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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chess Fundamentals, by Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chess Fundamentals
+
+Author: Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #33870]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHESS FUNDAMENTALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Suzanne Shell, Jana Srna,
+Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOS� R. CAPABLANCA]
+
+CHESS
+FUNDAMENTALS
+
+BY
+
+JOS� R. CAPABLANCA
+
+_CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD_
+
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.
+LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY
+
+HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.
+
+� 1949 BY OLGA CAPABLANCA
+
+_All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
+transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
+including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
+system, without permission in writing from the publisher._
+
+_Seventeenth Printing_
+
+
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+_Chess Fundamentals_ was first published thirteen years ago. Since then
+there have appeared at different times a number of articles dealing with
+the so-called Hypermodern Theory. Those who have read the articles may well
+have thought that something new, of vital importance, had been discovered.
+The fact is that the Hypermodern Theory is merely the application, during
+the opening stages generally, of the same old principles through the medium
+of somewhat new tactics. There has been no change in the fundamentals. The
+change has been only a change of form, and not always for the best at that.
+
+In chess the tactics may change but the strategic fundamental principles
+are always the same, so that _Chess Fundamentals_ is as good now as it was
+thirteen years ago. It will be as good a hundred years from now; as long in
+fact as the laws and rules of the game remain what they are at present. The
+reader may therefore go over the contents of the book with the assurance
+that there is in it everything he needs, and that there is nothing to be
+added and nothing to be changed. _Chess Fundamentals_ was the one standard
+work of its kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly believes that it
+is the one standard work of its kind now.
+
+J. R. CAPABLANCA
+
+_New York_
+
+_Sept. 1, 1934_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF CONTENTS
+
+  PART I
+
+  CHAPTER I
+
+  First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings
+
+                                                          PAGE
+
+  1. SOME SIMPLE MATES                                       3
+
+  2. PAWN PROMOTION                                          9
+
+  3. PAWN ENDINGS                                           13
+
+  4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME              19
+
+  5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES                           24
+
+  6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING                        25
+
+  7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE                                  28
+
+  8. TRAPS                                                  32
+
+  CHAPTER II
+
+  FURTHER PRINCIPLES IN END-GAME PLAY
+
+  9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE                                   35
+
+  10. A CLASSICAL ENDING                                    37
+
+  11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN                               40
+
+  12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL BE THE FIRST TO QUEEN 41
+
+  13. THE OPPOSITION                                        43
+
+  14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP               50
+
+  15. HOW TO MATE WITH KNIGHT AND BISHOP                    59
+
+  16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK                                    62
+
+  CHAPTER III
+
+  PLANNING A WIN IN MIDDLE-GAME PLAY
+
+  17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID OF KNIGHTS                  68
+
+  18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A PROMINENT FORCE           71
+
+  19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK                            75
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+
+  GENERAL THEORY
+
+  20. THE INITIATIVE                                        77
+
+  21. DIRECT ATTACKS EN MASSE                               78
+
+  22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED ATTACK                    82
+
+  23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE                          89
+
+  24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE OF ACTION           94
+
+  25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A SPECIMEN GAME      99
+
+  CHAPTER V
+
+  END-GAME STRATEGY
+
+  26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE              111
+
+  27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION                        120
+
+  28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS                      122
+
+  29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS              127
+
+  30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS _v._ ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS   138
+  (A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst
+  imposing restraint.)
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+
+  FURTHER OPENINGS AND MIDDLE-GAMES
+
+  31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS                      143
+
+  32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM A RUY LOPEZ
+  (showing the weakness of a backward Q B P; the
+  power of a Pawn at K 5, etc.)                            146
+
+  33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"                            150
+
+  PART II
+
+  ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES
+
+  GAME.
+
+   1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (MATCH, 1909)                159
+      White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (SAN SEBASTIAN, 1911)        163
+      White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE (HAVANA, 1913)                     169
+      White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   4. FRENCH DEFENCE (ST. PETERSBURG, 1913)                174
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
+
+   5. RUY LOPEZ (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)                     181
+      White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   6. FRENCH DEFENCE (RICE MEMORIAL TOURNAMENT, 1916)      189
+      White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   7. RUY LOPEZ (SAN SEBASTIAN, 1911)                      197
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn.
+
+   8. CENTRE GAME (BERLIN, 1913)                           201
+      White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (BERLIN, 1913)               209
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.
+
+  10. PETROFF DEFENCE (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)               215
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall.
+
+  11. RUY LOPEZ (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)                     221
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+  12. FRENCH DEFENCE (NEW YORK, 1918)                      225
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes.
+
+  13. RUY LOPEZ (NEW YORK, 1918)                           231
+      White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J.R. Capablanca.
+
+  14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (NEW YORK, 1918)             238
+      White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J.R. Capablanca.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{3}
+
+CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
+
+PART I
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+FIRST PRINCIPLES: ENDINGS, MIDDLE-GAME AND OPENINGS
+
+The first thing a student should do, is to familiarise himself with the
+power of the pieces. This can best be done by learning how to accomplish
+quickly some of the simple mates.
+
+1. SOME SIMPLE MATES
+
+EXAMPLE 1.--The ending Rook and King against King.
+
+_The principle is to drive the opposing King to the last line on any side
+of the board_.
+
+[Illustration] {4}
+
+In this position the power of the Rook is demonstrated by the first move,
+R - R 7, which immediately confines the Black King to the last rank, and
+the mate is quickly accomplished by: 1 R - R 7, K - Kt 1; 2 K - Kt 2.
+
+The combined action of King and Rook is needed to arrive at a position in
+which mate can be forced. The general principle for a beginner to follow is
+to
+
+_keep his King as much as possible on the same rank, or, as in this case,
+file, as the opposing King._
+
+When, in this case, the King has been brought to the sixth rank, it is
+better to place it, not on the same file, but on the one next to it towards
+the centre.
+
+2...K - B 1; 3 K - B 3, K - K 1; 4 K - K 4, K - Q 1; 5 K - Q 5, K - B 1;
+6 K - Q 6.
+
+Not K - B 6, because then the Black King will go back to Q 1 and it will
+take much longer to mate. If now the King moves back to Q 1, R - R 8 mates
+at once.
+
+6...K - Kt 1; 7 R - Q B 7, K - R 1; 8 K - B 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - Kt 6,
+K - R 1; 10 R - B 8 mate.
+
+It has taken exactly ten moves to mate from the original position. On move
+5 Black could have played K - K 1, and, according to principle, White would
+have continued 6 K - Q 6, K - B 1 (the Black King will ultimately be forced
+to move in front of the White King and be mated by R - R 8); 7 K - K 6,
+K - Kt 1; 8 K - B 6, K - R 1; 9 K - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 10 R - R 8 mate. {5}
+
+EXAMPLE 2.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Since the Black King is in the centre of the board, the best way to proceed
+is to advance your own King thus: 1 K - K 2, K - Q 4; 2 K - K 3. As the
+Rook has not yet come into play, it is better to advance the King straight
+into the centre of the board, not in front, but to one side of the other
+King. Should now the Black King move to K 4, the Rook drives it back by
+R - R 5 ch. On the other hand, if 2... K - B 5 instead, then also
+3 R - R 5. If now 3... K - Kt 5, there follows 4 K - Q 3; but if instead
+3... K - B 6; then 4 R - R 4, keeping the King confined to as few squares
+as possible.
+
+Now the ending may continue: 4...K - B 7; 5 R - B 4 ch, K - Kt 6;
+6 K - Q 3, K - Kt 7; 7 R - Kt 4 ch, K - R 6; 8 K - B 3, K - R 7. It should
+be noticed how often the White King has moved next to the Rook, not only to
+defend it, but also to reduce the mobility of the opposing King. Now {6}
+White mates in three moves thus: 9 R - R 4 ch, K - Kt 8; 10 R -  any square
+on the Rook's file, forcing the Black King in front of the White, K - B 8;
+11 R - R 1 mate. It has taken eleven moves to mate, and, under any
+conditions, I believe it should be done in under twenty. While it may be
+monotonous, it is worth while for the beginner to practice such things, as
+it will teach him the proper handling of his pieces.
+
+EXAMPLE 3.--Now we come to two Bishops and King against King.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Since the Black King is in the corner, White can play 1 B - Q 3, K - Kt 2;
+2 B - K Kt 5, K - B 2; 3 B - B 5, and already the Black King is confined to
+a few squares. If the Black King, in the original position, had been in the
+centre of the board, or away from the last row, White should have advanced
+his King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops, restricted {7} the Black
+King's movements to as few squares as possible.
+
+We might now continue: 3...K - Kt 2; 4 K - B 2. In this ending the Black
+King must not only be driven to the edge of the board, but he must also be
+forced into a corner, and, before a mate can be given, the White King must
+be brought to the sixth rank and, at the same time, in one of the last two
+files; in this case either K R 6, K Kt 6, K B 7, K B 8, and as K R 6 and
+K Kt 6 are the nearest squares, it is to either of these squares that the
+King ought to go. 4...K - B 2; 5 K - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; 6 K - R 4, K - B 2;
+7 K - R 5, K - Kt 2; 8 B - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - R 6, K - B 1. White must
+now mark time and move one of the Bishops, so as to force the Black King to
+go back; 10 B - R 5, K - Kt 1; 11 B - K 7, K - R 1. Now the White Bishop
+must take up a position from which it can give check next move along the
+White diagonal, when the Black King moves back to Kt 1. 12 B - K Kt 4,
+K - Kt 1; 13 B - K 6 ch, K - R 1; 14 B - B 6 mate.
+
+It has taken fourteen moves to force the mate and, in any position, it
+should be done in under thirty.
+
+In all endings of this kind, care must be taken not to drift into a stale
+mate.
+
+In this particular ending one should remember that the King must not only
+be driven to the edge of the board, but also into a corner. In all such
+endings, however, it is immaterial whether the King is forced {8} on to the
+last rank, or to an outside file, e.g. K R 5 or Q R 4, K 1 or Q 8.
+
+EXAMPLE 4.--We now come to Queen and King against King. As the Queen
+combines the power of the Rook and the Bishop, it is the easiest mate of
+all and should always be accomplished in under ten moves. Take the
+following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A good way to begin is to make the first move with the Queen, trying to
+limit the Black King's mobility as much as possible. Thus: 1 Q - B 6,
+K - Q 5; 2 K - Q 2. Already the Black King has only one available square
+2...K - K 4; 3 K - K 3, K - B 4; 4 Q - Q 6, K - Kt 4. (Should Black play
+K - Kt 5, then Q - Kt 6 ch); 5 Q - K 6, K - R 5 (if K - R 4, K - B 4 and
+mate next move); 6 Q - K Kt 6, K - R 6; 7 K - B 3, K moves; 8 Q mates.
+
+In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black King must be forced
+to the edge of the board; only {9} the Queen being so much more powerful
+than the Rook, the process is far easier and shorter. These are the three
+elementary endings and in all of these the principle is the same. In each
+case the co-operation of the King is needed. In order to force a mate
+without the aid of the King, at least two Rooks are required.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+2. PAWN PROMOTION
+
+The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage that can be obtained
+in a game; and it often is sufficient to win, even when the Pawn is the
+only remaining unit, apart from the Kings. It is essential, speaking
+generally, that
+
+_the King should be in front of his Pawn, with at least one intervening
+square_.
+
+If the opposing King is directly in front of the Pawn, then the game cannot
+be won. This can best be explained by the following examples.
+
+EXAMPLE 5.
+
+[Illustration] {10}
+
+The position is drawn, and the way to proceed is for Black to keep the King
+always directly in front of the Pawn, and when it cannot be done, as for
+instance in this position because of the White King, then the Black King
+must be kept in front of the White King. The play would proceed thus:
+1 P - K 3, K - K 4; 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 4. This is a very important move. Any
+other move would lose, as will be shown later. As the Black King cannot be
+kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far forward as possible
+and, at the same time, in front of the White King.
+
+3 P - K 4 ch, K - K 4; 4 K - K 3, K - K 3; 5 K - B 4, K - B 3. Again the
+same case. As the White King comes up, the Black King must be kept in front
+of it, since it cannot be brought up to the Pawn.
+
+6 P - K 5 ch, K - K 3; 7 K - K 4, K - K 2; 8 K - Q 5, K - Q 2;
+9 P - K 6 ch, K - K 2; 10 K - K 5, K - K 1; 11 K - Q 6, K - Q 1. If now
+White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in front of it and White must
+either give up the Pawn or play K - K 6, and a stale mate results. If
+instead of advancing the Pawn White withdraws his King, Black brings his
+King up to the Pawn and, when forced to go back, he moves to K _in front_
+of the Pawn ready to come up again or to move in front of the White King,
+as before, should the latter advance.
+
+The whole mode of procedure is very important and the student should become
+thoroughly conversant {11} with its details; for it involves principles to
+be taken up later on, and because many a beginner has lost identical
+positions from lack of proper knowledge. At this stage of the book I cannot
+lay too much stress on its importance.
+
+EXAMPLE 6.--In this position White wins, as the King is in front of his
+Pawn and there is one intervening square.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The method to follow is to
+
+_advance the King as far as is compatible with the safety of the Pawn and
+never to advance the Pawn until it is essential to its own safety_.
+
+Thus:
+
+        1. K - K 4, K - K 3.
+
+Black does not allow the White King to advance, therefore White is now
+compelled to advance his Pawn so as to force Black to move away. He is then
+able to advance his own King.
+
+        2. P - K3, K - B 3; 3. K - Q 5, K - K 2.
+
+{12} If Black had played 3...K - B 4, then White would be forced to advance
+the Pawn to K 4, since he could not advance his King without leaving Black
+the opportunity to play K - K 5, winning the Pawn. Since he has not done
+so, it is better for White not to advance the Pawn yet, since its own
+safety does not require it, but to try to bring the King still further
+forward. Thus:
+
+        4. K - K 5, K - Q 2; 5. K - B 6, K - K 1.
+
+Now the White Pawn is too far back and it may be brought up within
+protection of the King.
+
+        6. P - K 4, K - Q 2.
+
+Now it would not do to play K - B 7, because Black would play K - Q 3, and
+White would have to bring back his King to protect the Pawn. Therefore he
+must continue.
+
+        7. P - K 5, K - K 1.
+
+Had he moved anywhere else, White could have played K - B 7, followed by
+the advance of the Pawn to K 6, K 7, K 8; all these squares being protected
+by the King. As Black tries to prevent that, White must now force him to
+move away, at the same time always keeping the King in front of the Pawn.
+Thus:
+
+        8. K - K 6.
+
+P - K 6 would make it a draw, as Black would then play K - B, and we would
+have a position similar to the one explained in connection with Example 5.
+
+        8...K - B 1;  9. K - Q 7.
+
+{13} King moves and the White Pawn advances to K 8, becomes a Queen, and it
+is all over.
+
+This ending is like the previous one, and for the same reasons should be
+thoroughly understood before proceeding any further.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+3. PAWN ENDINGS
+
+I shall now give a couple of simple endings of two Pawns against one, or
+three against two, that the reader may see how they can be won. Fewer
+explanations will be given, as it is up to the student to work things out
+for himself. Furthermore, nobody can learn how to play well merely from the
+study of a book; it can only serve as a guide and the rest must be done by
+the teacher, if the student has one; if not, the student must realise by
+long and bitter experience the practical application of the many things
+explained in the book.
+
+EXAMPLE 7.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{14} In this position White cannot win by playing 1 P - B 6, because Black
+plays, not P � P, which would lose, but 1...K - Kt 1, and if then 2 P � P,
+K � P, and draws, as shown in a previous case. If 2 P - B 7 ch, K - B 1,
+and White will never be able to Queen his Pawn without losing it. If
+2 K - K 7, P � P; 3 K � P, K - B 1, and draws. White, however, can win the
+position given in the diagram by playing:
+
+1 K - Q 7, K - Kt 1; 2 K - K 7, K - R 1; 3 P - B 6, P � P. If 3...K - Kt 1;
+4 P - B 7 ch, K - R 1; 5 P - B 8 (Q) mate.
+
+4 K - B 7, P - B 4; 5 P - Kt 7 ch, K - R 2; 6 P - Kt 8 (Q) ch, K - R 3;
+7 Q - Kt 6 mate.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 8.--In the above position White can't win by 1 P - B 5. Black's
+best answer would be P - Kt 3 draws. (The student should work this out.) He
+cannot win by 1 P - Kt 5, because P - Kt 3 draws. (This, because of the
+principle of the "_opposition_" {15} which governs this ending as well as
+all the Pawn-endings already given, and which will be explained more fully
+later on.)
+
+White can win, however, by playing: 1 K - K 4, K - K 3. (If 1...P - Kt 3;
+2 K - Q 4, K - K 3; 3 K - B 5, K - B 3; 4 K - Q 6, K - B 2; 5 P - Kt 5,
+K - Kt 2; 6 K - K 7, K - Kt 1; 7 K - B 6, K - R 2; 8 K - B 7 and White wins
+the Pawn.)
+
+2 P - B 5 ch, K - B 3; 3 K - B 4, P - Kt 3. (If this Pawn is kept back we
+arrive at the ending shown in Example 7.) 4 P - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2;
+5 P - B 6, K - K 3; 6 K - K 4, K - B 2; 7 K - K 5, K - B 1. White cannot
+force his Bishop's Pawn into Q (find out why), but by giving his Pawn up he
+can win the other Pawn and the game. Thus:
+
+8 P - B 7, K � P; 9 K - Q 6, K - B 1; 10 K - K 6, K - Kt 2; 11 K - K 7,
+K - Kt 1; 12 K - B 6, K - R 2; 13 K - B 7, K - R 1; 14 K � P , K - Kt 1.
+
+There is still some resistance in Black's position. In fact, the only way
+to win is the one given here, as will easily be seen by experiment.
+
+15 K - R 6 (if K - B 6, K - R 2; and in order to win White must get back to
+the actual position, as against 16 P - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1 draws), K - R 1;
+16 P - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 17 P - Kt 7, K - B 2; 18 K - R 7, and White queens
+the Pawn and wins.
+
+This ending, apparently so simple, should show the student the enormous
+difficulties to be surmounted, {16} even when there are hardly any pieces
+left, when playing against an adversary who knows how to use the resources
+at his disposal, and it should show the student, also, the necessity of
+paying strict attention to these elementary things which form the basis of
+true mastership in Chess.
+
+EXAMPLE 9.--In this ending
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White can win by advancing any of the three Pawns on the first move, but it
+is convenient to follow the general rule, whenever there is no good reason
+against it, of _advancing the Pawn that has no Pawn opposing it_. Thus we
+begin by--
+
+        1. P - B 5, K - K 2.
+
+If P - Kt 3, P - B 6; and we have a similar ending to one of those shown
+above. If 1...P - R 3; 2 P - Kt 5.
+
+        2. K - K 5, K - B 2; 3. P - Kt 5, K - K 2.
+
+{17} If 3...P - Kt 3; 4 P - B 6, and if 3...P - R 3; 4 P - Kt 6 ch, and in
+either case we have a similar ending to one of those already shown.
+
+        4. P - R 5,
+
+and by following it up with P - Kt 6 we have the same ending previously
+shown. Should Black play 4...P - Kt 3, then R P � P, P � P; P - B 6 ch with
+the same result.
+
+Having now seen the cases when the Pawns are all on one side of the board
+we shall now examine a case when there are Pawns on both sides of the
+board.
+
+EXAMPLE 10.--In these cases the general rule is to _act immediately on the
+side where you have the superior forces_. Thus we have:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        1. P - K Kt 4.
+
+{18} It is generally advisable to advance the Pawn that is free from
+opposition.
+
+        1. ........               P - Q R 4.
+
+Black makes an advance on the other side, and now White considers whether
+or not he should stop the advance. In this case either way wins, but
+generally the advance should be stopped when the opposing King is far away.
+
+        2. P - Q R 4, K - B 3; 3. P - R 4, K - K 3.
+
+If 3...K - Kt 3, then simple counting will show that White goes to the
+other side with his King, wins the P at Q R 4, and then Queens his single
+Pawn long before Black can do the same.
+
+        4. P - Kt 5, K - B 2; 5. K - B 5, K - Kt 2; 6. P - R 5, K - B 2.
+
+If 6...P - R 3; 7 P - Kt 6, and then the two Pawns defend themselves and
+White can go to the other side with his King, to win the other Pawn.
+
+        7. K - K 5.
+
+Now it is time to go to the other side with the King, win the Black Pawn
+and Queen the single Pawn. This is typical of all such endings and should
+be worked out by the student in this case and in similar cases which he can
+put up. {19}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME
+
+By the time the student has digested all that has been previously
+explained, he, no doubt, is anxious to get to the actual game and play with
+all the pieces. However, before considering the openings, we shall devote a
+little time to some combinations that often arise during the game, and
+which will give the reader some idea of the beauty of the game, once he
+becomes better acquainted with it.
+
+EXAMPLE 11.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is Black's move, and thinking that White merely threatens to play
+Q - R 6 and to mate at K Kt 7, Black plays 1 ... R - K 1, threatening mate
+by way of R - K 8. White now uncovers his real and most effective threat,
+viz.:
+
+1 ... R - K 1; 2 Q � P ch, K � Q; 3 R - R 3 ch, K - Kt 1; 4 R - R 8 mate.
+{20}
+
+This same type of combination may come as the result of a somewhat more
+complicated position.
+
+EXAMPLE 12.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is a piece behind, and unless he can win it back quickly he will
+lose; he therefore plays:
+
+        1. Kt � Kt                B - Kt 4
+
+He cannot take the Kt because White threatens mate by Q � P ch followed by
+R - R 3 ch.
+
+        2. Kt - K 7 ch            Q � Kt
+
+Again if B � Kt; Q � P ch, K � Q; R - R 3 ch, King moves; R - R 8 mate.
+
+        3. R � Q                  B � R
+        4. Q - Q 7
+
+and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains with a Q and a B against a R
+and B, and should therefore win easily. These two examples show the {21}
+danger of advancing the K Kt P one square, after having Castled on that
+side.
+
+EXAMPLE 13.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This is another very interesting type of combination. Black has a R for a
+Kt and should therefore win, unless White is able to obtain some
+compensation immediately. White, in fact, mates in a few moves thus:
+
+        1. Kt - B 6 ch            P � Kt
+
+Forced, otherwise Q X P mates.
+
+        2. Q - Kt 3 ch            K - R 1
+        3. B � P mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 14.--The same type of combination occurs in a more complicated form
+in the following position. {22}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        1. B � Kt                 Q � B.
+
+If ...B � Kt; Q - B 3 threatens mate, and therefore wins the Q, which is
+already attacked.
+
+        2. Kt - B 6 ch            P � Kt
+        3. R - Kt 3 ch            K - R 1
+        4. B � P mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 15.--A very frequent type of combination is shown in the following
+position.
+
+[Illustration] {23}
+
+Here White is the exchange and a Pawn behind, but he can win quickly thus:
+1 B � P ch, K � B. (If 1...K - R 1; 2 Q - K R 5, P - K Kt 3; 3 Q - R 6, and
+wins.)
+
+2 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; 3 Kt - Kt 5, and Black cannot stop mate at K R 7
+except by sacrificing the Queen by Q - K 5, which would leave White with a
+Q for a R.
+
+EXAMPLE 16.--This same type of combination is seen in a more complicated
+form in the following position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White proceeds as follows: 1 Kt � Kt ch (this clears the line for the B);
+B � Kt (to stop the Kt from moving to Kt 5 after the sacrifice of the B);
+2 R � B, Kt � R best; 3 B � P ch, K � B. (If 3..K - R 1; 4 Q - R 5,
+P - K Kt 3; 5 B � P ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 3; 7 P - Kt 5 ch,
+K - K 3; 8 B � P ch, R � B; 9 Q - K 4 mate.) 4 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1;
+5 Kt - Kt 5, R - B 1; {24} 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 1; 7 Q - R 8 ch, Kt - Kt 1;
+8 Kt - R 7 ch, K - K 2; 9 R - K 1 ch, K - Q 1; 10 Q � Kt mate.
+
+This combination is rather long and has many variations, therefore a
+beginner will hardly be able to fathom it; but, knowing the type of
+combination, he might under similar circumstances undertake and carry out a
+brilliant attack which he would otherwise never think of. It will be seen
+that all the combinations shown have for a foundation the proper
+co-ordination of the pieces, which have all been brought to bear against a
+weak point.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES
+
+Before going on to the general principles of the openings, it is advisable
+to give the student an idea of the proper relative value of the pieces.
+There is no complete and accurate table for all of them, and the only thing
+to do is to compare the pieces separately.
+
+For all general theoretical purposes the Bishop and the Knight have to be
+considered as of the same value, though it is my opinion that the Bishop
+will prove the more valuable piece in most cases; and it is well known that
+two Bishops are almost always better than two Knights.
+
+The Bishop will be stronger against Pawns than the Knight, and in
+combination with Pawns will also be stronger against the Rook than the
+Knight will be. {25}
+
+A Bishop and a Rook are also stronger than a Knight and a Rook, but a Queen
+and a Knight may be stronger than a Queen and a Bishop.
+
+A Bishop will often be worth more than three Pawns, but a Knight very
+seldom so, and may even not be worth so much.
+
+A Rook will be worth a Knight and two Pawns, or a Bishop and two Pawns,
+but, as said before, the Bishop will be a better piece against the Rook.
+
+Two Rooks are slightly stronger than a Queen. They are slightly weaker than
+two Knights and a Bishop, and a little more so than two Bishops and a
+Knight. The power of the Knight decreases as the pieces are changed off.
+The power of the Rook, on the contrary, increases.
+
+The King, a purely _defensive_ piece throughout the middle-game, becomes an
+_offensive_ piece once all the pieces are off the board, and sometimes even
+when there are one or two minor pieces left. The handling of the King
+becomes of paramount importance once the end-game stage is reached.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING
+
+The main thing is to _develop the pieces quickly_. Get them into play as
+fast as you can.
+
+From the outset two moves, 1 P - K 4  or 1 P - Q 4, open up lines for the
+Queen and a Bishop. Therefore, theoretically one of these two moves must be
+the best, as no other first move accomplishes so much. {26}
+
+EXAMPLE 17.--Suppose we begin:
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3
+
+This is both an attacking and a developing move. Black can now either reply
+with the identical move or play
+
+        2. ........               Kt - Q B 3
+
+This developing move at the same time defends the King's Pawn.
+
+        3. Kt - B 3               Kt - B 3
+
+These moves are of a purely developing nature.
+
+        4. B - Kt 5
+
+_It is generally advisable not to bring this Bishop out until one Knight is
+out_, preferably the King's Knight. The Bishop could also have been played
+to B 4, but it is advisable whenever possible to combine development and
+attack.
+
+        4. ........               B - Kt 5
+
+Black replies in the same manner, threatening a possible exchange of Bishop
+for Knight with Kt � P to follow.
+
+        5. O - O
+
+an indirect way of preventing 5...B � Kt, which more experience or study
+will show to be bad. At the same time _the Rook is brought into action in
+the centre, a very important point_. {27}
+
+        5. ........               O - O
+
+Black follows the same line of reasoning.
+
+        6. P - Q 3                P - Q 3
+
+These moves have a two-fold object, viz.: to protect the King's Pawn and to
+open the diagonal for the development of the Queen's Bishop.
+
+        7. B - Kt 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A very powerful move, which brings us to the middle-game stage, as there is
+already in view a combination to win quickly by Kt - Q 5. This threat makes
+it impossible for Black to continue the same course. (There is a long
+analysis showing that Black should lose if he also plays B - Kt 5.) He is
+now forced to play 7...B � Kt, as experience has shown, thus bringing up to
+notice three things.
+
+First, the complete development of the opening has taken only seven moves.
+(This varies up to ten or twelve moves in some very exceptional cases. As a
+rule, eight should be enough.) Second, Black has {28} been compelled to
+exchange a Bishop for a Knight, but as a compensation he has isolated
+White's Q R P and doubled a Pawn. (This, at such an early stage of the
+game, is rather an advantage for White, as the Pawn is doubled towards the
+centre of the board.) Third, White by the exchange brings up a Pawn to
+control the square Q 4, puts Black on the defensive, as experience will
+show, and thus keeps _the initiative_, an unquestionable advantage.[1]
+
+The strategical principles expounded above are the same for all the
+openings, only their tactical application varies according to the
+circumstances.
+
+Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on the following point which
+the student should bear in mind.
+
+_Before development has been completed no piece should be moved more than
+once, unless it is essential in order to obtain either material advantage
+or to secure freedom of action._
+
+The beginner would do well to remember this, as well as what has already
+been stated: viz., _bring out the Knights before bringing out the Bishops_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE
+
+The four squares, K 4 and Q 4 on each side respectively, are the centre
+squares, and control of these squares is called control of the centre. _The
+control of the centre is of great importance._ No violent attack can
+succeed without controlling at least two of these {29} squares, and
+possibly three. Many a manoeuvre in the opening has for its sole object the
+control of the centre, which invariably ensures the initiative. It is well
+always to bear this in mind, since it will often be the reason of a series
+of moves which could not otherwise be properly understood. As this book
+progresses I shall dwell more fully on these different points. At present I
+shall devote some time to openings taken at random and explain the moves
+according to general principles. The student will in that way train his
+mind in the proper direction, and will thus have less trouble in finding a
+way out when confronted with a new and difficult situation.
+
+EXAMPLE 18.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+
+A timid move. Black assumes a defensive attitude at once. On principle the
+move is wrong. In the openings, whenever possible, _pieces should be moved
+in preference to Pawns_.
+
+        3. P - Q 4
+
+White takes the offensive immediately and strives to control the centre so
+as to have ample room to deploy his forces.
+
+        3. ........               Kt - Q 2
+
+Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also prefers the text move
+to Kt - Q B 3, which would be the more natural square for the Kt. But on
+{30} principle the move is wrong, because it blocks the action of the
+Queen's Bishop, and instead of facilitating the action of Black's pieces,
+tends, on the contrary, to cramp them.
+
+        4. B - Q B 4              P - K R 3
+
+Black is forced to pay the penalty of his previous move. Such a move on
+Black's part condemns by itself any form of opening that makes it
+necessary. White threatened Kt - Kt 5 and Black could not stop it with
+4...B - K 2, because of 5 P � P, Kt � P (if 5...P � P, 6 Q - Q 5);
+6 Kt � Kt, P � Kt; 7 Q - R 5, and White wins a Pawn and has besides a
+perfectly safe position.
+
+        5. Kt - B 3               K Kt - B 3
+        6. B - K 3                B - K 2
+        7. Q - K 2
+
+It should be noticed that White does not Castle yet. The reason is that he
+wants to deploy his forces first, and through the last move force Black to
+play P - Q B 3 to make room for the Queen as White threatens R - Q 1, to be
+followed by P � P. Black's other alternatives would finally force him to
+play P � P, thus abandoning the centre to White.
+
+        7. ........               P - B 3
+        8. R - Q 1                Q - B 2
+        9. O - O
+
+With this last move White completes his development, while Black is
+evidently somewhat hampered. A simple examination will suffice to show that
+White's position {31} is unassailable. There are no weak spots in his
+armour, and his pieces are ready for any manoeuvre that he may wish to
+carry out in order to begin the attack on the enemy's position. The student
+should carefully study this example. It will show him that it is sometimes
+convenient to delay Castling. I have given the moves as they come to my
+mind without following any standard book on openings. Whether the moves
+given by me agree or not with the standard works, I do not know, but at the
+present stage of this book it is not convenient to enter into discussions
+of mere technicalities which the student will be able to understand when he
+has become more proficient.
+
+EXAMPLE 19.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+        3. P - Q 4                B - Kt 5
+
+A bad move, which violates one of the principles set down, according to
+which at least one Knight should be developed before the Bishops are
+brought out, and also because it exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which in
+the opening is generally bad, unless there is some compensation.
+
+        4. P � P                  B � Kt
+
+4...P � P loses a Pawn.
+
+        5. Q � B                  P � P
+        6. B - Q B 4              Q - B 3
+
+If Kt - B 3; Q - Q Kt 3 wins a Pawn.
+
+{32} /*    7. Q - Q Kt 3 P - Q Kt 3    8. Kt - B 3 P - Q B 3 */
+
+To prevent Kt - Q 5.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen, and White, with a
+Bishop and a Knight already developed, has a chance of obtaining an
+advantage quickly by playing Kt - Q 5 anyway. The student is left to work
+out the many variations arising from this position.
+
+These examples will show the practical application of the principles
+previously enunciated. The student is warned against playing Pawns in
+preference to pieces at the beginning of the game, especially P - K R 3 and
+P - Q R 3, which are moves very commonly indulged in by beginners.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+8. TRAPS
+
+I shall now give a few positions or traps to be avoided in the openings,
+and in which (practice has shown) beginners are often caught. {33}
+
+EXAMPLE 20.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White plays:
+
+        1. P � P                  Kt � P
+
+Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.
+
+        2. Kt � Kt                B � Q
+        3. B � P ch               K - K 2
+        4. Kt - Q 5 mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 21.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{34} Black, having the move, should play P - K 3. But suppose he plays
+Kt - K B 3 instead, then comes--
+
+        1. B � P ch
+
+Kt - K 5 would also give White the advantage, the threat being of course if
+B � Q; 2 B � P mate. Nor does B - R 5 help matters, because of 2 Q � B,
+1... B - K 3 leaves Black with the inferior position. But White's move in
+the text secures an immediate material advantage, and the beginner at any
+rate should never miss such an opportunity for the sake of a speculative
+advantage in position.
+
+        1. ........               K � B
+        2. Kt - K 5 ch            K moves
+        3. Kt � B
+
+and White has won a Pawn besides having the better position.
+
+There are a good many other traps--in fact, there is a book written on
+traps on the chess board; but the type given above is the most common of
+all.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{35}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FURTHER PRINCIPLES IN END-GAME PLAY
+
+We shall now go back to the endings in search of a few more principles,
+then again to the middle-game, and finally to the openings once more, so
+that the advance may not only be gradual but homogeneous. In this way the
+foundation on which we expect to build the structure will be firm and
+solid.
+
+9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the position shown above, White can draw by playing P - Kt 4 according
+to the general rule that governs such cases, i.e. _to advance the Pawn that
+is free from opposition_. But suppose that White, either because he does
+not know this principle or because he {36} does not, in this case,
+sufficiently appreciate the value of its application; suppose, we say, that
+he plays 1 P - Q R 4. Then Black can win by playing 1... P - Q R 4,
+applying one of the cardinal principles of the high strategy of chess--
+
+        _A unit that holds two._
+
+In this case one Pawn would hold two of the opponent's Pawns. The student
+cannot lay too much stress on this principle. It can be applied in many
+ways, and it constitutes one of the principal weapons in the hands of a
+master.
+
+EXAMPLE 22.--The example given should be sufficient proof. We give a few
+moves of the main variation:--
+
+        1. P - R 4                P - Q R 4
+        2. K - Kt 2               K - B 5
+            (Best; see why.)
+        3. P - Kt 4               P � P
+            (Best.)
+        4. P - R 5                P - Kt 6
+        5. P - R 6                P - Kt 7
+        6. P - R 7                P - Kt 8 (Q)
+        7. P - R 8 (Q)            Q - K 5 ch
+        8. Q � Q                  K � Q
+
+This brings the game to a position which is won by Black, and which
+constitutes one of the classical endings of King and Pawns. I shall try to
+explain the guiding idea of it to those not familiar with it. {37}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+10. A CLASSICAL ENDING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 23.--In this position White's best line of defence consists in
+keeping his Pawn where it stands at R 2. As soon as the Pawn is advanced it
+becomes easier for Black to win. On the other hand, Black's plan to win
+(supposing that White does not advance his Pawn) may be divided into three
+parts. The first part will be to get his King to K R 6, at the same time
+keeping intact the position of his Pawns. (This is all important, since, in
+order to win the game, it is essential at the end that Black may be able to
+advance his rearmost Pawn one or two squares according to the position of
+the White King.)
+
+        1. K - Kt 3               K - K 6
+        2. K - Kt 2
+
+If 2 K - Kt 4, K - B 7; 3 P - R 4, P - Kt 3 will win. {38}
+
+        2. ........               K - B 5
+        3. K - B 2                K - Kt 5
+        4. K - Kt 2               K - R 5
+        5. K - Kt 1               K - R 6
+
+The first part has been completed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second part will be short and will consist in advancing the R P up the
+K.
+
+        6. K - R 1                P - R 4
+        7. K - Kt 1               P - R 5
+
+This ends the second part.
+
+[Illustration] {39}
+
+The third part will consist in timing the advance of the Kt P so as to play
+P - Kt 6 when the White King is at R 1. It now becomes evident how
+necessary it is to be able to move the Kt P either one or two squares
+according to the position of the White King, as indicated previously.[2] In
+this case, as it is White's move, the Pawn will be advanced two squares
+since the White King will be in the corner, but if it were now Black's move
+the Kt P should only be advanced one square since the White King is at
+Kt 1.
+
+        8. K - R 1                P - Kt 4
+        9. K - Kt 1               P - Kt 5
+       10. K - R 1                P - Kt 6
+       11. P � P
+
+If K - Kt 1, P - Kt 7.
+
+       11. ........               P � P
+       12. K - Kt 1               P - Kt 7
+       13. K - B 2                K - R 7
+
+and wins.
+
+It is in this analytical way that the student should try to learn. He will
+thus train his mind to follow a logical sequence in reasoning out any
+position. This example is excellent training, since it is easy to divide it
+into three stages and to explain the main point of each part.
+
+The next subject we shall study is the simple {40} opposition, but before
+we devote our time to it I wish to call attention to two things.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
+
+When three or more Pawns are opposed to each other in some such position as
+the one in Example 24, there is always a chance for one side or the other
+of obtaining a passed Pawn.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 24.--In the above position the way of obtaining a passed Pawn is to
+advance the centre Pawn.
+
+        1. P - Kt 6               R P � P
+  If B P � P; P - R 6,
+        2. P - B 6                P � B P
+        3. P - R 6
+
+and as in this case the White Pawn is nearer to Queen than any of the Black
+Pawns, White will {41} win. Now if it had been Black's move Black could
+play
+
+        1. ........               P - Kt 3
+        2. B P � P                B P � P
+
+It would not be advisable to try to obtain a passed Pawn because the White
+Pawns would be nearer to Queen than the single Black Pawn.
+
+        3. P � P                  P � P
+
+and the game properly played would be a draw. The student should work this
+out for himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL BE FIRST TO QUEEN
+
+When two Pawns are free, or will be free, to advance to Queen, you can find
+out, by counting, which Pawn will be the first to succeed.
+
+EXAMPLE 25.--In this position whoever moves first wins.
+
+[Illustration] {42}
+
+The first thing is to find out, by counting, whether the opposing King can
+be in time to stop the passed Pawn from Queening. When, as in this case, it
+cannot be done, the point is to count which Pawn comes in first. In this
+case the time is the same, but the Pawn that reaches the eighth square
+first and becomes a Queen is in a position to capture the adversary's Queen
+when he makes one. Thus:
+
+        1. P - R 4                P - K R 4
+        2. P - R 5                P - R 5
+        3. P - Kt 6               P � P
+
+Now comes a little calculation. White can capture the Pawn, but if he does
+so, he will not, when Queening, command the square where Black will also
+Queen his Pawn. Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:
+
+        4. P - R 6                P - R 6
+        5. P - R 7                P - R 7
+        6. P - R 8 (Q), and wins.
+
+The student would do well to acquaint himself with various simple endings
+of this sort, so as to acquire the habit of counting, and thus be able to
+know with ease when he can or cannot get there first. Once again I must
+call attention to the fact that a book cannot by itself teach how to play.
+It can only serve as a guide, and the rest must be learned by experience,
+and if a teacher can be had at the same time, so much the faster will the
+student be able to learn. {43}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+13. THE OPPOSITION
+
+When Kings have to be moved, and one player can, by force, bring his King
+into a position similar to the one shown in the following diagram, so that
+his adversary is forced to move and make way for him, the player obtaining
+that advantage is said to have _the opposition_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 26.--Suppose in the above position White plays
+
+        1. K - Q 4
+
+Now Black has the option of either opposing the passage of the White King
+by playing K - Q 3 or, if he prefers, he can _pass_ with his own King by
+replying K - B 4. Notice that the Kings are directly opposed to each other,
+and the number of intervening squares between them is odd--one in this
+case.
+
+The opposition can take the form shown above, {44} which can be called
+actual or close frontal opposition; or this form:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition, or, again, this
+form:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+which can be called actual or close lateral opposition.
+
+In practice they are all one and the same. The Kings are always on squares
+of the same colour, there is only one intervening square between the Kings,
+and the player who has moved last "_has the opposition_." {45}
+
+Now, if the student will take the trouble of moving each King backwards as
+in a game in the same frontal, diagonal or lateral line respectively shown
+in the diagrams, we shall have what may be called _distant_ frontal,
+diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.
+
+The matter of the opposition is highly important, and takes at times
+somewhat complicated forms, all of which can be solved mathematically; but,
+for the present, the student should only consider the most simple forms.
+(An examination of some of the examples of King and Pawns endings already
+given will show several cases of close opposition.)
+
+In all simple forms of opposition,
+
+_when the Kings are on the same line and the number of intervening squares
+between them is even, the player who has the move has the opposition_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 27.--The above position shows to advantage the enormous value of
+the opposition. The {46} position is very simple. Very little is left on
+the board, and the position, to a beginner, probably looks absolutely even.
+It is not the case, however. _Whoever has the move wins._ Notice that the
+Kings are directly in front of one another, and that the number of
+intervening squares is _even_.
+
+Now as to the procedure to win such a position. The proper way to begin is
+to move straight up. Thus:
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - K 2
+        2. K - K 3                K - K 3
+        3. K - K 4                K - B 3
+
+Now White can exercise the option of either playing K - Q 5 and thus
+passing with his King, or of playing K - B 4 and prevent the Black King
+from passing, thereby keeping the opposition. Mere counting will show that
+the former course will only lead to a draw, therefore White takes the
+latter course and plays:
+
+        4. K - B 4                K - Kt 3
+
+If 4...K - K 3; 5 K - Kt 5 will win.
+
+        5. K - K 5                K - Kt 2
+
+Now by counting it will be seen that White wins by capturing Black's Knight
+Pawn.
+
+The process has been comparatively simple in the variation given above, but
+Black has other lines of {47} defence more difficult to overcome. Let us
+begin anew.
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - Q 1
+
+Now if 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 2, or if 2 K - K 3, K - K 2, and Black obtains the
+opposition in both cases. (When the Kings are directly in front of one
+another, and the number of intervening squares between the Kings is _odd_,
+the player who has moved last has the opposition.)
+
+Now in order to win, the White King must advance. There is only one other
+square where he can go, B 3, and that is the right place. Therefore it is
+seen that in such cases when the opponent makes a so-called waiting move,
+you must advance, leaving a rank or file free between the Kings. Therefore
+we have--
+
+        2. K - B 3                K - K 2
+
+Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black, by bringing up his
+King in front of your King, would obtain the opposition. It is White's turn
+to play a similar move to Black's first move, viz.:
+
+        3. K - K 3
+
+which brings the position back to the first variation shown. The student
+would do well to familiarise himself with the handling of the King in all
+examples of opposition. It often means the winning or losing of a game.
+
+{48} EXAMPLE 28.--The following position is an excellent proof of the value
+of the opposition as a means of defence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is a Pawn behind and apparently lost, yet he can manage to draw as
+follows:
+
+        1. K - R 1 !
+
+The position of the Pawns does not permit White to draw by means of the
+actual or close opposition, hence he takes the distant opposition: in
+effect if 1 K - B 1 (actual or close opposition), K - Q 7; 2 K - B 2,
+K - Q 6 and White cannot continue to keep the lateral opposition essential
+to his safety, because of his own Pawn at B 3. On the other hand, after the
+text move, if
+
+        1. ........               K - Q 7
+        2. K - R 2                K - Q 6
+        3. K - R 3 !              K - K 7
+  {49}
+        4. K - Kt 2               K - K 6
+        5. K - Kt 3               K - Q 5
+        6. K - Kt 4
+
+attacking the Pawn and forcing Black to play 6... K - K 6 when he can go
+back to Kt 3 as already shown, and always keep the opposition.
+
+Going back to the original position, if
+
+        1. K - R 1                P - Kt 5
+
+White does not play P � P, because P - K 5 will win, but plays:
+
+        2. K - Kt 2               K - Q 7
+
+If 2...P � P ch; 3 K � P, followed by K - K 4, will draw.
+
+        3. P � P                  P - K 5
+
+and mere counting will show that both sides Queen, drawing the game.
+
+If the student will now take the trouble to go back to the examples of King
+and Pawns which I have given in this book,[3] he will realise that in all
+of them the matter of the opposition is of paramount importance; as, in
+fact, it is in nearly all endings of King and Pawns, except in such cases
+where the Pawn-position in itself ensures the win.
+
+{50}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
+
+Before turning our attention to this matter it is well to state now that
+_two Knights alone cannot mate_, but, under certain conditions of course,
+they can do so if the opponent has one or more Pawns.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 29.--In the above position White cannot win, although the Black
+King is cornered, but in the following position, in which Black has a Pawn,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White wins with or without the move. Thus:
+
+        1. Kt - Kt 6              P - R 5
+
+{51} White cannot take the Pawn because the game will be drawn, as
+explained before.
+
+        2. Kt - K 5               P - R 6
+        3. Kt - B 6               P - R 7
+        4. Kt - Kt 5              P - R 8 (Q)
+        5. Kt - B 7 mate
+
+The reason for this peculiarity in chess is evident.
+
+_White with the two Knights can only stalemate the King, unless Black has a
+Pawn which can be moved._
+
+EXAMPLE 30.--Although he is a Bishop and a Pawn ahead the following
+position cannot be won by White.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is the greatest weakness of the Bishop, that when the Rook's Pawn Queens
+on a square of opposite colour and the opposing King is in front of the
+Pawn, the Bishop is absolutely worthless. All that Black has to do is to
+keep moving his King close to the corner square. {52}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 31.--In the above position White with or without the move can win.
+Take the most difficult variation.
+
+        1. ........               K - R 7
+        2. Kt - Kt 4 ch           K - R 8
+        3. K - B 1                P - Kt 4
+        4. K - B 2                P - R 7
+        5. Kt - K 3               P - Kt 5
+        6. Kt - B 1               P - Kt 6 ch
+        7. Kt � P mate
+
+Now that we have seen these exceptional cases, we can analyse the different
+merits and the relative value of the Knight and the Bishop.
+
+It is generally thought by amateurs that the Knight is the more valuable
+piece of the two, the chief reason being that, unlike the Bishop, the
+Knight can command both Black and White squares. However, the fact is
+generally overlooked that the Knight, at any one time, {53} has the choice
+of one colour only. It takes much longer to bring a Knight from one wing to
+the other. Also, as shown in the following Example, a Bishop can stalemate
+a Knight; a compliment which the Knight is unable to return.
+
+EXAMPLE 32.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The weaker the player the more terrible the Knight is to him, but as a
+player increases in strength the value of the Bishop becomes more evident
+to him, and of course there is, or should be, a corresponding decrease in
+his estimation of the value of the Knight as compared to the Bishop. In
+this respect, as in many others, the masters of to-day are far ahead of the
+masters of former generations. While not so long ago some of the very best
+amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to Bishops,
+there is hardly a master of to-day who would not completely agree with the
+statements made above. {54}
+
+EXAMPLE 33.--This is about the only case when the Knight is more valuable
+than the Bishop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is what is called a "_block position_," and all the Pawns are on one
+side of the board. (If there were Pawns on both sides of the board there
+would be no advantage in having a Knight.) In such a position Black has
+excellent chances of winning. Of course, there is an extra source of
+weakness for White in having his Pawns on the same colour-squares as his
+Bishop. This is a mistake often made by players. The proper way, generally,
+in an ending, is to have your Pawns on squares of opposite colour to that
+of your own Bishop. When you have your Pawns on squares of the same colour
+the action of your own Bishop is limited by them, and consequently the
+value of the Bishop is diminished, since the value of a piece can often be
+measured by the number of squares it commands. While on this subject, I
+shall also call attention to the {55} fact that it is generally preferable
+to keep your Pawns on squares of the same colour as that of the opposing
+Bishop, particularly if they are passed Pawns supported by the King. The
+principles might be stated thus:
+
+_When the opponent has a Bishop, keep your Pawns on squares of the same
+colour as your opponent's Bishop._
+
+_Whenever you have a Bishop, whether the opponent has also one or not, keep
+your Pawns on squares of the opposite colour to that of your own Bishop._
+
+Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be modified to suit the
+exigencies of the position.
+
+EXAMPLE 34.--In the following position the Pawns are on one side of the
+board, and there is no advantage in having either a Knight or a Bishop. The
+game should surely end in a draw.
+
+[Illustration] {56}
+
+EXAMPLE 35.--Now let us add three Pawns on each side to the above position,
+so that there are Pawns on both sides of the board.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is now preferable to have the Bishop, though the position, if properly
+played out, should end in a draw. The advantage of having the Bishop lies
+as much in its ability to command, at long range, both sides of the board
+from a central position as in its ability to move quickly from one side of
+the board to the other.
+
+[Illustration] {57}
+
+EXAMPLE 36.--In the above position it is unquestionably an advantage to
+have the Bishop, because, although each player has the same number of
+Pawns, they are not balanced on each side of the board. Thus, on the King's
+side, White has three to two, while on the Queen's side it is Black that
+has three to two. Still, with proper play, the game should end in a draw,
+though White has somewhat better chances.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 37.--Here is a position in which to have the Bishop is a decided
+advantage, since not only are there Pawns on both sides of the board, but
+there is a passed Pawn (K R P for White, Q R P for Black). Black should
+have extreme difficulty in drawing this position, if he can do it at all.
+{58}
+
+EXAMPLE 38.--Again Black would have great difficulty in drawing this
+position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The student should carefully consider these positions. I hope that the many
+examples will help him to understand, in their true value, the relative
+merits of the Knight and Bishop. As to the general method of procedure, a
+teacher, or practical experience, will be best. I might say generally,
+however, that the proper course in these endings, as in all similar
+endings, is: Advance of the King to the centre of the board or towards the
+passed Pawns, or Pawns that are susceptible of being attacked, and rapid
+advance of the passed Pawn or Pawns as far as is consistent with their
+safety.
+
+To give a fixed line of play would be folly. Each ending is different, and
+requires different handling, according to what the adversary proposes to
+do. Calculation by visualising the future positions is what will count.
+{59}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+15. HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP
+
+Now, before going back again to the middle-game and the openings, let us
+see how to mate with Knight and Bishop, and, then, how to win with a Queen
+against a Rook.
+
+With a Knight and a Bishop _the mate can only be given in the corners of
+the same colour as the Bishop_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 39.--In this example we must mate either at Q R 1 or K R 8. The
+ending can be divided into two parts. Part one consists in driving the
+Black King to the last line. We might begin, as is generally done in all
+such cases, by advancing the King to the centre of the board:
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - Q 2
+
+Black, in order to make it more difficult, goes towards the white-squared
+corner:
+
+        2. K - Q 3                K - B 3
+        3. B - B 4                K - Q 4
+  {60}
+        4. Kt - K 2               K - B 4
+        5. Kt - B 3               K - Kt 5
+        6. K - Q 4                K - R 4
+        7. K - B 5                K - R 3
+        8. K - B 6                K - R 2
+        9. Kt - Q 5               K - R 1
+
+The first part is now over; the Black King is in the white-squared corner.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second and last part will consist in driving the Black King now from
+Q R 8 to Q R 1 or K R 8 in order to mate him. Q R 1 will be the quickest in
+this position.
+
+       10. Kt - Kt 6 ch           K - R 2
+       11. B - B 7                K - R 3
+       12. B - Kt 8               K - R 4
+       13. Kt - Q 5               K - R 5
+
+Black tries to make for K R 1 with his King. White has two ways to prevent
+that, one by 14 B - K 5, {61} K - Kt 6; 15 Kt - K 3, and the other which I
+give as the text, and which I consider better for the student to learn,
+because it is more methodical and more in accord with the spirit of all
+these endings, _by using the King as much as possible_.
+
+       14. K - B 5 !              K - Kt 6
+       15. Kt - Kt 4              K - B 6
+       16. B - B 4                K - Kt 6
+       17. B - K 5                K - R 5
+       18. K - B 4                K - R 4
+       19. B - B 7 ch             K - R 5
+       20. Kt - Q 3               K - R 6
+       21. B - Kt 6               K - R 5
+       22. Kt - Kt 2 ch           K - R 6
+       23. K - B 3                K - R 7
+       24. K - B 2                K - R 6
+       25. B - B 5 ch             K - R 7
+       26. Kt - Q 3               K - R 8
+       27. B - Kt 4               K - R 7
+       28. Kt - B 1 ch            K - R 8
+       29. B - B 3 mate
+
+It will be seen that the ending is rather laborious. There are two
+outstanding features: the close following by the King, and the controlling
+of the squares of opposite colour to the Bishop by the combined action of
+the Knight and King. The student would do well to exercise himself
+methodically in this ending, as it gives a very good idea of the actual
+power of the pieces, and it requires foresight in order to accomplish the
+{62} mate within the fifty moves which are granted by the rules.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
+
+This is one of the most difficult endings without Pawns. The resources of
+the defence are many, and when used skilfully only a very good player will
+prevail within the limit of fifty moves allowed by the rules. (The rule is
+that at any moment you may demand that your opponent mate you within fifty
+moves. However, every time a piece is exchanged or a Pawn advanced the
+counting must begin afresh.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 40.--This is one of the standard positions which Black can often
+bring about. Now, it is White's move. If it were Black's move it would be
+simple, as he would have to move his Rook away from the King (find out
+why), and then the Rook would be {63} comparatively easy to win. We deduce
+from the above that the main object is to force the Black Rook away from
+the defending King, and that, in order to compel Black to do so, we must
+bring about the position in the diagram with _Black_ to move. Once we know
+what is required, the way to proceed becomes easier to find. Thus:
+
+        1. Q - K 5 ch
+
+Not 1 Q - R 6, because R - B 2 ch; 2 K - Kt 6, R - B 3 ch; 3 K � R.
+Stalemate. (The beginner will invariably fall into this trap.)
+
+        1. ........               K to R 1 or to R 2
+        2. Q - R 1 ch             K - Kt 1
+        3. Q - R 5
+
+In a few moves we have accomplished our object. The first part is
+concluded. Now we come to the second part. The Rook can only go to a White
+square, otherwise the first check with the Queen will win it. Therefore
+
+        3. ........               R - Kt 6
+        4. Q - K 5 ch             K - R 1 best
+        5. Q - R 8 ch             K - R 2
+        6. Q - Kt 7 ch            K - R 1
+        7. Q - Kt 8 ch            R - Kt 1
+        8. Q - R 2 mate
+
+(The student should find out by himself how to win when 3...R - Kt 8;
+4 Q - K 5 ch, K - R 2.) {64}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 41.--The procedure here is very similar. The things to bear in mind
+are that the Rook must be prevented from interposing at Kt 1 because of an
+immediate mate, and in the same way the King must be prevented from going
+either to R 3 or B 1.
+
+EXAMPLE 42.--We shall now examine a more difficult position.
+
+[Illustration] {65}
+
+Many players would be deceived by this position. The most likely looking
+move is not the best. Thus suppose we begin
+
+        1. Q - K 5 ch             K - B 1
+        2. K - Kt 6               R - Q 2
+
+The only defence, but, unfortunately, a very effective one, which makes it
+very difficult for White, since he cannot play 3 Q - K 6 because of
+3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6, R - Kt 3 ch draws. Nor can he win quickly by
+3 Q - Q B 5 ch because 3...K - K 1, 4 K - B 6, R - Q 3 ch ! driving back
+the White King.
+
+Now that we have seen the difficulties of the situation let us go back. The
+best move is
+
+        1. Q - Kt 5 ch !          K - R 1
+
+If K - R 2; 2 Q - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1; 3 K - R 6 !
+
+        2. Q - K 5 ch !           K - R 2 best
+        3. K - Kt 5               R - R 2 ! best
+
+If 3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6 leads to a position similar to those in
+Examples 40 and 41.
+
+        4. Q - K 4 ch             K - Kt 1
+        5. Q - B 4 ch             K - R 2
+        6. K - B 6                R - K Kt 2
+        7. Q - R 4 ch             K - Kt 1
+        8. Q - R 5
+
+{66} and we have the position of Example 40 with Black to move.
+
+Let us go back again.
+
+        1. Q - Kt 5 ch            K - B 1
+        2. Q - Q 8 ch             K - Kt 2
+        3. K - Kt 5               R - B 6
+
+The best place for the Rook away from the King. 3...K - R 2; 4 Q - Q 4,
+R - Kt 2 ch; 5 K - B 6 would lead to positions similar to those already
+seen.
+
+        4. Q - Q 4 ch             K - B 1
+        5. K - Kt 6
+
+5 Q - Q 6 ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - K 5 ch, K - B 1; 7 K - Kt 6 would also win
+the Rook. The text move, however, is given to show the finesse of such
+endings. White now threatens mate at Q 8.
+
+        5. ........               R - Kt 6 ch
+        6. K - B 6                R - B 6 ch
+        7. K - K 6                R - K R 6
+
+White threatened mate at K R 8.
+
+        8. Q - B 4 ch
+
+and the Rook is lost.
+
+Note, in these examples, that the checks at long range along the diagonals
+have often been the key to all the winning manoeuvres. Also that the Queen
+and {67} King are often kept on different lines. The student should
+carefully go over these positions and consider all the possibilities not
+given in the text.
+
+He should once more go through everything already written before proceeding
+further with the book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{68}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+PLANNING A WIN IN MIDDLE-GAME PLAY
+
+I shall now give a few winning positions taken from my own games. I have
+selected those that I believe can be considered as _types_, i.e. positions
+that may easily occur again in a somewhat similar form. A knowledge of such
+positions is of great help; in fact, one cannot know too many. It often may
+help the player to find, with little effort, the right move, which he might
+not be able to find at all without such knowledge.
+
+17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID OF KNIGHTS
+
+[Illustration] {69}
+
+EXAMPLE 43.--It is Black's move, and as he is a Kt and P behind he must win
+quickly, if at all. He plays:
+
+        1. ........               Q R - Kt 1 !
+        2. R - B 2
+
+If, Q � Q, R � P ch; K - R 1, B - Q 4 and mate follows in a few moves.
+
+        2. ........               R � P ch
+        3. K - B 1                B - B 5 ch
+        4. Kt � B                 R - Kt 8 mate
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 44.--Black's last move was P - K 6, played with the object of
+stopping what he thought was White's threat, viz.: R - Q R 5, to which he
+would have answered Q - B 5 ch and drawn the game by perpetual check.
+White, however, has a more forceful move, and he mates in three moves as
+follows: {70}
+
+        1. R � P ch               Q � R
+        2. R - Q R 5              Black moves
+        3. White mates
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 45.--White has a beautiful position, but still he had better gain
+some material, if he can, before Black consolidates his defensive position.
+He therefore plays:
+
+        1. R � Kt !               P � R
+        2. B � P ch               K - K 2
+
+If Kt � B; R � Kt and Black would be helpless.
+
+        3. Q - R 7 ch             K - K 1
+        4. Q � Kt ch              K - Q 2
+        5. Q - R 7 ch             Q - K 2
+        6. B - B 8                Q � Q
+        7. R � Q ch               K - K 1
+        8. R � R                  Resigns
+
+In these few examples the attacking has been done by Rooks and Bishops in
+combination with the Queen. {71} There have been no Knights to take part in
+the attack. We shall now give some examples in which the Knights play a
+prominent part as an attacking force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A PROMINENT FORCE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 46.--White is two Pawns behind. He must therefore press on his
+attack. The game continues:
+
+        1. Kt (B 5) � Kt P        Kt - B 4
+
+Evidently an error which made the winning easier for White, as he simply
+took the Rook with the Knight and kept up the attack. Black should have
+played: 1 ... Kt � Kt. Then would have followed: 2 Kt - B 6 ch, K - Kt 3;
+3 Kt � B, P - B 3 (best); 4 P - K 5, K - B 2; 5 Kt � P, R - K 2;
+6 Kt - K 4, and Black should lose.[4]
+
+{72}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 47.--The student should carefully examine the position, as the
+sacrifice of the Bishop in similar situations is typical, and the chance
+for it is of frequent occurrence in actual play. The game continues:
+
+        1. B � P ch               K � B
+        2. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - Kt 3
+
+Best. If 2...K - R 3; 3 Kt � P ch wins the Queen, and if 2...K - Kt 1;
+3 Q - R 5, with an irresistible attack.
+
+        3. Q - Kt 4               P - B 4
+        4. Q - Kt 3               K - R 3
+
+White finally won.[5]
+
+{73}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK
+
+We have so far given positions where the attacks were of a violent nature
+and directed against the King's position. Very often, however, in the
+middle-game attacks are made against a position or against pieces, or even
+Pawns.
+
+_The winning of a Pawn among good players of even strength often means the
+winning of the game._
+
+Hence the study of such positions is of great importance. We give below two
+positions in which the attack aims at the gain of a mere Pawn as a means of
+ultimately winning the game.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 48.--Black is a Pawn behind, and there is no violent direct attack
+against White's King. Black's pieces, however, are very well placed and
+free to act, and by co-ordinating the action of all his pieces he is soon
+able not only to regain the Pawn but to obtain the better game. The student
+should carefully {74} consider this position and the subsequent moves. It
+is a very good example of proper co-ordination in the management of forces.
+The game continues:
+
+        1. ........               R - R 1
+        2. P - Q R 4
+
+White's best move was P - Q Kt 3, when would follow Kt � B; 3 Q � Kt,
+R - R 6 and Black would ultimately win the Q R P, always keeping a slight
+advantage in position. The text move makes matters easier.
+
+        2. ........               Kt � B
+        3. Q � Kt                 Q - B 5
+        4. K R - Q 1              K R - Kt 1
+
+Black could have regained the Pawn by playing B � Kt, but he sees that
+there is more to be had, and therefore increases the pressure against
+White's Queen side. He now threatens, among other things, R � Kt P.
+
+        5. Q - K 3                R - Kt 5
+
+Threatening to win the exchange by B - Q 5.
+
+        6. Q - Kt 5               B - Q 5 ch
+        7. K - R 1                Q R - Kt 1
+
+This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White to give up the
+exchange.
+
+        8. R � B                  Q � R
+        9. R - Q 1                Q - B 5
+
+Now Black will recover his Pawn. {75}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 49.--An examination of this position will show that Black's main
+weakness lies in the exposed position of his King, and in the fact that his
+Q R has not yet come into the game. Indeed, if it were Black's move, we
+might conclude that he would have the better game, on account of having
+three Pawns to two on the Queen's side, and his Bishop commanding the long
+diagonal.
+
+It is, however, White's move, and he has two courses to choose from. The
+obvious move, B - B 4, might be good enough, since after 1 B - B 4,
+Q R - Q 1; 2 P - Q Kt 4 would make it difficult for Black. But there is
+another move which completely upsets Black's position and wins a Pawn,
+besides obtaining the better position. That move is Kt - Q 4 ! The game
+continues as follows:
+
+        1. Kt - Q 4 !             P � Kt
+        2. R � B                  Kt - Kt 5
+
+{76}
+
+There is nothing better, as White threatened B - B 4.
+
+        3. B - B 4 ch             K - R 1
+        4. R - K 6                P - Q 6
+        5. R � P
+
+And White, with the better position, is a Pawn ahead.
+
+These positions have been given with the idea of acquainting the student
+with different types of combinations. I hope they will also help to develop
+his imagination, a very necessary quality in a good player. The student
+should note, in all these middle-game positions, that--
+
+_once the opportunity is offered, all the pieces are thrown into action "en
+masse" when necessary;_ and that _all the pieces smoothly co-ordinate their
+action with machine-like precision._
+
+That, at least, is what the ideal middle-game play should be, if it is not
+so altogether in these examples.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{77}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+GENERAL THEORY
+
+Before we revert to the technique of the openings it will be advisable to
+dwell a little on general theory, so that the openings in their relation to
+the rest of the game may be better understood.
+
+20. THE INITIATIVE
+
+As the pieces are set on the board both sides have the same position and
+the same amount of material. White, however, has the move, and the move in
+this case means _the initiative_, and the initiative, other things being
+equal, is an advantage. Now this advantage must be kept as long as
+possible, and should only be given up if some other advantage, material or
+positional, is obtained in its place. White, according to the principles
+already laid down, develops his pieces as fast as possible, but in so doing
+he also tries to hinder his opponent's development, by applying pressure
+wherever possible. He tries first of all to control the centre, and failing
+this to obtain some positional advantage that will make it possible for him
+to keep on harassing the enemy. He only relinquishes the initiative when he
+gets for it some material advantage under such favourable conditions as to
+make him feel {78} assured that he will, in turn, be able to withstand his
+adversary's thrust; and finally, through his superiority of material, once
+more resume the initiative, which alone can give him the victory. This last
+assertion is self-evident, since, in order to win the game, the opposing
+King must be driven to a position where he is attacked without having any
+way of escape. Once the pieces have been properly developed the resulting
+positions may vary in character. It may be that a direct attack against the
+King is in order; or that it is a case of improving a position already
+advantageous; or, finally, that some material can be gained at the cost of
+relinquishing the initiative for a more or less prolonged period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+21. DIRECT ATTACKS _EN MASSE_
+
+In the first case the attack must be carried on with sufficient force to
+guarantee its success. Under no consideration must a direct attack against
+the King be carried on _� outrance_ unless there is absolute certainty in
+one's own mind that it will succeed, since failure in such cases means
+disaster.
+
+EXAMPLE 50.--A good example of a successful direct attack against the King
+is shown in the following diagram:
+
+In this position White could simply play B - B 2 and still have the better
+position, but instead he prefers an immediate attack on the King's side,
+with {79} the certainty in his mind that the attack will lead to a win. The
+game continues thus:[6]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       12. B � P ch               K � B
+       13. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - Kt 3
+       14. Q - Kt 4               P - B 4
+
+Best. P - K 4 would have been immediately fatal. Thus: 14...P - K 4;
+15 Kt - K 6 ch, K - B 3; 16 P - B 4 ! P - K 5; 17 Q - Kt 5 ch, K � Kt;
+18 Q - K 5 ch, K - Q 2; 19 K R - Q 1 ch, Kt - Q 6; 20 Kt � P, K - B 3 (if
+K - K 1, Kt - Q 6 ch wins the Queen); 21 R � Kt, Q � R; 22 R - B 1 ch,
+K - Kt 3 (if K - Q 2 mate in two); 23 Q - B 7 ch and mate in five moves.
+
+{80}
+
+       15. Q - Kt 3               K - R 3
+       16. Q - R 4 ch             K - Kt 3
+       17. Q - R 7 ch             K - B 3
+
+If K � Kt; Q � Kt P ch and mate in a few moves.
+
+       18. P - K 4                Kt - Kt 3
+       19. P � P                  P � P
+       20. Q R - Q 1              Kt - Q 6
+       21. Q - R 3                Kt (Q 6) - B 5
+       22. Q - Kt 3               Q - B 2
+       23. K R - K 1              Kt - K 7 ch
+
+This blunder loses at once, but the game could not be saved in any case;
+e.g. 23...B - K 3; 24 R � B ch, Kt � R; 25 Kt - Q 5 mate.
+
+       24. R � Kt                 Q � Q
+       25. Kt - R 7 ch            K - B 2
+       26. R P � Q                R - R 1
+       27. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - B 3
+       28. P - B 4                Resigns
+
+EXAMPLE 51.--Another example of this kind:
+
+[Illustration] {81}
+
+In the above position the simple move Kt � P would win, but White looks for
+complications and their beauties. Such a course is highly risky until a
+wide experience of actual master-play has developed a sufficient insight
+into all the possibilities of a position. This game, which won the
+brilliancy prize at St. Petersburg in 1914, continued as follows:--
+
+       21. B - R 4                Q - Q 2
+       22. Kt � B                 Q � R
+       23. Q - Q 8 ch             Q - K 1
+
+If K - B 2; 24 Kt - Q 6 ch, King moves; 25 mate.
+
+       24. B - K 7 ch             K - B 2
+       25. Kt - Q 6 ch            K - Kt 3
+       26. Kt - R 4 ch            K - R 4
+
+If 26...K - R 3; 27 Kt (Q 6) - B 5 ch, K - R 4; 28 Kt � P ch, K - R 3;
+29 Kt (R 4) - B 5 ch, K - Kt 3; 30 Q - Q 6 ch and mate next move.
