.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If K - Kt 1, P - Kt 7.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 7</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and wins.</p> + + <p>It is in this analytical way that the student should try to learn. He + will thus train his mind to follow a logical sequence in reasoning out + any position. This example is excellent training, since it is easy to + divide it into three stages and to explain the main point of each + part.</p> + + <p>The next subject we shall study is the simple <!-- Page 40 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span>opposition, but before we + devote our time to it I wish to call attention to two things.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN</p> + + <p>When three or more Pawns are opposed to each other in some such + position as the one in Example 24, there is always a chance for one side + or the other of obtaining a passed Pawn.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig25.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig25.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 24.</b>—In the above position the way of obtaining a + passed Pawn is to advance the centre Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> If B P × P; P - R 6, </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and as in this case the White Pawn is nearer to Queen than any of the + Black Pawns, White will <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page41"></a>{41}</span>win. Now if it had been Black's move Black + could play</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. B P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It would not be advisable to try to obtain a passed Pawn because the + White Pawns would be nearer to Queen than the single Black Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and the game properly played would be a draw. The student should work + this out for himself.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL +BE FIRST TO QUEEN</p> + + <p>When two Pawns are free, or will be free, to advance to Queen, you can + find out, by counting, which Pawn will be the first to succeed.</p> + + <p><b>Example 25.</b>—In this position whoever moves first + wins.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig26.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig26.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p> + + <p>The first thing is to find out, by counting, whether the opposing King + can be in time to stop the passed Pawn from Queening. When, as in this + case, it cannot be done, the point is to count which Pawn comes in first. + In this case the time is the same, but the Pawn that reaches the eighth + square first and becomes a Queen is in a position to capture the + adversary's Queen when he makes one. Thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now comes a little calculation. White can capture the Pawn, but if he + does so, he will not, when Queening, command the square where Black will + also Queen his Pawn. Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - R 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> 6. P - R 8 (Q), and wins.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The student would do well to acquaint himself with various simple + endings of this sort, so as to acquire the habit of counting, and thus be + able to know with ease when he can or cannot get there first. Once again + I must call attention to the fact that a book cannot by itself teach how + to play. It can only serve as a guide, and the rest must be learned by + experience, and if a teacher can be had at the same time, so much the + faster will the student be able to learn. <!-- Page 43 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">13. THE OPPOSITION</p> + + <p>When Kings have to be moved, and one player can, by force, bring his + King into a position similar to the one shown in the following diagram, + so that his adversary is forced to move and make way for him, the player + obtaining that advantage is said to have <i>the opposition</i>.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig27.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig27.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 26.</b>—Suppose in the above position White plays</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now Black has the option of either opposing the passage of the White + King by playing K - Q 3 or, if he prefers, he can <i>pass</i> with his + own King by replying K - B 4. Notice that the Kings are directly opposed + to each other, and the number of intervening squares between them is + odd—one in this case.</p> + + <p>The opposition can take the form shown above, <!-- Page 44 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page44"></a>{44}</span>which can be called + actual or close frontal opposition; or this form:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig28.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition, or, again, + this form:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig29.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>which can be called actual or close lateral opposition.</p> + + <p>In practice they are all one and the same. The Kings are always on + squares of the same colour, there is only one intervening square between + the Kings, and the player who has moved last "<i>has the opposition</i>." + <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page45"></a>{45}</span></p> + + <p>Now, if the student will take the trouble of moving each King + backwards as in a game in the same frontal, diagonal or lateral line + respectively shown in the diagrams, we shall have what may be called + <i>distant</i> frontal, diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.</p> + + <p>The matter of the opposition is highly important, and takes at times + somewhat complicated forms, all of which can be solved mathematically; + but, for the present, the student should only consider the most simple + forms. (An examination of some of the examples of King and Pawns endings + already given will show several cases of close opposition.)</p> + + <p>In all simple forms of opposition,</p> + + <p><i>when the Kings are on the same line and the number of intervening + squares between them is even, the player who has the move has the + opposition</i>.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig30.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 27.</b>—The above position shows to advantage the + enormous value of the opposition. The <!-- Page 46 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>{46}</span>position is very simple. + Very little is left on the board, and the position, to a beginner, + probably looks absolutely even. It is not the case, however. <i>Whoever + has the move wins.</i> Notice that the Kings are directly in front of one + another, and that the number of intervening squares is <i>even</i>.</p> + + <p>Now as to the procedure to win such a position. The proper way to + begin is to move straight up. Thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now White can exercise the option of either playing K - Q 5 and thus + passing with his King, or of playing K - B 4 and prevent the Black King + from passing, thereby keeping the opposition. Mere counting will show + that the former course will only lead to a draw, therefore White takes + the latter course and plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 4...K - K 3; 5 K - Kt 5 will win.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now by counting it will be seen that White wins by capturing Black's + Knight Pawn.</p> + + <p>The process has been comparatively simple in the variation given + above, but Black has other lines of <!-- Page 47 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page47"></a>{47}</span>defence more difficult to + overcome. Let us begin anew.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now if 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 2, or if 2 K - K 3, K - K 2, and Black obtains + the opposition in both cases. (When the Kings are directly in front of + one another, and the number of intervening squares between the Kings is + <i>odd</i>, the player who has moved last has the opposition.)</p> + + <p>Now in order to win, the White King must advance. There is only one + other square where he can go, B 3, and that is the right place. Therefore + it is seen that in such cases when the opponent makes a so-called waiting + move, you must advance, leaving a rank or file free between the Kings. + Therefore we have—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black, by bringing up + his King in front of your King, would obtain the opposition. It is + White's turn to play a similar move to Black's first move, viz.:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>which brings the position back to the first variation shown. The + student would do well to familiarise himself with the handling of the + King in all examples of opposition. It often means the winning or losing + of a game.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 28.</b>—The following position is an excellent proof + of the value of the opposition as a means of defence.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig31.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig31.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White is a Pawn behind and apparently lost, yet he can manage to draw + as follows:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - R 1 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The position of the Pawns does not permit White to draw by means of + the actual or close opposition, hence he takes the distant opposition: in + effect if 1 K - B 1 (actual or close opposition), K - Q 7; 2 K - B 2, + K - Q 6 and White cannot continue to keep the lateral opposition + essential to his safety, because of his own Pawn at B 3. On the other + hand, after the text move, if</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - R 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49"></a>{49}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>attacking the Pawn and forcing Black to play 6... K - K 6 when he can + go back to Kt 3 as already shown, and always keep the opposition.</p> + + <p>Going back to the original position, if</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White does not play P × P, because P - K 5 will win, but plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 7</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 2...P × P ch; 3 K × P, followed by K - K 4, will draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and mere counting will show that both sides Queen, drawing the + game.</p> + + <p>If the student will now take the trouble to go back to the examples of + King and Pawns which I have given in this book,<a name="NtA3" + href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> he will realise that in all of them the + matter of the opposition is of paramount importance; as, in fact, it is + in nearly all endings of King and Pawns, except in such cases where the + Pawn-position in itself ensures the win.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"></a>{50}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP</p> + + <p>Before turning our attention to this matter it is well to state now + that <i>two Knights alone cannot mate</i>, but, under certain conditions + of course, they can do so if the opponent has one or more Pawns.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig32.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 29.</b>—In the above position White cannot win, + although the Black King is cornered, but in the following position, in + which Black has a Pawn,</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig33.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White wins with or without the move. Thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Kt - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 5</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page51"></a>{51}</span></p> + + <p>White cannot take the Pawn because the game will be drawn, as + explained before.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 8 (Q)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 7 mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The reason for this peculiarity in chess is evident.</p> + + <p><i>White with the two Knights can only stalemate the King, unless + Black has a Pawn which can be moved.</i></p> + + <p><b>Example 30.</b>—Although he is a Bishop and a Pawn ahead the + following position cannot be won by White.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig34.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is the greatest weakness of the Bishop, that when the Rook's Pawn + Queens on a square of opposite colour and the opposing King is in front + of the Pawn, the Bishop is absolutely worthless. All that Black has to do + is to keep moving his King close to the corner square. <!-- Page 52 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page52"></a>{52}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig35.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig35.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 31.</b>—In the above position White with or without + the move can win. Take the most difficult variation.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........ </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - Kt 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Kt - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt × P mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now that we have seen these exceptional cases, we can analyse the + different merits and the relative value of the Knight and the Bishop.</p> + + <p>It is generally thought by amateurs that the Knight is the more + valuable piece of the two, the chief reason being that, unlike the + Bishop, the Knight can command both Black and White squares. However, the + fact is generally overlooked that the Knight, at any one time, <!-- Page + 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"></a>{53}</span>has the + choice of one colour only. It takes much longer to bring a Knight from + one wing to the other. Also, as shown in the following Example, a Bishop + can stalemate a Knight; a compliment which the Knight is unable to + return.</p> + + <p><b>Example 32.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig36.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The weaker the player the more terrible the Knight is to him, but as a + player increases in strength the value of the Bishop becomes more evident + to him, and of course there is, or should be, a corresponding decrease in + his estimation of the value of the Knight as compared to the Bishop. In + this respect, as in many others, the masters of to-day are far ahead of + the masters of former generations. While not so long ago some of the very + best amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to + Bishops, there is hardly a master of to-day who would not completely + agree with the statements made above. <!-- Page 54 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>{54}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 33.</b>—This is about the only case when the Knight + is more valuable than the Bishop.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig37.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is what is called a "<i>block position</i>," and all the Pawns are + on one side of the board. (If there were Pawns on both sides of the board + there would be no advantage in having a Knight.) In such a position Black + has excellent chances of winning. Of course, there is an extra source of + weakness for White in having his Pawns on the same colour-squares as his + Bishop. This is a mistake often made by players. The proper way, + generally, in an ending, is to have your Pawns on squares of opposite + colour to that of your own Bishop. When you have your Pawns on squares of + the same colour the action of your own Bishop is limited by them, and + consequently the value of the Bishop is diminished, since the value of a + piece can often be measured by the number of squares it commands. While + on this subject, I shall also call attention to the <!-- Page 55 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>{55}</span>fact that it is generally + preferable to keep your Pawns on squares of the same colour as that of + the opposing Bishop, particularly if they are passed Pawns supported by + the King. The principles might be stated thus:</p> + + <p><i>When the opponent has a Bishop, keep your Pawns on squares of the + same colour as your opponent's Bishop.</i></p> + + <p><i>Whenever you have a Bishop, whether the opponent has also one or + not, keep your Pawns on squares of the opposite colour to that of your + own Bishop.</i></p> + + <p>Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be modified to suit the + exigencies of the position.</p> + + <p><b>Example 34.</b>—In the following position the Pawns are on + one side of the board, and there is no advantage in having either a + Knight or a Bishop. The game should surely end in a draw.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig38.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"></a>{56}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 35.</b>—Now let us add three Pawns on each side to + the above position, so that there are Pawns on both sides of the + board.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig39.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is now preferable to have the Bishop, though the position, if + properly played out, should end in a draw. The advantage of having the + Bishop lies as much in its ability to command, at long range, both sides + of the board from a central position as in its ability to move quickly + from one side of the board to the other.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig40.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57"></a>{57}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 36.</b>—In the above position it is unquestionably an + advantage to have the Bishop, because, although each player has the same + number of Pawns, they are not balanced on each side of the board. Thus, + on the King's side, White has three to two, while on the Queen's side it + is Black that has three to two. Still, with proper play, the game should + end in a draw, though White has somewhat better chances.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig41.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig41.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 37.</b>—Here is a position in which to have the + Bishop is a decided advantage, since not only are there Pawns on both + sides of the board, but there is a passed Pawn (K R P for White, Q R P + for Black). Black should have extreme difficulty in drawing this + position, if he can do it at all. <!-- Page 58 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 38.</b>—Again Black would have great difficulty in + drawing this position.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig42.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig42.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The student should carefully consider these positions. I hope that the + many examples will help him to understand, in their true value, the + relative merits of the Knight and Bishop. As to the general method of + procedure, a teacher, or practical experience, will be best. I might say + generally, however, that the proper course in these endings, as in all + similar endings, is: Advance of the King to the centre of the board or + towards the passed Pawns, or Pawns that are susceptible of being + attacked, and rapid advance of the passed Pawn or Pawns as far as is + consistent with their safety.</p> + + <p>To give a fixed line of play would be folly. Each ending is different, + and requires different handling, according to what the adversary proposes + to do. Calculation by visualising the future positions is what will + count. <!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page59"></a>{59}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">15. HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP</p> + + <p>Now, before going back again to the middle-game and the openings, let + us see how to mate with Knight and Bishop, and, then, how to win with a + Queen against a Rook.</p> + + <p>With a Knight and a Bishop <i>the mate can only be given in the + corners of the same colour as the Bishop</i>.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig43.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 39.</b>—In this example we must mate either at Q R 1 + or K R 8. The ending can be divided into two parts. Part one consists in + driving the Black King to the last line. We might begin, as is generally + done in all such cases, by advancing the King to the centre of the + board:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black, in order to make it more difficult, goes towards the + white-squared corner:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"></a>{60}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. K - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. K - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The first part is now over; the Black King is in the white-squared + corner.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig44.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The second and last part will consist in driving the Black King now + from Q R 8 to Q R 1 or K R 8 in order to mate him. Q R 1 will be the + quickest in this position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Kt - Kt 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. B - B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - Kt 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black tries to make for K R 1 with his King. White has two ways to + prevent that, one by 14 B - K 5, <!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page61"></a>{61}</span>K - Kt 6; 15 Kt - K 3, and the other which I + give as the text, and which I consider better for the student to learn, + because it is more methodical and more in accord with the spirit of all + these endings, <i>by using the King as much as possible</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. K - B 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. B - B 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Kt - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. B - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt - Kt 2 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. B - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Kt - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. B - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Kt - B 1 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. B - B 3 mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It will be seen that the ending is rather laborious. There are two + outstanding features: the close following by the King, and the + controlling of the squares of opposite colour to the Bishop by the + combined action of the Knight and King. The student would do well to + exercise himself methodically in this ending, as it gives a very good + idea of the actual power of the pieces, and it requires foresight in + order to accomplish the <!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page62"></a>{62}</span>mate within the fifty moves which are + granted by the rules.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK</p> + + <p>This is one of the most difficult endings without Pawns. The resources + of the defence are many, and when used skilfully only a very good player + will prevail within the limit of fifty moves allowed by the rules. (The + rule is that at any moment you may demand that your opponent mate you + within fifty moves. However, every time a piece is exchanged or a Pawn + advanced the counting must begin afresh.)</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig45.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 40.</b>—This is one of the standard positions which + Black can often bring about. Now, it is White's move. If it were Black's + move it would be simple, as he would have to move his Rook away from the + King (find out why), and then the Rook would be <!-- Page 63 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span>comparatively easy to + win. We deduce from the above that the main object is to force the Black + Rook away from the defending King, and that, in order to compel Black to + do so, we must bring about the position in the diagram with <i>Black</i> + to move. Once we know what is required, the way to proceed becomes easier + to find. Thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Q - K 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not 1 Q - R 6, because R - B 2 ch; 2 K - Kt 6, R - B 3 ch; 3 K × R. + Stalemate. (The beginner will invariably fall into this trap.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K to R 1 or to R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Q - R 1 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In a few moves we have accomplished our object. The first part is + concluded. Now we come to the second part. The Rook can only go to a + White square, otherwise the first check with the Queen will win it. + Therefore</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - K 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1 best</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q - R 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Q - Kt 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q - Kt 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - R 2 mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(The student should find out by himself how to win when 3...R - Kt 8; + 4 Q - K 5 ch, K - R 2.) <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page64"></a>{64}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig46.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig46.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 41.</b>—The procedure here is very similar. The + things to bear in mind are that the Rook must be prevented from + interposing at Kt 1 because of an immediate mate, and in the same way the + King must be prevented from going either to R 3 or B 1.</p> + + <p><b>Example 42.</b>—We shall now examine a more difficult + position.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig47.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig47.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span></p> + + <p>Many players would be deceived by this position. The most likely + looking move is not the best. Thus suppose we begin</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Q - K 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The only defence, but, unfortunately, a very effective one, which + makes it very difficult for White, since he cannot play 3 Q - K 6 because + of 3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6, R - Kt 3 ch draws. Nor can he win quickly + by 3 Q - Q B 5 ch because 3...K - K 1, 4 K - B 6, R - Q 3 ch ! driving + back the White King.</p> + + <p>Now that we have seen the difficulties of the situation let us go + back. The best move is</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Q - Kt 5 ch !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If K - R 2; 2 Q - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1; 3 K - R 6 !</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Q - K 5 ch !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2 best</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 2 ! best</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6 leads to a position similar to those in + Examples 40 and 41.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - K 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q - B 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q - R 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span></p> + + <p>and we have the position of Example 40 with Black to move.</p> + + <p>Let us go back again.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Q - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Q - Q 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The best place for the Rook away from the King. 3...K - R 2; + 4 Q - Q 4, R - Kt 2 ch; 5 K - B 6 would lead to positions similar to + those already seen.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - Q 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>5 Q - Q 6 ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - K 5 ch, K - B 1; 7 K - Kt 6 would also + win the Rook. The text move, however, is given to show the finesse of + such endings. White now threatens mate at Q 8.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. K - K 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White threatened mate at K R 8.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - B 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and the Rook is lost.