+
+       27. Kt � Q                 R � Q
+       28. Kt � P ch              K - R 3
+       29. Kt (Kt 7) - B 5 ch     K - R 4
+       30. P - K R 3 !
+
+The climax of the combination started with 21 B - R 4. White is still
+threatening mate, and the best way to avoid it is for Black to give back
+all the material he has gained and to remain three Pawns behind.
+
+The student should note that in the examples given the attack is carried
+out with every available piece, {82} and that often, as in some of the
+variations pointed out, it is the coming into action of the last available
+piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It demonstrates the principle
+already stated:
+
+_Direct and violent attacks against the King must be carried _en masse_,
+with full force, to ensure their success. The opposition must be overcome
+at all cost; the attack cannot be broken off, since in all such cases that
+means defeat._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED ATTACK
+
+Failing an opportunity, in the second case, for direct attack, one must
+attempt to increase whatever weakness there may be in the opponent's
+position; or, if there is none, one or more must be created. It is always
+an advantage to threaten something, but such threats must be carried into
+effect only if something is to be gained immediately. For, holding the
+threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against its execution and to
+keep material in readiness to meet it. Thus he may more easily overlook, or
+be unable to parry, a thrust at another point. But once the threat is
+carried into effect, it exists no longer, and your opponent can devote his
+attention to his own schemes. One of the best and most successful
+manoeuvres in this type of game is to make a demonstration on one side, so
+as to draw the forces of your opponent to that side, then through the
+greater mobility of your pieces to shift your forces quickly {83} to the
+other side and break through, before your opponent has had the time to
+bring over the necessary forces for the defence.
+
+A good example of positional play is shown in the following game:
+
+EXAMPLE 52.--Played at the Havana International Masters Tournament, 1913.
+(French Defence.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Blanco.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             P � P
+        4. Kt � P                 Kt - Q 2
+        5. Kt - K B 3             K Kt - B 3
+        6. Kt � Kt ch             Kt � Kt
+        7. Kt - K 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This move was first shown to me by the talented Venezuelan amateur, M.
+Ayala. The object is to {84} prevent the development of Black's Queen's
+Bishop _vi�_ Q Kt 2, after P - Q Kt 3, which is Black's usual development
+in this variation. Generally it is bad to move the same piece twice in an
+opening before the other pieces are out, and the violation of that
+principle is the only objection that can be made to this move, which
+otherwise has everything to recommend it.
+
+        7. ........               B - Q 3
+        8. Q - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+B - K Kt 5 might be better. The text move gives Black an opportunity of
+which he does not avail himself
+
+        8. ........               P - B 3
+
+P - B 4 was the right move. It would have led to complications, in which
+Black might have held his own; at least, White's play would be very
+difficult. The text move accomplishes nothing, and puts Black {85} in an
+altogether defensive position. The veiled threat B � Kt; followed by
+Q - R 4 ch; is easily met.
+
+        9. P - B 3                O - O
+       10. B - K Kt 5             B - K 2
+
+The fact that Black has now to move his Bishop back clearly demonstrates
+that Black's plan of development is faulty. He has lost too much time, and
+White brings his pieces into their most attacking position without
+hindrance of any sort.
+
+       11. B - Q 3                Kt - K 1
+
+The alternative was Kt - Q 4. Otherwise White would play Q - R 3, and Black
+would be forced to play P - K Kt 3 (not P - K R 3, because of the sacrifice
+B � P), seriously weakening his King's side.
+
+       12. Q - R 3                P - K B 4
+
+White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled Black to create a
+marked weakness. Now White's whole plan will be to exploit this weakness
+(the weak K P), and the student can now see how the principles expounded
+previously are applied in this game. Every move is directed to make the
+weak King's Pawn untenable, or to profit by the inactivity of the Black
+pieces defending the Pawn, in order to improve the position of White at
+other points.
+
+       13. B � B                  Q � B
+       14. O - O                  R - B 3
+       15. K R - K 1              Kt - Q 3
+       16. R - K 2                B - Q 2
+
+{86} At last the Bishop comes out, not as an active attacking piece, but
+merely to make way for the Rook.
+
+       17. Q R - K 1              R - K 1
+       18. P - Q B 4              Kt - B 2
+
+A very clever move, tending to prevent P - B 5, and tempting White to play
+Kt � B, followed by B � P, which would be bad, as the following variation
+shows: 19 Kt � B, Q � Kt; 20 B � P, Kt - Kt 4; 21 Q - Kt 4, R � B;
+22 P - K R 4, P - K R 4; 23 Q � R, P � Q; 24 R � R ch, K - R 2; 25 P � Kt,
+Q � P. But it always happens in such cases that, if one line of attack is
+anticipated, there is another; and this is no exception to the rule, as
+will be seen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       19. P - Q 5 !              Kt � Kt
+
+Apparently the best way to meet the manifold threats of White. B P � P
+would make matters worse, as the White Bishop would finally bear on the
+weak King's Pawn _vi�_ Q B 4. {87}
+
+       20. R � Kt                 P - K Kt 3
+       21. Q - R 4                K - Kt 2
+       22. Q - Q 4                P - B 4
+
+Forced, as White threatened P � K P, and also Q � P
+
+       23. Q - B 3                P - Kt 3
+
+Q - Q 3 was better. But Black wants to tempt White to play P � P, thinking
+that he will soon after regain his Pawn with a safe position. Such,
+however, is not the case, as White quickly demonstrates. I must add that in
+any case Black's position is, in my opinion, untenable, since all his
+pieces are tied up for the defence of a Pawn, while White's pieces are free
+to act.
+
+       24. P � P                  B - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       25. B - K 2 !
+
+The deciding and timely manoeuvre. All the Black pieces are useless after
+this Bishop reaches Q 5. {88}
+
+       25. ........               B � P
+       26. B - B 3                K - B 2
+       27. B - Q 5                Q - Q 3
+
+Now it is evident that all the Black pieces are tied up, and it only
+remains for White to find the quickest way to force the issue. White will
+now try to place his Queen at K R 6, and then advance the K R P to R 5 in
+order to break up the Black Pawns defending the King.
+
+       28. Q - K 3                R - K 2
+
+If 28...P - B 5; 29 Q - K R 3, P - K R 4; 30 Q - R 4, R - K 2; 31 Q - Kt 5,
+K - Kt 2; 32 P - K R 4, Q - Q 2; 33 P - K Kt 3, P � P; 34 P - B 4, and
+Black will soon be helpless, as he has to mark time with his pieces while
+White prepares to advance P - R 5, and finally at the proper time to play
+R � B, winning.
+
+       29. Q - R 6                K - Kt 1
+       30. P - K R 4              P - R 3
+       31. P - R 5                P - B 5
+       32. P � P                  P � P
+       33. R � B                  Resigns.
+
+Commenting on White's play in this game, Dr. E. Lasker said at the time
+that if White's play were properly analysed it might be found that there
+was no way to improve upon it.
+
+These apparently simple games are often of the most difficult nature.
+Perfection in such cases is much more difficult to obtain than in those
+positions calling {89} for a brilliant direct attack against the King,
+involving sacrifices of pieces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE
+
+In the third case, there is nothing to do, once the material advantage is
+obtained, but to submit to the opponent's attack for a while, and once it
+has been repulsed to act quickly with all your forces and win on material.
+A good example of this type of game is given below.
+
+EXAMPLE 53.--From the Havana International Masters Tournament, 1913. (Ruy
+Lopez.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               Kt - B 3
+        4. O - O                  P - Q 3
+        5. B � Kt ch              P � B
+        6. P - Q 4                B - K 2
+        7. Kt - B 3
+
+P � P might be better, but at the time I was not familiar with that
+variation, and therefore I played what I knew to be good.
+
+        7. ........               Kt - Q 2
+        8. P � P                  P � P
+        9. Q - K 2                O - O
+       10. R - Q 1                B - Q3
+       11. B - Kt 5               Q - K 1
+       12. Kt - K R 4             P - Kt 3
+
+{90} Black offers the exchange in order to gain time and to obtain an
+attack. Without considering at all whether or not such a course was
+justified on the part of Black, it is evident that as far as White is
+concerned there is only one thing to do, viz., to win the exchange and then
+prepare to weather the storm. Then, once it is passed, to act quickly with
+all forces to derive the benefit of numerical superiority.
+
+       13. B - R 6                Kt - B 4
+       14. R - Q 2                R - Kt 1
+       15. Kt - Q 1               R - Kt 5
+
+To force White to play P - Q B 4, and thus create a hole at Q 5 for his
+Knight.[7] Such grand tactics show the hand of a master.
+
+       16. P - Q B 4              Kt - K 3
+       17. B � R                  Q � B
+       18. Kt - K 3
+
+Kt - K B 3 was better.
+
+       18. ........               Kt - Q 5
+       19. Q - Q 1                P - Q B 4
+
+In order to prevent R � Kt giving back the exchange, but winning a Pawn and
+relieving the position.
+
+       20. P - Q Kt 3             R - Kt 1
+
+In order to play B - Kt 2 without blocking his Rook.
+
+{91} Black's manoeuvring for positional advantage is admirable throughout
+this game, and if he loses it is due entirely to the fact that the
+sacrifice of the exchange, without even a Pawn for it, could not succeed
+against sound defensive play.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       21. Kt - B 3               P - B 4
+       22. P � P                  P � P
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The position begins to look really dangerous for White. In reality Black's
+attack is reaching its maximum force. Very soon it will reach the apex, and
+then {92} White, who is well prepared, will begin his counter action, and
+through his superiority in material obtain an undoubted advantage.
+
+       23. Kt - B 1               P - B 5
+       24. Kt � Kt                B P � Kt
+       25. Q - R 5                B - Kt 2
+       26. R - K 1                P - B 4
+
+He could not play R - K 1 because of R � Q P. Besides, he wants to be ready
+to play P - K 5. At present White cannot with safety play R � K P, but he
+will soon prepare the way for it. Then, by giving up a Rook for a Bishop
+and a Pawn, he will completely upset Black's attack and come out a Pawn
+ahead. It is on this basis that White's whole defensive manoeuvre is
+founded.
+
+       27. P - B 3                R - K 1
+       28. R (Q 2) - K 2          R - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now the Black Rook enters into the game, but White is prepared. It is now
+time to give back the exchange. {93}
+
+       29. R � P                  B � R
+       30. R � B                  R - K R 3
+       31. Q - K 8                Q � Q
+       32. R � Q ch               K - B 2
+       33. R - K 5                R - Q B 3
+       34. Kt - Q 2
+
+R - B 5 ch might have been better. The text move did not prove as strong as
+anticipated.
+
+       34. ........               K - B 3
+       35. R - Q 5                R - K 3
+       36. Kt - K 4 ch            K - K 2
+
+R � Kt would lose easily
+
+       37. R � B P                P - Q 6 !
+
+Very fine. White cannot play R B 7 ch because of K - Q 1; R � B, R � Kt
+winning.
+
+       38. K - B 2                B � Kt
+       39. P � B                  R � P
+       40. R - Q 5                R - K 6
+
+The ending is very difficult to win. At this point White had to make the
+last move before the game was adjourned.
+
+[Illustration] {94}
+
+       41. P - Q Kt 4 !           R - K 5
+       42. R � P                  R � P
+       43. R - K R 3              R � P
+       44. R � P ch               K - B 3
+       45. R � P                  K - B 4
+       46. K - B 3                R - Kt 7
+       47. R - R 5 ch             K - B 3
+       48. R - R 4                K - Kt 4
+       49. R � P                  R � R P
+       50. P - R 4 ch             K - R 4
+       51. R - B 5 ch             K - R 3
+       52. P - Kt 4               Resigns
+
+I have passed over the game lightly because of its difficult nature, and
+because we are at present concerned more with the opening and the
+middle-game than we are with the endings, which will be treated separately.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE OF ACTION
+
+Very often in a game a master only plays to cut off, so to speak, one of
+the pieces from the scene of actual conflict. Often a Bishop or a Knight is
+completely put out of action. In such cases we might say that from that
+moment the game is won, because for all practical purposes there will be
+one more piece on one side than on the other. A very good illustration is
+furnished by the following game. {95}
+
+EXAMPLE 54.--Played at the Hastings Victory Tournament, 1919. (Four
+Knights.) White: W. Winter. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. Kt - B 3               Kt - B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+        5. O - O                  O - O
+        6. B � Kt
+
+Niemzowitch's variation, which I have played successfully in many a game.
+It gives White a very solid game. Niemzowitch's idea is that White will in
+due time be able to play P - K B 4, opening a line for his Rooks, which, in
+combination with the posting of a Knight at K B 5, should be sufficient to
+win. He thinks that should Black attempt to stop the Knight from going to
+K B 5, he will have to weaken his game in some other way. Whether this is
+true or not remains to be proved, but in my opinion the move is perfectly
+good. On the other hand, there is no question that Black can easily develop
+his pieces. But it must be considered that in this variation White does not
+attempt to hinder Black's development, he simply attempts to build up a
+position which he considers impregnable and from which he can start an
+attack in due course.
+
+        6. ........               Q P � B
+
+{96} The alternative, Kt P � B; gives White the best of the game, without
+doubt.[8]
+
+        7. P - Q 3                B - Q 3
+        8. B - Kt 5
+
+This move is not at all in accordance with the nature of this variation.
+The general strategical plan for White is to play P - K R 3, to be followed
+in time by the advance of the K Kt P to Kt 4, and the bringing of the Q Kt
+to K B 5 via K 2 and K Kt 3 or Q 1 and K 3. Then, if possible, the K Kt is
+linked with the other Kt by placing it at either K R 4, K Kt 3, or K 3 as
+the occasion demands. The White King sometimes remains at Kt 1, and other
+times it is placed at K Kt 2, but mostly at K R 1. Finally, in most cases
+comes P - K B 4, and then the real attack begins. Sometimes it is a direct
+assault against the King,[9] and at other times it comes simply to
+finessing for positional advantage in the end-game, after most of the
+pieces have been exchanged.[10]
+
+        8. ........               P - K R 3
+        9. B - R 4                P - B 4
+
+{97}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To prevent P - Q 4 and to draw White into playing Kt - Q 5, which would
+prove fatal. Black's plan is to play P - K Kt 4, as soon as the
+circumstances permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from the pin by
+the Bishop.
+
+       10. Kt - Q 5
+
+White falls into the trap. Only lack of experience can account for this
+move. White should have considered that a player of my experience and
+strength could never allow such a move if it were good.
+
+       10. ........               P - K Kt 4
+
+[Illustration] {98} After this move White's game is lost. White cannot play
+Kt � Kt P, because Kt � Kt will win a piece. Therefore he must play
+B - Kt 3, either before or after Kt � Kt, with disastrous results in either
+case, as will be seen.
+
+       11. Kt � Kt ch             Q � Kt
+       12. B - Kt 3               B - Kt 5
+       13. P - K R 3              B � Kt
+       14. Q � B                  Q � Q
+       15. P � Q                  P - K B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A simple examination will show that White is minus a Bishop for all
+practical purposes. He can only free it by sacrificing one Pawn, and
+possibly not even then. At least it would lose time besides the Pawn. Black
+now devotes all his energy to the Queen's side, and, having practically a
+Bishop more, the result cannot be in doubt. The rest of the game is given,
+so that the student may see how simple it is to win such a game. {99}
+
+       16. K - Kt 2               P - Q R 4
+       17. P - Q R 4              K - B 2
+       18. R - R 1                K - K 3
+       19. P - R 4                K R - Q Kt 1
+
+There is no necessity to pay any attention to the King's side, because
+White gains nothing by exchanging Pawns and opening the King's Rook file.
+
+       20. P � P                  R P � P
+       21. P - Kt 3               P - B 3
+       22. R - Q R 2              P - Kt 4
+       23. K R - R 1              P - B 5
+
+If White takes the proffered Pawn, Black regains it immediately by
+R - Kt 5, after P � B P.
+
+       24. R P � P                P � P (Kt 6)
+       25. B P � P                R � P
+       26. R - R 4                R � P
+       27. P - Q 4                R - Kt 4
+       28. R - B 4                R - Kt 5
+       29. R � B P                R � P
+           Resigns
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A SPECIMEN GAME
+
+Now that a few of my games with my own notes have been given, I offer for
+close perusal and study a very fine game played by Sir George Thomas, one
+of England's foremost players, against Mr. F. F. L. Alexander, in the
+championship of the City of London Chess Club in the winter of 1919-1920.
+It has the {100} interesting feature for the student that Sir George Thomas
+kindly wrote the notes to the game for me at my request, and with the
+understanding that I would make the comments on them that I considered
+appropriate. Sir George Thomas' notes are in brackets and thus will be
+distinguished from my own comments.
+
+EXAMPLE 55.--Queen's Gambit Declined. (_The notes within brackets by Sir
+George Thomas._) White: Mr. F. F. L. Alexander. Black: Sir George Thomas.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        5. B - Kt 5               P - B 3
+        6. P - K 3                Q - R 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(One of the objects of Black's method of defence is to attack White's Q Kt
+doubly by Kt - K 5, followed by P � P. But 7 Kt - Q 2 is probably a strong
+way {101} of meeting this threat.) There are, besides, two good reasons for
+this method of defence; first, that it is not as much played as some of the
+other defences and consequently not so well known, and second that it
+leaves Black with two Bishops against B and Kt, which, in a general way,
+constitutes an advantage.
+
+        7. B � Kt                 Kt � B
+        8. P - Q R 3              Kt - K 5
+        9. Q - Kt 3               B - K 2
+
+This is not the logical place for the B which should have been posted at
+Q 3. In the opening, time is of great importance, and therefore the player
+should be extremely careful in his development and make sure that he posts
+his pieces in the right places.
+
+       10. B - Q 3                Kt � Kt
+       11. P � Kt                 P � P
+       12. B � B P                B - B 3
+
+(I did not want White's Kt to come to K 5, from where I could not dislodge
+it by P - K B 3 without weakening my K P.) The same result could be
+accomplished by playing B - Q 3. Incidentally it bears out my previous
+statement that the B should have been originally played to Q 3.
+
+       13. O - O
+
+The alternative was P - K 4, followed by P - K 5, and then O - O. White
+would thereby assume the initiative but would weaken his Pawn position
+considerably, and might be compelled to stake all on a {102} violent attack
+against the King. This is a turning point in the game, and it is in such
+positions that the temperament and style of the player decide the course of
+the game.
+
+       13. ........               O - O
+       14. P - K 4                P - K 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. P - Q 5
+
+(White might play 15 K R - Q 1, keeping the option of breaking up the
+centre later on. I wanted him to advance this P as there is now a fine post
+for my B at Q B 4.) By this move White shows that he does not understand
+the true value of his position. His only advantage consisted in the
+undeveloped condition of Black's Q B. He should therefore have made a plan
+to prevent the B from coming out, or if that were not possible, then he
+should try to force Black to weaken his Pawn position in order to come out
+with the B. There were three moves to consider: first, {103} P - Q R 4, in
+order to maintain the White B in the dominating position that it now
+occupies. This would have been met by Q - B 2; second, either of the Rooks
+to Q 1 in order to threaten 16 P � P, B � P; 17 Kt � B, Q � Kt;
+18 B � P ch. This would have been met by B - Kt 5; and third, P - K R 3 to
+prevent B - Kt 5 and by playing either R to Q 1, followed up as previously
+stated to force Black to play P - Q Kt 4, which would weaken his Queen's
+side Pawns. Thus by playing P - K R 3 White would have attained the desired
+object. The text move blocks the action of the White B and facilitates
+Black's development. Hereafter White will act on the defensive, and the
+interest throughout the rest of the game will centre mainly on Black's play
+and the manner in which he carries out the attack.
+
+       15. ........               Q - B 2
+       16. B - Q 3
+
+(This seems wrong, as it makes the development of Black's Queen wing
+easier. At present he cannot play P - Q Kt 3, because of the reply P � P
+followed by B - Q 5.)
+
+       16. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+       17. P - B 4                B - Kt 2
+       18. K R - B 1
+
+(With the idea of Q R - Kt 1 and P - B 5. But it only compels Black to
+bring his B to Q B 4, which he would do in any case.)
+
+{104} /*    18. ........ B - K 2    19. R - B 2 B - B 4    20. Q - Kt 2
+P - B 3 */
+
+(It would have been better, probably, to play 20...K R - K 1, with the idea
+of P - B 4 presently.) Black's play hereabout is weak; it lacks force, and
+there seems to be no well-defined plan of attack. It is true that these are
+the most difficult positions to handle in a game. In such cases a player
+must conceive a plan on a large scale, which promises chances of success,
+and with it all, it must be a plan that can be carried out with the means
+at his disposal. From the look of the position it seems that Black's best
+chance would be to mass his forces for an attack against White's centre, to
+be followed by a direct attack against the King. He should, therefore, play
+Q R - K 1, threatening P - K B 4. If White is able to defeat this plan, or
+rather to prevent it, then, once he has fixed some of the White pieces on
+the King's side, he should quickly shift his attack to the Queen's side,
+and open a line for his Rooks, which, once they enter in action, should
+produce an advantage on account of the great power of the two Bishops.
+
+       21. Q R - Kt 1             Q R - Q 1
+       22. P - Q R 4              B - R 3
+       23. R - Q 1
+
+(White has clearly lost time with his Rook's moves.)
+
+       23. ........               K R - K 1
+       24. Q - Kt 3
+
+{105}
+
+(To bring his Queen across after Kt - R 4 and B - K 2.)
+
+       24. ........               R - Q 3
+       25. Kt - R 4               P - Kt 3
+       26. B - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       26. ........               P � P
+
+(I thought this exchange necessary here, as White is threatening to play
+his Bishop via Kt 4 to K 6. If he retook with the Bishop's Pawn I intended
+to exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one on the Queen's wing. I
+did not expect him to retake it with the King's Pawn, which seemed to
+expose him to a violent King's side attack.) Black's judgment in this
+instance I believe to be faulty. Had White retaken with the B P, as he
+expected, he would have had the worst of the Pawn position, as White would
+have had a passed Pawn well supported on the Queen's side. His only
+advantage would lie in his having a very well posted Bishop against a badly
+{106} posted Knight, and on the fact that in such positions as the above,
+the Bishop is invariably stronger than the Knight. He could and should have
+prevented all that, by playing B - B 1, as, had White then replied with
+Q - Kt 3, he could then play P � P, and White would not have been able to
+retake with the B P on account of B � P ch winning the exchange.
+
+       27. K P � P                P - K 5
+       28. P - Kt 3               P - K 6
+
+I do not like this move. It would have been better to hold it in reserve
+and to have played P - B 4, to be followed in due time by P - K Kt 4 and
+P - B 5, after having placed the Q at Q 2, K B 2, or some other square as
+the occasion demanded. The text move blocks the action of the powerful B at
+Q B 4, and tends to make White's position safer than it should have been.
+The move in itself is a very strong attacking move, but it is isolated, and
+there is no effective continuation. Such advances as a rule should only be
+made when they can be followed by a concerted action of the pieces.
+
+       29. P - B 4                B - B 1
+       30. Kt - B 3               B - B 4
+       31. R - Kt 2               R - K 5
+       32. K - Kt 2               Q - B 1
+       33. Kt - Kt 1              P - K Kt 4
+
+{107}
+
+(If now 34 B - B 3, P � P; 35 B � R, B � B ch, with a winning attack.)
+
+       34. P � P                  P � P
+       35. R - K B 1              P - Kt 5
+
+R - R 3 was the alternative. White's only move would have been K - R 1. The
+position now is evidently won for Black, and it is only a question of
+finding the right course. The final attack is now carried on by Sir George
+Thomas in an irreproachable manner.
+
+       36. B - Q 3                R - K B 3
+       37. Kt - K 2               Q - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(Again preventing B � R, by the masked attack on White's Rook. White
+therefore protects his Rook.) If Kt - B 4, P - K 7 !; 39 Kt � P, R � Kt ch;
+40 R � R, B - K 5 ch !!; 41 B � B, best, R � R and White is lost. If,
+however, against 38 Kt - B 4, Black plays Q - R 3, and White 39 Q - B 2, I
+take pleasure {108} in offering the position to my readers as a most
+beautiful and extraordinary win for Black, beginning with
+39...Q - R 6 ch !!! I leave the variations for the student to work out.
+
+       38. R (Kt 2) - Kt 1        Q - R 3
+       39. Q - B 2
+
+(Making a double attack on the Rook--which still cannot be taken--and
+preparing to defend the K R P.) If either the Rook or Bishop are taken
+White would be mated in a few moves.
+
+       39. ........               Q - R 6 ch
+       40. K - R 1                R � P !!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(If 40...R - R 3; 41 Kt - Kt 1, Q � Kt P; 42 Q - K Kt 2. Black therefore
+tries to get the Queen away from the defence.) A very beautiful move, and
+the best way to carry on the attack.
+
+       41. Q � R
+
+{109}
+
+(The best defence was 41 R � B, but Black would emerge with Queen against
+Rook and Knight.)
+
+       41. ........               B � B
+
+(Again, not R - K R 3; because of P - Q 6 dis. ch.)
+
+       42. R � R
+
+(If 42 Q � B, then, at last, R - R 3 wins.)
+
+       42. ........               B � Q
+       43. Kt - B 4               P - K 7 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(The Queen has no escape, but White has no time to take it.)
+
+       44. R - K Kt 1             Q - B 8
+
+White resigns. A very fine finish.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{110}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+END-GAME STRATEGY
+
+We must now revert once more to the endings. Their importance will have
+become evident to the student who has taken the trouble to study my game
+with Janowski (Example 53). After an uneventful opening--a Ruy Lopez--in
+one of its normal variations, my opponent suddenly made things interesting
+by offering the exchange; an offer which, of course, I accepted. Then
+followed a very hard, arduous struggle, in which I had to defend myself
+against a very dangerous attack made possible by the excellent manoeuvring
+of my adversary. Finally, there came the time when I could give back the
+material and change off most of the pieces, and come to an ending in which
+I clearly had the advantage. But yet the ending itself was not as simple as
+it at first appeared, and finally--perhaps through one weak move on my
+part--it became a very difficult matter to find a win. Had I been a weak
+end-game player the game would probably have ended in a draw, and all my
+previous efforts would have been in vain. Unfortunately, that is very often
+the case among the large majority of players; they are weak in the endings;
+a failing from which masters of the first rank are at times not free. {111}
+Incidentally, I might call attention to the fact that all the world's
+champions of the last sixty years have been exceedingly strong in the
+endings: Morphy, Steinitz, and Dr. Lasker had no superiors in this
+department of the game while they held their titles.
+
+26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE
+
+I have previously stated, when speaking about general theory, that at times
+the way to win consists in attacking first on one side, then, granted
+greater mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly from one
+side to the other, breaking through before your opponent has been able to
+bring up sufficient forces to withstand the attack. This principle of the
+middle-game can sometimes be applied in the endings in somewhat similar
+manner.
+
+EXAMPLE 56.
+
+[Illustration] {112}
+
+In the above position I, with the Black pieces, played:
+
+        1. ........               R - K 5 ch
+        2. R - K 2                R - Q R 5
+        3. R - R 2                P - K R 4
+
+The idea, as will be seen very soon, is to play P - R 5 in order to fix
+White's King's side Pawns with a view to the future. It is evident to Black
+that White wants to bring his King to Q Kt 3 to support his two weak
+isolated Pawns, and thus to free his Rooks. Black, therefore, makes a plan
+to shift the attack to the King's side at the proper time, in order to
+obtain some advantage from the greater mobility of his Rooks.
+
+        4. R - Q 1                R (Q 4) - Q R 4
+
+in order to force the Rook to Rook's square, keeping both Rooks tied up.
+
+        5. R (Q 1) - R 1          P - R 5
+        6. K - Q 2                K - Kt 2
+        7. K - B 2                R - K Kt 4
+
+Black begins to transfer his attack to the King's side.
+
+        8. R - K Kt 1
+
+A serious mistake, which loses quickly. White should have played
+8 K - Kt 3, when Black would have answered 8...R (R 5) - R 4; 9 P - B 3,
+and Black would have obtained an opening at K Kt 6 for his King, which in
+the end might give him the victory.
+
+        8. ........               R - K B 5
+
+{113} Now the King cannot go to Kt 3, because of R - Kt 4 ch.
+
+        9. K - Q 3                R - B 6 ch
+       10. K - K 2
+
+If P � R, R � R; followed by R - K R 8 winning,
+
+       10. ........               R � R P
+
+and Black won after a few moves.
+
+EXAMPLE 57.--Another good example, in which is shown the advantage of the
+greater mobility of the pieces in an ending, is the following from a game
+Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters Tournament, 1913. The full
+score and notes of the game can be found in the book of the tournament.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White's only advantage in the above position is that he possesses the open
+file and has the move, which will secure him the initiative. There is also
+the slight advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side united, while
+Black has an isolated Q R P. The {114} proper course, as in the previous
+ending, is to bring the Rooks forward, so that at least one of them may be
+able to shift from one side of the board to the other, and thus keep
+Black's Rooks from moving freely. What this means in general theory has
+been stated already; it really means: _keep harassing the enemy; force him
+to use his big pieces to defend Pawns. If he has a weak point, try to make
+it weaker, or create another weakness somewhere else and his position will
+collapse sooner or later. If he has a weakness, and he can get rid of it,
+make sure that you create another weakness somewhere else_.
+
+From the position in question the game continued thus:
+
+        1. R - K 4                K R - K 1
+
+with the object of repeating White's manoeuvre, and also not to allow White
+the control of the open file.
+
+        2. Q R - K 1              R - K 3
+        3. Q R - K 3              R (B 1) - K 1
+        4. K - B 1                K - B 1
+
+Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the board in order to be
+nearer to whatever point White decides to attack. The move is justified at
+least on the general rule that in such endings the King should be in the
+middle of the board. He does nothing after all but follow White's
+footsteps. Besides, it is hard to point out anything better. If
+4...P - Q 4; 5 R - Kt 4 ch, followed by K - K 2, would leave Black in {115}
+a very disagreeable position. If 4...P - K B 4; 5 R - Q 4! R � R? 6 P � R,
+R � P; 7 K - B 2, R - K 2; 8 R - Q R 4, winning the Q R P, which would
+practically leave White with a passed Pawn ahead on the Queen's side, as
+the three Pawns of Black on the King's side would be held by the two of
+White.
+
+        5. K - K 2                K - K 2
+        6. R - Q R 4              R - Q R 1
+
+The student should note that through the same manoeuvre Black is forced
+into a position similar to the one shown in the previous ending.
+
+        7. R - R 5!
+
+This move has a manifold object. It practically fixes all of Black's Pawns
+except the Q P, which is the only one that can advance two squares. It
+specially prevents the advance of Black's K B Pawns, and at the same time
+threatens the advance of White's K B Pawns to B 4 and B 5. By this threat
+it practically forces Black to play P - Q 4, which is all White desires,
+for reasons that will soon become evident.
+
+        7. ........               P - Q 4
+        8. P - Q B 4!             K - Q 3
+
+Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a Pawn would have been
+P � P, which would have left all Black's Pawns isolated and weak. If
+8...P - Q 5; 9 R - K 4, K - Q 3; 10 P - Q Kt 4! R - K 4; 11 R - R 6, and
+Black's game is hopeless.
+
+        9. P - B 5 ch             K - Q 2
+       10. P - Q 4                P - B 4
+
+{116} Apparently very strong, since it forces the exchange of Rooks because
+of the threat R - R 3; but in reality it leads to nothing. The best chance
+was to play R - K K 1.
+
+       11. R � R                  P � R
+       12. P - B 4
+
+Up to now White had played with finesse, but this last move is weak.
+R - R 6 was the proper way to continue, so as to force Black to give up his
+Q R P or Q B P.
+
+       12. ........               K - B 1
+       13. K - Q 2
+
+Again a bad move. 13 R - R 3 was the proper continuation, and if then
+13...R - Kt 1; 14 P - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; 15 P - Kt 4, K - R 1; 16 R - Q Kt 3,
+with excellent winning chances; in fact, I believe, a won game.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               K - Kt 2
+
+Black misses his only chance. R - Kt 1 would have drawn. {117}
+
+       14. R - R 3                R - K Kt 1
+       15. R - R 3                R - Kt 2
+       16. K - K 2                K - R 3
+       17. R - R 6                R - K 2
+       18. K - Q 3                K - Kt 2
+
+He goes back with the King to support his K P, and thus be able to utilise
+his Rook. It is, however, useless, and only White's weak play later on
+gives him further chances of a draw.
+
+       19. P - K R 4              K - B 1
+       20. R - R 5
+
+To prevent the Black Rook from controlling the open file
+
+       20. ........               K - Q 2
+       21. R - Kt 5               R - B 2
+       22. K - B 3                K - B 1
+
+He must keep his King on that side because White threatens to march with
+his King to R 6 via Kt 4.
+
+       23. K - Kt 4               R - B 3
+       24. K - R 5                K - Kt 2
+       25. P - R 4                P - Q R 3
+       26. P - R 5                R - R 3
+
+He can do nothing but wait for White. The text move stops White from moving
+his Rook, but only for one move.
+
+       27. P - Kt 4               R - B 3
+
+The only other move was K - R 2; when White could play R - Kt 7, or even
+P - Kt 5. {118}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       28. P - Kt 5
+
+A weak move, which gives Black a fighting chance. In this ending, as is
+often the case with most players, White plays the best moves whenever the
+situation is difficult and requires careful handling, but once his position
+seems to be overwhelming he relaxes his efforts and the result is nothing
+to be proud of. The right move was 28 R - Kt 7.
+
+       28. ........               R P � P
+       29. P � P                  R - B 1 !
+       30. R - Kt 7               R - R 1 ch
+       31. K - Kt 4               P � P
+       32. K � P                  R - R 7
+       33. P - B 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+       34. R � R P                R - Kt 7 ch
+       35. K - R 5                R - R 7 ch
+       36. K - Kt 4               R � P
+
+Black misses his last chance: R - Kt 7 ch, forcing the King to B 3, in
+order to avoid the perpetual, {119} would probably draw. The reader must
+bear in mind that my opponent was then a very young and inexperienced
+player, and consequently deserves a great deal of credit for the fight he
+put up.
+
+       37. R - K 7                R � P
+
+R - Kt 7 ch; followed by R - K R 7, offered better chances.
+
+       38. P - R 6!               R � P ch
+       39. K - Kt 5               R - Q 8
+       40. P - R 7                R - Kt 8 ch
+       41. K - B 5                R - B 8 ch
+       42. K - Q 4                R - Q 8 ch
+       43. K - K 5                R - K 8 ch
+       44. K - B 6                R - K R 8
+       45. R - K 8 ch             K - R 2
+       46. P - R 8 (Q)            R � Q
+       47. R � R                  K - Kt 3
+       48. K � P                  K � P
+       49. K � P                  K - B 4
+       50. K - K 5                Resigns.
+
+This ending shows how easy it is to make weak moves, and how often, even in
+master-play, mistakes are made and opportunities are lost. It shows that,
+so long as there is no great advantage of material, even with a good
+position, a player, no matter how strong, cannot afford to relax his
+attention even for one move. {120}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION
+
+EXAMPLE 58.--A good proof of the previous statement is shown in the
+following ending between Marshall and Kupchick in one of their two games in
+the same Tournament (Havana, 1913).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is evident that Marshall (White) is under great difficulties in the
+above position. Not only is he bound to lose a Pawn, but his position is
+rather poor. The best he could hope for was a draw unless something
+altogether unexpected happened, as it did. No reason can be given for
+Black's loss of the game except that he felt so certain of having the best
+of it with a Pawn more and what he considered a safe position, that he
+became exceedingly careless and did not consider the danger that actually
+existed. Let us see how it happened.
+
+        1. P - Kt 4               R � R P
+
+{121} The mistakes begin. This is the first. Black sees that he can take a
+Pawn without any danger, and does not stop to think whether there is
+anything better. R - B 7 ch was the right move. If then K - Kt 3, R � P. If
+instead White played K - K 4, then R - K 4 ch followed by R � R P.
+
+        2. R - Q 1                R - R 5 ch
+
+Mistake number two, and this time such a serious one as to almost lose the
+game. The proper move was to play P - B 4 in order to break up White's
+Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black King, which is actually
+in danger, as will soon be seen.
+
+        3. R - Q 4                R (R5) - R 4
+
+Mistake number three and this time fatal. His best move was R (Kt 4) - R 4.
+After the text move there is no defence. Black's game is lost. This shows
+that even an apparently simple ending has to be played with care. From a
+practically won position Black finds himself with a lost game, and it has
+only taken three moves.
+
+        4. R (Q 4) - Q 8          R - Kt 2
+
+If 4...P - B 4; 5 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 6 R (B 8) - Kt 8 ch, K - B 3;
+7 R � P ch, R - Kt 3; 8 P - Kt 5 ch, K - K 2; 9 R (R 6) � R, P � R;
+10 R - Kt 7 ch, K - K 1; 11 R � Kt P, and wins easily.
+
+        5. P - R 4                P - R 4
+        6. R - R 8 ch             Resigns.
+
+The reason is evident. If 6...K - Kt 3; 7 P � P ch, {122} R � P; 8 R � R,
+K � R; 9 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 10 P - R 5 mate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS
+
+The reader has probably realised by this time that endings of two Rooks and
+Pawns are very difficult, and that the same holds true for endings of one
+Rook and Pawns. Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are not very common in
+actual play; but endings of one Rook and Pawns are about the most common
+sort of endings arising on the chess board. Yet though they do occur so
+often, few have mastered them thoroughly. They are often of a very
+difficult nature, and sometimes while apparently very simple they are in
+reality extremely intricate. Here is an example from a game between
+Marshall and Rosenthal in the Manhattan Chess Club Championship Tournament
+of 1909-1910.
+
+EXAMPLE 59.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{123} In this position Marshall had a simple win by R - B 7 ch, but played
+P - B 6, and thereby gave Black a chance to draw. Luckily for him Black did
+not see the drawing move, played poorly, and lost. Had Black been up to the
+situation he would have drawn by playing R - Q 3.
+
+        1. P - B 6                R - Q 3 !
+
+Now White has two continuations, either (_a_) P - B 7, or (_b_) R - B 7 ch.
+We have therefore:
+
+  (a)   2. P - B 7                R - Q 1 !
+        3. R - R 5 ch             K - B 5
+
+and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for Black's Pawn. Or--
+
+  (b)   2. R - B 7 ch             K - Q 5 !
+        3. P - B 7                R - Kt 3 ch !
+
+a very important move, as against R - K B 3, R - K 7 wins.
+
+        4. K - B 1                R - K B 3
+        5. R - Kt 7               K - B 6
+
+and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for the Pawn, or draw by
+perpetual check.
+
+If there were nothing more in the ending it would not be of any great
+value, but there are other very interesting features. Now suppose that
+after 1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 P - B 7, Black did not realise that R - Q 1 was
+the only move to draw. {124} We would then have the following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now there would be two other moves to try: either (_a_) R - Kt 3 ch, or
+(_b_) R - K B 3. Let us examine them.
+
+  (a)   1. ........               R - Kt 3 ch
+        2. K - B 3                R - B 3 ch
+        3. K - K 3                R - K 3 ch
+
+If P - Kt 6; R - R 5 ch wins, because if the King goes back, then R - R 6,
+and if the King goes up, then R - R 4 ch, followed by R - K B 4 wins.
+
+        4. K - Q 3                R - K B 3
+
+If R - Q 3 ch; K - K 4 wins.
+
+        5. R - R 5 ch             K moves
+        6. R - R 6 wins
+
+
+
+  (b)   1. ........               R - B 3
+        2. R - Kt 7 !             K - B 5
+
+If P - Kt 6; R - Kt 3, and White will either capture the Pawn or go to
+K B 3, and come out with a winning ending. {125}
+
+        3. P - R 4                P - Kt 6
+        4. R - Kt 4 ch            K moves
+        5. R - Kt 3
+
+and White will either capture the Pawn or play R - K B 3, according to the
+circumstances, and come out with a winning ending.
+
+Now, going back to the position shown on page 122, suppose that after
+1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 R - B 7 ch, Black did not realise that K - Q 5 was
+the only move to draw, and consequently played K - Kt 3 instead, we would
+then have the following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now the best continuation would be:
+
+        1. P - B 7                R - Kt 3 ch (best)
+        2. K - B 1                R - K B 3
+        3. R - K 7 !              K - B 4 (best)
+
+White threatened to check with the Rook at K 6.
+
+        4. K - K 2                P - Kt 6
+
+{126} Best. If K - B 5; both P - R 4 and K - K 3 will win; the last-named
+move particularly would win with ease.
+
+        5. R - K 3                P - Kt 7 (best)
+        6. R - Q Kt 3             R � P
+        7. R � P                  R - K R 2
+        8. R - Q 2                R � P
+        9. K - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This position we have arrived at is won by White, because there are two
+files between the opposing King and the Pawn from which the King is cut off
+by the Rook, and besides, the Pawn can advance to the fourth rank before
+the opponent's Rook can begin to check on the file. This last condition is
+very important, because if, instead of the position on the diagram, the
+Black Rook were at K R 1, and Black had the move, he could draw by
+preventing the {127} advance of the Pawn, either through constant checks or
+by playing R - K B 1 at the proper time.
+
+Now that we have explained the reasons why this position is won, we leave
+it to the student to work out the correct solution.
+
+The fact that out of one apparently simple ending we have been able to work
+out several most unusual and difficult endings should be sufficient to
+impress upon the student's mind the necessity of becoming well acquainted
+with all kinds of endings, and especially with endings of Rook and Pawns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS
+
+Following our idea that the best way to learn endings as well as openings
+is to study the games of the masters, we give two more endings of two Rooks
+and Pawns. These endings, as already stated, are not very common, and the
+author is fortunate in having himself played more of these endings than is
+generally the case. By carefully comparing and studying the endings already
+given (Examples 56 and 57) with the following, the student no doubt can
+obtain an idea of the proper method to be followed in such cases. The way
+of procedure is somewhat similar in all of them.
+
+EXAMPLE 60.--From a game, Capablanca-Kreymborg, in the New York State
+Championship Tournament of 1910. {128}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is Black's move, and no doubt thinking that drawing such a position
+(that was all Black played for) would be easy, he contented himself with a
+waiting policy. Such conduct must always be criticised. It often leads to
+disaster. _The best way to defend such positions is to assume the
+initiative and keep the opponent on the defensive._
+
+        1. ........               Q R - K 1
+
+The first move is already wrong. There is nothing to gain by this move.
+Black should play P - Q R 4; to be followed by P - Q R 5; unless White
+plays P - Q Kt 3. That would _fix_ the Queen's side. After that he could
+decide what demonstration he could make with his Rooks to keep the
+opponent's Rooks at bay.
+
+        2. R - Q 4
+
+This move not only prevents P - B 5 which Black intended, but threatens
+P - Kt 3, followed, after {129} P � P ch, by the attack with one or both
+Rooks against Black's Q R P.
+
+        2. ........               R - B 3
+
+probably with the idea of a demonstration on the King's side by R - Kt 3
+and Kt 7.
+
+        3. P - Kt 3               P � P ch
+        4. P � P                  K - B 2
+        5. K - Q 3
+
+R - Q R 1 should have been played now, in order to force Black to defend
+with R - K 2. White, however, does not want to disclose his plan at once,
+and thus awaken Black to the danger of his position, hence this move, which
+seems to aim at the disruption of Black's Queen's side Pawns.
+
+        5. ........               R - K 2
+        6. R - Q R 1              K - K 3
+
+This is a mistake. Black is unaware of the danger of his position. He
+should have played P - Kt 4; threatening R - R 3, and, by making this
+demonstration against White's K R P, stop the attack against his Queen's
+side Pawns, which will now develop.
+
+        7. R - R 6                R - Q B 2
+
+He could not play K - Q 3, because P - Q B 4 would win at least a Pawn.
+This in itself condemns his last move K - K 3, which has done nothing but
+make his situation practically hopeless.
+
+        8. R (Q 4) - Q R 4        P - K Kt 4
+
+Now forced, but it is a little too late. He could not play 8...K R - B 2,
+because P - K B 4 would have {130} left his game completely paralysed.
+Black now finally awakens to the danger, and tries to save the day by the
+counter-demonstration on the King's side, which he should have started
+before. Of course, White cannot play R � R P, because of R � R, followed by
+R - R 3, recovering the Pawn with advantage.
+
+        9. P - K R 4 !            P - Kt 5
+
+Black is now in a very disagreeable position. If he played 9...P � P;
+10 R � P would leave him in a very awkward situation, as he could not go
+back with the King, nor could he do much with either Rook. He practically
+would have to play 10...P - K R 3, when White would answer 11 P - Kt 4,
+threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or, if that were not enough, he
+might play K - Q 4, to be followed finally by the entry of the King at B 5
+or K 5.
+
+       10. K - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{131} /*    10. ........ P � P ch */
+
+Again he cannot play P - K R 4, because P - K B 4 would leave him
+paralysed. The advance of his K R P would make White's K R P safe, and
+consequently his K R would have to retire to K B 2 to defend the Q R P.
+That would make it impossible for his King to go to Q 2, because of the
+Q R P, nor could he advance a single one of his Pawns. On the other hand,
+White would play P - Kt 4, threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or he
+might first play K - Q 4, and then at the proper time P - Kt 5, if there
+was nothing better. Black meanwhile could really do nothing but mark time
+with one of his Rooks. Compare this bottling-up system with the ending in
+Example 57, and it will be seen that it is very similar.
+
+       11. K � P                  R (B 3) - B 2
+       12. K - K 2
+
+Probably wrong. P - Kt 4 at once was the right move. The text move gives
+Black good chances of drawing.
+
+       12. ........               K - Q 3
+       13. P - Kt 4               R - Q Kt 2
+
+This could never have happened had White played 12 P - Kt 4, as he could
+have followed it up by P - Kt 5 after Black's K - Q 3.
+
+       14. P - R 5
+
+Not good. P - K B 4 offered the best chances of {132} winning by force. If
+then 14...R - Kt 2; 15 P - R 5, R - Kt 7 ch; 16 K - Q 3, R - K R 7;
+17 R � P, R � R; 18 R � R, R � P; 19 R - R 6, with winning chances.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       14. ........               P - R 3
+
+Black misses his last chance. P - B 5 would draw. If then 15 P � P,
+R (Kt 2) - K 2 ch !; 16 K - B 1, R � P; 17 R � P, R - K 6 !
+
+       15. P - K B 4              R - Kt 2
+       16. K - Q 3                R (K Kt 2) - K 2
+       17. R - R 1                R - Kt 2
+       18. K - Q 4                R - Kt 7
+       19. R (R 6) - R 2          R (Kt 2) - Kt 2
+
+R (Kt 7) - Kt 2 would have offered greater resistance, but the position is
+lost in any case. (I leave the student to work this out.)
+
+       20. K - Q 3 !              R � R
+       21. R � R                  R - K 2
+
+{133} Nothing would avail. If 21...R - Kt 8; 22 R - R 6 ! R - Q 8 ch;
+23 K - B 2, R - K R 8; 24 P - Kt 5, R � P; 25 R � P ch, K - Q 2;
+26 R - Q R 6, and White will win easily.
+
+       22. R - K Kt 2             R - K 3
+       23. R - Kt 7               R - K 2
+       24. R - Kt 8               P - B 4
+
+Black is desperate. He sees he can no longer defend his Pawns.
+
+       25. R - Kt 6 ch            R - K 3
+       26. P � P ch               K - Q 2
+       27. R - Kt 7 ch            K - B 3
+       28. R � P                  K � P
+       29. R - K B 7              Resigns.
+
+EXAMPLE 61.--From the game Capablanca-Janowski, New York National
+Tournament of 1913.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black's game has the disadvantage of his double Q B P, which, to make
+matters worse, he cannot {134} advance, because as soon as Black plays
+P - Q Kt 3, White replies P - Q Kt 4. It is on this fact that White builds
+his plans. He will stop Black's Queen's side Pawns from advancing, and will
+then bring his own King to K 3. Then in due time he will play P - Q 4, and
+finally P - K 5, or P - K Kt 5, thus forcing an exchange of Pawns and
+obtaining in that way a clear passed Pawn on the King's file. It will be
+seen that this plan was carried out during the course of the game, and that
+White obtained his winning advantage in that way. The play was based
+throughout on the chance of obtaining a passed Pawn on the King's file,
+with which White expected to win.
+
+        1. P - K Kt 4
+
+already preparing to play P - K Kt 5 when the time comes.
+
+        1. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+
+Black wants to play P - Q B 4, but White, of course, prevents it.
+
+        2. P - Kt 4 !             K - Kt 2
+
+This King should come to the King's side, where the danger lurks.
+
+        3. K - B 2                P - Q Kt 4
+
+With the object of playing K - Kt 3 and P - Q R 4, followed by P � P, and
+thus have an open file for his Rook and be able to make a
+counter-demonstration {135} on the Queen's side in order to stop White's
+advance on the right. White, however, also prevents this.
+
+        4. P - Q R 4 !            R - Q 5
+
+Of course if P � P; Black will have all his Pawns on the Queen's side
+disrupted and isolated, and White can easily regain the lost Pawn by
+playing either Rook on the Q R file.
+
+        5. R - Q Kt 1             R - K 4
+
+He still wants to play P - Q B 4, but as it is easy to foresee that White
+will again prevent it, the text move is really a serious loss of time.
+Black should bring his King over to the other side immediately.
+
+        6. K - K 3                R - Q 2
+        7. P - R 5
+
+The first part of White's strategic plan is now accomplished. Black's Pawns
+on the Queen's side are _fixed_ for all practical purposes.
+
+        7. ........               R - K 3
+
+If R � R; Kt P � R would have given White a very powerful centre. Yet it
+might have been the best chance for Black.
+
+        8. R (Kt) - K B 1         R (Q 2) - K 2
+        9. P - Kt 5               P � P
+       10. R � P
+
+{136}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second part of White's strategical plan is now accomplished. It remains
+to find out if the advantage obtained is sufficient to win. White not only
+has a passed Pawn, but his King is in a commanding position in the centre
+of the board ready to support the advance of White's Pawns, or, if
+necessary, to go to Q B 5, or to move to the right wing in case of danger.
+Besides, White holds the open file with one of his Rooks. Altogether
+White's position is superior and his chances of winning are excellent.
+
+       10. ........               R - R 3
+       11. R - Kt 3               R (R 3) - K 3
+
+to prevent P - Q 4. Also Black fears to keep his Rook in front of his two
+King's side Pawns which he may want to utilise later.
+
+       12. P - R 4                P - Kt 3
+       13. R - Kt 5               P - R 3
+
+{137} White threatens P - R 5, which would finally force Black to take, and
+then White would double his Rooks against the isolated Pawn and win it, or
+tie up Black's Rooks completely. The text move, however, only helps White;
+therefore Black had nothing better than to hold tight and wait. R - K 4
+would not help much, as White would simply answer R - B 8, R - K 1;
+R (Kt 5) � R, and whichever Rook Black took, White would have an easy game.
+(The student should carefully study these variations.)
+
+       14. R - Kt 4               R - Kt 2
+       15. P - Q 4                K - B 1
+       16. R - B 8 ch             K - Kt 2
+
+K - Q 2 would not help much, but since he made the previous move he should
+now be consistent and play it.
+
+       17. P - K 5                P - Kt 4
+       18. K - K 4                R (K 3) - K 2
+       19. P � P                  P � P
+       20. R - B 5                K - B 1
+       21. R (Kt 4) � P           R - R 2
+       22. R - R 5                K - Q 2
+       23. R � R                  R � R
+       24. R - B 8                R - R 5 ch
+       25. K - Q 3                R - R 6 ch
+  {138}
+       26. K - Q 2                P - B 4
+       27. Kt P � P               R - Q R 6
+       28. P - Q 5                Resigns.
+
+The winning tactics in all these endings have merely consisted in keeping
+the opponent's Rooks tied to the defence of one or more Pawns, leaving my
+own Rooks free for action. This is a general principle which can be equally
+applied to any part of the game. It means in general terms--
+
+_Keep freedom of manoeuvre while hampering your opponent._
+
+There is one more thing of great importance, and that is that the winning
+side has always had a general strategical plan capable of being carried out
+with the means at his disposal, while often the losing side had no plan at
+all, but simply moved according to the needs of the moment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS _v._ ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS
+
+We shall now examine an ending of Rook, Bishop and Pawns against Rook,
+Knight and Pawns, where it will be seen that the Rook at times is used in
+the same way as in the endings already given.
+
+EXAMPLE 62.--From the first game of the Lasker-Marshall Championship Match
+in 1907. {139}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In this position it is Black's move. To a beginner the position may look
+like a draw, but the advanced player will realise immediately that there
+are great possibilities for Black to win, not only because he has the
+initiative, but because of White's undeveloped Queen's side and the fact
+that a Bishop in such a position is better than a Knight (see Section 14).
+It will take some time for White to bring his Rook and Knight into the
+fray, and Black can utilise it to obtain an advantage. There are two
+courses open to him. The most evident, and the one that most players would
+take, is to advance the Pawn to Q B 4 and Q B 5 immediately in conjunction
+with the Bishop check at R 3 and any other move that might be necessary
+with the Black Rook. The other, and more subtle, course was taken by Black.
+It consists in utilising his Rook in the same way as shown in the previous
+endings, forcing White to defend something all the time, restricting the
+action of White's Knight and {140} White's Rook, while at the same time
+keeping freedom of action for his own Rook and Bishop.
+
+        1. ........               R - Kt 1
+
+This forces P - Q Kt 3, which blocks that square for the White Knight.
+
+        2. P - Kt 3               R - Kt 4
+
+bringing the Rook to attack the King's side Pawns so as to force the King
+to that side to defend them, and thus indirectly making more secure the
+position of Black's Queen's side Pawns.
+
+        3. P - B 4                R - K R 4
+        4. K - Kt 1               P - B 4
+
+Note that the White Knight's sphere of action is very limited, and that
+after Kt - Q 2 White's own Pawns are in his way.
+
+        5. Kt - Q 2               K - B 2
+        6. R - B 1 ch
+
+This check accomplishes nothing. It merely drives Black's King where it
+wants to go. Consequently it is a very bad move. P - Q R 3 at once was the
+best move.
+
+        6. ........               K - K 2
+        7. P - Q R 3              R - R 3
+
+Getting ready to shift the attack to the Queen's side, where he has the
+advantage in material and position.
+
+        8. P - K R 4              R - R 3
+
+{141}
+
+Notice how similar are the manoeuvres with this Rook to those seen in the
+previous endings.
+
+        9. R - R 1                B - Kt 5
+
+Paralysing the action of the Knight and _fixing_ the whole King's side.
+
+       10. K - B 2                K - K 3
+
+White cannot answer Kt - B 3, because B � Kt followed by K - K 4 will win a
+Pawn, on account of the check at K B 3 which cannot be stopped.
+
+       11. P - R 4                K - K 4
+       12. K - Kt 2               R - K B 3
+       13. R - K 1                P - Q 6
+       14. R - K B 1              K - Q 5
+
+Now the King attacks White's Pawns and all will soon be over.
+
+       15. R � R                  P � R
+       16. K - B 2                P - B 3
+
+Merely to exhaust White's move, which will finally force him to move either
+the King or the Knight.
+
+       17. P - Q R 5              P - Q R 3
+       18. Kt - B 1               K � P
+       19. K - K 1                B - K 7
+       20. Kt - Q 2 ch            K - K 6
+       21. Kt - Kt 1              P - B 4
+       22. Kt - Q 2               P - R 4
+       23. Kt - Kt 1              K - B 6
+       24. Kt - B 3               K � P
+  {142}
+       25. Kt - R 4               P - B 5
+       26. Kt � P                 P - B 6
+       27. Kt - K 4 ch            K - B 5
+
+The quickest way to win. White should resign.
+
+       28. Kt - Q 6               P - B 4
+       29. P - Kt 4               P � P
+       30. P - B 5                P - Kt 6
+       31. Kt - B 4               K - Kt 6
+       32. Kt - K 3               P - Kt 7
+            Resigns.
+
+A very good example on Black's part of how to conduct such an ending.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{143}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+FURTHER OPENINGS AND MIDDLE-GAMES
+
+31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS
+
+Before going back to the discussion of openings and middle-game positions,
+it might be well to bear in mind a few facts concerning Pawn positions
+which will no doubt help to understand certain moves, and sometimes even
+the object of certain variations in the openings, and of some manoeuvres in
+the middle-games.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 63.--In the position of the diagram we have an exceedingly bad Pawn
+formation on Black's side. Black's Q B P is altogether backward, and White
+could by means of the open file concentrate {144} his forces against that
+weak point. There is also the square at White's Q B 5, which is controlled
+by White, and from where a White piece once established could not be
+dislodged. In order to get rid of it, Black would have to exchange it,
+which is not always an easy matter, and often when possible not at all
+convenient. The same holds true with regard to Black's K P, K B P and
+K Kt P, which create what is called a "hole" at Black's K B 3. Such Pawn
+formations invariably lead to disaster, and consequently must be avoided.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 64.--In this position we might say that the White centre Pawns have
+the attacking position, while the Black centre Pawns have the defensive
+position. Such a formation of Pawn occurs in the French Defence. In such
+positions White most often attempts, by means of P - K B 4 and K B 5, to
+obtain a crushing attack against Black's King, which is generally Castled
+on the King's side. To prevent that, {145} and also to assume the
+initiative or obtain material advantage, Black makes a
+counter-demonstration by P - Q B 4, followed by P � P (when White defends
+the Pawn by P - Q B 3), and the concentrating of Black's pieces against the
+White Pawn at Q 4. This in substance might be said to be a determined
+attack against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct attack of
+White against Black's King. It must be remembered that at the beginning of
+the book it was stated that _control of the centre was an essential
+condition to a successful attack against the King_.
+
+In an abstract way we may say that two or more Pawns are strongest when
+they are in the same rank next to one another. Thus the centre Pawns are
+strongest in themselves, so to speak, when placed at K 4 and Q 4
+respectively, hence the question of advancing either the one or the other
+to the fifth rank is one that must be most carefully considered. The
+advance of either Pawn often determines the course the game will follow.
+
+Another thing to be considered is the matter of one or more passed Pawns
+when they are isolated either singly or in pairs. We might say that a
+passed Pawn is either very weak or very strong, and that its weakness or
+strength, whichever happens to be in the case to be considered, increases
+as it advances, and is at the same time in direct relation to the number of
+pieces on the board. In this last respect it might be generally said that
+_a passed Pawn increases in strength as the number of pieces on the board
+diminishes_. {146}
+
+Having all this clear in mind we will now revert to the openings and
+middle-game. We will analyse games carefully from beginning to end
+according to general principles. I shall, whenever possible, use my own
+games, not because they will better illustrate the point, but because,
+knowing them thoroughly, I shall be able to explain them more
+authoritatively than the games of others.
+
+32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM A RUY LOPEZ
+
+That some of the variations in the openings and the manoeuvres in the
+middle-game are often based on some of the elementary principles just
+expounded can be easily seen in the following case:
+
+EXAMPLE 65.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B - R 4                Kt - B 3
+        5. O - O                  Kt � P
+        6. P - Q 4                P - Q Kt 4
+        7. B - Kt 3               P - Q 4
+        8. P � P                  B - K 3
+        9. P - B 3                B - K 2
+       10. R - K 1                Kt - B 4
+       11. B - B 2                B - Kt 5
+       12. Q Kt - Q 2             O - O
+       13. Kt - Kt 3              Kt - K 3
+
+{147}
+
+So far a very well-known variation of the Ruy Lopez. In fact, they are the
+moves of the Janowski-Lasker game in Paris, 1912.
+
+       14. Q - Q 3                P - Kt 3
+
+Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some way White, by playing one
+of the Knights to Q 4 at the proper time, forced the exchange of both
+Knights, and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged, and we
+arrived at some such position as shown in the following diagram. (I
+obtained such a position in a very similar way once at Lodz in Poland. I
+was playing the White pieces against a consulting team headed by Salwe.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now we would have here the case of the backward Q B P, which will in no way
+be able to advance to Q B 4. Such a position may be said to be
+theoretically lost, and in practice a first-class master will invariably
+win it from Black. (If I may be excused the reference, I will say that I
+won the game above referred to.)
+
+After a few moves the position may be easily thus: {148}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Black pieces can be said to be _fixed_. If White plays Q - Q B 3, Black
+must answer Q - Q 2, otherwise he will lose a Pawn, and if White returns
+with the Queen to Q R 3 Black will have again to return to Q Kt 2 with the
+Queen or lose a Pawn. Thus Black can only move according to White's lead,
+and under such conditions White can easily advance with his Pawns to K B 4
+and K Kt 4, until Black will be forced to stop P - B 5 by playing
+P - K B 4, and we might finally have some such position as this:
+
+EXAMPLE 66.
+
+[Illustration] {149}
+
+In this situation the game might go on as follows:
+
+        1. P � P, P � P; 2. Q - K B 3, Q - Q 2
+
+White threatened to win a Pawn by Q � P, and Black could not play
+2...R - K B 1, because 3 R � B P would also win a Pawn at least.
+
+        3. R (B 5) - B 2,         R - Kt 3;
+        4. R - Kt 2,              K - R 1;
+        5. R (B 1) - K Kt 1,      R (B 1) - K Kt 1;
+        6. Q - R 5,               R � R;
+        7. R � R,                 R � R;
+        8. K � R,                 Q - Kt 2 ch;
+        9. K - R 2,               Q - Kt 3;
+       10. Q � Q,                 P � Q;
+       11. P - Kt 4, and White wins.
+
+Now suppose that in the position in the preceding diagram it were Black's
+move, and he played R - K B 1. White would then simply defend his K B P by
+some move like Q - K B 3, threatening R � Q B P, and then he would bring
+his King up to Kt 3, and when the time came, break through, as in the
+previous case. White might even be able to obtain the following position:
+
+[Illustration] {150}
+
+Black would now be forced to play R - B 1, and White could then play
+Q - B 2, and follow it up with K B 3, and thus force Black to play P � P,
+which would give White a greater advantage.
+
+A careful examination of all these positions will reveal that, besides the
+advantage of freedom of manoeuvre on White's part, the power of the Pawn at
+K 5 is enormous, and that it is the commanding position of this Pawn, and
+the fact that it is free to advance, once all the pieces are exchanged,
+that constitute the pivot of all White's manoeuvres.
+
+I have purposely given positions without the moves which lead to them so
+that the student may become accustomed to build up in his own mind possible
+positions that may arise (out of any given situation). Thus he will learn
+to make strategical plans and be on his way to the master class. The
+student can derive enormous benefit by further practice of this kind.
+
+33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"
+
+The influence of a so-called "hole" in a game has already been illustrated
+in my game against Blanco (page 81), where has been shown the influence
+exercised by the different pieces posted in the hole created at White's
+K 5. {151}
+
+EXAMPLE 67.--In order to further illustrate this point, I now give a game
+played in the Havana International Masters Tournament of 1913. (Queen's
+Gambit Declined.) White: D. Janowski. Black: A. Kupchick.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. P - Q B 4              P - K 3
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. P - K 3                Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. B - Q 3                P � P
+        7. B � P                  Kt - Kt 3
+
+Of course the idea is to post a Knight at Q 4, but as it is the other
+Knight which will be posted there this manoeuvre does not seem logical. The
+Knight at Kt 3 does nothing except to prevent the development of his own
+Q B. The normal course O - O, followed by P - Q B 4, is more reasonable.
+For a beautiful illustration of how to play White in that variation, see
+the Janowski-Rubinstein game of the St. Petersburg Tournament of 1914.
+
+        8. B - Q 3
+
+B - Kt 3 has some points in its favour in this position, the most important
+being the possibility of advancing the King's Pawn immediately after
+8. ... K Kt - Q 4; 9 B � B, Q � B.
+
+        8. ........               K Kt - Q 4
+        9. B � B                  Q � B
+       10. Kt - B 3
+
+{152} Had White's Bishop been at Q Kt 3 he could now play P - K 4 as
+indicated in the previous note, a move which he cannot make in the present
+position, because of Kt - K B 5 threatening, not only the K Kt P, but also
+Kt � B ch. As White's King's Bishop should never be exchanged in this
+opening without a very good reason White therefore cannot play P - K 4.
+
+       10. ........               O - O
+       11. O - O                  B - Q 2
+       12. R - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is perfectly developed, and now threatens to win a Pawn as follows:
+Kt � Kt, Kt � Kt; P - K 4, followed by R � P.
+
+       12. ........               P - Q B 3
+
+The fact that Black is practically forced to make this move in order to
+avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the
+whole system of development on Black's part. In effect, he plays B - Q 2
+and now he has to shut off the action of his {153} own Bishop, which
+thereby becomes little more than a Pawn for a while. In fact, it is hard to
+see how this Bishop will ever be able to attack anything. Besides, it can
+be easily seen that White will soon post his two Knights at K 5 and Q B 5
+respectively, and that Black will not be able to dislodge them without
+seriously weakening his game, if he can do it at all. From all these
+reasons it can be gathered that it would probably have been better for
+Black to play Kt � Kt and thus get rid of one of the two White Knights
+before assuming such a defensive position. In such cases, the less the
+number of pieces on the board, the better chances there are to escape.
+
+       13. Kt - K 4               P - K B 4
+
+This practically amounts to committing suicide, since it creates a hole at
+K 5 for White's Knight, from where it will be practically impossible to
+dislodge him. If Black intended to make such a move he should have done it
+before, when at least there would have been an object in preventing the
+White Knight from reaching B 5.
+
+       14. Kt - B 5               B - K 1
+       15. Kt - K 5
+
+The position of White's Knights, especially the one at K 5, might be said
+to be ideal, and a single glance shows how they dominate the position. The
+question henceforth will be how is White going to derive the full benefit
+from such an advantageous situation, This we shall soon see. {154}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. ........               R - Kt 1
+
+There is no object in this move, unless it is to be followed by Kt - Q 2.
+As that is not the case, he might have gone with the Rook to B 1, as he
+does later.
+
+       16. R - K 1                R - B 3
+       17. Q - B 3                R - R 3
+       18. Q - Kt 3               R - B 1
+
+White threatened to win the exchange by playing either Kt - B 7 or
+Kt - Kt 4.
+
+       19. P - B 3                R - B 2
+       20. P - Q R 3              K - R 1
+       21. P - R 3
+
+Perhaps all these precautions are unnecessary, but White feels that he has
+more than enough time to prepare his attack, and wants to be secure in
+every way before he begins. {155}
+
+       21. ........               P - Kt 4
+       22. P - K 4                P - B 5
+       23. Q - B 2                Kt - K 6
+
+He had better have played Kt - B 3; and tried later on to get rid of
+White's Knights by means of Kt - Q 2.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. R � Kt
+
+with this sacrifice of the Rook for a Knight and Pawn White obtains an
+overwhelming position.
+
+       24. ........               P � R
+       25. Q � P                  Kt - B 1
+
+Kt - Q 2 was better in order to get rid of one of the two White Knights.
+There were, however, any number of good replies to it, among them the
+following: Kt (B 5) � Kt, B � Kt; Q � P, Q � Q; Kt - B 7 ch, K - Kt 2;
+Kt � Q, and with two Pawns for the exchange, and the position so much in
+his favour, White should have no trouble in winning. {156}
+
+       26. Kt - Kt 4              R - Kt 3
+       27. P - K 5                R - Kt 2
+       28. B - B 4                B - B 2
+
+All these moves are practically forced, and as it is easily seen they tie
+up Black's position more and more. White's manoeuvres from move 24 onwards
+are highly instructive.
+
+       29. Kt - B 6               Kt - Kt 3
+
+This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout the game.
+
+       30. Kt (B5) - K 4          P - K R 3
+       31. P - K R 4              Kt - Q 4
+       32. Q - Q 2                R - Kt 3
+       33. P � P                  Q - B 1
+
+If P � P; K - B 2, and Black would be helpless.
+
+       34. P - B 4                Kt - K 2
+       35. P - K Kt 4             P � P
+       36. P � P                  Resigns.
+
+There is nothing to be done. If B - Kt 1; Q - R 2 ch, K - Kt 2; B � P.
+
+The student should notice that, apart from other things, White throughout
+the game has had control of the Black squares, principally those at K 5 and
+Q B 5.