</p> + + <p>Note, in these examples, that the checks at long range along the + diagonals have often been the key to all the winning manœuvres. + Also that the Queen and <!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page67"></a>{67}</span>King are often kept on different lines. The + student should carefully go over these positions and consider all the + possibilities not given in the text.</p> + + <p>He should once more go through everything already written before + proceeding further with the book.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER III</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Planning a Win in Middle-Game Play</span></p> + + <p>I shall now give a few winning positions taken from my own games. I + have selected those that I believe can be considered as <i>types</i>, + i.e. positions that may easily occur again in a somewhat similar form. A + knowledge of such positions is of great help; in fact, one cannot know + too many. It often may help the player to find, with little effort, the + right move, which he might not be able to find at all without such + knowledge.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID +OF KNIGHTS</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig48.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig48.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>{69}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 43.</b>—It is Black's move, and as he is a Kt and P + behind he must win quickly, if at all. He plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Kt 1 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If, Q × Q, R × P ch; K - R 1, B - Q 4 and mate follows in a few + moves.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 8 mate</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig49.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig49.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 44.</b>—Black's last move was P - K 6, played with + the object of stopping what he thought was White's threat, viz.: + R - Q R 5, to which he would have answered Q - B 5 ch and drawn the game + by perpetual check. White, however, has a more forceful move, and he + mates in three moves as follows: <!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page70"></a>{70}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. R × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - Q R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Black moves</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. White mates</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig50.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig50.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 45.</b>—White has a beautiful position, but still he + had better gain some material, if he can, before Black consolidates his + defensive position. He therefore plays:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. R × Kt !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. B × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If Kt × B; R × Kt and Black would be helpless.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q - R 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q × Kt ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q - R 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - B 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R × Q ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In these few examples the attacking has been done by Rooks and Bishops + in combination with the Queen. <!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page71"></a>{71}</span>There have been no Knights to take part in + the attack. We shall now give some examples in which the Knights play a + prominent part as an attacking force.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A +PROMINENT FORCE</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig51.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 46.</b>—White is two Pawns behind. He must therefore + press on his attack. The game continues:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Kt (B 5) × Kt P </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Evidently an error which made the winning easier for White, as he + simply took the Rook with the Knight and kept up the attack. Black should + have played: 1 ... Kt × Kt. Then would have followed: 2 Kt - B 6 ch, + K - Kt 3; 3 Kt × B, P - B 3 (best); 4 P - K 5, K - B 2; 5 Kt × P, + R - K 2; 6 Kt - K 4, and Black should lose.<a name="NtA4" + href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>{72}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig52.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig52.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 47.</b>—The student should carefully examine the + position, as the sacrifice of the Bishop in similar situations is + typical, and the chance for it is of frequent occurrence in actual play. + The game continues:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. B × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Best. If 2...K - R 3; 3 Kt × P ch wins the Queen, and if 2...K - Kt 1; + 3 Q - R 5, with an irresistible attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White finally won.<a name="NtA5" href="#Nt5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK</p> + + <p>We have so far given positions where the attacks were of a violent + nature and directed against the King's position. Very often, however, in + the middle-game attacks are made against a position or against pieces, or + even Pawns.</p> + + <p><i>The winning of a Pawn among good players of even strength often + means the winning of the game.</i></p> + + <p>Hence the study of such positions is of great importance. We give + below two positions in which the attack aims at the gain of a mere Pawn + as a means of ultimately winning the game.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig53.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig53.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 48.</b>—Black is a Pawn behind, and there is no + violent direct attack against White's King. Black's pieces, however, are + very well placed and free to act, and by co-ordinating the action of all + his pieces he is soon able not only to regain the Pawn but to obtain the + better game. The student should carefully <!-- Page 74 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>{74}</span>consider this position + and the subsequent moves. It is a very good example of proper + co-ordination in the management of forces. The game continues:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White's best move was P - Q Kt 3, when would follow Kt × B; 3 Q × Kt, + R - R 6 and Black would ultimately win the Q R P, always keeping a slight + advantage in position. The text move makes matters easier.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black could have regained the Pawn by playing B × Kt, but he sees that + there is more to be had, and therefore increases the pressure against + White's Queen side. He now threatens, among other things, R × Kt P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Threatening to win the exchange by B - Q 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Q - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White to give up the + exchange.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now Black will recover his Pawn. <!-- Page 75 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig54.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 49.</b>—An examination of this position will show + that Black's main weakness lies in the exposed position of his King, and + in the fact that his Q R has not yet come into the game. Indeed, if it + were Black's move, we might conclude that he would have the better game, + on account of having three Pawns to two on the Queen's side, and his + Bishop commanding the long diagonal.</p> + + <p>It is, however, White's move, and he has two courses to choose from. + The obvious move, B - B 4, might be good enough, since after 1 B - B 4, + Q R - Q 1; 2 P - Q Kt 4 would make it difficult for Black. But there is + another move which completely upsets Black's position and wins a Pawn, + besides obtaining the better position. That move is Kt - Q 4 ! The game + continues as follows:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. Kt - Q 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span></p> + + <p>There is nothing better, as White threatened B - B 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - B 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. R - K 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>And White, with the better position, is a Pawn ahead.</p> + + <p>These positions have been given with the idea of acquainting the + student with different types of combinations. I hope they will also help + to develop his imagination, a very necessary quality in a good player. + The student should note, in all these middle-game positions, + that—</p> + + <p><i>once the opportunity is offered, all the pieces are thrown into + action "en masse" when necessary;</i> and that <i>all the pieces smoothly + co-ordinate their action with machine-like precision.</i></p> + + <p>That, at least, is what the ideal middle-game play should be, if it is + not so altogether in these examples.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>{77}</span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER IV</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">General Theory</span></p> + + <p>Before we revert to the technique of the openings it will be advisable + to dwell a little on general theory, so that the openings in their + relation to the rest of the game may be better understood.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">20. THE INITIATIVE</p> + + <p>As the pieces are set on the board both sides have the same position + and the same amount of material. White, however, has the move, and the + move in this case means <i>the initiative</i>, and the initiative, other + things being equal, is an advantage. Now this advantage must be kept as + long as possible, and should only be given up if some other advantage, + material or positional, is obtained in its place. White, according to the + principles already laid down, develops his pieces as fast as possible, + but in so doing he also tries to hinder his opponent's development, by + applying pressure wherever possible. He tries first of all to control the + centre, and failing this to obtain some positional advantage that will + make it possible for him to keep on harassing the enemy. He only + relinquishes the initiative when he gets for it some material advantage + under such favourable conditions as to make him feel <!-- Page 78 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78"></a>{78}</span>assured that he + will, in turn, be able to withstand his adversary's thrust; and finally, + through his superiority of material, once more resume the initiative, + which alone can give him the victory. This last assertion is + self-evident, since, in order to win the game, the opposing King must be + driven to a position where he is attacked without having any way of + escape. Once the pieces have been properly developed the resulting + positions may vary in character. It may be that a direct attack against + the King is in order; or that it is a case of improving a position + already advantageous; or, finally, that some material can be gained at + the cost of relinquishing the initiative for a more or less prolonged + period.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">21. DIRECT ATTACKS <i>EN MASSE</i></p> + + <p>In the first case the attack must be carried on with sufficient force + to guarantee its success. Under no consideration must a direct attack + against the King be carried on <i>à outrance</i> unless there is absolute + certainty in one's own mind that it will succeed, since failure in such + cases means disaster.</p> + + <p><b>Example 50.</b>—A good example of a successful direct attack + against the King is shown in the following diagram:</p> + + <p>In this position White could simply play B - B 2 and still have the + better position, but instead he prefers an immediate attack on the King's + side, with <!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page79"></a>{79}</span>the certainty in his mind that the attack + will lead to a win. The game continues thus:<a name="NtA6" + href="#Nt6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig55.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Kt - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Best. P - K 4 would have been immediately fatal. Thus: 14...P - K 4; + 15 Kt - K 6 ch, K - B 3; 16 P - B 4 ! P - K 5; 17 Q - Kt 5 ch, K × Kt; + 18 Q - K 5 ch, K - Q 2; 19 K R - Q 1 ch, Kt - Q 6; 20 Kt × P, K - B 3 (if + K - K 1, Kt - Q 6 ch wins the Queen); 21 R × Kt, Q × R; 22 R - B 1 ch, + K - Kt 3 (if K - Q 2 mate in two); 23 Q - B 7 ch and mate in five + moves.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>{80}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. Q - R 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q - R 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If K × Kt; Q × Kt P ch and mate in a few moves.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Q - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt (Q 6) - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 7 ch</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This blunder loses at once, but the game could not be saved in any + case; e.g. 23...B - K 3; 24 R × B ch, Kt × R; 25 Kt - Q 5 mate.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Kt - R 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R P × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Kt - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><b>Example 51.</b>—Another example of this kind:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig56.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span></p> + + <p>In the above position the simple move Kt × P would win, but White + looks for complications and their beauties. Such a course is highly risky + until a wide experience of actual master-play has developed a sufficient + insight into all the possibilities of a position. This game, which won + the brilliancy prize at St. Petersburg in 1914, continued as + follows:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. B - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Q - Q 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If K - B 2; 24 Kt - Q 6 ch, King moves; 25 mate.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. B - K 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Kt - Q 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Kt - R 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 26...K - R 3; 27 Kt (Q 6) - B 5 ch, K - R 4; 28 Kt × P ch, K - R 3; + 29 Kt (R 4) - B 5 ch, K - Kt 3; 30 Q - Q 6 ch and mate next move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Kt × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Kt × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Kt (Kt 7) - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - K R 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The climax of the combination started with 21 B - R 4. White is still + threatening mate, and the best way to avoid it is for Black to give back + all the material he has gained and to remain three Pawns behind.</p> + + <p>The student should note that in the examples given the attack is + carried out with every available piece, <!-- Page 82 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span>and that often, as in + some of the variations pointed out, it is the coming into action of the + last available piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It demonstrates + the principle already stated:</p> + + <p><i>Direct and violent attacks against the King must be carried </i>en + masse<i>, with full force, to ensure their success. The opposition must + be overcome at all cost; the attack cannot be broken off, since in all + such cases that means defeat.</i></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED +ATTACK</p> + + <p>Failing an opportunity, in the second case, for direct attack, one + must attempt to increase whatever weakness there may be in the opponent's + position; or, if there is none, one or more must be created. It is always + an advantage to threaten something, but such threats must be carried into + effect only if something is to be gained immediately. For, holding the + threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against its execution and + to keep material in readiness to meet it. Thus he may more easily + overlook, or be unable to parry, a thrust at another point. But once the + threat is carried into effect, it exists no longer, and your opponent can + devote his attention to his own schemes. One of the best and most + successful manœuvres in this type of game is to make a + demonstration on one side, so as to draw the forces of your opponent to + that side, then through the greater mobility of your pieces to shift your + forces quickly <!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page83"></a>{83}</span>to the other side and break through, before + your opponent has had the time to bring over the necessary forces for the + defence.</p> + + <p>A good example of positional play is shown in the following game:</p> + + <p><b>Example 52.</b>—Played at the Havana International Masters + Tournament, 1913. (French Defence.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. + Blanco.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Kt × Kt ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig57.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig57.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>This move was first shown to me by the talented Venezuelan amateur, M. + Ayala. The object is to <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page84"></a>{84}</span>prevent the development of Black's Queen's + Bishop <i>viâ</i> Q Kt 2, after P - Q Kt 3, which is Black's usual + development in this variation. Generally it is bad to move the same piece + twice in an opening before the other pieces are out, and the violation of + that principle is the only objection that can be made to this move, which + otherwise has everything to recommend it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig58.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>B - K Kt 5 might be better. The text move gives Black an opportunity + of which he does not avail himself</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P - B 4 was the right move. It would have led to complications, in + which Black might have held his own; at least, White's play would be very + difficult. The text move accomplishes nothing, and puts Black <!-- Page + 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span>in an + altogether defensive position. The veiled threat B × Kt; followed by + Q - R 4 ch; is easily met.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - K Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The fact that Black has now to move his Bishop back clearly + demonstrates that Black's plan of development is faulty. He has lost too + much time, and White brings his pieces into their most attacking position + without hindrance of any sort.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The alternative was Kt - Q 4. Otherwise White would play Q - R 3, and + Black would be forced to play P - K Kt 3 (not P - K R 3, because of the + sacrifice B × P), seriously weakening his King's side.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Q - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled Black to create a + marked weakness. Now White's whole plan will be to exploit this weakness + (the weak K P), and the student can now see how the principles expounded + previously are applied in this game. Every move is directed to make the + weak King's Pawn untenable, or to profit by the inactivity of the Black + pieces defending the Pawn, in order to improve the position of White at + other points.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. R - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"></a>{86}</span></p> + + <p>At last the Bishop comes out, not as an active attacking piece, but + merely to make way for the Rook.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very clever move, tending to prevent P - B 5, and tempting White to + play Kt × B, followed by B × P, which would be bad, as the following + variation shows: 19 Kt × B, Q × Kt; 20 B × P, Kt - Kt 4; 21 Q - Kt 4, + R × B; 22 P - K R 4, P - K R 4; 23 Q × R, P × Q; 24 R × R ch, K - R 2; + 25 P × Kt, Q × P. But it always happens in such cases that, if one line + of attack is anticipated, there is another; and this is no exception to + the rule, as will be seen.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig59.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig59.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - Q 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Apparently the best way to meet the manifold threats of White. B P × P + would make matters worse, as the White Bishop would finally bear on the + weak King's Pawn <i>viâ</i> Q B 4. <!-- Page 87 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. R × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Q - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Q - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Forced, as White threatened P × K P, and also Q × P</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Q - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Q - Q 3 was better. But Black wants to tempt White to play P × P, + thinking that he will soon after regain his Pawn with a safe position. + Such, however, is not the case, as White quickly demonstrates. I must add + that in any case Black's position is, in my opinion, untenable, since all + his pieces are tied up for the defence of a Pawn, while White's pieces + are free to act.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig60.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. B - K 2 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The deciding and timely manœuvre. All the Black pieces are + useless after this Bishop reaches Q 5. <!-- Page 88 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>{88}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. B - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. B - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now it is evident that all the Black pieces are tied up, and it only + remains for White to find the quickest way to force the issue. White will + now try to place his Queen at K R 6, and then advance the K R P to R 5 in + order to break up the Black Pawns defending the King.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Q - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 28...P - B 5; 29 Q - K R 3, P - K R 4; 30 Q - R 4, R - K 2; + 31 Q - Kt 5, K - Kt 2; 32 P - K R 4, Q - Q 2; 33 P - K Kt 3, P × P; + 34 P - B 4, and Black will soon be helpless, as he has to mark time with + his pieces while White prepares to advance P - R 5, and finally at the + proper time to play R × B, winning.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Q - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Commenting on White's play in this game, Dr. E. Lasker said at the + time that if White's play were properly analysed it might be found that + there was no way to improve upon it.</p> + + <p>These apparently simple games are often of the most difficult nature. + Perfection in such cases is much more difficult to obtain than in those + positions calling <!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page89"></a>{89}</span>for a brilliant direct attack against the + King, involving sacrifices of pieces.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE</p> + + <p>In the third case, there is nothing to do, once the material advantage + is obtained, but to submit to the opponent's attack for a while, and once + it has been repulsed to act quickly with all your forces and win on + material. A good example of this type of game is given below.</p> + + <p><b>Example 53.</b>—From the Havana International Masters + Tournament, 1913. (Ruy Lopez.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. + Janowski.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. B × Kt ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P × P might be better, but at the time I was not familiar with that + variation, and therefore I played what I knew to be good.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........ </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Kt - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page90"></a>{90}</span></p> + + <p>Black offers the exchange in order to gain time and to obtain an + attack. Without considering at all whether or not such a course was + justified on the part of Black, it is evident that as far as White is + concerned there is only one thing to do, viz., to win the exchange and + then prepare to weather the storm. Then, once it is passed, to act + quickly with all forces to derive the benefit of numerical + superiority.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. R - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To force White to play P - Q B 4, and thus create a hole at Q 5 for + his Knight.<a name="NtA7" href="#Nt7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Such grand + tactics show the hand of a master.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - K B 3 was better.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. Q - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In order to prevent R × Kt giving back the exchange, but winning a + Pawn and relieving the position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P - Q Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In order to play B - Kt 2 without blocking his Rook.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span></p> + + <p>Black's manœuvring for positional advantage is admirable + throughout this game, and if he loses it is due entirely to the fact that + the sacrifice of the exchange, without even a Pawn for it, could not + succeed against sound defensive play.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig61.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig62.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The position begins to look really dangerous for White. In reality + Black's attack is reaching its maximum force. Very soon it will reach the + apex, and then <!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page92"></a>{92}</span>White, who is well prepared, will begin his + counter action, and through his superiority in material obtain an + undoubted advantage.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Kt - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He could not play R - K 1 because of R × Q P. Besides, he wants to be + ready to play P - K 5. At present White cannot with safety play R × K P, + but he will soon prepare the way for it. Then, by giving up a Rook for a + Bishop and a Pawn, he will completely upset Black's attack and come out a + Pawn ahead. It is on this basis that White's whole defensive + manœuvre is founded.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R (Q 2) - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig63.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig63.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Now the Black Rook enters into the game, but White is prepared. It is + now time to give back the exchange. <!-- Page 93 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page93"></a>{93}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. Q - K 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R × Q ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. R - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Kt - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R - B 5 ch might have been better. The text move did not prove as + strong as anticipated.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. R - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. Kt - K 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R × Kt would lose easily</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. R × B P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 6 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Very fine. White cannot play R B 7 ch because of K - Q 1; R × B, + R × Kt winning.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. P × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. R - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The ending is very difficult to win. At this point White had to make + the last move before the game was adjourned.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig64.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig64.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page94"></a>{94}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. P - Q Kt 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. R - K R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. R × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47. R - R 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48. R - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50. P - R 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51. R - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I have passed over the game lightly because of its difficult nature, + and because we are at present concerned more with the opening and the + middle-game than we are with the endings, which will be treated + separately.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE +OF ACTION</p> + + <p>Very often in a game a master only plays to cut off, so to speak, one + of the pieces from the scene of actual conflict. Often a Bishop or a + Knight is completely put out of action. In such cases we might say that + from that moment the game is won, because for all practical purposes + there will be one more piece on one side than on the other. A very good + illustration is furnished by the following game. <!-- Page 95 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page95"></a>{95}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 54.</b>—Played at the Hastings Victory Tournament, + 1919. (Four Knights.) White: W. Winter. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Niemzowitch's variation, which I have played successfully in many a + game. It gives White a very solid game. Niemzowitch's idea is that White + will in due time be able to play P - K B 4, opening a line for his Rooks, + which, in combination with the posting of a Knight at K B 5, should be + sufficient to win. He thinks that should Black attempt to stop the Knight + from going to K B 5, he will have to weaken his game in some other way. + Whether this is true or not remains to be proved, but in my opinion the + move is perfectly good. On the other hand, there is no question that + Black can easily develop his pieces. But it must be considered that in + this variation White does not attempt to hinder Black's development, he + simply attempts to build up a position which he considers impregnable and + from which he can start an attack in due course.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q P × B</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96"></a>{96}</span></p> + + <p>The alternative, Kt P × B; gives White the best of the game, without + doubt.<a name="NtA8" href="#Nt8"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move is not at all in accordance with the nature of this + variation. The general strategical plan for White is to play P - K R 3, + to be followed in time by the advance of the K Kt P to Kt 4, and the + bringing of the Q Kt to K B 5 via K 2 and K Kt 3 or Q 1 and K 3. Then, if + possible, the K Kt is linked with the other Kt by placing it at either + K R 4, K Kt 3, or K 3 as the occasion demands. The White King sometimes + remains at Kt 1, and other times it is placed at K Kt 2, but mostly at + K R 1. Finally, in most cases comes P - K B 4, and then the real attack + begins. Sometimes it is a direct assault against the King,<a name="NtA9" + href="#Nt9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> and at other times it comes simply to + finessing for positional advantage in the end-game, after most of the + pieces have been exchanged.<a name="NtA10" + href="#Nt10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97"></a>{97}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig65.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig65.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>To prevent P - Q 4 and to draw White into playing Kt - Q 5, which + would prove fatal. Black's plan is to play P - K Kt 4, as soon as the + circumstances permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from the pin + by the Bishop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White falls into the trap. Only lack of experience can account for + this move. White should have considered that a player of my experience + and strength could never allow such a move if it were good.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig66.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98"></a>{98}</span></p> + + <p>After this move White's game is lost. White cannot play Kt × Kt P, + because Kt × Kt will win a piece. Therefore he must play B - Kt 3, either + before or after Kt × Kt, with disastrous results in either case, as will + be seen.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Kt × Kt ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P - K R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig67.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig67.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>A simple examination will show that White is minus a Bishop for all + practical purposes. He can only free it by sacrificing one Pawn, and + possibly not even then. At least it would lose time besides the Pawn. + Black now devotes all his energy to the Queen's side, and, having + practically a Bishop more, the result cannot be in doubt. The rest of the + game is given, so that the student may see how simple it is to win such a + game. <!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page99"></a>{99}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Q Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There is no necessity to pay any attention to the King's side, because + White gains nothing by exchanging Pawns and opening the King's Rook + file.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R - Q R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. K R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If White takes the proffered Pawn, Black regains it immediately by + R - Kt 5, after P × B P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P (Kt 6)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. B P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R × B P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> Resigns</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A +SPECIMEN GAME</p> + + <p>Now that a few of my games with my own notes have been given, I offer + for close perusal and study a very fine game played by Sir George Thomas, + one of England's foremost players, against Mr. F. F. L. Alexander, in the + championship of the City of London Chess Club in the winter of 1919-1920. + It has the <!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page100"></a>{100}</span>interesting feature for the student that + Sir George Thomas kindly wrote the notes to the game for me at my + request, and with the understanding that I would make the comments on + them that I considered appropriate. Sir George Thomas' notes are in + brackets and thus will be distinguished from my own comments.</p> + + <p><b>Example 55.</b>—Queen's Gambit Declined. (<i>The notes within + brackets by Sir George Thomas.</i>) White: Mr. F. F. L. Alexander. Black: + Sir George Thomas.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig68.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>(One of the objects of Black's method of defence is to attack White's + Q Kt doubly by Kt - K 5, followed by P × P. But 7 Kt - Q 2 is probably a + strong way <!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page101"></a>{101}</span>of meeting this threat.) There are, + besides, two good reasons for this method of defence; first, that it is + not as much played as some of the other defences and consequently not so + well known, and second that it leaves Black with two Bishops against B + and Kt, which, in a general way, constitutes an advantage.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is not the logical place for the B which should have been posted + at Q 3. In the opening, time is of great importance, and therefore the + player should be extremely careful in his development and make sure that + he posts his pieces in the right places.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B × B P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(I did not want White's Kt to come to K 5, from where I could not + dislodge it by P - K B 3 without weakening my K P.) The same result could + be accomplished by playing B - Q 3. Incidentally it bears out my previous + statement that the B should have been originally played to Q 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The alternative was P - K 4, followed by P - K 5, and then O - O. + White would thereby assume the initiative but would weaken his Pawn + position considerably, and might be compelled to stake all on a <!-- Page + 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102"></a>{102}</span>violent + attack against the King. This is a turning point in the game, and it is + in such positions that the temperament and style of the player decide the + course of the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig69.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(White might play 15 K R - Q 1, keeping the option of breaking up the + centre later on. I wanted him to advance this P as there is now a fine + post for my B at Q B 4.) By this move White shows that he does not + understand the true value of his position. His only advantage consisted + in the undeveloped condition of Black's Q B. He should therefore have + made a plan to prevent the B from coming out, or if that were not + possible, then he should try to force Black to weaken his Pawn position + in order to come out with the B. There were three moves to consider: + first, <!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page103"></a>{103}</span>P - Q R 4, in order to maintain the White + B in the dominating position that it now occupies. This would have been + met by Q - B 2; second, either of the Rooks to Q 1 in order to threaten + 16 P × P, B × P; 17 Kt × B, Q × Kt; 18 B × P ch. This would have been met + by B - Kt 5; and third, P - K R 3 to prevent B - Kt 5 and by playing + either R to Q 1, followed up as previously stated to force Black to play + P - Q Kt 4, which would weaken his Queen's side Pawns. Thus by playing + P - K R 3 White would have attained the desired object. The text move + blocks the action of the White B and facilitates Black's development. + Hereafter White will act on the defensive, and the interest throughout + the rest of the game will centre mainly on Black's play and the manner in + which he carries out the attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(This seems wrong, as it makes the development of Black's Queen wing + easier. At present he cannot play P - Q Kt 3, because of the reply P × P + followed by B - Q 5.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K R - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(With the idea of Q R - Kt 1 and P - B 5. But it only compels Black to + bring his B to Q B 4, which he would do in any case.)</p> + +<p><!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page104"></a>{104}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(It would have been better, probably, to play 20...K R - K 1, with the + idea of P - B 4 presently.) Black's play hereabout is weak; it lacks + force, and there seems to be no well-defined plan of attack. It is true + that these are the most difficult positions to handle in a game. In such + cases a player must conceive a plan on a large scale, which promises + chances of success, and with it all, it must be a plan that can be + carried out with the means at his disposal. From the look of the position + it seems that Black's best chance would be to mass his forces for an + attack against White's centre, to be followed by a direct attack against + the King. He should, therefore, play Q R - K 1, threatening P - K B 4. If + White is able to defeat this plan, or rather to prevent it, then, once he + has fixed some of the White pieces on the King's side, he should quickly + shift his attack to the Queen's side, and open a line for his Rooks, + which, once they enter in action, should produce an advantage on account + of the great power of the two Bishops.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Q R - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(White has clearly lost time with his Rook's moves.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"></a>{105}</span></p> + + <p>(To bring his Queen across after Kt - R 4 and B - K 2.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Kt - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. B - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig70.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(I thought this exchange necessary here, as White is threatening to + play his Bishop via Kt 4 to K 6. If he retook with the Bishop's Pawn I + intended to exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one on the + Queen's wing. I did not expect him to retake it with the King's Pawn, + which seemed to expose him to a violent King's side attack.) Black's + judgment in this instance I believe to be faulty. Had White retaken with + the B P, as he expected, he would have had the worst of the Pawn + position, as White would have had a passed Pawn well supported on the + Queen's side. His only advantage would lie in his having a very well + posted Bishop against a badly <!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page106"></a>{106}</span>posted Knight, and on the fact that in + such positions as the above, the Bishop is invariably stronger than the + Knight. He could and should have prevented all that, by playing B - B 1, + as, had White then replied with Q - Kt 3, he could then play P × P, and + White would not have been able to retake with the B P on account of + B × P ch winning the exchange.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. K P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I do not like this move. It would have been better to hold it in + reserve and to have played P - B 4, to be followed in due time by + P - K Kt 4 and P - B 5, after having placed the Q at Q 2, K B 2, or some + other square as the occasion demanded. The text move blocks the action of + the powerful B at Q B 4, and tends to make White's position safer than it + should have been. The move in itself is a very strong attacking move, but + it is isolated, and there is no effective continuation. Such advances as + a rule should only be made when they can be followed by a concerted + action of the pieces.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. R - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. Kt - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page107"></a>{107}</span></p> + + <p>(If now 34 B - B 3, P × P; 35 B × R, B × B ch, with a winning + attack.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. R - K B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R - R 3 was the alternative. White's only move would have been + K - R 1. The position now is evidently won for Black, and it is only a + question of finding the right course. The final attack is now carried on + by Sir George Thomas in an irreproachable manner.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. Kt - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig71.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig71.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>(Again preventing B × R, by the masked attack on White's Rook. White + therefore protects his Rook.) If Kt - B 4, P - K 7 !; 39 Kt × P, + R × Kt ch; 40 R × R, B - K 5 ch !!; 41 B × B, best, R × R and White is + lost. If, however, against 38 Kt - B 4, Black plays Q - R 3, and White + 39 Q - B 2, I take pleasure <!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page108"></a>{108}</span>in offering the position to my readers as + a most beautiful and extraordinary win for Black, beginning with + 39...Q - R 6 ch !!! I leave the variations for the student to work + out.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. R (Kt 2) - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. Q - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(Making a double attack on the Rook—which still cannot be + taken—and preparing to defend the K R P.) If either the Rook or + Bishop are taken White would be mated in a few moves.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P !!</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig72.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>(If 40...R - R 3; 41 Kt - Kt 1, Q × Kt P; 42 Q - K Kt 2. Black + therefore tries to get the Queen away from the defence.) A very beautiful + move, and the best way to carry on the attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. Q × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span></p> + + <p>(The best defence was 41 R × B, but Black would emerge with Queen + against Rook and Knight.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(Again, not R - K R 3; because of P - Q 6 dis. ch.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(If 42 Q × B, then, at last, R - R 3 wins.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. Kt - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 7 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig73.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig73.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>(The Queen has no escape, but White has no time to take it.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. R - K Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 8</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White resigns. A very fine finish.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>{110}</span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER V</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">End-Game Strategy</span></p> + + <p>We must now revert once more to the endings. Their importance will + have become evident to the student who has taken the trouble to study my + game with Janowski (Example 53). After an uneventful opening—a Ruy + Lopez—in one of its normal variations, my opponent suddenly made + things interesting by offering the exchange; an offer which, of course, I + accepted. Then followed a very hard, arduous struggle, in which I had to + defend myself against a very dangerous attack made possible by the + excellent manœuvring of my adversary. Finally, there came the time + when I could give back the material and change off most of the pieces, + and come to an ending in which I clearly had the advantage. But yet the + ending itself was not as simple as it at first appeared, and + finally—perhaps through one weak move on my part—it became a + very difficult matter to find a win. Had I been a weak end-game player + the game would probably have ended in a draw, and all my previous efforts + would have been in vain. Unfortunately, that is very often the case among + the large majority of players; they are weak in the endings; a failing + from which masters of the first rank are at times not free. <!-- Page 111 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"></a>{111}</span>Incidentally, + I might call attention to the fact that all the world's champions of the + last sixty years have been exceedingly strong in the endings: Morphy, + Steinitz, and Dr. Lasker had no superiors in this department of the game + while they held their titles.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A +DIFFERENT SIDE</p> + + <p>I have previously stated, when speaking about general theory, that at + times the way to win consists in attacking first on one side, then, + granted greater mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly + from one side to the other, breaking through before your opponent has + been able to bring up sufficient forces to withstand the attack. This + principle of the middle-game can sometimes be applied in the endings in + somewhat similar manner.</p> + + <p><b>Example 56.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig74.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>{112}</span></p> + + <p>In the above position I, with the Black pieces, played:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The idea, as will be seen very soon, is to play P - R 5 in order to + fix White's King's side Pawns with a view to the future. It is evident to + Black that White wants to bring his King to Q Kt 3 to support his two + weak isolated Pawns, and thus to free his Rooks. Black, therefore, makes + a plan to shift the attack to the King's side at the proper time, in + order to obtain some advantage from the greater mobility of his + Rooks.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (Q 4) - Q R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>in order to force the Rook to Rook's square, keeping both Rooks tied + up.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R (Q 1) - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black begins to transfer his attack to the King's side.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R - K Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A serious mistake, which loses quickly. White should have played + 8 K - Kt 3, when Black would have answered 8...R (R 5) - R 4; 9 P - B 3, + and Black would have obtained an opening at K Kt 6 for his King, which in + the end might give him the victory.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 5</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>{113}</span></p> + + <p>Now the King cannot go to Kt 3, because of R - Kt 4 ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If P × R, R × R; followed by R - K R 8 winning,</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and Black won after a few moves.</p> + + <p><b>Example 57.</b>—Another good example, in which is shown the + advantage of the greater mobility of the pieces in an ending, is the + following from a game Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters + Tournament, 1913. The full score and notes of the game can be found in + the book of the tournament.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig75.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White's only advantage in the above position is that he possesses the + open file and has the move, which will secure him the initiative. There + is also the slight advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side + united, while Black has an isolated Q R P. The <!-- Page 114 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>{114}</span>proper course, as in + the previous ending, is to bring the Rooks forward, so that at least one + of them may be able to shift from one side of the board to the other, and + thus keep Black's Rooks from moving freely. What this means in general + theory has been stated already; it really means: <i>keep harassing the + enemy; force him to use his big pieces to defend Pawns. If he has a weak + point, try to make it weaker, or create another weakness somewhere else + and his position will collapse sooner or later. If he has a weakness, and + he can get rid of it, make sure that you create another weakness + somewhere else</i>.</p> + + <p>From the position in question the game continued thus:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. R - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>with the object of repeating White's manœuvre, and also not to + allow White the control of the open file.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Q R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q R - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (B 1) - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the board in order to + be nearer to whatever point White decides to attack. The move is + justified at least on the general rule that in such endings the King + should be in the middle of the board. He does nothing after all but + follow White's footsteps. Besides, it is hard to point out anything + better. If 4...P - Q 4; 5 R - Kt 4 ch, followed by K - K 2, would leave + Black in <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page115"></a>{115}</span>a very disagreeable position. If + 4...P - K B 4; 5 R - Q 4! R × R? 6 P × R, R × P; 7 K - B 2, R - K 2; + 8 R - Q R 4, winning the Q R P, which would practically leave White with + a passed Pawn ahead on the Queen's side, as the three Pawns of Black on + the King's side would be held by the two of White.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The student should note that through the same manœuvre Black is + forced into a position similar to the one shown in the previous + ending.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R - R 5!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move has a manifold object. It practically fixes all of Black's + Pawns except the Q P, which is the only one that can advance two squares. + It specially prevents the advance of Black's K B Pawns, and at the same + time threatens the advance of White's K B Pawns to B 4 and B 5. By this + threat it practically forces Black to play P - Q 4, which is all White + desires, for reasons that will soon become evident.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P - Q B 4!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a Pawn would have + been P × P, which would have left all Black's Pawns isolated and weak. If + 8...P - Q 5; 9 R - K 4, K - Q 3; 10 P - Q Kt 4! R - K 4; 11 R - R 6, and + Black's game is hopeless.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"></a>{116}</span></p> + + <p>Apparently very strong, since it forces the exchange of Rooks because + of the threat R - R 3; but in reality it leads to nothing. The best + chance was to play R - K K 1.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Up to now White had played with finesse, but this last move is weak. + R - R 6 was the proper way to continue, so as to force Black to give up + his Q R P or Q B P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. K - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Again a bad move. 13 R - R 3 was the proper continuation, and if then + 13...R - Kt 1; 14 P - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; 15 P - Kt 4, K - R 1; + 16 R - Q Kt 3, with excellent winning chances; in fact, I believe, a won + game.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig76.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black misses his only chance. R - Kt 1 would have drawn. <!-- Page 117 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"></a>{117}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. R - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. R - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. R - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He goes back with the King to support his K P, and thus be able to + utilise his Rook. It is, however, useless, and only White's weak play + later on gives him further chances of a draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. R - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent the Black Rook from controlling the open file</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He must keep his King on that side because White threatens to march + with his King to R 6 via Kt 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. K - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He can do nothing but wait for White. The text move stops White from + moving his Rook, but only for one move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The only other move was K - R 2; when White could play R - Kt 7, or + even P - Kt 5. <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page118"></a>{118}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig77.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig77.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A weak move, which gives Black a fighting chance. In this ending, as + is often the case with most players, White plays the best moves whenever + the situation is difficult and requires careful handling, but once his + position seems to be overwhelming he relaxes his efforts and the result + is nothing to be proud of. The right move was 28 R - Kt 7.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 1 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. K × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. P - B 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. R × R P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 7 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. K - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 7 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black misses his last chance: R - Kt 7 ch, forcing the King to B 3, in + order to avoid the perpetual, <!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page119"></a>{119}</span>would probably draw. The reader must bear + in mind that my opponent was then a very young and inexperienced player, + and consequently deserves a great deal of credit for the fight he put + up.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. R - K 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R - Kt 7 ch; followed by R - K R 7, offered better chances.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. P - R 6!