+
+From now on to the end of the book I shall give a collection of my games
+both lost and won, chosen so as to serve as illustrations of the general
+principles laid down in the foregoing pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{159}
+
+PART II
+
+GAME 1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(Match, 1909)
+
+White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. P - Q B 4              P - K 3
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. P - K 3                Kt - K 5
+
+I had played this defence twice before in the match with good results, and
+although I lost this game I still played it until the very last game, when
+I changed my tactics. The reason was my total lack of knowledge of the
+different variations in this opening, coupled with the fact that I knew
+that Dr. E. Lasker had been successful with it against Marshall himself in
+1907. I thought that since Dr. Lasker had played it so often, it should be
+good. The object is to exchange a couple of pieces and at the same time to
+bring about a position full of possibilities and with promising chances of
+success once the end-game stage is reached. On general principles it should
+be wrong, because the {160} same Knight is moved three times in the
+opening, although it involves the exchange of two pieces. In reality the
+difficulty in this variation, as well as in nearly all the variations of
+the Queen's gambit, lies in the slow development of Black's Queen Bishop.
+However, whether this variation can or cannot be safely played is a
+question still to be decided, and it is outside the scope of this book. I
+may add that at present my preference is for a different system of
+development, but it is not unlikely that I should some time come back to
+this variation.
+
+        6. B � B                  Q � B
+        7. B - Q 3
+
+P � P is preferable for reasons that we shall soon see.
+
+        7. ........               Kt � Kt
+        8. P � Kt                 Kt - Q 2
+
+Now P � P would be a better way to develop the game. The idea is that after
+8...P � P; 9 B � B P, P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, would give Black's
+Bishop a powerful range. For this variation see the eleventh game of the
+match.
+
+        9. Kt - B 3               O - O
+
+No longer would 9...P � P; 10 B � P, P - Q Kt 3 be good, because
+11 B - Kt 5 would prevent B - Kt 2 on account of Kt - K 5. {161}
+
+       10. P � P                  P � P
+       11. Q - Kt 3               Kt - B 3
+       12. P - Q R 4              P - B 4
+
+Played with the intention of obtaining the majority of Pawns on the Queen's
+side. Yet it is doubtful whether this move is good, since it leaves Black's
+Queen's-side Pawns disrupted in a way. The safer course would have been to
+play P - B 3.
+
+       13. Q - R 3                P - Q Kt 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This exposes Black to further attack by P - R 5 without any compensation
+for it. If I had to play this position nowadays I would simply play
+13...R - K 1. Then after 14 Q � P, Q � Q would follow, and I believe that
+Black would regain the Pawn. If, instead, White played 14 P � P then
+B - Kt 5 would give Black an excellent game.
+
+       14. P - R 5                B - Kt 2
+       15. O - O                  Q - B 2
+       16. K R - Kt 1             Kt - Q 2
+
+{162}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any case, but the text move
+makes matters worse. As a matter of fact I never saw White's reply B - B 5.
+It never even passed through my mind that this was threatened. Black's best
+move would have been 16...K R - Kt 1. If that loses, then any other move
+would lose as well.
+
+       17. B - B 5                K R - B 1
+
+From bad to worse. Kt - B 3 offered the only hope.
+
+       18. B � Kt                 Q � B
+       19. P - R 6                B - B 3
+       20. P � P                  P � P
+       21. Q � P                  Q R - Kt 1
+
+The game was lost. One move was as good as another.
+
+       22. R � R                  R � R
+       23. Kt - K 5               Q - B 4
+       24. P - K B 4              R - Kt 3
+       25. Q � R !                Resigns.
+
+{163} Of course, if 25 Kt � B, R - Kt 8 ch would have drawn. The text move
+is pretty and finishes quickly. A well-played game on Marshall's part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(San Sebastian, 1911)
+
+White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q B 4
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. P � Q P                K P � P
+        5. Kt - B 3               Kt -Q B 3
+        6. P - K Kt 3             B - K 3
+
+Kt - B 3 is the normal move in this variation. White's development was
+first introduced by Schlechter and elaborated later on by Rubinstein. It
+aims at the isolation of Black's Q P, against which the White pieces are
+gradually concentrated. In making the text move I was trying to avoid the
+beaten track. Being a developing move there should be no objection to it in
+the way of general principles, except that the Knights ought to come out
+before the Bishops.
+
+        7. B - Kt 2               B - K 2
+        8. O - O                  R - B 1
+
+In pursuance of the idea of changing the normal {164} course of this
+variation, but with very poor success. The move in theory ought to be
+unsound, since Black's K Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of
+the attack founded on Kt - Kt 5 and the exchange of the B at K 3. Either
+Kt - B 3 or P - K R 3; to prevent either B or Kt - K Kt 5, was right.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        9. P X P                  B � P
+       10. Kt - K Kt 5            Kt - B 3
+       11. Kt � B                 P � Kt
+       12. B - R 3                Q - K 2
+       13. B - Kt 5               O - O
+
+This is a mistake. The right move was R - Q 1 in order to get the Rook away
+from the line of the Bishop at R 3 and at the same time to support the Q P.
+Incidentally it shows that White failed to take proper advantage of Black's
+weak opening moves. Against the text move White makes a very fine
+combination {165} which I had seen, but which I thought could be defeated.
+
+       14. B � Kt                 Q � B
+
+I considered P � B, which it seemed would give me a playable game, but I
+thought White's combination unsound and therefore let him play it, to my
+lasting regret.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. Kt � P !               Q - R 3
+
+[Illustration] {166}
+
+       16. K - Kt 2 !
+
+_This_ is the move which I had not considered. I thought that Rubinstein
+would have to play B - Kt 2, when I had in mind the following winning
+combination: 16 B - Kt 2, Kt - K 4 ! 17 Kt - B 4 (if R - B 1, Q � R !!
+Q � Q, B � P ch wins), Kt - Kt 5; 18 P - K R 3 (if Kt - R 3, B � P ch wins
+the exchange), Kt � P; 19 R � Kt, B � R ch; 20 K � B, P - K Kt 4, and Black
+should win. It is curious that this combination has been overlooked. It has
+been taken for granted that I did not see the 17th move Q - B 1.
+
+       16. ........               Q R - Q 1
+
+After White's last move there was nothing for me to do but submit to the
+inevitable.
+
+       17. Q - B 1 !              P � Kt
+       18. Q � B                  Q - Q 7
+       19. Q - Kt 5               Kt - Q 5
+       20. Q - Q 3                Q � Q
+       21. P � Q                  K R - K 1
+       22. B - Kt 4
+
+This gives Black a chance. He should have played K R - K 1. If then
+Kt - B 7; R � R ch, R � R; R - Q B 1, R - K 7; K - B 1, Kt - Q 5 (if
+R - Q 7; B - K 6 ch, K - B 1; B � P would win); R - B 8 ch, K - B 2;
+R - B 7 ch, R - K 2; R - B 5 wins. {167}
+
+       22. ........               R - Q 3
+       23. K R - K 1              R � R
+       24. R � R                  R - Q Kt 3
+       25. R - K 5                R � P
+       26. R � P                  Kt - B 3
+       27. B - K 6 ch             K - B 1
+       28. R - B 5 ch             K - K 1
+       29. B - B 7 ch             K - Q 2
+       30. B - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       30. ........               P - Q R 3
+
+A bad move, which gives away any legitimate chance Black had to draw. It
+loses a very important move. In fact, as the course of the game will show,
+it loses several moves. The proper way was to play K - Q 3. If then
+R - Q Kt 5, R � R; B � R, Kt - Q 5; followed by P - Q Kt 4; and White would
+have an exceedingly difficult game to draw on account of the dominating
+position of the Knight at {168} Q 5 in conjunction with the extra Pawn on
+the Queen's side and the awkward position of White's King. (See how this is
+so.)
+
+       31. R - B 7 ch             K - Q 3
+       32. R � K Kt P             P - Kt 4
+       33. B - Kt 8               P - Q R 4
+       34. R � P                  P - R 5
+       35. P - R 4                P - Kt 5
+       36. R - R 6 ch             K - B 4
+       37. R - R 5 ch             K - Kt 3
+       38. B - Q 5
+
+With these last three moves White again gives Black a chance. Even before
+the last move B - B 4 would have won with comparative ease, but the text
+move is a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him, Black does not
+avail himself.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       38. ........               P - Kt 6
+
+R � P would make it practically impossible for White to win, if he can win
+at all. White's best {169} continuation then would have been: 39 B - B 4,
+R - B 7; 40 R - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2; 41 B - Kt 8, P - R 6; 42 P - R 5,
+P - R 7; 43 B � P, R � B, and if there is a win it is very difficult to
+find it, as against 44 P - R 6, R - R 3 ! offers excellent chances for a
+draw.
+
+       39. P � P                  P - R 6
+       40. B � Kt                 R � Kt P
+
+If 40...P - R 7; 41 R - Kt 5 ch, K - R 3; 42 R - Kt 8.
+
+       41. B - Q 5                P - R 7
+       42. R - R 6 ch             Resigns.
+
+As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for two masters. The
+redeeming feature of the game is Rubinstein's fine combination in the
+middle game, beginning with 14 B � Kt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE
+
+(Havana, 1913)
+
+White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                Kt - K B 3
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               Q Kt - Q 2
+        4. P - K 3                P - K 4
+        5. Kt - B 3               P - B 3
+        6. B - Q 3                B - K 2
+        7. Q - K 2                Q - R 4
+        8. O - O                  Kt - B 1
+        9. K R - Q 1              B - Kt 5
+
+{170}
+
+At last Black is on his way to obtain full development. The idea of this
+irregular opening is mainly to throw White on his own resources. At the
+time the game was played, the system of defence was not as well known as
+the regular forms of the Queen's Pawn openings. Whether it is sound or not
+remains yet to be proved. Its good features are that it keeps the centre
+intact without creating any particular weakness, and that it gives plenty
+of opportunity for deep and concealed manoeuvring. The drawback is the long
+time it takes Black to develop his game. It is natural to suppose that
+White will employ that time to prepare a well-conceived attack, or that he
+will use the advantage of his development actually to prevent Black's
+complete development, or failing that, to obtain some definite material
+advantage.
+
+       10. P - K R 3              B - R 4
+       11. P � P                  P � P
+       12. Kt - K 4
+
+[Illustration] {171}
+
+       12. ........               Kt � Kt
+
+A very serious mistake. I considered castling, which was the right move,
+but desisted because I was afraid that by playing 13 B � Kt, P � B;
+14 Kt - Kt 3, B - Kt 3; 15 Kt - B 5, White would obtain a winning position
+for the end game. Whether right or wrong this shows how closely related are
+all parts of the game, and consequently how one will influence the other.
+
+       13. B � B                  K � B
+       14. B � Kt                 B - Kt 3
+
+Not good. The natural and proper move would have been Kt - K 3, in order to
+bring all the Black pieces into play. B � Kt at once was also good, as it
+would have relieved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn, and at the
+same time have simplified the game.
+
+Here it is seen how failure to comply with the elementary logical reasons,
+that govern any given position, often brings the player into trouble. I was
+no doubt influenced in my choice of moves by the fear of B - B 5, which was
+a very threatening move.
+
+       15. Q - B 4                Kt - K 3
+       16. P - Q Kt 4             Q - B 2
+       17. B � B                  R P � B
+       18. Q - K 4                K - B 3
+
+{172}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       19. R - Q 3
+
+P - K R 4, to be followed by P - Kt 4, might have been a more vigorous way
+to carry on the attack. Black's weak point is unquestionably the Pawn at
+K 4, which he is compelled to defend with the King. The text move aims at
+doubling the Rooks, with the ultimate object of placing one of them at Q 6,
+supported by a Pawn at Q B 5, Black could only stop this by playing P - B 4
+which would create a "hole" at Q 5; or by playing P - Kt 3, which would tie
+the Black Queen to the defence of the Q B P as well as the K P, which she
+already defends. Black, however, can meet all this by offering the exchange
+of Rooks, which destroys White's plans. For this reason P - K R 4 appears
+the proper way to carry on the attack.
+
+       19. ........               Q R - Q 1
+       20. Q R - Q 1              P - K Kt 4
+
+This move is preparatory to P - K Kt 3, which would {173} make Black's
+position secure. Unfortunately for Black, he did not carry out his original
+plan.
+
+       21. P - B 4                R � R
+
+P - K Kt 3 would have left Black with a perfectly safe game.
+
+       22. R � R                  R - Q 1
+
+A very serious mistake, which loses a Pawn. P - K Kt 3 was the right move,
+and would have left Black with a very good game. In fact, if it should come
+to a simple ending, the position of the Black King would be an advantage.
+
+       23. R � R                  Kt � R
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. P - K R 4
+
+This wins a Pawn, as will soon be seen. Black cannot reply 24...Kt - K 3;
+because 25 P � P ch, Kt � P; 26 Q - R 4 wins the Knight. {174}
+
+       24. ........               P � P
+       25. Q � P ch               K - K 3
+       26. Q - Kt 4 ch            K - B 3
+       27. Q - Kt 5 ch            K - K 3
+       28. Q � P                  Q - Q 3
+       29. P - B 5                Q - Q 4
+       30. P K 4 !                Q - Q 8 ch
+       31. K - R 2                P - B 3
+       32. Q - Kt 4 ch !          K - K 2
+       33. Kt � P                 Q � Q
+       34. Kt � Q                 Kt - K 3
+       35. P - K 5                P � P
+       36. Kt � P                 Kt - Q 5
+
+The game went on for a few more moves, and, there being no way to
+counteract the advance of White's two passed Pawns, Black resigned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 4. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1913)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - K 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+
+This constitutes the _McCutcheon Variation_. It aims at taking the
+initiative away from White. Instead {175} of defending, Black makes a
+counter demonstration on the Queen's side. It leads to highly interesting
+games.
+
+        5. P � P
+
+At the time this game was played the variation 5 P - K 5 was in vogue, but
+I considered then, as I do now, the text move to be the stronger.
+
+        5. ........               Q � P
+
+This is considered superior to P � P. It has for its object, as I said
+before, to take the initiative away from White by disrupting White's
+Queen's side. White, however, has more than ample compensation through his
+breaking up Black's King's side. It might be laid down as a principle of
+the opening that _the breaking up of the King's side is of more importance
+than a similar occurrence on the Queen's side_.
+
+        6. B � Kt                 B � Kt ch
+        7. P � B                  P � B
+        8. Kt - B 3               P - Q Kt 3
+
+The plan of Black in this variation is to post his Bishop on the long
+diagonal so as to be able later on, in conjunction with the action of his
+Rooks along the open K Kt's file, to make a violent attack against White's
+King. It is, of course, expected that White will Castle on the King's side
+because of the broken-up condition of his Queen's side Pawns. {176}
+
+        9. Q - Q 2                B - Kt 2
+       10. B - K 2                Kt - Q 2
+       11. P - B 4                Q - K B 4
+       12. O - O - O
+
+An original idea, I believe, played for the first time in a similar
+position in a game against Mr. Walter Penn Shipley, of Philadelphia. My
+idea is that as there is no Black Bishop and because Black's pieces have
+been developed with a view to an attack on the King's side, it will be
+impossible for Black to take advantage of the apparently unprotected
+position of White's King. Two possibilities must be considered. Firstly: If
+Black Castles on the Queen's side, as in this game, it is evident that
+there is no danger of an attack. Secondly: If Black Castles on the King's
+side, White begins the attack first, taking advantage of the awkward
+position of Black's Queen. In addition to the attacking probabilities of
+the text move, White in one move brings his King into safety and brings one
+of his Rooks into play. Thus he gains several moves, "tempi" as they are
+called, which will serve him to develop whatever plan he may wish to
+evolve.
+
+       12. ........               O - O - O
+       13. Q - K 3                K R - Kt 1
+       14. P - Kt 3               Q - Q R 4
+
+Unquestionably a mistake, overlooking White's fine {177} reply, but a
+careful examination will show that White already has the better position.
+
+       15. R - Q 3 !              K - Kt 1
+       16. K R - Q 1              Q - K B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       17. Kt - R 4
+
+This move has been criticised because it puts the Knight out of the way for
+a few moves. But by forcing Q - K Kt 4; White gains a very important move
+with P - B 4, which not only consolidates his position, but also drives the
+Queen away, putting it out of the game for the moment. Certainly the Queen
+is far more valuable than the Knight, to say nothing of the time gained and
+the freedom of action obtained thereby for White's more important pieces.
+
+       17. ........               Q - K Kt 4
+       18. P - B 4                Q - Kt 2
+       19. B - B 3
+
+{178} In such positions it is generally very advantageous to get rid of the
+Black Bishop controlling his Q R 3 and Q B 3, which form "holes" for
+White's pieces. The Bishop in such positions is of very great defensive
+value, hence the advantage of getting rid of it.
+
+       19. ........               K R - K 1
+       20. B � B                  K � B
+       21. P - Q B 5 !            P - B 3
+
+White threatened P - B 6 ch.
+
+       22. Kt - B 3               Q - B 1
+
+To prevent the Knight from moving to Q 6 via Q 2 and K 4 or Q B 4. It is
+self-evident that White has a great advantage of position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. Kt - Q 2 ?
+
+I had considered R - Kt 3, which was the right move, but gave it up because
+it seemed too slow, and {179} that in such a position there had to be some
+quicker way of winning.
+
+       23. ........               P � P
+       24. Kt - B 4
+
+Kt - K 4 or Kt - Kt 3 would have brought about an ending advantageous to
+White.
+
+       24. ........               Kt - Kt 3
+       25. Kt - R 5 ch            K - R 1
+       26. P � P                  Kt - Q 4
+       27. Q - Q 4                R - B 1
+
+If R - Kt 1; 28 Kt � P, R (Kt 1) - B 1; 29 Kt � P would win.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       28. P - B 4
+
+Kt - B 4 was the right move. I was, however, still looking for the "grand
+combination," and thought that the Pawn I would later on have at Q 6 would
+win the game. Black deserves great credit for the way in which he conducted
+this exceedingly difficult {180} defence. He could easily have gone wrong
+any number of times, but from move 22 onwards he always played the best
+move.
+
+       28. ........               P - K 4 !
+       29. Q - Kt 1               P - K 5
+       30. P � Kt                 P � R
+       31. P - Q 6                R - K 7
+       32. P - Q 7                R - B 7 ch
+       33. K - Kt 1               R - Kt 1 ch
+       34. Kt - Kt 3              Q - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       35. R � P
+
+The position is most interesting. I believe I lost here my last chance to
+win the game, and if that is true it would vindicate my judgment when, on
+move 28, I played P - B 4. The student can find out what would happen if
+White plays Q - Q 4 ! at once. I have gone over the following variations:
+35 Q - Q 4, R � K R P (of course if R � B P, P - Q 8 wins); {181}
+36 Q � Q P ! R - Q 1; 37 Q - R 6, K - Kt 1 best (if Q - Q 5 ch; K - R 1,
+K - Kt 1; R - Q Kt 1 wins); 38 Q � B P and White will at least have a draw.
+
+       35. ........               R - K 7
+       36. Q - Q 4                R - Q 1
+       37. Q - R 4                Q - K 5
+       38. Q - R 6                K - Kt 1
+
+There is nothing to be done against this simple move, since White cannot
+play Kt - Q 4, because Q - R 8 mates.
+
+       39. K - B 1                R � Q P
+       40. Kt - Q 4               R - K 8 ch
+            Resigns.
+
+A very interesting battle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 5. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B � Kt
+
+The object of this move is to bring about speedily a middle-game without
+Queens, in which White {182} has four Pawns to three on the King's side,
+while Black's superiority of Pawns on the other side is somewhat balanced
+by the fact that one of Black's Pawns is doubled. On the other hand, Black
+has the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while White has only one.
+
+        4. ........               Q P � B
+        5. P - Q 4                P � P
+        6. Q � P                  Q � Q
+        7. Kt � Q                 B - Q 3
+
+Black's idea is to Castle on the King's side. His reason is that the King
+ought to remain on the weaker side to oppose later the advance of White's
+Pawns. Theoretically there is very much to be said in favour of this
+reasoning, but whether in practice that would be the best system would be
+rather difficult to prove. The student should notice that if now all the
+pieces were exchanged White would practically be a Pawn ahead, and would
+therefore have a won ending.
+
+        8. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K 2
+
+A perfectly sound form of development. In any other form adopted the Black
+Kt could not be developed either as quickly or as well. K 2 is the natural
+position for the Black Kt in this variation, in order not to obstruct
+Black's Pawns, and also, in some eventualities, in order to go to K Kt 3.
+There is {183} also the possibility of its going to Q 5 via Q B 3 after
+P - Q B 4.
+
+        9. O - O                  O - O
+       10. P - B 4
+
+This move I considered weak at the time, and I do still. It leaves the K P
+weak, unless it advances to K 5, and it also makes it possible for Black to
+pin the Kt by B - Q B 4.
+
+       10. ........               R - K 1
+
+Best. It threatens B - B 4; B - K 3, Kt - Q 4. It also prevents B - K 3
+because of Kt - Q 4 or B 4.
+
+       11. Kt - Kt 3              P - B 3
+
+Preparatory to P - Q Kt 3, followed by P - Q B 4 and B - Kt 2 in
+conjunction with Kt - Kt 3, which would put White in great difficulties to
+meet the combined attack against the two centre Pawns.
+
+       12. P - B 5
+
+[Illustration] {184}
+
+It has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game, but I would like
+nothing better than to have such a position again. It required several
+mistakes on my part finally to obtain a lost position.
+
+       12. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+       13. B - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               B - Kt 2
+
+Played against my better judgment. The right move of course was B � B. Dr.
+Lasker gives the following variation: 13...B � B; 14 R � B, P - B 4;
+15 Q R - Q 1, B - Kt 2; 16 R - B 2, Q R - Q 1; 17 R � R, R � R; 18 R - Q 2,
+R � R; 19 Kt � R, and he claims that White has the best of it. But, as
+Niemzovitch pointed out immediately after the game, 16...Q R - Q 1 given in
+Dr. Lasker's variation, is not the best. If 16...Q R - B 1 ! then White
+will have great difficulty in drawing the game, {185} since there is no
+good way to stop Black from playing Kt - B 3, followed by Kt - K 4,
+threatening Kt - B 5. And should White attempt to meet this manoeuvre by
+withdrawing the Kt at Kt 3; then the Black Knight can go to Q 5, and the
+White Pawn at K 4 will be the object of the attack. Taking Dr. Lasker's
+variation, however, whatever advantage there might be disappears at once if
+Black plays 19...Kt - B 3, threatening Kt - Kt 5 and also Kt - Q 5, neither
+of which can be stopped. If White answers 20 Kt - Q 5, Kt - Q 5 for Black
+will at least draw. In fact, after 19...Kt - B 3 Black threatens so many
+things that it is difficult to see how White can prevent the loss of one or
+more Pawns.
+
+       14. B � B                  P � B
+       15. Kt - Q 4
+
+It is a curious but true fact that I did not see this move when I played
+13...B - Kt 2, otherwise I would have played the right move 13...B � B.
+
+       15. ........               Q R - Q 1
+
+The game is yet far from lost, as against the entry of the Knight, Black
+can later on play P - B 4, followed by P - Q 4.
+
+       16. Kt - K 6               R - Q 2
+       17. Q R - Q 1
+
+{186}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I now was on the point of playing P - B 4, to be followed by P - Q 4, which
+I thought would give me a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and thought
+that I could play the text move, 17...Kt - B 1, and later on sacrifice the
+exchange for the Knight at K 6, winning a Pawn for it, and leaving White's
+K P still weaker. I intended to carry this plan either before or after
+playing P - K Kt 4 as the circumstances demanded. Now let us analyse:
+17...P - B 4. If 18 Kt - Q 5, B � Kt; 19 P � B, P - Q Kt 4; and a careful
+analysis will show that Black has nothing to fear. Black's plan in this
+case would be to work his Kt around to K 4, via Q B 1, Q Kt 3, and Q B 5 or
+Q 2. Again, 17...P - B 4; 18 R - B 2, P - Q 4; 19 P � P, B � P; 20 Kt � B
+(best, since if R (B 2) - Q 2, B � Kt give Black the advantage), R � Kt;
+21 R � R, Kt � R; and there is no good reason why Black should lose.
+
+       17. ........               Kt - B 1
+       18. R - B 2                P - Q Kt 4
+  {187}
+       19. K R - Q 2              R (Q 2) - K 2
+       20. P - Q Kt 4             K - B 2
+       21. P - Q R 3              B - R 1
+
+Once more changing my plan and this time without any good reason. Had I now
+played R � Kt; P � R ch, R � P; as I intended to do when I went back with
+the Knight to B 1, I doubt very much if White would have been able to win
+the game. At least it would have been extremely difficult.
+
+       22. K - B 2                R - R 2
+       23. P - Kt 4               P - R 3
+       24. R - Q 3                P - Q R 4
+       25. P - K R 4              P � P
+       26. P � P                  R (R 2) - K 2
+
+This, of course, has no object now. Black, with a bad game, flounders
+around for a move. It would have been better to play R - R 6 to keep the
+open file, and at the same time to threaten to come out with the Knight at
+Kt 3 and B 5.
+
+       27. K - B 3                R - Kt 1
+       28. K - B 4                P - Kt 3
+
+Again bad. White's last two moves were weak, since the White King does
+nothing here. He should have played his Rook to Kt 3 on the 27th move.
+Black now should have played P - Kt 4 ch. After missing this chance White
+has it all his own way, and finishes the game most accurately, and Black
+becomes more {188} helpless with each move. The game needs no further
+comment, excepting that my play throughout was of an altogether irresolute
+character. When a plan is made, it must be carried out if at all possible.
+Regarding the play of White, I consider his 10th and 12th moves were very
+weak; he played well after that up to the 27th move, which was bad, as well
+as his 28th move. The rest of his play was good, probably perfect.
+
+       29. R - Kt 3               P - Kt 4 ch
+       30. K - B 3                Kt - Kt 3
+       31. P � P                  R P � P
+       32. R - R 3                R - Q 2
+       33. K - Kt 3 !             K - K 1
+       34. Q R - K R 1            B - Kt 2
+       35. P - K 5                Q P � P
+       36. Kt - K 4               Kt - Q 4
+       37. Kt (K 6) - B 5         B - B 1
+       38. Kt � R                 B � Kt
+       39. R - R 7                R - B 1
+       40. R - R 1                K - Q 1
+       41. R - R 8 ch             B - B 1
+       42. Kt - B 5               Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{189}
+
+GAME 6. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)
+
+White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+
+Of all the variations of the French Defence I like this best, because it
+gives Black more chances to obtain the initiative.
+
+        5. P - K 5
+
+Though I consider P � P the best move, there is much to be said in favour
+of this move, but not of the variation as a whole, which White adopted in
+this game.
+
+        5. ........               P - K R 3
+        6. B - Q 2                B � Kt
+        7. P � B                  Kt - K 5
+        8. Q - Kt 4               K - B 1
+
+The alternative, P - K Kt 3; leaves Black's King's side very weak. White by
+playing P - K R 4 would force Black to play P - K R 4; and later, on
+White's Bishop by going to Q 3, would threaten the weakened K Kt P. By the
+text move Black gives up Castling, but gains time for an attack against
+White's centre and Queen's side. {190}
+
+        9. B - B 1                P - Q B 4
+
+Threatening Q - R 4 and stopping thereby White's threat of B - R 3. It
+demonstrates that White's last move was a complete loss of time and merely
+weakened his position.
+
+       10. B - Q 3                Q - R 4
+       11. Kt - K 2               P � P
+       12. O - O                  P � P
+       13. B � Kt                 P � B
+       14. Q � P                  Kt - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black has come out of the opening with a Pawn to the good. His development,
+however, has suffered somewhat, and there are Bishops of opposite colour,
+so that it cannot be said as yet, that Black has a won game; but he has
+certainly the best of the position, because, besides being a Pawn to the
+good, he threatens White's K P, which must of course be {191} defended, and
+this in turn will give him the opportunity to post his Knight at Q 4 via
+K 2. When the Black Knight is posted at Q 4, the Bishop will be developed
+to B 3 via Q 2, as soon as the opportunity presents itself, and it will be
+Black that will then have the initiative, and can consequently decide the
+course of the game.
+
+       15. R - Q 1
+
+To prevent Kt - K 2; which would be answered by Kt � P, or still better by
+B - R 3. The move, however, is strategically wrong, since by bringing his
+pieces to the Queen's side, White loses any chance he might have of making
+a determined attack on the King's side before Black is thoroughly prepared
+for it.
+
+       15. ........               P - K Kt 3
+       16. P - B 4                K - Kt 2
+       17. B - K 3
+
+Better would have been P - Q R 4, in order to play B - R 3. The White B
+would be much better posted on the open diagonal than here, where it acts
+purely on the defensive.
+
+       17. ........               Kt - K 2
+       18. B - B 2                Kt - Q 4
+
+This Knight completely paralyses the attack, as it dominates the whole
+situation, and there is no way to dislodge it. Behind it Black can quietly
+develop his pieces. The game can now be said to be won for Black
+strategically. {192}
+
+       19. R - Q 3                B - Q 2
+       20. Kt - Q 4               Q R - Q B 1
+       21. R - Kt 3               K - R 2
+       22. P - K R 4              K R - Kt 1
+       23. P - R 5                Q - Kt 5
+
+In order to pin the Knight and be ready to come back to either K 2 or B 1.
+Also to prevent Q R - Kt 1. In reality nearly all these precautions are
+unnecessary, since White's attack amounts to nothing. Probably Black should
+have left aside all these considerations, and played Q - R 5 now, in order
+to follow it up with P - B 4, as he did later, but under less favourable
+circumstances.
+
+       24. R - R 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. ........               P - B 4
+
+Not the best, as White will soon prove. Q - B 1 would have avoided
+everything, but Black wants to assume the initiative at once and plunges
+into {193} complications. However, as will soon be seen, the move is not a
+losing one by any means.
+
+       25. P � P e.p.             Kt � P (B 3)
+       26. P � P ch               R � P
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       27. R � P ch
+
+This wins the Queen.
+
+       27. ........               K � R
+       28. Kt - B 5 ch            P � Kt
+       29. Q � Q
+
+[Illustration] {194}
+
+The position looks most interesting. I thought it would be possible to get
+up such an attack against the White King as to make it impossible for him
+to hold out much longer, but I was wrong, unless it could have been done by
+playing B - B 3 first, forcing P - Kt 3 and then playing K - R 4. I
+followed a similar plan, but lost a very important move by playing
+Q R - K Kt 1; which gave White time to play R - Q 1. I am convinced,
+however, that B - B 3 at once was the right move. White would be forced to
+play P - Kt 3, and Black would reply with either K - R 4; as already
+indicated, which looks the best (the plan, of course, is to play R - K R 1;
+and follow it up with K - Kt 5; threatening mate, or some other move
+according to circumstances. In some cases, of course, it will be better
+first to play K - Kt 5), or Kt - K 5, which will at least give him a draw.
+There are so many possibilities in this position that it would be
+impossible to give them all. It will be worth the reader's time to go
+carefully through the lines of play indicated above.
+
+       29. ........               Q R - K Kt 1
+
+As stated B - B 3 was the best move.
+
+       30. P - Kt 3               B - B 3
+       31. R - Q 1                K - R 4
+
+The plan, of course, as explained above, is to go to Kt 5 in due time and
+threaten mate at K R 8, but it is now too late, the White Rook having come
+in {195} time to prevent the manoeuvre. Instead of the text move,
+therefore, Black should have played Kt - K 5; which would have given him a
+draw at the very least. After the text moves the tables are turned. It is
+now White who has the upper hand, and Black who has to fight for a draw.
+
+       32. R - Q 6                B - K 5
+
+Kt - K 5 was still the right move, and probably the last chance Black had
+to draw against White's best play.
+
+       33. Q � B P                Kt - Q 4
+       34. R � R                  K � R
+
+Kt � Q; R � R, Kt � P was no better.
+
+       35. Q - K 5                K - B 2
+       36. P - B 4                R - K 1
+       37. Q - Kt 2               Kt - B 3
+       38. B - Q 4                R - K R 1
+       39. Q - Kt 5               R - R 8 ch
+       40. K - B 2                P - R 3
+       41. Q - Kt 6               R - R 7 ch
+       42. K - K 1                Kt - Q 2
+       43. Q - Q 6                B - B 3
+       44. P - Kt 4               P � P
+       45. P - K B 5              R - R 8 ch
+       46. K - Q 2                K - K 1
+       47. P - B 6                R - R 2
+       48. Q - K 6 ch             K - B 1
+       49. B - K 3                R - B 2
+       50. B - R 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+
+{196}
+
+Most players will be wondering, as the spectators did, why I did not
+resign. The reason is that while I knew the game to be lost, I was hoping
+for the following variation, which Chajes came very near playing:
+51 Q � P ch, K - R 2; 52 Q - R 5, R � P; 53 B - Kt 5 ch, K - Kt 2;
+54 B � R ch, K � B; and while White has a won game it is by no means easy.
+If the reader does not believe it, let him take the White pieces against a
+master and see what happens. My opponent, who decided to take no chances,
+played 51 B - Kt 7, and finally won as shown below.
+
+       51. B - Kt 7               P - Kt 6
+       52. K - K2                 P - Kt 7
+       53. K - B 2                Kt - B 1
+       54. Q - Kt 4               Kt - Q 2
+       55. K - Kt 1               P - R 4
+       56. P - R 4                B � P
+       57. Q - R 3                R � P
+       58. B � R                  Kt � B
+       59. Q � P ch               K - B 1
+       60. Q � P
+
+and after a very few more moves Black resigned.
+
+A very fine game on Chajes' part from move 25 on, for while Black, having
+the best of the position, missed several chances, White, on the other hand,
+missed none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{197}
+
+GAME 7. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(San Sebastian, 1911)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B - R 4                Kt - B 3
+        5. P - Q 3
+
+This is a very solid development, to which I was much addicted at the time,
+because of my ignorance of the multiple variations of the openings.
+
+        5. ........               P - Q 3
+        6. P - B 3                B - K 2
+
+In this variation there is the alternative of developing this Bishop via
+Kt 2, after P - K Kt 3.
+
+        7. Q Kt - Q 2             O - O
+        8. Kt - B 1               P - Q Kt 4
+        9. B - B 2                P - Q 4
+       10. Q - K 2                P � P
+       11. P � P                  B - Q B 4
+
+Evidently to make room for the Queen at K 2, but I do not think the move
+advisable at this stage. B - K 3 is a more natural and effective move. It
+develops a piece and threatens B - B 5, which would have to be stopped.
+
+       12. B - Kt 5               B - K 3
+
+{198} Now it is not so effective, because White's Q B is out, and the
+Knight, in going to K 3 to defend the square Q B 4, does not block the Q B.
+
+       13. Kt - K 3               R - K 1
+       14. O - O                  Q - K 2
+
+This is bad. Black's game was already not good. He probably had no choice
+but to take the Knight with the Bishop before making this move.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. Kt - Q 5               B � Kt
+       16. P � B                  Kt - Kt 1
+
+in order to bring it to Q 2, to support the other Knight and also his
+King's Pawn. White, however, does not allow time for this, and by taking
+advantage of his superior position is able to win a Pawn.
+
+       17. P - Q R 4              P - Kt 5
+
+Since he had no way to prevent the loss of a Pawn, he should have given it
+up where it is, and played Q Kt - Q 2, in order to make his position more
+solid. {199} The text move not only loses a Pawn, but leaves Black's game
+very much weakened.
+
+       18. P � P                  B � P
+       19. B � Kt                 Q � B
+       20. Q - K 4                B - Q 3
+       21. Q � P ch               K - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With a Pawn more and all his pieces ready for action, while Black is still
+backward in development, it only remains for White to drive home his
+advantage before Black can come out with his pieces, in which case, by
+using the open K R file, Black might be able to start a strong attack
+against White's King. White is able by his next move to eliminate all
+danger.
+
+       22. Kt - R 4               Q - R 3
+
+This is practically forced. Black could not play P - Kt 3 because of B � P,
+and White meanwhile threatened Q - R 8 ch followed by Kt - B 5 ch and
+Q � P. {200}
+
+       23. Q � Q                  P � Q
+       24. Kt - B 5               P - K R 4
+       25. B - Q 1                Kt - Q 2
+       26. B � P                  Kt - B 3
+       27. B - K 2                Kt � P
+       28. K R - Q 1              Kt - B 5
+       29. B - B 4                K R - Q 1
+       30. P - R 4                P - R 4
+
+Black must lose time assuring the safety of this Pawn.
+
+       31. P - Kt 3               Kt - K 3
+       32. B � Kt                 P � B
+       33. Kt - K 3               K R - Kt 1
+       34. Kt - B 4               K - K 2
+
+Black fights a hopeless battle. He is two Pawns down for all practical
+purposes, and the Pawns he has are isolated and have to be defended by
+pieces.
+
+       35. Q R - B 1              R - R 2
+
+White threatened Kt � B, followed by R - B 7 ch.
+
+       36. R - K 1                K - B 3
+       37. R - K 4                R - Kt 5
+       38. P - Kt 4               R - R 3
+
+If R � R P; Kt � B of course would win a piece
+
+       39. R - B 3                B - B 4
+       40. R - B 3 ch             K - Kt 2
+       41. P - Kt 3               B - Q 5
+       42. K - Kt 2               R - R 1
+  {201}
+       43. P - Kt 5               R - R 3
+       44. P - R 5                R � Kt
+       45. P � R                  R - B 3
+       46. P - Kt 6               Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 8. CENTRE GAME
+
+(Berlin 1913)
+
+White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. P - Q 4                P � P
+        3. Q � P                  Kt - Q B 3
+        4. Q - K 3                Kt - B 3
+        5. Kt - Q B 3             B - Kt 5
+        6. B - Q 2                O - O
+        7. O - O - O              R - K 1
+
+In this position, instead of the text move, P - Q 3 is often played in
+order to develop the Q B. My idea was to exert sufficient pressure against
+the K P to win it, and thus gain a material advantage, which would, at
+least, compensate whatever slight advantage of position White might have.
+The plan, I think, is quite feasible, my subsequent difficulties being due
+to faulty execution of the plan.
+
+        8. Q - Kt 3               Kt � P
+        9. Kt � Kt                R � Kt
+       10. B - K B 4
+
+{202}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       10. ........               Q - B 3
+
+White's threat to regain the Pawn was merely with the idea of gaining time
+to develop his pieces. Black could have played P - Q 3; opening the way for
+his Q B, when would have followed, 11 B - Q 3, R - K 1; 12 Kt - B 3, and
+White would soon start a powerful direct attack against Black's King. With
+the text move Black aims at taking the initiative away from White in
+accordance with the principles laid down in this book.
+
+       11. Kt - R 3
+
+If B � P, P - Q 3; and White's Bishop would be completely shut off, and
+could only be extricated, if at all, with serious loss of position. The
+text move aims at quick development to keep the initiative.
+
+       11. ........               P - Q 3
+
+This now is not only a developing move, but it also threatens to win a
+piece by B � Kt. {203}
+
+       12. B - Q 3                Kt - Q 5
+
+This complicates the game unnecessarily. R - K 1; was simple, and perfectly
+safe.
+
+       13. B - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               B - Kt 5
+
+This is a serious mistake. The position was most interesting, and though in
+appearance dangerous for Black, not so in reality. The right move would
+have been 13...R - Kt 5, when we would have 14 B � Kt, R � B; 15 P - Q B 3,
+B � P; 16 P � B, R - K Kt 5; 17 Q - K 3 (best), Q � P ch; 18 B - B 2,
+Q � Q; 19 P � Q, R � P, and Black has the best of the game with four Pawns
+for a Knight, besides the fact that all the White Pawns are isolated.
+
+       14. Kt - Kt 5 !            R � B
+
+There was nothing better.
+
+       15. Q � B !                Kt - K 7 ch
+
+{204}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       16. B � Kt !               R � B
+       17. Kt - K 4 !             R � Kt
+       18. Q � R                  Q - Kt 4 ch
+       19. P - K B 4              Q - Kt 4
+       20. P - B 3                B - B 4
+       21. K R - K 1              Q - B 3
+       22. R - Q 5
+
+Q � Q would have given White a decided advantage, enough to win with proper
+play. Mieses, however, feared the difficulties of an ending where, while
+having the exchange, he would be a Pawn minus. He preferred to keep the
+Queens on the board and keep up the attack. At first sight, and even after
+careful thought, there seems to be no objection to his plan; but in truth
+such is not the case. From this point the game will gradually improve in
+Black's favour until, with the exchange ahead, White is lost. {205}
+
+       22. ........               Q - Q 2
+       23. P - B 5                P - Q B 3
+       24. R - Q 2                P - Q 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+My plan for the moment is very simple. It will consist in bringing my
+Bishop around to B 3. Then I shall try to paralyse White's attack against
+my King by playing P - K R 3, and also prevent White from ever playing
+P - K Kt 5. Once my King is safe from attack I shall begin to advance my
+Queen's side Pawns, where there are four to three; and that advantage,
+coupled with the enormous attacking power of my Bishop at B 3, will at
+least assure me an even chance of success.
+
+       25. Q - B 3                B - K 2
+       26. Q R - K 2              B - B 3
+       27. Q - R 5                P - K R 3
+       28. P - K Kt 4             K - R 2 !
+
+{206} To prevent P - K R 4, which I would answer with P - K Kt 3, winning
+the Queen. It can now be considered that my King is safe from attack. White
+will have to withdraw his Queen via R 3, and Black can use the time to
+begin his advance on the Queen's side.
+
+       29. K - Kt 1               R - Q 1
+       30. R - Q 1                P - B 4
+
+Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has placed his Rooks
+correctly from the point of view of strategy. They are both on white
+squares free from the possible attack of the Black Bishop.
+
+       31. Q - R 3                Q - R 5
+
+This gains time by attacking the Rook and holding the White Q at R 3 for
+the moment, on account of the K Kt P. Besides, the Queen must be in the
+middle of the fray now that the attack has to be brought home. White has
+actually more value in material, and therefore Black must utilise
+everything at his command in order to succeed.
+
+       32. R (K2) - Q 2           Q - K 5 ch
+       33. K - R 1                P - Q Kt 4
+
+threatening P - Kt 5; which would open the line of action of the Bishop and
+also secure a passed Pawn.
+
+       34. Q - Kt 2               Q - R 5
+
+indirectly defending the Q P, which White cannot take on account of
+Q � R ch.
+
+{207} /*    35. K - Kt 1 P - Kt 5 */
+
+The attack increases in force as it is gradually brought home directly
+against the King. The position now is most interesting and extremely
+difficult. It is doubtful if there is any valid defence against Black's
+best play. The variations are numerous and difficult.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       36. P � P                  Q � P
+
+Black has now a passed Pawn, and his Bishop exerts great pressure. White
+cannot very well play now 37 R � P because of R � R; 38 R � R, B � P; and
+White could not take the Bishop because Q - K 5 ch would win the Rook,
+leaving Black a clear passed Pawn ahead.
+
+       37. P - Q R 3              Q - R 5 !
+       38. R � P                  R - Q Kt 1
+       39. R (Q 1) - Q 2          P - B 5
+       40. Q - Kt 3               R - Kt 6
+       41. Q - Q 6
+
+{208}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       41. ........               P - B 6
+
+B � P would also win, which shows that White's game is altogether gone. In
+these cases, however, it is not the prettiest move that should be played,
+but the most effective one, the move that will make your opponent resign
+soonest.
+
+       42. R - Q B 2              P � P
+       43. R - Q 3                Q - K 5 !
+       44. R - Q 1                R - Q B 6
+            Resigns.
+
+Of course White must play Q - Q 2, and Black then plays R � P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{209}
+
+GAME 9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(Berlin, 1913)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. P - K 3                O - O
+        7. R - B 1                P - Q Kt 3
+        8. P � P                  P � P
+        9. B - Kt 5
+
+An invention of my own, I believe. I played it on the spur of the moment
+simply to change the normal course of the game. Generally the Bishop goes
+to Q 3, or to R 6, after Q - R 4. The text move is in the nature of an
+ordinary developing move, and as it violates no principle it cannot be bad.
+
+        9. ........               B - Kt 2
+       10. O - O                  P - Q R 3
+       11. B - R 4                R - B 1
+       12. Q - K 2                P - B 4
+       13. P � P                  Kt � P
+
+If P � P; K R - Q 1, and White would play to win one of Black's centre
+Pawns. The drawback to the {210} text move is that it leaves Black's Q P
+isolated, and consequently weak and subject to attack.
+
+       14. K R - Q 1              Kt � B
+
+The alternative would have been 14...P - Kt 4; 15 B - B 2, P - Kt 5;
+16 Kt - Q R 4, Kt (B 4) - K 5.
+
+       15. Kt � Kt                P - Kt 4
+       16. R � R                  Q � R
+       17. Kt - B 3               Q - B 5
+
+Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to remain with two Bishops
+for the ending, but in this position such a course is a mistake, because
+the Bishop at Kt 2 is inactive and cannot come into the game by any means,
+unless Black gives up the isolated Queen's Pawn which the Bishop must
+defend.
+
+       18. Kt - Q 4
+
+Not, of course, R - Q 4, because of Q � Q; Kt � Q, R - B 1; and there would
+be no good way to prevent R - B 7.
+
+       18. ........               Q � Q
+       19. Kt (B 3) � Q !
+
+Notice the co-ordination of the Knights' moves. They are manoeuvred
+chain-like, so to speak, in order to maintain one of them, either at Q 4 or
+ready to go there. Now White threatens to take the open file, and therefore
+forces Black's next move.
+
+       19. ........               R - B 1
+
+{211}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The student should examine this position carefully. There seems to be no
+particular danger, yet, as White will demonstrate, Black may be said to be
+lost. If the game is not altogether lost, the defence is at least of the
+most difficult kind; indeed, I must confess that I can see no adequate
+defence against White's next move.
+
+       20. Kt - B 5 !             K - B 1
+
+If 20...B - Q 1; 21 Kt - Q 6, R - B 2; 22 Kt � B, R � Kt; 23 B � Kt, B � B;
+24 R � P, R - B 2; 25 R - Q 2, and White is a Pawn ahead. If 20...B moves
+anywhere else, then B � Kt, doubling the K B P and isolating all of Black's
+King's side Pawns.
+
+       21. Kt � B                 K � Kt
+       22. Kt - Q 4               P - Kt 3
+
+This is practically forced, as White threatened Kt - B 5 ch. Notice that
+the Black Knight is pinned in such a way that no relief can be afforded
+except by giving up the K R P or abandoning the open file {212} with the
+Rook, which would be disastrous, as White would immediately sieze it.
+
+       23. P - B 3 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. ........               P - R 3
+
+Black could do nothing else except mark time with his Rook along the open
+file, since as soon as he moved away White would take it. White, on the
+other hand, threatens to march up with his King to K 5 via K B 2, K Kt 3,
+K B 4, after having, of course, prepared the way. Hence, Black's best
+chance was to give up a Pawn, as in the text, in order to free his Knight.
+
+       24. B � P                  Kt - Q 2
+       25. P - K R 4              Kt - B 4
+       26. B - B 4                Kt - K 3
+
+Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of {213} opposite colours,
+which gives him the best chance to draw.
+
+       27. Kt � Kt                K � Kt
+
+27...P � Kt would be worse, as White would then be able to post his Bishop
+at K 5.
+
+       28. R - Q 2                R - K R 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black wants to force B - Kt 3. P - K Kt 3 would be bad, on account of
+P - Q 5; which would get the Black Bishop into the game, even though White
+could answer P - K 4. The text move is, however, weak, as will soon be
+seen. His best chance was to play P - Kt 5; and follow it up with P - R 4
+and B - R 3. White meanwhile could play P - Kt 4 and R 5, obtaining a
+passed Pawn, which, with proper play, should win.
+
+       29. R - Q B 2 !            R - Q B 1
+       30. R � R                  B � R
+
+There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless White has an
+easily-won game. {214}
+
+       31. K - B 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       31. ........               P - Q 5
+
+Practically forced. Otherwise the White King would march up to Q 4 and then
+to B 5 and win Black's Queen's side Pawns. If Black attempted to stop this
+by putting his King at Q B 3 then the White King would enter through K 5
+into Black's King's side and win just as easily.
+
+       32. P � P                  K - Q 4
+       33. K - K 3                B - K 3
+       34. K - Q 3                K - B 3
+       35. P - Q R 3              B - B 5 ch
+       36. K - K 3                B - K 3
+       37. B - R 6
+
+It is better not to hurry P - K Kt 4 because of P - B 4; for although White
+could win in any case, it would take longer. Now the White King threatens
+to help by going in through K B 4 after posting the Bishop {215} at Kt 7,
+where it not only protects the Q P, but indirectly also the Q Kt P.
+
+       37. ........               K - Q 4
+       38. B - Kt 7               Resigns.
+
+The student ought to have realised by this time the enormous importance of
+playing well every kind of ending. In this game again, practically from the
+opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation of Black's Q P. Once he
+obtained that, he tried for and obtained, fortunately, another advantage of
+position elsewhere which translated itself into the material advantage of a
+Pawn. Then by accurate playing in the ending he gradually forced home his
+advantage. This ending has the merit of having been played against one of
+the finest players in the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 10. PETROFF DEFENCE
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. Kt � P                 P - Q 3
+        4. Kt - K B 3             Kt � P
+        5. Q - K 2                Q - K 2
+        6. P - Q 3                Kt - K B 3
+        7. B - Kt 5
+
+{216} Played by Morphy, and a very fine move. The point is that should
+Black exchange Queens he will be a move behind in development and
+consequently will get a cramped game if White plays accurately.
+
+        7. ........               B - K 3
+
+Marshall thought at the time that this was the best move and consequently
+played it in preference to Q � Q ch.
+
+        8. Kt - B 3               P - K R 3
+        9. B � Kt                 Q � B
+       10. P - Q 4                B - K 2
+       11. Q - Kt 5 ch            Kt - Q 2
+       12. B - Q 3 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is now time to examine the result of the opening. On White's side we
+find the minor pieces well posted and the Queen out in a somewhat odd
+place, it is true, but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn.
+{217} White is also ready to Castle. White's position is evidently free
+from danger and his pieces can easily manoeuvre.
+
+On Black's side the first thing we notice is that he has retained both his
+Bishops, unquestionably an advantage; but on the other hand we find his
+pieces bunched together too much, and the Queen in danger of being attacked
+without having any good square to go to. The Bishop at K 2 has no freedom
+and it blocks the Queen, which, in its turn, blocks the Bishop. Besides,
+Black cannot Castle on the King's side because Q � P, R - Kt 1; Q - K 4
+threatening mate, wins a Pawn. Nor can he Castle on the Queen's side
+because Q - R 5 would put Black's game in imminent danger, since he cannot
+play P - R 3 because of B � P; nor can he play K - Kt 1 because of
+Kt - Kt 5. Consequently we must conclude that the opening is all in White's
+favour.
+
+       12. ........               P - Kt 4
+
+To make room for his Queen, threatening also P - Kt 5.
+
+       13. P - K R 3              O - O
+
+giving up a Pawn in an attempt to free his game and take the initiative. It
+was difficult for him to find a move, as White threatened Kt - K 4, and
+should Black go with the Queen to Kt 2, then P - Q 5, B - B 4; Kt � P ch,
+followed by B � B. {218}
+
+       14. Q � P                  Q R - Kt 1
+       15. Q - K 4                Q - Kt 2
+       16. P - Q Kt 3             P - Q B 4
+
+In order to break up White's centre and bring his Knight to B 4 and thus
+lay the foundation for a violent attack against White's King. The plan,
+however, fails, as it always must in such cases, because Black's
+development is backward, and consequently his pieces are not properly
+placed.
+
+       17. O - O                  P � P
+       18. Kt - Q 5 !
+
+A simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly. Black will now have no
+concerted action of his pieces, and, as his Pawns are all weak, he will
+sooner or later lose them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. ........               B - Q 1
+       19. B - B 4                Kt - B 4
+       20. Q � P                  Q � Q
+
+{219} The fact that he has to exchange Queens when he is a Pawn behind
+shows that Black's game is lost.
+
+       21. Kt � Q                 B � Kt
+       22. B � B                  B - B 3
+       23. Q R - Q 1              B � Kt
+
+The Knight was too threatening. But now the ending brought about is one in
+which the Bishop is stronger than the Knight; which makes Black's plight a
+desperate one. The game has no further interest, and it is only because of
+its value as a study of this variation of the Petroff that I have given it.
+Black was able to fight it out until the sixtieth move on account of some
+poor play on White's part. The rest of the moves are given merely as a
+matter of form.
+
+       24. R � B                  K - Kt 2
+       25. B - B 4                R - Kt 3
+       26. R - K 1                K - B 3
+       27. P - B 4                Kt - K 3
+       28. P � P ch               P � P
+       29. R - B 1 ch             K - K 2
+       30. R - Kt 4               R - K Kt 1
+       31. R - B 5                R - B 3
+       32. P - K R 4              K R - Q B 1
+       33. P � P                  R - B 4
+       34. B � Kt                 P � B
+       35. R � R                  R � R
+       36. P - Kt 6               K - B 1
+       37. R - Q B 4              R - Q R 4
+  {220}
+       38. P - R 4                K - Kt 2
+       39. R - B 6                R - Q 4
+       40. R - B 7 ch             K � P
+       41. R � P                  R - Q 8 ch
+       42. K - R 2                P - Q 4
+       43. P - R 5                R - Q B 8
+       44. R - B 7                R - Q R 8
+       45. P - Q Kt 4             R - R 5
+       46. P - B 3                P - Q 5
+       47. R - B 6                P � P
+       48. R � P                  R � Kt P
+       49. R - Q R 3              R - Kt 2
+       50. P - R 6                R - Q R 2
+       51. R - R 5                K - B 3
+       52. P - Kt 4               K - K 2
+       53. K - Kt 3               K - Q 3
+       54. K - B 4                K - B 2
+       55. K - K 5                K - Q 2
+       56. P - Kt 5               K - K 2
+       57. P - Kt 6               K - B 1
+       58. K � P                  K - K 1
+       59. P - Kt 7               R � P
+       60. P - R 7                R - Kt 3 ch
+       61. K - B 5                Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{221}
+
+GAME 11. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B � Kt                 Q P � B
+        5. Kt - B 3
+
+I played this move after having discussed it with Alechin on several
+occasions. Alechin considered it, at the time, superior to P - Q 4, which
+is generally played. He played it himself later on in the Tournament, in
+one of his games against Dr. E. Lasker, and obtained the superior game,
+which he only lost through a blunder.
+
+        5. ........               B - Q B 4
+
+P - B 3 is probably the best move in this position. I do not like the text
+move.
+
+        6. P - Q 3                B - K Kt 5
+        7. B - K 3                B � B
+
+This opens the K B file for White, and also reinforces his centre, but
+Black naturally did not want to make a second move with this Bishop.
+
+        8. P � B                  Q - K 2
+        9. O - O                  O - O - O
+
+Bold play, typical of Janowski. {222}
+
+       10. Q - K 1                Kt - R 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The problem for White now is to advance his Q Kt P to Kt 5 as fast as he
+can. If he plays P - Q Kt 4 at once, Black simply takes it. If he plays
+first P - Q R 3 and then P - Q Kt 4, he will still have to protect his
+Q Kt P before he can go on and play P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5. As a matter of
+fact White played a rather unusual move, but one which, under the
+circumstances, was the best, since after it he could at once play
+P - Q Kt 4 and then P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5.
+
+       11. R - Kt 1 !             P - B 3
+       12. P - Kt 4               Kt - B 2
+       13. P - Q R 4              B � Kt
+
+He simplifies, hoping to lighten White's attack, which will have to be
+conducted practically with only the heavy pieces on the board. He may have
+also done it in order to play Kt - Kt 4 and K 3. {223}
+
+       14. R � B
+
+Taking with the Pawn would have opened a possibility for a counter attack.
+
+       14. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+
+He is forced to this in order to avoid the breaking up of his Queen's side
+Pawns. The only alternative would have been P - Q Kt 4; which on the face
+of it looks bad.
+
+       15. P - Kt 5               B P � P
+       16. P � P                  P - Q R 4
+       17. Kt - Q 5               Q - B 4
+       18. P - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The White Knight is now a tower of strength. Behind it White will be able
+to prepare an attack, which will begin with P - Q 4, to drive away the
+Black Queen and thus leave himself free to play P - B 5. There is only one
+thing to take care of and that {224} is to prevent Black from sacrificing
+the Rook for the Knight and a Pawn.
+
+       18. ........               Kt - Kt 4
+       19. R - B 2                Kt - K 3
+       20. Q - B 3                R - Q 2
+
+Had White on his 19th move played K R - B 1 instead of R - B 2, Black could
+have played now instead of the text move, R � Kt; K P � R, Q � P ch;
+followed by Kt - B 4 with a winning game.
+
+       21. R - Q 1                K - Kt 2
+
+It would have been better for Black to play K - Q 1. The text move loses
+very rapidly.
+
+       22. P - Q 4                Q - Q 3
+       23. R - B 2                P � P
+       24. P � P                  Kt - B 5
+       25. P - B 5                Kt � Kt
+       26. P � Kt                 Q � Q P
+       27. P - B 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+       28. P � R                  Q � P (Q 2)
+       29. P - Q 5                R - K 1
+       30. P - Q 6                P � P
+       31. Q - B 6                Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{225}
+
+GAME 12. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Q 3
+
+Not the most favoured move, but a perfectly natural developing one, and
+consequently it cannot be bad.
+
+        4 ........                P � P
+
+P - Q B 4 is generally played in this case instead of the text move.
+
+        5. Kt � P                 Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. Kt � Kt ch             Kt � Kt
+        7. Kt - B 3               B - K 2
+
+[Illustration] {226}
+
+        8. Q - K 2
+
+This is played to prevent P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, which is the
+general form of development for Black in this variation. If Black now plays
+8...P - Q Kt 3; 9. B - Kt 5 ch, B - Q 2; 10. Kt - K 5 and White obtains a
+considerable advantage in position.
+
+        8. ........               O - O
+        9. B - K Kt 5             P - K R 3
+
+Of course Black could not play P - Q Kt 3 because of B � Kt, followed by
+Q - K 4.
+
+       10. B � Kt                 B � B
+       11. Q - K 4                P - K Kt 3
+
+This weakens Black's King's side. R - K 1 was the right move.
+
+       12. P - K R 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       12. ........               P - K 4
+
+This is merely giving up a Pawn in order to come out quickly with his Q B.
+But as he does not obtain {227} any compensation for his Pawn, the move is
+bad. He should have played Q - Q 4 and tried to fight the game out that
+way. It might have continued thus: 13. Q - B 4, B - Kt 2; 14. Q � B P,
+B � P; 15. Kt � B, Q � Kt; 16. O - O - O with considerable advantage of
+position for White. The text move might be considered a mild form of
+suicide.
+
+       13. P � P                  B - B 4
+       14. Q - K B 4              B � B
+       15. O - O - O              B - Kt 2
+       16. R � B                  Q - K 2
+       17. Q - B 4
+
+In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into the game.
+
+       17. ........               Q R - Q 1
+       18. K R - Q 1
+
+A better plan would have been to play R - K 1, threatening P - K 6.
+
+       18. ........               R � R
+       19. R � R                  R - K 1
+       20. P - B 3                P - Q B 3
+
+Of course if B � P; Kt � B, Q � Kt; R - K 3. Black with a Pawn minus fights
+very hard.
+
+       21. R - K 3
+
+The Pawn had now to be defended after Black's last move, because after
+B � P; Kt � B, Q � Kt; {228} R - K 3, Black could now play Q - Kt 1
+defending the Rook.
+
+       21. ........               P - Q B 4
+       22. K - B 2                P - Kt 3
+       23. P - R 4
+
+White's plan now is to _fix_ the Queen's side in order to be able to
+manoeuvre freely on the other side, where he has the advantage of material.
+
+       23. ........               Q - Q 2
+       24. R - Q 3                Q - B 1
+       25. Q - K 4                Q - K 3
+       26. R - Q 5                K - B 1
+       27. P - B 4                K - Kt 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black sees that he now stands in his best defensive position, and therefore
+waits for White to show how he intends to break through. He notices, of
+course, that the White Knight is in the way of the K B P, which cannot
+advance to K B 4 to defend, or support rather, the Pawn at K 5. {229}
+
+       28. P - Q Kt 3             K - B 1
+       29. K - Q 3                K - Kt 1
+       30. R - Q 6                Q - B 1
+       31. R - Q 5                Q - K 3
+       32. P - K Kt 4             K - B 1
+       33. Q - B 4                K - Kt 1
+       34. Q - K 4                K - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black persists in waiting for developments. He sees that if P - K R 5,
+P � P; P � P, the Queen goes to R 6, and White will have to face serious
+difficulties. In this situation White decides that the only course is to
+bring his King to K Kt 3, so as to defend the squares K R 3 and K Kt 4,
+where the Black Queen might otherwise become a source of annoyance.
+
+       35. K - K 2                K - Kt 1
+       36. K - B 1                K - B 1
+       37. K - Kt 2               K - Kt 1
+       38. K - Kt 3               K - B 1
+
+{230}
+
+Now that he has completed his march with the King, White is ready to
+advance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       39. P - K R 5              P � P
+
+39...P - K Kt 4 would be answered by Q - B 5, with a winning game.
+
+       40. P � P                  Q - K 2
+
+Against K - Kt 1; White would play Q - Kt 4, practically forcing the
+exchange of Queens, after which White would have little trouble in winning
+the ending, since Black's Bishop could not do much damage in the resulting
+position.
+
+       41. Q - B 5                K - Kt 1
+
+Black overlooks the force of 42 R - Q 7. His best defence was R - Q 1;
+against which White could either advance the King or play Kt - R 4,
+threatening Kt - Kt 6 ch.
+
+       42. R - Q7                 B � P ch
+
+{231}
+
+This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether hopeless.
+
+       43. K - Kt 4               Q - B 3
+       44. Kt � B                 Q - Kt 2 ch
+       45. K - B 4                Resigns.
+
+The interest of this game centres mainly on the opening and on the march of
+the White King during the final stage of the game. It is an instance of the
+King becoming a fighting piece, even while the Queens are still on the
+board.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 13. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               B - Q 2
+        5. P - Q 4                P � P
+        6. Kt � P                 P - K Kt 3
+
+In this form of defence of the Ruy Lopez the development of the K B via
+Kt 2 is, I think, of great importance. The Bishop at Kt 2 exerts great
+pressure along the long diagonal. At the same time the position of the
+Bishop and Pawns in front of the King, once it is Castled, is one of great
+defensive strength. Therefore, in this form of development, the Bishop,
+{232} we might say, exerts its maximum strength (Compare this note with the
+one in the Capablanca-Burn game at San Sebastian, page 197.)
+
+        7. Kt - B 3               B - Kt 2
+        8. B - Kt 5               Kt - B 3
+
+Of course not K Kt - K 2; because of Kt - Q 5. The alternative would have
+been P - B 3; to be followed by K Kt - K 2; but in this position it is
+preferable to have the Kt at K B 3.
+
+        9. Q - Q 2                P - K R 3
+       10. B - K R 4
+
+An error of judgment. White wants to keep the Knight pinned, but it was
+more important to prevent Black from Castling immediately. B - K B 4 would
+have done this.
+
+       10. ........               O - O
+       11. O - O - O
+
+Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he intended to play to win or
+lose, throwing safety to the winds. The Black Bishop at Kt 2 becomes a very
+powerful attacking piece. The strategical disposition of the Black pieces
+is now far superior to White's, therefore it will be Black who will take
+the offensive.
+
+       11. ........               R - K 1
+       12. K R - K 1
+
+{233}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White wanted to keep his Q R on the open file, and consequently brings over
+his other Rook to the centre to defend his K P, which Black threatened to
+win by P - K Kt 4, followed by Kt � P.
+
+       12. ........               P - Kt 4 !
+
+Now that the K R is in the centre, Black can safely advance, since, in
+order to attack on the King's side, White would have to shift his Rooks,
+which he cannot do so long as Black keeps up the pressure in the centre.
+
+       13. B - Kt 3               Kt - K R 4
+
+Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the long diagonal, and at the
+same time preventing P - K 5, which would be answered by Kt � B; P � Kt,
+Kt � P; etc., winning a Pawn.
+
+       14. Kt - Q 5               P - R 3
+
+Black drives the Bishop away so as to _unpin_ his pieces and be able to
+manoeuvre freely. {234}
+
+       15. B - Q 3                B - K 3
+
+Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear against the King's
+position.
+
+       16. P - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the last move White not only blocks the action of Black's K B, but he
+also aims at placing his Bishop at Q Kt 1 and his Queen at Q B 2, and then
+advancing his K P, to check at K R 7.
+
+       16. ........               P - B 4 !
+
+Initiating an attack to which there is no reply, and which has for its
+ultimate object either the winning of the White Q B or cutting it off from
+the game. (Compare this game with the Winter-Capablanca game at Hastings.)
+
+       17. P - K R 4              P - B 5
+
+The Bishop is now out of action. White naturally counter attacks violently
+against the seemingly {235} exposed position of the Black King, and, with
+very good judgment, even offers the Bishop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. P � P !                P � P !
+
+Taking the Bishop would be dangerous, if not actually bad, while the text
+move accomplishes Black's object, which is to put the Bishop out of action.
+
+       19. R - R 1                B - B 2
+       20. K - Kt 1
+
+This move unquestionably loses time. Since he would have to retire his
+Bishop to R 2 sooner or later, he might have done it immediately. It is
+doubtful, however, if at this stage of the game it would be possible for
+White to save the game.
+
+       20. ........               Kt - K 4
+       21. Kt � Kt                R � Kt
+
+It was difficult to decide which way to retake. I {236} took with the Rook
+in order to have it prepared for a possible attack against the King.
+
+       22. B - R 2                Kt - B 3
+
+Now that the White Bishop has been driven back, Black wants to get rid of
+White's strongly posted Knight at Q 5, which blocks the attack of the
+Bishop at B 2. It may be said that the Knight at Q 5 is the key to White's
+defence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. P - Kt 3
+
+White strives not only to have play for his Bishop, but also he wants to
+break up Black's Pawns in order to counter-attack. The alternative would
+have been 23 Kt � Kt ch, Q � Kt; and Black would be threatening R - R 4,
+and also Q - K 3. The student should notice that Black's drawback in all
+this is the fact that he is playing minus the services of his Q R. It is
+this fact that makes it possible for White to hold out longer. {237}
+
+       23. ........               Kt � P
+       24. B � Kt                 R � B
+       25. P � P                  P - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       26. Kt - K 3
+
+Kt - Kt 4 was the alternative, but in any event White could not resist the
+attack. I leave it to the reader to work this out for himself, as the
+variations are so numerous that they would take up too much space.
+
+       26. ........               Q - R 4
+       27. P - B 4                Q � Q
+       28. R � Q                  P � P
+       29. Kt - Kt 4              B - Kt 3
+
+This forces the King to the corner, where he will be in a mating net.
+
+       30. K - R 1                Q R - K 1
+
+Now at last the Q R enters into the game and soon the battle is over.
+
+       31. P - R 3
+
+If R � P, R - K 8 ch; R - Q 1, R (K 1) - K 7. {238}
+
+       31. ........               R - K 8 ch
+       32. R � R                  R � R ch
+       33. K - R 2                B - B 2
+       34. K - Kt 3               P - Q 4
+
+the quickest way to finish the game.
+
+       35. B � P                  P � P ch
+       36. K - Kt 4               P - B 6
+       37. P � P                  R - K 5 ch
+       38. P - B 4                R � P ch
+       39. K - R 5                R � B
+       40. R - Q 8 ch             K - R 2
+       41. R - Q 7                B - K 3
+            Resigns.
+
+A very lively game.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        5. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        6. P - K 3                O - O
+        7. R - B 1                P - B 3
+
+This is one of the oldest systems of defence against the Queen's Gambit. I
+had played it before in this Tournament against Kostic, and no doubt
+Marshall expected it. At times I change my defences, {239} or rather
+systems of defence; on the other hand, during a Tournament, if one of them
+has given me good results, I generally play it all the time.
+
+        8. Q - B 2                P � P
+        9. B � P                  Kt - Q 4
+       10. B � B                  Q � B
+       11. O - O                  Kt � Kt
+       12. Q � Kt                 P - Q Kt 3
+
+This is the key to this system of defence. Having simplified the game
+considerably by a series of exchanges, Black will now develop his Q B along
+the long diagonal without having created any apparent weakness. The proper
+development of the Q B is Black's greatest problem in the Queen's Gambit.
+
+       13. P - K 4                B - Kt 2
+       14. K R - K 1              K R - Q 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The developing stage can now be said to be complete on both sides. The
+opening is over and the middle-game begins. White, as is generally the
+case, has {240} obtained the centre. Black, on the other hand, is
+entrenched in his first three ranks, and if given time will post his Q R at
+Q B 1 and his Knight at K B 3, and finally play P - Q B 4, in order to
+break up White's centre and give full action to the Black Bishop posted at
+Q Kt 2. In this game White attempts to anticipate that plan by initiating
+an advance on the centre, which, when carefully analysed, is truly an
+attack against Black's K P.
+
+       15. P - Q 5                Kt - B 4 !
+
+Against Kostic in a previous game I had played Kt - B 1. It was
+carelessness on my part, but Marshall believed differently, otherwise he
+would not have played this variation, since, had he analysed this move, he
+would, I think, have realised that Black would obtain an excellent game.
+Black now threatens not only B P � P; but also Kt � P; followed by B P � P.
+The position is very interesting and full of possibilities.
+
+[Illustration] {241}
+
+       16. P � K P                Kt � P (K 3)
+       17. B � Kt                 Q � B
+
+played under the impression that White had to lose time in defending his
+Q R P, when I could play P - Q B 4, obtaining a very superior game. But, as
+will be seen, my opponent had quite a little surprise for me.
+
+       18. Kt - Q 4 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. ........               Q - K 4 !
+
+Of course, if 18...Q � R P; 19 R - R 1 would win the Queen. The text move
+is probably the only satisfactory move in the position. The obvious move
+would have been Q - Q 2 to defend the Q B P, and then would have come
+19 Kt - B 5, P - B 3; 20 Q - K Kt 3 (threatening Q R - Q 1), K - R 1;
+21 Q R - Q 1, Q - K B 2; 22 P - K R 4, with a tremendous advantage in
+position. The text move, on the other hand, assures Black an even game at
+the very least, as will soon be seen. {242}
+
+       19. Kt � P                 Q � Q
+       20. R � Q                  R - Q 7
+       21. R - Kt 1
+
+A very serious error of judgment. White is under the impression that he has
+the better game, because he is a Pawn ahead, but that is not so. The
+powerful position of the Black Rook at Q 7 fully compensates Black for the
+Pawn minus. Besides, the Bishop is better with Rooks than the Knight (see
+pages 48-56, where the relative values of the Knight and Bishop are
+compared), and, as already stated, with Pawns on both sides of the board
+the Bishop is superior because of its long range. Incidentally, this ending
+will demonstrate the great power of the Bishop. White's best chance was to
+take a draw at once, thus. 21 Kt - K 7 ch K - B 1; 22 R - B 7 R - K 1 (not
+B � P; because P - B 3 would give White the best of it); 23 R � B (best;
+not Kt - Kt 6 ch, because of B P � Kt; followed by R � K P), R � Kt;
+24 R - Kt 8 ch, R - K 1; 25 R � R ch, K � R, and with proper play White
+will draw.
+
+It is curious that, although a Pawn ahead, White is the one who is always
+in danger. It is only now, after seeing this analysis, that the value of
+Black's 18th move Q - K 4 can be fully appreciated.
+
+       21. ........               R - K 1
+
+With this powerful move Black begins, against White's centre, an assault
+which will soon be shifted against {243} the King itself. White is afraid
+to play 22 P - B 3 because of P - B 4.
+
+       22. P - K 5                P - K Kt 4
+
+To prevent P - B 4. The White Knight is practically pinned, because he does
+not dare move on account of R � K P.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. P - K R 4
+
+This is a sequel to the previous move. White expects to disrupt Black's
+Pawns, and thus make them weak.
+
+       23. ........               P � P
+
+Though doubled and isolated this Pawn exercises enormous pressure. Black
+now threatens R - K 3; to be followed by R - Kt 3 and P - R 6 and R 7 at
+the proper time.
+
+       24. R - K 1
+
+White cannot stand the slow death any longer. {244} He sees danger
+everywhere, and wants to avert it by giving up his Queen's side Pawns,
+expecting to regain his fortunes later on by taking the initiative on the
+King's side.
+
+       24. ........               R - K 3 !
+
+Much better than taking Pawns. This forces White to defend the Knight with
+the Rook at K 1, because of the threat R - Kt 3.
+
+       25. R (K1) - Q B 1         K - Kt 2
+
+Preparatory to R - Kt 3. The game is going to be decided on the King's
+side, and it is the isolated double Pawn that will supply the finishing
+touch.
+
+       26. P - Q Kt 4             P - Kt 4
+
+To prevent P - Kt 5, defending the Knight and liberating the Rooks.
+
+       27. P - R 3                R - Kt 3
+       28. K - B 1                R - R 7
+
+[Illustration] {245}
+
+Notice the remarkable position of the pieces. White cannot move anything
+without incurring some loss. His best chance would have been to play
+29 P - K 6, but that would only have prolonged the game, which is lost in
+any case.
+
+       29. K - Kt 1               P - R 6
+       30. P - Kt 3               P - Q R 3
+
+Again forcing White to move and to lose something thereby, as all his
+pieces are tied up.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       31. P - K 6                R � K P
+
+Not even now can White move the Knight because of P - R 7 ch; K � P,
+R - R 3 ch; K - Kt 1, R - R 8 mate.
+
+       32. P - Kt 4               R - R 3
+       33. P - B 3
+
+If 33 P - Kt 5, P - R 7 ch; 34 K - R 1, R � Kt; 35 R � R, R � P, winning
+easily. {246}
+
+       33. ........               R - Q 3
+       34. Kt - K 7               R (Q3) - Q 7
+       35. Kt - B 5 ch            K - B 3
+       36. Kt - R 4               K - Kt 4
+       37. Kt - B 5               R - Kt 7 ch
+       38. K - B 1                P - R 7
+       39. P - B 4 ch             K � B P
+       40. Resigns.
+
+An ending worth very careful study.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes
+
+[1] The value of the initiative is explained in section 20, p. 77.
+
+[2] See page 37.
+
+[3] See page 13.
+
+[4] Full score and notes are given in My Chess Career, by J. R. Capablanca
+(Game No. 11).
+
+[5] This position is elaborated under Example 50 (p. 80.).
+
+[6] We give, from now on, games and notes, so that the student may
+familiarise himself with the many and varied considerations that constantly
+are borne in mind by the Chess Master. We must take it for granted that the
+student has already reached a stage where, while not being able fully to
+understand every move, yet he can derive benefit from any discussion with
+regard to them.
+
+[7] A "hole" in chess parlance has come to mean a defect in Pawn formation
+which allows the opponent to establish his forces in wedge formation or
+otherwise without the possibility of dislodging him by Pawn moves. Thus, in
+the following diagram, Black has two holes at K B 3 and K R 3, where White
+forces, e.g. a Kt or B, could establish themselves, supported by pieces or
+Pawns.
+
+[8] See game Capablanca-Kupchick, from Havana International Masters
+Tournament Book, 1913, by J. R. Capablanca; or a game in the Carlsbad
+Tournament of 1911, Vidmar playing Black against Alechin.
+
+[9] See Niemzowitch's game in the All Russian Masters Tournament, 1914, at
+St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I believe.
+
+[10] See Capablanca-Janowski game, New York Masters Tournament, 1913.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chess Fundamentals, by Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chess Fundamentals, by Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chess Fundamentals
+
+Author: Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #33870]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHESS FUNDAMENTALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Suzanne Shell, Jana Srna,
+Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/frontis.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/frontis.jpg"
+      alt="Jos� R. Capablanca" title="Jos� R. Capablanca" /></a>
+    JOS� R. CAPABLANCA
+  </div>
+
+<h1>CHESS<br />
+FUNDAMENTALS</h1>
+
+<p class="cenhead">BY</p>
+
+<h3>JOS� R. CAPABLANCA</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD</i></p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">NEW YORK</p>
+<h3>HARCOURT, BRACE &amp; WORLD, INC.<br />
+LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.</h3>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">HARCOURT, BRACE &amp; WORLD, INC.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">� 1949 BY OLGA CAPABLANCA</p>
+
+  <p><i>All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
+  or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
+  including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
+  system, without permission in writing from the publisher.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Seventeenth Printing</i></p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>PREFACE</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Chess Fundamentals</i> was first published thirteen years ago.
+  Since then there have appeared at different times a number of articles
+  dealing with the so-called Hypermodern Theory. Those who have read the
+  articles may well have thought that something new, of vital importance,
+  had been discovered. The fact is that the Hypermodern Theory is merely
+  the application, during the opening stages generally, of the same old
+  principles through the medium of somewhat new tactics. There has been no
+  change in the fundamentals. The change has been only a change of form,
+  and not always for the best at that.</p>
+
+  <p>In chess the tactics may change but the strategic fundamental
+  principles are always the same, so that <i>Chess Fundamentals</i> is as
+  good now as it was thirteen years ago. It will be as good a hundred years
+  from now; as long in fact as the laws and rules of the game remain what
+  they are at present. The reader may therefore go over the contents of the
+  book with the assurance that there is in it everything he needs, and that
+  there is nothing to be added and nothing to be changed. <i>Chess
+  Fundamentals</i> was the one standard work of its kind thirteen years ago
+  and the author firmly believes that it is the one standard work of its
+  kind now.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J.&nbsp;R. CAPABLANCA</p>
+
+  <p><i>New York</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Sept. 1, 1934</i></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>LIST OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Table of Contents" title="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> PART I</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER I</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 1. <span class="sc">Some Simple Mates</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 2. <span class="sc">Pawn Promotion</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 3. <span class="sc">Pawn Endings</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 4. <span class="sc">Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 5. <span class="sc">Relative Value of the Pieces</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 6. <span class="sc">General Strategy of the Opening</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 7. <span class="sc">Control of the Centre</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 8. <span class="sc">Traps</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER II</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Further Principles in End-game Play</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 9. <span class="sc">A Cardinal Principle</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 10. <span class="sc">A Classical Ending</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 11. <span class="sc">Obtaining a Passed Pawn</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 12. <span class="sc">How to find out which Pawn will be the first to Queen</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 13. <span class="sc">The Opposition</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 14. <span class="sc">The Relative Value of Knight and Bishop</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 15. <span class="sc">How to Mate with Knight and Bishop</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 16. <span class="sc">Queen against Rook</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER III</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Planning a Win in Middle-game Play</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 17. <span class="sc">Attacking without the aid of Knights</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 18. <span class="sc">Attacking with Knights as a Prominent Force</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 19. <span class="sc">Winning by Indirect Attack</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2">
+CHAPTER IV</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">General Theory</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 20. <span class="sc">The Initiative</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 21. <span class="sc">Direct Attacks <i>en masse</i></span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 22. <span class="sc">The Force of the Threatened Attack</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 23. <span class="sc">Relinquishing the Initiative</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 24. <span class="sc">Cutting off Pieces from the Scene of Action</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 25. <span class="sc">A Player's Motives Criticised in a Specimen Game</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER V</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">End-game Strategy</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 26. <span class="sc">The Sudden Attack from a Different Side</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 27. <span class="sc">The Danger of a Safe Position</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 28. <span class="sc">Endings with one Rook and Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 29. <span class="sc">A Difficult Ending: Two Rooks and Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 30. <span class="sc">Rook, Bishop and Pawns</span> <i>v.</i> <span class="sc">Rook, Knight and Pawns</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; imposing restraint.) </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> CHAPTER VI</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Further Openings and Middle-games</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 31. <span class="sc">Some Salient Points about Pawns</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 32. <span class="sc">Some Possible Developments from a Ruy Lopez</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (showing the weakness of a backward Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P; the<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; power of a Pawn at K&nbsp;5, etc.) </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page146">146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 33. <span class="sc">The Influence of a "Hole"</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2">
+PART II</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center; padding-top:1em;" colspan="2"> GAME.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 1. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (Match, 1909)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 2. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian, 1911)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 3. <span class="sc">Irregular Defence (Havana, 1913)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 4. <span class="sc">French Defence (St. Petersburg, 1913)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 5. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 6. <span class="sc">French Defence (Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 7. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (San Sebastian, 1911)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 8. <span class="sc">Centre Game (Berlin, 1913)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 9. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page209">209</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 10. <span class="sc">Petroff Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 11. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (St. Petersburg, 1914)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page221">221</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 12. <span class="sc">French Defence (New York, 1918)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page225">225</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 13. <span class="sc">Ruy Lopez (New York, 1918)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J.R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page231">231</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="spacsingle"> 14. <span class="sc">Queen's Gambit Declined (New York, 1918)</span><br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J.R. Capablanca. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"> <a href="#page238">238</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHESS FUNDAMENTALS</h2>
+
+<h3>PART I</h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">First Principles: Endings, Middle-Game and Openings</span></p>
+
+  <p>The first thing a student should do, is to familiarise himself with
+  the power of the pieces. This can best be done by learning how to
+  accomplish quickly some of the simple mates.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">1. SOME SIMPLE MATES</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 1.</b>&mdash;The ending Rook and King against King.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The principle is to drive the opposing King to the last line on any
+  side of the board</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig1.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In this position the power of the Rook is demonstrated by the first
+  move, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7, which immediately confines the Black King to the last
+  rank, and the mate is quickly accomplished by: 1&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;
+  2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <p>The combined action of King and Rook is needed to arrive at a position
+  in which mate can be forced. The general principle for a beginner to
+  follow is to</p>
+
+  <p><i>keep his King as much as possible on the same rank, or, as in this
+  case, file, as the opposing King.</i></p>
+
+  <p>When, in this case, the King has been brought to the sixth rank, it is
+  better to place it, not on the same file, but on the one next to it
+  towards the centre.</p>
+
+  <p>2...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; 5&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+  <p>Not K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, because then the Black King will go back to Q&nbsp;1 and it
+  will take much longer to mate. If now the King moves back to Q&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8
+  mates at once.</p>
+
+  <p>6...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 7&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 9&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 10&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <p>It has taken exactly ten moves to mate from the original position. On
+  move 5 Black could have played K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, and, according to principle,
+  White would have continued 6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 (the Black King will
+  ultimately be forced to move in front of the White King and be mated by
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8); 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 9&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;
+  10&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate. <!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 2.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig2.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Since the Black King is in the centre of the board, the best way to
+  proceed is to advance your own King thus: 1&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3.
+  As the Rook has not yet come into play, it is better to advance the King
+  straight into the centre of the board, not in front, but to one side of
+  the other King. Should now the Black King move to K&nbsp;4, the Rook drives it
+  back by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch. On the other hand, if 2...&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 instead, then also
+  3&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5. If now 3...&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, there follows 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; but if instead
+  3...&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6; then 4&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, keeping the King confined to as few squares
+  as possible.</p>
+
+  <p>Now the ending may continue: 4...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7; 5&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6;
+  6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7; 7&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6; 8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7. It
+  should be noticed how often the White King has moved next to the Rook,
+  not only to defend it, but also to reduce the mobility of the opposing
+  King. Now <!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page6"></a>{6}</span>White mates in three moves thus: 9&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8; 10&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp; any square on the Rook's file, forcing the Black King
+  in front of the White, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8; 11&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;mate. It has taken eleven
+  moves to mate, and, under any conditions, I believe it should be done in
+  under twenty. While it may be monotonous, it is worth while for the
+  beginner to practice such things, as it will teach him the proper
+  handling of his pieces.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 3.</b>&mdash;Now we come to two Bishops and King against
+  King.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig3.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Since the Black King is in the corner, White can play 1&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 2&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 3&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, and already the Black King is
+  confined to a few squares. If the Black King, in the original position,
+  had been in the centre of the board, or away from the last row, White
+  should have advanced his King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops,
+  restricted <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page7"></a>{7}</span>the Black King's movements to as few squares
+  as possible.</p>
+
+  <p>We might now continue: 3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2. In this ending the
+  Black King must not only be driven to the edge of the board, but he must
+  also be forced into a corner, and, before a mate can be given, the White
+  King must be brought to the sixth rank and, at the same time, in one of
+  the last two files; in this case either K&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;B&nbsp;8, and
+  as K&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 and K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6 are the nearest squares, it is to either of these
+  squares that the King ought to go. 4...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 5&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2;
+  6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 8&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 9&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1. White must now mark time and move one of the Bishops, so as to
+  force the Black King to go back; 10&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 11&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1. Now the White Bishop must take up a position from which it can
+  give check next move along the White diagonal, when the Black King moves
+  back to Kt&nbsp;1. 12&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 13&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1;
+  14&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <p>It has taken fourteen moves to force the mate and, in any position, it
+  should be done in under thirty.</p>
+
+  <p>In all endings of this kind, care must be taken not to drift into a
+  stale mate.</p>
+
+  <p>In this particular ending one should remember that the King must not
+  only be driven to the edge of the board, but also into a corner. In all
+  such endings, however, it is immaterial whether the King is forced <!--
+  Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span>on to the
+  last rank, or to an outside file, e.g. K&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 or Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;1 or Q&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 4.</b>&mdash;We now come to Queen and King against King. As
+  the Queen combines the power of the Rook and the Bishop, it is the
+  easiest mate of all and should always be accomplished in under ten moves.
+  Take the following position:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig4.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>A good way to begin is to make the first move with the Queen, trying
+  to limit the Black King's mobility as much as possible. Thus: 1&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2. Already the Black King has only one available square
+  2...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; 4&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4. (Should Black play
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, then Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch); 5&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 (if K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and
+  mate next move); 6&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, K moves; 8&nbsp;Q
+  mates.</p>
+
+  <p>In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black King must be
+  forced to the edge of the board; only <!-- Page 9 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>{9}</span>the Queen being so much
+  more powerful than the Rook, the process is far easier and shorter. These
+  are the three elementary endings and in all of these the principle is the
+  same. In each case the co-operation of the King is needed. In order to
+  force a mate without the aid of the King, at least two Rooks are
+  required.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">2. PAWN PROMOTION</p>
+
+  <p>The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage that can be
+  obtained in a game; and it often is sufficient to win, even when the Pawn
+  is the only remaining unit, apart from the Kings. It is essential,
+  speaking generally, that</p>
+
+  <p><i>the King should be in front of his Pawn, with at least one
+  intervening square</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>If the opposing King is directly in front of the Pawn, then the game
+  cannot be won. This can best be explained by the following examples.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 5.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig5.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The position is drawn, and the way to proceed is for Black to keep the
+  King always directly in front of the Pawn, and when it cannot be done, as
+  for instance in this position because of the White King, then the Black
+  King must be kept in front of the White King. The play would proceed
+  thus: 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4. This is a very important
+  move. Any other move would lose, as will be shown later. As the Black
+  King cannot be kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far
+  forward as possible and, at the same time, in front of the White
+  King.</p>
+
+  <p>3&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 5&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3. Again
+  the same case. As the White King comes up, the Black King must be kept in
+  front of it, since it cannot be brought up to the Pawn.</p>
+
+  <p>6&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; 8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2;
+  9&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; 10&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; 11&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1. If now
+  White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in front of it and White
+  must either give up the Pawn or play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, and a stale mate results.
+  If instead of advancing the Pawn White withdraws his King, Black brings
+  his King up to the Pawn and, when forced to go back, he moves to K <i>in
+  front</i> of the Pawn ready to come up again or to move in front of the
+  White King, as before, should the latter advance.</p>
+
+  <p>The whole mode of procedure is very important and the student should
+  become thoroughly conversant <!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page11"></a>{11}</span>with its details; for it involves principles
+  to be taken up later on, and because many a beginner has lost identical
+  positions from lack of proper knowledge. At this stage of the book I
+  cannot lay too much stress on its importance.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 6.</b>&mdash;In this position White wins, as the King is in
+  front of his Pawn and there is one intervening square.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig6.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The method to follow is to</p>
+
+  <p><i>advance the King as far as is compatible with the safety of the
+  Pawn and never to advance the Pawn until it is essential to its own
+  safety</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus:</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p>Black does not allow the White King to advance, therefore White is now
+  compelled to advance his Pawn so as to force Black to move away. He is
+  then able to advance his own King.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p>
+
+  <p>If Black had played 3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, then White would be forced to advance
+  the Pawn to K&nbsp;4, since he could not advance his King without leaving
+  Black the opportunity to play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, winning the Pawn. Since he has not
+  done so, it is better for White not to advance the Pawn yet, since its
+  own safety does not require it, but to try to bring the King still
+  further forward. Thus:</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+  <p>Now the White Pawn is too far back and it may be brought up within
+  protection of the King.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <p>Now it would not do to play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, because Black would play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3,
+  and White would have to bring back his King to protect the Pawn.
+  Therefore he must continue.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+  <p>Had he moved anywhere else, White could have played K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, followed
+  by the advance of the Pawn to K&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;8; all these squares being
+  protected by the King. As Black tries to prevent that, White must now
+  force him to move away, at the same time always keeping the King in front
+  of the Pawn. Thus:</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">8.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6 would make it a draw, as Black would then play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B, and we
+  would have a position similar to the one explained in connection with
+  Example 5.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">8...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span></p>
+
+  <p>King moves and the White Pawn advances to K&nbsp;8, becomes a Queen, and it
+  is all over.</p>
+
+  <p>This ending is like the previous one, and for the same reasons should
+  be thoroughly understood before proceeding any further.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">3. PAWN ENDINGS</p>
+
+  <p>I shall now give a couple of simple endings of two Pawns against one,
+  or three against two, that the reader may see how they can be won. Fewer
+  explanations will be given, as it is up to the student to work things out
+  for himself. Furthermore, nobody can learn how to play well merely from
+  the study of a book; it can only serve as a guide and the rest must be
+  done by the teacher, if the student has one; if not, the student must
+  realise by long and bitter experience the practical application of the
+  many things explained in the book.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 7.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig7.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In this position White cannot win by playing 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, because Black
+  plays, not P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, which would lose, but 1...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1, and if then
+  2&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, and draws, as shown in a previous case. If 2&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, and White will never be able to Queen his Pawn without losing
+  it. If 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, and draws. White, however, can
+  win the position given in the diagram by playing:</p>
+
+  <p>1&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 3&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. If
+  3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 4&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 5&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <p>4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; 5&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; 6&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 7&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig8.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig8.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 8.</b>&mdash;In the above position White can't win by
+  1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5. Black's best answer would be P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 draws. (The student
+  should work this out.) He cannot win by 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3
+  draws. (This, because of the principle of the "<i>opposition</i>" <!--
+  Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"></a>{15}</span>which
+  governs this ending as well as all the Pawn-endings already given, and
+  which will be explained more fully later on.)</p>
+
+  <p>White can win, however, by playing: 1&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3. (If
+  1...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2;
+  5&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; 8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7
+  and White wins the Pawn.)</p>
+
+  <p>2&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3. (If this Pawn is kept back
+  we arrive at the ending shown in Example 7.) 4&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2;
+  5&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 6&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1. White cannot
+  force his Bishop's Pawn into Q (find out why), but by giving his Pawn up
+  he can win the other Pawn and the game. Thus:</p>
+
+  <p>8&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 9&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 10&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2;
+  11&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 12&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; 13&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1;
+  14&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+  <p>There is still some resistance in Black's position. In fact, the only
+  way to win is the one given here, as will easily be seen by
+  experiment.</p>
+
+  <p>15&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 (if K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; and in order to win White must get
+  back to the actual position, as against 16&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 draws),
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 16&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 17&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 18&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7, and
+  White queens the Pawn and wins.</p>
+
+  <p>This ending, apparently so simple, should show the student the
+  enormous difficulties to be surmounted, <!-- Page 16 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span>even when there are
+  hardly any pieces left, when playing against an adversary who knows how
+  to use the resources at his disposal, and it should show the student,
+  also, the necessity of paying strict attention to these elementary things
+  which form the basis of true mastership in Chess.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 9.</b>&mdash;In this ending</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig9.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig9.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White can win by advancing any of the three Pawns on the first move,
+  but it is convenient to follow the general rule, whenever there is no
+  good reason against it, of <i>advancing the Pawn that has no Pawn
+  opposing it</i>. Thus we begin by&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6; and we have a similar ending to one of those
+  shown above. If 1...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 2&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span></p>
+
+  <p>If 3...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 4&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, and if 3...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 4&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, and in
+  either case we have a similar ending to one of those already shown.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5,</p>
+
+  <p>and by following it up with P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6 we have the same ending
+  previously shown. Should Black play 4...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, then R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P;
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch with the same result.</p>
+
+  <p>Having now seen the cases when the Pawns are all on one side of the
+  board we shall now examine a case when there are Pawns on both sides of
+  the board.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 10.</b>&mdash;In these cases the general rule is to <i>act
+  immediately on the side where you have the superior forces</i>. Thus we
+  have:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig10.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig10.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p class="cenhead">1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span></p>
+
+  <p>It is generally advisable to advance the Pawn that is free from
+  opposition.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black makes an advance on the other side, and now White considers
+  whether or not he should stop the advance. In this case either way wins,
+  but generally the advance should be stopped when the opposing King is far
+  away.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p>If 3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, then simple counting will show that White goes to the
+  other side with his King, wins the P at Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, and then Queens his single
+  Pawn long before Black can do the same.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <p>If 6...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 7&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, and then the two Pawns defend themselves
+  and White can go to the other side with his King, to win the other
+  Pawn.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p>Now it is time to go to the other side with the King, win the Black
+  Pawn and Queen the single Pawn. This is typical of all such endings and
+  should be worked out by the student in this case and in similar cases
+  which he can put up. <!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME</p>
+
+  <p>By the time the student has digested all that has been previously
+  explained, he, no doubt, is anxious to get to the actual game and play
+  with all the pieces. However, before considering the openings, we shall
+  devote a little time to some combinations that often arise during the
+  game, and which will give the reader some idea of the beauty of the game,
+  once he becomes better acquainted with it.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 11.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig11.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig11.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is Black's move, and thinking that White merely threatens to play
+  Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 and to mate at K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7, Black plays 1&nbsp;...&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, threatening
+  mate by way of R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8. White now uncovers his real and most effective
+  threat, viz.:</p>
+
+  <p>1&nbsp;...&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; 2&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; 3&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;
+  4&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate. <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page20"></a>{20}</span></p>
+
+  <p>This same type of combination may come as the result of a somewhat
+  more complicated position.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 12.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig12.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig12.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White is a piece behind, and unless he can win it back quickly he will
+  lose; he therefore plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He cannot take the Kt because White threatens mate by Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch
+  followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Again if B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch, King moves;
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains with a Q and a B
+  against a R and B, and should therefore win easily. These two examples
+  show the <!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page21"></a>{21}</span>danger of advancing the K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P one square,
+  after having Castled on that side.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 13.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig13.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig13.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>This is another very interesting type of combination. Black has a R
+  for a Kt and should therefore win, unless White is able to obtain some
+  compensation immediately. White, in fact, mates in a few moves thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Forced, otherwise Q&nbsp;X&nbsp;P mates.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><b>Example 14.</b>&mdash;The same type of combination occurs in a more
+  complicated form in the following position. <!-- Page 22 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig14.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig14.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If ...B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 threatens mate, and therefore wins the Q, which
+  is already attacked.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><b>Example 15.</b>&mdash;A very frequent type of combination is shown
+  in the following position.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig15.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig15.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Here White is the exchange and a Pawn behind, but he can win quickly
+  thus: 1&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B. (If 1...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 2&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3;
+  3&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, and wins.)</p>
+
+  <p>2&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 3&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, and Black cannot stop mate at
+  K&nbsp;R&nbsp;7 except by sacrificing the Queen by Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, which would leave White
+  with a Q for a R.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 16.</b>&mdash;This same type of combination is seen in a
+  more complicated form in the following position.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig16.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White proceeds as follows: 1&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch (this clears the line for the
+  B); B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt (to stop the Kt from moving to Kt&nbsp;5 after the sacrifice of the
+  B); 2&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;best; 3&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B. (If 3..K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 4&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5,
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 5&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 6&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 7&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 8&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; 9&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;mate.) 4&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;
+  5&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; <!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page24"></a>{24}</span>6&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 7&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch,
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 8&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; 9&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1;
+  10&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <p>This combination is rather long and has many variations, therefore a
+  beginner will hardly be able to fathom it; but, knowing the type of
+  combination, he might under similar circumstances undertake and carry out
+  a brilliant attack which he would otherwise never think of. It will be
+  seen that all the combinations shown have for a foundation the proper
+  co-ordination of the pieces, which have all been brought to bear against
+  a weak point.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES</p>
+
+  <p>Before going on to the general principles of the openings, it is
+  advisable to give the student an idea of the proper relative value of the
+  pieces. There is no complete and accurate table for all of them, and the
+  only thing to do is to compare the pieces separately.</p>
+
+  <p>For all general theoretical purposes the Bishop and the Knight have to
+  be considered as of the same value, though it is my opinion that the
+  Bishop will prove the more valuable piece in most cases; and it is well
+  known that two Bishops are almost always better than two Knights.</p>
+
+  <p>The Bishop will be stronger against Pawns than the Knight, and in
+  combination with Pawns will also be stronger against the Rook than the
+  Knight will be. <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p>
+
+  <p>A Bishop and a Rook are also stronger than a Knight and a Rook, but a
+  Queen and a Knight may be stronger than a Queen and a Bishop.</p>
+
+  <p>A Bishop will often be worth more than three Pawns, but a Knight very
+  seldom so, and may even not be worth so much.</p>
+
+  <p>A Rook will be worth a Knight and two Pawns, or a Bishop and two
+  Pawns, but, as said before, the Bishop will be a better piece against the
+  Rook.</p>
+
+  <p>Two Rooks are slightly stronger than a Queen. They are slightly weaker
+  than two Knights and a Bishop, and a little more so than two Bishops and
+  a Knight. The power of the Knight decreases as the pieces are changed
+  off. The power of the Rook, on the contrary, increases.</p>
+
+  <p>The King, a purely <i>defensive</i> piece throughout the middle-game,
+  becomes an <i>offensive</i> piece once all the pieces are off the board,
+  and sometimes even when there are one or two minor pieces left. The
+  handling of the King becomes of paramount importance once the end-game
+  stage is reached.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING</p>
+
+  <p>The main thing is to <i>develop the pieces quickly</i>. Get them into
+  play as fast as you can.</p>
+
+  <p>From the outset two moves, 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp; or 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, open up lines for
+  the Queen and a Bishop. Therefore, theoretically one of these two moves
+  must be the best, as no other first move accomplishes so much. <!-- Page
+  26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 17.</b>&mdash;Suppose we begin:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is both an attacking and a developing move. Black can now either
+  reply with the identical move or play</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This developing move at the same time defends the King's Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>These moves are of a purely developing nature.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><i>It is generally advisable not to bring this Bishop out until one
+  Knight is out</i>, preferably the King's Knight. The Bishop could also
+  have been played to B&nbsp;4, but it is advisable whenever possible to combine
+  development and attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black replies in the same manner, threatening a possible exchange of
+  Bishop for Knight with Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P to follow.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>an indirect way of preventing 5...B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, which more experience or
+  study will show to be bad. At the same time <i>the Rook is brought into
+  action in the centre, a very important point</i>. <!-- Page 27 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black follows the same line of reasoning.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>These moves have a two-fold object, viz.: to protect the King's Pawn
+  and to open the diagonal for the development of the Queen's Bishop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig17.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>A very powerful move, which brings us to the middle-game stage, as
+  there is already in view a combination to win quickly by Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5. This
+  threat makes it impossible for Black to continue the same course. (There
+  is a long analysis showing that Black should lose if he also plays
+  B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5.) He is now forced to play 7...B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, as experience has shown,
+  thus bringing up to notice three things.</p>
+
+  <p>First, the complete development of the opening has taken only seven
+  moves. (This varies up to ten or twelve moves in some very exceptional
+  cases. As a rule, eight should be enough.) Second, Black has <!-- Page 28
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span>been compelled
+  to exchange a Bishop for a Knight, but as a compensation he has isolated
+  White's Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P and doubled a Pawn. (This, at such an early stage of the
+  game, is rather an advantage for White, as the Pawn is doubled towards
+  the centre of the board.) Third, White by the exchange brings up a Pawn
+  to control the square Q&nbsp;4, puts Black on the defensive, as experience
+  will show, and thus keeps <i>the initiative</i>, an unquestionable
+  advantage.<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The strategical principles expounded above are the same for all the
+  openings, only their tactical application varies according to the
+  circumstances.</p>
+
+  <p>Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on the following point
+  which the student should bear in mind.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Before development has been completed no piece should be moved more
+  than once, unless it is essential in order to obtain either material
+  advantage or to secure freedom of action.</i></p>
+
+  <p>The beginner would do well to remember this, as well as what has
+  already been stated: viz., <i>bring out the Knights before bringing out
+  the Bishops</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE</p>
+
+  <p>The four squares, K&nbsp;4 and Q&nbsp;4 on each side respectively, are the
+  centre squares, and control of these squares is called control of the
+  centre. <i>The control of the centre is of great importance.</i> No
+  violent attack can succeed without controlling at least two of these <!--
+  Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span>squares,
+  and possibly three. Many a man&oelig;uvre in the opening has for its sole
+  object the control of the centre, which invariably ensures the
+  initiative. It is well always to bear this in mind, since it will often
+  be the reason of a series of moves which could not otherwise be properly
+  understood. As this book progresses I shall dwell more fully on these
+  different points. At present I shall devote some time to openings taken
+  at random and explain the moves according to general principles. The
+  student will in that way train his mind in the proper direction, and will
+  thus have less trouble in finding a way out when confronted with a new
+  and difficult situation.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 18.</b></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A timid move. Black assumes a defensive attitude at once. On principle
+  the move is wrong. In the openings, whenever possible, <i>pieces should
+  be moved in preference to Pawns</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White takes the offensive immediately and strives to control the
+  centre so as to have ample room to deploy his forces.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also prefers the text
+  move to Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, which would be the more natural square for the Kt.
+  But on <!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page30"></a>{30}</span>principle the move is wrong, because it
+  blocks the action of the Queen's Bishop, and instead of facilitating the
+  action of Black's pieces, tends, on the contrary, to cramp them.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black is forced to pay the penalty of his previous move. Such a move
+  on Black's part condemns by itself any form of opening that makes it
+  necessary. White threatened Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 and Black could not stop it with
+  4...B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2, because of 5&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P (if 5...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, 6&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5);
+  6&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 7&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, and White wins a Pawn and has besides a
+  perfectly safe position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It should be noticed that White does not Castle yet. The reason is
+  that he wants to deploy his forces first, and through the last move force
+  Black to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 to make room for the Queen as White threatens
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, to be followed by P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. Black's other alternatives would
+  finally force him to play P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, thus abandoning the centre to White.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>With this last move White completes his development, while Black is
+  evidently somewhat hampered. A simple examination will suffice to show
+  that White's position <!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page31"></a>{31}</span>is unassailable. There are no weak spots in
+  his armour, and his pieces are ready for any man&oelig;uvre that he may
+  wish to carry out in order to begin the attack on the enemy's position.
+  The student should carefully study this example. It will show him that it
+  is sometimes convenient to delay Castling. I have given the moves as they
+  come to my mind without following any standard book on openings. Whether
+  the moves given by me agree or not with the standard works, I do not
+  know, but at the present stage of this book it is not convenient to enter
+  into discussions of mere technicalities which the student will be able to
+  understand when he has become more proficient.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 19.</b></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A bad move, which violates one of the principles set down, according
+  to which at least one Knight should be developed before the Bishops are
+  brought out, and also because it exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which
+  in the opening is generally bad, unless there is some compensation.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>4...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P loses a Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 wins a Pawn.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig18.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen, and White, with a
+  Bishop and a Knight already developed, has a chance of obtaining an
+  advantage quickly by playing Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5 anyway. The student is left to work
+  out the many variations arising from this position.</p>
+
+  <p>These examples will show the practical application of the principles
+  previously enunciated. The student is warned against playing Pawns in
+  preference to pieces at the beginning of the game, especially P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3
+  and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, which are moves very commonly indulged in by
+  beginners.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">8. TRAPS</p>
+
+  <p>I shall now give a few positions or traps to be avoided in the
+  openings, and in which (practice has shown) beginners are often caught.
+  <!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 20.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig19.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;mate.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><b>Example 21.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig20.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig20.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Black, having the move, should play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3. But suppose he plays
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 instead, then comes&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5 would also give White the advantage, the threat being of
+  course if B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; 2&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;mate. Nor does B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 help matters, because of
+  2&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, 1...&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3 leaves Black with the inferior position. But
+  White's move in the text secures an immediate material advantage, and the
+  beginner at any rate should never miss such an opportunity for the sake
+  of a speculative advantage in position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;moves</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and White has won a Pawn besides having the better position.</p>
+
+  <p>There are a good many other traps&mdash;in fact, there is a book
+  written on traps on the chess board; but the type given above is the most
+  common of all.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Further Principles in End-Game Play</span></p>
+
+  <p>We shall now go back to the endings in search of a few more
+  principles, then again to the middle-game, and finally to the openings
+  once more, so that the advance may not only be gradual but homogeneous.
+  In this way the foundation on which we expect to build the structure will
+  be firm and solid.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig21.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig21.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the position shown above, White can draw by playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4
+  according to the general rule that governs such cases, i.e. <i>to advance
+  the Pawn that is free from opposition</i>. But suppose that White, either
+  because he does not know this principle or because he <!-- Page 36
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span>does not, in
+  this case, sufficiently appreciate the value of its application; suppose,
+  we say, that he plays 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4. Then Black can win by playing
+  1...&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, applying one of the cardinal principles of the high
+  strategy of chess&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>A unit that holds two.</i></p>
+
+  <p>In this case one Pawn would hold two of the opponent's Pawns. The
+  student cannot lay too much stress on this principle. It can be applied
+  in many ways, and it constitutes one of the principal weapons in the
+  hands of a master.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 22.</b>&mdash;The example given should be sufficient proof.
+  We give a few moves of the main variation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Best; see why.)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Best.)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This brings the game to a position which is won by Black, and which
+  constitutes one of the classical endings of King and Pawns. I shall try
+  to explain the guiding idea of it to those not familiar with it. <!--
+  Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">10. A CLASSICAL ENDING</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig22.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 23.</b>&mdash;In this position White's best line of defence
+  consists in keeping his Pawn where it stands at R&nbsp;2. As soon as the Pawn
+  is advanced it becomes easier for Black to win. On the other hand,
+  Black's plan to win (supposing that White does not advance his Pawn) may
+  be divided into three parts. The first part will be to get his King to
+  K&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, at the same time keeping intact the position of his Pawns. (This
+  is all important, since, in order to win the game, it is essential at the
+  end that Black may be able to advance his rearmost Pawn one or two
+  squares according to the position of the White King.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7; 3&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 will win. <!-- Page 38
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The first part has been completed.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig23.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig23.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The second part will be short and will consist in advancing the R&nbsp;P up
+  the K.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This ends the second part.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig24.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The third part will consist in timing the advance of the Kt&nbsp;P so as to
+  play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6 when the White King is at R&nbsp;1. It now becomes evident how
+  necessary it is to be able to move the Kt&nbsp;P either one or two squares
+  according to the position of the White King, as indicated previously.<a
+  name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> In this case, as it is White's
+  move, the Pawn will be advanced two squares since the White King will be
+  in the corner, but if it were now Black's move the Kt&nbsp;P should only be
+  advanced one square since the White King is at Kt&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and wins.</p>
+
+  <p>It is in this analytical way that the student should try to learn. He
+  will thus train his mind to follow a logical sequence in reasoning out
+  any position. This example is excellent training, since it is easy to
+  divide it into three stages and to explain the main point of each
+  part.</p>
+
+  <p>The next subject we shall study is the simple <!-- Page 40 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span>opposition, but before we
+  devote our time to it I wish to call attention to two things.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN</p>
+
+  <p>When three or more Pawns are opposed to each other in some such
+  position as the one in Example 24, there is always a chance for one side
+  or the other of obtaining a passed Pawn.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig25.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig25.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 24.</b>&mdash;In the above position the way of obtaining a
+  passed Pawn is to advance the centre Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> If B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and as in this case the White Pawn is nearer to Queen than any of the
+  Black Pawns, White will <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page41"></a>{41}</span>win. Now if it had been Black's move Black
+  could play</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It would not be advisable to try to obtain a passed Pawn because the
+  White Pawns would be nearer to Queen than the single Black Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and the game properly played would be a draw. The student should work
+  this out for himself.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL
+BE FIRST TO QUEEN</p>
+
+  <p>When two Pawns are free, or will be free, to advance to Queen, you can
+  find out, by counting, which Pawn will be the first to succeed.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 25.</b>&mdash;In this position whoever moves first
+  wins.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig26.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig26.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The first thing is to find out, by counting, whether the opposing King
+  can be in time to stop the passed Pawn from Queening. When, as in this
+  case, it cannot be done, the point is to count which Pawn comes in first.
+  In this case the time is the same, but the Pawn that reaches the eighth
+  square first and becomes a Queen is in a position to capture the
+  adversary's Queen when he makes one. Thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now comes a little calculation. White can capture the Pawn, but if he
+  does so, he will not, when Queening, command the square where Black will
+  also Queen his Pawn. Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q), and wins.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The student would do well to acquaint himself with various simple
+  endings of this sort, so as to acquire the habit of counting, and thus be
+  able to know with ease when he can or cannot get there first. Once again
+  I must call attention to the fact that a book cannot by itself teach how
+  to play. It can only serve as a guide, and the rest must be learned by
+  experience, and if a teacher can be had at the same time, so much the
+  faster will the student be able to learn. <!-- Page 43 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">13. THE OPPOSITION</p>
+
+  <p>When Kings have to be moved, and one player can, by force, bring his
+  King into a position similar to the one shown in the following diagram,
+  so that his adversary is forced to move and make way for him, the player
+  obtaining that advantage is said to have <i>the opposition</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig27.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig27.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 26.</b>&mdash;Suppose in the above position White plays</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now Black has the option of either opposing the passage of the White
+  King by playing K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3 or, if he prefers, he can <i>pass</i> with his
+  own King by replying K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. Notice that the Kings are directly opposed
+  to each other, and the number of intervening squares between them is
+  odd&mdash;one in this case.</p>
+
+  <p>The opposition can take the form shown above, <!-- Page 44 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page44"></a>{44}</span>which can be called
+  actual or close frontal opposition; or this form:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig28.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition, or, again,
+  this form:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig29.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>which can be called actual or close lateral opposition.</p>
+
+  <p>In practice they are all one and the same. The Kings are always on
+  squares of the same colour, there is only one intervening square between
+  the Kings, and the player who has moved last "<i>has the opposition</i>."
+  <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page45"></a>{45}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Now, if the student will take the trouble of moving each King
+  backwards as in a game in the same frontal, diagonal or lateral line
+  respectively shown in the diagrams, we shall have what may be called
+  <i>distant</i> frontal, diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.</p>
+
+  <p>The matter of the opposition is highly important, and takes at times
+  somewhat complicated forms, all of which can be solved mathematically;
+  but, for the present, the student should only consider the most simple
+  forms. (An examination of some of the examples of King and Pawns endings
+  already given will show several cases of close opposition.)</p>
+
+  <p>In all simple forms of opposition,</p>
+
+  <p><i>when the Kings are on the same line and the number of intervening
+  squares between them is even, the player who has the move has the
+  opposition</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig30.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 27.</b>&mdash;The above position shows to advantage the
+  enormous value of the opposition. The <!-- Page 46 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>{46}</span>position is very simple.
+  Very little is left on the board, and the position, to a beginner,
+  probably looks absolutely even. It is not the case, however. <i>Whoever
+  has the move wins.</i> Notice that the Kings are directly in front of one
+  another, and that the number of intervening squares is <i>even</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Now as to the procedure to win such a position. The proper way to
+  begin is to move straight up. Thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now White can exercise the option of either playing K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5 and thus
+  passing with his King, or of playing K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and prevent the Black King
+  from passing, thereby keeping the opposition. Mere counting will show
+  that the former course will only lead to a draw, therefore White takes
+  the latter course and plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 4...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 5&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 will win.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now by counting it will be seen that White wins by capturing Black's
+  Knight Pawn.</p>
+
+  <p>The process has been comparatively simple in the variation given
+  above, but Black has other lines of <!-- Page 47 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page47"></a>{47}</span>defence more difficult to
+  overcome. Let us begin anew.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now if 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, or if 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2, and Black obtains
+  the opposition in both cases. (When the Kings are directly in front of
+  one another, and the number of intervening squares between the Kings is
+  <i>odd</i>, the player who has moved last has the opposition.)</p>
+
+  <p>Now in order to win, the White King must advance. There is only one
+  other square where he can go, B&nbsp;3, and that is the right place. Therefore
+  it is seen that in such cases when the opponent makes a so-called waiting
+  move, you must advance, leaving a rank or file free between the Kings.
+  Therefore we have&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black, by bringing up
+  his King in front of your King, would obtain the opposition. It is
+  White's turn to play a similar move to Black's first move, viz.:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>which brings the position back to the first variation shown. The
+  student would do well to familiarise himself with the handling of the
+  King in all examples of opposition. It often means the winning or losing
+  of a game.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 28.</b>&mdash;The following position is an excellent proof
+  of the value of the opposition as a means of defence.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig31.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig31.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White is a Pawn behind and apparently lost, yet he can manage to draw
+  as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The position of the Pawns does not permit White to draw by means of
+  the actual or close opposition, hence he takes the distant opposition: in
+  effect if 1&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 (actual or close opposition), K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6 and White cannot continue to keep the lateral opposition
+  essential to his safety, because of his own Pawn at B&nbsp;3. On the other
+  hand, after the text move, if</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49"></a>{49}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>attacking the Pawn and forcing Black to play 6...&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6 when he can
+  go back to Kt&nbsp;3 as already shown, and always keep the opposition.</p>
+
+  <p>Going back to the original position, if</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White does not play P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5 will win, but plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 2...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, followed by K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, will draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and mere counting will show that both sides Queen, drawing the
+  game.</p>
+
+  <p>If the student will now take the trouble to go back to the examples of
+  King and Pawns which I have given in this book,<a name="NtA3"
+  href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> he will realise that in all of them the
+  matter of the opposition is of paramount importance; as, in fact, it is
+  in nearly all endings of King and Pawns, except in such cases where the
+  Pawn-position in itself ensures the win.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"></a>{50}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP</p>
+
+  <p>Before turning our attention to this matter it is well to state now
+  that <i>two Knights alone cannot mate</i>, but, under certain conditions
+  of course, they can do so if the opponent has one or more Pawns.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig32.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 29.</b>&mdash;In the above position White cannot win,
+  although the Black King is cornered, but in the following position, in
+  which Black has a Pawn,</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig33.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White wins with or without the move. Thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page51"></a>{51}</span></p>
+
+  <p>White cannot take the Pawn because the game will be drawn, as
+  explained before.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2. Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3. Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4. Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5. Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The reason for this peculiarity in chess is evident.</p>
+
+  <p><i>White with the two Knights can only stalemate the King, unless
+  Black has a Pawn which can be moved.</i></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 30.</b>&mdash;Although he is a Bishop and a Pawn ahead the
+  following position cannot be won by White.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig34.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is the greatest weakness of the Bishop, that when the Rook's Pawn
+  Queens on a square of opposite colour and the opposing King is in front
+  of the Pawn, the Bishop is absolutely worthless. All that Black has to do
+  is to keep moving his King close to the corner square. <!-- Page 52
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page52"></a>{52}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig35.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig35.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 31.</b>&mdash;In the above position White with or without
+  the move can win. Take the most difficult variation.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now that we have seen these exceptional cases, we can analyse the
+  different merits and the relative value of the Knight and the Bishop.</p>
+
+  <p>It is generally thought by amateurs that the Knight is the more
+  valuable piece of the two, the chief reason being that, unlike the
+  Bishop, the Knight can command both Black and White squares. However, the
+  fact is generally overlooked that the Knight, at any one time, <!-- Page
+  53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"></a>{53}</span>has the
+  choice of one colour only. It takes much longer to bring a Knight from
+  one wing to the other. Also, as shown in the following Example, a Bishop
+  can stalemate a Knight; a compliment which the Knight is unable to
+  return.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 32.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig36.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The weaker the player the more terrible the Knight is to him, but as a
+  player increases in strength the value of the Bishop becomes more evident
+  to him, and of course there is, or should be, a corresponding decrease in
+  his estimation of the value of the Knight as compared to the Bishop. In
+  this respect, as in many others, the masters of to-day are far ahead of
+  the masters of former generations. While not so long ago some of the very
+  best amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to
+  Bishops, there is hardly a master of to-day who would not completely
+  agree with the statements made above. <!-- Page 54 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>{54}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 33.</b>&mdash;This is about the only case when the Knight
+  is more valuable than the Bishop.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig37.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is what is called a "<i>block position</i>," and all the Pawns are
+  on one side of the board. (If there were Pawns on both sides of the board
+  there would be no advantage in having a Knight.) In such a position Black
+  has excellent chances of winning. Of course, there is an extra source of
+  weakness for White in having his Pawns on the same colour-squares as his
+  Bishop. This is a mistake often made by players. The proper way,
+  generally, in an ending, is to have your Pawns on squares of opposite
+  colour to that of your own Bishop. When you have your Pawns on squares of
+  the same colour the action of your own Bishop is limited by them, and
+  consequently the value of the Bishop is diminished, since the value of a
+  piece can often be measured by the number of squares it commands. While
+  on this subject, I shall also call attention to the <!-- Page 55 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>{55}</span>fact that it is generally
+  preferable to keep your Pawns on squares of the same colour as that of
+  the opposing Bishop, particularly if they are passed Pawns supported by
+  the King. The principles might be stated thus:</p>
+
+  <p><i>When the opponent has a Bishop, keep your Pawns on squares of the
+  same colour as your opponent's Bishop.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Whenever you have a Bishop, whether the opponent has also one or
+  not, keep your Pawns on squares of the opposite colour to that of your
+  own Bishop.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be modified to suit the
+  exigencies of the position.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 34.</b>&mdash;In the following position the Pawns are on
+  one side of the board, and there is no advantage in having either a
+  Knight or a Bishop. The game should surely end in a draw.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig38.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"></a>{56}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 35.</b>&mdash;Now let us add three Pawns on each side to
+  the above position, so that there are Pawns on both sides of the
+  board.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig39.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is now preferable to have the Bishop, though the position, if
+  properly played out, should end in a draw. The advantage of having the
+  Bishop lies as much in its ability to command, at long range, both sides
+  of the board from a central position as in its ability to move quickly
+  from one side of the board to the other.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig40.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57"></a>{57}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 36.</b>&mdash;In the above position it is unquestionably an
+  advantage to have the Bishop, because, although each player has the same
+  number of Pawns, they are not balanced on each side of the board. Thus,
+  on the King's side, White has three to two, while on the Queen's side it
+  is Black that has three to two. Still, with proper play, the game should
+  end in a draw, though White has somewhat better chances.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig41.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig41.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 37.</b>&mdash;Here is a position in which to have the
+  Bishop is a decided advantage, since not only are there Pawns on both
+  sides of the board, but there is a passed Pawn (K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P for White, Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P
+  for Black). Black should have extreme difficulty in drawing this
+  position, if he can do it at all. <!-- Page 58 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 38.</b>&mdash;Again Black would have great difficulty in
+  drawing this position.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig42.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig42.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The student should carefully consider these positions. I hope that the
+  many examples will help him to understand, in their true value, the
+  relative merits of the Knight and Bishop. As to the general method of
+  procedure, a teacher, or practical experience, will be best. I might say
+  generally, however, that the proper course in these endings, as in all
+  similar endings, is: Advance of the King to the centre of the board or
+  towards the passed Pawns, or Pawns that are susceptible of being
+  attacked, and rapid advance of the passed Pawn or Pawns as far as is
+  consistent with their safety.</p>
+
+  <p>To give a fixed line of play would be folly. Each ending is different,
+  and requires different handling, according to what the adversary proposes
+  to do. Calculation by visualising the future positions is what will
+  count. <!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page59"></a>{59}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">15. HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP</p>
+
+  <p>Now, before going back again to the middle-game and the openings, let
+  us see how to mate with Knight and Bishop, and, then, how to win with a
+  Queen against a Rook.</p>
+
+  <p>With a Knight and a Bishop <i>the mate can only be given in the
+  corners of the same colour as the Bishop</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig43.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 39.</b>&mdash;In this example we must mate either at Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1
+  or K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8. The ending can be divided into two parts. Part one consists in
+  driving the Black King to the last line. We might begin, as is generally
+  done in all such cases, by advancing the King to the centre of the
+  board:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black, in order to make it more difficult, goes towards the
+  white-squared corner:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"></a>{60}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The first part is now over; the Black King is in the white-squared
+  corner.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig44.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The second and last part will consist in driving the Black King now
+  from Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;8 to Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 or K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8 in order to mate him. Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 will be the
+  quickest in this position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black tries to make for K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 with his King. White has two ways to
+  prevent that, one by 14&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, <!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page61"></a>{61}</span>K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6; 15&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, and the other which I
+  give as the text, and which I consider better for the student to learn,
+  because it is more methodical and more in accord with the spirit of all
+  these endings, <i>by using the King as much as possible</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It will be seen that the ending is rather laborious. There are two
+  outstanding features: the close following by the King, and the
+  controlling of the squares of opposite colour to the Bishop by the
+  combined action of the Knight and King. The student would do well to
+  exercise himself methodically in this ending, as it gives a very good
+  idea of the actual power of the pieces, and it requires foresight in
+  order to accomplish the <!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page62"></a>{62}</span>mate within the fifty moves which are
+  granted by the rules.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK</p>
+
+  <p>This is one of the most difficult endings without Pawns. The resources
+  of the defence are many, and when used skilfully only a very good player
+  will prevail within the limit of fifty moves allowed by the rules. (The
+  rule is that at any moment you may demand that your opponent mate you
+  within fifty moves. However, every time a piece is exchanged or a Pawn
+  advanced the counting must begin afresh.)</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig45.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 40.</b>&mdash;This is one of the standard positions which
+  Black can often bring about. Now, it is White's move. If it were Black's
+  move it would be simple, as he would have to move his Rook away from the
+  King (find out why), and then the Rook would be <!-- Page 63 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span>comparatively easy to
+  win. We deduce from the above that the main object is to force the Black
+  Rook away from the defending King, and that, in order to compel Black to
+  do so, we must bring about the position in the diagram with <i>Black</i>
+  to move. Once we know what is required, the way to proceed becomes easier
+  to find. Thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not 1&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, because R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch; 2&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R.
+  Stalemate. (The beginner will invariably fall into this trap.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;to&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;or&nbsp;to&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In a few moves we have accomplished our object. The first part is
+  concluded. Now we come to the second part. The Rook can only go to a
+  White square, otherwise the first check with the Queen will win it.
+  Therefore</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;best</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2&nbsp;mate</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(The student should find out by himself how to win when 3...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8;
+  4&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2.) <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page64"></a>{64}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig46.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig46.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 41.</b>&mdash;The procedure here is very similar. The
+  things to bear in mind are that the Rook must be prevented from
+  interposing at Kt&nbsp;1 because of an immediate mate, and in the same way the
+  King must be prevented from going either to R&nbsp;3 or B&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 42.</b>&mdash;We shall now examine a more difficult
+  position.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig47.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig47.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Many players would be deceived by this position. The most likely
+  looking move is not the best. Thus suppose we begin</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The only defence, but, unfortunately, a very effective one, which
+  makes it very difficult for White, since he cannot play 3&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6 because
+  of 3...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch draws. Nor can he win quickly
+  by 3&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch because 3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch&nbsp;! driving
+  back the White King.</p>
+
+  <p>Now that we have seen the difficulties of the situation let us go
+  back. The best move is</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; 2&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 3&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;!</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2&nbsp;best</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2&nbsp;!&nbsp;best</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 3...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch; 4&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6 leads to a position similar to those in
+  Examples 40 and 41.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span></p>
+
+  <p>and we have the position of Example 40 with Black to move.</p>
+
+  <p>Let us go back again.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The best place for the Rook away from the King. 3...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2;
+  4&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch; 5&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6 would lead to positions similar to
+  those already seen.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>5&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 6&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6 would also
+  win the Rook. The text move, however, is given to show the finesse of
+  such endings. White now threatens mate at Q&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White threatened mate at K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and the Rook is lost.</p>
+
+  <p>Note, in these examples, that the checks at long range along the
+  diagonals have often been the key to all the winning man&oelig;uvres.
+  Also that the Queen and <!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page67"></a>{67}</span>King are often kept on different lines. The
+  student should carefully go over these positions and consider all the
+  possibilities not given in the text.</p>
+
+  <p>He should once more go through everything already written before
+  proceeding further with the book.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Planning a Win in Middle-Game Play</span></p>
+
+  <p>I shall now give a few winning positions taken from my own games. I
+  have selected those that I believe can be considered as <i>types</i>,
+  i.e. positions that may easily occur again in a somewhat similar form. A
+  knowledge of such positions is of great help; in fact, one cannot know
+  too many. It often may help the player to find, with little effort, the
+  right move, which he might not be able to find at all without such
+  knowledge.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID
+OF KNIGHTS</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig48.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig48.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>{69}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 43.</b>&mdash;It is Black's move, and as he is a Kt and P
+  behind he must win quickly, if at all. He plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4 and mate follows in a few
+  moves.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig49.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig49.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 44.</b>&mdash;Black's last move was P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, played with
+  the object of stopping what he thought was White's threat, viz.:
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, to which he would have answered Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch and drawn the game
+  by perpetual check. White, however, has a more forceful move, and he
+  mates in three moves as follows: <!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page70"></a>{70}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Black&nbsp;moves</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;White&nbsp;mates</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig50.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig50.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 45.</b>&mdash;White has a beautiful position, but still he
+  had better gain some material, if he can, before Black consolidates his
+  defensive position. He therefore plays:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt and Black would be helpless.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In these few examples the attacking has been done by Rooks and Bishops
+  in combination with the Queen. <!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page71"></a>{71}</span>There have been no Knights to take part in
+  the attack. We shall now give some examples in which the Knights play a
+  prominent part as an attacking force.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A
+PROMINENT FORCE</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig51.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 46.</b>&mdash;White is two Pawns behind. He must therefore
+  press on his attack. The game continues:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(B&nbsp;5)&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Evidently an error which made the winning easier for White, as he
+  simply took the Rook with the Knight and kept up the attack. Black should
+  have played: 1&nbsp;...&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt. Then would have followed: 2&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 3&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;(best); 4&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 5&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; 6&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, and Black should lose.<a name="NtA4"
+  href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>{72}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig52.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig52.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 47.</b>&mdash;The student should carefully examine the
+  position, as the sacrifice of the Bishop in similar situations is
+  typical, and the chance for it is of frequent occurrence in actual play.
+  The game continues:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Best. If 2...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 3&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch wins the Queen, and if 2...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;
+  3&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, with an irresistible attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White finally won.<a name="NtA5" href="#Nt5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK</p>
+
+  <p>We have so far given positions where the attacks were of a violent
+  nature and directed against the King's position. Very often, however, in
+  the middle-game attacks are made against a position or against pieces, or
+  even Pawns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The winning of a Pawn among good players of even strength often
+  means the winning of the game.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Hence the study of such positions is of great importance. We give
+  below two positions in which the attack aims at the gain of a mere Pawn
+  as a means of ultimately winning the game.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig53.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig53.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 48.</b>&mdash;Black is a Pawn behind, and there is no
+  violent direct attack against White's King. Black's pieces, however, are
+  very well placed and free to act, and by co-ordinating the action of all
+  his pieces he is soon able not only to regain the Pawn but to obtain the
+  better game. The student should carefully <!-- Page 74 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>{74}</span>consider this position
+  and the subsequent moves. It is a very good example of proper
+  co-ordination in the management of forces. The game continues:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White's best move was P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, when would follow Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; 3&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 and Black would ultimately win the Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, always keeping a slight
+  advantage in position. The text move makes matters easier.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black could have regained the Pawn by playing B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, but he sees that
+  there is more to be had, and therefore increases the pressure against
+  White's Queen side. He now threatens, among other things, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Threatening to win the exchange by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White to give up the
+  exchange.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now Black will recover his Pawn. <!-- Page 75 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig54.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 49.</b>&mdash;An examination of this position will show
+  that Black's main weakness lies in the exposed position of his King, and
+  in the fact that his Q&nbsp;R has not yet come into the game. Indeed, if it
+  were Black's move, we might conclude that he would have the better game,
+  on account of having three Pawns to two on the Queen's side, and his
+  Bishop commanding the long diagonal.</p>
+
+  <p>It is, however, White's move, and he has two courses to choose from.
+  The obvious move, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, might be good enough, since after 1&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4,
+  Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; 2&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 would make it difficult for Black. But there is
+  another move which completely upsets Black's position and wins a Pawn,
+  besides obtaining the better position. That move is Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4&nbsp;! The game
+  continues as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span></p>
+
+  <p>There is nothing better, as White threatened B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>And White, with the better position, is a Pawn ahead.</p>
+
+  <p>These positions have been given with the idea of acquainting the
+  student with different types of combinations. I hope they will also help
+  to develop his imagination, a very necessary quality in a good player.
+  The student should note, in all these middle-game positions,
+  that&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><i>once the opportunity is offered, all the pieces are thrown into
+  action "en masse" when necessary;</i> and that <i>all the pieces smoothly
+  co-ordinate their action with machine-like precision.</i></p>
+
+  <p>That, at least, is what the ideal middle-game play should be, if it is
+  not so altogether in these examples.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>{77}</span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">General Theory</span></p>
+
+  <p>Before we revert to the technique of the openings it will be advisable
+  to dwell a little on general theory, so that the openings in their
+  relation to the rest of the game may be better understood.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">20. THE INITIATIVE</p>
+
+  <p>As the pieces are set on the board both sides have the same position
+  and the same amount of material. White, however, has the move, and the
+  move in this case means <i>the initiative</i>, and the initiative, other
+  things being equal, is an advantage. Now this advantage must be kept as
+  long as possible, and should only be given up if some other advantage,
+  material or positional, is obtained in its place. White, according to the
+  principles already laid down, develops his pieces as fast as possible,
+  but in so doing he also tries to hinder his opponent's development, by
+  applying pressure wherever possible. He tries first of all to control the
+  centre, and failing this to obtain some positional advantage that will
+  make it possible for him to keep on harassing the enemy. He only
+  relinquishes the initiative when he gets for it some material advantage
+  under such favourable conditions as to make him feel <!-- Page 78
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78"></a>{78}</span>assured that he
+  will, in turn, be able to withstand his adversary's thrust; and finally,
+  through his superiority of material, once more resume the initiative,
+  which alone can give him the victory. This last assertion is
+  self-evident, since, in order to win the game, the opposing King must be
+  driven to a position where he is attacked without having any way of
+  escape. Once the pieces have been properly developed the resulting
+  positions may vary in character. It may be that a direct attack against
+  the King is in order; or that it is a case of improving a position
+  already advantageous; or, finally, that some material can be gained at
+  the cost of relinquishing the initiative for a more or less prolonged
+  period.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">21. DIRECT ATTACKS <i>EN MASSE</i></p>
+
+  <p>In the first case the attack must be carried on with sufficient force
+  to guarantee its success. Under no consideration must a direct attack
+  against the King be carried on <i>� outrance</i> unless there is absolute
+  certainty in one's own mind that it will succeed, since failure in such
+  cases means disaster.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 50.</b>&mdash;A good example of a successful direct attack
+  against the King is shown in the following diagram:</p>
+
+  <p>In this position White could simply play B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2 and still have the
+  better position, but instead he prefers an immediate attack on the King's
+  side, with <!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page79"></a>{79}</span>the certainty in his mind that the attack
+  will lead to a win. The game continues thus:<a name="NtA6"
+  href="#Nt6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig55.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Best. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 would have been immediately fatal. Thus: 14...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4;
+  15&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 16&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;! P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5; 17&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt;
+  18&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2; 19&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6; 20&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 (if
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch wins the Queen); 21&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 22&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 (if K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 mate in two); 23&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch and mate in five
+  moves.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>{80}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch and mate in a few moves.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;6)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This blunder loses at once, but the game could not be saved in any
+  case; e.g. 23...B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; 24&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;ch, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 25&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><b>Example 51.</b>&mdash;Another example of this kind:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig56.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In the above position the simple move Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would win, but White
+  looks for complications and their beauties. Such a course is highly risky
+  until a wide experience of actual master-play has developed a sufficient
+  insight into all the possibilities of a position. This game, which won
+  the brilliancy prize at St. Petersburg in 1914, continued as
+  follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 24&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, King moves; 25&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 26...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 27&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;6)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; 28&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3;
+  29&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(R&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 30&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch and mate next move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;7)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The climax of the combination started with 21&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4. White is still
+  threatening mate, and the best way to avoid it is for Black to give back
+  all the material he has gained and to remain three Pawns behind.</p>
+
+  <p>The student should note that in the examples given the attack is
+  carried out with every available piece, <!-- Page 82 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span>and that often, as in
+  some of the variations pointed out, it is the coming into action of the
+  last available piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It demonstrates
+  the principle already stated:</p>
+
+  <p><i>Direct and violent attacks against the King must be carried </i>en
+  masse<i>, with full force, to ensure their success. The opposition must
+  be overcome at all cost; the attack cannot be broken off, since in all
+  such cases that means defeat.</i></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED
+ATTACK</p>
+
+  <p>Failing an opportunity, in the second case, for direct attack, one
+  must attempt to increase whatever weakness there may be in the opponent's
+  position; or, if there is none, one or more must be created. It is always
+  an advantage to threaten something, but such threats must be carried into
+  effect only if something is to be gained immediately. For, holding the
+  threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against its execution and
+  to keep material in readiness to meet it. Thus he may more easily
+  overlook, or be unable to parry, a thrust at another point. But once the
+  threat is carried into effect, it exists no longer, and your opponent can
+  devote his attention to his own schemes. One of the best and most
+  successful man&oelig;uvres in this type of game is to make a
+  demonstration on one side, so as to draw the forces of your opponent to
+  that side, then through the greater mobility of your pieces to shift your
+  forces quickly <!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page83"></a>{83}</span>to the other side and break through, before
+  your opponent has had the time to bring over the necessary forces for the
+  defence.</p>
+
+  <p>A good example of positional play is shown in the following game:</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 52.</b>&mdash;Played at the Havana International Masters
+  Tournament, 1913. (French Defence.) White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca. Black: R.
+  Blanco.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig57.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig57.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>This move was first shown to me by the talented Venezuelan amateur, M.
+  Ayala. The object is to <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page84"></a>{84}</span>prevent the development of Black's Queen's
+  Bishop <i>vi�</i> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, after P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which is Black's usual
+  development in this variation. Generally it is bad to move the same piece
+  twice in an opening before the other pieces are out, and the violation of
+  that principle is the only objection that can be made to this move, which
+  otherwise has everything to recommend it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig58.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 might be better. The text move gives Black an opportunity
+  of which he does not avail himself</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 was the right move. It would have led to complications, in
+  which Black might have held his own; at least, White's play would be very
+  difficult. The text move accomplishes nothing, and puts Black <!-- Page
+  85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span>in an
+  altogether defensive position. The veiled threat B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; followed by
+  Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch; is easily met.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The fact that Black has now to move his Bishop back clearly
+  demonstrates that Black's plan of development is faulty. He has lost too
+  much time, and White brings his pieces into their most attacking position
+  without hindrance of any sort.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The alternative was Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4. Otherwise White would play Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, and
+  Black would be forced to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 (not P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, because of the
+  sacrifice B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P), seriously weakening his King's side.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled Black to create a
+  marked weakness. Now White's whole plan will be to exploit this weakness
+  (the weak K&nbsp;P), and the student can now see how the principles expounded
+  previously are applied in this game. Every move is directed to make the
+  weak King's Pawn untenable, or to profit by the inactivity of the Black
+  pieces defending the Pawn, in order to improve the position of White at
+  other points.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"></a>{86}</span></p>
+
+  <p>At last the Bishop comes out, not as an active attacking piece, but
+  merely to make way for the Rook.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very clever move, tending to prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, and tempting White to
+  play Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, followed by B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, which would be bad, as the following
+  variation shows: 19&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 20&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; 21&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4,
+  R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; 22&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; 23&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; 24&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2;
+  25&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. But it always happens in such cases that, if one line
+  of attack is anticipated, there is another; and this is no exception to
+  the rule, as will be seen.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig59.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig59.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Apparently the best way to meet the manifold threats of White. B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P
+  would make matters worse, as the White Bishop would finally bear on the
+  weak King's Pawn <i>vi�</i> Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. <!-- Page 87 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Forced, as White threatened P&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P, and also Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3 was better. But Black wants to tempt White to play P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  thinking that he will soon after regain his Pawn with a safe position.