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. K - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. P - R 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. K - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. K - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. K - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. K - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. R - K 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46. P - R 8 (Q)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48. K × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49. K × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50. K - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This ending shows how easy it is to make weak moves, and how often, + even in master-play, mistakes are made and opportunities are lost. It + shows that, so long as there is no great advantage of material, even with + a good position, a player, no matter how strong, cannot afford to relax + his attention even for one move. <!-- Page 120 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page120"></a>{120}</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION</p> + + <p><b>Example 58.</b>—A good proof of the previous statement is + shown in the following ending between Marshall and Kupchick in one of + their two games in the same Tournament (Havana, 1913).</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig78.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig78.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is evident that Marshall (White) is under great difficulties in the + above position. Not only is he bound to lose a Pawn, but his position is + rather poor. The best he could hope for was a draw unless something + altogether unexpected happened, as it did. No reason can be given for + Black's loss of the game except that he felt so certain of having the + best of it with a Pawn more and what he considered a safe position, that + he became exceedingly careless and did not consider the danger that + actually existed. Let us see how it happened.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R P</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page121"></a>{121}</span></p> + + <p>The mistakes begin. This is the first. Black sees that he can take a + Pawn without any danger, and does not stop to think whether there is + anything better. R - B 7 ch was the right move. If then K - Kt 3, R × P. + If instead White played K - K 4, then R - K 4 ch followed by R × R P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 5 ch</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Mistake number two, and this time such a serious one as to almost lose + the game. The proper move was to play P - B 4 in order to break up + White's Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black King, which is + actually in danger, as will soon be seen.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (R5) - R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Mistake number three and this time fatal. His best move was + R (Kt 4) - R 4. After the text move there is no defence. Black's game is + lost. This shows that even an apparently simple ending has to be played + with care. From a practically won position Black finds himself with a + lost game, and it has only taken three moves.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. R (Q 4) - Q 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 4...P - B 4; 5 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 6 R (B 8) - Kt 8 ch, K - B 3; + 7 R × P ch, R - Kt 3; 8 P - Kt 5 ch, K - K 2; 9 R (R 6) × R, P × R; + 10 R - Kt 7 ch, K - K 1; 11 R × Kt P, and wins easily.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - R 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The reason is evident. If 6...K - Kt 3; 7 P × P ch, <!-- Page 122 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122"></a>{122}</span>R × P; + 8 R × R, K × R; 9 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 10 P - R 5 mate.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS</p> + + <p>The reader has probably realised by this time that endings of two + Rooks and Pawns are very difficult, and that the same holds true for + endings of one Rook and Pawns. Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are not + very common in actual play; but endings of one Rook and Pawns are about + the most common sort of endings arising on the chess board. Yet though + they do occur so often, few have mastered them thoroughly. They are often + of a very difficult nature, and sometimes while apparently very simple + they are in reality extremely intricate. Here is an example from a game + between Marshall and Rosenthal in the Manhattan Chess Club Championship + Tournament of 1909-1910.</p> + + <p><b>Example 59.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig79.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig79.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"></a>{123}</span></p> + + <p>In this position Marshall had a simple win by R - B 7 ch, but played + P - B 6, and thereby gave Black a chance to draw. Luckily for him Black + did not see the drawing move, played poorly, and lost. Had Black been up + to the situation he would have drawn by playing R - Q 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 3 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now White has two continuations, either (<i>a</i>) P - B 7, or + (<i>b</i>) R - B 7 ch. We have therefore:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 1 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R - R 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for Black's Pawn. + Or—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - B 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 5 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3 ch !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>a very important move, as against R - K B 3, R - K 7 wins.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for the Pawn, or + draw by perpetual check.</p> + + <p>If there were nothing more in the ending it would not be of any great + value, but there are other very interesting features. Now suppose that + after 1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 P - B 7, Black did not realise that R - Q 1 + was the only move to draw. <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page124"></a>{124}</span>We would then have the following + position:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig80.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Now there would be two other moves to try: either (<i>a</i>) + R - Kt 3 ch, or (<i>b</i>) R - K B 3. Let us examine them.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3 ch</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If P - Kt 6; R - R 5 ch wins, because if the King goes back, then + R - R 6, and if the King goes up, then R - R 4 ch, followed by R - K B 4 + wins.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If R - Q 3 ch; K - K 4 wins.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R - R 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K moves</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - R 6 wins</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - Kt 7 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If P - Kt 6; R - Kt 3, and White will either capture the Pawn or go to + K B 3, and come out with a winning ending. <!-- Page 125 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page125"></a>{125}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. R - Kt 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K moves</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and White will either capture the Pawn or play R - K B 3, according to + the circumstances, and come out with a winning ending.</p> + + <p>Now, going back to the position shown on page 122, suppose that after + 1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 R - B 7 ch, Black did not realise that K - Q 5 was + the only move to draw, and consequently played K - Kt 3 instead, we would + then have the following position:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig81.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig81.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Now the best continuation would be:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3 ch (best)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R - K 7 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 4 (best)</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White threatened to check with the Rook at K 6.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page126"></a>{126}</span></p> + + <p>Best. If K - B 5; both P - R 4 and K - K 3 will win; the last-named + move particularly would win with ease.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 7 (best)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - Q Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig82.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>This position we have arrived at is won by White, because there are + two files between the opposing King and the Pawn from which the King is + cut off by the Rook, and besides, the Pawn can advance to the fourth rank + before the opponent's Rook can begin to check on the file. This last + condition is very important, because if, instead of the position on the + diagram, the Black Rook were at K R 1, and Black had the move, he could + draw by preventing the <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page127"></a>{127}</span>advance of the Pawn, either through + constant checks or by playing R - K B 1 at the proper time.</p> + + <p>Now that we have explained the reasons why this position is won, we + leave it to the student to work out the correct solution.</p> + + <p>The fact that out of one apparently simple ending we have been able to + work out several most unusual and difficult endings should be sufficient + to impress upon the student's mind the necessity of becoming well + acquainted with all kinds of endings, and especially with endings of Rook + and Pawns.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO +ROOKS AND PAWNS</p> + + <p>Following our idea that the best way to learn endings as well as + openings is to study the games of the masters, we give two more endings + of two Rooks and Pawns. These endings, as already stated, are not very + common, and the author is fortunate in having himself played more of + these endings than is generally the case. By carefully comparing and + studying the endings already given (Examples 56 and 57) with the + following, the student no doubt can obtain an idea of the proper method + to be followed in such cases. The way of procedure is somewhat similar in + all of them.</p> + + <p><b>Example 60.</b>—From a game, Capablanca-Kreymborg, in the New + York State Championship Tournament of 1910. <!-- Page 128 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page128"></a>{128}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig83.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig83.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is Black's move, and no doubt thinking that drawing such a position + (that was all Black played for) would be easy, he contented himself with + a waiting policy. Such conduct must always be criticised. It often leads + to disaster. <i>The best way to defend such positions is to assume the + initiative and keep the opponent on the defensive.</i></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The first move is already wrong. There is nothing to gain by this + move. Black should play P - Q R 4; to be followed by P - Q R 5; unless + White plays P - Q Kt 3. That would <i>fix</i> the Queen's side. After + that he could decide what demonstration he could make with his Rooks to + keep the opponent's Rooks at bay.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. R - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move not only prevents P - B 5 which Black intended, but + threatens P - Kt 3, followed, after <!-- Page 129 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page129"></a>{129}</span>P × P ch, by the attack + with one or both Rooks against Black's Q R P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>probably with the idea of a demonstration on the King's side by + R - Kt 3 and Kt 7.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R - Q R 1 should have been played now, in order to force Black to + defend with R - K 2. White, however, does not want to disclose his plan + at once, and thus awaken Black to the danger of his position, hence this + move, which seems to aim at the disruption of Black's Queen's side + Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - Q R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is a mistake. Black is unaware of the danger of his position. He + should have played P - Kt 4; threatening R - R 3, and, by making this + demonstration against White's K R P, stop the attack against his Queen's + side Pawns, which will now develop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q B 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He could not play K - Q 3, because P - Q B 4 would win at least a + Pawn. This in itself condemns his last move K - K 3, which has done + nothing but make his situation practically hopeless.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R (Q 4) - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now forced, but it is a little too late. He could not play + 8...K R - B 2, because P - K B 4 would have <!-- Page 130 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page130"></a>{130}</span>left his game + completely paralysed. Black now finally awakens to the danger, and tries + to save the day by the counter-demonstration on the King's side, which he + should have started before. Of course, White cannot play R × R P, because + of R × R, followed by R - R 3, recovering the Pawn with advantage.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P - K R 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black is now in a very disagreeable position. If he played 9...P × P; + 10 R × P would leave him in a very awkward situation, as he could not go + back with the King, nor could he do much with either Rook. He practically + would have to play 10...P - K R 3, when White would answer 11 P - Kt 4, + threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or, if that were not enough, he + might play K - Q 4, to be followed finally by the entry of the King at + B 5 or K 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig84.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig84.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page131"></a>{131}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P ch</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Again he cannot play P - K R 4, because P - K B 4 would leave him + paralysed. The advance of his K R P would make White's K R P safe, and + consequently his K R would have to retire to K B 2 to defend the Q R P. + That would make it impossible for his King to go to Q 2, because of the + Q R P, nor could he advance a single one of his Pawns. On the other hand, + White would play P - Kt 4, threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or he + might first play K - Q 4, and then at the proper time P - Kt 5, if there + was nothing better. Black meanwhile could really do nothing but mark time + with one of his Rooks. Compare this bottling-up system with the ending in + Example 57, and it will be seen that it is very similar.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. K × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (B 3) - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Probably wrong. P - Kt 4 at once was the right move. The text move + gives Black good chances of drawing.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This could never have happened had White played 12 P - Kt 4, as he + could have followed it up by P - Kt 5 after Black's K - Q 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not good. P - K B 4 offered the best chances of <!-- Page 132 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page132"></a>{132}</span>winning by force. If + then 14...R - Kt 2; 15 P - R 5, R - Kt 7 ch; 16 K - Q 3, R - K R 7; + 17 R × P, R × R; 18 R × R, R × P; 19 R - R 6, with winning chances.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig85.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig85.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black misses his last chance. P - B 5 would draw. If then 15 P × P, + R (Kt 2) - K 2 ch !; 16 K - B 1, R × P; 17 R × P, R - K 6 !</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P - K B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (K Kt 2) - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R (R 6) - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (Kt 2) - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R (Kt 7) - Kt 2 would have offered greater resistance, but the + position is lost in any case. (I leave the student to work this out.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. K - Q 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133"></a>{133}</span></p> + + <p>Nothing would avail. If 21...R - Kt 8; 22 R - R 6 ! R - Q 8 ch; + 23 K - B 2, R - K R 8; 24 P - Kt 5, R × P; 25 R × P ch, K - Q 2; + 26 R - Q R 6, and White will win easily.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R - K Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. R - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - Kt 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black is desperate. He sees he can no longer defend his Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. R - Kt 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. R - Kt 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R - K B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><b>Example 61.</b>—From the game Capablanca-Janowski, New York + National Tournament of 1913.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig86.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black's game has the disadvantage of his double Q B P, which, to make + matters worse, he cannot <!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page134"></a>{134}</span>advance, because as soon as Black plays + P - Q Kt 3, White replies P - Q Kt 4. It is on this fact that White + builds his plans. He will stop Black's Queen's side Pawns from advancing, + and will then bring his own King to K 3. Then in due time he will play + P - Q 4, and finally P - K 5, or P - K Kt 5, thus forcing an exchange of + Pawns and obtaining in that way a clear passed Pawn on the King's file. + It will be seen that this plan was carried out during the course of the + game, and that White obtained his winning advantage in that way. The play + was based throughout on the chance of obtaining a passed Pawn on the + King's file, with which White expected to win.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>already preparing to play P - K Kt 5 when the time comes.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black wants to play P - Q B 4, but White, of course, prevents it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Kt 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This King should come to the King's side, where the danger lurks.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>With the object of playing K - Kt 3 and P - Q R 4, followed by P × P, + and thus have an open file for his Rook and be able to make a + counter-demonstration <!-- Page 135 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page135"></a>{135}</span>on the Queen's side in order to stop + White's advance on the right. White, however, also prevents this.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P - Q R 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course if P × P; Black will have all his Pawns on the Queen's side + disrupted and isolated, and White can easily regain the lost Pawn by + playing either Rook on the Q R file.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R - Q Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He still wants to play P - Q B 4, but as it is easy to foresee that + White will again prevent it, the text move is really a serious loss of + time. Black should bring his King over to the other side immediately.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The first part of White's strategic plan is now accomplished. Black's + Pawns on the Queen's side are <i>fixed</i> for all practical + purposes.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If R × R; Kt P × R would have given White a very powerful centre. Yet + it might have been the best chance for Black.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. R (Kt) - K B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (Q 2) - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page136"></a>{136}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig87.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig87.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The second part of White's strategical plan is now accomplished. It + remains to find out if the advantage obtained is sufficient to win. White + not only has a passed Pawn, but his King is in a commanding position in + the centre of the board ready to support the advance of White's Pawns, + or, if necessary, to go to Q B 5, or to move to the right wing in case of + danger. Besides, White holds the open file with one of his Rooks. + Altogether White's position is superior and his chances of winning are + excellent.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. R - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (R 3) - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>to prevent P - Q 4. Also Black fears to keep his Rook in front of his + two King's side Pawns which he may want to utilise later.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. R - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page137"></a>{137}</span></p> + + <p>White threatens P - R 5, which would finally force Black to take, and + then White would double his Rooks against the isolated Pawn and win it, + or tie up Black's Rooks completely. The text move, however, only helps + White; therefore Black had nothing better than to hold tight and wait. + R - K 4 would not help much, as White would simply answer R - B 8, + R - K 1; R (Kt 5) × R, and whichever Rook Black took, White would have an + easy game. (The student should carefully study these variations.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. R - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. R - B 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>K - Q 2 would not help much, but since he made the previous move he + should now be consistent and play it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (K 3) - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. R - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R (Kt 4) × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - B 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 6 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page138"></a>{138}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. K - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Kt P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The winning tactics in all these endings have merely consisted in + keeping the opponent's Rooks tied to the defence of one or more Pawns, + leaving my own Rooks free for action. This is a general principle which + can be equally applied to any part of the game. It means in general + terms—</p> + + <p><i>Keep freedom of manœuvre while hampering your + opponent.</i></p> + + <p>There is one more thing of great importance, and that is that the + winning side has always had a general strategical plan capable of being + carried out with the means at his disposal, while often the losing side + had no plan at all, but simply moved according to the needs of the + moment.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS <i>v.</i> ROOK, +KNIGHT AND PAWNS</p> + + <p>We shall now examine an ending of Rook, Bishop and Pawns against Rook, + Knight and Pawns, where it will be seen that the Rook at times is used in + the same way as in the endings already given.</p> + + <p><b>Example 62.</b>—From the first game of the Lasker-Marshall + Championship Match in 1907. <!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page139"></a>{139}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig88.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig88.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>In this position it is Black's move. To a beginner the position may + look like a draw, but the advanced player will realise immediately that + there are great possibilities for Black to win, not only because he has + the initiative, but because of White's undeveloped Queen's side and the + fact that a Bishop in such a position is better than a Knight (see + Section 14). It will take some time for White to bring his Rook and + Knight into the fray, and Black can utilise it to obtain an advantage. + There are two courses open to him. The most evident, and the one that + most players would take, is to advance the Pawn to Q B 4 and Q B 5 + immediately in conjunction with the Bishop check at R 3 and any other + move that might be necessary with the Black Rook. The other, and more + subtle, course was taken by Black. It consists in utilising his Rook in + the same way as shown in the previous endings, forcing White to defend + something all the time, restricting the action of White's Knight and <!-- + Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page140"></a>{140}</span>White's Rook, while at the same time + keeping freedom of action for his own Rook and Bishop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This forces P - Q Kt 3, which blocks that square for the White + Knight.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>bringing the Rook to attack the King's side Pawns so as to force the + King to that side to defend them, and thus indirectly making more secure + the position of Black's Queen's side Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Note that the White Knight's sphere of action is very limited, and + that after Kt - Q 2 White's own Pawns are in his way.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. R - B 1 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This check accomplishes nothing. It merely drives Black's King where + it wants to go. Consequently it is a very bad move. P - Q R 3 at once was + the best move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Getting ready to shift the attack to the Queen's side, where he has + the advantage in material and position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page141"></a>{141}</span></p> + + <p>Notice how similar are the manœuvres with this Rook to those + seen in the previous endings.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Paralysing the action of the Knight and <i>fixing</i> the whole King's + side.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White cannot answer Kt - B 3, because B × Kt followed by K - K 4 will + win a Pawn, on account of the check at K B 3 which cannot be stopped.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. R - K B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now the King attacks White's Pawns and all will soon be over.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Merely to exhaust White's move, which will finally force him to move + either the King or the Knight.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - Q R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Kt - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. K - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Kt - Q 2 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Kt - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Kt - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142"></a>{142}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Kt - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Kt - K 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The quickest way to win. White should resign.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Kt - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. Kt - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very good example on Black's part of how to conduct such an + ending.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page143"></a>{143}</span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER VI</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Further Openings and Middle-Games</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS</p> + + <p>Before going back to the discussion of openings and middle-game + positions, it might be well to bear in mind a few facts concerning Pawn + positions which will no doubt help to understand certain moves, and + sometimes even the object of certain variations in the openings, and of + some manœuvres in the middle-games.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig89.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig89.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 63.</b>—In the position of the diagram we have an + exceedingly bad Pawn formation on Black's side. Black's Q B P is + altogether backward, and White could by means of the open file + concentrate <!