+  Such, however, is not the case, as White quickly demonstrates. I must add
+  that in any case Black's position is, in my opinion, untenable, since all
+  his pieces are tied up for the defence of a Pawn, while White's pieces
+  are free to act.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig60.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The deciding and timely man&oelig;uvre. All the Black pieces are
+  useless after this Bishop reaches Q&nbsp;5. <!-- Page 88 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>{88}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now it is evident that all the Black pieces are tied up, and it only
+  remains for White to find the quickest way to force the issue. White will
+  now try to place his Queen at K&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, and then advance the K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P to R&nbsp;5 in
+  order to break up the Black Pawns defending the King.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 28...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5; 29&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; 30&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2;
+  31&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 32&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2; 33&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P;
+  34&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, and Black will soon be helpless, as he has to mark time with
+  his pieces while White prepares to advance P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, and finally at the
+  proper time to play R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, winning.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Commenting on White's play in this game, Dr. E. Lasker said at the
+  time that if White's play were properly analysed it might be found that
+  there was no way to improve upon it.</p>
+
+  <p>These apparently simple games are often of the most difficult nature.
+  Perfection in such cases is much more difficult to obtain than in those
+  positions calling <!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page89"></a>{89}</span>for a brilliant direct attack against the
+  King, involving sacrifices of pieces.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE</p>
+
+  <p>In the third case, there is nothing to do, once the material advantage
+  is obtained, but to submit to the opponent's attack for a while, and once
+  it has been repulsed to act quickly with all your forces and win on
+  material. A good example of this type of game is given below.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 53.</b>&mdash;From the Havana International Masters
+  Tournament, 1913. (Ruy Lopez.) White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca. Black: D.
+  Janowski.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P might be better, but at the time I was not familiar with that
+  variation, and therefore I played what I knew to be good.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page90"></a>{90}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Black offers the exchange in order to gain time and to obtain an
+  attack. Without considering at all whether or not such a course was
+  justified on the part of Black, it is evident that as far as White is
+  concerned there is only one thing to do, viz., to win the exchange and
+  then prepare to weather the storm. Then, once it is passed, to act
+  quickly with all forces to derive the benefit of numerical
+  superiority.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To force White to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, and thus create a hole at Q&nbsp;5 for
+  his Knight.<a name="NtA7" href="#Nt7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Such grand
+  tactics show the hand of a master.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 was better.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In order to prevent R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt giving back the exchange, but winning a
+  Pawn and relieving the position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In order to play B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2 without blocking his Rook.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Black's man&oelig;uvring for positional advantage is admirable
+  throughout this game, and if he loses it is due entirely to the fact that
+  the sacrifice of the exchange, without even a Pawn for it, could not
+  succeed against sound defensive play.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig61.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig62.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The position begins to look really dangerous for White. In reality
+  Black's attack is reaching its maximum force. Very soon it will reach the
+  apex, and then <!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page92"></a>{92}</span>White, who is well prepared, will begin his
+  counter action, and through his superiority in material obtain an
+  undoubted advantage.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He could not play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1 because of R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;P. Besides, he wants to be
+  ready to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5. At present White cannot with safety play R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P,
+  but he will soon prepare the way for it. Then, by giving up a Rook for a
+  Bishop and a Pawn, he will completely upset Black's attack and come out a
+  Pawn ahead. It is on this basis that White's whole defensive
+  man&oelig;uvre is founded.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig63.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig63.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Now the Black Rook enters into the game, but White is prepared. It is
+  now time to give back the exchange. <!-- Page 93 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page93"></a>{93}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch might have been better. The text move did not prove as
+  strong as anticipated.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt would lose easily</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Very fine. White cannot play R&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch because of K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B,
+  R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt winning.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The ending is very difficult to win. At this point White had to make
+  the last move before the game was adjourned.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig64.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig64.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page94"></a>{94}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I have passed over the game lightly because of its difficult nature,
+  and because we are at present concerned more with the opening and the
+  middle-game than we are with the endings, which will be treated
+  separately.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE
+OF ACTION</p>
+
+  <p>Very often in a game a master only plays to cut off, so to speak, one
+  of the pieces from the scene of actual conflict. Often a Bishop or a
+  Knight is completely put out of action. In such cases we might say that
+  from that moment the game is won, because for all practical purposes
+  there will be one more piece on one side than on the other. A very good
+  illustration is furnished by the following game. <!-- Page 95 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page95"></a>{95}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 54.</b>&mdash;Played at the Hastings Victory Tournament,
+  1919. (Four Knights.) White: W. Winter. Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Niemzowitch's variation, which I have played successfully in many a
+  game. It gives White a very solid game. Niemzowitch's idea is that White
+  will in due time be able to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, opening a line for his Rooks,
+  which, in combination with the posting of a Knight at K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, should be
+  sufficient to win. He thinks that should Black attempt to stop the Knight
+  from going to K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, he will have to weaken his game in some other way.
+  Whether this is true or not remains to be proved, but in my opinion the
+  move is perfectly good. On the other hand, there is no question that
+  Black can easily develop his pieces. But it must be considered that in
+  this variation White does not attempt to hinder Black's development, he
+  simply attempts to build up a position which he considers impregnable and
+  from which he can start an attack in due course.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96"></a>{96}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The alternative, Kt&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; gives White the best of the game, without
+  doubt.<a name="NtA8" href="#Nt8"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move is not at all in accordance with the nature of this
+  variation. The general strategical plan for White is to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3,
+  to be followed in time by the advance of the K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P to Kt&nbsp;4, and the
+  bringing of the Q&nbsp;Kt to K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 via K&nbsp;2 and K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 or Q&nbsp;1 and K&nbsp;3. Then, if
+  possible, the K&nbsp;Kt is linked with the other Kt by placing it at either
+  K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, or K&nbsp;3 as the occasion demands. The White King sometimes
+  remains at Kt&nbsp;1, and other times it is placed at K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, but mostly at
+  K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1. Finally, in most cases comes P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, and then the real attack
+  begins. Sometimes it is a direct assault against the King,<a name="NtA9"
+  href="#Nt9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> and at other times it comes simply to
+  finessing for positional advantage in the end-game, after most of the
+  pieces have been exchanged.<a name="NtA10"
+  href="#Nt10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97"></a>{97}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig65.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig65.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>To prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4 and to draw White into playing Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, which
+  would prove fatal. Black's plan is to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, as soon as the
+  circumstances permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from the pin
+  by the Bishop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White falls into the trap. Only lack of experience can account for
+  this move. White should have considered that a player of my experience
+  and strength could never allow such a move if it were good.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig66.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98"></a>{98}</span></p>
+
+  <p>After this move White's game is lost. White cannot play Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P,
+  because Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt will win a piece. Therefore he must play B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, either
+  before or after Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, with disastrous results in either case, as will
+  be seen.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig67.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig67.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>A simple examination will show that White is minus a Bishop for all
+  practical purposes. He can only free it by sacrificing one Pawn, and
+  possibly not even then. At least it would lose time besides the Pawn.
+  Black now devotes all his energy to the Queen's side, and, having
+  practically a Bishop more, the result cannot be in doubt. The rest of the
+  game is given, so that the student may see how simple it is to win such a
+  game. <!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page99"></a>{99}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There is no necessity to pay any attention to the King's side, because
+  White gains nothing by exchanging Pawns and opening the King's Rook
+  file.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If White takes the proffered Pawn, Black regains it immediately by
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, after P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;6)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Resigns</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A
+SPECIMEN GAME</p>
+
+  <p>Now that a few of my games with my own notes have been given, I offer
+  for close perusal and study a very fine game played by Sir George Thomas,
+  one of England's foremost players, against Mr. F.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;L. Alexander, in the
+  championship of the City of London Chess Club in the winter of 1919-1920.
+  It has the <!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page100"></a>{100}</span>interesting feature for the student that
+  Sir George Thomas kindly wrote the notes to the game for me at my
+  request, and with the understanding that I would make the comments on
+  them that I considered appropriate. Sir George Thomas' notes are in
+  brackets and thus will be distinguished from my own comments.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 55.</b>&mdash;Queen's Gambit Declined. (<i>The notes within
+  brackets by Sir George Thomas.</i>) White: Mr. F.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;L. Alexander. Black:
+  Sir George Thomas.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig68.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>(One of the objects of Black's method of defence is to attack White's
+  Q&nbsp;Kt doubly by Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, followed by P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. But 7&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 is probably a
+  strong way <!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page101"></a>{101}</span>of meeting this threat.) There are,
+  besides, two good reasons for this method of defence; first, that it is
+  not as much played as some of the other defences and consequently not so
+  well known, and second that it leaves Black with two Bishops against B
+  and Kt, which, in a general way, constitutes an advantage.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is not the logical place for the B which should have been posted
+  at Q&nbsp;3. In the opening, time is of great importance, and therefore the
+  player should be extremely careful in his development and make sure that
+  he posts his pieces in the right places.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(I did not want White's Kt to come to K&nbsp;5, from where I could not
+  dislodge it by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 without weakening my K&nbsp;P.) The same result could
+  be accomplished by playing B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3. Incidentally it bears out my previous
+  statement that the B should have been originally played to Q&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The alternative was P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, and then O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O.
+  White would thereby assume the initiative but would weaken his Pawn
+  position considerably, and might be compelled to stake all on a <!-- Page
+  102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102"></a>{102}</span>violent
+  attack against the King. This is a turning point in the game, and it is
+  in such positions that the temperament and style of the player decide the
+  course of the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig69.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(White might play 15&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, keeping the option of breaking up the
+  centre later on. I wanted him to advance this P as there is now a fine
+  post for my B at Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4.) By this move White shows that he does not
+  understand the true value of his position. His only advantage consisted
+  in the undeveloped condition of Black's Q&nbsp;B. He should therefore have
+  made a plan to prevent the B from coming out, or if that were not
+  possible, then he should try to force Black to weaken his Pawn position
+  in order to come out with the B. There were three moves to consider:
+  first, <!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page103"></a>{103}</span>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, in order to maintain the White
+  B in the dominating position that it now occupies. This would have been
+  met by Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; second, either of the Rooks to Q&nbsp;1 in order to threaten
+  16&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 17&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 18&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch. This would have been met
+  by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; and third, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 to prevent B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 and by playing
+  either R to Q&nbsp;1, followed up as previously stated to force Black to play
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, which would weaken his Queen's side Pawns. Thus by playing
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 White would have attained the desired object. The text move
+  blocks the action of the White B and facilitates Black's development.
+  Hereafter White will act on the defensive, and the interest throughout
+  the rest of the game will centre mainly on Black's play and the manner in
+  which he carries out the attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(This seems wrong, as it makes the development of Black's Queen wing
+  easier. At present he cannot play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, because of the reply P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P
+  followed by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(With the idea of Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5. But it only compels Black to
+  bring his B to Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, which he would do in any case.)</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page104"></a>{104}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(It would have been better, probably, to play 20...K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, with the
+  idea of P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 presently.) Black's play hereabout is weak; it lacks
+  force, and there seems to be no well-defined plan of attack. It is true
+  that these are the most difficult positions to handle in a game. In such
+  cases a player must conceive a plan on a large scale, which promises
+  chances of success, and with it all, it must be a plan that can be
+  carried out with the means at his disposal. From the look of the position
+  it seems that Black's best chance would be to mass his forces for an
+  attack against White's centre, to be followed by a direct attack against
+  the King. He should, therefore, play Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, threatening P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. If
+  White is able to defeat this plan, or rather to prevent it, then, once he
+  has fixed some of the White pieces on the King's side, he should quickly
+  shift his attack to the Queen's side, and open a line for his Rooks,
+  which, once they enter in action, should produce an advantage on account
+  of the great power of the two Bishops.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(White has clearly lost time with his Rook's moves.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"></a>{105}</span></p>
+
+  <p>(To bring his Queen across after Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig70.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(I thought this exchange necessary here, as White is threatening to
+  play his Bishop via Kt&nbsp;4 to K&nbsp;6. If he retook with the Bishop's Pawn I
+  intended to exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one on the
+  Queen's wing. I did not expect him to retake it with the King's Pawn,
+  which seemed to expose him to a violent King's side attack.) Black's
+  judgment in this instance I believe to be faulty. Had White retaken with
+  the B&nbsp;P, as he expected, he would have had the worst of the Pawn
+  position, as White would have had a passed Pawn well supported on the
+  Queen's side. His only advantage would lie in his having a very well
+  posted Bishop against a badly <!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page106"></a>{106}</span>posted Knight, and on the fact that in
+  such positions as the above, the Bishop is invariably stronger than the
+  Knight. He could and should have prevented all that, by playing B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1,
+  as, had White then replied with Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, he could then play P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, and
+  White would not have been able to retake with the B&nbsp;P on account of
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch winning the exchange.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;K&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I do not like this move. It would have been better to hold it in
+  reserve and to have played P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, to be followed in due time by
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, after having placed the Q at Q&nbsp;2, K&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, or some
+  other square as the occasion demanded. The text move blocks the action of
+  the powerful B at Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, and tends to make White's position safer than it
+  should have been. The move in itself is a very strong attacking move, but
+  it is isolated, and there is no effective continuation. Such advances as
+  a rule should only be made when they can be followed by a concerted
+  action of the pieces.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page107"></a>{107}</span></p>
+
+  <p>(If now 34&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 35&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;ch, with a winning
+  attack.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 was the alternative. White's only move would have been
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1. The position now is evidently won for Black, and it is only a
+  question of finding the right course. The final attack is now carried on
+  by Sir George Thomas in an irreproachable manner.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig71.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig71.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>(Again preventing B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, by the masked attack on White's Rook. White
+  therefore protects his Rook.) If Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;!; 39&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch; 40&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!!; 41&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, best, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R and White is
+  lost. If, however, against 38&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, Black plays Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, and White
+  39&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, I take pleasure <!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page108"></a>{108}</span>in offering the position to my readers as
+  a most beautiful and extraordinary win for Black, beginning with
+  39...Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!!! I leave the variations for the student to work
+  out.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(Making a double attack on the Rook&mdash;which still cannot be
+  taken&mdash;and preparing to defend the K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P.) If either the Rook or
+  Bishop are taken White would be mated in a few moves.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;!!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig72.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>(If 40...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 41&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P; 42&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2. Black
+  therefore tries to get the Queen away from the defence.) A very beautiful
+  move, and the best way to carry on the attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span></p>
+
+  <p>(The best defence was 41&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, but Black would emerge with Queen
+  against Rook and Knight.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(Again, not R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; because of P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6&nbsp;dis.&nbsp;ch.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>(If 42&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, then, at last, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 wins.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig73.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig73.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>(The Queen has no escape, but White has no time to take it.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White resigns. A very fine finish.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>{110}</span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">End-Game Strategy</span></p>
+
+  <p>We must now revert once more to the endings. Their importance will
+  have become evident to the student who has taken the trouble to study my
+  game with Janowski (Example 53). After an uneventful opening&mdash;a Ruy
+  Lopez&mdash;in one of its normal variations, my opponent suddenly made
+  things interesting by offering the exchange; an offer which, of course, I
+  accepted. Then followed a very hard, arduous struggle, in which I had to
+  defend myself against a very dangerous attack made possible by the
+  excellent man&oelig;uvring of my adversary. Finally, there came the time
+  when I could give back the material and change off most of the pieces,
+  and come to an ending in which I clearly had the advantage. But yet the
+  ending itself was not as simple as it at first appeared, and
+  finally&mdash;perhaps through one weak move on my part&mdash;it became a
+  very difficult matter to find a win. Had I been a weak end-game player
+  the game would probably have ended in a draw, and all my previous efforts
+  would have been in vain. Unfortunately, that is very often the case among
+  the large majority of players; they are weak in the endings; a failing
+  from which masters of the first rank are at times not free. <!-- Page 111
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"></a>{111}</span>Incidentally,
+  I might call attention to the fact that all the world's champions of the
+  last sixty years have been exceedingly strong in the endings: Morphy,
+  Steinitz, and Dr. Lasker had no superiors in this department of the game
+  while they held their titles.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A
+DIFFERENT SIDE</p>
+
+  <p>I have previously stated, when speaking about general theory, that at
+  times the way to win consists in attacking first on one side, then,
+  granted greater mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly
+  from one side to the other, breaking through before your opponent has
+  been able to bring up sufficient forces to withstand the attack. This
+  principle of the middle-game can sometimes be applied in the endings in
+  somewhat similar manner.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 56.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig74.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>{112}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In the above position I, with the Black pieces, played:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The idea, as will be seen very soon, is to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 in order to
+  fix White's King's side Pawns with a view to the future. It is evident to
+  Black that White wants to bring his King to Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 to support his two
+  weak isolated Pawns, and thus to free his Rooks. Black, therefore, makes
+  a plan to shift the attack to the King's side at the proper time, in
+  order to obtain some advantage from the greater mobility of his
+  Rooks.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>in order to force the Rook to Rook's square, keeping both Rooks tied
+  up.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black begins to transfer his attack to the King's side.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A serious mistake, which loses quickly. White should have played
+  8&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, when Black would have answered 8...R&nbsp;(R&nbsp;5)&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; 9&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3,
+  and Black would have obtained an opening at K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6 for his King, which in
+  the end might give him the victory.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>{113}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Now the King cannot go to Kt&nbsp;3, because of R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8 winning,</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and Black won after a few moves.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 57.</b>&mdash;Another good example, in which is shown the
+  advantage of the greater mobility of the pieces in an ending, is the
+  following from a game Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters
+  Tournament, 1913. The full score and notes of the game can be found in
+  the book of the tournament.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig75.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White's only advantage in the above position is that he possesses the
+  open file and has the move, which will secure him the initiative. There
+  is also the slight advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side
+  united, while Black has an isolated Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P. The <!-- Page 114 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>{114}</span>proper course, as in
+  the previous ending, is to bring the Rooks forward, so that at least one
+  of them may be able to shift from one side of the board to the other, and
+  thus keep Black's Rooks from moving freely. What this means in general
+  theory has been stated already; it really means: <i>keep harassing the
+  enemy; force him to use his big pieces to defend Pawns. If he has a weak
+  point, try to make it weaker, or create another weakness somewhere else
+  and his position will collapse sooner or later. If he has a weakness, and
+  he can get rid of it, make sure that you create another weakness
+  somewhere else</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>From the position in question the game continued thus:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>with the object of repeating White's man&oelig;uvre, and also not to
+  allow White the control of the open file.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the board in order to
+  be nearer to whatever point White decides to attack. The move is
+  justified at least on the general rule that in such endings the King
+  should be in the middle of the board. He does nothing after all but
+  follow White's footsteps. Besides, it is hard to point out anything
+  better. If 4...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4; 5&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch, followed by K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2, would leave
+  Black in <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page115"></a>{115}</span>a very disagreeable position. If
+  4...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; 5&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4! R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R? 6&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 7&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2;
+  8&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, winning the Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, which would practically leave White with
+  a passed Pawn ahead on the Queen's side, as the three Pawns of Black on
+  the King's side would be held by the two of White.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The student should note that through the same man&oelig;uvre Black is
+  forced into a position similar to the one shown in the previous
+  ending.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move has a manifold object. It practically fixes all of Black's
+  Pawns except the Q&nbsp;P, which is the only one that can advance two squares.
+  It specially prevents the advance of Black's K&nbsp;B Pawns, and at the same
+  time threatens the advance of White's K&nbsp;B Pawns to B&nbsp;4 and B&nbsp;5. By this
+  threat it practically forces Black to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, which is all White
+  desires, for reasons that will soon become evident.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a Pawn would have
+  been P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, which would have left all Black's Pawns isolated and weak. If
+  8...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5; 9&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; 10&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4! R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4; 11&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, and
+  Black's game is hopeless.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"></a>{116}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Apparently very strong, since it forces the exchange of Rooks because
+  of the threat R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; but in reality it leads to nothing. The best
+  chance was to play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;K&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Up to now White had played with finesse, but this last move is weak.
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 was the proper way to continue, so as to force Black to give up
+  his Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P or Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Again a bad move. 13&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 was the proper continuation, and if then
+  13...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 14&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 15&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1;
+  16&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, with excellent winning chances; in fact, I believe, a won
+  game.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig76.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> &nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black misses his only chance. R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1 would have drawn. <!-- Page 117
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"></a>{117}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He goes back with the King to support his K&nbsp;P, and thus be able to
+  utilise his Rook. It is, however, useless, and only White's weak play
+  later on gives him further chances of a draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent the Black Rook from controlling the open file</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He must keep his King on that side because White threatens to march
+  with his King to R&nbsp;6 via Kt&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He can do nothing but wait for White. The text move stops White from
+  moving his Rook, but only for one move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The only other move was K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; when White could play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7, or
+  even P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5. <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page118"></a>{118}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig77.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig77.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A weak move, which gives Black a fighting chance. In this ending, as
+  is often the case with most players, White plays the best moves whenever
+  the situation is difficult and requires careful handling, but once his
+  position seems to be overwhelming he relaxes his efforts and the result
+  is nothing to be proud of. The right move was 28&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black misses his last chance: R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, forcing the King to B&nbsp;3, in
+  order to avoid the perpetual, <!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page119"></a>{119}</span>would probably draw. The reader must bear
+  in mind that my opponent was then a very young and inexperienced player,
+  and consequently deserves a great deal of credit for the fight he put
+  up.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch; followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;7, offered better chances.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;(Q)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This ending shows how easy it is to make weak moves, and how often,
+  even in master-play, mistakes are made and opportunities are lost. It
+  shows that, so long as there is no great advantage of material, even with
+  a good position, a player, no matter how strong, cannot afford to relax
+  his attention even for one move. <!-- Page 120 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page120"></a>{120}</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 58.</b>&mdash;A good proof of the previous statement is
+  shown in the following ending between Marshall and Kupchick in one of
+  their two games in the same Tournament (Havana, 1913).</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig78.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig78.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is evident that Marshall (White) is under great difficulties in the
+  above position. Not only is he bound to lose a Pawn, but his position is
+  rather poor. The best he could hope for was a draw unless something
+  altogether unexpected happened, as it did. No reason can be given for
+  Black's loss of the game except that he felt so certain of having the
+  best of it with a Pawn more and what he considered a safe position, that
+  he became exceedingly careless and did not consider the danger that
+  actually existed. Let us see how it happened.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page121"></a>{121}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The mistakes begin. This is the first. Black sees that he can take a
+  Pawn without any danger, and does not stop to think whether there is
+  anything better. R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch was the right move. If then K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P.
+  If instead White played K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, then R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch followed by R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Mistake number two, and this time such a serious one as to almost lose
+  the game. The proper move was to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 in order to break up
+  White's Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black King, which is
+  actually in danger, as will soon be seen.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(R5)&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Mistake number three and this time fatal. His best move was
+  R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4. After the text move there is no defence. Black's game is
+  lost. This shows that even an apparently simple ending has to be played
+  with care. From a practically won position Black finds himself with a
+  lost game, and it has only taken three moves.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 4...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; 5&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 6&nbsp;R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;8)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3;
+  7&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 8&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; 9&nbsp;R&nbsp;(R&nbsp;6)&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R;
+  10&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; 11&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P, and wins easily.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The reason is evident. If 6...K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 7&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, <!-- Page 122
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122"></a>{122}</span>R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P;
+  8&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 9&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 10&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS</p>
+
+  <p>The reader has probably realised by this time that endings of two
+  Rooks and Pawns are very difficult, and that the same holds true for
+  endings of one Rook and Pawns. Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are not
+  very common in actual play; but endings of one Rook and Pawns are about
+  the most common sort of endings arising on the chess board. Yet though
+  they do occur so often, few have mastered them thoroughly. They are often
+  of a very difficult nature, and sometimes while apparently very simple
+  they are in reality extremely intricate. Here is an example from a game
+  between Marshall and Rosenthal in the Manhattan Chess Club Championship
+  Tournament of 1909-1910.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 59.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig79.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig79.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"></a>{123}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In this position Marshall had a simple win by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, but played
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, and thereby gave Black a chance to draw. Luckily for him Black
+  did not see the drawing move, played poorly, and lost. Had Black been up
+  to the situation he would have drawn by playing R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now White has two continuations, either (<i>a</i>) P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, or
+  (<i>b</i>) R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch. We have therefore:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for Black's Pawn.
+  Or&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>a very important move, as against R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7 wins.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for the Pawn, or
+  draw by perpetual check.</p>
+
+  <p>If there were nothing more in the ending it would not be of any great
+  value, but there are other very interesting features. Now suppose that
+  after 1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; 2&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7, Black did not realise that R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1
+  was the only move to draw. <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page124"></a>{124}</span>We would then have the following
+  position:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig80.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Now there would be two other moves to try: either (<i>a</i>)
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch, or (<i>b</i>) R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3. Let us examine them.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch wins, because if the King goes back, then
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, and if the King goes up, then R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch, followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4
+  wins.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 wins.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;moves</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 wins</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, and White will either capture the Pawn or go to
+  K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, and come out with a winning ending. <!-- Page 125 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page125"></a>{125}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;moves</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and White will either capture the Pawn or play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, according to
+  the circumstances, and come out with a winning ending.</p>
+
+  <p>Now, going back to the position shown on page 122, suppose that after
+  1&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; 2&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, Black did not realise that K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5 was
+  the only move to draw, and consequently played K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 instead, we would
+  then have the following position:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig81.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig81.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Now the best continuation would be:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch&nbsp;(best)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;(best)</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White threatened to check with the Rook at K&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page126"></a>{126}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Best. If K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5; both P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3 will win; the last-named
+  move particularly would win with ease.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;(best)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig82.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>This position we have arrived at is won by White, because there are
+  two files between the opposing King and the Pawn from which the King is
+  cut off by the Rook, and besides, the Pawn can advance to the fourth rank
+  before the opponent's Rook can begin to check on the file. This last
+  condition is very important, because if, instead of the position on the
+  diagram, the Black Rook were at K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1, and Black had the move, he could
+  draw by preventing the <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page127"></a>{127}</span>advance of the Pawn, either through
+  constant checks or by playing R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 at the proper time.</p>
+
+  <p>Now that we have explained the reasons why this position is won, we
+  leave it to the student to work out the correct solution.</p>
+
+  <p>The fact that out of one apparently simple ending we have been able to
+  work out several most unusual and difficult endings should be sufficient
+  to impress upon the student's mind the necessity of becoming well
+  acquainted with all kinds of endings, and especially with endings of Rook
+  and Pawns.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO
+ROOKS AND PAWNS</p>
+
+  <p>Following our idea that the best way to learn endings as well as
+  openings is to study the games of the masters, we give two more endings
+  of two Rooks and Pawns. These endings, as already stated, are not very
+  common, and the author is fortunate in having himself played more of
+  these endings than is generally the case. By carefully comparing and
+  studying the endings already given (Examples 56 and 57) with the
+  following, the student no doubt can obtain an idea of the proper method
+  to be followed in such cases. The way of procedure is somewhat similar in
+  all of them.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 60.</b>&mdash;From a game, Capablanca-Kreymborg, in the New
+  York State Championship Tournament of 1910. <!-- Page 128 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page128"></a>{128}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig83.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig83.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is Black's move, and no doubt thinking that drawing such a position
+  (that was all Black played for) would be easy, he contented himself with
+  a waiting policy. Such conduct must always be criticised. It often leads
+  to disaster. <i>The best way to defend such positions is to assume the
+  initiative and keep the opponent on the defensive.</i></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The first move is already wrong. There is nothing to gain by this
+  move. Black should play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; to be followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;5; unless
+  White plays P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3. That would <i>fix</i> the Queen's side. After
+  that he could decide what demonstration he could make with his Rooks to
+  keep the opponent's Rooks at bay.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move not only prevents P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 which Black intended, but
+  threatens P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, followed, after <!-- Page 129 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page129"></a>{129}</span>P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, by the attack
+  with one or both Rooks against Black's Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>probably with the idea of a demonstration on the King's side by
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 and Kt&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 should have been played now, in order to force Black to
+  defend with R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2. White, however, does not want to disclose his plan
+  at once, and thus awaken Black to the danger of his position, hence this
+  move, which seems to aim at the disruption of Black's Queen's side
+  Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is a mistake. Black is unaware of the danger of his position. He
+  should have played P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; threatening R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, and, by making this
+  demonstration against White's K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, stop the attack against his Queen's
+  side Pawns, which will now develop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He could not play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 would win at least a
+  Pawn. This in itself condemns his last move K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, which has done
+  nothing but make his situation practically hopeless.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now forced, but it is a little too late. He could not play
+  8...K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 would have <!-- Page 130 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page130"></a>{130}</span>left his game
+  completely paralysed. Black now finally awakens to the danger, and tries
+  to save the day by the counter-demonstration on the King's side, which he
+  should have started before. Of course, White cannot play R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, because
+  of R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, recovering the Pawn with advantage.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black is now in a very disagreeable position. If he played 9...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P;
+  10&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would leave him in a very awkward situation, as he could not go
+  back with the King, nor could he do much with either Rook. He practically
+  would have to play 10...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, when White would answer 11&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4,
+  threatening to win a Pawn by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, or, if that were not enough, he
+  might play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, to be followed finally by the entry of the King at
+  B&nbsp;5 or K&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig84.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig84.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page131"></a>{131}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Again he cannot play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 would leave him
+  paralysed. The advance of his K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P would make White's K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P safe, and
+  consequently his K&nbsp;R would have to retire to K&nbsp;B&nbsp;2 to defend the Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P.
+  That would make it impossible for his King to go to Q&nbsp;2, because of the
+  Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, nor could he advance a single one of his Pawns. On the other hand,
+  White would play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, threatening to win a Pawn by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, or he
+  might first play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, and then at the proper time P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, if there
+  was nothing better. Black meanwhile could really do nothing but mark time
+  with one of his Rooks. Compare this bottling-up system with the ending in
+  Example 57, and it will be seen that it is very similar.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;3)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Probably wrong. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 at once was the right move. The text move
+  gives Black good chances of drawing.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This could never have happened had White played 12&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, as he
+  could have followed it up by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 after Black's K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not good. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 offered the best chances of <!-- Page 132 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page132"></a>{132}</span>winning by force. If
+  then 14...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 15&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch; 16&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;7;
+  17&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 18&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 19&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, with winning chances.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig85.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig85.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black misses his last chance. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 would draw. If then 15&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!; 16&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 17&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;!</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(R&nbsp;6)&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;7)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2 would have offered greater resistance, but the
+  position is lost in any case. (I leave the student to work this out.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133"></a>{133}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Nothing would avail. If 21...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8; 22&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;! R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch;
+  23&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8; 24&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 25&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2;
+  26&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, and White will win easily.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black is desperate. He sees he can no longer defend his Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><b>Example 61.</b>&mdash;From the game Capablanca-Janowski, New York
+  National Tournament of 1913.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig86.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black's game has the disadvantage of his double Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, which, to make
+  matters worse, he cannot <!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page134"></a>{134}</span>advance, because as soon as Black plays
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, White replies P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4. It is on this fact that White
+  builds his plans. He will stop Black's Queen's side Pawns from advancing,
+  and will then bring his own King to K&nbsp;3. Then in due time he will play
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, and finally P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, or P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, thus forcing an exchange of
+  Pawns and obtaining in that way a clear passed Pawn on the King's file.
+  It will be seen that this plan was carried out during the course of the
+  game, and that White obtained his winning advantage in that way. The play
+  was based throughout on the chance of obtaining a passed Pawn on the
+  King's file, with which White expected to win.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>already preparing to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 when the time comes.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black wants to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, but White, of course, prevents it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This King should come to the King's side, where the danger lurks.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>With the object of playing K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, followed by P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  and thus have an open file for his Rook and be able to make a
+  counter-demonstration <!-- Page 135 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page135"></a>{135}</span>on the Queen's side in order to stop
+  White's advance on the right. White, however, also prevents this.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course if P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; Black will have all his Pawns on the Queen's side
+  disrupted and isolated, and White can easily regain the lost Pawn by
+  playing either Rook on the Q&nbsp;R file.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He still wants to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, but as it is easy to foresee that
+  White will again prevent it, the text move is really a serious loss of
+  time. Black should bring his King over to the other side immediately.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The first part of White's strategic plan is now accomplished. Black's
+  Pawns on the Queen's side are <i>fixed</i> for all practical
+  purposes.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; Kt&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R would have given White a very powerful centre. Yet
+  it might have been the best chance for Black.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Kt)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page136"></a>{136}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig87.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig87.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The second part of White's strategical plan is now accomplished. It
+  remains to find out if the advantage obtained is sufficient to win. White
+  not only has a passed Pawn, but his King is in a commanding position in
+  the centre of the board ready to support the advance of White's Pawns,
+  or, if necessary, to go to Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, or to move to the right wing in case of
+  danger. Besides, White holds the open file with one of his Rooks.
+  Altogether White's position is superior and his chances of winning are
+  excellent.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(R&nbsp;3)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>to prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4. Also Black fears to keep his Rook in front of his
+  two King's side Pawns which he may want to utilise later.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page137"></a>{137}</span></p>
+
+  <p>White threatens P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, which would finally force Black to take, and
+  then White would double his Rooks against the isolated Pawn and win it,
+  or tie up Black's Rooks completely. The text move, however, only helps
+  White; therefore Black had nothing better than to hold tight and wait.
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 would not help much, as White would simply answer R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;5)&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, and whichever Rook Black took, White would have an
+  easy game. (The student should carefully study these variations.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 would not help much, but since he made the previous move he
+  should now be consistent and play it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(K&nbsp;3)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;4)&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page138"></a>{138}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The winning tactics in all these endings have merely consisted in
+  keeping the opponent's Rooks tied to the defence of one or more Pawns,
+  leaving my own Rooks free for action. This is a general principle which
+  can be equally applied to any part of the game. It means in general
+  terms&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><i>Keep freedom of man&oelig;uvre while hampering your
+  opponent.</i></p>
+
+  <p>There is one more thing of great importance, and that is that the
+  winning side has always had a general strategical plan capable of being
+  carried out with the means at his disposal, while often the losing side
+  had no plan at all, but simply moved according to the needs of the
+  moment.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS <i>v.</i> ROOK,
+KNIGHT AND PAWNS</p>
+
+  <p>We shall now examine an ending of Rook, Bishop and Pawns against Rook,
+  Knight and Pawns, where it will be seen that the Rook at times is used in
+  the same way as in the endings already given.</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 62.</b>&mdash;From the first game of the Lasker-Marshall
+  Championship Match in 1907. <!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page139"></a>{139}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig88.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig88.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>In this position it is Black's move. To a beginner the position may
+  look like a draw, but the advanced player will realise immediately that
+  there are great possibilities for Black to win, not only because he has
+  the initiative, but because of White's undeveloped Queen's side and the
+  fact that a Bishop in such a position is better than a Knight (see
+  Section 14). It will take some time for White to bring his Rook and
+  Knight into the fray, and Black can utilise it to obtain an advantage.
+  There are two courses open to him. The most evident, and the one that
+  most players would take, is to advance the Pawn to Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5
+  immediately in conjunction with the Bishop check at R&nbsp;3 and any other
+  move that might be necessary with the Black Rook. The other, and more
+  subtle, course was taken by Black. It consists in utilising his Rook in
+  the same way as shown in the previous endings, forcing White to defend
+  something all the time, restricting the action of White's Knight and <!--
+  Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page140"></a>{140}</span>White's Rook, while at the same time
+  keeping freedom of action for his own Rook and Bishop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This forces P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which blocks that square for the White
+  Knight.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>bringing the Rook to attack the King's side Pawns so as to force the
+  King to that side to defend them, and thus indirectly making more secure
+  the position of Black's Queen's side Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Note that the White Knight's sphere of action is very limited, and
+  that after Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 White's own Pawns are in his way.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This check accomplishes nothing. It merely drives Black's King where
+  it wants to go. Consequently it is a very bad move. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 at once was
+  the best move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Getting ready to shift the attack to the Queen's side, where he has
+  the advantage in material and position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page141"></a>{141}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Notice how similar are the man&oelig;uvres with this Rook to those
+  seen in the previous endings.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Paralysing the action of the Knight and <i>fixing</i> the whole King's
+  side.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White cannot answer Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, because B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt followed by K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 will
+  win a Pawn, on account of the check at K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 which cannot be stopped.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now the King attacks White's Pawns and all will soon be over.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Merely to exhaust White's move, which will finally force him to move
+  either the King or the Knight.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142"></a>{142}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The quickest way to win. White should resign.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very good example on Black's part of how to conduct such an
+  ending.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page143"></a>{143}</span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER VI</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Further Openings and Middle-Games</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS</p>
+
+  <p>Before going back to the discussion of openings and middle-game
+  positions, it might be well to bear in mind a few facts concerning Pawn
+  positions which will no doubt help to understand certain moves, and
+  sometimes even the object of certain variations in the openings, and of
+  some man&oelig;uvres in the middle-games.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig89.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig89.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 63.</b>&mdash;In the position of the diagram we have an
+  exceedingly bad Pawn formation on Black's side. Black's Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P is
+  altogether backward, and White could by means of the open file
+  concentrate <!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page144"></a>{144}</span>his forces against that weak point. There
+  is also the square at White's Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, which is controlled by White, and
+  from where a White piece once established could not be dislodged. In
+  order to get rid of it, Black would have to exchange it, which is not
+  always an easy matter, and often when possible not at all convenient. The
+  same holds true with regard to Black's K&nbsp;P, K&nbsp;B&nbsp;P and K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P, which
+  create what is called a "hole" at Black's K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3. Such Pawn formations
+  invariably lead to disaster, and consequently must be avoided.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig90.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig90.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p><b>Example 64.</b>&mdash;In this position we might say that the White
+  centre Pawns have the attacking position, while the Black centre Pawns
+  have the defensive position. Such a formation of Pawn occurs in the
+  French Defence. In such positions White most often attempts, by means of
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, to obtain a crushing attack against Black's King,
+  which is generally Castled on the King's side. To prevent that, <!-- Page
+  145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145"></a>{145}</span>and also
+  to assume the initiative or obtain material advantage, Black makes a
+  counter-demonstration by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, followed by P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P (when White defends
+  the Pawn by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3), and the concentrating of Black's pieces against
+  the White Pawn at Q&nbsp;4. This in substance might be said to be a determined
+  attack against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct attack of
+  White against Black's King. It must be remembered that at the beginning
+  of the book it was stated that <i>control of the centre was an essential
+  condition to a successful attack against the King</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In an abstract way we may say that two or more Pawns are strongest
+  when they are in the same rank next to one another. Thus the centre Pawns
+  are strongest in themselves, so to speak, when placed at K&nbsp;4 and Q&nbsp;4
+  respectively, hence the question of advancing either the one or the other
+  to the fifth rank is one that must be most carefully considered. The
+  advance of either Pawn often determines the course the game will
+  follow.</p>
+
+  <p>Another thing to be considered is the matter of one or more passed
+  Pawns when they are isolated either singly or in pairs. We might say that
+  a passed Pawn is either very weak or very strong, and that its weakness
+  or strength, whichever happens to be in the case to be considered,
+  increases as it advances, and is at the same time in direct relation to
+  the number of pieces on the board. In this last respect it might be
+  generally said that <i>a passed Pawn increases in strength as the number
+  of pieces on the board diminishes</i>. <!-- Page 146 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page146"></a>{146}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Having all this clear in mind we will now revert to the openings and
+  middle-game. We will analyse games carefully from beginning to end
+  according to general principles. I shall, whenever possible, use my own
+  games, not because they will better illustrate the point, but because,
+  knowing them thoroughly, I shall be able to explain them more
+  authoritatively than the games of others.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM
+A RUY LOPEZ</p>
+
+  <p>That some of the variations in the openings and the man&oelig;uvres in
+  the middle-game are often based on some of the elementary principles just
+  expounded can be easily seen in the following case:</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 65.</b></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page147"></a>{147}</span></p>
+
+  <p>So far a very well-known variation of the Ruy Lopez. In fact, they are
+  the moves of the Janowski-Lasker game in Paris, 1912.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some way White, by
+  playing one of the Knights to Q&nbsp;4 at the proper time, forced the exchange
+  of both Knights, and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged, and
+  we arrived at some such position as shown in the following diagram. (I
+  obtained such a position in a very similar way once at Lodz in Poland. I
+  was playing the White pieces against a consulting team headed by
+  Salwe.)</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig91.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig91.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Now we would have here the case of the backward Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, which will in
+  no way be able to advance to Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. Such a position may be said to be
+  theoretically lost, and in practice a first-class master will invariably
+  win it from Black. (If I may be excused the reference, I will say that I
+  won the game above referred to.)</p>
+
+  <p>After a few moves the position may be easily thus: <!-- Page 148
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page148"></a>{148}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig92.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The Black pieces can be said to be <i>fixed</i>. If White plays
+  Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, Black must answer Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, otherwise he will lose a Pawn, and
+  if White returns with the Queen to Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 Black will have again to return
+  to Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2 with the Queen or lose a Pawn. Thus Black can only move
+  according to White's lead, and under such conditions White can easily
+  advance with his Pawns to K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, until Black will be forced to
+  stop P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 by playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, and we might finally have some such
+  position as this:</p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 66.</b></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig93.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig93.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149"></a>{149}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In this situation the game might go on as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 2.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</p>
+
+  <p>White threatened to win a Pawn by Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, and Black could not play
+  2...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, because 3&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P would also win a Pawn at least.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;5)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q,</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, and White wins.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now suppose that in the position in the preceding diagram it were
+  Black's move, and he played R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;1. White would then simply defend his
+  K&nbsp;B&nbsp;P by some move like Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, threatening R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, and then he
+  would bring his King up to Kt&nbsp;3, and when the time came, break through,
+  as in the previous case. White might even be able to obtain the following
+  position:</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig94.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig94.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page150"></a>{150}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Black would now be forced to play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, and White could then play
+  Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, and follow it up with K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, and thus force Black to play P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  which would give White a greater advantage.</p>
+
+  <p>A careful examination of all these positions will reveal that, besides
+  the advantage of freedom of man&oelig;uvre on White's part, the power of
+  the Pawn at K&nbsp;5 is enormous, and that it is the commanding position of
+  this Pawn, and the fact that it is free to advance, once all the pieces
+  are exchanged, that constitute the pivot of all White's
+  man&oelig;uvres.</p>
+
+  <p>I have purposely given positions without the moves which lead to them
+  so that the student may become accustomed to build up in his own mind
+  possible positions that may arise (out of any given situation). Thus he
+  will learn to make strategical plans and be on his way to the master
+  class. The student can derive enormous benefit by further practice of
+  this kind.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"</p>
+
+  <p>The influence of a so-called "hole" in a game has already been
+  illustrated in my game against Blanco (page 81), where has been shown the
+  influence exercised by the different pieces posted in the hole created at
+  White's K&nbsp;5. <!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page151"></a>{151}</span></p>
+
+  <p><b>Example 67.</b>&mdash;In order to further illustrate this point, I
+  now give a game played in the Havana International Masters Tournament of
+  1913. (Queen's Gambit Declined.) White: D. Janowski. Black: A.
+  Kupchick.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course the idea is to post a Knight at Q&nbsp;4, but as it is the other
+  Knight which will be posted there this man&oelig;uvre does not seem
+  logical. The Knight at Kt&nbsp;3 does nothing except to prevent the
+  development of his own Q&nbsp;B. The normal course O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O, followed by
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, is more reasonable. For a beautiful illustration of how to
+  play White in that variation, see the Janowski-Rubinstein game of the St.
+  Petersburg Tournament of 1914.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 has some points in its favour in this position, the most
+  important being the possibility of advancing the King's Pawn immediately
+  after 8.&nbsp;...&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4; 9&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page152"></a>{152}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Had White's Bishop been at Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 he could now play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 as
+  indicated in the previous note, a move which he cannot make in the
+  present position, because of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 threatening, not only the K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P,
+  but also Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;ch. As White's King's Bishop should never be exchanged in
+  this opening without a very good reason White therefore cannot play
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig95.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig95.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White is perfectly developed, and now threatens to win a Pawn as
+  follows: Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, followed by R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The fact that Black is practically forced to make this move in order
+  to avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the
+  whole system of development on Black's part. In effect, he plays B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2
+  and now he has to shut off the action of his <!-- Page 153 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page153"></a>{153}</span>own Bishop, which
+  thereby becomes little more than a Pawn for a while. In fact, it is hard
+  to see how this Bishop will ever be able to attack anything. Besides, it
+  can be easily seen that White will soon post his two Knights at K&nbsp;5 and
+  Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 respectively, and that Black will not be able to dislodge them
+  without seriously weakening his game, if he can do it at all. From all
+  these reasons it can be gathered that it would probably have been better
+  for Black to play Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt and thus get rid of one of the two White
+  Knights before assuming such a defensive position. In such cases, the
+  less the number of pieces on the board, the better chances there are to
+  escape.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This practically amounts to committing suicide, since it creates a
+  hole at K&nbsp;5 for White's Knight, from where it will be practically
+  impossible to dislodge him. If Black intended to make such a move he
+  should have done it before, when at least there would have been an object
+  in preventing the White Knight from reaching B&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The position of White's Knights, especially the one at K&nbsp;5, might be
+  said to be ideal, and a single glance shows how they dominate the
+  position. The question henceforth will be how is White going to derive
+  the full benefit from such an advantageous situation, This we shall soon
+  see. <!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page154"></a>{154}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig96.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig96.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There is no object in this move, unless it is to be followed by
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2. As that is not the case, he might have gone with the Rook to
+  B&nbsp;1, as he does later.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White threatened to win the exchange by playing either Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7 or
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Perhaps all these precautions are unnecessary, but White feels that he
+  has more than enough time to prepare his attack, and wants to be secure
+  in every way before he begins. <!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page155"></a>{155}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He had better have played Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; and tried later on to get rid of
+  White's Knights by means of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig97.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig97.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>with this sacrifice of the Rook for a Knight and Pawn White obtains an
+  overwhelming position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 was better in order to get rid of one of the two White
+  Knights. There were, however, any number of good replies to it, among
+  them the following: Kt&nbsp;(B&nbsp;5)&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch,
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q, and with two Pawns for the exchange, and the position
+  so much in his favour, White should have no trouble in winning. <!-- Page
+  156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page156"></a>{156}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>All these moves are practically forced, and as it is easily seen they
+  tie up Black's position more and more. White's man&oelig;uvres from move
+  24 onwards are highly instructive.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(B5)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, and Black would be helpless.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There is nothing to be done. If B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2;
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+  <p>The student should notice that, apart from other things, White
+  throughout the game has had control of the Black squares, principally
+  those at K&nbsp;5 and Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p>From now on to the end of the book I shall give a collection of my
+  games both lost and won, chosen so as to serve as illustrations of the
+  general principles laid down in the foregoing pages.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page159"></a>{159}</span></p>
+
+<h3>PART II</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Match, 1909)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: F.&nbsp;J. Marshall.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I had played this defence twice before in the match with good results,
+  and although I lost this game I still played it until the very last game,
+  when I changed my tactics. The reason was my total lack of knowledge of
+  the different variations in this opening, coupled with the fact that I
+  knew that Dr. E. Lasker had been successful with it against Marshall
+  himself in 1907. I thought that since Dr. Lasker had played it so often,
+  it should be good. The object is to exchange a couple of pieces and at
+  the same time to bring about a position full of possibilities and with
+  promising chances of success once the end-game stage is reached. On
+  general principles it should be wrong, because the <!-- Page 160 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page160"></a>{160}</span>same Knight is moved
+  three times in the opening, although it involves the exchange of two
+  pieces. In reality the difficulty in this variation, as well as in nearly
+  all the variations of the Queen's gambit, lies in the slow development of
+  Black's Queen Bishop. However, whether this variation can or cannot be
+  safely played is a question still to be decided, and it is outside the
+  scope of this book. I may add that at present my preference is for a
+  different system of development, but it is not unlikely that I should
+  some time come back to this variation.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P is preferable for reasons that we shall soon see.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would be a better way to develop the game. The idea is that
+  after 8...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 9&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, followed by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, would give
+  Black's Bishop a powerful range. For this variation see the eleventh game
+  of the match.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>No longer would 9...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 10&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 be good, because
+  11&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 would prevent B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2 on account of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5. <!-- Page 161
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page161"></a>{161}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Played with the intention of obtaining the majority of Pawns on the
+  Queen's side. Yet it is doubtful whether this move is good, since it
+  leaves Black's Queen's-side Pawns disrupted in a way. The safer course
+  would have been to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig98.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig98.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>This exposes Black to further attack by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 without any
+  compensation for it. If I had to play this position nowadays I would
+  simply play 13...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1. Then after 14&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q would follow, and I
+  believe that Black would regain the Pawn. If, instead, White played
+  14&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P then B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 would give Black an excellent game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162"></a>{162}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig99.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig99.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any case, but the text
+  move makes matters worse. As a matter of fact I never saw White's reply
+  B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5. It never even passed through my mind that this was threatened.
+  Black's best move would have been 16...K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1. If that loses, then
+  any other move would lose as well.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>From bad to worse. Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 offered the only hope.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The game was lost. One move was as good as another.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page163"></a>{163}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Of course, if 25&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch would have drawn. The text move
+  is pretty and finishes quickly. A well-played game on Marshall's
+  part.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(San Sebastian, 1911)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: A.&nbsp;K. Rubinstein.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 is the normal move in this variation. White's development was
+  first introduced by Schlechter and elaborated later on by Rubinstein. It
+  aims at the isolation of Black's Q&nbsp;P, against which the White pieces are
+  gradually concentrated. In making the text move I was trying to avoid the
+  beaten track. Being a developing move there should be no objection to it
+  in the way of general principles, except that the Knights ought to come
+  out before the Bishops.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In pursuance of the idea of changing the normal <!-- Page 164 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page164"></a>{164}</span>course of this
+  variation, but with very poor success. The move in theory ought to be
+  unsound, since Black's K&nbsp;Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of
+  the attack founded on Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 and the exchange of the B at K&nbsp;3. Either
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 or P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; to prevent either B or Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, was right.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig100.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig100.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;P&nbsp;X&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is a mistake. The right move was R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1 in order to get the Rook
+  away from the line of the Bishop at R&nbsp;3 and at the same time to support
+  the Q&nbsp;P. Incidentally it shows that White failed to take proper advantage
+  of Black's weak opening moves. Against the text move White makes a very
+  fine combination <!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page165"></a>{165}</span>which I had seen, but which I thought
+  could be defeated.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I considered P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, which it seemed would give me a playable game, but
+  I thought White's combination unsound and therefore let him play it, to
+  my lasting regret.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig101.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig101.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig102.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig102.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page166"></a>{166}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><i>This</i> is the move which I had not considered. I thought that
+  Rubinstein would have to play B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, when I had in mind the following
+  winning combination: 16&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;! 17&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 (if R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1,
+  Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;!! Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch wins), Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; 18&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 (if Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3,
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch wins the exchange), Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 19&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch; 20&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B,
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, and Black should win. It is curious that this combination has
+  been overlooked. It has been taken for granted that I did not see the
+  17th move Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>After White's last move there was nothing for me to do but submit to
+  the inevitable.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This gives Black a chance. He should have played K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1. If then
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7; R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5 (if
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7; B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would win); R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2;
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 wins. <!-- Page 167 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page167"></a>{167}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig103.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig103.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A bad move, which gives away any legitimate chance Black had to draw.
+  It loses a very important move. In fact, as the course of the game will
+  show, it loses several moves. The proper way was to play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3. If then
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5; followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; and White
+  would have an exceedingly difficult game to draw on account of the
+  dominating position of the Knight at <!-- Page 168 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page168"></a>{168}</span>Q&nbsp;5 in conjunction with
+  the extra Pawn on the Queen's side and the awkward position of White's
+  King. (See how this is so.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>With these last three moves White again gives Black a chance. Even
+  before the last move B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 would have won with comparative ease, but
+  the text move is a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him,
+  Black does not avail himself.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig104.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig104.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would make it practically impossible for White to win, if he can
+  win at all. White's best <!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page169"></a>{169}</span>continuation then would have been:
+  39&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7; 40&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 41&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6;
+  42&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7; 43&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, and if there is a win it is very
+  difficult to find it, as against 44&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;! offers excellent
+  chances for a draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 40...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7; 41&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3; 42&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for two masters. The
+  redeeming feature of the game is Rubinstein's fine combination in the
+  middle game, beginning with 14&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Havana, 1913)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: D. Janowski.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page170"></a>{170}</span></p>
+
+  <p>At last Black is on his way to obtain full development. The idea of
+  this irregular opening is mainly to throw White on his own resources. At
+  the time the game was played, the system of defence was not as well known
+  as the regular forms of the Queen's Pawn openings. Whether it is sound or
+  not remains yet to be proved. Its good features are that it keeps the
+  centre intact without creating any particular weakness, and that it gives
+  plenty of opportunity for deep and concealed man&oelig;uvring. The
+  drawback is the long time it takes Black to develop his game. It is
+  natural to suppose that White will employ that time to prepare a
+  well-conceived attack, or that he will use the advantage of his
+  development actually to prevent Black's complete development, or failing
+  that, to obtain some definite material advantage.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig105.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig105.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page171"></a>{171}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very serious mistake. I considered castling, which was the right
+  move, but desisted because I was afraid that by playing 13&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B;
+  14&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 15&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, White would obtain a winning
+  position for the end game. Whether right or wrong this shows how closely
+  related are all parts of the game, and consequently how one will
+  influence the other.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not good. The natural and proper move would have been Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, in
+  order to bring all the Black pieces into play. B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt at once was also
+  good, as it would have relieved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn,
+  and at the same time have simplified the game.</p>
+
+  <p>Here it is seen how failure to comply with the elementary logical
+  reasons, that govern any given position, often brings the player into
+  trouble. I was no doubt influenced in my choice of moves by the fear of
+  B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, which was a very threatening move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172"></a>{172}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig106.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig106.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, to be followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, might have been a more vigorous
+  way to carry on the attack. Black's weak point is unquestionably the Pawn
+  at K&nbsp;4, which he is compelled to defend with the King. The text move aims
+  at doubling the Rooks, with the ultimate object of placing one of them at
+  Q&nbsp;6, supported by a Pawn at Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, Black could only stop this by playing
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 which would create a "hole" at Q&nbsp;5; or by playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which
+  would tie the Black Queen to the defence of the Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P as well as the K&nbsp;P,
+  which she already defends. Black, however, can meet all this by offering
+  the exchange of Rooks, which destroys White's plans. For this reason
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 appears the proper way to carry on the attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move is preparatory to P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which would <!-- Page 173
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page173"></a>{173}</span>make Black's
+  position secure. Unfortunately for Black, he did not carry out his
+  original plan.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 would have left Black with a perfectly safe game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very serious mistake, which loses a Pawn. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 was the right
+  move, and would have left Black with a very good game. In fact, if it
+  should come to a simple ending, the position of the Black King would be
+  an advantage.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig107.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig107.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This wins a Pawn, as will soon be seen. Black cannot reply
+  24...Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; because 25&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 26&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 wins the Knight.
+  <!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page174"></a>{174}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The game went on for a few more moves, and, there being no way to
+  counteract the advance of White's two passed Pawns, Black resigned.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 4. FRENCH DEFENCE</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1913)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: E.&nbsp;A. Snosko-Borovski.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This constitutes the <i>McCutcheon Variation</i>. It aims at taking
+  the initiative away from White. Instead <!-- Page 175 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page175"></a>{175}</span>of defending, Black
+  makes a counter demonstration on the Queen's side. It leads to highly
+  interesting games.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>At the time this game was played the variation 5&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5 was in vogue,
+  but I considered then, as I do now, the text move to be the stronger.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is considered superior to P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. It has for its object, as I said
+  before, to take the initiative away from White by disrupting White's
+  Queen's side. White, however, has more than ample compensation through
+  his breaking up Black's King's side. It might be laid down as a principle
+  of the opening that <i>the breaking up of the King's side is of more
+  importance than a similar occurrence on the Queen's side</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The plan of Black in this variation is to post his Bishop on the long
+  diagonal so as to be able later on, in conjunction with the action of his
+  Rooks along the open K&nbsp;Kt's file, to make a violent attack against
+  White's King. It is, of course, expected that White will Castle on the
+  King's side because of the broken-up condition of his Queen's side Pawns.
+  <!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page176"></a>{176}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>An original idea, I believe, played for the first time in a similar
+  position in a game against Mr. Walter Penn Shipley, of Philadelphia. My
+  idea is that as there is no Black Bishop and because Black's pieces have
+  been developed with a view to an attack on the King's side, it will be
+  impossible for Black to take advantage of the apparently unprotected
+  position of White's King. Two possibilities must be considered. Firstly:
+  If Black Castles on the Queen's side, as in this game, it is evident that
+  there is no danger of an attack. Secondly: If Black Castles on the King's
+  side, White begins the attack first, taking advantage of the awkward
+  position of Black's Queen. In addition to the attacking probabilities of
+  the text move, White in one move brings his King into safety and brings
+  one of his Rooks into play. Thus he gains several moves, "tempi" as they
+  are called, which will serve him to develop whatever plan he may wish to
+  evolve.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Unquestionably a mistake, overlooking White's fine <!-- Page 177
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177"></a>{177}</span>reply, but a
+  careful examination will show that White already has the better
+  position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig108.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig108.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move has been criticised because it puts the Knight out of the
+  way for a few moves. But by forcing Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; White gains a very
+  important move with P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, which not only consolidates his position,
+  but also drives the Queen away, putting it out of the game for the
+  moment. Certainly the Queen is far more valuable than the Knight, to say
+  nothing of the time gained and the freedom of action obtained thereby for
+  White's more important pieces.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page178"></a>{178}</span></p>
+
+  <p>In such positions it is generally very advantageous to get rid of the
+  Black Bishop controlling his Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 and Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, which form "holes" for
+  White's pieces. The Bishop in such positions is of very great defensive
+  value, hence the advantage of getting rid of it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White threatened P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent the Knight from moving to Q&nbsp;6 via Q&nbsp;2 and K&nbsp;4 or Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. It
+  is self-evident that White has a great advantage of position.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig109.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig109.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2&nbsp;?</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I had considered R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which was the right move, but gave it up
+  because it seemed too slow, and <!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page179"></a>{179}</span>that in such a position there had to be
+  some quicker way of winning.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 or Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 would have brought about an ending advantageous
+  to White.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; 28&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;(Kt&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 29&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would win.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig110.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig110.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 was the right move. I was, however, still looking for the
+  "grand combination," and thought that the Pawn I would later on have at
+  Q&nbsp;6 would win the game. Black deserves great credit for the way in which
+  he conducted this exceedingly difficult <!-- Page 180 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page180"></a>{180}</span>defence. He could
+  easily have gone wrong any number of times, but from move 22 onwards he
+  always played the best move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig111.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig111.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The position is most interesting. I believe I lost here my last chance
+  to win the game, and if that is true it would vindicate my judgment when,
+  on move 28, I played P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. The student can find out what would happen
+  if White plays Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4&nbsp;! at once. I have gone over the following
+  variations: 35&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P (of course if R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8 wins);
+  <!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page181"></a>{181}</span>36&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;P&nbsp;! R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; 37&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1
+  best (if Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1 wins); 38&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P and
+  White will at least have a draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There is nothing to be done against this simple move, since White
+  cannot play Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, because Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8 mates.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very interesting battle.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 5. RUY LOPEZ</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: Dr. E. Lasker.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The object of this move is to bring about speedily a middle-game
+  without Queens, in which White <!-- Page 182 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page182"></a>{182}</span>has four Pawns to three on the King's
+  side, while Black's superiority of Pawns on the other side is somewhat
+  balanced by the fact that one of Black's Pawns is doubled. On the other
+  hand, Black has the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while White
+  has only one.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black's idea is to Castle on the King's side. His reason is that the
+  King ought to remain on the weaker side to oppose later the advance of
+  White's Pawns. Theoretically there is very much to be said in favour of
+  this reasoning, but whether in practice that would be the best system
+  would be rather difficult to prove. The student should notice that if now
+  all the pieces were exchanged White would practically be a Pawn ahead,
+  and would therefore have a won ending.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A perfectly sound form of development. In any other form adopted the
+  Black Kt could not be developed either as quickly or as well. K&nbsp;2 is the
+  natural position for the Black Kt in this variation, in order not to
+  obstruct Black's Pawns, and also, in some eventualities, in order to go
+  to K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3. There is <!-- Page 183 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page183"></a>{183}</span>also the possibility of its going to Q&nbsp;5
+  via Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 after P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move I considered weak at the time, and I do still. It leaves the
+  K&nbsp;P weak, unless it advances to K&nbsp;5, and it also makes it possible for
+  Black to pin the Kt by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Best. It threatens B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4. It also prevents
+  B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3 because of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4 or B&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Preparatory to P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 and B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2 in
+  conjunction with Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, which would put White in great difficulties
+  to meet the combined attack against the two centre Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig112.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig112.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page184"></a>{184}</span></p>
+
+  <p>It has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game, but I would like
+  nothing better than to have such a position again. It required several
+  mistakes on my part finally to obtain a lost position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig113.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig113.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Played against my better judgment. The right move of course was B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B.
+  Dr. Lasker gives the following variation: 13...B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; 14&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4;
+  15&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 16&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; 17&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R;
+  18&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 19&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, and he claims that White has the best of
+  it. But, as Niemzovitch pointed out immediately after the game,
+  16...Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1 given in Dr. Lasker's variation, is not the best. If
+  16...Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;! then White will have great difficulty in drawing the
+  game, <!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page185"></a>{185}</span>since there is no good way to stop Black
+  from playing Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, followed by Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, threatening Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5. And
+  should White attempt to meet this man&oelig;uvre by withdrawing the Kt at
+  Kt&nbsp;3; then the Black Knight can go to Q&nbsp;5, and the White Pawn at K&nbsp;4 will
+  be the object of the attack. Taking Dr. Lasker's variation, however,
+  whatever advantage there might be disappears at once if Black plays
+  19...Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, threatening Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5 and also Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, neither of which
+  can be stopped. If White answers 20&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5 for Black will at
+  least draw. In fact, after 19...Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 Black threatens so many things
+  that it is difficult to see how White can prevent the loss of one or more
+  Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It is a curious but true fact that I did not see this move when I
+  played 13...B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, otherwise I would have played the right move
+  13...B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The game is yet far from lost, as against the entry of the Knight,
+  Black can later on play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 186 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186"></a>{186}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig114.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig114.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>I now was on the point of playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, to be followed by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4,
+  which I thought would give me a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and
+  thought that I could play the text move, 17...Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, and later on
+  sacrifice the exchange for the Knight at K&nbsp;6, winning a Pawn for it, and
+  leaving White's K&nbsp;P still weaker. I intended to carry this plan either
+  before or after playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 as the circumstances demanded. Now let
+  us analyse: 17...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. If 18&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 19&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4;
+  and a careful analysis will show that Black has nothing to fear. Black's
+  plan in this case would be to work his Kt around to K&nbsp;4, via Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1,
+  Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, and Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;5 or Q&nbsp;2. Again, 17...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; 18&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4;
+  19&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 20&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B (best, since if R&nbsp;(B&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt give
+  Black the advantage), R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 21&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; and there is no good
+  reason why Black should lose.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page187"></a>{187}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Once more changing my plan and this time without any good reason. Had
+  I now played R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; as I intended to do when I went
+  back with the Knight to B&nbsp;1, I doubt very much if White would have been
+  able to win the game. At least it would have been extremely
+  difficult.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(R&nbsp;2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This, of course, has no object now. Black, with a bad game, flounders
+  around for a move. It would have been better to play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 to keep the
+  open file, and at the same time to threaten to come out with the Knight
+  at Kt&nbsp;3 and B&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Again bad. White's last two moves were weak, since the White King does
+  nothing here. He should have played his Rook to Kt&nbsp;3 on the 27th move.
+  Black now should have played P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch. After missing this chance White
+  has it all his own way, and finishes the game most accurately, and Black
+  becomes more <!-- Page 188 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page188"></a>{188}</span>helpless with each move. The game needs no
+  further comment, excepting that my play throughout was of an altogether
+  irresolute character. When a plan is made, it must be carried out if at
+  all possible. Regarding the play of White, I consider his 10th and 12th
+  moves were very weak; he played well after that up to the 27th move,
+  which was bad, as well as his 28th move. The rest of his play was good,
+  probably perfect.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(K&nbsp;6)&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189"></a>{189}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 6. FRENCH DEFENCE</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: O. Chajes.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of all the variations of the French Defence I like this best, because
+  it gives Black more chances to obtain the initiative.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Though I consider P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P the best move, there is much to be said in
+  favour of this move, but not of the variation as a whole, which White
+  adopted in this game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The alternative, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; leaves Black's King's side very weak.
+  White by playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 would force Black to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; and
+  later, on White's Bishop by going to Q&nbsp;3, would threaten the weakened
+  K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P. By the text move Black gives up Castling, but gains time for an
+  attack against White's centre and Queen's side. <!-- Page 190 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page190"></a>{190}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Threatening Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and stopping thereby White's threat of B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3. It
+  demonstrates that White's last move was a complete loss of time and
+  merely weakened his position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig115.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig115.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black has come out of the opening with a Pawn to the good. His
+  development, however, has suffered somewhat, and there are Bishops of
+  opposite colour, so that it cannot be said as yet, that Black has a won
+  game; but he has certainly the best of the position, because, besides
+  being a Pawn to the good, he threatens White's K&nbsp;P, which must of course
+  be <!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page191"></a>{191}</span>defended, and this in turn will give him
+  the opportunity to post his Knight at Q&nbsp;4 via K&nbsp;2. When the Black Knight
+  is posted at Q&nbsp;4, the Bishop will be developed to B&nbsp;3 via Q&nbsp;2, as soon as
+  the opportunity presents itself, and it will be Black that will then have
+  the initiative, and can consequently decide the course of the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; which would be answered by Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, or still
+  better by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3. The move, however, is strategically wrong, since by
+  bringing his pieces to the Queen's side, White loses any chance he might
+  have of making a determined attack on the King's side before Black is
+  thoroughly prepared for it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Better would have been P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, in order to play B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3. The White
+  B would be much better posted on the open diagonal than here, where it
+  acts purely on the defensive.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This Knight completely paralyses the attack, as it dominates the whole
+  situation, and there is no way to dislodge it. Behind it Black can
+  quietly develop his pieces. The game can now be said to be won for Black
+  strategically. <!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page192"></a>{192}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In order to pin the Knight and be ready to come back to either K&nbsp;2 or
+  B&nbsp;1. Also to prevent Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1. In reality nearly all these precautions
+  are unnecessary, since White's attack amounts to nothing. Probably Black
+  should have left aside all these considerations, and played Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 now,
+  in order to follow it up with P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, as he did later, but under less
+  favourable circumstances.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig116.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig116.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not the best, as White will soon prove. Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 would have avoided
+  everything, but Black wants to assume the initiative at once and plunges
+  into <!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page193"></a>{193}</span>complications. However, as will soon be
+  seen, the move is not a losing one by any means.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;e.p.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;(B&nbsp;3)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig117.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig117.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This wins the Queen.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig118.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig118.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 194 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page194"></a>{194}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The position looks most interesting. I thought it would be possible to
+  get up such an attack against the White King as to make it impossible for
+  him to hold out much longer, but I was wrong, unless it could have been
+  done by playing B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 first, forcing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 and then playing K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4.
+  I followed a similar plan, but lost a very important move by playing
+  Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; which gave White time to play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1. I am convinced,
+  however, that B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 at once was the right move. White would be forced
+  to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, and Black would reply with either K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4; as already
+  indicated, which looks the best (the plan, of course, is to play
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; and follow it up with K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; threatening mate, or some
+  other move according to circumstances. In some cases, of course, it will
+  be better first to play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5), or Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, which will at least give
+  him a draw. There are so many possibilities in this position that it
+  would be impossible to give them all. It will be worth the reader's time
+  to go carefully through the lines of play indicated above.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>As stated B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 was the best move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The plan, of course, as explained above, is to go to Kt&nbsp;5 in due time
+  and threaten mate at K&nbsp;R&nbsp;8, but it is now too late, the White Rook having
+  come in <!-- Page 195 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page195"></a>{195}</span>time to prevent the man&oelig;uvre.
+  Instead of the text move, therefore, Black should have played Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5;
+  which would have given him a draw at the very least. After the text moves
+  the tables are turned. It is now White who has the upper hand, and Black
+  who has to fight for a draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5 was still the right move, and probably the last chance Black
+  had to draw against White's best play.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P was no better.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"></a>{196}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Most players will be wondering, as the spectators did, why I did not
+  resign. The reason is that while I knew the game to be lost, I was hoping
+  for the following variation, which Chajes came very near playing:
+  51&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2; 52&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 53&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2;
+  54&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; and while White has a won game it is by no means
+  easy. If the reader does not believe it, let him take the White pieces
+  against a master and see what happens. My opponent, who decided to take
+  no chances, played 51&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7, and finally won as shown below.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 53.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 54.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 55.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 56.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 57.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 58.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 59.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 60.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>and after a very few more moves Black resigned.</p>
+
+  <p>A very fine game on Chajes' part from move 25 on, for while Black,
+  having the best of the position, missed several chances, White, on the
+  other hand, missed none.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 197 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197"></a>{197}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 7. RUY LOPEZ</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(San Sebastian, 1911)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: A. Burn</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is a very solid development, to which I was much addicted at the
+  time, because of my ignorance of the multiple variations of the
+  openings.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In this variation there is the alternative of developing this Bishop
+  via Kt&nbsp;2, after P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Evidently to make room for the Queen at K&nbsp;2, but I do not think the
+  move advisable at this stage. B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3 is a more natural and effective
+  move. It develops a piece and threatens B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, which would have to be
+  stopped.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 198 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page198"></a>{198}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Now it is not so effective, because White's Q&nbsp;B is out, and the
+  Knight, in going to K&nbsp;3 to defend the square Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, does not block the
+  Q&nbsp;B.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is bad. Black's game was already not good. He probably had no
+  choice but to take the Knight with the Bishop before making this
+  move.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig119.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig119.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>in order to bring it to Q&nbsp;2, to support the other Knight and also his
+  King's Pawn. White, however, does not allow time for this, and by taking
+  advantage of his superior position is able to win a Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Since he had no way to prevent the loss of a Pawn, he should have
+  given it up where it is, and played Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, in order to make his
+  position more solid. <!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page199"></a>{199}</span>The text move not only loses a Pawn, but
+  leaves Black's game very much weakened.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig120.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig120.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>With a Pawn more and all his pieces ready for action, while Black is
+  still backward in development, it only remains for White to drive home
+  his advantage before Black can come out with his pieces, in which case,
+  by using the open K&nbsp;R file, Black might be able to start a strong attack
+  against White's King. White is able by his next move to eliminate all
+  danger.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is practically forced. Black could not play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 because of
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, and White meanwhile threatened Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch followed by Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch
+  and Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. <!-- Page 200 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page200"></a>{200}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black must lose time assuring the safety of this Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black fights a hopeless battle. He is two Pawns down for all practical
+  purposes, and the Pawns he has are isolated and have to be defended by
+  pieces.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White threatened Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B of course would win a piece</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page201"></a>{201}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 8. CENTRE GAME</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Berlin 1913)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J. Mieses.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In this position, instead of the text move, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3 is often played in
+  order to develop the Q&nbsp;B. My idea was to exert sufficient pressure
+  against the K&nbsp;P to win it, and thus gain a material advantage, which
+  would, at least, compensate whatever slight advantage of position White
+  might have. The plan, I think, is quite feasible, my subsequent
+  difficulties being due to faulty execution of the plan.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page202"></a>{202}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig121.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig121.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White's threat to regain the Pawn was merely with the idea of gaining
+  time to develop his pieces. Black could have played P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; opening the
+  way for his Q&nbsp;B, when would have followed, 11&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1;
+  12&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, and White would soon start a powerful direct attack against
+  Black's King. With the text move Black aims at taking the initiative away
+  from White in accordance with the principles laid down in this book.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3; and White's Bishop would be completely shut off,
+  and could only be extricated, if at all, with serious loss of position.
+  The text move aims at quick development to keep the initiative.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This now is not only a developing move, but it also threatens to win a
+  piece by B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt. <!-- Page 203 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page203"></a>{203}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This complicates the game unnecessarily. R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; was simple, and
+  perfectly safe.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig122.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig122.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is a serious mistake. The position was most interesting, and
+  though in appearance dangerous for Black, not so in reality. The right
+  move would have been 13...R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, when we would have 14&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B;
+  15&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 16&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; 17&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3&nbsp;(best), Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch;
+  18&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; 19&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, and Black has the best of the game
+  with four Pawns for a Knight, besides the fact that all the White Pawns
+  are isolated.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There was nothing better.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 204 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page204"></a>{204}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig123.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig123.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q would have given White a decided advantage, enough to win with
+  proper play. Mieses, however, feared the difficulties of an ending where,
+  while having the exchange, he would be a Pawn minus. He preferred to keep
+  the Queens on the board and keep up the attack. At first sight, and even
+  after careful thought, there seems to be no objection to his plan; but in
+  truth such is not the case. From this point the game will gradually
+  improve in Black's favour until, with the exchange ahead, White is lost.
+  <!-- Page 205 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page205"></a>{205}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig124.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig124.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>My plan for the moment is very simple. It will consist in bringing my
+  Bishop around to B&nbsp;3. Then I shall try to paralyse White's attack against
+  my King by playing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, and also prevent White from ever playing
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5. Once my King is safe from attack I shall begin to advance my
+  Queen's side Pawns, where there are four to three; and that advantage,
+  coupled with the enormous attacking power of my Bishop at B&nbsp;3, will at
+  least assure me an even chance of success.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 206 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"></a>{206}</span></p>
+
+  <p>To prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, which I would answer with P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, winning
+  the Queen. It can now be considered that my King is safe from attack.
+  White will have to withdraw his Queen via R&nbsp;3, and Black can use the time
+  to begin his advance on the Queen's side.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has placed his Rooks
+  correctly from the point of view of strategy. They are both on white
+  squares free from the possible attack of the Black Bishop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This gains time by attacking the Rook and holding the White Q at R&nbsp;3
+  for the moment, on account of the K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P. Besides, the Queen must be in
+  the middle of the fray now that the attack has to be brought home. White
+  has actually more value in material, and therefore Black must utilise
+  everything at his command in order to succeed.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(K2)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>threatening P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; which would open the line of action of the
+  Bishop and also secure a passed Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>indirectly defending the Q&nbsp;P, which White cannot take on account of
+  Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"></a>{207}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The attack increases in force as it is gradually brought home directly
+  against the King. The position now is most interesting and extremely
+  difficult. It is doubtful if there is any valid defence against Black's
+  best play. The variations are numerous and difficult.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig125.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig125.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black has now a passed Pawn, and his Bishop exerts great pressure.
+  White cannot very well play now 37&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P because of R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R; 38&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R,
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; and White could not take the Bishop because Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch would win
+  the Rook, leaving Black a clear passed Pawn ahead.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"></a>{208}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig126.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig126.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P would also win, which shows that White's game is altogether
+  gone. In these cases, however, it is not the prettiest move that should
+  be played, but the most effective one, the move that will make your
+  opponent resign soonest.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course White must play Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, and Black then plays R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page209"></a>{209}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Berlin, 1913)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: R. Teichmann.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>An invention of my own, I believe. I played it on the spur of the
+  moment simply to change the normal course of the game. Generally the
+  Bishop goes to Q&nbsp;3, or to R&nbsp;6, after Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4. The text move is in the
+  nature of an ordinary developing move, and as it violates no principle it
+  cannot be bad.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, and White would play to win one of Black's centre
+  Pawns. The drawback to the <!-- Page 210 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page210"></a>{210}</span>text move is that it leaves Black's Q&nbsp;P
+  isolated, and consequently weak and subject to attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The alternative would have been 14...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; 15&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5;
+  16&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, Kt&nbsp;(B&nbsp;4)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to remain with two
+  Bishops for the ending, but in this position such a course is a mistake,
+  because the Bishop at Kt&nbsp;2 is inactive and cannot come into the game by
+  any means, unless Black gives up the isolated Queen's Pawn which the
+  Bishop must defend.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not, of course, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, because of Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; and there
+  would be no good way to prevent R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;(B&nbsp;3)&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Notice the co-ordination of the Knights' moves. They are
+  man&oelig;uvred chain-like, so to speak, in order to maintain one of
+  them, either at Q&nbsp;4 or ready to go there. Now White threatens to take the
+  open file, and therefore forces Black's next move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page211"></a>{211}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig127.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig127.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The student should examine this position carefully. There seems to be
+  no particular danger, yet, as White will demonstrate, Black may be said
+  to be lost. If the game is not altogether lost, the defence is at least
+  of the most difficult kind; indeed, I must confess that I can see no
+  adequate defence against White's next move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 20...B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1; 21&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 22&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 23&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt,
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B; 24&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 25&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2, and White is a Pawn ahead. If
+  20...B moves anywhere else, then B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, doubling the K&nbsp;B&nbsp;P and isolating
+  all of Black's King's side Pawns.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is practically forced, as White threatened Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch. Notice
+  that the Black Knight is pinned in such a way that no relief can be
+  afforded except by giving up the K&nbsp;R&nbsp;P or abandoning the open file <!--
+  Page 212 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page212"></a>{212}</span>with
+  the Rook, which would be disastrous, as White would immediately sieze
+  it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig128.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig128.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black could do nothing else except mark time with his Rook along the
+  open file, since as soon as he moved away White would take it. White, on
+  the other hand, threatens to march up with his King to K&nbsp;5 via K&nbsp;B&nbsp;2,
+  K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, after having, of course, prepared the way. Hence, Black's
+  best chance was to give up a Pawn, as in the text, in order to free his
+  Knight.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of <!-- Page 213
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"></a>{213}</span>opposite
+  colours, which gives him the best chance to draw.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>27...P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt would be worse, as White would then be able to post his
+  Bishop at K&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig129.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig129.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black wants to force B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3. P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 would be bad, on account of
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5; which would get the Black Bishop into the game, even though
+  White could answer P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4. The text move is, however, weak, as will soon
+  be seen. His best chance was to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5; and follow it up with
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3. White meanwhile could play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 and R&nbsp;5,
+  obtaining a passed Pawn, which, with proper play, should win.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;2&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless White has
+  an easily-won game. <!-- Page 214 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page214"></a>{214}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig130.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig130.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Practically forced. Otherwise the White King would march up to Q&nbsp;4 and
+  then to B&nbsp;5 and win Black's Queen's side Pawns. If Black attempted to
+  stop this by putting his King at Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 then the White King would enter
+  through K&nbsp;5 into Black's King's side and win just as easily.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It is better not to hurry P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 because of P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; for although
+  White could win in any case, it would take longer. Now the White King
+  threatens to help by going in through K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 after posting the Bishop <!--
+  Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"></a>{215}</span>at
+  Kt&nbsp;7, where it not only protects the Q&nbsp;P, but indirectly also the
+  Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The student ought to have realised by this time the enormous
+  importance of playing well every kind of ending. In this game again,
+  practically from the opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation of
+  Black's Q&nbsp;P. Once he obtained that, he tried for and obtained,
+  fortunately, another advantage of position elsewhere which translated
+  itself into the material advantage of a Pawn. Then by accurate playing in
+  the ending he gradually forced home his advantage. This ending has the
+  merit of having been played against one of the finest players in the
+  world.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 10. PETROFF DEFENCE</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: F.&nbsp;J. Marshall</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"></a>{216}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Played by Morphy, and a very fine move. The point is that should Black
+  exchange Queens he will be a move behind in development and consequently
+  will get a cramped game if White plays accurately.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Marshall thought at the time that this was the best move and
+  consequently played it in preference to Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig131.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig131.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is now time to examine the result of the opening. On White's side
+  we find the minor pieces well posted and the Queen out in a somewhat odd
+  place, it is true, but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn.
+  <!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page217"></a>{217}</span>White is also ready to Castle. White's
+  position is evidently free from danger and his pieces can easily
+  man&oelig;uvre.</p>
+
+  <p>On Black's side the first thing we notice is that he has retained both
+  his Bishops, unquestionably an advantage; but on the other hand we find
+  his pieces bunched together too much, and the Queen in danger of being
+  attacked without having any good square to go to. The Bishop at K&nbsp;2 has
+  no freedom and it blocks the Queen, which, in its turn, blocks the
+  Bishop. Besides, Black cannot Castle on the King's side because Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 threatening mate, wins a Pawn. Nor can he Castle on the
+  Queen's side because Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5 would put Black's game in imminent danger,
+  since he cannot play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 because of B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; nor can he play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1
+  because of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5. Consequently we must conclude that the opening is
+  all in White's favour.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To make room for his Queen, threatening also P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>giving up a Pawn in an attempt to free his game and take the
+  initiative. It was difficult for him to find a move, as White threatened
+  Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4, and should Black go with the Queen to Kt&nbsp;2, then P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5,
+  B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch, followed by B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B. <!-- Page 218 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page218"></a>{218}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In order to break up White's centre and bring his Knight to B&nbsp;4 and
+  thus lay the foundation for a violent attack against White's King. The
+  plan, however, fails, as it always must in such cases, because Black's
+  development is backward, and consequently his pieces are not properly
+  placed.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly. Black will now
+  have no concerted action of his pieces, and, as his Pawns are all weak,
+  he will sooner or later lose them.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig132.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"></a>{219}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The fact that he has to exchange Queens when he is a Pawn behind shows
+  that Black's game is lost.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The Knight was too threatening. But now the ending brought about is
+  one in which the Bishop is stronger than the Knight; which makes Black's
+  plight a desperate one. The game has no further interest, and it is only
+  because of its value as a study of this variation of the Petroff that I
+  have given it. Black was able to fight it out until the sixtieth move on
+  account of some poor play on White's part. The rest of the moves are
+  given merely as a matter of form.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%">
+<!-- Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page220"></a>{220}</span>
+&nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 46.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 47.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 48.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 49.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 50.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 51.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 52.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 53.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 54.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 55.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 56.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 57.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 58.&nbsp;K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 59.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 60.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 61.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page221"></a>{221}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 11. RUY LOPEZ</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(St. Petersburg, 1914)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: D. Janowski.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>I played this move after having discussed it with Alechin on several
+  occasions. Alechin considered it, at the time, superior to P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, which
+  is generally played. He played it himself later on in the Tournament, in
+  one of his games against Dr. E. Lasker, and obtained the superior game,
+  which he only lost through a blunder.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 is probably the best move in this position. I do not like the
+  text move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This opens the K&nbsp;B file for White, and also reinforces his centre, but
+  Black naturally did not want to make a second move with this Bishop.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Bold play, typical of Janowski. <!-- Page 222 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page222"></a>{222}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig133.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig133.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The problem for White now is to advance his Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P to Kt&nbsp;5 as fast as
+  he can. If he plays P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 at once, Black simply takes it. If he
+  plays first P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 and then P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, he will still have to protect
+  his Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;P before he can go on and play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5. As a
+  matter of fact White played a rather unusual move, but one which, under
+  the circumstances, was the best, since after it he could at once play
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 and then P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He simplifies, hoping to lighten White's attack, which will have to be
+  conducted practically with only the heavy pieces on the board. He may
+  have also done it in order to play Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 and K&nbsp;3. <!-- Page 223
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page223"></a>{223}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Taking with the Pawn would have opened a possibility for a counter
+  attack.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>He is forced to this in order to avoid the breaking up of his Queen's
+  side Pawns. The only alternative would have been P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4; which on the
+  face of it looks bad.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig134.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig134.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The White Knight is now a tower of strength. Behind it White will be
+  able to prepare an attack, which will begin with P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4, to drive away
+  the Black Queen and thus leave himself free to play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5. There is
+  only one thing to take care of and that <!-- Page 224 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page224"></a>{224}</span>is to prevent Black
+  from sacrificing the Rook for the Knight and a Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Had White on his 19th move played K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 instead of R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2, Black
+  could have played now instead of the text move, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; K&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R,
+  Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch; followed by Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 with a winning game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It would have been better for Black to play K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1. The text move
+  loses very rapidly.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;(Q&nbsp;2)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225"></a>{225}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 12. FRENCH DEFENCE</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: O. Chajes.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not the most favoured move, but a perfectly natural developing one,
+  and consequently it cannot be bad.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 is generally played in this case instead of the text
+  move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig135.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig135.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 226 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226"></a>{226}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is played to prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, followed by B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2, which is
+  the general form of development for Black in this variation. If Black now
+  plays 8...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2; 10.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5 and White
+  obtains a considerable advantage in position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course Black could not play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 because of B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, followed
+  by Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This weakens Black's King's side. R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1 was the right move.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig136.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is merely giving up a Pawn in order to come out quickly with his
+  Q&nbsp;B. But as he does not obtain <!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page227"></a>{227}</span>any compensation for his Pawn, the move is
+  bad. He should have played Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4 and tried to fight the game out that
+  way. It might have continued thus: 13.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2; 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P,
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; 15.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 16.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O with considerable advantage of
+  position for White. The text move might be considered a mild form of
+  suicide.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A better plan would have been to play R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1, threatening
+  P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course if B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3. Black with a Pawn minus
+  fights very hard.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The Pawn had now to be defended after Black's last move, because after
+  B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; <!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page228"></a>{228}</span>R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3, Black could now play Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1
+  defending the Rook.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White's plan now is to <i>fix</i> the Queen's side in order to be able
+  to man&oelig;uvre freely on the other side, where he has the advantage of
+  material.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig137.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig137.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black sees that he now stands in his best defensive position, and
+  therefore waits for White to show how he intends to break through. He
+  notices, of course, that the White Knight is in the way of the K&nbsp;B&nbsp;P,
+  which cannot advance to K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4 to defend, or support rather, the Pawn at
+  K&nbsp;5. <!-- Page 229 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page229"></a>{229}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig138.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig138.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>Black persists in waiting for developments. He sees that if P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;5,
+  P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, the Queen goes to R&nbsp;6, and White will have to face serious
+  difficulties. In this situation White decides that the only course is to
+  bring his King to K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3, so as to defend the squares K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3 and K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4,
+  where the Black Queen might otherwise become a source of annoyance.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"></a>{230}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Now that he has completed his march with the King, White is ready to
+  advance.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig139.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig139.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>39...P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 would be answered by Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, with a winning game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Against K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1; White would play Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, practically forcing the
+  exchange of Queens, after which White would have little trouble in
+  winning the ending, since Black's Bishop could not do much damage in the
+  resulting position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black overlooks the force of 42&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7. His best defence was R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1;
+  against which White could either advance the King or play Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4,
+  threatening Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 42.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"></a>{231}</span></p>
+
+  <p>This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether hopeless.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 43.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 44.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 45.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Resigns.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The interest of this game centres mainly on the opening and on the
+  march of the White King during the final stage of the game. It is an
+  instance of the King becoming a fighting piece, even while the Queens are
+  still on the board.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 13. RUY LOPEZ</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: J.&nbsp;S. Morrison.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>In this form of defence of the Ruy Lopez the development of the K&nbsp;B
+  via Kt&nbsp;2 is, I think, of great importance. The Bishop at Kt&nbsp;2 exerts
+  great pressure along the long diagonal. At the same time the position of
+  the Bishop and Pawns in front of the King, once it is Castled, is one of
+  great defensive strength. Therefore, in this form of development, the
+  Bishop, <!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page232"></a>{232}</span>we might say, exerts its maximum strength
+  (Compare this note with the one in the Capablanca-Burn game at San
+  Sebastian, page <a href="#page197">197</a>.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course not K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; because of Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5. The alternative would
+  have been P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; to be followed by K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2; but in this position it
+  is preferable to have the Kt at K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>An error of judgment. White wants to keep the Knight pinned, but it
+  was more important to prevent Black from Castling immediately. B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;4
+  would have done this.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he intended to play to
+  win or lose, throwing safety to the winds. The Black Bishop at Kt&nbsp;2
+  becomes a very powerful attacking piece. The strategical disposition of
+  the Black pieces is now far superior to White's, therefore it will be
+  Black who will take the offensive.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page233"></a>{233}</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig140.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig140.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>White wanted to keep his Q&nbsp;R on the open file, and consequently brings
+  over his other Rook to the centre to defend his K&nbsp;P, which Black
+  threatened to win by P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4, followed by Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now that the K&nbsp;R is in the centre, Black can safely advance, since, in
+  order to attack on the King's side, White would have to shift his Rooks,
+  which he cannot do so long as Black keeps up the pressure in the
+  centre.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the long diagonal, and at
+  the same time preventing P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5, which would be answered by Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;B;
+  P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt, Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; etc., winning a Pawn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Black drives the Bishop away so as to <i>unpin</i> his pieces and be
+  able to man&oelig;uvre freely. <!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page234"></a>{234}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear against the
+  King's position.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig141.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig141.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>With the last move White not only blocks the action of Black's K B,
+  but he also aims at placing his Bishop at Q Kt 1 and his Queen at Q B 2,
+  and then advancing his K P, to check at K R 7.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Initiating an attack to which there is no reply, and which has for its
+  ultimate object either the winning of the White Q B or cutting it off
+  from the game. (Compare this game with the Winter-Capablanca game at
+  Hastings.)</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The Bishop is now out of action. White naturally counter attacks
+  violently against the seemingly <!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page235"></a>{235}</span>exposed position of the Black King, and,
+  with very good judgment, even offers the Bishop.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig142.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig142.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Taking the Bishop would be dangerous, if not actually bad, while the
+  text move accomplishes Black's object, which is to put the Bishop out of
+  action.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This move unquestionably loses time. Since he would have to retire his
+  Bishop to R&nbsp;2 sooner or later, he might have done it immediately. It is
+  doubtful, however, if at this stage of the game it would be possible for
+  White to save the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>It was difficult to decide which way to retake. I <!-- Page 236
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"></a>{236}</span>took with the
+  Rook in order to have it prepared for a possible attack against the
+  King.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now that the White Bishop has been driven back, Black wants to get rid
+  of White's strongly posted Knight at Q&nbsp;5, which blocks the attack of the
+  Bishop at B&nbsp;2. It may be said that the Knight at Q&nbsp;5 is the key to
+  White's defence.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig143.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig143.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White strives not only to have play for his Bishop, but also he wants
+  to break up Black's Pawns in order to counter-attack. The alternative
+  would have been 23&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;ch, Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; and Black would be threatening
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, and also Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3. The student should notice that Black's
+  drawback in all this is the fact that he is playing minus the services of
+  his Q&nbsp;R. It is this fact that makes it possible for White to hold out
+  longer. <!-- Page 237 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page237"></a>{237}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig144.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig144.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4 was the alternative, but in any event White could not resist
+  the attack. I leave it to the reader to work this out for himself, as the
+  variations are so numerous that they would take up too much space.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This forces the King to the corner, where he will be in a mating
+  net.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Now at last the Q&nbsp;R enters into the game and soon the battle is
+  over.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch; R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;(K&nbsp;1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7. <!-- Page 238 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page238"></a>{238}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>the quickest way to finish the game.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 41.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very lively game.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="cenhead">GAME 14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(New York, 1918)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">White: F.&nbsp;J. Marshall.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Black: J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 1.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 2.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 3.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 4.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 5.&nbsp;B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 6.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 7.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is one of the oldest systems of defence against the Queen's
+  Gambit. I had played it before in this Tournament against Kostic, and no
+  doubt Marshall expected it. At times I change my defences, <!-- Page 239
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"></a>{239}</span>or rather
+  systems of defence; on the other hand, during a Tournament, if one of
+  them has given me good results, I generally play it all the time.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 8.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;2</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> &nbsp; 9.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 10.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 11.&nbsp;O&nbsp;-&nbsp;O</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 12.&nbsp;Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is the key to this system of defence. Having simplified the game
+  considerably by a series of exchanges, Black will now develop his Q&nbsp;B
+  along the long diagonal without having created any apparent weakness. The
+  proper development of the Q&nbsp;B is Black's greatest problem in the Queen's
+  Gambit.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 13.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> B&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 14.&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig145.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig145.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>The developing stage can now be said to be complete on both sides. The
+  opening is over and the middle-game begins. White, as is generally the
+  case, has <!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page240"></a>{240}</span>obtained the centre. Black, on the other
+  hand, is entrenched in his first three ranks, and if given time will post
+  his Q&nbsp;R at Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1 and his Knight at K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3, and finally play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, in
+  order to break up White's centre and give full action to the Black Bishop
+  posted at Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2. In this game White attempts to anticipate that plan by
+  initiating an advance on the centre, which, when carefully analysed, is
+  truly an attack against Black's K&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 15.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Against Kostic in a previous game I had played Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1. It was
+  carelessness on my part, but Marshall believed differently, otherwise he
+  would not have played this variation, since, had he analysed this move,
+  he would, I think, have realised that Black would obtain an excellent
+  game. Black now threatens not only B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; but also Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; followed by
+  B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P. The position is very interesting and full of possibilities.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig146.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig146.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page241"></a>{241}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 16.&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P&nbsp;(K&nbsp;3)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 17.&nbsp;B&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>played under the impression that White had to lose time in defending
+  his Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;P, when I could play P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;4, obtaining a very superior game.
+  But, as will be seen, my opponent had quite a little surprise for me.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig147.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig147.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 18.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Of course, if 18...Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;P; 19&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1 would win the Queen. The text
+  move is probably the only satisfactory move in the position. The obvious
+  move would have been Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;2 to defend the Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;P, and then would have
+  come 19&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3; 20&nbsp;Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 (threatening Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1),
+  K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1; 21&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;1, Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;B&nbsp;2; 22&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4, with a tremendous
+  advantage in position. The text move, on the other hand, assures Black an
+  even game at the very least, as will soon be seen. <!-- Page 242 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page242"></a>{242}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 19.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> Q&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 20.&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Q</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>A very serious error of judgment. White is under the impression that
+  he has the better game, because he is a Pawn ahead, but that is not so.
+  The powerful position of the Black Rook at Q&nbsp;7 fully compensates Black
+  for the Pawn minus. Besides, the Bishop is better with Rooks than the
+  Knight (see pages <a href="#page48">48</a>-56, where the relative values
+  of the Knight and Bishop are compared), and, as already stated, with
+  Pawns on both sides of the board the Bishop is superior because of its
+  long range. Incidentally, this ending will demonstrate the great power of
+  the Bishop. White's best chance was to take a draw at once, thus.
+  21&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1; 22&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;7 R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1 (not B&nbsp;�&nbsp;P; because P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3
+  would give White the best of it); 23&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;B (best; not Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;6&nbsp;ch,
+  because of B&nbsp;P&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; followed by R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P), R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 24&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;8&nbsp;ch,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1; 25&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R&nbsp;ch, K&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, and with proper play White will draw.</p>
+
+  <p>It is curious that, although a Pawn ahead, White is the one who is
+  always in danger. It is only now, after seeing this analysis, that the
+  value of Black's 18th move Q&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;4 can be fully appreciated.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 21.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>With this powerful move Black begins, against White's centre, an
+  assault which will soon be shifted against <!-- Page 243 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page243"></a>{243}</span>the King itself. White
+  is afraid to play 22&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 because of P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 22.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4. The White Knight is practically pinned, because he
+  does not dare move on account of R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig148.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig148.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>This is a sequel to the previous move. White expects to disrupt
+  Black's Pawns, and thus make them weak.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 23.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;�&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Though doubled and isolated this Pawn exercises enormous pressure.
+  Black now threatens R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3; to be followed by R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3 and P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6 and
+  R&nbsp;7 at the proper time.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>White cannot stand the slow death any longer. <!-- Page 244 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page244"></a>{244}</span>He sees danger
+  everywhere, and wants to avert it by giving up his Queen's side Pawns,
+  expecting to regain his fortunes later on by taking the initiative on the
+  King's side.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 24.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;3&nbsp;!</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Much better than taking Pawns. This forces White to defend the Knight
+  with the Rook at K&nbsp;1, because of the threat R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 25.&nbsp;R&nbsp;(K1)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Preparatory to R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3. The game is going to be decided on the King's
+  side, and it is the isolated double Pawn that will supply the finishing
+  touch.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 26.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>To prevent P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, defending the Knight and liberating the
+  Rooks.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 27.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 28.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig149.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig149.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<p><!-- Page 245 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page245"></a>{245}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Notice the remarkable position of the pieces. White cannot move
+  anything without incurring some loss. His best chance would have been to
+  play 29&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6, but that would only have prolonged the game, which is
+  lost in any case.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 29.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 30.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Again forcing White to move and to lose something thereby, as all his
+  pieces are tied up.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/Fig150.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/Fig150.jpg"
+      alt="Chess position" title="Chess position" /></a>
+  </div>
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 31.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;6</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;�&nbsp;K&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Not even now can White move the Knight because of P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch; K&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3&nbsp;ch; K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;8&nbsp;mate.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 32.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>If 33&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;5, P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch; 34&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;1, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;Kt; 35&nbsp;R&nbsp;�&nbsp;R, R&nbsp;�&nbsp;P,
+  winning easily. <!-- Page 246 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page246"></a>{246}</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="width:40%">
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 33.&nbsp;........</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 34.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;K&nbsp;7</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;(Q3)&nbsp;-&nbsp;Q&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 35.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 36.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;4</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 37.&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;5</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> R&nbsp;-&nbsp;Kt&nbsp;7&nbsp;ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 38.&nbsp;K&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;1</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> P&nbsp;-&nbsp;R&nbsp;7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 39.&nbsp;P&nbsp;-&nbsp;B&nbsp;4&nbsp;ch</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> K&nbsp;�&nbsp;B&nbsp;P</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:10%"> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:50%"> 40.&nbsp;Resigns.</td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:40%"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>An ending worth very careful study.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>Notes</h3>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> The value of the initiative is
+  explained in section 20, p. <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> See page <a
+  href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> See page <a
+  href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> Full score and notes are given in
+  My Chess Career, by J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca (Game No. 11).</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt5" href="#NtA5">[5]</a> This position is elaborated under
+  Example 50 (p. <a href="#page80">80</a>.).</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt6" href="#NtA6">[6]</a> We give, from now on, games and
+  notes, so that the student may familiarise himself with the many and
+  varied considerations that constantly are borne in mind by the Chess
+  Master. We must take it for granted that the student has already reached
+  a stage where, while not being able fully to understand every move, yet
+  he can derive benefit from any discussion with regard to them.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt7" href="#NtA7">[7]</a> A "hole" in chess parlance has come
+  to mean a defect in Pawn formation which allows the opponent to establish
+  his forces in wedge formation or otherwise without the possibility of
+  dislodging him by Pawn moves. Thus, in the following diagram, Black has
+  two holes at K&nbsp;B&nbsp;3 and K&nbsp;R&nbsp;3, where White forces, e.g. a Kt or B, could
+  establish themselves, supported by pieces or Pawns.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt8" href="#NtA8">[8]</a> See game Capablanca-Kupchick, from
+  Havana International Masters Tournament Book, 1913, by J.&nbsp;R. Capablanca;
+  or a game in the Carlsbad Tournament of 1911, Vidmar playing Black
+  against Alechin.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt9" href="#NtA9">[9]</a> See Niemzowitch's game in the All
+  Russian Masters Tournament, 1914, at St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I
+  believe.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt10" href="#NtA10">[10]</a> See Capablanca-Janowski game,
+  New York Masters Tournament, 1913.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chess Fundamentals, by Jos� Ra�l Capablanca
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chess Fundamentals, by Jose Raul Capablanca
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chess Fundamentals
+
+Author: Jose Raul Capablanca
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #33870]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHESS FUNDAMENTALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Suzanne Shell, Jana Srna,
+Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOSE R. CAPABLANCA]
+
+CHESS
+FUNDAMENTALS
+
+BY
+
+JOSE R. CAPABLANCA
+
+_CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD_
+
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.
+LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY
+
+HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, INC.
+
+(c) 1949 BY OLGA CAPABLANCA
+
+_All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
+transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
+including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
+system, without permission in writing from the publisher._
+
+_Seventeenth Printing_
+
+
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+_Chess Fundamentals_ was first published thirteen years ago. Since then
+there have appeared at different times a number of articles dealing with
+the so-called Hypermodern Theory. Those who have read the articles may well
+have thought that something new, of vital importance, had been discovered.
+The fact is that the Hypermodern Theory is merely the application, during
+the opening stages generally, of the same old principles through the medium
+of somewhat new tactics. There has been no change in the fundamentals. The
+change has been only a change of form, and not always for the best at that.
+
+In chess the tactics may change but the strategic fundamental principles
+are always the same, so that _Chess Fundamentals_ is as good now as it was
+thirteen years ago. It will be as good a hundred years from now; as long in
+fact as the laws and rules of the game remain what they are at present. The
+reader may therefore go over the contents of the book with the assurance
+that there is in it everything he needs, and that there is nothing to be
+added and nothing to be changed. _Chess Fundamentals_ was the one standard
+work of its kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly believes that it
+is the one standard work of its kind now.
+
+J. R. CAPABLANCA
+
+_New York_
+
+_Sept. 1, 1934_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF CONTENTS
+
+  PART I
+
+  CHAPTER I
+
+  First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings
+
+                                                          PAGE
+
+  1. SOME SIMPLE MATES                                       3
+
+  2. PAWN PROMOTION                                          9
+
+  3. PAWN ENDINGS                                           13
+
+  4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME              19
+
+  5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES                           24
+
+  6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING                        25
+
+  7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE                                  28
+
+  8. TRAPS                                                  32
+
+  CHAPTER II
+
+  FURTHER PRINCIPLES IN END-GAME PLAY
+
+  9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE                                   35
+
+  10. A CLASSICAL ENDING                                    37
+
+  11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN                               40
+
+  12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL BE THE FIRST TO QUEEN 41
+
+  13. THE OPPOSITION                                        43
+
+  14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP               50
+
+  15. HOW TO MATE WITH KNIGHT AND BISHOP                    59
+
+  16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK                                    62
+
+  CHAPTER III
+
+  PLANNING A WIN IN MIDDLE-GAME PLAY
+
+  17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID OF KNIGHTS                  68
+
+  18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A PROMINENT FORCE           71
+
+  19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK                            75
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+
+  GENERAL THEORY
+
+  20. THE INITIATIVE                                        77
+
+  21. DIRECT ATTACKS EN MASSE                               78
+
+  22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED ATTACK                    82
+
+  23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE                          89
+
+  24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE OF ACTION           94
+
+  25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A SPECIMEN GAME      99
+
+  CHAPTER V
+
+  END-GAME STRATEGY
+
+  26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE              111
+
+  27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION                        120
+
+  28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS                      122
+
+  29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS              127
+
+  30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS _v._ ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS   138
+  (A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst
+  imposing restraint.)
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+
+  FURTHER OPENINGS AND MIDDLE-GAMES
+
+  31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS                      143
+
+  32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM A RUY LOPEZ
+  (showing the weakness of a backward Q B P; the
+  power of a Pawn at K 5, etc.)                            146
+
+  33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"                            150
+
+  PART II
+
+  ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES
+
+  GAME.
+
+   1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (MATCH, 1909)                159
+      White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (SAN SEBASTIAN, 1911)        163
+      White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE (HAVANA, 1913)                     169
+      White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   4. FRENCH DEFENCE (ST. PETERSBURG, 1913)                174
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
+
+   5. RUY LOPEZ (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)                     181
+      White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   6. FRENCH DEFENCE (RICE MEMORIAL TOURNAMENT, 1916)      189
+      White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   7. RUY LOPEZ (SAN SEBASTIAN, 1911)                      197
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn.
+
+   8. CENTRE GAME (BERLIN, 1913)                           201
+      White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+   9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (BERLIN, 1913)               209
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.
+
+  10. PETROFF DEFENCE (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)               215
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall.
+
+  11. RUY LOPEZ (ST. PETERSBURG, 1914)                     221
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+  12. FRENCH DEFENCE (NEW YORK, 1918)                      225
+      White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes.
+
+  13. RUY LOPEZ (NEW YORK, 1918)                           231
+      White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J.R. Capablanca.
+
+  14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED (NEW YORK, 1918)             238
+      White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J.R. Capablanca.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{3}
+
+CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
+
+PART I
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+FIRST PRINCIPLES: ENDINGS, MIDDLE-GAME AND OPENINGS
+
+The first thing a student should do, is to familiarise himself with the
+power of the pieces. This can best be done by learning how to accomplish
+quickly some of the simple mates.
+
+1. SOME SIMPLE MATES
+
+EXAMPLE 1.--The ending Rook and King against King.
+
+_The principle is to drive the opposing King to the last line on any side
+of the board_.
+
+[Illustration] {4}
+
+In this position the power of the Rook is demonstrated by the first move,
+R - R 7, which immediately confines the Black King to the last rank, and
+the mate is quickly accomplished by: 1 R - R 7, K - Kt 1; 2 K - Kt 2.
+
+The combined action of King and Rook is needed to arrive at a position in
+which mate can be forced. The general principle for a beginner to follow is
+to
+
+_keep his King as much as possible on the same rank, or, as in this case,
+file, as the opposing King._
+
+When, in this case, the King has been brought to the sixth rank, it is
+better to place it, not on the same file, but on the one next to it towards
+the centre.
+
+2...K - B 1; 3 K - B 3, K - K 1; 4 K - K 4, K - Q 1; 5 K - Q 5, K - B 1;
+6 K - Q 6.
+
+Not K - B 6, because then the Black King will go back to Q 1 and it will
+take much longer to mate. If now the King moves back to Q 1, R - R 8 mates
+at once.
+
+6...K - Kt 1; 7 R - Q B 7, K - R 1; 8 K - B 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - Kt 6,
+K - R 1; 10 R - B 8 mate.
+
+It has taken exactly ten moves to mate from the original position. On move
+5 Black could have played K - K 1, and, according to principle, White would
+have continued 6 K - Q 6, K - B 1 (the Black King will ultimately be forced
+to move in front of the White King and be mated by R - R 8); 7 K - K 6,
+K - Kt 1; 8 K - B 6, K - R 1; 9 K - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 10 R - R 8 mate. {5}
+
+EXAMPLE 2.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Since the Black King is in the centre of the board, the best way to proceed
+is to advance your own King thus: 1 K - K 2, K - Q 4; 2 K - K 3. As the
+Rook has not yet come into play, it is better to advance the King straight
+into the centre of the board, not in front, but to one side of the other
+King. Should now the Black King move to K 4, the Rook drives it back by
+R - R 5 ch. On the other hand, if 2... K - B 5 instead, then also
+3 R - R 5. If now 3... K - Kt 5, there follows 4 K - Q 3; but if instead
+3... K - B 6; then 4 R - R 4, keeping the King confined to as few squares
+as possible.
+
+Now the ending may continue: 4...K - B 7; 5 R - B 4 ch, K - Kt 6;
+6 K - Q 3, K - Kt 7; 7 R - Kt 4 ch, K - R 6; 8 K - B 3, K - R 7. It should
+be noticed how often the White King has moved next to the Rook, not only to
+defend it, but also to reduce the mobility of the opposing King. Now {6}
+White mates in three moves thus: 9 R - R 4 ch, K - Kt 8; 10 R -  any square
+on the Rook's file, forcing the Black King in front of the White, K - B 8;
+11 R - R 1 mate. It has taken eleven moves to mate, and, under any
+conditions, I believe it should be done in under twenty. While it may be
+monotonous, it is worth while for the beginner to practice such things, as
+it will teach him the proper handling of his pieces.
+
+EXAMPLE 3.--Now we come to two Bishops and King against King.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Since the Black King is in the corner, White can play 1 B - Q 3, K - Kt 2;
+2 B - K Kt 5, K - B 2; 3 B - B 5, and already the Black King is confined to
+a few squares. If the Black King, in the original position, had been in the
+centre of the board, or away from the last row, White should have advanced
+his King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops, restricted {7} the Black
+King's movements to as few squares as possible.
+
+We might now continue: 3...K - Kt 2; 4 K - B 2. In this ending the Black
+King must not only be driven to the edge of the board, but he must also be
+forced into a corner, and, before a mate can be given, the White King must
+be brought to the sixth rank and, at the same time, in one of the last two
+files; in this case either K R 6, K Kt 6, K B 7, K B 8, and as K R 6 and
+K Kt 6 are the nearest squares, it is to either of these squares that the
+King ought to go. 4...K - B 2; 5 K - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; 6 K - R 4, K - B 2;
+7 K - R 5, K - Kt 2; 8 B - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 9 K - R 6, K - B 1. White must
+now mark time and move one of the Bishops, so as to force the Black King to
+go back; 10 B - R 5, K - Kt 1; 11 B - K 7, K - R 1. Now the White Bishop
+must take up a position from which it can give check next move along the
+White diagonal, when the Black King moves back to Kt 1. 12 B - K Kt 4,
+K - Kt 1; 13 B - K 6 ch, K - R 1; 14 B - B 6 mate.
+
+It has taken fourteen moves to force the mate and, in any position, it
+should be done in under thirty.
+
+In all endings of this kind, care must be taken not to drift into a stale
+mate.
+
+In this particular ending one should remember that the King must not only
+be driven to the edge of the board, but also into a corner. In all such
+endings, however, it is immaterial whether the King is forced {8} on to the
+last rank, or to an outside file, e.g. K R 5 or Q R 4, K 1 or Q 8.
+
+EXAMPLE 4.--We now come to Queen and King against King. As the Queen
+combines the power of the Rook and the Bishop, it is the easiest mate of
+all and should always be accomplished in under ten moves. Take the
+following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A good way to begin is to make the first move with the Queen, trying to
+limit the Black King's mobility as much as possible. Thus: 1 Q - B 6,
+K - Q 5; 2 K - Q 2. Already the Black King has only one available square
+2...K - K 4; 3 K - K 3, K - B 4; 4 Q - Q 6, K - Kt 4. (Should Black play
+K - Kt 5, then Q - Kt 6 ch); 5 Q - K 6, K - R 5 (if K - R 4, K - B 4 and
+mate next move); 6 Q - K Kt 6, K - R 6; 7 K - B 3, K moves; 8 Q mates.
+
+In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black King must be forced
+to the edge of the board; only {9} the Queen being so much more powerful
+than the Rook, the process is far easier and shorter. These are the three
+elementary endings and in all of these the principle is the same. In each
+case the co-operation of the King is needed. In order to force a mate
+without the aid of the King, at least two Rooks are required.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+2. PAWN PROMOTION
+
+The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage that can be obtained
+in a game; and it often is sufficient to win, even when the Pawn is the
+only remaining unit, apart from the Kings. It is essential, speaking
+generally, that
+
+_the King should be in front of his Pawn, with at least one intervening
+square_.
+
+If the opposing King is directly in front of the Pawn, then the game cannot
+be won. This can best be explained by the following examples.
+
+EXAMPLE 5.
+
+[Illustration] {10}
+
+The position is drawn, and the way to proceed is for Black to keep the King
+always directly in front of the Pawn, and when it cannot be done, as for
+instance in this position because of the White King, then the Black King
+must be kept in front of the White King. The play would proceed thus:
+1 P - K 3, K - K 4; 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 4. This is a very important move. Any
+other move would lose, as will be shown later. As the Black King cannot be
+kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far forward as possible
+and, at the same time, in front of the White King.
+
+3 P - K 4 ch, K - K 4; 4 K - K 3, K - K 3; 5 K - B 4, K - B 3. Again the
+same case. As the White King comes up, the Black King must be kept in front
+of it, since it cannot be brought up to the Pawn.
+
+6 P - K 5 ch, K - K 3; 7 K - K 4, K - K 2; 8 K - Q 5, K - Q 2;
+9 P - K 6 ch, K - K 2; 10 K - K 5, K - K 1; 11 K - Q 6, K - Q 1. If now
+White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in front of it and White must
+either give up the Pawn or play K - K 6, and a stale mate results. If
+instead of advancing the Pawn White withdraws his King, Black brings his
+King up to the Pawn and, when forced to go back, he moves to K _in front_
+of the Pawn ready to come up again or to move in front of the White King,
+as before, should the latter advance.
+
+The whole mode of procedure is very important and the student should become
+thoroughly conversant {11} with its details; for it involves principles to
+be taken up later on, and because many a beginner has lost identical
+positions from lack of proper knowledge. At this stage of the book I cannot
+lay too much stress on its importance.
+
+EXAMPLE 6.--In this position White wins, as the King is in front of his
+Pawn and there is one intervening square.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The method to follow is to
+
+_advance the King as far as is compatible with the safety of the Pawn and
+never to advance the Pawn until it is essential to its own safety_.
+
+Thus:
+
+        1. K - K 4, K - K 3.
+
+Black does not allow the White King to advance, therefore White is now
+compelled to advance his Pawn so as to force Black to move away. He is then
+able to advance his own King.
+
+        2. P - K3, K - B 3; 3. K - Q 5, K - K 2.
+
+{12} If Black had played 3...K - B 4, then White would be forced to advance
+the Pawn to K 4, since he could not advance his King without leaving Black
+the opportunity to play K - K 5, winning the Pawn. Since he has not done
+so, it is better for White not to advance the Pawn yet, since its own
+safety does not require it, but to try to bring the King still further
+forward. Thus:
+
+        4. K - K 5, K - Q 2; 5. K - B 6, K - K 1.
+
+Now the White Pawn is too far back and it may be brought up within
+protection of the King.
+
+        6. P - K 4, K - Q 2.
+
+Now it would not do to play K - B 7, because Black would play K - Q 3, and
+White would have to bring back his King to protect the Pawn. Therefore he
+must continue.
+
+        7. P - K 5, K - K 1.
+
+Had he moved anywhere else, White could have played K - B 7, followed by
+the advance of the Pawn to K 6, K 7, K 8; all these squares being protected
+by the King. As Black tries to prevent that, White must now force him to
+move away, at the same time always keeping the King in front of the Pawn.
+Thus:
+
+        8. K - K 6.
+
+P - K 6 would make it a draw, as Black would then play K - B, and we would
+have a position similar to the one explained in connection with Example 5.
+
+        8...K - B 1;  9. K - Q 7.
+
+{13} King moves and the White Pawn advances to K 8, becomes a Queen, and it
+is all over.
+
+This ending is like the previous one, and for the same reasons should be
+thoroughly understood before proceeding any further.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+3. PAWN ENDINGS
+
+I shall now give a couple of simple endings of two Pawns against one, or
+three against two, that the reader may see how they can be won. Fewer
+explanations will be given, as it is up to the student to work things out
+for himself. Furthermore, nobody can learn how to play well merely from the
+study of a book; it can only serve as a guide and the rest must be done by
+the teacher, if the student has one; if not, the student must realise by
+long and bitter experience the practical application of the many things
+explained in the book.
+
+EXAMPLE 7.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{14} In this position White cannot win by playing 1 P - B 6, because Black
+plays, not P x P, which would lose, but 1...K - Kt 1, and if then 2 P x P,
+K x P, and draws, as shown in a previous case. If 2 P - B 7 ch, K - B 1,
+and White will never be able to Queen his Pawn without losing it. If
+2 K - K 7, P x P; 3 K x P, K - B 1, and draws. White, however, can win the
+position given in the diagram by playing:
+
+1 K - Q 7, K - Kt 1; 2 K - K 7, K - R 1; 3 P - B 6, P x P. If 3...K - Kt 1;
+4 P - B 7 ch, K - R 1; 5 P - B 8 (Q) mate.
+
+4 K - B 7, P - B 4; 5 P - Kt 7 ch, K - R 2; 6 P - Kt 8 (Q) ch, K - R 3;
+7 Q - Kt 6 mate.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 8.--In the above position White can't win by 1 P - B 5. Black's
+best answer would be P - Kt 3 draws. (The student should work this out.) He
+cannot win by 1 P - Kt 5, because P - Kt 3 draws. (This, because of the
+principle of the "_opposition_" {15} which governs this ending as well as
+all the Pawn-endings already given, and which will be explained more fully
+later on.)
+
+White can win, however, by playing: 1 K - K 4, K - K 3. (If 1...P - Kt 3;
+2 K - Q 4, K - K 3; 3 K - B 5, K - B 3; 4 K - Q 6, K - B 2; 5 P - Kt 5,
+K - Kt 2; 6 K - K 7, K - Kt 1; 7 K - B 6, K - R 2; 8 K - B 7 and White wins
+the Pawn.)
+
+2 P - B 5 ch, K - B 3; 3 K - B 4, P - Kt 3. (If this Pawn is kept back we
+arrive at the ending shown in Example 7.) 4 P - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2;
+5 P - B 6, K - K 3; 6 K - K 4, K - B 2; 7 K - K 5, K - B 1. White cannot
+force his Bishop's Pawn into Q (find out why), but by giving his Pawn up he
+can win the other Pawn and the game. Thus:
+
+8 P - B 7, K x P; 9 K - Q 6, K - B 1; 10 K - K 6, K - Kt 2; 11 K - K 7,
+K - Kt 1; 12 K - B 6, K - R 2; 13 K - B 7, K - R 1; 14 K x P , K - Kt 1.
+
+There is still some resistance in Black's position. In fact, the only way
+to win is the one given here, as will easily be seen by experiment.
+
+15 K - R 6 (if K - B 6, K - R 2; and in order to win White must get back to
+the actual position, as against 16 P - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1 draws), K - R 1;
+16 P - Kt 6, K - Kt 1; 17 P - Kt 7, K - B 2; 18 K - R 7, and White queens
+the Pawn and wins.
+
+This ending, apparently so simple, should show the student the enormous
+difficulties to be surmounted, {16} even when there are hardly any pieces
+left, when playing against an adversary who knows how to use the resources
+at his disposal, and it should show the student, also, the necessity of
+paying strict attention to these elementary things which form the basis of
+true mastership in Chess.
+
+EXAMPLE 9.--In this ending
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White can win by advancing any of the three Pawns on the first move, but it
+is convenient to follow the general rule, whenever there is no good reason
+against it, of _advancing the Pawn that has no Pawn opposing it_. Thus we
+begin by--
+
+        1. P - B 5, K - K 2.
+
+If P - Kt 3, P - B 6; and we have a similar ending to one of those shown
+above. If 1...P - R 3; 2 P - Kt 5.
+
+        2. K - K 5, K - B 2; 3. P - Kt 5, K - K 2.
+
+{17} If 3...P - Kt 3; 4 P - B 6, and if 3...P - R 3; 4 P - Kt 6 ch, and in
+either case we have a similar ending to one of those already shown.
+
+        4. P - R 5,
+
+and by following it up with P - Kt 6 we have the same ending previously
+shown. Should Black play 4...P - Kt 3, then R P x P, P x P; P - B 6 ch with
+the same result.
+
+Having now seen the cases when the Pawns are all on one side of the board
+we shall now examine a case when there are Pawns on both sides of the
+board.
+
+EXAMPLE 10.--In these cases the general rule is to _act immediately on the
+side where you have the superior forces_. Thus we have:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        1. P - K Kt 4.
+
+{18} It is generally advisable to advance the Pawn that is free from
+opposition.
+
+        1. ........               P - Q R 4.
+
+Black makes an advance on the other side, and now White considers whether
+or not he should stop the advance. In this case either way wins, but
+generally the advance should be stopped when the opposing King is far away.
+
+        2. P - Q R 4, K - B 3; 3. P - R 4, K - K 3.
+
+If 3...K - Kt 3, then simple counting will show that White goes to the
+other side with his King, wins the P at Q R 4, and then Queens his single
+Pawn long before Black can do the same.
+
+        4. P - Kt 5, K - B 2; 5. K - B 5, K - Kt 2; 6. P - R 5, K - B 2.
+
+If 6...P - R 3; 7 P - Kt 6, and then the two Pawns defend themselves and
+White can go to the other side with his King, to win the other Pawn.
+
+        7. K - K 5.
+
+Now it is time to go to the other side with the King, win the Black Pawn
+and Queen the single Pawn. This is typical of all such endings and should
+be worked out by the student in this case and in similar cases which he can
+put up. {19}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME
+
+By the time the student has digested all that has been previously
+explained, he, no doubt, is anxious to get to the actual game and play with
+all the pieces. However, before considering the openings, we shall devote a
+little time to some combinations that often arise during the game, and
+which will give the reader some idea of the beauty of the game, once he
+becomes better acquainted with it.
+
+EXAMPLE 11.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is Black's move, and thinking that White merely threatens to play
+Q - R 6 and to mate at K Kt 7, Black plays 1 ... R - K 1, threatening mate
+by way of R - K 8. White now uncovers his real and most effective threat,
+viz.:
+
+1 ... R - K 1; 2 Q x P ch, K x Q; 3 R - R 3 ch, K - Kt 1; 4 R - R 8 mate.
+{20}
+
+This same type of combination may come as the result of a somewhat more
+complicated position.
+
+EXAMPLE 12.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is a piece behind, and unless he can win it back quickly he will
+lose; he therefore plays:
+
+        1. Kt x Kt                B - Kt 4
+
+He cannot take the Kt because White threatens mate by Q x P ch followed by
+R - R 3 ch.
+
+        2. Kt - K 7 ch            Q x Kt
+
+Again if B x Kt; Q x P ch, K x Q; R - R 3 ch, King moves; R - R 8 mate.
+
+        3. R x Q                  B x R
+        4. Q - Q 7
+
+and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains with a Q and a B against a R
+and B, and should therefore win easily. These two examples show the {21}
+danger of advancing the K Kt P one square, after having Castled on that
+side.
+
+EXAMPLE 13.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This is another very interesting type of combination. Black has a R for a
+Kt and should therefore win, unless White is able to obtain some
+compensation immediately. White, in fact, mates in a few moves thus:
+
+        1. Kt - B 6 ch            P x Kt
+
+Forced, otherwise Q X P mates.
+
+        2. Q - Kt 3 ch            K - R 1
+        3. B x P mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 14.--The same type of combination occurs in a more complicated form
+in the following position. {22}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        1. B x Kt                 Q x B.
+
+If ...B x Kt; Q - B 3 threatens mate, and therefore wins the Q, which is
+already attacked.
+
+        2. Kt - B 6 ch            P x Kt
+        3. R - Kt 3 ch            K - R 1
+        4. B x P mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 15.--A very frequent type of combination is shown in the following
+position.
+
+[Illustration] {23}
+
+Here White is the exchange and a Pawn behind, but he can win quickly thus:
+1 B x P ch, K x B. (If 1...K - R 1; 2 Q - K R 5, P - K Kt 3; 3 Q - R 6, and
+wins.)
+
+2 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; 3 Kt - Kt 5, and Black cannot stop mate at K R 7
+except by sacrificing the Queen by Q - K 5, which would leave White with a
+Q for a R.
+
+EXAMPLE 16.--This same type of combination is seen in a more complicated
+form in the following position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White proceeds as follows: 1 Kt x Kt ch (this clears the line for the B);
+B x Kt (to stop the Kt from moving to Kt 5 after the sacrifice of the B);
+2 R x B, Kt x R best; 3 B x P ch, K x B. (If 3..K - R 1; 4 Q - R 5,
+P - K Kt 3; 5 B x P ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 3; 7 P - Kt 5 ch,
+K - K 3; 8 B x P ch, R x B; 9 Q - K 4 mate.) 4 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1;
+5 Kt - Kt 5, R - B 1; {24} 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 1; 7 Q - R 8 ch, Kt - Kt 1;
+8 Kt - R 7 ch, K - K 2; 9 R - K 1 ch, K - Q 1; 10 Q x Kt mate.
+
+This combination is rather long and has many variations, therefore a
+beginner will hardly be able to fathom it; but, knowing the type of
+combination, he might under similar circumstances undertake and carry out a
+brilliant attack which he would otherwise never think of. It will be seen
+that all the combinations shown have for a foundation the proper
+co-ordination of the pieces, which have all been brought to bear against a
+weak point.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+5. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES
+
+Before going on to the general principles of the openings, it is advisable
+to give the student an idea of the proper relative value of the pieces.
+There is no complete and accurate table for all of them, and the only thing
+to do is to compare the pieces separately.
+
+For all general theoretical purposes the Bishop and the Knight have to be
+considered as of the same value, though it is my opinion that the Bishop
+will prove the more valuable piece in most cases; and it is well known that
+two Bishops are almost always better than two Knights.
+
+The Bishop will be stronger against Pawns than the Knight, and in
+combination with Pawns will also be stronger against the Rook than the
+Knight will be. {25}
+
+A Bishop and a Rook are also stronger than a Knight and a Rook, but a Queen
+and a Knight may be stronger than a Queen and a Bishop.
+
+A Bishop will often be worth more than three Pawns, but a Knight very
+seldom so, and may even not be worth so much.
+
+A Rook will be worth a Knight and two Pawns, or a Bishop and two Pawns,
+but, as said before, the Bishop will be a better piece against the Rook.
+
+Two Rooks are slightly stronger than a Queen. They are slightly weaker than
+two Knights and a Bishop, and a little more so than two Bishops and a
+Knight. The power of the Knight decreases as the pieces are changed off.
+The power of the Rook, on the contrary, increases.
+
+The King, a purely _defensive_ piece throughout the middle-game, becomes an
+_offensive_ piece once all the pieces are off the board, and sometimes even
+when there are one or two minor pieces left. The handling of the King
+becomes of paramount importance once the end-game stage is reached.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING
+
+The main thing is to _develop the pieces quickly_. Get them into play as
+fast as you can.
+
+From the outset two moves, 1 P - K 4  or 1 P - Q 4, open up lines for the
+Queen and a Bishop. Therefore, theoretically one of these two moves must be
+the best, as no other first move accomplishes so much. {26}
+
+EXAMPLE 17.--Suppose we begin:
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3
+
+This is both an attacking and a developing move. Black can now either reply
+with the identical move or play
+
+        2. ........               Kt - Q B 3
+
+This developing move at the same time defends the King's Pawn.
+
+        3. Kt - B 3               Kt - B 3
+
+These moves are of a purely developing nature.
+
+        4. B - Kt 5
+
+_It is generally advisable not to bring this Bishop out until one Knight is
+out_, preferably the King's Knight. The Bishop could also have been played
+to B 4, but it is advisable whenever possible to combine development and
+attack.
+
+        4. ........               B - Kt 5
+
+Black replies in the same manner, threatening a possible exchange of Bishop
+for Knight with Kt x P to follow.
+
+        5. O - O
+
+an indirect way of preventing 5...B x Kt, which more experience or study
+will show to be bad. At the same time _the Rook is brought into action in
+the centre, a very important point_. {27}
+
+        5. ........               O - O
+
+Black follows the same line of reasoning.
+
+        6. P - Q 3                P - Q 3
+
+These moves have a two-fold object, viz.: to protect the King's Pawn and to
+open the diagonal for the development of the Queen's Bishop.
+
+        7. B - Kt 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A very powerful move, which brings us to the middle-game stage, as there is
+already in view a combination to win quickly by Kt - Q 5. This threat makes
+it impossible for Black to continue the same course. (There is a long
+analysis showing that Black should lose if he also plays B - Kt 5.) He is
+now forced to play 7...B x Kt, as experience has shown, thus bringing up to
+notice three things.
+
+First, the complete development of the opening has taken only seven moves.
+(This varies up to ten or twelve moves in some very exceptional cases. As a
+rule, eight should be enough.) Second, Black has {28} been compelled to
+exchange a Bishop for a Knight, but as a compensation he has isolated
+White's Q R P and doubled a Pawn. (This, at such an early stage of the
+game, is rather an advantage for White, as the Pawn is doubled towards the
+centre of the board.) Third, White by the exchange brings up a Pawn to
+control the square Q 4, puts Black on the defensive, as experience will
+show, and thus keeps _the initiative_, an unquestionable advantage.[1]
+
+The strategical principles expounded above are the same for all the
+openings, only their tactical application varies according to the
+circumstances.
+
+Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on the following point which
+the student should bear in mind.
+
+_Before development has been completed no piece should be moved more than
+once, unless it is essential in order to obtain either material advantage
+or to secure freedom of action._
+
+The beginner would do well to remember this, as well as what has already
+been stated: viz., _bring out the Knights before bringing out the Bishops_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+7. CONTROL OF THE CENTRE
+
+The four squares, K 4 and Q 4 on each side respectively, are the centre
+squares, and control of these squares is called control of the centre. _The
+control of the centre is of great importance._ No violent attack can
+succeed without controlling at least two of these {29} squares, and
+possibly three. Many a manoeuvre in the opening has for its sole object the
+control of the centre, which invariably ensures the initiative. It is well
+always to bear this in mind, since it will often be the reason of a series
+of moves which could not otherwise be properly understood. As this book
+progresses I shall dwell more fully on these different points. At present I
+shall devote some time to openings taken at random and explain the moves
+according to general principles. The student will in that way train his
+mind in the proper direction, and will thus have less trouble in finding a
+way out when confronted with a new and difficult situation.
+
+EXAMPLE 18.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+
+A timid move. Black assumes a defensive attitude at once. On principle the
+move is wrong. In the openings, whenever possible, _pieces should be moved
+in preference to Pawns_.
+
+        3. P - Q 4
+
+White takes the offensive immediately and strives to control the centre so
+as to have ample room to deploy his forces.
+
+        3. ........               Kt - Q 2
+
+Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also prefers the text move
+to Kt - Q B 3, which would be the more natural square for the Kt. But on
+{30} principle the move is wrong, because it blocks the action of the
+Queen's Bishop, and instead of facilitating the action of Black's pieces,
+tends, on the contrary, to cramp them.
+
+        4. B - Q B 4              P - K R 3
+
+Black is forced to pay the penalty of his previous move. Such a move on
+Black's part condemns by itself any form of opening that makes it
+necessary. White threatened Kt - Kt 5 and Black could not stop it with
+4...B - K 2, because of 5 P x P, Kt x P (if 5...P x P, 6 Q - Q 5);
+6 Kt x Kt, P x Kt; 7 Q - R 5, and White wins a Pawn and has besides a
+perfectly safe position.
+
+        5. Kt - B 3               K Kt - B 3
+        6. B - K 3                B - K 2
+        7. Q - K 2
+
+It should be noticed that White does not Castle yet. The reason is that he
+wants to deploy his forces first, and through the last move force Black to
+play P - Q B 3 to make room for the Queen as White threatens R - Q 1, to be
+followed by P x P. Black's other alternatives would finally force him to
+play P x P, thus abandoning the centre to White.
+
+        7. ........               P - B 3
+        8. R - Q 1                Q - B 2
+        9. O - O
+
+With this last move White completes his development, while Black is
+evidently somewhat hampered. A simple examination will suffice to show that
+White's position {31} is unassailable. There are no weak spots in his
+armour, and his pieces are ready for any manoeuvre that he may wish to
+carry out in order to begin the attack on the enemy's position. The student
+should carefully study this example. It will show him that it is sometimes
+convenient to delay Castling. I have given the moves as they come to my
+mind without following any standard book on openings. Whether the moves
+given by me agree or not with the standard works, I do not know, but at the
+present stage of this book it is not convenient to enter into discussions
+of mere technicalities which the student will be able to understand when he
+has become more proficient.
+
+EXAMPLE 19.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+        3. P - Q 4                B - Kt 5
+
+A bad move, which violates one of the principles set down, according to
+which at least one Knight should be developed before the Bishops are
+brought out, and also because it exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which in
+the opening is generally bad, unless there is some compensation.
+
+        4. P x P                  B x Kt
+
+4...P x P loses a Pawn.
+
+        5. Q x B                  P x P
+        6. B - Q B 4              Q - B 3
+
+If Kt - B 3; Q - Q Kt 3 wins a Pawn.
+
+{32} /*    7. Q - Q Kt 3 P - Q Kt 3    8. Kt - B 3 P - Q B 3 */
+
+To prevent Kt - Q 5.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen, and White, with a
+Bishop and a Knight already developed, has a chance of obtaining an
+advantage quickly by playing Kt - Q 5 anyway. The student is left to work
+out the many variations arising from this position.
+
+These examples will show the practical application of the principles
+previously enunciated. The student is warned against playing Pawns in
+preference to pieces at the beginning of the game, especially P - K R 3 and
+P - Q R 3, which are moves very commonly indulged in by beginners.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+8. TRAPS
+
+I shall now give a few positions or traps to be avoided in the openings,
+and in which (practice has shown) beginners are often caught. {33}
+
+EXAMPLE 20.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White plays:
+
+        1. P x P                  Kt x P
+
+Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.
+
+        2. Kt x Kt                B x Q
+        3. B x P ch               K - K 2
+        4. Kt - Q 5 mate.
+
+EXAMPLE 21.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{34} Black, having the move, should play P - K 3. But suppose he plays
+Kt - K B 3 instead, then comes--
+
+        1. B x P ch
+
+Kt - K 5 would also give White the advantage, the threat being of course if
+B x Q; 2 B x P mate. Nor does B - R 5 help matters, because of 2 Q x B,
+1... B - K 3 leaves Black with the inferior position. But White's move in
+the text secures an immediate material advantage, and the beginner at any
+rate should never miss such an opportunity for the sake of a speculative
+advantage in position.
+
+        1. ........               K x B
+        2. Kt - K 5 ch            K moves
+        3. Kt x B
+
+and White has won a Pawn besides having the better position.
+
+There are a good many other traps--in fact, there is a book written on
+traps on the chess board; but the type given above is the most common of
+all.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{35}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FURTHER PRINCIPLES IN END-GAME PLAY
+
+We shall now go back to the endings in search of a few more principles,
+then again to the middle-game, and finally to the openings once more, so
+that the advance may not only be gradual but homogeneous. In this way the
+foundation on which we expect to build the structure will be firm and
+solid.
+
+9. A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the position shown above, White can draw by playing P - Kt 4 according
+to the general rule that governs such cases, i.e. _to advance the Pawn that
+is free from opposition_. But suppose that White, either because he does
+not know this principle or because he {36} does not, in this case,
+sufficiently appreciate the value of its application; suppose, we say, that
+he plays 1 P - Q R 4. Then Black can win by playing 1... P - Q R 4,
+applying one of the cardinal principles of the high strategy of chess--
+
+        _A unit that holds two._
+
+In this case one Pawn would hold two of the opponent's Pawns. The student
+cannot lay too much stress on this principle. It can be applied in many
+ways, and it constitutes one of the principal weapons in the hands of a
+master.
+
+EXAMPLE 22.--The example given should be sufficient proof. We give a few
+moves of the main variation:--
+
+        1. P - R 4                P - Q R 4
+        2. K - Kt 2               K - B 5
+            (Best; see why.)
+        3. P - Kt 4               P x P
+            (Best.)
+        4. P - R 5                P - Kt 6
+        5. P - R 6                P - Kt 7
+        6. P - R 7                P - Kt 8 (Q)
+        7. P - R 8 (Q)            Q - K 5 ch
+        8. Q x Q                  K x Q
+
+This brings the game to a position which is won by Black, and which
+constitutes one of the classical endings of King and Pawns. I shall try to
+explain the guiding idea of it to those not familiar with it. {37}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+10. A CLASSICAL ENDING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 23.--In this position White's best line of defence consists in
+keeping his Pawn where it stands at R 2. As soon as the Pawn is advanced it
+becomes easier for Black to win. On the other hand, Black's plan to win
+(supposing that White does not advance his Pawn) may be divided into three
+parts. The first part will be to get his King to K R 6, at the same time
+keeping intact the position of his Pawns. (This is all important, since, in
+order to win the game, it is essential at the end that Black may be able to
+advance his rearmost Pawn one or two squares according to the position of
+the White King.)
+
+        1. K - Kt 3               K - K 6
+        2. K - Kt 2
+
+If 2 K - Kt 4, K - B 7; 3 P - R 4, P - Kt 3 will win. {38}
+
+        2. ........               K - B 5
+        3. K - B 2                K - Kt 5
+        4. K - Kt 2               K - R 5
+        5. K - Kt 1               K - R 6
+
+The first part has been completed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second part will be short and will consist in advancing the R P up the
+K.
+
+        6. K - R 1                P - R 4
+        7. K - Kt 1               P - R 5
+
+This ends the second part.
+
+[Illustration] {39}
+
+The third part will consist in timing the advance of the Kt P so as to play
+P - Kt 6 when the White King is at R 1. It now becomes evident how
+necessary it is to be able to move the Kt P either one or two squares
+according to the position of the White King, as indicated previously.[2] In
+this case, as it is White's move, the Pawn will be advanced two squares
+since the White King will be in the corner, but if it were now Black's move
+the Kt P should only be advanced one square since the White King is at
+Kt 1.
+
+        8. K - R 1                P - Kt 4
+        9. K - Kt 1               P - Kt 5
+       10. K - R 1                P - Kt 6
+       11. P x P
+
+If K - Kt 1, P - Kt 7.