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page144"></a>{144}</span>his forces against that weak point. There + is also the square at White's Q B 5, which is controlled by White, and + from where a White piece once established could not be dislodged. In + order to get rid of it, Black would have to exchange it, which is not + always an easy matter, and often when possible not at all convenient. The + same holds true with regard to Black's K P, K B P and K Kt P, which + create what is called a "hole" at Black's K B 3. Such Pawn formations + invariably lead to disaster, and consequently must be avoided.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig90.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig90.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p><b>Example 64.</b>—In this position we might say that the White + centre Pawns have the attacking position, while the Black centre Pawns + have the defensive position. Such a formation of Pawn occurs in the + French Defence. In such positions White most often attempts, by means of + P - K B 4 and K B 5, to obtain a crushing attack against Black's King, + which is generally Castled on the King's side. To prevent that, <!-- Page + 145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145"></a>{145}</span>and also + to assume the initiative or obtain material advantage, Black makes a + counter-demonstration by P - Q B 4, followed by P × P (when White defends + the Pawn by P - Q B 3), and the concentrating of Black's pieces against + the White Pawn at Q 4. This in substance might be said to be a determined + attack against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct attack of + White against Black's King. It must be remembered that at the beginning + of the book it was stated that <i>control of the centre was an essential + condition to a successful attack against the King</i>.</p> + + <p>In an abstract way we may say that two or more Pawns are strongest + when they are in the same rank next to one another. Thus the centre Pawns + are strongest in themselves, so to speak, when placed at K 4 and Q 4 + respectively, hence the question of advancing either the one or the other + to the fifth rank is one that must be most carefully considered. The + advance of either Pawn often determines the course the game will + follow.</p> + + <p>Another thing to be considered is the matter of one or more passed + Pawns when they are isolated either singly or in pairs. We might say that + a passed Pawn is either very weak or very strong, and that its weakness + or strength, whichever happens to be in the case to be considered, + increases as it advances, and is at the same time in direct relation to + the number of pieces on the board. In this last respect it might be + generally said that <i>a passed Pawn increases in strength as the number + of pieces on the board diminishes</i>. <!-- Page 146 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page146"></a>{146}</span></p> + + <p>Having all this clear in mind we will now revert to the openings and + middle-game. We will analyse games carefully from beginning to end + according to general principles. I shall, whenever possible, use my own + games, not because they will better illustrate the point, but because, + knowing them thoroughly, I shall be able to explain them more + authoritatively than the games of others.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM +A RUY LOPEZ</p> + + <p>That some of the variations in the openings and the manœuvres in + the middle-game are often based on some of the elementary principles just + expounded can be easily seen in the following case:</p> + + <p><b>Example 65.</b></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. B - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Q Kt - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Kt - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page147"></a>{147}</span></p> + + <p>So far a very well-known variation of the Ruy Lopez. In fact, they are + the moves of the Janowski-Lasker game in Paris, 1912.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some way White, by + playing one of the Knights to Q 4 at the proper time, forced the exchange + of both Knights, and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged, and + we arrived at some such position as shown in the following diagram. (I + obtained such a position in a very similar way once at Lodz in Poland. I + was playing the White pieces against a consulting team headed by + Salwe.)</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig91.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig91.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Now we would have here the case of the backward Q B P, which will in + no way be able to advance to Q B 4. Such a position may be said to be + theoretically lost, and in practice a first-class master will invariably + win it from Black. (If I may be excused the reference, I will say that I + won the game above referred to.)</p> + + <p>After a few moves the position may be easily thus: <!-- Page 148 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page148"></a>{148}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig92.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The Black pieces can be said to be <i>fixed</i>. If White plays + Q - Q B 3, Black must answer Q - Q 2, otherwise he will lose a Pawn, and + if White returns with the Queen to Q R 3 Black will have again to return + to Q Kt 2 with the Queen or lose a Pawn. Thus Black can only move + according to White's lead, and under such conditions White can easily + advance with his Pawns to K B 4 and K Kt 4, until Black will be forced to + stop P - B 5 by playing P - K B 4, and we might finally have some such + position as this:</p> + + <p><b>Example 66.</b></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig93.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig93.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149"></a>{149}</span></p> + + <p>In this situation the game might go on as follows:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">1. P × P, P × P; 2. Q - K B 3, Q - Q 2</p> + + <p>White threatened to win a Pawn by Q × P, and Black could not play + 2...R - K B 1, because 3 R × B P would also win a Pawn at least.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. R (B 5) - B 2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. R - Kt 2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. R (B 1) - K Kt 1,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (B 1) - K Kt 1;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Q - R 5,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R × R,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. K × R,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 2 ch;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. K - R 2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 3;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Q × Q,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Q;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> 11. P - Kt 4, and White wins.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now suppose that in the position in the preceding diagram it were + Black's move, and he played R - K B 1. White would then simply defend his + K B P by some move like Q - K B 3, threatening R × Q B P, and then he + would bring his King up to Kt 3, and when the time came, break through, + as in the previous case. White might even be able to obtain the following + position:</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig94.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig94.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page150"></a>{150}</span></p> + + <p>Black would now be forced to play R - B 1, and White could then play + Q - B 2, and follow it up with K B 3, and thus force Black to play P × P, + which would give White a greater advantage.</p> + + <p>A careful examination of all these positions will reveal that, besides + the advantage of freedom of manœuvre on White's part, the power of + the Pawn at K 5 is enormous, and that it is the commanding position of + this Pawn, and the fact that it is free to advance, once all the pieces + are exchanged, that constitute the pivot of all White's + manœuvres.</p> + + <p>I have purposely given positions without the moves which lead to them + so that the student may become accustomed to build up in his own mind + possible positions that may arise (out of any given situation). Thus he + will learn to make strategical plans and be on his way to the master + class. The student can derive enormous benefit by further practice of + this kind.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"</p> + + <p>The influence of a so-called "hole" in a game has already been + illustrated in my game against Blanco (page 81), where has been shown the + influence exercised by the different pieces posted in the hole created at + White's K 5. <!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page151"></a>{151}</span></p> + + <p><b>Example 67.</b>—In order to further illustrate this point, I + now give a game played in the Havana International Masters Tournament of + 1913. (Queen's Gambit Declined.) White: D. Janowski. Black: A. + Kupchick.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course the idea is to post a Knight at Q 4, but as it is the other + Knight which will be posted there this manœuvre does not seem + logical. The Knight at Kt 3 does nothing except to prevent the + development of his own Q B. The normal course O - O, followed by + P - Q B 4, is more reasonable. For a beautiful illustration of how to + play White in that variation, see the Janowski-Rubinstein game of the St. + Petersburg Tournament of 1914.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>B - Kt 3 has some points in its favour in this position, the most + important being the possibility of advancing the King's Pawn immediately + after 8. ... K Kt - Q 4; 9 B × B, Q × B.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page152"></a>{152}</span></p> + + <p>Had White's Bishop been at Q Kt 3 he could now play P - K 4 as + indicated in the previous note, a move which he cannot make in the + present position, because of Kt - K B 5 threatening, not only the K Kt P, + but also Kt × B ch. As White's King's Bishop should never be exchanged in + this opening without a very good reason White therefore cannot play + P - K 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. R - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig95.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig95.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White is perfectly developed, and now threatens to win a Pawn as + follows: Kt × Kt, Kt × Kt; P - K 4, followed by R × P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The fact that Black is practically forced to make this move in order + to avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the + whole system of development on Black's part. In effect, he plays B - Q 2 + and now he has to shut off the action of his <!-- Page 153 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page153"></a>{153}</span>own Bishop, which + thereby becomes little more than a Pawn for a while. In fact, it is hard + to see how this Bishop will ever be able to attack anything. Besides, it + can be easily seen that White will soon post his two Knights at K 5 and + Q B 5 respectively, and that Black will not be able to dislodge them + without seriously weakening his game, if he can do it at all. From all + these reasons it can be gathered that it would probably have been better + for Black to play Kt × Kt and thus get rid of one of the two White + Knights before assuming such a defensive position. In such cases, the + less the number of pieces on the board, the better chances there are to + escape.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Kt - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This practically amounts to committing suicide, since it creates a + hole at K 5 for White's Knight, from where it will be practically + impossible to dislodge him. If Black intended to make such a move he + should have done it before, when at least there would have been an object + in preventing the White Knight from reaching B 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Kt - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The position of White's Knights, especially the one at K 5, might be + said to be ideal, and a single glance shows how they dominate the + position. The question henceforth will be how is White going to derive + the full benefit from such an advantageous situation, This we shall soon + see. <!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page154"></a>{154}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig96.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig96.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There is no object in this move, unless it is to be followed by + Kt - Q 2. As that is not the case, he might have gone with the Rook to + B 1, as he does later.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White threatened to win the exchange by playing either Kt - B 7 or + Kt - Kt 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Perhaps all these precautions are unnecessary, but White feels that he + has more than enough time to prepare his attack, and wants to be secure + in every way before he begins. <!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page155"></a>{155}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Q - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He had better have played Kt - B 3; and tried later on to get rid of + White's Knights by means of Kt - Q 2.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig97.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig97.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>with this sacrifice of the Rook for a Knight and Pawn White obtains an + overwhelming position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - Q 2 was better in order to get rid of one of the two White + Knights. There were, however, any number of good replies to it, among + them the following: Kt (B 5) × Kt, B × Kt; Q × P, Q × Q; Kt - B 7 ch, + K - Kt 2; Kt × Q, and with two Pawns for the exchange, and the position + so much in his favour, White should have no trouble in winning. <!-- Page + 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page156"></a>{156}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Kt - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>All these moves are practically forced, and as it is easily seen they + tie up Black's position more and more. White's manœuvres from move + 24 onwards are highly instructive.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Kt - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. Kt (B5) - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. Q - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If P × P; K - B 2, and Black would be helpless.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. P - K Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There is nothing to be done. If B - Kt 1; Q - R 2 ch, K - Kt 2; + B × P.</p> + + <p>The student should notice that, apart from other things, White + throughout the game has had control of the Black squares, principally + those at K 5 and Q B 5.</p> + + <p>From now on to the end of the book I shall give a collection of my + games both lost and won, chosen so as to serve as illustrations of the + general principles laid down in the foregoing pages.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page159"></a>{159}</span></p> + +<h3>PART II</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(Match, 1909)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I had played this defence twice before in the match with good results, + and although I lost this game I still played it until the very last game, + when I changed my tactics. The reason was my total lack of knowledge of + the different variations in this opening, coupled with the fact that I + knew that Dr. E. Lasker had been successful with it against Marshall + himself in 1907. I thought that since Dr. Lasker had played it so often, + it should be good. The object is to exchange a couple of pieces and at + the same time to bring about a position full of possibilities and with + promising chances of success once the end-game stage is reached. On + general principles it should be wrong, because the <!-- Page 160 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page160"></a>{160}</span>same Knight is moved + three times in the opening, although it involves the exchange of two + pieces. In reality the difficulty in this variation, as well as in nearly + all the variations of the Queen's gambit, lies in the slow development of + Black's Queen Bishop. However, whether this variation can or cannot be + safely played is a question still to be decided, and it is outside the + scope of this book. I may add that at present my preference is for a + different system of development, but it is not unlikely that I should + some time come back to this variation.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P × P is preferable for reasons that we shall soon see.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now P × P would be a better way to develop the game. The idea is that + after 8...P × P; 9 B × B P, P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, would give + Black's Bishop a powerful range. For this variation see the eleventh game + of the match.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>No longer would 9...P × P; 10 B × P, P - Q Kt 3 be good, because + 11 B - Kt 5 would prevent B - Kt 2 on account of Kt - K 5. <!-- Page 161 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page161"></a>{161}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Played with the intention of obtaining the majority of Pawns on the + Queen's side. Yet it is doubtful whether this move is good, since it + leaves Black's Queen's-side Pawns disrupted in a way. The safer course + would have been to play P - B 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Q - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig98.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig98.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>This exposes Black to further attack by P - R 5 without any + compensation for it. If I had to play this position nowadays I would + simply play 13...R - K 1. Then after 14 Q × P, Q × Q would follow, and I + believe that Black would regain the Pawn. If, instead, White played + 14 P × P then B - Kt 5 would give Black an excellent game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K R - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162"></a>{162}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig99.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig99.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any case, but the text + move makes matters worse. As a matter of fact I never saw White's reply + B - B 5. It never even passed through my mind that this was threatened. + Black's best move would have been 16...K R - Kt 1. If that loses, then + any other move would lose as well.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>From bad to worse. Kt - B 3 offered the only hope.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The game was lost. One move was as good as another.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Kt - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. P - K B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q × R !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page163"></a>{163}</span></p> + + <p>Of course, if 25 Kt × B, R - Kt 8 ch would have drawn. The text move + is pretty and finishes quickly. A well-played game on Marshall's + part.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(San Sebastian, 1911)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P × Q P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt -Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - K Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - B 3 is the normal move in this variation. White's development was + first introduced by Schlechter and elaborated later on by Rubinstein. It + aims at the isolation of Black's Q P, against which the White pieces are + gradually concentrated. In making the text move I was trying to avoid the + beaten track. Being a developing move there should be no objection to it + in the way of general principles, except that the Knights ought to come + out before the Bishops.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In pursuance of the idea of changing the normal <!-- Page 164 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page164"></a>{164}</span>course of this + variation, but with very poor success. The move in theory ought to be + unsound, since Black's K Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of + the attack founded on Kt - Kt 5 and the exchange of the B at K 3. Either + Kt - B 3 or P - K R 3; to prevent either B or Kt - K Kt 5, was right.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig100.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig100.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. P X P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Kt - K Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is a mistake. The right move was R - Q 1 in order to get the Rook + away from the line of the Bishop at R 3 and at the same time to support + the Q P. Incidentally it shows that White failed to take proper advantage + of Black's weak opening moves. Against the text move White makes a very + fine combination <!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page165"></a>{165}</span>which I had seen, but which I thought + could be defeated.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I considered P × B, which it seemed would give me a playable game, but + I thought White's combination unsound and therefore let him play it, to + my lasting regret.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig101.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig101.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt × P !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig102.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig102.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page166"></a>{166}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K - Kt 2 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>This</i> is the move which I had not considered. I thought that + Rubinstein would have to play B - Kt 2, when I had in mind the following + winning combination: 16 B - Kt 2, Kt - K 4 ! 17 Kt - B 4 (if R - B 1, + Q × R !! Q × Q, B × P ch wins), Kt - Kt 5; 18 P - K R 3 (if Kt - R 3, + B × P ch wins the exchange), Kt × P; 19 R × Kt, B × R ch; 20 K × B, + P - K Kt 4, and Black should win. It is curious that this combination has + been overlooked. It has been taken for granted that I did not see the + 17th move Q - B 1.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>After White's last move there was nothing for me to do but submit to + the inevitable.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q - B 1 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Q × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. Q - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. B - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This gives Black a chance. He should have played K R - K 1. If then + Kt - B 7; R × R ch, R × R; R - Q B 1, R - K 7; K - B 1, Kt - Q 5 (if + R - Q 7; B - K 6 ch, K - B 1; B × P would win); R - B 8 ch, K - B 2; + R - B 7 ch, R - K 2; R - B 5 wins. <!-- Page 167 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page167"></a>{167}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. R - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. B - K 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. B - B 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig103.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig103.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A bad move, which gives away any legitimate chance Black had to draw. + It loses a very important move. In fact, as the course of the game will + show, it loses several moves. The proper way was to play K - Q 3. If then + R - Q Kt 5, R × R; B × R, Kt - Q 5; followed by P - Q Kt 4; and White + would have an exceedingly difficult game to draw on account of the + dominating position of the Knight at <!-- Page 168 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page168"></a>{168}</span>Q 5 in conjunction with + the extra Pawn on the Queen's side and the awkward position of White's + King. (See how this is so.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. R - B 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R × K Kt P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. B - Kt 8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. R - R 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. R - R 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. B - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>With these last three moves White again gives Black a chance. Even + before the last move B - B 4 would have won with comparative ease, but + the text move is a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him, + Black does not avail himself.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig104.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig104.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>R × P would make it practically impossible for White to win, if he can + win at all. White's best <!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page169"></a>{169}</span>continuation then would have been: + 39 B - B 4, R - B 7; 40 R - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2; 41 B - Kt 8, P - R 6; + 42 P - R 5, P - R 7; 43 B × P, R × B, and if there is a win it is very + difficult to find it, as against 44 P - R 6, R - R 3 ! offers excellent + chances for a draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 40...P - R 7; 41 R - Kt 5 ch, K - R 3; 42 R - Kt 8.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. B - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. R - R 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for two masters. The + redeeming feature of the game is Rubinstein's fine combination in the + middle game, beginning with 14 B × Kt.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(Havana, 1913)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page170"></a>{170}</span></p> + + <p>At last Black is on his way to obtain full development. The idea of + this irregular opening is mainly to throw White on his own resources. At + the time the game was played, the system of defence was not as well known + as the regular forms of the Queen's Pawn openings. Whether it is sound or + not remains yet to be proved. Its good features are that it keeps the + centre intact without creating any particular weakness, and that it gives + plenty of opportunity for deep and concealed manœuvring. The + drawback is the long time it takes Black to develop his game. It is + natural to suppose that White will employ that time to prepare a + well-conceived attack, or that he will use the advantage of his + development actually to prevent Black's complete development, or failing + that, to obtain some definite material advantage.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. P - K R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Kt - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig105.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig105.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page171"></a>{171}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very serious mistake. I considered castling, which was the right + move, but desisted because I was afraid that by playing 13 B × Kt, P × B; + 14 Kt - Kt 3, B - Kt 3; 15 Kt - B 5, White would obtain a winning + position for the end game. Whether right or wrong this shows how closely + related are all parts of the game, and consequently how one will + influence the other.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not good. The natural and proper move would have been Kt - K 3, in + order to bring all the Black pieces into play. B × Kt at once was also + good, as it would have relieved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn, + and at the same time have simplified the game.</p> + + <p>Here it is seen how failure to comply with the elementary logical + reasons, that govern any given position, often brings the player into + trouble. I was no doubt influenced in my choice of moves by the fear of + B - B 5, which was a very threatening move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Q - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P - Q Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172"></a>{172}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig106.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig106.