+
+       11. ........               P x P
+       12. K - Kt 1               P - Kt 7
+       13. K - B 2                K - R 7
+
+and wins.
+
+It is in this analytical way that the student should try to learn. He will
+thus train his mind to follow a logical sequence in reasoning out any
+position. This example is excellent training, since it is easy to divide it
+into three stages and to explain the main point of each part.
+
+The next subject we shall study is the simple {40} opposition, but before
+we devote our time to it I wish to call attention to two things.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+11. OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
+
+When three or more Pawns are opposed to each other in some such position as
+the one in Example 24, there is always a chance for one side or the other
+of obtaining a passed Pawn.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 24.--In the above position the way of obtaining a passed Pawn is to
+advance the centre Pawn.
+
+        1. P - Kt 6               R P x P
+  If B P x P; P - R 6,
+        2. P - B 6                P x B P
+        3. P - R 6
+
+and as in this case the White Pawn is nearer to Queen than any of the Black
+Pawns, White will {41} win. Now if it had been Black's move Black could
+play
+
+        1. ........               P - Kt 3
+        2. B P x P                B P x P
+
+It would not be advisable to try to obtain a passed Pawn because the White
+Pawns would be nearer to Queen than the single Black Pawn.
+
+        3. P x P                  P x P
+
+and the game properly played would be a draw. The student should work this
+out for himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+12. HOW TO FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL BE FIRST TO QUEEN
+
+When two Pawns are free, or will be free, to advance to Queen, you can find
+out, by counting, which Pawn will be the first to succeed.
+
+EXAMPLE 25.--In this position whoever moves first wins.
+
+[Illustration] {42}
+
+The first thing is to find out, by counting, whether the opposing King can
+be in time to stop the passed Pawn from Queening. When, as in this case, it
+cannot be done, the point is to count which Pawn comes in first. In this
+case the time is the same, but the Pawn that reaches the eighth square
+first and becomes a Queen is in a position to capture the adversary's Queen
+when he makes one. Thus:
+
+        1. P - R 4                P - K R 4
+        2. P - R 5                P - R 5
+        3. P - Kt 6               P x P
+
+Now comes a little calculation. White can capture the Pawn, but if he does
+so, he will not, when Queening, command the square where Black will also
+Queen his Pawn. Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:
+
+        4. P - R 6                P - R 6
+        5. P - R 7                P - R 7
+        6. P - R 8 (Q), and wins.
+
+The student would do well to acquaint himself with various simple endings
+of this sort, so as to acquire the habit of counting, and thus be able to
+know with ease when he can or cannot get there first. Once again I must
+call attention to the fact that a book cannot by itself teach how to play.
+It can only serve as a guide, and the rest must be learned by experience,
+and if a teacher can be had at the same time, so much the faster will the
+student be able to learn. {43}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+13. THE OPPOSITION
+
+When Kings have to be moved, and one player can, by force, bring his King
+into a position similar to the one shown in the following diagram, so that
+his adversary is forced to move and make way for him, the player obtaining
+that advantage is said to have _the opposition_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 26.--Suppose in the above position White plays
+
+        1. K - Q 4
+
+Now Black has the option of either opposing the passage of the White King
+by playing K - Q 3 or, if he prefers, he can _pass_ with his own King by
+replying K - B 4. Notice that the Kings are directly opposed to each other,
+and the number of intervening squares between them is odd--one in this
+case.
+
+The opposition can take the form shown above, {44} which can be called
+actual or close frontal opposition; or this form:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition, or, again, this
+form:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+which can be called actual or close lateral opposition.
+
+In practice they are all one and the same. The Kings are always on squares
+of the same colour, there is only one intervening square between the Kings,
+and the player who has moved last "_has the opposition_." {45}
+
+Now, if the student will take the trouble of moving each King backwards as
+in a game in the same frontal, diagonal or lateral line respectively shown
+in the diagrams, we shall have what may be called _distant_ frontal,
+diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.
+
+The matter of the opposition is highly important, and takes at times
+somewhat complicated forms, all of which can be solved mathematically; but,
+for the present, the student should only consider the most simple forms.
+(An examination of some of the examples of King and Pawns endings already
+given will show several cases of close opposition.)
+
+In all simple forms of opposition,
+
+_when the Kings are on the same line and the number of intervening squares
+between them is even, the player who has the move has the opposition_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 27.--The above position shows to advantage the enormous value of
+the opposition. The {46} position is very simple. Very little is left on
+the board, and the position, to a beginner, probably looks absolutely even.
+It is not the case, however. _Whoever has the move wins._ Notice that the
+Kings are directly in front of one another, and that the number of
+intervening squares is _even_.
+
+Now as to the procedure to win such a position. The proper way to begin is
+to move straight up. Thus:
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - K 2
+        2. K - K 3                K - K 3
+        3. K - K 4                K - B 3
+
+Now White can exercise the option of either playing K - Q 5 and thus
+passing with his King, or of playing K - B 4 and prevent the Black King
+from passing, thereby keeping the opposition. Mere counting will show that
+the former course will only lead to a draw, therefore White takes the
+latter course and plays:
+
+        4. K - B 4                K - Kt 3
+
+If 4...K - K 3; 5 K - Kt 5 will win.
+
+        5. K - K 5                K - Kt 2
+
+Now by counting it will be seen that White wins by capturing Black's Knight
+Pawn.
+
+The process has been comparatively simple in the variation given above, but
+Black has other lines of {47} defence more difficult to overcome. Let us
+begin anew.
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - Q 1
+
+Now if 2 K - Q 3, K - Q 2, or if 2 K - K 3, K - K 2, and Black obtains the
+opposition in both cases. (When the Kings are directly in front of one
+another, and the number of intervening squares between the Kings is _odd_,
+the player who has moved last has the opposition.)
+
+Now in order to win, the White King must advance. There is only one other
+square where he can go, B 3, and that is the right place. Therefore it is
+seen that in such cases when the opponent makes a so-called waiting move,
+you must advance, leaving a rank or file free between the Kings. Therefore
+we have--
+
+        2. K - B 3                K - K 2
+
+Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black, by bringing up his
+King in front of your King, would obtain the opposition. It is White's turn
+to play a similar move to Black's first move, viz.:
+
+        3. K - K 3
+
+which brings the position back to the first variation shown. The student
+would do well to familiarise himself with the handling of the King in all
+examples of opposition. It often means the winning or losing of a game.
+
+{48} EXAMPLE 28.--The following position is an excellent proof of the value
+of the opposition as a means of defence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is a Pawn behind and apparently lost, yet he can manage to draw as
+follows:
+
+        1. K - R 1 !
+
+The position of the Pawns does not permit White to draw by means of the
+actual or close opposition, hence he takes the distant opposition: in
+effect if 1 K - B 1 (actual or close opposition), K - Q 7; 2 K - B 2,
+K - Q 6 and White cannot continue to keep the lateral opposition essential
+to his safety, because of his own Pawn at B 3. On the other hand, after the
+text move, if
+
+        1. ........               K - Q 7
+        2. K - R 2                K - Q 6
+        3. K - R 3 !              K - K 7
+  {49}
+        4. K - Kt 2               K - K 6
+        5. K - Kt 3               K - Q 5
+        6. K - Kt 4
+
+attacking the Pawn and forcing Black to play 6... K - K 6 when he can go
+back to Kt 3 as already shown, and always keep the opposition.
+
+Going back to the original position, if
+
+        1. K - R 1                P - Kt 5
+
+White does not play P x P, because P - K 5 will win, but plays:
+
+        2. K - Kt 2               K - Q 7
+
+If 2...P x P ch; 3 K x P, followed by K - K 4, will draw.
+
+        3. P x P                  P - K 5
+
+and mere counting will show that both sides Queen, drawing the game.
+
+If the student will now take the trouble to go back to the examples of King
+and Pawns which I have given in this book,[3] he will realise that in all
+of them the matter of the opposition is of paramount importance; as, in
+fact, it is in nearly all endings of King and Pawns, except in such cases
+where the Pawn-position in itself ensures the win.
+
+{50}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+14. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
+
+Before turning our attention to this matter it is well to state now that
+_two Knights alone cannot mate_, but, under certain conditions of course,
+they can do so if the opponent has one or more Pawns.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 29.--In the above position White cannot win, although the Black
+King is cornered, but in the following position, in which Black has a Pawn,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White wins with or without the move. Thus:
+
+        1. Kt - Kt 6              P - R 5
+
+{51} White cannot take the Pawn because the game will be drawn, as
+explained before.
+
+        2. Kt - K 5               P - R 6
+        3. Kt - B 6               P - R 7
+        4. Kt - Kt 5              P - R 8 (Q)
+        5. Kt - B 7 mate
+
+The reason for this peculiarity in chess is evident.
+
+_White with the two Knights can only stalemate the King, unless Black has a
+Pawn which can be moved._
+
+EXAMPLE 30.--Although he is a Bishop and a Pawn ahead the following
+position cannot be won by White.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is the greatest weakness of the Bishop, that when the Rook's Pawn Queens
+on a square of opposite colour and the opposing King is in front of the
+Pawn, the Bishop is absolutely worthless. All that Black has to do is to
+keep moving his King close to the corner square. {52}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 31.--In the above position White with or without the move can win.
+Take the most difficult variation.
+
+        1. ........               K - R 7
+        2. Kt - Kt 4 ch           K - R 8
+        3. K - B 1                P - Kt 4
+        4. K - B 2                P - R 7
+        5. Kt - K 3               P - Kt 5
+        6. Kt - B 1               P - Kt 6 ch
+        7. Kt x P mate
+
+Now that we have seen these exceptional cases, we can analyse the different
+merits and the relative value of the Knight and the Bishop.
+
+It is generally thought by amateurs that the Knight is the more valuable
+piece of the two, the chief reason being that, unlike the Bishop, the
+Knight can command both Black and White squares. However, the fact is
+generally overlooked that the Knight, at any one time, {53} has the choice
+of one colour only. It takes much longer to bring a Knight from one wing to
+the other. Also, as shown in the following Example, a Bishop can stalemate
+a Knight; a compliment which the Knight is unable to return.
+
+EXAMPLE 32.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The weaker the player the more terrible the Knight is to him, but as a
+player increases in strength the value of the Bishop becomes more evident
+to him, and of course there is, or should be, a corresponding decrease in
+his estimation of the value of the Knight as compared to the Bishop. In
+this respect, as in many others, the masters of to-day are far ahead of the
+masters of former generations. While not so long ago some of the very best
+amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to Bishops,
+there is hardly a master of to-day who would not completely agree with the
+statements made above. {54}
+
+EXAMPLE 33.--This is about the only case when the Knight is more valuable
+than the Bishop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is what is called a "_block position_," and all the Pawns are on one
+side of the board. (If there were Pawns on both sides of the board there
+would be no advantage in having a Knight.) In such a position Black has
+excellent chances of winning. Of course, there is an extra source of
+weakness for White in having his Pawns on the same colour-squares as his
+Bishop. This is a mistake often made by players. The proper way, generally,
+in an ending, is to have your Pawns on squares of opposite colour to that
+of your own Bishop. When you have your Pawns on squares of the same colour
+the action of your own Bishop is limited by them, and consequently the
+value of the Bishop is diminished, since the value of a piece can often be
+measured by the number of squares it commands. While on this subject, I
+shall also call attention to the {55} fact that it is generally preferable
+to keep your Pawns on squares of the same colour as that of the opposing
+Bishop, particularly if they are passed Pawns supported by the King. The
+principles might be stated thus:
+
+_When the opponent has a Bishop, keep your Pawns on squares of the same
+colour as your opponent's Bishop._
+
+_Whenever you have a Bishop, whether the opponent has also one or not, keep
+your Pawns on squares of the opposite colour to that of your own Bishop._
+
+Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be modified to suit the
+exigencies of the position.
+
+EXAMPLE 34.--In the following position the Pawns are on one side of the
+board, and there is no advantage in having either a Knight or a Bishop. The
+game should surely end in a draw.
+
+[Illustration] {56}
+
+EXAMPLE 35.--Now let us add three Pawns on each side to the above position,
+so that there are Pawns on both sides of the board.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is now preferable to have the Bishop, though the position, if properly
+played out, should end in a draw. The advantage of having the Bishop lies
+as much in its ability to command, at long range, both sides of the board
+from a central position as in its ability to move quickly from one side of
+the board to the other.
+
+[Illustration] {57}
+
+EXAMPLE 36.--In the above position it is unquestionably an advantage to
+have the Bishop, because, although each player has the same number of
+Pawns, they are not balanced on each side of the board. Thus, on the King's
+side, White has three to two, while on the Queen's side it is Black that
+has three to two. Still, with proper play, the game should end in a draw,
+though White has somewhat better chances.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 37.--Here is a position in which to have the Bishop is a decided
+advantage, since not only are there Pawns on both sides of the board, but
+there is a passed Pawn (K R P for White, Q R P for Black). Black should
+have extreme difficulty in drawing this position, if he can do it at all.
+{58}
+
+EXAMPLE 38.--Again Black would have great difficulty in drawing this
+position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The student should carefully consider these positions. I hope that the many
+examples will help him to understand, in their true value, the relative
+merits of the Knight and Bishop. As to the general method of procedure, a
+teacher, or practical experience, will be best. I might say generally,
+however, that the proper course in these endings, as in all similar
+endings, is: Advance of the King to the centre of the board or towards the
+passed Pawns, or Pawns that are susceptible of being attacked, and rapid
+advance of the passed Pawn or Pawns as far as is consistent with their
+safety.
+
+To give a fixed line of play would be folly. Each ending is different, and
+requires different handling, according to what the adversary proposes to
+do. Calculation by visualising the future positions is what will count.
+{59}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+15. HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP
+
+Now, before going back again to the middle-game and the openings, let us
+see how to mate with Knight and Bishop, and, then, how to win with a Queen
+against a Rook.
+
+With a Knight and a Bishop _the mate can only be given in the corners of
+the same colour as the Bishop_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 39.--In this example we must mate either at Q R 1 or K R 8. The
+ending can be divided into two parts. Part one consists in driving the
+Black King to the last line. We might begin, as is generally done in all
+such cases, by advancing the King to the centre of the board:
+
+        1. K - K 2                K - Q 2
+
+Black, in order to make it more difficult, goes towards the white-squared
+corner:
+
+        2. K - Q 3                K - B 3
+        3. B - B 4                K - Q 4
+  {60}
+        4. Kt - K 2               K - B 4
+        5. Kt - B 3               K - Kt 5
+        6. K - Q 4                K - R 4
+        7. K - B 5                K - R 3
+        8. K - B 6                K - R 2
+        9. Kt - Q 5               K - R 1
+
+The first part is now over; the Black King is in the white-squared corner.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second and last part will consist in driving the Black King now from
+Q R 8 to Q R 1 or K R 8 in order to mate him. Q R 1 will be the quickest in
+this position.
+
+       10. Kt - Kt 6 ch           K - R 2
+       11. B - B 7                K - R 3
+       12. B - Kt 8               K - R 4
+       13. Kt - Q 5               K - R 5
+
+Black tries to make for K R 1 with his King. White has two ways to prevent
+that, one by 14 B - K 5, {61} K - Kt 6; 15 Kt - K 3, and the other which I
+give as the text, and which I consider better for the student to learn,
+because it is more methodical and more in accord with the spirit of all
+these endings, _by using the King as much as possible_.
+
+       14. K - B 5 !              K - Kt 6
+       15. Kt - Kt 4              K - B 6
+       16. B - B 4                K - Kt 6
+       17. B - K 5                K - R 5
+       18. K - B 4                K - R 4
+       19. B - B 7 ch             K - R 5
+       20. Kt - Q 3               K - R 6
+       21. B - Kt 6               K - R 5
+       22. Kt - Kt 2 ch           K - R 6
+       23. K - B 3                K - R 7
+       24. K - B 2                K - R 6
+       25. B - B 5 ch             K - R 7
+       26. Kt - Q 3               K - R 8
+       27. B - Kt 4               K - R 7
+       28. Kt - B 1 ch            K - R 8
+       29. B - B 3 mate
+
+It will be seen that the ending is rather laborious. There are two
+outstanding features: the close following by the King, and the controlling
+of the squares of opposite colour to the Bishop by the combined action of
+the Knight and King. The student would do well to exercise himself
+methodically in this ending, as it gives a very good idea of the actual
+power of the pieces, and it requires foresight in order to accomplish the
+{62} mate within the fifty moves which are granted by the rules.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16. QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
+
+This is one of the most difficult endings without Pawns. The resources of
+the defence are many, and when used skilfully only a very good player will
+prevail within the limit of fifty moves allowed by the rules. (The rule is
+that at any moment you may demand that your opponent mate you within fifty
+moves. However, every time a piece is exchanged or a Pawn advanced the
+counting must begin afresh.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 40.--This is one of the standard positions which Black can often
+bring about. Now, it is White's move. If it were Black's move it would be
+simple, as he would have to move his Rook away from the King (find out
+why), and then the Rook would be {63} comparatively easy to win. We deduce
+from the above that the main object is to force the Black Rook away from
+the defending King, and that, in order to compel Black to do so, we must
+bring about the position in the diagram with _Black_ to move. Once we know
+what is required, the way to proceed becomes easier to find. Thus:
+
+        1. Q - K 5 ch
+
+Not 1 Q - R 6, because R - B 2 ch; 2 K - Kt 6, R - B 3 ch; 3 K x R.
+Stalemate. (The beginner will invariably fall into this trap.)
+
+        1. ........               K to R 1 or to R 2
+        2. Q - R 1 ch             K - Kt 1
+        3. Q - R 5
+
+In a few moves we have accomplished our object. The first part is
+concluded. Now we come to the second part. The Rook can only go to a White
+square, otherwise the first check with the Queen will win it. Therefore
+
+        3. ........               R - Kt 6
+        4. Q - K 5 ch             K - R 1 best
+        5. Q - R 8 ch             K - R 2
+        6. Q - Kt 7 ch            K - R 1
+        7. Q - Kt 8 ch            R - Kt 1
+        8. Q - R 2 mate
+
+(The student should find out by himself how to win when 3...R - Kt 8;
+4 Q - K 5 ch, K - R 2.) {64}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 41.--The procedure here is very similar. The things to bear in mind
+are that the Rook must be prevented from interposing at Kt 1 because of an
+immediate mate, and in the same way the King must be prevented from going
+either to R 3 or B 1.
+
+EXAMPLE 42.--We shall now examine a more difficult position.
+
+[Illustration] {65}
+
+Many players would be deceived by this position. The most likely looking
+move is not the best. Thus suppose we begin
+
+        1. Q - K 5 ch             K - B 1
+        2. K - Kt 6               R - Q 2
+
+The only defence, but, unfortunately, a very effective one, which makes it
+very difficult for White, since he cannot play 3 Q - K 6 because of
+3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6, R - Kt 3 ch draws. Nor can he win quickly by
+3 Q - Q B 5 ch because 3...K - K 1, 4 K - B 6, R - Q 3 ch ! driving back
+the White King.
+
+Now that we have seen the difficulties of the situation let us go back. The
+best move is
+
+        1. Q - Kt 5 ch !          K - R 1
+
+If K - R 2; 2 Q - Kt 6 ch, K - R 1; 3 K - R 6 !
+
+        2. Q - K 5 ch !           K - R 2 best
+        3. K - Kt 5               R - R 2 ! best
+
+If 3...R - Kt 2 ch; 4 K - B 6 leads to a position similar to those in
+Examples 40 and 41.
+
+        4. Q - K 4 ch             K - Kt 1
+        5. Q - B 4 ch             K - R 2
+        6. K - B 6                R - K Kt 2
+        7. Q - R 4 ch             K - Kt 1
+        8. Q - R 5
+
+{66} and we have the position of Example 40 with Black to move.
+
+Let us go back again.
+
+        1. Q - Kt 5 ch            K - B 1
+        2. Q - Q 8 ch             K - Kt 2
+        3. K - Kt 5               R - B 6
+
+The best place for the Rook away from the King. 3...K - R 2; 4 Q - Q 4,
+R - Kt 2 ch; 5 K - B 6 would lead to positions similar to those already
+seen.
+
+        4. Q - Q 4 ch             K - B 1
+        5. K - Kt 6
+
+5 Q - Q 6 ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - K 5 ch, K - B 1; 7 K - Kt 6 would also win
+the Rook. The text move, however, is given to show the finesse of such
+endings. White now threatens mate at Q 8.
+
+        5. ........               R - Kt 6 ch
+        6. K - B 6                R - B 6 ch
+        7. K - K 6                R - K R 6
+
+White threatened mate at K R 8.
+
+        8. Q - B 4 ch
+
+and the Rook is lost.
+
+Note, in these examples, that the checks at long range along the diagonals
+have often been the key to all the winning manoeuvres. Also that the Queen
+and {67} King are often kept on different lines. The student should
+carefully go over these positions and consider all the possibilities not
+given in the text.
+
+He should once more go through everything already written before proceeding
+further with the book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{68}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+PLANNING A WIN IN MIDDLE-GAME PLAY
+
+I shall now give a few winning positions taken from my own games. I have
+selected those that I believe can be considered as _types_, i.e. positions
+that may easily occur again in a somewhat similar form. A knowledge of such
+positions is of great help; in fact, one cannot know too many. It often may
+help the player to find, with little effort, the right move, which he might
+not be able to find at all without such knowledge.
+
+17. ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID OF KNIGHTS
+
+[Illustration] {69}
+
+EXAMPLE 43.--It is Black's move, and as he is a Kt and P behind he must win
+quickly, if at all. He plays:
+
+        1. ........               Q R - Kt 1 !
+        2. R - B 2
+
+If, Q x Q, R x P ch; K - R 1, B - Q 4 and mate follows in a few moves.
+
+        2. ........               R x P ch
+        3. K - B 1                B - B 5 ch
+        4. Kt x B                 R - Kt 8 mate
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 44.--Black's last move was P - K 6, played with the object of
+stopping what he thought was White's threat, viz.: R - Q R 5, to which he
+would have answered Q - B 5 ch and drawn the game by perpetual check.
+White, however, has a more forceful move, and he mates in three moves as
+follows: {70}
+
+        1. R x P ch               Q x R
+        2. R - Q R 5              Black moves
+        3. White mates
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 45.--White has a beautiful position, but still he had better gain
+some material, if he can, before Black consolidates his defensive position.
+He therefore plays:
+
+        1. R x Kt !               P x R
+        2. B x P ch               K - K 2
+
+If Kt x B; R x Kt and Black would be helpless.
+
+        3. Q - R 7 ch             K - K 1
+        4. Q x Kt ch              K - Q 2
+        5. Q - R 7 ch             Q - K 2
+        6. B - B 8                Q x Q
+        7. R x Q ch               K - K 1
+        8. R x R                  Resigns
+
+In these few examples the attacking has been done by Rooks and Bishops in
+combination with the Queen. {71} There have been no Knights to take part in
+the attack. We shall now give some examples in which the Knights play a
+prominent part as an attacking force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+18. ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A PROMINENT FORCE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 46.--White is two Pawns behind. He must therefore press on his
+attack. The game continues:
+
+        1. Kt (B 5) x Kt P        Kt - B 4
+
+Evidently an error which made the winning easier for White, as he simply
+took the Rook with the Knight and kept up the attack. Black should have
+played: 1 ... Kt x Kt. Then would have followed: 2 Kt - B 6 ch, K - Kt 3;
+3 Kt x B, P - B 3 (best); 4 P - K 5, K - B 2; 5 Kt x P, R - K 2;
+6 Kt - K 4, and Black should lose.[4]
+
+{72}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 47.--The student should carefully examine the position, as the
+sacrifice of the Bishop in similar situations is typical, and the chance
+for it is of frequent occurrence in actual play. The game continues:
+
+        1. B x P ch               K x B
+        2. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - Kt 3
+
+Best. If 2...K - R 3; 3 Kt x P ch wins the Queen, and if 2...K - Kt 1;
+3 Q - R 5, with an irresistible attack.
+
+        3. Q - Kt 4               P - B 4
+        4. Q - Kt 3               K - R 3
+
+White finally won.[5]
+
+{73}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+19. WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK
+
+We have so far given positions where the attacks were of a violent nature
+and directed against the King's position. Very often, however, in the
+middle-game attacks are made against a position or against pieces, or even
+Pawns.
+
+_The winning of a Pawn among good players of even strength often means the
+winning of the game._
+
+Hence the study of such positions is of great importance. We give below two
+positions in which the attack aims at the gain of a mere Pawn as a means of
+ultimately winning the game.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 48.--Black is a Pawn behind, and there is no violent direct attack
+against White's King. Black's pieces, however, are very well placed and
+free to act, and by co-ordinating the action of all his pieces he is soon
+able not only to regain the Pawn but to obtain the better game. The student
+should carefully {74} consider this position and the subsequent moves. It
+is a very good example of proper co-ordination in the management of forces.
+The game continues:
+
+        1. ........               R - R 1
+        2. P - Q R 4
+
+White's best move was P - Q Kt 3, when would follow Kt x B; 3 Q x Kt,
+R - R 6 and Black would ultimately win the Q R P, always keeping a slight
+advantage in position. The text move makes matters easier.
+
+        2. ........               Kt x B
+        3. Q x Kt                 Q - B 5
+        4. K R - Q 1              K R - Kt 1
+
+Black could have regained the Pawn by playing B x Kt, but he sees that
+there is more to be had, and therefore increases the pressure against
+White's Queen side. He now threatens, among other things, R x Kt P.
+
+        5. Q - K 3                R - Kt 5
+
+Threatening to win the exchange by B - Q 5.
+
+        6. Q - Kt 5               B - Q 5 ch
+        7. K - R 1                Q R - Kt 1
+
+This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White to give up the
+exchange.
+
+        8. R x B                  Q x R
+        9. R - Q 1                Q - B 5
+
+Now Black will recover his Pawn. {75}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 49.--An examination of this position will show that Black's main
+weakness lies in the exposed position of his King, and in the fact that his
+Q R has not yet come into the game. Indeed, if it were Black's move, we
+might conclude that he would have the better game, on account of having
+three Pawns to two on the Queen's side, and his Bishop commanding the long
+diagonal.
+
+It is, however, White's move, and he has two courses to choose from. The
+obvious move, B - B 4, might be good enough, since after 1 B - B 4,
+Q R - Q 1; 2 P - Q Kt 4 would make it difficult for Black. But there is
+another move which completely upsets Black's position and wins a Pawn,
+besides obtaining the better position. That move is Kt - Q 4 ! The game
+continues as follows:
+
+        1. Kt - Q 4 !             P x Kt
+        2. R x B                  Kt - Kt 5
+
+{76}
+
+There is nothing better, as White threatened B - B 4.
+
+        3. B - B 4 ch             K - R 1
+        4. R - K 6                P - Q 6
+        5. R x P
+
+And White, with the better position, is a Pawn ahead.
+
+These positions have been given with the idea of acquainting the student
+with different types of combinations. I hope they will also help to develop
+his imagination, a very necessary quality in a good player. The student
+should note, in all these middle-game positions, that--
+
+_once the opportunity is offered, all the pieces are thrown into action "en
+masse" when necessary;_ and that _all the pieces smoothly co-ordinate their
+action with machine-like precision._
+
+That, at least, is what the ideal middle-game play should be, if it is not
+so altogether in these examples.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{77}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+GENERAL THEORY
+
+Before we revert to the technique of the openings it will be advisable to
+dwell a little on general theory, so that the openings in their relation to
+the rest of the game may be better understood.
+
+20. THE INITIATIVE
+
+As the pieces are set on the board both sides have the same position and
+the same amount of material. White, however, has the move, and the move in
+this case means _the initiative_, and the initiative, other things being
+equal, is an advantage. Now this advantage must be kept as long as
+possible, and should only be given up if some other advantage, material or
+positional, is obtained in its place. White, according to the principles
+already laid down, develops his pieces as fast as possible, but in so doing
+he also tries to hinder his opponent's development, by applying pressure
+wherever possible. He tries first of all to control the centre, and failing
+this to obtain some positional advantage that will make it possible for him
+to keep on harassing the enemy. He only relinquishes the initiative when he
+gets for it some material advantage under such favourable conditions as to
+make him feel {78} assured that he will, in turn, be able to withstand his
+adversary's thrust; and finally, through his superiority of material, once
+more resume the initiative, which alone can give him the victory. This last
+assertion is self-evident, since, in order to win the game, the opposing
+King must be driven to a position where he is attacked without having any
+way of escape. Once the pieces have been properly developed the resulting
+positions may vary in character. It may be that a direct attack against the
+King is in order; or that it is a case of improving a position already
+advantageous; or, finally, that some material can be gained at the cost of
+relinquishing the initiative for a more or less prolonged period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+21. DIRECT ATTACKS _EN MASSE_
+
+In the first case the attack must be carried on with sufficient force to
+guarantee its success. Under no consideration must a direct attack against
+the King be carried on _a outrance_ unless there is absolute certainty in
+one's own mind that it will succeed, since failure in such cases means
+disaster.
+
+EXAMPLE 50.--A good example of a successful direct attack against the King
+is shown in the following diagram:
+
+In this position White could simply play B - B 2 and still have the better
+position, but instead he prefers an immediate attack on the King's side,
+with {79} the certainty in his mind that the attack will lead to a win. The
+game continues thus:[6]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       12. B x P ch               K x B
+       13. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - Kt 3
+       14. Q - Kt 4               P - B 4
+
+Best. P - K 4 would have been immediately fatal. Thus: 14...P - K 4;
+15 Kt - K 6 ch, K - B 3; 16 P - B 4 ! P - K 5; 17 Q - Kt 5 ch, K x Kt;
+18 Q - K 5 ch, K - Q 2; 19 K R - Q 1 ch, Kt - Q 6; 20 Kt x P, K - B 3 (if
+K - K 1, Kt - Q 6 ch wins the Queen); 21 R x Kt, Q x R; 22 R - B 1 ch,
+K - Kt 3 (if K - Q 2 mate in two); 23 Q - B 7 ch and mate in five moves.
+
+{80}
+
+       15. Q - Kt 3               K - R 3
+       16. Q - R 4 ch             K - Kt 3
+       17. Q - R 7 ch             K - B 3
+
+If K x Kt; Q x Kt P ch and mate in a few moves.
+
+       18. P - K 4                Kt - Kt 3
+       19. P x P                  P x P
+       20. Q R - Q 1              Kt - Q 6
+       21. Q - R 3                Kt (Q 6) - B 5
+       22. Q - Kt 3               Q - B 2
+       23. K R - K 1              Kt - K 7 ch
+
+This blunder loses at once, but the game could not be saved in any case;
+e.g. 23...B - K 3; 24 R x B ch, Kt x R; 25 Kt - Q 5 mate.
+
+       24. R x Kt                 Q x Q
+       25. Kt - R 7 ch            K - B 2
+       26. R P x Q                R - R 1
+       27. Kt - Kt 5 ch           K - B 3
+       28. P - B 4                Resigns
+
+EXAMPLE 51.--Another example of this kind:
+
+[Illustration] {81}
+
+In the above position the simple move Kt x P would win, but White looks for
+complications and their beauties. Such a course is highly risky until a
+wide experience of actual master-play has developed a sufficient insight
+into all the possibilities of a position. This game, which won the
+brilliancy prize at St. Petersburg in 1914, continued as follows:--
+
+       21. B - R 4                Q - Q 2
+       22. Kt x B                 Q x R
+       23. Q - Q 8 ch             Q - K 1
+
+If K - B 2; 24 Kt - Q 6 ch, King moves; 25 mate.
+
+       24. B - K 7 ch             K - B 2
+       25. Kt - Q 6 ch            K - Kt 3
+       26. Kt - R 4 ch            K - R 4
+
+If 26...K - R 3; 27 Kt (Q 6) - B 5 ch, K - R 4; 28 Kt x P ch, K - R 3;
+29 Kt (R 4) - B 5 ch, K - Kt 3; 30 Q - Q 6 ch and mate next move.
+
+       27. Kt x Q                 R x Q
+       28. Kt x P ch              K - R 3
+       29. Kt (Kt 7) - B 5 ch     K - R 4
+       30. P - K R 3 !
+
+The climax of the combination started with 21 B - R 4. White is still
+threatening mate, and the best way to avoid it is for Black to give back
+all the material he has gained and to remain three Pawns behind.
+
+The student should note that in the examples given the attack is carried
+out with every available piece, {82} and that often, as in some of the
+variations pointed out, it is the coming into action of the last available
+piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It demonstrates the principle
+already stated:
+
+_Direct and violent attacks against the King must be carried _en masse_,
+with full force, to ensure their success. The opposition must be overcome
+at all cost; the attack cannot be broken off, since in all such cases that
+means defeat._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+22. THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED ATTACK
+
+Failing an opportunity, in the second case, for direct attack, one must
+attempt to increase whatever weakness there may be in the opponent's
+position; or, if there is none, one or more must be created. It is always
+an advantage to threaten something, but such threats must be carried into
+effect only if something is to be gained immediately. For, holding the
+threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against its execution and to
+keep material in readiness to meet it. Thus he may more easily overlook, or
+be unable to parry, a thrust at another point. But once the threat is
+carried into effect, it exists no longer, and your opponent can devote his
+attention to his own schemes. One of the best and most successful
+manoeuvres in this type of game is to make a demonstration on one side, so
+as to draw the forces of your opponent to that side, then through the
+greater mobility of your pieces to shift your forces quickly {83} to the
+other side and break through, before your opponent has had the time to
+bring over the necessary forces for the defence.
+
+A good example of positional play is shown in the following game:
+
+EXAMPLE 52.--Played at the Havana International Masters Tournament, 1913.
+(French Defence.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Blanco.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             P x P
+        4. Kt x P                 Kt - Q 2
+        5. Kt - K B 3             K Kt - B 3
+        6. Kt x Kt ch             Kt x Kt
+        7. Kt - K 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This move was first shown to me by the talented Venezuelan amateur, M.
+Ayala. The object is to {84} prevent the development of Black's Queen's
+Bishop _via_ Q Kt 2, after P - Q Kt 3, which is Black's usual development
+in this variation. Generally it is bad to move the same piece twice in an
+opening before the other pieces are out, and the violation of that
+principle is the only objection that can be made to this move, which
+otherwise has everything to recommend it.
+
+        7. ........               B - Q 3
+        8. Q - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+B - K Kt 5 might be better. The text move gives Black an opportunity of
+which he does not avail himself
+
+        8. ........               P - B 3
+
+P - B 4 was the right move. It would have led to complications, in which
+Black might have held his own; at least, White's play would be very
+difficult. The text move accomplishes nothing, and puts Black {85} in an
+altogether defensive position. The veiled threat B x Kt; followed by
+Q - R 4 ch; is easily met.
+
+        9. P - B 3                O - O
+       10. B - K Kt 5             B - K 2
+
+The fact that Black has now to move his Bishop back clearly demonstrates
+that Black's plan of development is faulty. He has lost too much time, and
+White brings his pieces into their most attacking position without
+hindrance of any sort.
+
+       11. B - Q 3                Kt - K 1
+
+The alternative was Kt - Q 4. Otherwise White would play Q - R 3, and Black
+would be forced to play P - K Kt 3 (not P - K R 3, because of the sacrifice
+B x P), seriously weakening his King's side.
+
+       12. Q - R 3                P - K B 4
+
+White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled Black to create a
+marked weakness. Now White's whole plan will be to exploit this weakness
+(the weak K P), and the student can now see how the principles expounded
+previously are applied in this game. Every move is directed to make the
+weak King's Pawn untenable, or to profit by the inactivity of the Black
+pieces defending the Pawn, in order to improve the position of White at
+other points.
+
+       13. B x B                  Q x B
+       14. O - O                  R - B 3
+       15. K R - K 1              Kt - Q 3
+       16. R - K 2                B - Q 2
+
+{86} At last the Bishop comes out, not as an active attacking piece, but
+merely to make way for the Rook.
+
+       17. Q R - K 1              R - K 1
+       18. P - Q B 4              Kt - B 2
+
+A very clever move, tending to prevent P - B 5, and tempting White to play
+Kt x B, followed by B x P, which would be bad, as the following variation
+shows: 19 Kt x B, Q x Kt; 20 B x P, Kt - Kt 4; 21 Q - Kt 4, R x B;
+22 P - K R 4, P - K R 4; 23 Q x R, P x Q; 24 R x R ch, K - R 2; 25 P x Kt,
+Q x P. But it always happens in such cases that, if one line of attack is
+anticipated, there is another; and this is no exception to the rule, as
+will be seen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       19. P - Q 5 !              Kt x Kt
+
+Apparently the best way to meet the manifold threats of White. B P x P
+would make matters worse, as the White Bishop would finally bear on the
+weak King's Pawn _via_ Q B 4. {87}
+
+       20. R x Kt                 P - K Kt 3
+       21. Q - R 4                K - Kt 2
+       22. Q - Q 4                P - B 4
+
+Forced, as White threatened P x K P, and also Q x P
+
+       23. Q - B 3                P - Kt 3
+
+Q - Q 3 was better. But Black wants to tempt White to play P x P, thinking
+that he will soon after regain his Pawn with a safe position. Such,
+however, is not the case, as White quickly demonstrates. I must add that in
+any case Black's position is, in my opinion, untenable, since all his
+pieces are tied up for the defence of a Pawn, while White's pieces are free
+to act.
+
+       24. P x P                  B - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       25. B - K 2 !
+
+The deciding and timely manoeuvre. All the Black pieces are useless after
+this Bishop reaches Q 5. {88}
+
+       25. ........               B x P
+       26. B - B 3                K - B 2
+       27. B - Q 5                Q - Q 3
+
+Now it is evident that all the Black pieces are tied up, and it only
+remains for White to find the quickest way to force the issue. White will
+now try to place his Queen at K R 6, and then advance the K R P to R 5 in
+order to break up the Black Pawns defending the King.
+
+       28. Q - K 3                R - K 2
+
+If 28...P - B 5; 29 Q - K R 3, P - K R 4; 30 Q - R 4, R - K 2; 31 Q - Kt 5,
+K - Kt 2; 32 P - K R 4, Q - Q 2; 33 P - K Kt 3, P x P; 34 P - B 4, and
+Black will soon be helpless, as he has to mark time with his pieces while
+White prepares to advance P - R 5, and finally at the proper time to play
+R x B, winning.
+
+       29. Q - R 6                K - Kt 1
+       30. P - K R 4              P - R 3
+       31. P - R 5                P - B 5
+       32. P x P                  P x P
+       33. R x B                  Resigns.
+
+Commenting on White's play in this game, Dr. E. Lasker said at the time
+that if White's play were properly analysed it might be found that there
+was no way to improve upon it.
+
+These apparently simple games are often of the most difficult nature.
+Perfection in such cases is much more difficult to obtain than in those
+positions calling {89} for a brilliant direct attack against the King,
+involving sacrifices of pieces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+23. RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE
+
+In the third case, there is nothing to do, once the material advantage is
+obtained, but to submit to the opponent's attack for a while, and once it
+has been repulsed to act quickly with all your forces and win on material.
+A good example of this type of game is given below.
+
+EXAMPLE 53.--From the Havana International Masters Tournament, 1913. (Ruy
+Lopez.) White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               Kt - B 3
+        4. O - O                  P - Q 3
+        5. B x Kt ch              P x B
+        6. P - Q 4                B - K 2
+        7. Kt - B 3
+
+P x P might be better, but at the time I was not familiar with that
+variation, and therefore I played what I knew to be good.
+
+        7. ........               Kt - Q 2
+        8. P x P                  P x P
+        9. Q - K 2                O - O
+       10. R - Q 1                B - Q3
+       11. B - Kt 5               Q - K 1
+       12. Kt - K R 4             P - Kt 3
+
+{90} Black offers the exchange in order to gain time and to obtain an
+attack. Without considering at all whether or not such a course was
+justified on the part of Black, it is evident that as far as White is
+concerned there is only one thing to do, viz., to win the exchange and then
+prepare to weather the storm. Then, once it is passed, to act quickly with
+all forces to derive the benefit of numerical superiority.
+
+       13. B - R 6                Kt - B 4
+       14. R - Q 2                R - Kt 1
+       15. Kt - Q 1               R - Kt 5
+
+To force White to play P - Q B 4, and thus create a hole at Q 5 for his
+Knight.[7] Such grand tactics show the hand of a master.
+
+       16. P - Q B 4              Kt - K 3
+       17. B x R                  Q x B
+       18. Kt - K 3
+
+Kt - K B 3 was better.
+
+       18. ........               Kt - Q 5
+       19. Q - Q 1                P - Q B 4
+
+In order to prevent R x Kt giving back the exchange, but winning a Pawn and
+relieving the position.
+
+       20. P - Q Kt 3             R - Kt 1
+
+In order to play B - Kt 2 without blocking his Rook.
+
+{91} Black's manoeuvring for positional advantage is admirable throughout
+this game, and if he loses it is due entirely to the fact that the
+sacrifice of the exchange, without even a Pawn for it, could not succeed
+against sound defensive play.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       21. Kt - B 3               P - B 4
+       22. P x P                  P x P
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The position begins to look really dangerous for White. In reality Black's
+attack is reaching its maximum force. Very soon it will reach the apex, and
+then {92} White, who is well prepared, will begin his counter action, and
+through his superiority in material obtain an undoubted advantage.
+
+       23. Kt - B 1               P - B 5
+       24. Kt x Kt                B P x Kt
+       25. Q - R 5                B - Kt 2
+       26. R - K 1                P - B 4
+
+He could not play R - K 1 because of R x Q P. Besides, he wants to be ready
+to play P - K 5. At present White cannot with safety play R x K P, but he
+will soon prepare the way for it. Then, by giving up a Rook for a Bishop
+and a Pawn, he will completely upset Black's attack and come out a Pawn
+ahead. It is on this basis that White's whole defensive manoeuvre is
+founded.
+
+       27. P - B 3                R - K 1
+       28. R (Q 2) - K 2          R - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now the Black Rook enters into the game, but White is prepared. It is now
+time to give back the exchange. {93}
+
+       29. R x P                  B x R
+       30. R x B                  R - K R 3
+       31. Q - K 8                Q x Q
+       32. R x Q ch               K - B 2
+       33. R - K 5                R - Q B 3
+       34. Kt - Q 2
+
+R - B 5 ch might have been better. The text move did not prove as strong as
+anticipated.
+
+       34. ........               K - B 3
+       35. R - Q 5                R - K 3
+       36. Kt - K 4 ch            K - K 2
+
+R x Kt would lose easily
+
+       37. R x B P                P - Q 6 !
+
+Very fine. White cannot play R B 7 ch because of K - Q 1; R x B, R x Kt
+winning.
+
+       38. K - B 2                B x Kt
+       39. P x B                  R x P
+       40. R - Q 5                R - K 6
+
+The ending is very difficult to win. At this point White had to make the
+last move before the game was adjourned.
+
+[Illustration] {94}
+
+       41. P - Q Kt 4 !           R - K 5
+       42. R x P                  R x P
+       43. R - K R 3              R x P
+       44. R x P ch               K - B 3
+       45. R x P                  K - B 4
+       46. K - B 3                R - Kt 7
+       47. R - R 5 ch             K - B 3
+       48. R - R 4                K - Kt 4
+       49. R x P                  R x R P
+       50. P - R 4 ch             K - R 4
+       51. R - B 5 ch             K - R 3
+       52. P - Kt 4               Resigns
+
+I have passed over the game lightly because of its difficult nature, and
+because we are at present concerned more with the opening and the
+middle-game than we are with the endings, which will be treated separately.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+24. CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE OF ACTION
+
+Very often in a game a master only plays to cut off, so to speak, one of
+the pieces from the scene of actual conflict. Often a Bishop or a Knight is
+completely put out of action. In such cases we might say that from that
+moment the game is won, because for all practical purposes there will be
+one more piece on one side than on the other. A very good illustration is
+furnished by the following game. {95}
+
+EXAMPLE 54.--Played at the Hastings Victory Tournament, 1919. (Four
+Knights.) White: W. Winter. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. Kt - B 3               Kt - B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+        5. O - O                  O - O
+        6. B x Kt
+
+Niemzowitch's variation, which I have played successfully in many a game.
+It gives White a very solid game. Niemzowitch's idea is that White will in
+due time be able to play P - K B 4, opening a line for his Rooks, which, in
+combination with the posting of a Knight at K B 5, should be sufficient to
+win. He thinks that should Black attempt to stop the Knight from going to
+K B 5, he will have to weaken his game in some other way. Whether this is
+true or not remains to be proved, but in my opinion the move is perfectly
+good. On the other hand, there is no question that Black can easily develop
+his pieces. But it must be considered that in this variation White does not
+attempt to hinder Black's development, he simply attempts to build up a
+position which he considers impregnable and from which he can start an
+attack in due course.
+
+        6. ........               Q P x B
+
+{96} The alternative, Kt P x B; gives White the best of the game, without
+doubt.[8]
+
+        7. P - Q 3                B - Q 3
+        8. B - Kt 5
+
+This move is not at all in accordance with the nature of this variation.
+The general strategical plan for White is to play P - K R 3, to be followed
+in time by the advance of the K Kt P to Kt 4, and the bringing of the Q Kt
+to K B 5 via K 2 and K Kt 3 or Q 1 and K 3. Then, if possible, the K Kt is
+linked with the other Kt by placing it at either K R 4, K Kt 3, or K 3 as
+the occasion demands. The White King sometimes remains at Kt 1, and other
+times it is placed at K Kt 2, but mostly at K R 1. Finally, in most cases
+comes P - K B 4, and then the real attack begins. Sometimes it is a direct
+assault against the King,[9] and at other times it comes simply to
+finessing for positional advantage in the end-game, after most of the
+pieces have been exchanged.[10]
+
+        8. ........               P - K R 3
+        9. B - R 4                P - B 4
+
+{97}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To prevent P - Q 4 and to draw White into playing Kt - Q 5, which would
+prove fatal. Black's plan is to play P - K Kt 4, as soon as the
+circumstances permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from the pin by
+the Bishop.
+
+       10. Kt - Q 5
+
+White falls into the trap. Only lack of experience can account for this
+move. White should have considered that a player of my experience and
+strength could never allow such a move if it were good.
+
+       10. ........               P - K Kt 4
+
+[Illustration] {98} After this move White's game is lost. White cannot play
+Kt x Kt P, because Kt x Kt will win a piece. Therefore he must play
+B - Kt 3, either before or after Kt x Kt, with disastrous results in either
+case, as will be seen.
+
+       11. Kt x Kt ch             Q x Kt
+       12. B - Kt 3               B - Kt 5
+       13. P - K R 3              B x Kt
+       14. Q x B                  Q x Q
+       15. P x Q                  P - K B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A simple examination will show that White is minus a Bishop for all
+practical purposes. He can only free it by sacrificing one Pawn, and
+possibly not even then. At least it would lose time besides the Pawn. Black
+now devotes all his energy to the Queen's side, and, having practically a
+Bishop more, the result cannot be in doubt. The rest of the game is given,
+so that the student may see how simple it is to win such a game. {99}
+
+       16. K - Kt 2               P - Q R 4
+       17. P - Q R 4              K - B 2
+       18. R - R 1                K - K 3
+       19. P - R 4                K R - Q Kt 1
+
+There is no necessity to pay any attention to the King's side, because
+White gains nothing by exchanging Pawns and opening the King's Rook file.
+
+       20. P x P                  R P x P
+       21. P - Kt 3               P - B 3
+       22. R - Q R 2              P - Kt 4
+       23. K R - R 1              P - B 5
+
+If White takes the proffered Pawn, Black regains it immediately by
+R - Kt 5, after P x B P.
+
+       24. R P x P                P x P (Kt 6)
+       25. B P x P                R x P
+       26. R - R 4                R x P
+       27. P - Q 4                R - Kt 4
+       28. R - B 4                R - Kt 5
+       29. R x B P                R x P
+           Resigns
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+25. A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A SPECIMEN GAME
+
+Now that a few of my games with my own notes have been given, I offer for
+close perusal and study a very fine game played by Sir George Thomas, one
+of England's foremost players, against Mr. F. F. L. Alexander, in the
+championship of the City of London Chess Club in the winter of 1919-1920.
+It has the {100} interesting feature for the student that Sir George Thomas
+kindly wrote the notes to the game for me at my request, and with the
+understanding that I would make the comments on them that I considered
+appropriate. Sir George Thomas' notes are in brackets and thus will be
+distinguished from my own comments.
+
+EXAMPLE 55.--Queen's Gambit Declined. (_The notes within brackets by Sir
+George Thomas._) White: Mr. F. F. L. Alexander. Black: Sir George Thomas.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        5. B - Kt 5               P - B 3
+        6. P - K 3                Q - R 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(One of the objects of Black's method of defence is to attack White's Q Kt
+doubly by Kt - K 5, followed by P x P. But 7 Kt - Q 2 is probably a strong
+way {101} of meeting this threat.) There are, besides, two good reasons for
+this method of defence; first, that it is not as much played as some of the
+other defences and consequently not so well known, and second that it
+leaves Black with two Bishops against B and Kt, which, in a general way,
+constitutes an advantage.
+
+        7. B x Kt                 Kt x B
+        8. P - Q R 3              Kt - K 5
+        9. Q - Kt 3               B - K 2
+
+This is not the logical place for the B which should have been posted at
+Q 3. In the opening, time is of great importance, and therefore the player
+should be extremely careful in his development and make sure that he posts
+his pieces in the right places.
+
+       10. B - Q 3                Kt x Kt
+       11. P x Kt                 P x P
+       12. B x B P                B - B 3
+
+(I did not want White's Kt to come to K 5, from where I could not dislodge
+it by P - K B 3 without weakening my K P.) The same result could be
+accomplished by playing B - Q 3. Incidentally it bears out my previous
+statement that the B should have been originally played to Q 3.
+
+       13. O - O
+
+The alternative was P - K 4, followed by P - K 5, and then O - O. White
+would thereby assume the initiative but would weaken his Pawn position
+considerably, and might be compelled to stake all on a {102} violent attack
+against the King. This is a turning point in the game, and it is in such
+positions that the temperament and style of the player decide the course of
+the game.
+
+       13. ........               O - O
+       14. P - K 4                P - K 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. P - Q 5
+
+(White might play 15 K R - Q 1, keeping the option of breaking up the
+centre later on. I wanted him to advance this P as there is now a fine post
+for my B at Q B 4.) By this move White shows that he does not understand
+the true value of his position. His only advantage consisted in the
+undeveloped condition of Black's Q B. He should therefore have made a plan
+to prevent the B from coming out, or if that were not possible, then he
+should try to force Black to weaken his Pawn position in order to come out
+with the B. There were three moves to consider: first, {103} P - Q R 4, in
+order to maintain the White B in the dominating position that it now
+occupies. This would have been met by Q - B 2; second, either of the Rooks
+to Q 1 in order to threaten 16 P x P, B x P; 17 Kt x B, Q x Kt;
+18 B x P ch. This would have been met by B - Kt 5; and third, P - K R 3 to
+prevent B - Kt 5 and by playing either R to Q 1, followed up as previously
+stated to force Black to play P - Q Kt 4, which would weaken his Queen's
+side Pawns. Thus by playing P - K R 3 White would have attained the desired
+object. The text move blocks the action of the White B and facilitates
+Black's development. Hereafter White will act on the defensive, and the
+interest throughout the rest of the game will centre mainly on Black's play
+and the manner in which he carries out the attack.
+
+       15. ........               Q - B 2
+       16. B - Q 3
+
+(This seems wrong, as it makes the development of Black's Queen wing
+easier. At present he cannot play P - Q Kt 3, because of the reply P x P
+followed by B - Q 5.)
+
+       16. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+       17. P - B 4                B - Kt 2
+       18. K R - B 1
+
+(With the idea of Q R - Kt 1 and P - B 5. But it only compels Black to
+bring his B to Q B 4, which he would do in any case.)
+
+{104} /*    18. ........ B - K 2    19. R - B 2 B - B 4    20. Q - Kt 2
+P - B 3 */
+
+(It would have been better, probably, to play 20...K R - K 1, with the idea
+of P - B 4 presently.) Black's play hereabout is weak; it lacks force, and
+there seems to be no well-defined plan of attack. It is true that these are
+the most difficult positions to handle in a game. In such cases a player
+must conceive a plan on a large scale, which promises chances of success,
+and with it all, it must be a plan that can be carried out with the means
+at his disposal. From the look of the position it seems that Black's best
+chance would be to mass his forces for an attack against White's centre, to
+be followed by a direct attack against the King. He should, therefore, play
+Q R - K 1, threatening P - K B 4. If White is able to defeat this plan, or
+rather to prevent it, then, once he has fixed some of the White pieces on
+the King's side, he should quickly shift his attack to the Queen's side,
+and open a line for his Rooks, which, once they enter in action, should
+produce an advantage on account of the great power of the two Bishops.
+
+       21. Q R - Kt 1             Q R - Q 1
+       22. P - Q R 4              B - R 3
+       23. R - Q 1
+
+(White has clearly lost time with his Rook's moves.)
+
+       23. ........               K R - K 1
+       24. Q - Kt 3
+
+{105}
+
+(To bring his Queen across after Kt - R 4 and B - K 2.)
+
+       24. ........               R - Q 3
+       25. Kt - R 4               P - Kt 3
+       26. B - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       26. ........               P x P
+
+(I thought this exchange necessary here, as White is threatening to play
+his Bishop via Kt 4 to K 6. If he retook with the Bishop's Pawn I intended
+to exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one on the Queen's wing. I
+did not expect him to retake it with the King's Pawn, which seemed to
+expose him to a violent King's side attack.) Black's judgment in this
+instance I believe to be faulty. Had White retaken with the B P, as he
+expected, he would have had the worst of the Pawn position, as White would
+have had a passed Pawn well supported on the Queen's side. His only
+advantage would lie in his having a very well posted Bishop against a badly
+{106} posted Knight, and on the fact that in such positions as the above,
+the Bishop is invariably stronger than the Knight. He could and should have
+prevented all that, by playing B - B 1, as, had White then replied with
+Q - Kt 3, he could then play P x P, and White would not have been able to
+retake with the B P on account of B x P ch winning the exchange.
+
+       27. K P x P                P - K 5
+       28. P - Kt 3               P - K 6
+
+I do not like this move. It would have been better to hold it in reserve
+and to have played P - B 4, to be followed in due time by P - K Kt 4 and
+P - B 5, after having placed the Q at Q 2, K B 2, or some other square as
+the occasion demanded. The text move blocks the action of the powerful B at
+Q B 4, and tends to make White's position safer than it should have been.
+The move in itself is a very strong attacking move, but it is isolated, and
+there is no effective continuation. Such advances as a rule should only be
+made when they can be followed by a concerted action of the pieces.
+
+       29. P - B 4                B - B 1
+       30. Kt - B 3               B - B 4
+       31. R - Kt 2               R - K 5
+       32. K - Kt 2               Q - B 1
+       33. Kt - Kt 1              P - K Kt 4
+
+{107}
+
+(If now 34 B - B 3, P x P; 35 B x R, B x B ch, with a winning attack.)
+
+       34. P x P                  P x P
+       35. R - K B 1              P - Kt 5
+
+R - R 3 was the alternative. White's only move would have been K - R 1. The
+position now is evidently won for Black, and it is only a question of
+finding the right course. The final attack is now carried on by Sir George
+Thomas in an irreproachable manner.
+
+       36. B - Q 3                R - K B 3
+       37. Kt - K 2               Q - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(Again preventing B x R, by the masked attack on White's Rook. White
+therefore protects his Rook.) If Kt - B 4, P - K 7 !; 39 Kt x P, R x Kt ch;
+40 R x R, B - K 5 ch !!; 41 B x B, best, R x R and White is lost. If,
+however, against 38 Kt - B 4, Black plays Q - R 3, and White 39 Q - B 2, I
+take pleasure {108} in offering the position to my readers as a most
+beautiful and extraordinary win for Black, beginning with
+39...Q - R 6 ch !!! I leave the variations for the student to work out.
+
+       38. R (Kt 2) - Kt 1        Q - R 3
+       39. Q - B 2
+
+(Making a double attack on the Rook--which still cannot be taken--and
+preparing to defend the K R P.) If either the Rook or Bishop are taken
+White would be mated in a few moves.
+
+       39. ........               Q - R 6 ch
+       40. K - R 1                R x P !!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(If 40...R - R 3; 41 Kt - Kt 1, Q x Kt P; 42 Q - K Kt 2. Black therefore
+tries to get the Queen away from the defence.) A very beautiful move, and
+the best way to carry on the attack.
+
+       41. Q x R
+
+{109}
+
+(The best defence was 41 R x B, but Black would emerge with Queen against
+Rook and Knight.)
+
+       41. ........               B x B
+
+(Again, not R - K R 3; because of P - Q 6 dis. ch.)
+
+       42. R x R
+
+(If 42 Q x B, then, at last, R - R 3 wins.)
+
+       42. ........               B x Q
+       43. Kt - B 4               P - K 7 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(The Queen has no escape, but White has no time to take it.)
+
+       44. R - K Kt 1             Q - B 8
+
+White resigns. A very fine finish.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{110}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+END-GAME STRATEGY
+
+We must now revert once more to the endings. Their importance will have
+become evident to the student who has taken the trouble to study my game
+with Janowski (Example 53). After an uneventful opening--a Ruy Lopez--in
+one of its normal variations, my opponent suddenly made things interesting
+by offering the exchange; an offer which, of course, I accepted. Then
+followed a very hard, arduous struggle, in which I had to defend myself
+against a very dangerous attack made possible by the excellent manoeuvring
+of my adversary. Finally, there came the time when I could give back the
+material and change off most of the pieces, and come to an ending in which
+I clearly had the advantage. But yet the ending itself was not as simple as
+it at first appeared, and finally--perhaps through one weak move on my
+part--it became a very difficult matter to find a win. Had I been a weak
+end-game player the game would probably have ended in a draw, and all my
+previous efforts would have been in vain. Unfortunately, that is very often
+the case among the large majority of players; they are weak in the endings;
+a failing from which masters of the first rank are at times not free. {111}
+Incidentally, I might call attention to the fact that all the world's
+champions of the last sixty years have been exceedingly strong in the
+endings: Morphy, Steinitz, and Dr. Lasker had no superiors in this
+department of the game while they held their titles.
+
+26. THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE
+
+I have previously stated, when speaking about general theory, that at times
+the way to win consists in attacking first on one side, then, granted
+greater mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly from one
+side to the other, breaking through before your opponent has been able to
+bring up sufficient forces to withstand the attack. This principle of the
+middle-game can sometimes be applied in the endings in somewhat similar
+manner.
+
+EXAMPLE 56.
+
+[Illustration] {112}
+
+In the above position I, with the Black pieces, played:
+
+        1. ........               R - K 5 ch
+        2. R - K 2                R - Q R 5
+        3. R - R 2                P - K R 4
+
+The idea, as will be seen very soon, is to play P - R 5 in order to fix
+White's King's side Pawns with a view to the future. It is evident to Black
+that White wants to bring his King to Q Kt 3 to support his two weak
+isolated Pawns, and thus to free his Rooks. Black, therefore, makes a plan
+to shift the attack to the King's side at the proper time, in order to
+obtain some advantage from the greater mobility of his Rooks.
+
+        4. R - Q 1                R (Q 4) - Q R 4
+
+in order to force the Rook to Rook's square, keeping both Rooks tied up.
+
+        5. R (Q 1) - R 1          P - R 5
+        6. K - Q 2                K - Kt 2
+        7. K - B 2                R - K Kt 4
+
+Black begins to transfer his attack to the King's side.
+
+        8. R - K Kt 1
+
+A serious mistake, which loses quickly. White should have played
+8 K - Kt 3, when Black would have answered 8...R (R 5) - R 4; 9 P - B 3,
+and Black would have obtained an opening at K Kt 6 for his King, which in
+the end might give him the victory.
+
+        8. ........               R - K B 5
+
+{113} Now the King cannot go to Kt 3, because of R - Kt 4 ch.
+
+        9. K - Q 3                R - B 6 ch
+       10. K - K 2
+
+If P x R, R x R; followed by R - K R 8 winning,
+
+       10. ........               R x R P
+
+and Black won after a few moves.
+
+EXAMPLE 57.--Another good example, in which is shown the advantage of the
+greater mobility of the pieces in an ending, is the following from a game
+Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters Tournament, 1913. The full
+score and notes of the game can be found in the book of the tournament.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White's only advantage in the above position is that he possesses the open
+file and has the move, which will secure him the initiative. There is also
+the slight advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side united, while
+Black has an isolated Q R P. The {114} proper course, as in the previous
+ending, is to bring the Rooks forward, so that at least one of them may be
+able to shift from one side of the board to the other, and thus keep
+Black's Rooks from moving freely. What this means in general theory has
+been stated already; it really means: _keep harassing the enemy; force him
+to use his big pieces to defend Pawns. If he has a weak point, try to make
+it weaker, or create another weakness somewhere else and his position will
+collapse sooner or later. If he has a weakness, and he can get rid of it,
+make sure that you create another weakness somewhere else_.
+
+From the position in question the game continued thus:
+
+        1. R - K 4                K R - K 1
+
+with the object of repeating White's manoeuvre, and also not to allow White
+the control of the open file.
+
+        2. Q R - K 1              R - K 3
+        3. Q R - K 3              R (B 1) - K 1
+        4. K - B 1                K - B 1
+
+Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the board in order to be
+nearer to whatever point White decides to attack. The move is justified at
+least on the general rule that in such endings the King should be in the
+middle of the board. He does nothing after all but follow White's
+footsteps. Besides, it is hard to point out anything better. If
+4...P - Q 4; 5 R - Kt 4 ch, followed by K - K 2, would leave Black in {115}
+a very disagreeable position. If 4...P - K B 4; 5 R - Q 4! R x R? 6 P x R,
+R x P; 7 K - B 2, R - K 2; 8 R - Q R 4, winning the Q R P, which would
+practically leave White with a passed Pawn ahead on the Queen's side, as
+the three Pawns of Black on the King's side would be held by the two of
+White.
+
+        5. K - K 2                K - K 2
+        6. R - Q R 4              R - Q R 1
+
+The student should note that through the same manoeuvre Black is forced
+into a position similar to the one shown in the previous ending.
+
+        7. R - R 5!
+
+This move has a manifold object. It practically fixes all of Black's Pawns
+except the Q P, which is the only one that can advance two squares. It
+specially prevents the advance of Black's K B Pawns, and at the same time
+threatens the advance of White's K B Pawns to B 4 and B 5. By this threat
+it practically forces Black to play P - Q 4, which is all White desires,
+for reasons that will soon become evident.
+
+        7. ........               P - Q 4
+        8. P - Q B 4!             K - Q 3
+
+Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a Pawn would have been
+P x P, which would have left all Black's Pawns isolated and weak. If
+8...P - Q 5; 9 R - K 4, K - Q 3; 10 P - Q Kt 4! R - K 4; 11 R - R 6, and
+Black's game is hopeless.
+
+        9. P - B 5 ch             K - Q 2
+       10. P - Q 4                P - B 4
+
+{116} Apparently very strong, since it forces the exchange of Rooks because
+of the threat R - R 3; but in reality it leads to nothing. The best chance
+was to play R - K K 1.
+
+       11. R x R                  P x R
+       12. P - B 4
+
+Up to now White had played with finesse, but this last move is weak.
+R - R 6 was the proper way to continue, so as to force Black to give up his
+Q R P or Q B P.
+
+       12. ........               K - B 1
+       13. K - Q 2
+
+Again a bad move. 13 R - R 3 was the proper continuation, and if then
+13...R - Kt 1; 14 P - Kt 3, K - Kt 2; 15 P - Kt 4, K - R 1; 16 R - Q Kt 3,
+with excellent winning chances; in fact, I believe, a won game.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               K - Kt 2
+
+Black misses his only chance. R - Kt 1 would have drawn. {117}
+
+       14. R - R 3                R - K Kt 1
+       15. R - R 3                R - Kt 2
+       16. K - K 2                K - R 3
+       17. R - R 6                R - K 2
+       18. K - Q 3                K - Kt 2
+
+He goes back with the King to support his K P, and thus be able to utilise
+his Rook. It is, however, useless, and only White's weak play later on
+gives him further chances of a draw.
+
+       19. P - K R 4              K - B 1
+       20. R - R 5
+
+To prevent the Black Rook from controlling the open file
+
+       20. ........               K - Q 2
+       21. R - Kt 5               R - B 2
+       22. K - B 3                K - B 1
+
+He must keep his King on that side because White threatens to march with
+his King to R 6 via Kt 4.
+
+       23. K - Kt 4               R - B 3
+       24. K - R 5                K - Kt 2
+       25. P - R 4                P - Q R 3
+       26. P - R 5                R - R 3
+
+He can do nothing but wait for White. The text move stops White from moving
+his Rook, but only for one move.
+
+       27. P - Kt 4               R - B 3
+
+The only other move was K - R 2; when White could play R - Kt 7, or even
+P - Kt 5. {118}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       28. P - Kt 5
+
+A weak move, which gives Black a fighting chance. In this ending, as is
+often the case with most players, White plays the best moves whenever the
+situation is difficult and requires careful handling, but once his position
+seems to be overwhelming he relaxes his efforts and the result is nothing
+to be proud of. The right move was 28 R - Kt 7.
+
+       28. ........               R P x P
+       29. P x P                  R - B 1 !
+       30. R - Kt 7               R - R 1 ch
+       31. K - Kt 4               P x P
+       32. K x P                  R - R 7
+       33. P - B 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+       34. R x R P                R - Kt 7 ch
+       35. K - R 5                R - R 7 ch
+       36. K - Kt 4               R x P
+
+Black misses his last chance: R - Kt 7 ch, forcing the King to B 3, in
+order to avoid the perpetual, {119} would probably draw. The reader must
+bear in mind that my opponent was then a very young and inexperienced
+player, and consequently deserves a great deal of credit for the fight he
+put up.
+
+       37. R - K 7                R x P
+
+R - Kt 7 ch; followed by R - K R 7, offered better chances.
+
+       38. P - R 6!               R x P ch
+       39. K - Kt 5               R - Q 8
+       40. P - R 7                R - Kt 8 ch
+       41. K - B 5                R - B 8 ch
+       42. K - Q 4                R - Q 8 ch
+       43. K - K 5                R - K 8 ch
+       44. K - B 6                R - K R 8
+       45. R - K 8 ch             K - R 2
+       46. P - R 8 (Q)            R x Q
+       47. R x R                  K - Kt 3
+       48. K x P                  K x P
+       49. K x P                  K - B 4
+       50. K - K 5                Resigns.
+
+This ending shows how easy it is to make weak moves, and how often, even in
+master-play, mistakes are made and opportunities are lost. It shows that,
+so long as there is no great advantage of material, even with a good
+position, a player, no matter how strong, cannot afford to relax his
+attention even for one move. {120}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+27. THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION
+
+EXAMPLE 58.--A good proof of the previous statement is shown in the
+following ending between Marshall and Kupchick in one of their two games in
+the same Tournament (Havana, 1913).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is evident that Marshall (White) is under great difficulties in the
+above position. Not only is he bound to lose a Pawn, but his position is
+rather poor. The best he could hope for was a draw unless something
+altogether unexpected happened, as it did. No reason can be given for
+Black's loss of the game except that he felt so certain of having the best
+of it with a Pawn more and what he considered a safe position, that he
+became exceedingly careless and did not consider the danger that actually
+existed. Let us see how it happened.
+
+        1. P - Kt 4               R x R P
+
+{121} The mistakes begin. This is the first. Black sees that he can take a
+Pawn without any danger, and does not stop to think whether there is
+anything better. R - B 7 ch was the right move. If then K - Kt 3, R x P. If
+instead White played K - K 4, then R - K 4 ch followed by R x R P.
+
+        2. R - Q 1                R - R 5 ch
+
+Mistake number two, and this time such a serious one as to almost lose the
+game. The proper move was to play P - B 4 in order to break up White's
+Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black King, which is actually
+in danger, as will soon be seen.
+
+        3. R - Q 4                R (R5) - R 4
+
+Mistake number three and this time fatal. His best move was R (Kt 4) - R 4.
+After the text move there is no defence. Black's game is lost. This shows
+that even an apparently simple ending has to be played with care. From a
+practically won position Black finds himself with a lost game, and it has
+only taken three moves.