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P - K R 4, to be followed by P - Kt 4, might have been a more vigorous + way to carry on the attack. Black's weak point is unquestionably the Pawn + at K 4, which he is compelled to defend with the King. The text move aims + at doubling the Rooks, with the ultimate object of placing one of them at + Q 6, supported by a Pawn at Q B 5, Black could only stop this by playing + P - B 4 which would create a "hole" at Q 5; or by playing P - Kt 3, which + would tie the Black Queen to the defence of the Q B P as well as the K P, + which she already defends. Black, however, can meet all this by offering + the exchange of Rooks, which destroys White's plans. For this reason + P - K R 4 appears the proper way to carry on the attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move is preparatory to P - K Kt 3, which would <!-- Page 173 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page173"></a>{173}</span>make Black's + position secure. Unfortunately for Black, he did not carry out his + original plan.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P - K Kt 3 would have left Black with a perfectly safe game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very serious mistake, which loses a Pawn. P - K Kt 3 was the right + move, and would have left Black with a very good game. In fact, if it + should come to a simple ending, the position of the Black King would be + an advantage.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × R</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig107.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig107.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This wins a Pawn, as will soon be seen. Black cannot reply + 24...Kt - K 3; because 25 P × P ch, Kt × P; 26 Q - R 4 wins the Knight. + <!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page174"></a>{174}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Q - Kt 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Q - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. P - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P K 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. K - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. Q - Kt 4 ch !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Kt × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The game went on for a few more moves, and, there being no way to + counteract the advance of White's two passed Pawns, Black resigned.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 4. FRENCH DEFENCE</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1913)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This constitutes the <i>McCutcheon Variation</i>. It aims at taking + the initiative away from White. Instead <!-- Page 175 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page175"></a>{175}</span>of defending, Black + makes a counter demonstration on the Queen's side. It leads to highly + interesting games.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>At the time this game was played the variation 5 P - K 5 was in vogue, + but I considered then, as I do now, the text move to be the stronger.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is considered superior to P × P. It has for its object, as I said + before, to take the initiative away from White by disrupting White's + Queen's side. White, however, has more than ample compensation through + his breaking up Black's King's side. It might be laid down as a principle + of the opening that <i>the breaking up of the King's side is of more + importance than a similar occurrence on the Queen's side</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The plan of Black in this variation is to post his Bishop on the long + diagonal so as to be able later on, in conjunction with the action of his + Rooks along the open K Kt's file, to make a violent attack against + White's King. It is, of course, expected that White will Castle on the + King's side because of the broken-up condition of his Queen's side Pawns. + <!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page176"></a>{176}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Q - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. O - O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>An original idea, I believe, played for the first time in a similar + position in a game against Mr. Walter Penn Shipley, of Philadelphia. My + idea is that as there is no Black Bishop and because Black's pieces have + been developed with a view to an attack on the King's side, it will be + impossible for Black to take advantage of the apparently unprotected + position of White's King. Two possibilities must be considered. Firstly: + If Black Castles on the Queen's side, as in this game, it is evident that + there is no danger of an attack. Secondly: If Black Castles on the King's + side, White begins the attack first, taking advantage of the awkward + position of Black's Queen. In addition to the attacking probabilities of + the text move, White in one move brings his King into safety and brings + one of his Rooks into play. Thus he gains several moves, "tempi" as they + are called, which will serve him to develop whatever plan he may wish to + evolve.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Q - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Unquestionably a mistake, overlooking White's fine <!-- Page 177 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177"></a>{177}</span>reply, but a + careful examination will show that White already has the better + position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. R - Q 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig108.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig108.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Kt - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move has been criticised because it puts the Knight out of the + way for a few moves. But by forcing Q - K Kt 4; White gains a very + important move with P - B 4, which not only consolidates his position, + but also drives the Queen away, putting it out of the game for the + moment. Certainly the Queen is far more valuable than the Knight, to say + nothing of the time gained and the freedom of action obtained thereby for + White's more important pieces.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. B - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page178"></a>{178}</span></p> + + <p>In such positions it is generally very advantageous to get rid of the + Black Bishop controlling his Q R 3 and Q B 3, which form "holes" for + White's pieces. The Bishop in such positions is of very great defensive + value, hence the advantage of getting rid of it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P - Q B 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White threatened P - B 6 ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent the Knight from moving to Q 6 via Q 2 and K 4 or Q B 4. It + is self-evident that White has a great advantage of position.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig109.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig109.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Kt - Q 2 ?</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I had considered R - Kt 3, which was the right move, but gave it up + because it seemed too slow, and <!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page179"></a>{179}</span>that in such a position there had to be + some quicker way of winning.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. Kt - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - K 4 or Kt - Kt 3 would have brought about an ending advantageous + to White.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Kt - R 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Q - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If R - Kt 1; 28 Kt × P, R (Kt 1) - B 1; 29 Kt × P would win.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig110.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig110.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - B 4 was the right move. I was, however, still looking for the + "grand combination," and thought that the Pawn I would later on have at + Q 6 would win the game. Black deserves great credit for the way in which + he conducted this exceedingly difficult <!-- Page 180 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page180"></a>{180}</span>defence. He could + easily have gone wrong any number of times, but from move 22 onwards he + always played the best move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Q - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P - Q 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 7 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Kt - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig111.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig111.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The position is most interesting. I believe I lost here my last chance + to win the game, and if that is true it would vindicate my judgment when, + on move 28, I played P - B 4. The student can find out what would happen + if White plays Q - Q 4 ! at once. I have gone over the following + variations: 35 Q - Q 4, R × K R P (of course if R × B P, P - Q 8 wins); + <!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page181"></a>{181}</span>36 Q × Q P ! R - Q 1; 37 Q - R 6, K - Kt 1 + best (if Q - Q 5 ch; K - R 1, K - Kt 1; R - Q Kt 1 wins); 38 Q × B P and + White will at least have a draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. Q - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. Q - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. Q - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There is nothing to be done against this simple move, since White + cannot play Kt - Q 4, because Q - R 8 mates.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Q P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. Kt - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very interesting battle.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 5. RUY LOPEZ</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The object of this move is to bring about speedily a middle-game + without Queens, in which White <!-- Page 182 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page182"></a>{182}</span>has four Pawns to three on the King's + side, while Black's superiority of Pawns on the other side is somewhat + balanced by the fact that one of Black's Pawns is doubled. On the other + hand, Black has the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while White + has only one.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black's idea is to Castle on the King's side. His reason is that the + King ought to remain on the weaker side to oppose later the advance of + White's Pawns. Theoretically there is very much to be said in favour of + this reasoning, but whether in practice that would be the best system + would be rather difficult to prove. The student should notice that if now + all the pieces were exchanged White would practically be a Pawn ahead, + and would therefore have a won ending.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A perfectly sound form of development. In any other form adopted the + Black Kt could not be developed either as quickly or as well. K 2 is the + natural position for the Black Kt in this variation, in order not to + obstruct Black's Pawns, and also, in some eventualities, in order to go + to K Kt 3. There is <!-- Page 183 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page183"></a>{183}</span>also the possibility of its going to Q 5 + via Q B 3 after P - Q B 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move I considered weak at the time, and I do still. It leaves the + K P weak, unless it advances to K 5, and it also makes it possible for + Black to pin the Kt by B - Q B 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Best. It threatens B - B 4; B - K 3, Kt - Q 4. It also prevents + B - K 3 because of Kt - Q 4 or B 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Kt - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Preparatory to P - Q Kt 3, followed by P - Q B 4 and B - Kt 2 in + conjunction with Kt - Kt 3, which would put White in great difficulties + to meet the combined attack against the two centre Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig112.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig112.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page184"></a>{184}</span></p> + + <p>It has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game, but I would like + nothing better than to have such a position again. It required several + mistakes on my part finally to obtain a lost position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig113.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig113.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Played against my better judgment. The right move of course was B × B. + Dr. Lasker gives the following variation: 13...B × B; 14 R × B, P - B 4; + 15 Q R - Q 1, B - Kt 2; 16 R - B 2, Q R - Q 1; 17 R × R, R × R; + 18 R - Q 2, R × R; 19 Kt × R, and he claims that White has the best of + it. But, as Niemzovitch pointed out immediately after the game, + 16...Q R - Q 1 given in Dr. Lasker's variation, is not the best. If + 16...Q R - B 1 ! then White will have great difficulty in drawing the + game, <!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page185"></a>{185}</span>since there is no good way to stop Black + from playing Kt - B 3, followed by Kt - K 4, threatening Kt - B 5. And + should White attempt to meet this manœuvre by withdrawing the Kt at + Kt 3; then the Black Knight can go to Q 5, and the White Pawn at K 4 will + be the object of the attack. Taking Dr. Lasker's variation, however, + whatever advantage there might be disappears at once if Black plays + 19...Kt - B 3, threatening Kt - Kt 5 and also Kt - Q 5, neither of which + can be stopped. If White answers 20 Kt - Q 5, Kt - Q 5 for Black will at + least draw. In fact, after 19...Kt - B 3 Black threatens so many things + that it is difficult to see how White can prevent the loss of one or more + Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It is a curious but true fact that I did not see this move when I + played 13...B - Kt 2, otherwise I would have played the right move + 13...B × B.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The game is yet far from lost, as against the entry of the Knight, + Black can later on play P - B 4, followed by P - Q 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. Kt - K 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 186 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186"></a>{186}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig114.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig114.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>I now was on the point of playing P - B 4, to be followed by P - Q 4, + which I thought would give me a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and + thought that I could play the text move, 17...Kt - B 1, and later on + sacrifice the exchange for the Knight at K 6, winning a Pawn for it, and + leaving White's K P still weaker. I intended to carry this plan either + before or after playing P - K Kt 4 as the circumstances demanded. Now let + us analyse: 17...P - B 4. If 18 Kt - Q 5, B × Kt; 19 P × B, P - Q Kt 4; + and a careful analysis will show that Black has nothing to fear. Black's + plan in this case would be to work his Kt around to K 4, via Q B 1, + Q Kt 3, and Q B 5 or Q 2. Again, 17...P - B 4; 18 R - B 2, P - Q 4; + 19 P × P, B × P; 20 Kt × B (best, since if R (B 2) - Q 2, B × Kt give + Black the advantage), R × Kt; 21 R × R, Kt × R; and there is no good + reason why Black should lose.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. R - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page187"></a>{187}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. K R - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (Q 2) - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P - Q Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - R 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Once more changing my plan and this time without any good reason. Had + I now played R × Kt; P × R ch, R × P; as I intended to do when I went + back with the Knight to B 1, I doubt very much if White would have been + able to win the game. At least it would have been extremely + difficult.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (R 2) - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This, of course, has no object now. Black, with a bad game, flounders + around for a move. It would have been better to play R - R 6 to keep the + open file, and at the same time to threaten to come out with the Knight + at Kt 3 and B 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. K - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Again bad. White's last two moves were weak, since the White King does + nothing here. He should have played his Rook to Kt 3 on the 27th move. + Black now should have played P - Kt 4 ch. After missing this chance White + has it all his own way, and finishes the game most accurately, and Black + becomes more <!-- Page 188 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page188"></a>{188}</span>helpless with each move. The game needs no + further comment, excepting that my play throughout was of an altogether + irresolute character. When a plan is made, it must be carried out if at + all possible. Regarding the play of White, I consider his 10th and 12th + moves were very weak; he played well after that up to the 27th move, + which was bad, as well as his 28th move. The rest of his play was good, + probably perfect.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. K - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. K - Kt 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Q R - K R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. Kt - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. Kt (K 6) - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. Kt × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. R - R 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. R - R 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. Kt - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189"></a>{189}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 6. FRENCH DEFENCE</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of all the variations of the French Defence I like this best, because + it gives Black more chances to obtain the initiative.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Though I consider P × P the best move, there is much to be said in + favour of this move, but not of the variation as a whole, which White + adopted in this game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. P × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The alternative, P - K Kt 3; leaves Black's King's side very weak. + White by playing P - K R 4 would force Black to play P - K R 4; and + later, on White's Bishop by going to Q 3, would threaten the weakened + K Kt P. By the text move Black gives up Castling, but gains time for an + attack against White's centre and Queen's side. <!-- Page 190 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page190"></a>{190}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Threatening Q - R 4 and stopping thereby White's threat of B - R 3. It + demonstrates that White's last move was a complete loss of time and + merely weakened his position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Kt - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig115.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig115.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black has come out of the opening with a Pawn to the good. His + development, however, has suffered somewhat, and there are Bishops of + opposite colour, so that it cannot be said as yet, that Black has a won + game; but he has certainly the best of the position, because, besides + being a Pawn to the good, he threatens White's K P, which must of course + be <!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page191"></a>{191}</span>defended, and this in turn will give him + the opportunity to post his Knight at Q 4 via K 2. When the Black Knight + is posted at Q 4, the Bishop will be developed to B 3 via Q 2, as soon as + the opportunity presents itself, and it will be Black that will then have + the initiative, and can consequently decide the course of the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent Kt - K 2; which would be answered by Kt × P, or still + better by B - R 3. The move, however, is strategically wrong, since by + bringing his pieces to the Queen's side, White loses any chance he might + have of making a determined attack on the King's side before Black is + thoroughly prepared for it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Better would have been P - Q R 4, in order to play B - R 3. The White + B would be much better posted on the open diagonal than here, where it + acts purely on the defensive.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. B - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This Knight completely paralyses the attack, as it dominates the whole + situation, and there is no way to dislodge it. Behind it Black can + quietly develop his pieces. The game can now be said to be won for Black + strategically. <!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page192"></a>{192}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Kt - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In order to pin the Knight and be ready to come back to either K 2 or + B 1. Also to prevent Q R - Kt 1. In reality nearly all these precautions + are unnecessary, since White's attack amounts to nothing. Probably Black + should have left aside all these considerations, and played Q - R 5 now, + in order to follow it up with P - B 4, as he did later, but under less + favourable circumstances.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig116.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig116.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not the best, as White will soon prove. Q - B 1 would have avoided + everything, but Black wants to assume the initiative at once and plunges + into <!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page193"></a>{193}</span>complications. However, as will soon be + seen, the move is not a losing one by any means.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P × P e.p.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P (B 3)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig117.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig117.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. R × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This wins the Queen.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. Kt - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Q × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig118.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig118.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 194 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page194"></a>{194}</span></p> + + <p>The position looks most interesting. I thought it would be possible to + get up such an attack against the White King as to make it impossible for + him to hold out much longer, but I was wrong, unless it could have been + done by playing B - B 3 first, forcing P - Kt 3 and then playing K - R 4. + I followed a similar plan, but lost a very important move by playing + Q R - K Kt 1; which gave White time to play R - Q 1. I am convinced, + however, that B - B 3 at once was the right move. White would be forced + to play P - Kt 3, and Black would reply with either K - R 4; as already + indicated, which looks the best (the plan, of course, is to play + R - K R 1; and follow it up with K - Kt 5; threatening mate, or some + other move according to circumstances. In some cases, of course, it will + be better first to play K - Kt 5), or Kt - K 5, which will at least give + him a draw. There are so many possibilities in this position that it + would be impossible to give them all. It will be worth the reader's time + to go carefully through the lines of play indicated above.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - K Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>As stated B - B 3 was the best move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The plan, of course, as explained above, is to go to Kt 5 in due time + and threaten mate at K R 8, but it is now too late, the White Rook having + come in <!-- Page 195 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page195"></a>{195}</span>time to prevent the manœuvre. + Instead of the text move, therefore, Black should have played Kt - K 5; + which would have given him a draw at the very least. After the text moves + the tables are turned. It is now White who has the upper hand, and Black + who has to fight for a draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - K 5 was still the right move, and probably the last chance Black + had to draw against White's best play.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. Q × B P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × R</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt × Q; R × R, Kt × P was no better.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. Q - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. Q - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. B - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. Q - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. Q - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 7 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. K - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. Q - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. P - K B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46. K - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47. P - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48. Q - K 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49. B - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50. B - R 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"></a>{196}</span></p> + + <p>Most players will be wondering, as the spectators did, why I did not + resign. The reason is that while I knew the game to be lost, I was hoping + for the following variation, which Chajes came very near playing: + 51 Q × P ch, K - R 2; 52 Q - R 5, R × P; 53 B - Kt 5 ch, K - Kt 2; + 54 B × R ch, K × B; and while White has a won game it is by no means + easy. If the reader does not believe it, let him take the White pieces + against a master and see what happens. My opponent, who decided to take + no chances, played 51 B - Kt 7, and finally won as shown below.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51. B - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52. K - K2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 53. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 54. Q - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 55. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 56. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 57. Q - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 58. B × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 59. Q × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 60. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>and after a very few more moves Black resigned.</p> + + <p>A very fine game on Chajes' part from move 25 on, for while Black, + having the best of the position, missed several chances, White, on the + other hand, missed none.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 197 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197"></a>{197}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 7. RUY LOPEZ</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(San Sebastian, 1911)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is a very solid development, to which I was much addicted at the + time, because of my ignorance of the multiple variations of the + openings.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In this variation there is the alternative of developing this Bishop + via Kt 2, after P - K Kt 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Q Kt - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Kt - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Evidently to make room for the Queen at K 2, but I do not think the + move advisable at this stage. B - K 3 is a more natural and effective + move. It develops a piece and threatens B - B 5, which would have to be + stopped.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 198 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page198"></a>{198}</span></p> + + <p>Now it is not so effective, because White's Q B is out, and the + Knight, in going to K 3 to defend the square Q B 4, does not block the + Q B.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is bad. Black's game was already not good. He probably had no + choice but to take the Knight with the Bishop before making this + move.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig119.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig119.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>in order to bring it to Q 2, to support the other Knight and also his + King's Pawn. White, however, does not allow time for this, and by taking + advantage of his superior position is able to win a Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Since he had no way to prevent the loss of a Pawn, he should have + given it up where it is, and played Q Kt - Q 2, in order to make his + position more solid. <!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page199"></a>{199}</span>The text move not only loses a Pawn, but + leaves Black's game very much weakened.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Q × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig120.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig120.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>With a Pawn more and all his pieces ready for action, while Black is + still backward in development, it only remains for White to drive home + his advantage before Black can come out with his pieces, in which case, + by using the open K R file, Black might be able to start a strong attack + against White's King. White is able by his next move to eliminate all + danger.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is practically forced. Black could not play P - Kt 3 because of + B × P, and White meanwhile threatened Q - R 8 ch followed by Kt - B 5 ch + and Q × P. <!-- Page 200 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page200"></a>{200}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Q × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. Kt - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. B - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. B × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. B - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black must lose time assuring the safety of this Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Kt - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black fights a hopeless battle. He is two Pawns down for all practical + purposes, and the Pawns he has are isolated and have to be defended by + pieces.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. Q R - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White threatened Kt × B, followed by R - B 7 ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. R - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If R × R P; Kt × B of course would win a piece</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. R - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. R - B 3 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page201"></a>{201}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. P - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. P × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46. P - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 8. CENTRE GAME</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(Berlin 1913)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Q - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. B - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. O - O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In this position, instead of the text move, P - Q 3 is often played in + order to develop the Q B. My idea was to exert sufficient pressure + against the K P to win it, and thus gain a material advantage, which + would, at least, compensate whatever slight advantage of position White + might have. The plan, I think, is quite feasible, my subsequent + difficulties being due to faulty execution of the plan.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - K B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page202"></a>{202}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig121.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig121.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White's threat to regain the Pawn was merely with the idea of gaining + time to develop his pieces. Black could have played P - Q 3; opening the + way for his Q B, when would have followed, 11 B - Q 3, R - K 1; + 12 Kt - B 3, and White would soon start a powerful direct attack against + Black's King. With the text move Black aims at taking the initiative away + from White in accordance with the principles laid down in this book.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Kt - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If B × P, P - Q 3; and White's Bishop would be completely shut off, + and could only be extricated, if at all, with serious loss of position. + The text move aims at quick development to keep the initiative.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This now is not only a developing move, but it also threatens to win a + piece by B × Kt. <!-- Page 203 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page203"></a>{203}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This complicates the game unnecessarily. R - K 1; was simple, and + perfectly safe.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig122.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig122.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is a serious mistake. The position was most interesting, and + though in appearance dangerous for Black, not so in reality. The right + move would have been 13...R - Kt 5, when we would have 14 B × Kt, R × B; + 15 P - Q B 3, B × P; 16 P × B, R - K Kt 5; 17 Q - K 3 (best), Q × P ch; + 18 B - B 2, Q × Q; 19 P × Q, R × P, and Black has the best of the game + with four Pawns for a Knight, besides the fact that all the White Pawns + are isolated.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Kt - Kt 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There was nothing better.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Q × B !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 7 ch</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 204 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page204"></a>{204}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig123.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig123.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. B × Kt !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Kt - K 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Q × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 4 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. P - K B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. R - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Q × Q would have given White a decided advantage, enough to win with + proper play. Mieses, however, feared the difficulties of an ending where, + while having the exchange, he would be a Pawn minus. He preferred to keep + the Queens on the board and keep up the attack. At first sight, and even + after careful thought, there seems to be no objection to his plan; but in + truth such is not the case. From this point the game will gradually + improve in Black's favour until, with the exchange ahead, White is lost. + <!-- Page 205 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page205"></a>{205}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig124.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig124.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>My plan for the moment is very simple. It will consist in bringing my + Bishop around to B 3. Then I shall try to paralyse White's attack against + my King by playing P - K R 3, and also prevent White from ever playing + P - K Kt 5. Once my King is safe from attack I shall begin to advance my + Queen's side Pawns, where there are four to three; and that advantage, + coupled with the enormous attacking power of my Bishop at B 3, will at + least assure me an even chance of success.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Q R - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Q - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - K Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2 !</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 206 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"></a>{206}</span></p> + + <p>To prevent P - K R 4, which I would answer with P - K Kt 3, winning + the Queen. It can now be considered that my King is safe from attack. + White will have to withdraw his Queen via R 3, and Black can use the time + to begin his advance on the Queen's side.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has placed his Rooks + correctly from the point of view of strategy. They are both on white + squares free from the possible attack of the Black Bishop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. Q - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This gains time by attacking the Rook and holding the White Q at R 3 + for the moment, on account of the K Kt P. Besides, the Queen must be in + the middle of the fray now that the attack has to be brought home. White + has actually more value in material, and therefore Black must utilise + everything at his command in order to succeed.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R (K2) - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>threatening P - Kt 5; which would open the line of action of the + Bishop and also secure a passed Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Q - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>indirectly defending the Q P, which White cannot take on account of + Q × R ch.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"></a>{207}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The attack increases in force as it is gradually brought home directly + against the King. The position now is most interesting and extremely + difficult. It is doubtful if there is any valid defence against Black's + best play. The variations are numerous and difficult.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig125.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig125.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black has now a passed Pawn, and his Bishop exerts great pressure. + White cannot very well play now 37 R × P because of R × R; 38 R × R, + B × P; and White could not take the Bishop because Q - K 5 ch would win + the Rook, leaving Black a clear passed Pawn ahead.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 5 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. R (Q 1) - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. Q - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. Q - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"></a>{208}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig126.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig126.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 6</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>B × P would also win, which shows that White's game is altogether + gone. In these cases, however, it is not the prettiest move that should + be played, but the most effective one, the move that will make your + opponent resign soonest.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. R - Q B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. R - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 5 !</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q B 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course White must play Q - Q 2, and Black then plays R × P.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page209"></a>{209}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(Berlin, 1913)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>An invention of my own, I believe. I played it on the spur of the + moment simply to change the normal course of the game. Generally the + Bishop goes to Q 3, or to R 6, after Q - R 4. The text move is in the + nature of an ordinary developing move, and as it violates no principle it + cannot be bad.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. B - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If P × P; K R - Q 1, and White would play to win one of Black's centre + Pawns. The drawback to the <!-- Page 210 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page210"></a>{210}</span>text move is that it leaves Black's Q P + isolated, and consequently weak and subject to attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The alternative would have been 14...P - Kt 4; 15 B - B 2, P - Kt 5; + 16 Kt - Q R 4, Kt (B 4) - K 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to remain with two + Bishops for the ending, but in this position such a course is a mistake, + because the Bishop at Kt 2 is inactive and cannot come into the game by + any means, unless Black gives up the isolated Queen's Pawn which the + Bishop must defend.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Kt - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not, of course, R - Q 4, because of Q × Q; Kt × Q, R - B 1; and there + would be no good way to prevent R - B 7.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. Kt (B 3) × Q !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Notice the co-ordination of the Knights' moves. They are + manœuvred chain-like, so to speak, in order to maintain one of + them, either at Q 4 or ready to go there. Now White threatens to take the + open file, and therefore forces Black's next move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page211"></a>{211}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig127.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig127.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The student should examine this position carefully. There seems to be + no particular danger, yet, as White will demonstrate, Black may be said + to be lost. If the game is not altogether lost, the defence is at least + of the most difficult kind; indeed, I must confess that I can see no + adequate defence against White's next move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Kt - B 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 20...B - Q 1; 21 Kt - Q 6, R - B 2; 22 Kt × B, R × Kt; 23 B × Kt, + B × B; 24 R × P, R - B 2; 25 R - Q 2, and White is a Pawn ahead. If + 20...B moves anywhere else, then B × Kt, doubling the K B P and isolating + all of Black's King's side Pawns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. Kt - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is practically forced, as White threatened Kt - B 5 ch. Notice + that the Black Knight is pinned in such a way that no relief can be + afforded except by giving up the K R P or abandoning the open file <!-- + Page 212 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page212"></a>{212}</span>with + the Rook, which would be disastrous, as White would immediately sieze + it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - B 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig128.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig128.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black could do nothing else except mark time with his Rook along the + open file, since as soon as he moved away White would take it. White, on + the other hand, threatens to march up with his King to K 5 via K B 2, + K Kt 3, K B 4, after having, of course, prepared the way. Hence, Black's + best chance was to give up a Pawn, as in the text, in order to free his + Knight.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. B × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of <!-- Page 213 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"></a>{213}</span>opposite + colours, which gives him the best chance to draw.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>27...P × Kt would be worse, as White would then be able to post his + Bishop at K 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K R 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig129.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig129.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black wants to force B - Kt 3. P - K Kt 3 would be bad, on account of + P - Q 5; which would get the Black Bishop into the game, even though + White could answer P - K 4. The text move is, however, weak, as will soon + be seen. His best chance was to play P - Kt 5; and follow it up with + P - R 4 and B - R 3. White meanwhile could play P - Kt 4 and R 5, + obtaining a passed Pawn, which, with proper play, should win.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R - Q B 2 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × R</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless White has + an easily-won game. <!-- Page 214 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page214"></a>{214}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig130.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig130.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Practically forced. Otherwise the White King would march up to Q 4 and + then to B 5 and win Black's Queen's side Pawns. If Black attempted to + stop this by putting his King at Q B 3 then the White King would enter + through K 5 into Black's King's side and win just as easily.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. P - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. K - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. B - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It is better not to hurry P - K Kt 4 because of P - B 4; for although + White could win in any case, it would take longer. Now the White King + threatens to help by going in through K B 4 after posting the Bishop <!-- + Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"></a>{215}</span>at + Kt 7, where it not only protects the Q P, but indirectly also the + Q Kt P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. B - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The student ought to have realised by this time the enormous + importance of playing well every kind of ending. In this game again, + practically from the opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation of + Black's Q P. Once he obtained that, he tried for and obtained, + fortunately, another advantage of position elsewhere which translated + itself into the material advantage of a Pawn. Then by accurate playing in + the ending he gradually forced home his advantage. This ending has the + merit of having been played against one of the finest players in the + world.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 10. PETROFF DEFENCE</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"></a>{216}</span></p> + + <p>Played by Morphy, and a very fine move. The point is that should Black + exchange Queens he will be a move behind in development and consequently + will get a cramped game if White plays accurately.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Marshall thought at the time that this was the best move and + consequently played it in preference to Q × Q ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Q - Kt 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. B - Q 3 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig131.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig131.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>It is now time to examine the result of the opening. On White's side + we find the minor pieces well posted and the Queen out in a somewhat odd + place, it is true, but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn. + <!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page217"></a>{217}</span>White is also ready to Castle. White's + position is evidently free from danger and his pieces can easily + manœuvre.</p> + + <p>On Black's side the first thing we notice is that he has retained both + his Bishops, unquestionably an advantage; but on the other hand we find + his pieces bunched together too much, and the Queen in danger of being + attacked without having any good square to go to. The Bishop at K 2 has + no freedom and it blocks the Queen, which, in its turn, blocks the + Bishop. Besides, Black cannot Castle on the King's side because Q × P, + R - Kt 1; Q - K 4 threatening mate, wins a Pawn. Nor can he Castle on the + Queen's side because Q - R 5 would put Black's game in imminent danger, + since he cannot play P - R 3 because of B × P; nor can he play K - Kt 1 + because of Kt - Kt 5. Consequently we must conclude that the opening is + all in White's favour.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To make room for his Queen, threatening also P - Kt 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P - K R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>giving up a Pawn in an attempt to free his game and take the + initiative. It was difficult for him to find a move, as White threatened + Kt - K 4, and should Black go with the Queen to Kt 2, then P - Q 5, + B - B 4; Kt × P ch, followed by B × B. <!-- Page 218 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page218"></a>{218}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P - Q Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In order to break up White's centre and bring his Knight to B 4 and + thus lay the foundation for a violent attack against White's King. The + plan, however, fails, as it always must in such cases, because Black's + development is backward, and consequently his pieces are not properly + placed.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Kt - Q 5 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly. Black will now + have no concerted action of his pieces, and, as his Pawns are all weak, + he will sooner or later lose them.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig132.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"></a>{219}</span></p> + + <p>The fact that he has to exchange Queens when he is a Pawn behind shows + that Black's game is lost.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Kt × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. Q R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The Knight was too threatening. But now the ending brought about is + one in which the Bishop is stronger than the Knight; which makes Black's + plight a desperate one. The game has no further interest, and it is only + because of its value as a study of this variation of the Petroff that I + have given it. Black was able to fight it out until the sixtieth move on + account of some poor play on White's part. The rest of the moves are + given merely as a matter of form.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. B - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P × P ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. R - B 1 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. R - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Q B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. P - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. R - Q B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> +<!-- Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page220"></a>{220}</span> + </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. R - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. R - B 7 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. K - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. P - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q B 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. R - B 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 8</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. P - Q Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47. R - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48. R × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49. R - Q R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50. P - R 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51. R - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 53. K - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 54. K - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 55. K - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 56. P - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 57. P - Kt 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 58. K × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 59. P - Kt 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 60. P - R 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 61. K - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page221"></a>{221}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 11. RUY LOPEZ</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q P × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>I played this move after having discussed it with Alechin on several + occasions. Alechin considered it, at the time, superior to P - Q 4, which + is generally played. He played it himself later on in the Tournament, in + one of his games against Dr. E. Lasker, and obtained the superior game, + which he only lost through a blunder.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q B 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P - B 3 is probably the best move in this position. I do not like the + text move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K Kt 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. B - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This opens the K B file for White, and also reinforces his centre, but + Black naturally did not want to make a second move with this Bishop.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. P × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O - O</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Bold play, typical of Janowski. <!-- Page 222 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page222"></a>{222}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. Q - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig133.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig133.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The problem for White now is to advance his Q Kt P to Kt 5 as fast as + he can. If he plays P - Q Kt 4 at once, Black simply takes it. If he + plays first P - Q R 3 and then P - Q Kt 4, he will still have to protect + his Q Kt P before he can go on and play P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5. As a + matter of fact White played a rather unusual move, but one which, under + the circumstances, was the best, since after it he could at once play + P - Q Kt 4 and then P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. R - Kt 1 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P - Q R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He simplifies, hoping to lighten White's attack, which will have to be + conducted practically with only the heavy pieces on the board. He may + have also done it in order to play Kt - Kt 4 and K 3. <!-- Page 223 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page223"></a>{223}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Taking with the Pawn would have opened a possibility for a counter + attack.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>He is forced to this in order to avoid the breaking up of his Queen's + side Pawns. The only alternative would have been P - Q Kt 4; which on the + face of it looks bad.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig134.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig134.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The White Knight is now a tower of strength. Behind it White will be + able to prepare an attack, which will begin with P - Q 4, to drive away + the Black Queen and thus leave himself free to play P - B 5. There is + only one thing to take care of and that <!-- Page 224 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page224"></a>{224}</span>is to prevent Black + from sacrificing the Rook for the Knight and a Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. Q - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Had White on his 19th move played K R - B 1 instead of R - B 2, Black + could have played now instead of the text move, R × Kt; K P × R, + Q × P ch; followed by Kt - B 4 with a winning game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It would have been better for Black to play K - Q 1. The text move + loses very rapidly.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. R - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 5</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - B 6 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × P (Q 2)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. P - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. Q - B 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225"></a>{225}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 12. FRENCH DEFENCE</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. Kt - Q B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not the most favoured move, but a perfectly natural developing one, + and consequently it cannot be bad.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4 ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>P - Q B 4 is generally played in this case instead of the text + move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Kt × Kt ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig135.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig135.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 226 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226"></a>{226}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is played to prevent P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, which is + the general form of development for Black in this variation. If Black now + plays 8...P - Q Kt 3; 9. B - Kt 5 ch, B - Q 2; 10. Kt - K 5 and White + obtains a considerable advantage in position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B - K Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course Black could not play P - Q Kt 3 because of B × Kt, followed + by Q - K 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This weakens Black's King's side. R - K 1 was the right move.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig136.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is merely giving up a Pawn in order to come out quickly with his + Q B. But as he does not obtain <!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page227"></a>{227}</span>any compensation for his Pawn, the move is + bad. He should have played Q - Q 4 and tried to fight the game out that + way. It might have continued thus: 13. Q - B 4, B - Kt 2; 14. Q × B P, + B × P; 15. Kt × B, Q × Kt; 16. O - O - O with considerable advantage of + position for White. The text move might be considered a mild form of + suicide.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Q - K B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. O - O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. R × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. Q - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - Q 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. K R - Q 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A better plan would have been to play R - K 1, threatening + P - K 6.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course if B × P; Kt × B, Q × Kt; R - K 3. Black with a Pawn minus + fights very hard.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The Pawn had now to be defended after Black's last move, because after + B × P; Kt × B, Q × Kt; <!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page228"></a>{228}</span>R - K 3, Black could now play Q - Kt 1 + defending the Rook.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q B 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. K - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White's plan now is to <i>fix</i> the Queen's side in order to be able + to manœuvre freely on the other side, where he has the advantage of + material.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. R - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig137.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig137.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black sees that he now stands in his best defensive position, and + therefore waits for White to show how he intends to break through. He + notices, of course, that the White Knight is in the way of the K B P, + which cannot advance to K B 4 to defend, or support rather, the Pawn at + K 5. <!-- Page 229 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page229"></a>{229}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. P - Q Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. K - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. R - Q 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. R - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P - K Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. Q - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Q - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig138.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig138.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>Black persists in waiting for developments. He sees that if P - K R 5, + P × P; P × P, the Queen goes to R 6, and White will have to face serious + difficulties. In this situation White decides that the only course is to + bring his King to K Kt 3, so as to defend the squares K R 3 and K Kt 4, + where the Black Queen might otherwise become a source of annoyance.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. K - K 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. K - Kt 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. K - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 1</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"></a>{230}</span></p> + + <p>Now that he has completed his march with the King, White is ready to + advance.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig139.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig139.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. P - K R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>39...P - K Kt 4 would be answered by Q - B 5, with a winning game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Against K - Kt 1; White would play Q - Kt 4, practically forcing the + exchange of Queens, after which White would have little trouble in + winning the ending, since Black's Bishop could not do much damage in the + resulting position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. Q - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black overlooks the force of 42 R - Q 7. His best defence was R - Q 1; + against which White could either advance the King or play Kt - R 4, + threatening Kt - Kt 6 ch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42. R - Q7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B × P ch</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"></a>{231}</span></p> + + <p>This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether hopeless.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44. Kt × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - Kt 2 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45. K - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The interest of this game centres mainly on the opening and on the + march of the White King during the final stage of the game. It is an + instance of the King becoming a fighting piece, even while the Queens are + still on the board.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 13. RUY LOPEZ</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In this form of defence of the Ruy Lopez the development of the K B + via Kt 2 is, I think, of great importance. The Bishop at Kt 2 exerts + great pressure along the long diagonal. At the same time the position of + the Bishop and Pawns in front of the King, once it is Castled, is one of + great defensive strength. Therefore, in this form of development, the + Bishop, <!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page232"></a>{232}</span>we might say, exerts its maximum strength + (Compare this note with the one in the Capablanca-Burn game at San + Sebastian, page <a href="#page197">197</a>.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course not K Kt - K 2; because of Kt - Q 5. The alternative would + have been P - B 3; to be followed by K Kt - K 2; but in this position it + is preferable to have the Kt at K B 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. Q - Q 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>An error of judgment. White wants to keep the Knight pinned, but it + was more important to prevent Black from Castling immediately. B - K B 4 + would have done this.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. O - O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he intended to play to + win or lose, throwing safety to the winds. The Black Bishop at Kt 2 + becomes a very powerful attacking piece. The strategical disposition of + the Black pieces is now far superior to White's, therefore it will be + Black who will take the offensive.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page233"></a>{233}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig140.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig140.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>White wanted to keep his Q R on the open file, and consequently brings + over his other Rook to the centre to defend his K P, which Black + threatened to win by P - K Kt 4, followed by Kt × P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now that the K R is in the centre, Black can safely advance, since, in + order to attack on the King's side, White would have to shift his Rooks, + which he cannot do so long as Black keeps up the pressure in the + centre.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. B - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K R 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the long diagonal, and at + the same time preventing P - K 5, which would be answered by Kt × B; + P × Kt, Kt × P; etc., winning a Pawn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. Kt - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Black drives the Bishop away so as to <i>unpin</i> his pieces and be + able to manœuvre freely. <!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page234"></a>{234}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. B - Q 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear against the + King's position.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig141.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig141.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>With the last move White not only blocks the action of Black's K B, + but he also aims at placing his Bishop at Q Kt 1 and his Queen at Q B 2, + and then advancing his K P, to check at K R 7.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 4 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Initiating an attack to which there is no reply, and which has for its + ultimate object either the winning of the White Q B or cutting it off + from the game. (Compare this game with the Winter-Capablanca game at + Hastings.)</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 5</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The Bishop is now out of action. White naturally counter attacks + violently against the seemingly <!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page235"></a>{235}</span>exposed position of the Black King, and, + with very good judgment, even offers the Bishop.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig142.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig142.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. P × P !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Taking the Bishop would be dangerous, if not actually bad, while the + text move accomplishes Black's object, which is to put the Bishop out of + action.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. R - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This move unquestionably loses time. Since he would have to retire his + Bishop to R 2 sooner or later, he might have done it immediately. It is + doubtful, however, if at this stage of the game it would be possible for + White to save the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. Kt × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × Kt</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>It was difficult to decide which way to retake. I <!-- Page 236 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"></a>{236}</span>took with the + Rook in order to have it prepared for a possible attack against the + King.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. B - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now that the White Bishop has been driven back, Black wants to get rid + of White's strongly posted Knight at Q 5, which blocks the attack of the + Bishop at B 2. It may be said that the Knight at Q 5 is the key to + White's defence.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig143.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig143.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White strives not only to have play for his Bishop, but also he wants + to break up Black's Pawns in order to counter-attack. The alternative + would have been 23 Kt × Kt ch, Q × Kt; and Black would be threatening + R - R 4, and also Q - K 3. The student should notice that Black's + drawback in all this is the fact that he is playing minus the services of + his Q R. It is this fact that makes it possible for White to hold out + longer. <!-- Page 237 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page237"></a>{237}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig144.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig144.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. Kt - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Kt - Kt 4 was the alternative, but in any event White could not resist + the attack. I leave it to the reader to work this out for himself, as the + variations are so numerous that they would take up too much space.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - R 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. R × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. Kt - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This forces the King to the corner, where he will be in a mating + net.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. K - R 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Now at last the Q R enters into the game and soon the battle is + over.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If R × P, R - K 8 ch; R - Q 1, R (K 1) - K 7. <!-- Page 238 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page238"></a>{238}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 8 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. R × R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × R ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. K - R 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - B 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. K - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>the quickest way to finish the game.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. B × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. K - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. P × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 5 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × P ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. K - R 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. R - Q 8 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - R 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41. R - Q 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very lively game.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">GAME 14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 1. P - Q 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 2. Kt - K B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - K B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 3. P - B 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 4. Kt - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q Kt - Q 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 5. B - Kt 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - K 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 6. P - K 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O - O</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 7. R - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - B 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is one of the oldest systems of defence against the Queen's + Gambit. I had played it before in this Tournament against Kostic, and no + doubt Marshall expected it. At times I change my defences, <!-- Page 239 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"></a>{239}</span>or rather + systems of defence; on the other hand, during a Tournament, if one of + them has given me good results, I generally play it all the time.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 8. Q - B 2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 9. B × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - Q 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10. B × B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11. O - O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × Kt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12. Q × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q Kt 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is the key to this system of defence. Having simplified the game + considerably by a series of exchanges, Black will now develop his Q B + along the long diagonal without having created any apparent weakness. The + proper development of the Q B is Black's greatest problem in the Queen's + Gambit.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13. P - K 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B - Kt 2</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14. K R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K R - Q 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig145.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig145.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> + <p>The developing stage can now be said to be complete on both sides. The + opening is over and the middle-game begins. White, as is generally the + case, has <!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page240"></a>{240}</span>obtained the centre. Black, on the other + hand, is entrenched in his first three ranks, and if given time will post + his Q R at Q B 1 and his Knight at K B 3, and finally play P - Q B 4, in + order to break up White's centre and give full action to the Black Bishop + posted at Q Kt 2. In this game White attempts to anticipate that plan by + initiating an advance on the centre, which, when carefully analysed, is + truly an attack against Black's K P.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P - Q 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt - B 4 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Against Kostic in a previous game I had played Kt - B 1. It was + carelessness on my part, but Marshall believed differently, otherwise he + would not have played this variation, since, had he analysed this move, + he would, I think, have realised that Black would obtain an excellent + game. Black now threatens not only B P × P; but also Kt × P; followed by + B P × P. The position is very interesting and full of possibilities.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig146.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig146.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page241"></a>{241}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16. P × K P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt × P (K 3)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17. B × Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × B</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>played under the impression that White had to lose time in defending + his Q R P, when I could play P - Q B 4, obtaining a very superior game. + But, as will be seen, my opponent had quite a little surprise for me.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. Kt - Q 4 !</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig147.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig147.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q - K 4 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Of course, if 18...Q × R P; 19 R - R 1 would win the Queen. The text + move is probably the only satisfactory move in the position. The obvious + move would have been Q - Q 2 to defend the Q B P, and then would have + come 19 Kt - B 5, P - B 3; 20 Q - K Kt 3 (threatening Q R - Q 1), + K - R 1; 21 Q R - Q 1, Q - K B 2; 22 P - K R 4, with a tremendous + advantage in position. The text move, on the other hand, assures Black an + even game at the very least, as will soon be seen. <!-- Page 242 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page242"></a>{242}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19. Kt × P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q × Q</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20. R × Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. R - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A very serious error of judgment. White is under the impression that + he has the better game, because he is a Pawn ahead, but that is not so. + The powerful position of the Black Rook at Q 7 fully compensates Black + for the Pawn minus. Besides, the Bishop is better with Rooks than the + Knight (see pages <a href="#page48">48</a>-56, where the relative values + of the Knight and Bishop are compared), and, as already stated, with + Pawns on both sides of the board the Bishop is superior because of its + long range. Incidentally, this ending will demonstrate the great power of + the Bishop. White's best chance was to take a draw at once, thus. + 21 Kt - K 7 ch K - B 1; 22 R - B 7 R - K 1 (not B × P; because P - B 3 + would give White the best of it); 23 R × B (best; not Kt - Kt 6 ch, + because of B P × Kt; followed by R × K P), R × Kt; 24 R - Kt 8 ch, + R - K 1; 25 R × R ch, K × R, and with proper play White will draw.</p> + + <p>It is curious that, although a Pawn ahead, White is the one who is + always in danger. It is only now, after seeing this analysis, that the + value of Black's 18th move Q - K 4 can be fully appreciated.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 1</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>With this powerful move Black begins, against White's centre, an + assault which will soon be shifted against <!-- Page 243 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page243"></a>{243}</span>the King itself. White + is afraid to play 22 P - B 3 because of P - B 4.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22. P - K 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - K Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent P - B 4. The White Knight is practically pinned, because he + does not dare move on account of R × K P.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig148.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig148.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. P - K R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>This is a sequel to the previous move. White expects to disrupt + Black's Pawns, and thus make them weak.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P × P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Though doubled and isolated this Pawn exercises enormous pressure. + Black now threatens R - K 3; to be followed by R - Kt 3 and P - R 6 and + R 7 at the proper time.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. R - K 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>White cannot stand the slow death any longer. <!-- Page 244 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page244"></a>{244}</span>He sees danger + everywhere, and wants to avert it by giving up his Queen's side Pawns, + expecting to regain his fortunes later on by taking the initiative on the + King's side.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - K 3 !</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Much better than taking Pawns. This forces White to defend the Knight + with the Rook at K 1, because of the threat R - Kt 3.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25. R (K1) - Q B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 2</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Preparatory to R - Kt 3. The game is going to be decided on the King's + side, and it is the isolated double Pawn that will supply the finishing + touch.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26. P - Q Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Kt 4</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>To prevent P - Kt 5, defending the Knight and liberating the + Rooks.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27. P - R 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 7</td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig149.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig149.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 245 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page245"></a>{245}</span></p> + + <p>Notice the remarkable position of the pieces. White cannot move + anything without incurring some loss. His best chance would have been to + play 29 P - K 6, but that would only have prolonged the game, which is + lost in any case.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29. K - Kt 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 6</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30. P - Kt 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - Q R 3</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Again forcing White to move and to lose something thereby, as all his + pieces are tied up.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/Fig150.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig150.jpg" + alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a> + </div> +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31. P - K 6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R × K P</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Not even now can White move the Knight because of P - R 7 ch; K × P, + R - R 3 ch; K - Kt 1, R - R 8 mate.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32. P - Kt 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - R 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. P - B 3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If 33 P - Kt 5, P - R 7 ch; 34 K - R 1, R × Kt; 35 R × R, R × P, + winning easily. <!-- Page 246 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page246"></a>{246}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33. ........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Q 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34. Kt - K 7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R (Q3) - Q 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35. Kt - B 5 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - B 3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36. Kt - R 4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K - Kt 4</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37. Kt - B 5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R - Kt 7 ch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38. K - B 1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P - R 7</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39. P - B 4 ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K × B P</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40. Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>An ending worth very careful study.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Notes</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> The value of the initiative is + explained in section 20, p. <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> See page <a + href="#page37">37</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> See page <a + href="#page13">13</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> Full score and notes are given in + My Chess Career, by J. R. Capablanca (Game No. 11).</p> + + <p><a name="Nt5" href="#NtA5">[5]</a> This position is elaborated under + Example 50 (p. <a href="#page80">80</a>.).</p> + + <p><a name="Nt6" href="#NtA6">[6]</a> We give, from now on, games and + notes, so that the student may familiarise himself with the many and + varied considerations that constantly are borne in mind by the Chess + Master. We must take it for granted that the student has already reached + a stage where, while not being able fully to understand every move, yet + he can derive benefit from any discussion with regard to them.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt7" href="#NtA7">[7]</a> A "hole" in chess parlance has come + to mean a defect in Pawn formation which allows the opponent to establish + his forces in wedge formation or otherwise without the possibility of + dislodging him by Pawn moves. Thus, in the following diagram, Black has + two holes at K B 3 and K R 3, where White forces, e.g. a Kt or B, could + establish themselves, supported by pieces or Pawns.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt8" href="#NtA8">[8]</a> See game Capablanca-Kupchick, from + Havana International Masters Tournament Book, 1913, by J. R. Capablanca; + or a game in the Carlsbad Tournament of 1911, Vidmar playing Black + against Alechin.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt9" href="#NtA9">[9]</a> See Niemzowitch's game in the All + Russian Masters Tournament, 1914, at St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I + believe.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt10" href="#NtA10">[10]</a> See Capablanca-Janowski game, + New York Masters Tournament, 1913.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Chess Fundamentals, by José Raúl Capablanca + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHESS FUNDAMENTALS *** + +***** This file should be named 33870-h.htm or 33870-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/8/7/33870/ + +Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Suzanne Shell, Jana Srna, +Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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