+
+        4. R (Q 4) - Q 8          R - Kt 2
+
+If 4...P - B 4; 5 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 6 R (B 8) - Kt 8 ch, K - B 3;
+7 R x P ch, R - Kt 3; 8 P - Kt 5 ch, K - K 2; 9 R (R 6) x R, P x R;
+10 R - Kt 7 ch, K - K 1; 11 R x Kt P, and wins easily.
+
+        5. P - R 4                P - R 4
+        6. R - R 8 ch             Resigns.
+
+The reason is evident. If 6...K - Kt 3; 7 P x P ch, {122} R x P; 8 R x R,
+K x R; 9 R - R 8 ch, K - Kt 3; 10 P - R 5 mate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+28. ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS
+
+The reader has probably realised by this time that endings of two Rooks and
+Pawns are very difficult, and that the same holds true for endings of one
+Rook and Pawns. Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are not very common in
+actual play; but endings of one Rook and Pawns are about the most common
+sort of endings arising on the chess board. Yet though they do occur so
+often, few have mastered them thoroughly. They are often of a very
+difficult nature, and sometimes while apparently very simple they are in
+reality extremely intricate. Here is an example from a game between
+Marshall and Rosenthal in the Manhattan Chess Club Championship Tournament
+of 1909-1910.
+
+EXAMPLE 59.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{123} In this position Marshall had a simple win by R - B 7 ch, but played
+P - B 6, and thereby gave Black a chance to draw. Luckily for him Black did
+not see the drawing move, played poorly, and lost. Had Black been up to the
+situation he would have drawn by playing R - Q 3.
+
+        1. P - B 6                R - Q 3 !
+
+Now White has two continuations, either (_a_) P - B 7, or (_b_) R - B 7 ch.
+We have therefore:
+
+  (a)   2. P - B 7                R - Q 1 !
+        3. R - R 5 ch             K - B 5
+
+and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for Black's Pawn. Or--
+
+  (b)   2. R - B 7 ch             K - Q 5 !
+        3. P - B 7                R - Kt 3 ch !
+
+a very important move, as against R - K B 3, R - K 7 wins.
+
+        4. K - B 1                R - K B 3
+        5. R - Kt 7               K - B 6
+
+and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook for the Pawn, or draw by
+perpetual check.
+
+If there were nothing more in the ending it would not be of any great
+value, but there are other very interesting features. Now suppose that
+after 1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 P - B 7, Black did not realise that R - Q 1 was
+the only move to draw. {124} We would then have the following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now there would be two other moves to try: either (_a_) R - Kt 3 ch, or
+(_b_) R - K B 3. Let us examine them.
+
+  (a)   1. ........               R - Kt 3 ch
+        2. K - B 3                R - B 3 ch
+        3. K - K 3                R - K 3 ch
+
+If P - Kt 6; R - R 5 ch wins, because if the King goes back, then R - R 6,
+and if the King goes up, then R - R 4 ch, followed by R - K B 4 wins.
+
+        4. K - Q 3                R - K B 3
+
+If R - Q 3 ch; K - K 4 wins.
+
+        5. R - R 5 ch             K moves
+        6. R - R 6 wins
+
+
+
+  (b)   1. ........               R - B 3
+        2. R - Kt 7 !             K - B 5
+
+If P - Kt 6; R - Kt 3, and White will either capture the Pawn or go to
+K B 3, and come out with a winning ending. {125}
+
+        3. P - R 4                P - Kt 6
+        4. R - Kt 4 ch            K moves
+        5. R - Kt 3
+
+and White will either capture the Pawn or play R - K B 3, according to the
+circumstances, and come out with a winning ending.
+
+Now, going back to the position shown on page 122, suppose that after
+1 P - B 6, R - Q 3; 2 R - B 7 ch, Black did not realise that K - Q 5 was
+the only move to draw, and consequently played K - Kt 3 instead, we would
+then have the following position:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now the best continuation would be:
+
+        1. P - B 7                R - Kt 3 ch (best)
+        2. K - B 1                R - K B 3
+        3. R - K 7 !              K - B 4 (best)
+
+White threatened to check with the Rook at K 6.
+
+        4. K - K 2                P - Kt 6
+
+{126} Best. If K - B 5; both P - R 4 and K - K 3 will win; the last-named
+move particularly would win with ease.
+
+        5. R - K 3                P - Kt 7 (best)
+        6. R - Q Kt 3             R x P
+        7. R x P                  R - K R 2
+        8. R - Q 2                R x P
+        9. K - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This position we have arrived at is won by White, because there are two
+files between the opposing King and the Pawn from which the King is cut off
+by the Rook, and besides, the Pawn can advance to the fourth rank before
+the opponent's Rook can begin to check on the file. This last condition is
+very important, because if, instead of the position on the diagram, the
+Black Rook were at K R 1, and Black had the move, he could draw by
+preventing the {127} advance of the Pawn, either through constant checks or
+by playing R - K B 1 at the proper time.
+
+Now that we have explained the reasons why this position is won, we leave
+it to the student to work out the correct solution.
+
+The fact that out of one apparently simple ending we have been able to work
+out several most unusual and difficult endings should be sufficient to
+impress upon the student's mind the necessity of becoming well acquainted
+with all kinds of endings, and especially with endings of Rook and Pawns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+29. A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS
+
+Following our idea that the best way to learn endings as well as openings
+is to study the games of the masters, we give two more endings of two Rooks
+and Pawns. These endings, as already stated, are not very common, and the
+author is fortunate in having himself played more of these endings than is
+generally the case. By carefully comparing and studying the endings already
+given (Examples 56 and 57) with the following, the student no doubt can
+obtain an idea of the proper method to be followed in such cases. The way
+of procedure is somewhat similar in all of them.
+
+EXAMPLE 60.--From a game, Capablanca-Kreymborg, in the New York State
+Championship Tournament of 1910. {128}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is Black's move, and no doubt thinking that drawing such a position
+(that was all Black played for) would be easy, he contented himself with a
+waiting policy. Such conduct must always be criticised. It often leads to
+disaster. _The best way to defend such positions is to assume the
+initiative and keep the opponent on the defensive._
+
+        1. ........               Q R - K 1
+
+The first move is already wrong. There is nothing to gain by this move.
+Black should play P - Q R 4; to be followed by P - Q R 5; unless White
+plays P - Q Kt 3. That would _fix_ the Queen's side. After that he could
+decide what demonstration he could make with his Rooks to keep the
+opponent's Rooks at bay.
+
+        2. R - Q 4
+
+This move not only prevents P - B 5 which Black intended, but threatens
+P - Kt 3, followed, after {129} P x P ch, by the attack with one or both
+Rooks against Black's Q R P.
+
+        2. ........               R - B 3
+
+probably with the idea of a demonstration on the King's side by R - Kt 3
+and Kt 7.
+
+        3. P - Kt 3               P x P ch
+        4. P x P                  K - B 2
+        5. K - Q 3
+
+R - Q R 1 should have been played now, in order to force Black to defend
+with R - K 2. White, however, does not want to disclose his plan at once,
+and thus awaken Black to the danger of his position, hence this move, which
+seems to aim at the disruption of Black's Queen's side Pawns.
+
+        5. ........               R - K 2
+        6. R - Q R 1              K - K 3
+
+This is a mistake. Black is unaware of the danger of his position. He
+should have played P - Kt 4; threatening R - R 3, and, by making this
+demonstration against White's K R P, stop the attack against his Queen's
+side Pawns, which will now develop.
+
+        7. R - R 6                R - Q B 2
+
+He could not play K - Q 3, because P - Q B 4 would win at least a Pawn.
+This in itself condemns his last move K - K 3, which has done nothing but
+make his situation practically hopeless.
+
+        8. R (Q 4) - Q R 4        P - K Kt 4
+
+Now forced, but it is a little too late. He could not play 8...K R - B 2,
+because P - K B 4 would have {130} left his game completely paralysed.
+Black now finally awakens to the danger, and tries to save the day by the
+counter-demonstration on the King's side, which he should have started
+before. Of course, White cannot play R x R P, because of R x R, followed by
+R - R 3, recovering the Pawn with advantage.
+
+        9. P - K R 4 !            P - Kt 5
+
+Black is now in a very disagreeable position. If he played 9...P x P;
+10 R x P would leave him in a very awkward situation, as he could not go
+back with the King, nor could he do much with either Rook. He practically
+would have to play 10...P - K R 3, when White would answer 11 P - Kt 4,
+threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or, if that were not enough, he
+might play K - Q 4, to be followed finally by the entry of the King at B 5
+or K 5.
+
+       10. K - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+{131} /*    10. ........ P x P ch */
+
+Again he cannot play P - K R 4, because P - K B 4 would leave him
+paralysed. The advance of his K R P would make White's K R P safe, and
+consequently his K R would have to retire to K B 2 to defend the Q R P.
+That would make it impossible for his King to go to Q 2, because of the
+Q R P, nor could he advance a single one of his Pawns. On the other hand,
+White would play P - Kt 4, threatening to win a Pawn by P - Kt 5, or he
+might first play K - Q 4, and then at the proper time P - Kt 5, if there
+was nothing better. Black meanwhile could really do nothing but mark time
+with one of his Rooks. Compare this bottling-up system with the ending in
+Example 57, and it will be seen that it is very similar.
+
+       11. K x P                  R (B 3) - B 2
+       12. K - K 2
+
+Probably wrong. P - Kt 4 at once was the right move. The text move gives
+Black good chances of drawing.
+
+       12. ........               K - Q 3
+       13. P - Kt 4               R - Q Kt 2
+
+This could never have happened had White played 12 P - Kt 4, as he could
+have followed it up by P - Kt 5 after Black's K - Q 3.
+
+       14. P - R 5
+
+Not good. P - K B 4 offered the best chances of {132} winning by force. If
+then 14...R - Kt 2; 15 P - R 5, R - Kt 7 ch; 16 K - Q 3, R - K R 7;
+17 R x P, R x R; 18 R x R, R x P; 19 R - R 6, with winning chances.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       14. ........               P - R 3
+
+Black misses his last chance. P - B 5 would draw. If then 15 P x P,
+R (Kt 2) - K 2 ch !; 16 K - B 1, R x P; 17 R x P, R - K 6 !
+
+       15. P - K B 4              R - Kt 2
+       16. K - Q 3                R (K Kt 2) - K 2
+       17. R - R 1                R - Kt 2
+       18. K - Q 4                R - Kt 7
+       19. R (R 6) - R 2          R (Kt 2) - Kt 2
+
+R (Kt 7) - Kt 2 would have offered greater resistance, but the position is
+lost in any case. (I leave the student to work this out.)
+
+       20. K - Q 3 !              R x R
+       21. R x R                  R - K 2
+
+{133} Nothing would avail. If 21...R - Kt 8; 22 R - R 6 ! R - Q 8 ch;
+23 K - B 2, R - K R 8; 24 P - Kt 5, R x P; 25 R x P ch, K - Q 2;
+26 R - Q R 6, and White will win easily.
+
+       22. R - K Kt 2             R - K 3
+       23. R - Kt 7               R - K 2
+       24. R - Kt 8               P - B 4
+
+Black is desperate. He sees he can no longer defend his Pawns.
+
+       25. R - Kt 6 ch            R - K 3
+       26. P x P ch               K - Q 2
+       27. R - Kt 7 ch            K - B 3
+       28. R x P                  K x P
+       29. R - K B 7              Resigns.
+
+EXAMPLE 61.--From the game Capablanca-Janowski, New York National
+Tournament of 1913.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black's game has the disadvantage of his double Q B P, which, to make
+matters worse, he cannot {134} advance, because as soon as Black plays
+P - Q Kt 3, White replies P - Q Kt 4. It is on this fact that White builds
+his plans. He will stop Black's Queen's side Pawns from advancing, and will
+then bring his own King to K 3. Then in due time he will play P - Q 4, and
+finally P - K 5, or P - K Kt 5, thus forcing an exchange of Pawns and
+obtaining in that way a clear passed Pawn on the King's file. It will be
+seen that this plan was carried out during the course of the game, and that
+White obtained his winning advantage in that way. The play was based
+throughout on the chance of obtaining a passed Pawn on the King's file,
+with which White expected to win.
+
+        1. P - K Kt 4
+
+already preparing to play P - K Kt 5 when the time comes.
+
+        1. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+
+Black wants to play P - Q B 4, but White, of course, prevents it.
+
+        2. P - Kt 4 !             K - Kt 2
+
+This King should come to the King's side, where the danger lurks.
+
+        3. K - B 2                P - Q Kt 4
+
+With the object of playing K - Kt 3 and P - Q R 4, followed by P x P, and
+thus have an open file for his Rook and be able to make a
+counter-demonstration {135} on the Queen's side in order to stop White's
+advance on the right. White, however, also prevents this.
+
+        4. P - Q R 4 !            R - Q 5
+
+Of course if P x P; Black will have all his Pawns on the Queen's side
+disrupted and isolated, and White can easily regain the lost Pawn by
+playing either Rook on the Q R file.
+
+        5. R - Q Kt 1             R - K 4
+
+He still wants to play P - Q B 4, but as it is easy to foresee that White
+will again prevent it, the text move is really a serious loss of time.
+Black should bring his King over to the other side immediately.
+
+        6. K - K 3                R - Q 2
+        7. P - R 5
+
+The first part of White's strategic plan is now accomplished. Black's Pawns
+on the Queen's side are _fixed_ for all practical purposes.
+
+        7. ........               R - K 3
+
+If R x R; Kt P x R would have given White a very powerful centre. Yet it
+might have been the best chance for Black.
+
+        8. R (Kt) - K B 1         R (Q 2) - K 2
+        9. P - Kt 5               P x P
+       10. R x P
+
+{136}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second part of White's strategical plan is now accomplished. It remains
+to find out if the advantage obtained is sufficient to win. White not only
+has a passed Pawn, but his King is in a commanding position in the centre
+of the board ready to support the advance of White's Pawns, or, if
+necessary, to go to Q B 5, or to move to the right wing in case of danger.
+Besides, White holds the open file with one of his Rooks. Altogether
+White's position is superior and his chances of winning are excellent.
+
+       10. ........               R - R 3
+       11. R - Kt 3               R (R 3) - K 3
+
+to prevent P - Q 4. Also Black fears to keep his Rook in front of his two
+King's side Pawns which he may want to utilise later.
+
+       12. P - R 4                P - Kt 3
+       13. R - Kt 5               P - R 3
+
+{137} White threatens P - R 5, which would finally force Black to take, and
+then White would double his Rooks against the isolated Pawn and win it, or
+tie up Black's Rooks completely. The text move, however, only helps White;
+therefore Black had nothing better than to hold tight and wait. R - K 4
+would not help much, as White would simply answer R - B 8, R - K 1;
+R (Kt 5) x R, and whichever Rook Black took, White would have an easy game.
+(The student should carefully study these variations.)
+
+       14. R - Kt 4               R - Kt 2
+       15. P - Q 4                K - B 1
+       16. R - B 8 ch             K - Kt 2
+
+K - Q 2 would not help much, but since he made the previous move he should
+now be consistent and play it.
+
+       17. P - K 5                P - Kt 4
+       18. K - K 4                R (K 3) - K 2
+       19. P x P                  P x P
+       20. R - B 5                K - B 1
+       21. R (Kt 4) x P           R - R 2
+       22. R - R 5                K - Q 2
+       23. R x R                  R x R
+       24. R - B 8                R - R 5 ch
+       25. K - Q 3                R - R 6 ch
+  {138}
+       26. K - Q 2                P - B 4
+       27. Kt P x P               R - Q R 6
+       28. P - Q 5                Resigns.
+
+The winning tactics in all these endings have merely consisted in keeping
+the opponent's Rooks tied to the defence of one or more Pawns, leaving my
+own Rooks free for action. This is a general principle which can be equally
+applied to any part of the game. It means in general terms--
+
+_Keep freedom of manoeuvre while hampering your opponent._
+
+There is one more thing of great importance, and that is that the winning
+side has always had a general strategical plan capable of being carried out
+with the means at his disposal, while often the losing side had no plan at
+all, but simply moved according to the needs of the moment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+30. ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS _v._ ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS
+
+We shall now examine an ending of Rook, Bishop and Pawns against Rook,
+Knight and Pawns, where it will be seen that the Rook at times is used in
+the same way as in the endings already given.
+
+EXAMPLE 62.--From the first game of the Lasker-Marshall Championship Match
+in 1907. {139}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In this position it is Black's move. To a beginner the position may look
+like a draw, but the advanced player will realise immediately that there
+are great possibilities for Black to win, not only because he has the
+initiative, but because of White's undeveloped Queen's side and the fact
+that a Bishop in such a position is better than a Knight (see Section 14).
+It will take some time for White to bring his Rook and Knight into the
+fray, and Black can utilise it to obtain an advantage. There are two
+courses open to him. The most evident, and the one that most players would
+take, is to advance the Pawn to Q B 4 and Q B 5 immediately in conjunction
+with the Bishop check at R 3 and any other move that might be necessary
+with the Black Rook. The other, and more subtle, course was taken by Black.
+It consists in utilising his Rook in the same way as shown in the previous
+endings, forcing White to defend something all the time, restricting the
+action of White's Knight and {140} White's Rook, while at the same time
+keeping freedom of action for his own Rook and Bishop.
+
+        1. ........               R - Kt 1
+
+This forces P - Q Kt 3, which blocks that square for the White Knight.
+
+        2. P - Kt 3               R - Kt 4
+
+bringing the Rook to attack the King's side Pawns so as to force the King
+to that side to defend them, and thus indirectly making more secure the
+position of Black's Queen's side Pawns.
+
+        3. P - B 4                R - K R 4
+        4. K - Kt 1               P - B 4
+
+Note that the White Knight's sphere of action is very limited, and that
+after Kt - Q 2 White's own Pawns are in his way.
+
+        5. Kt - Q 2               K - B 2
+        6. R - B 1 ch
+
+This check accomplishes nothing. It merely drives Black's King where it
+wants to go. Consequently it is a very bad move. P - Q R 3 at once was the
+best move.
+
+        6. ........               K - K 2
+        7. P - Q R 3              R - R 3
+
+Getting ready to shift the attack to the Queen's side, where he has the
+advantage in material and position.
+
+        8. P - K R 4              R - R 3
+
+{141}
+
+Notice how similar are the manoeuvres with this Rook to those seen in the
+previous endings.
+
+        9. R - R 1                B - Kt 5
+
+Paralysing the action of the Knight and _fixing_ the whole King's side.
+
+       10. K - B 2                K - K 3
+
+White cannot answer Kt - B 3, because B x Kt followed by K - K 4 will win a
+Pawn, on account of the check at K B 3 which cannot be stopped.
+
+       11. P - R 4                K - K 4
+       12. K - Kt 2               R - K B 3
+       13. R - K 1                P - Q 6
+       14. R - K B 1              K - Q 5
+
+Now the King attacks White's Pawns and all will soon be over.
+
+       15. R x R                  P x R
+       16. K - B 2                P - B 3
+
+Merely to exhaust White's move, which will finally force him to move either
+the King or the Knight.
+
+       17. P - Q R 5              P - Q R 3
+       18. Kt - B 1               K x P
+       19. K - K 1                B - K 7
+       20. Kt - Q 2 ch            K - K 6
+       21. Kt - Kt 1              P - B 4
+       22. Kt - Q 2               P - R 4
+       23. Kt - Kt 1              K - B 6
+       24. Kt - B 3               K x P
+  {142}
+       25. Kt - R 4               P - B 5
+       26. Kt x P                 P - B 6
+       27. Kt - K 4 ch            K - B 5
+
+The quickest way to win. White should resign.
+
+       28. Kt - Q 6               P - B 4
+       29. P - Kt 4               P x P
+       30. P - B 5                P - Kt 6
+       31. Kt - B 4               K - Kt 6
+       32. Kt - K 3               P - Kt 7
+            Resigns.
+
+A very good example on Black's part of how to conduct such an ending.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{143}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+FURTHER OPENINGS AND MIDDLE-GAMES
+
+31. SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS
+
+Before going back to the discussion of openings and middle-game positions,
+it might be well to bear in mind a few facts concerning Pawn positions
+which will no doubt help to understand certain moves, and sometimes even
+the object of certain variations in the openings, and of some manoeuvres in
+the middle-games.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 63.--In the position of the diagram we have an exceedingly bad Pawn
+formation on Black's side. Black's Q B P is altogether backward, and White
+could by means of the open file concentrate {144} his forces against that
+weak point. There is also the square at White's Q B 5, which is controlled
+by White, and from where a White piece once established could not be
+dislodged. In order to get rid of it, Black would have to exchange it,
+which is not always an easy matter, and often when possible not at all
+convenient. The same holds true with regard to Black's K P, K B P and
+K Kt P, which create what is called a "hole" at Black's K B 3. Such Pawn
+formations invariably lead to disaster, and consequently must be avoided.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EXAMPLE 64.--In this position we might say that the White centre Pawns have
+the attacking position, while the Black centre Pawns have the defensive
+position. Such a formation of Pawn occurs in the French Defence. In such
+positions White most often attempts, by means of P - K B 4 and K B 5, to
+obtain a crushing attack against Black's King, which is generally Castled
+on the King's side. To prevent that, {145} and also to assume the
+initiative or obtain material advantage, Black makes a
+counter-demonstration by P - Q B 4, followed by P x P (when White defends
+the Pawn by P - Q B 3), and the concentrating of Black's pieces against the
+White Pawn at Q 4. This in substance might be said to be a determined
+attack against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct attack of
+White against Black's King. It must be remembered that at the beginning of
+the book it was stated that _control of the centre was an essential
+condition to a successful attack against the King_.
+
+In an abstract way we may say that two or more Pawns are strongest when
+they are in the same rank next to one another. Thus the centre Pawns are
+strongest in themselves, so to speak, when placed at K 4 and Q 4
+respectively, hence the question of advancing either the one or the other
+to the fifth rank is one that must be most carefully considered. The
+advance of either Pawn often determines the course the game will follow.
+
+Another thing to be considered is the matter of one or more passed Pawns
+when they are isolated either singly or in pairs. We might say that a
+passed Pawn is either very weak or very strong, and that its weakness or
+strength, whichever happens to be in the case to be considered, increases
+as it advances, and is at the same time in direct relation to the number of
+pieces on the board. In this last respect it might be generally said that
+_a passed Pawn increases in strength as the number of pieces on the board
+diminishes_. {146}
+
+Having all this clear in mind we will now revert to the openings and
+middle-game. We will analyse games carefully from beginning to end
+according to general principles. I shall, whenever possible, use my own
+games, not because they will better illustrate the point, but because,
+knowing them thoroughly, I shall be able to explain them more
+authoritatively than the games of others.
+
+32. SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM A RUY LOPEZ
+
+That some of the variations in the openings and the manoeuvres in the
+middle-game are often based on some of the elementary principles just
+expounded can be easily seen in the following case:
+
+EXAMPLE 65.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B - R 4                Kt - B 3
+        5. O - O                  Kt x P
+        6. P - Q 4                P - Q Kt 4
+        7. B - Kt 3               P - Q 4
+        8. P x P                  B - K 3
+        9. P - B 3                B - K 2
+       10. R - K 1                Kt - B 4
+       11. B - B 2                B - Kt 5
+       12. Q Kt - Q 2             O - O
+       13. Kt - Kt 3              Kt - K 3
+
+{147}
+
+So far a very well-known variation of the Ruy Lopez. In fact, they are the
+moves of the Janowski-Lasker game in Paris, 1912.
+
+       14. Q - Q 3                P - Kt 3
+
+Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some way White, by playing one
+of the Knights to Q 4 at the proper time, forced the exchange of both
+Knights, and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged, and we
+arrived at some such position as shown in the following diagram. (I
+obtained such a position in a very similar way once at Lodz in Poland. I
+was playing the White pieces against a consulting team headed by Salwe.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now we would have here the case of the backward Q B P, which will in no way
+be able to advance to Q B 4. Such a position may be said to be
+theoretically lost, and in practice a first-class master will invariably
+win it from Black. (If I may be excused the reference, I will say that I
+won the game above referred to.)
+
+After a few moves the position may be easily thus: {148}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Black pieces can be said to be _fixed_. If White plays Q - Q B 3, Black
+must answer Q - Q 2, otherwise he will lose a Pawn, and if White returns
+with the Queen to Q R 3 Black will have again to return to Q Kt 2 with the
+Queen or lose a Pawn. Thus Black can only move according to White's lead,
+and under such conditions White can easily advance with his Pawns to K B 4
+and K Kt 4, until Black will be forced to stop P - B 5 by playing
+P - K B 4, and we might finally have some such position as this:
+
+EXAMPLE 66.
+
+[Illustration] {149}
+
+In this situation the game might go on as follows:
+
+        1. P x P, P x P; 2. Q - K B 3, Q - Q 2
+
+White threatened to win a Pawn by Q x P, and Black could not play
+2...R - K B 1, because 3 R x B P would also win a Pawn at least.
+
+        3. R (B 5) - B 2,         R - Kt 3;
+        4. R - Kt 2,              K - R 1;
+        5. R (B 1) - K Kt 1,      R (B 1) - K Kt 1;
+        6. Q - R 5,               R x R;
+        7. R x R,                 R x R;
+        8. K x R,                 Q - Kt 2 ch;
+        9. K - R 2,               Q - Kt 3;
+       10. Q x Q,                 P x Q;
+       11. P - Kt 4, and White wins.
+
+Now suppose that in the position in the preceding diagram it were Black's
+move, and he played R - K B 1. White would then simply defend his K B P by
+some move like Q - K B 3, threatening R x Q B P, and then he would bring
+his King up to Kt 3, and when the time came, break through, as in the
+previous case. White might even be able to obtain the following position:
+
+[Illustration] {150}
+
+Black would now be forced to play R - B 1, and White could then play
+Q - B 2, and follow it up with K B 3, and thus force Black to play P x P,
+which would give White a greater advantage.
+
+A careful examination of all these positions will reveal that, besides the
+advantage of freedom of manoeuvre on White's part, the power of the Pawn at
+K 5 is enormous, and that it is the commanding position of this Pawn, and
+the fact that it is free to advance, once all the pieces are exchanged,
+that constitute the pivot of all White's manoeuvres.
+
+I have purposely given positions without the moves which lead to them so
+that the student may become accustomed to build up in his own mind possible
+positions that may arise (out of any given situation). Thus he will learn
+to make strategical plans and be on his way to the master class. The
+student can derive enormous benefit by further practice of this kind.
+
+33. THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"
+
+The influence of a so-called "hole" in a game has already been illustrated
+in my game against Blanco (page 81), where has been shown the influence
+exercised by the different pieces posted in the hole created at White's
+K 5. {151}
+
+EXAMPLE 67.--In order to further illustrate this point, I now give a game
+played in the Havana International Masters Tournament of 1913. (Queen's
+Gambit Declined.) White: D. Janowski. Black: A. Kupchick.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. P - Q B 4              P - K 3
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. P - K 3                Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. B - Q 3                P x P
+        7. B x P                  Kt - Kt 3
+
+Of course the idea is to post a Knight at Q 4, but as it is the other
+Knight which will be posted there this manoeuvre does not seem logical. The
+Knight at Kt 3 does nothing except to prevent the development of his own
+Q B. The normal course O - O, followed by P - Q B 4, is more reasonable.
+For a beautiful illustration of how to play White in that variation, see
+the Janowski-Rubinstein game of the St. Petersburg Tournament of 1914.
+
+        8. B - Q 3
+
+B - Kt 3 has some points in its favour in this position, the most important
+being the possibility of advancing the King's Pawn immediately after
+8. ... K Kt - Q 4; 9 B x B, Q x B.
+
+        8. ........               K Kt - Q 4
+        9. B x B                  Q x B
+       10. Kt - B 3
+
+{152} Had White's Bishop been at Q Kt 3 he could now play P - K 4 as
+indicated in the previous note, a move which he cannot make in the present
+position, because of Kt - K B 5 threatening, not only the K Kt P, but also
+Kt x B ch. As White's King's Bishop should never be exchanged in this
+opening without a very good reason White therefore cannot play P - K 4.
+
+       10. ........               O - O
+       11. O - O                  B - Q 2
+       12. R - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White is perfectly developed, and now threatens to win a Pawn as follows:
+Kt x Kt, Kt x Kt; P - K 4, followed by R x P.
+
+       12. ........               P - Q B 3
+
+The fact that Black is practically forced to make this move in order to
+avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the
+whole system of development on Black's part. In effect, he plays B - Q 2
+and now he has to shut off the action of his {153} own Bishop, which
+thereby becomes little more than a Pawn for a while. In fact, it is hard to
+see how this Bishop will ever be able to attack anything. Besides, it can
+be easily seen that White will soon post his two Knights at K 5 and Q B 5
+respectively, and that Black will not be able to dislodge them without
+seriously weakening his game, if he can do it at all. From all these
+reasons it can be gathered that it would probably have been better for
+Black to play Kt x Kt and thus get rid of one of the two White Knights
+before assuming such a defensive position. In such cases, the less the
+number of pieces on the board, the better chances there are to escape.
+
+       13. Kt - K 4               P - K B 4
+
+This practically amounts to committing suicide, since it creates a hole at
+K 5 for White's Knight, from where it will be practically impossible to
+dislodge him. If Black intended to make such a move he should have done it
+before, when at least there would have been an object in preventing the
+White Knight from reaching B 5.
+
+       14. Kt - B 5               B - K 1
+       15. Kt - K 5
+
+The position of White's Knights, especially the one at K 5, might be said
+to be ideal, and a single glance shows how they dominate the position. The
+question henceforth will be how is White going to derive the full benefit
+from such an advantageous situation, This we shall soon see. {154}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. ........               R - Kt 1
+
+There is no object in this move, unless it is to be followed by Kt - Q 2.
+As that is not the case, he might have gone with the Rook to B 1, as he
+does later.
+
+       16. R - K 1                R - B 3
+       17. Q - B 3                R - R 3
+       18. Q - Kt 3               R - B 1
+
+White threatened to win the exchange by playing either Kt - B 7 or
+Kt - Kt 4.
+
+       19. P - B 3                R - B 2
+       20. P - Q R 3              K - R 1
+       21. P - R 3
+
+Perhaps all these precautions are unnecessary, but White feels that he has
+more than enough time to prepare his attack, and wants to be secure in
+every way before he begins. {155}
+
+       21. ........               P - Kt 4
+       22. P - K 4                P - B 5
+       23. Q - B 2                Kt - K 6
+
+He had better have played Kt - B 3; and tried later on to get rid of
+White's Knights by means of Kt - Q 2.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. R x Kt
+
+with this sacrifice of the Rook for a Knight and Pawn White obtains an
+overwhelming position.
+
+       24. ........               P x R
+       25. Q x P                  Kt - B 1
+
+Kt - Q 2 was better in order to get rid of one of the two White Knights.
+There were, however, any number of good replies to it, among them the
+following: Kt (B 5) x Kt, B x Kt; Q x P, Q x Q; Kt - B 7 ch, K - Kt 2;
+Kt x Q, and with two Pawns for the exchange, and the position so much in
+his favour, White should have no trouble in winning. {156}
+
+       26. Kt - Kt 4              R - Kt 3
+       27. P - K 5                R - Kt 2
+       28. B - B 4                B - B 2
+
+All these moves are practically forced, and as it is easily seen they tie
+up Black's position more and more. White's manoeuvres from move 24 onwards
+are highly instructive.
+
+       29. Kt - B 6               Kt - Kt 3
+
+This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout the game.
+
+       30. Kt (B5) - K 4          P - K R 3
+       31. P - K R 4              Kt - Q 4
+       32. Q - Q 2                R - Kt 3
+       33. P x P                  Q - B 1
+
+If P x P; K - B 2, and Black would be helpless.
+
+       34. P - B 4                Kt - K 2
+       35. P - K Kt 4             P x P
+       36. P x P                  Resigns.
+
+There is nothing to be done. If B - Kt 1; Q - R 2 ch, K - Kt 2; B x P.
+
+The student should notice that, apart from other things, White throughout
+the game has had control of the Black squares, principally those at K 5 and
+Q B 5.
+
+From now on to the end of the book I shall give a collection of my games
+both lost and won, chosen so as to serve as illustrations of the general
+principles laid down in the foregoing pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{159}
+
+PART II
+
+GAME 1. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(Match, 1909)
+
+White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. P - Q B 4              P - K 3
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. P - K 3                Kt - K 5
+
+I had played this defence twice before in the match with good results, and
+although I lost this game I still played it until the very last game, when
+I changed my tactics. The reason was my total lack of knowledge of the
+different variations in this opening, coupled with the fact that I knew
+that Dr. E. Lasker had been successful with it against Marshall himself in
+1907. I thought that since Dr. Lasker had played it so often, it should be
+good. The object is to exchange a couple of pieces and at the same time to
+bring about a position full of possibilities and with promising chances of
+success once the end-game stage is reached. On general principles it should
+be wrong, because the {160} same Knight is moved three times in the
+opening, although it involves the exchange of two pieces. In reality the
+difficulty in this variation, as well as in nearly all the variations of
+the Queen's gambit, lies in the slow development of Black's Queen Bishop.
+However, whether this variation can or cannot be safely played is a
+question still to be decided, and it is outside the scope of this book. I
+may add that at present my preference is for a different system of
+development, but it is not unlikely that I should some time come back to
+this variation.
+
+        6. B x B                  Q x B
+        7. B - Q 3
+
+P x P is preferable for reasons that we shall soon see.
+
+        7. ........               Kt x Kt
+        8. P x Kt                 Kt - Q 2
+
+Now P x P would be a better way to develop the game. The idea is that after
+8...P x P; 9 B x B P, P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, would give Black's
+Bishop a powerful range. For this variation see the eleventh game of the
+match.
+
+        9. Kt - B 3               O - O
+
+No longer would 9...P x P; 10 B x P, P - Q Kt 3 be good, because
+11 B - Kt 5 would prevent B - Kt 2 on account of Kt - K 5. {161}
+
+       10. P x P                  P x P
+       11. Q - Kt 3               Kt - B 3
+       12. P - Q R 4              P - B 4
+
+Played with the intention of obtaining the majority of Pawns on the Queen's
+side. Yet it is doubtful whether this move is good, since it leaves Black's
+Queen's-side Pawns disrupted in a way. The safer course would have been to
+play P - B 3.
+
+       13. Q - R 3                P - Q Kt 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This exposes Black to further attack by P - R 5 without any compensation
+for it. If I had to play this position nowadays I would simply play
+13...R - K 1. Then after 14 Q x P, Q x Q would follow, and I believe that
+Black would regain the Pawn. If, instead, White played 14 P x P then
+B - Kt 5 would give Black an excellent game.
+
+       14. P - R 5                B - Kt 2
+       15. O - O                  Q - B 2
+       16. K R - Kt 1             Kt - Q 2
+
+{162}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any case, but the text move
+makes matters worse. As a matter of fact I never saw White's reply B - B 5.
+It never even passed through my mind that this was threatened. Black's best
+move would have been 16...K R - Kt 1. If that loses, then any other move
+would lose as well.
+
+       17. B - B 5                K R - B 1
+
+From bad to worse. Kt - B 3 offered the only hope.
+
+       18. B x Kt                 Q x B
+       19. P - R 6                B - B 3
+       20. P x P                  P x P
+       21. Q x P                  Q R - Kt 1
+
+The game was lost. One move was as good as another.
+
+       22. R x R                  R x R
+       23. Kt - K 5               Q - B 4
+       24. P - K B 4              R - Kt 3
+       25. Q x R !                Resigns.
+
+{163} Of course, if 25 Kt x B, R - Kt 8 ch would have drawn. The text move
+is pretty and finishes quickly. A well-played game on Marshall's part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 2. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(San Sebastian, 1911)
+
+White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q B 4
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. P x Q P                K P x P
+        5. Kt - B 3               Kt -Q B 3
+        6. P - K Kt 3             B - K 3
+
+Kt - B 3 is the normal move in this variation. White's development was
+first introduced by Schlechter and elaborated later on by Rubinstein. It
+aims at the isolation of Black's Q P, against which the White pieces are
+gradually concentrated. In making the text move I was trying to avoid the
+beaten track. Being a developing move there should be no objection to it in
+the way of general principles, except that the Knights ought to come out
+before the Bishops.
+
+        7. B - Kt 2               B - K 2
+        8. O - O                  R - B 1
+
+In pursuance of the idea of changing the normal {164} course of this
+variation, but with very poor success. The move in theory ought to be
+unsound, since Black's K Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of
+the attack founded on Kt - Kt 5 and the exchange of the B at K 3. Either
+Kt - B 3 or P - K R 3; to prevent either B or Kt - K Kt 5, was right.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+        9. P X P                  B x P
+       10. Kt - K Kt 5            Kt - B 3
+       11. Kt x B                 P x Kt
+       12. B - R 3                Q - K 2
+       13. B - Kt 5               O - O
+
+This is a mistake. The right move was R - Q 1 in order to get the Rook away
+from the line of the Bishop at R 3 and at the same time to support the Q P.
+Incidentally it shows that White failed to take proper advantage of Black's
+weak opening moves. Against the text move White makes a very fine
+combination {165} which I had seen, but which I thought could be defeated.
+
+       14. B x Kt                 Q x B
+
+I considered P x B, which it seemed would give me a playable game, but I
+thought White's combination unsound and therefore let him play it, to my
+lasting regret.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. Kt x P !               Q - R 3
+
+[Illustration] {166}
+
+       16. K - Kt 2 !
+
+_This_ is the move which I had not considered. I thought that Rubinstein
+would have to play B - Kt 2, when I had in mind the following winning
+combination: 16 B - Kt 2, Kt - K 4 ! 17 Kt - B 4 (if R - B 1, Q x R !!
+Q x Q, B x P ch wins), Kt - Kt 5; 18 P - K R 3 (if Kt - R 3, B x P ch wins
+the exchange), Kt x P; 19 R x Kt, B x R ch; 20 K x B, P - K Kt 4, and Black
+should win. It is curious that this combination has been overlooked. It has
+been taken for granted that I did not see the 17th move Q - B 1.
+
+       16. ........               Q R - Q 1
+
+After White's last move there was nothing for me to do but submit to the
+inevitable.
+
+       17. Q - B 1 !              P x Kt
+       18. Q x B                  Q - Q 7
+       19. Q - Kt 5               Kt - Q 5
+       20. Q - Q 3                Q x Q
+       21. P x Q                  K R - K 1
+       22. B - Kt 4
+
+This gives Black a chance. He should have played K R - K 1. If then
+Kt - B 7; R x R ch, R x R; R - Q B 1, R - K 7; K - B 1, Kt - Q 5 (if
+R - Q 7; B - K 6 ch, K - B 1; B x P would win); R - B 8 ch, K - B 2;
+R - B 7 ch, R - K 2; R - B 5 wins. {167}
+
+       22. ........               R - Q 3
+       23. K R - K 1              R x R
+       24. R x R                  R - Q Kt 3
+       25. R - K 5                R x P
+       26. R x P                  Kt - B 3
+       27. B - K 6 ch             K - B 1
+       28. R - B 5 ch             K - K 1
+       29. B - B 7 ch             K - Q 2
+       30. B - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       30. ........               P - Q R 3
+
+A bad move, which gives away any legitimate chance Black had to draw. It
+loses a very important move. In fact, as the course of the game will show,
+it loses several moves. The proper way was to play K - Q 3. If then
+R - Q Kt 5, R x R; B x R, Kt - Q 5; followed by P - Q Kt 4; and White would
+have an exceedingly difficult game to draw on account of the dominating
+position of the Knight at {168} Q 5 in conjunction with the extra Pawn on
+the Queen's side and the awkward position of White's King. (See how this is
+so.)
+
+       31. R - B 7 ch             K - Q 3
+       32. R x K Kt P             P - Kt 4
+       33. B - Kt 8               P - Q R 4
+       34. R x P                  P - R 5
+       35. P - R 4                P - Kt 5
+       36. R - R 6 ch             K - B 4
+       37. R - R 5 ch             K - Kt 3
+       38. B - Q 5
+
+With these last three moves White again gives Black a chance. Even before
+the last move B - B 4 would have won with comparative ease, but the text
+move is a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him, Black does not
+avail himself.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       38. ........               P - Kt 6
+
+R x P would make it practically impossible for White to win, if he can win
+at all. White's best {169} continuation then would have been: 39 B - B 4,
+R - B 7; 40 R - Kt 5 ch, K - B 2; 41 B - Kt 8, P - R 6; 42 P - R 5,
+P - R 7; 43 B x P, R x B, and if there is a win it is very difficult to
+find it, as against 44 P - R 6, R - R 3 ! offers excellent chances for a
+draw.
+
+       39. P x P                  P - R 6
+       40. B x Kt                 R x Kt P
+
+If 40...P - R 7; 41 R - Kt 5 ch, K - R 3; 42 R - Kt 8.
+
+       41. B - Q 5                P - R 7
+       42. R - R 6 ch             Resigns.
+
+As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for two masters. The
+redeeming feature of the game is Rubinstein's fine combination in the
+middle game, beginning with 14 B x Kt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE
+
+(Havana, 1913)
+
+White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                Kt - K B 3
+        2. Kt - K B 3             P - Q 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               Q Kt - Q 2
+        4. P - K 3                P - K 4
+        5. Kt - B 3               P - B 3
+        6. B - Q 3                B - K 2
+        7. Q - K 2                Q - R 4
+        8. O - O                  Kt - B 1
+        9. K R - Q 1              B - Kt 5
+
+{170}
+
+At last Black is on his way to obtain full development. The idea of this
+irregular opening is mainly to throw White on his own resources. At the
+time the game was played, the system of defence was not as well known as
+the regular forms of the Queen's Pawn openings. Whether it is sound or not
+remains yet to be proved. Its good features are that it keeps the centre
+intact without creating any particular weakness, and that it gives plenty
+of opportunity for deep and concealed manoeuvring. The drawback is the long
+time it takes Black to develop his game. It is natural to suppose that
+White will employ that time to prepare a well-conceived attack, or that he
+will use the advantage of his development actually to prevent Black's
+complete development, or failing that, to obtain some definite material
+advantage.
+
+       10. P - K R 3              B - R 4
+       11. P x P                  P x P
+       12. Kt - K 4
+
+[Illustration] {171}
+
+       12. ........               Kt x Kt
+
+A very serious mistake. I considered castling, which was the right move,
+but desisted because I was afraid that by playing 13 B x Kt, P x B;
+14 Kt - Kt 3, B - Kt 3; 15 Kt - B 5, White would obtain a winning position
+for the end game. Whether right or wrong this shows how closely related are
+all parts of the game, and consequently how one will influence the other.
+
+       13. B x B                  K x B
+       14. B x Kt                 B - Kt 3
+
+Not good. The natural and proper move would have been Kt - K 3, in order to
+bring all the Black pieces into play. B x Kt at once was also good, as it
+would have relieved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn, and at the
+same time have simplified the game.
+
+Here it is seen how failure to comply with the elementary logical reasons,
+that govern any given position, often brings the player into trouble. I was
+no doubt influenced in my choice of moves by the fear of B - B 5, which was
+a very threatening move.
+
+       15. Q - B 4                Kt - K 3
+       16. P - Q Kt 4             Q - B 2
+       17. B x B                  R P x B
+       18. Q - K 4                K - B 3
+
+{172}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       19. R - Q 3
+
+P - K R 4, to be followed by P - Kt 4, might have been a more vigorous way
+to carry on the attack. Black's weak point is unquestionably the Pawn at
+K 4, which he is compelled to defend with the King. The text move aims at
+doubling the Rooks, with the ultimate object of placing one of them at Q 6,
+supported by a Pawn at Q B 5, Black could only stop this by playing P - B 4
+which would create a "hole" at Q 5; or by playing P - Kt 3, which would tie
+the Black Queen to the defence of the Q B P as well as the K P, which she
+already defends. Black, however, can meet all this by offering the exchange
+of Rooks, which destroys White's plans. For this reason P - K R 4 appears
+the proper way to carry on the attack.
+
+       19. ........               Q R - Q 1
+       20. Q R - Q 1              P - K Kt 4
+
+This move is preparatory to P - K Kt 3, which would {173} make Black's
+position secure. Unfortunately for Black, he did not carry out his original
+plan.
+
+       21. P - B 4                R x R
+
+P - K Kt 3 would have left Black with a perfectly safe game.
+
+       22. R x R                  R - Q 1
+
+A very serious mistake, which loses a Pawn. P - K Kt 3 was the right move,
+and would have left Black with a very good game. In fact, if it should come
+to a simple ending, the position of the Black King would be an advantage.
+
+       23. R x R                  Kt x R
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. P - K R 4
+
+This wins a Pawn, as will soon be seen. Black cannot reply 24...Kt - K 3;
+because 25 P x P ch, Kt x P; 26 Q - R 4 wins the Knight. {174}
+
+       24. ........               P x P
+       25. Q x P ch               K - K 3
+       26. Q - Kt 4 ch            K - B 3
+       27. Q - Kt 5 ch            K - K 3
+       28. Q x P                  Q - Q 3
+       29. P - B 5                Q - Q 4
+       30. P K 4 !                Q - Q 8 ch
+       31. K - R 2                P - B 3
+       32. Q - Kt 4 ch !          K - K 2
+       33. Kt x P                 Q x Q
+       34. Kt x Q                 Kt - K 3
+       35. P - K 5                P x P
+       36. Kt x P                 Kt - Q 5
+
+The game went on for a few more moves, and, there being no way to
+counteract the advance of White's two passed Pawns, Black resigned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 4. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1913)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - K 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+
+This constitutes the _McCutcheon Variation_. It aims at taking the
+initiative away from White. Instead {175} of defending, Black makes a
+counter demonstration on the Queen's side. It leads to highly interesting
+games.
+
+        5. P x P
+
+At the time this game was played the variation 5 P - K 5 was in vogue, but
+I considered then, as I do now, the text move to be the stronger.
+
+        5. ........               Q x P
+
+This is considered superior to P x P. It has for its object, as I said
+before, to take the initiative away from White by disrupting White's
+Queen's side. White, however, has more than ample compensation through his
+breaking up Black's King's side. It might be laid down as a principle of
+the opening that _the breaking up of the King's side is of more importance
+than a similar occurrence on the Queen's side_.
+
+        6. B x Kt                 B x Kt ch
+        7. P x B                  P x B
+        8. Kt - B 3               P - Q Kt 3
+
+The plan of Black in this variation is to post his Bishop on the long
+diagonal so as to be able later on, in conjunction with the action of his
+Rooks along the open K Kt's file, to make a violent attack against White's
+King. It is, of course, expected that White will Castle on the King's side
+because of the broken-up condition of his Queen's side Pawns. {176}
+
+        9. Q - Q 2                B - Kt 2
+       10. B - K 2                Kt - Q 2
+       11. P - B 4                Q - K B 4
+       12. O - O - O
+
+An original idea, I believe, played for the first time in a similar
+position in a game against Mr. Walter Penn Shipley, of Philadelphia. My
+idea is that as there is no Black Bishop and because Black's pieces have
+been developed with a view to an attack on the King's side, it will be
+impossible for Black to take advantage of the apparently unprotected
+position of White's King. Two possibilities must be considered. Firstly: If
+Black Castles on the Queen's side, as in this game, it is evident that
+there is no danger of an attack. Secondly: If Black Castles on the King's
+side, White begins the attack first, taking advantage of the awkward
+position of Black's Queen. In addition to the attacking probabilities of
+the text move, White in one move brings his King into safety and brings one
+of his Rooks into play. Thus he gains several moves, "tempi" as they are
+called, which will serve him to develop whatever plan he may wish to
+evolve.
+
+       12. ........               O - O - O
+       13. Q - K 3                K R - Kt 1
+       14. P - Kt 3               Q - Q R 4
+
+Unquestionably a mistake, overlooking White's fine {177} reply, but a
+careful examination will show that White already has the better position.
+
+       15. R - Q 3 !              K - Kt 1
+       16. K R - Q 1              Q - K B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       17. Kt - R 4
+
+This move has been criticised because it puts the Knight out of the way for
+a few moves. But by forcing Q - K Kt 4; White gains a very important move
+with P - B 4, which not only consolidates his position, but also drives the
+Queen away, putting it out of the game for the moment. Certainly the Queen
+is far more valuable than the Knight, to say nothing of the time gained and
+the freedom of action obtained thereby for White's more important pieces.
+
+       17. ........               Q - K Kt 4
+       18. P - B 4                Q - Kt 2
+       19. B - B 3
+
+{178} In such positions it is generally very advantageous to get rid of the
+Black Bishop controlling his Q R 3 and Q B 3, which form "holes" for
+White's pieces. The Bishop in such positions is of very great defensive
+value, hence the advantage of getting rid of it.
+
+       19. ........               K R - K 1
+       20. B x B                  K x B
+       21. P - Q B 5 !            P - B 3
+
+White threatened P - B 6 ch.
+
+       22. Kt - B 3               Q - B 1
+
+To prevent the Knight from moving to Q 6 via Q 2 and K 4 or Q B 4. It is
+self-evident that White has a great advantage of position.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. Kt - Q 2 ?
+
+I had considered R - Kt 3, which was the right move, but gave it up because
+it seemed too slow, and {179} that in such a position there had to be some
+quicker way of winning.
+
+       23. ........               P x P
+       24. Kt - B 4
+
+Kt - K 4 or Kt - Kt 3 would have brought about an ending advantageous to
+White.
+
+       24. ........               Kt - Kt 3
+       25. Kt - R 5 ch            K - R 1
+       26. P x P                  Kt - Q 4
+       27. Q - Q 4                R - B 1
+
+If R - Kt 1; 28 Kt x P, R (Kt 1) - B 1; 29 Kt x P would win.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       28. P - B 4
+
+Kt - B 4 was the right move. I was, however, still looking for the "grand
+combination," and thought that the Pawn I would later on have at Q 6 would
+win the game. Black deserves great credit for the way in which he conducted
+this exceedingly difficult {180} defence. He could easily have gone wrong
+any number of times, but from move 22 onwards he always played the best
+move.
+
+       28. ........               P - K 4 !
+       29. Q - Kt 1               P - K 5
+       30. P x Kt                 P x R
+       31. P - Q 6                R - K 7
+       32. P - Q 7                R - B 7 ch
+       33. K - Kt 1               R - Kt 1 ch
+       34. Kt - Kt 3              Q - K 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       35. R x P
+
+The position is most interesting. I believe I lost here my last chance to
+win the game, and if that is true it would vindicate my judgment when, on
+move 28, I played P - B 4. The student can find out what would happen if
+White plays Q - Q 4 ! at once. I have gone over the following variations:
+35 Q - Q 4, R x K R P (of course if R x B P, P - Q 8 wins); {181}
+36 Q x Q P ! R - Q 1; 37 Q - R 6, K - Kt 1 best (if Q - Q 5 ch; K - R 1,
+K - Kt 1; R - Q Kt 1 wins); 38 Q x B P and White will at least have a draw.
+
+       35. ........               R - K 7
+       36. Q - Q 4                R - Q 1
+       37. Q - R 4                Q - K 5
+       38. Q - R 6                K - Kt 1
+
+There is nothing to be done against this simple move, since White cannot
+play Kt - Q 4, because Q - R 8 mates.
+
+       39. K - B 1                R x Q P
+       40. Kt - Q 4               R - K 8 ch
+            Resigns.
+
+A very interesting battle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 5. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B x Kt
+
+The object of this move is to bring about speedily a middle-game without
+Queens, in which White {182} has four Pawns to three on the King's side,
+while Black's superiority of Pawns on the other side is somewhat balanced
+by the fact that one of Black's Pawns is doubled. On the other hand, Black
+has the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while White has only one.
+
+        4. ........               Q P x B
+        5. P - Q 4                P x P
+        6. Q x P                  Q x Q
+        7. Kt x Q                 B - Q 3
+
+Black's idea is to Castle on the King's side. His reason is that the King
+ought to remain on the weaker side to oppose later the advance of White's
+Pawns. Theoretically there is very much to be said in favour of this
+reasoning, but whether in practice that would be the best system would be
+rather difficult to prove. The student should notice that if now all the
+pieces were exchanged White would practically be a Pawn ahead, and would
+therefore have a won ending.
+
+        8. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K 2
+
+A perfectly sound form of development. In any other form adopted the Black
+Kt could not be developed either as quickly or as well. K 2 is the natural
+position for the Black Kt in this variation, in order not to obstruct
+Black's Pawns, and also, in some eventualities, in order to go to K Kt 3.
+There is {183} also the possibility of its going to Q 5 via Q B 3 after
+P - Q B 4.
+
+        9. O - O                  O - O
+       10. P - B 4
+
+This move I considered weak at the time, and I do still. It leaves the K P
+weak, unless it advances to K 5, and it also makes it possible for Black to
+pin the Kt by B - Q B 4.
+
+       10. ........               R - K 1
+
+Best. It threatens B - B 4; B - K 3, Kt - Q 4. It also prevents B - K 3
+because of Kt - Q 4 or B 4.
+
+       11. Kt - Kt 3              P - B 3
+
+Preparatory to P - Q Kt 3, followed by P - Q B 4 and B - Kt 2 in
+conjunction with Kt - Kt 3, which would put White in great difficulties to
+meet the combined attack against the two centre Pawns.
+
+       12. P - B 5
+
+[Illustration] {184}
+
+It has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game, but I would like
+nothing better than to have such a position again. It required several
+mistakes on my part finally to obtain a lost position.
+
+       12. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+       13. B - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               B - Kt 2
+
+Played against my better judgment. The right move of course was B x B. Dr.
+Lasker gives the following variation: 13...B x B; 14 R x B, P - B 4;
+15 Q R - Q 1, B - Kt 2; 16 R - B 2, Q R - Q 1; 17 R x R, R x R; 18 R - Q 2,
+R x R; 19 Kt x R, and he claims that White has the best of it. But, as
+Niemzovitch pointed out immediately after the game, 16...Q R - Q 1 given in
+Dr. Lasker's variation, is not the best. If 16...Q R - B 1 ! then White
+will have great difficulty in drawing the game, {185} since there is no
+good way to stop Black from playing Kt - B 3, followed by Kt - K 4,
+threatening Kt - B 5. And should White attempt to meet this manoeuvre by
+withdrawing the Kt at Kt 3; then the Black Knight can go to Q 5, and the
+White Pawn at K 4 will be the object of the attack. Taking Dr. Lasker's
+variation, however, whatever advantage there might be disappears at once if
+Black plays 19...Kt - B 3, threatening Kt - Kt 5 and also Kt - Q 5, neither
+of which can be stopped. If White answers 20 Kt - Q 5, Kt - Q 5 for Black
+will at least draw. In fact, after 19...Kt - B 3 Black threatens so many
+things that it is difficult to see how White can prevent the loss of one or
+more Pawns.
+
+       14. B x B                  P x B
+       15. Kt - Q 4
+
+It is a curious but true fact that I did not see this move when I played
+13...B - Kt 2, otherwise I would have played the right move 13...B x B.
+
+       15. ........               Q R - Q 1
+
+The game is yet far from lost, as against the entry of the Knight, Black
+can later on play P - B 4, followed by P - Q 4.
+
+       16. Kt - K 6               R - Q 2
+       17. Q R - Q 1
+
+{186}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I now was on the point of playing P - B 4, to be followed by P - Q 4, which
+I thought would give me a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and thought
+that I could play the text move, 17...Kt - B 1, and later on sacrifice the
+exchange for the Knight at K 6, winning a Pawn for it, and leaving White's
+K P still weaker. I intended to carry this plan either before or after
+playing P - K Kt 4 as the circumstances demanded. Now let us analyse:
+17...P - B 4. If 18 Kt - Q 5, B x Kt; 19 P x B, P - Q Kt 4; and a careful
+analysis will show that Black has nothing to fear. Black's plan in this
+case would be to work his Kt around to K 4, via Q B 1, Q Kt 3, and Q B 5 or
+Q 2. Again, 17...P - B 4; 18 R - B 2, P - Q 4; 19 P x P, B x P; 20 Kt x B
+(best, since if R (B 2) - Q 2, B x Kt give Black the advantage), R x Kt;
+21 R x R, Kt x R; and there is no good reason why Black should lose.
+
+       17. ........               Kt - B 1
+       18. R - B 2                P - Q Kt 4
+  {187}
+       19. K R - Q 2              R (Q 2) - K 2
+       20. P - Q Kt 4             K - B 2
+       21. P - Q R 3              B - R 1
+
+Once more changing my plan and this time without any good reason. Had I now
+played R x Kt; P x R ch, R x P; as I intended to do when I went back with
+the Knight to B 1, I doubt very much if White would have been able to win
+the game. At least it would have been extremely difficult.
+
+       22. K - B 2                R - R 2
+       23. P - Kt 4               P - R 3
+       24. R - Q 3                P - Q R 4
+       25. P - K R 4              P x P
+       26. P x P                  R (R 2) - K 2
+
+This, of course, has no object now. Black, with a bad game, flounders
+around for a move. It would have been better to play R - R 6 to keep the
+open file, and at the same time to threaten to come out with the Knight at
+Kt 3 and B 5.
+
+       27. K - B 3                R - Kt 1
+       28. K - B 4                P - Kt 3
+
+Again bad. White's last two moves were weak, since the White King does
+nothing here. He should have played his Rook to Kt 3 on the 27th move.
+Black now should have played P - Kt 4 ch. After missing this chance White
+has it all his own way, and finishes the game most accurately, and Black
+becomes more {188} helpless with each move. The game needs no further
+comment, excepting that my play throughout was of an altogether irresolute
+character. When a plan is made, it must be carried out if at all possible.
+Regarding the play of White, I consider his 10th and 12th moves were very
+weak; he played well after that up to the 27th move, which was bad, as well
+as his 28th move. The rest of his play was good, probably perfect.
+
+       29. R - Kt 3               P - Kt 4 ch
+       30. K - B 3                Kt - Kt 3
+       31. P x P                  R P x P
+       32. R - R 3                R - Q 2
+       33. K - Kt 3 !             K - K 1
+       34. Q R - K R 1            B - Kt 2
+       35. P - K 5                Q P x P
+       36. Kt - K 4               Kt - Q 4
+       37. Kt (K 6) - B 5         B - B 1
+       38. Kt x R                 B x Kt
+       39. R - R 7                R - B 1
+       40. R - R 1                K - Q 1
+       41. R - R 8 ch             B - B 1
+       42. Kt - B 5               Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{189}
+
+GAME 6. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)
+
+White: O. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - Kt 5
+
+Of all the variations of the French Defence I like this best, because it
+gives Black more chances to obtain the initiative.
+
+        5. P - K 5
+
+Though I consider P x P the best move, there is much to be said in favour
+of this move, but not of the variation as a whole, which White adopted in
+this game.
+
+        5. ........               P - K R 3
+        6. B - Q 2                B x Kt
+        7. P x B                  Kt - K 5
+        8. Q - Kt 4               K - B 1
+
+The alternative, P - K Kt 3; leaves Black's King's side very weak. White by
+playing P - K R 4 would force Black to play P - K R 4; and later, on
+White's Bishop by going to Q 3, would threaten the weakened K Kt P. By the
+text move Black gives up Castling, but gains time for an attack against
+White's centre and Queen's side. {190}
+
+        9. B - B 1                P - Q B 4
+
+Threatening Q - R 4 and stopping thereby White's threat of B - R 3. It
+demonstrates that White's last move was a complete loss of time and merely
+weakened his position.
+
+       10. B - Q 3                Q - R 4
+       11. Kt - K 2               P x P
+       12. O - O                  P x P
+       13. B x Kt                 P x B
+       14. Q x P                  Kt - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black has come out of the opening with a Pawn to the good. His development,
+however, has suffered somewhat, and there are Bishops of opposite colour,
+so that it cannot be said as yet, that Black has a won game; but he has
+certainly the best of the position, because, besides being a Pawn to the
+good, he threatens White's K P, which must of course be {191} defended, and
+this in turn will give him the opportunity to post his Knight at Q 4 via
+K 2. When the Black Knight is posted at Q 4, the Bishop will be developed
+to B 3 via Q 2, as soon as the opportunity presents itself, and it will be
+Black that will then have the initiative, and can consequently decide the
+course of the game.
+
+       15. R - Q 1
+
+To prevent Kt - K 2; which would be answered by Kt x P, or still better by
+B - R 3. The move, however, is strategically wrong, since by bringing his
+pieces to the Queen's side, White loses any chance he might have of making
+a determined attack on the King's side before Black is thoroughly prepared
+for it.
+
+       15. ........               P - K Kt 3
+       16. P - B 4                K - Kt 2
+       17. B - K 3
+
+Better would have been P - Q R 4, in order to play B - R 3. The White B
+would be much better posted on the open diagonal than here, where it acts
+purely on the defensive.
+
+       17. ........               Kt - K 2
+       18. B - B 2                Kt - Q 4
+
+This Knight completely paralyses the attack, as it dominates the whole
+situation, and there is no way to dislodge it. Behind it Black can quietly
+develop his pieces. The game can now be said to be won for Black
+strategically. {192}
+
+       19. R - Q 3                B - Q 2
+       20. Kt - Q 4               Q R - Q B 1
+       21. R - Kt 3               K - R 2
+       22. P - K R 4              K R - Kt 1
+       23. P - R 5                Q - Kt 5
+
+In order to pin the Knight and be ready to come back to either K 2 or B 1.
+Also to prevent Q R - Kt 1. In reality nearly all these precautions are
+unnecessary, since White's attack amounts to nothing. Probably Black should
+have left aside all these considerations, and played Q - R 5 now, in order
+to follow it up with P - B 4, as he did later, but under less favourable
+circumstances.
+
+       24. R - R 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       24. ........               P - B 4
+
+Not the best, as White will soon prove. Q - B 1 would have avoided
+everything, but Black wants to assume the initiative at once and plunges
+into {193} complications. However, as will soon be seen, the move is not a
+losing one by any means.
+
+       25. P x P e.p.             Kt x P (B 3)
+       26. P x P ch               R x P
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       27. R x P ch
+
+This wins the Queen.
+
+       27. ........               K x R
+       28. Kt - B 5 ch            P x Kt
+       29. Q x Q
+
+[Illustration] {194}
+
+The position looks most interesting. I thought it would be possible to get
+up such an attack against the White King as to make it impossible for him
+to hold out much longer, but I was wrong, unless it could have been done by
+playing B - B 3 first, forcing P - Kt 3 and then playing K - R 4. I
+followed a similar plan, but lost a very important move by playing
+Q R - K Kt 1; which gave White time to play R - Q 1. I am convinced,
+however, that B - B 3 at once was the right move. White would be forced to
+play P - Kt 3, and Black would reply with either K - R 4; as already
+indicated, which looks the best (the plan, of course, is to play R - K R 1;
+and follow it up with K - Kt 5; threatening mate, or some other move
+according to circumstances. In some cases, of course, it will be better
+first to play K - Kt 5), or Kt - K 5, which will at least give him a draw.
+There are so many possibilities in this position that it would be
+impossible to give them all. It will be worth the reader's time to go
+carefully through the lines of play indicated above.
+
+       29. ........               Q R - K Kt 1
+
+As stated B - B 3 was the best move.
+
+       30. P - Kt 3               B - B 3
+       31. R - Q 1                K - R 4
+
+The plan, of course, as explained above, is to go to Kt 5 in due time and
+threaten mate at K R 8, but it is now too late, the White Rook having come
+in {195} time to prevent the manoeuvre. Instead of the text move,
+therefore, Black should have played Kt - K 5; which would have given him a
+draw at the very least. After the text moves the tables are turned. It is
+now White who has the upper hand, and Black who has to fight for a draw.
+
+       32. R - Q 6                B - K 5
+
+Kt - K 5 was still the right move, and probably the last chance Black had
+to draw against White's best play.
+
+       33. Q x B P                Kt - Q 4
+       34. R x R                  K x R
+
+Kt x Q; R x R, Kt x P was no better.
+
+       35. Q - K 5                K - B 2
+       36. P - B 4                R - K 1
+       37. Q - Kt 2               Kt - B 3
+       38. B - Q 4                R - K R 1
+       39. Q - Kt 5               R - R 8 ch
+       40. K - B 2                P - R 3
+       41. Q - Kt 6               R - R 7 ch
+       42. K - K 1                Kt - Q 2
+       43. Q - Q 6                B - B 3
+       44. P - Kt 4               P x P
+       45. P - K B 5              R - R 8 ch
+       46. K - Q 2                K - K 1
+       47. P - B 6                R - R 2
+       48. Q - K 6 ch             K - B 1
+       49. B - K 3                R - B 2
+       50. B - R 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+
+{196}
+
+Most players will be wondering, as the spectators did, why I did not
+resign. The reason is that while I knew the game to be lost, I was hoping
+for the following variation, which Chajes came very near playing:
+51 Q x P ch, K - R 2; 52 Q - R 5, R x P; 53 B - Kt 5 ch, K - Kt 2;
+54 B x R ch, K x B; and while White has a won game it is by no means easy.
+If the reader does not believe it, let him take the White pieces against a
+master and see what happens. My opponent, who decided to take no chances,
+played 51 B - Kt 7, and finally won as shown below.
+
+       51. B - Kt 7               P - Kt 6
+       52. K - K2                 P - Kt 7
+       53. K - B 2                Kt - B 1
+       54. Q - Kt 4               Kt - Q 2
+       55. K - Kt 1               P - R 4
+       56. P - R 4                B x P
+       57. Q - R 3                R x P
+       58. B x R                  Kt x B
+       59. Q x P ch               K - B 1
+       60. Q x P
+
+and after a very few more moves Black resigned.
+
+A very fine game on Chajes' part from move 25 on, for while Black, having
+the best of the position, missed several chances, White, on the other hand,
+missed none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{197}
+
+GAME 7. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(San Sebastian, 1911)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B - R 4                Kt - B 3
+        5. P - Q 3
+
+This is a very solid development, to which I was much addicted at the time,
+because of my ignorance of the multiple variations of the openings.
+
+        5. ........               P - Q 3
+        6. P - B 3                B - K 2
+
+In this variation there is the alternative of developing this Bishop via
+Kt 2, after P - K Kt 3.
+
+        7. Q Kt - Q 2             O - O
+        8. Kt - B 1               P - Q Kt 4
+        9. B - B 2                P - Q 4
+       10. Q - K 2                P x P
+       11. P x P                  B - Q B 4
+
+Evidently to make room for the Queen at K 2, but I do not think the move
+advisable at this stage. B - K 3 is a more natural and effective move. It
+develops a piece and threatens B - B 5, which would have to be stopped.
+
+       12. B - Kt 5               B - K 3
+
+{198} Now it is not so effective, because White's Q B is out, and the
+Knight, in going to K 3 to defend the square Q B 4, does not block the Q B.
+
+       13. Kt - K 3               R - K 1
+       14. O - O                  Q - K 2
+
+This is bad. Black's game was already not good. He probably had no choice
+but to take the Knight with the Bishop before making this move.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       15. Kt - Q 5               B x Kt
+       16. P x B                  Kt - Kt 1
+
+in order to bring it to Q 2, to support the other Knight and also his
+King's Pawn. White, however, does not allow time for this, and by taking
+advantage of his superior position is able to win a Pawn.
+
+       17. P - Q R 4              P - Kt 5
+
+Since he had no way to prevent the loss of a Pawn, he should have given it
+up where it is, and played Q Kt - Q 2, in order to make his position more
+solid. {199} The text move not only loses a Pawn, but leaves Black's game
+very much weakened.
+
+       18. P x P                  B x P
+       19. B x Kt                 Q x B
+       20. Q - K 4                B - Q 3
+       21. Q x P ch               K - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With a Pawn more and all his pieces ready for action, while Black is still
+backward in development, it only remains for White to drive home his
+advantage before Black can come out with his pieces, in which case, by
+using the open K R file, Black might be able to start a strong attack
+against White's King. White is able by his next move to eliminate all
+danger.
+
+       22. Kt - R 4               Q - R 3
+
+This is practically forced. Black could not play P - Kt 3 because of B x P,
+and White meanwhile threatened Q - R 8 ch followed by Kt - B 5 ch and
+Q x P. {200}
+
+       23. Q x Q                  P x Q
+       24. Kt - B 5               P - K R 4
+       25. B - Q 1                Kt - Q 2
+       26. B x P                  Kt - B 3
+       27. B - K 2                Kt x P
+       28. K R - Q 1              Kt - B 5
+       29. B - B 4                K R - Q 1
+       30. P - R 4                P - R 4
+
+Black must lose time assuring the safety of this Pawn.
+
+       31. P - Kt 3               Kt - K 3
+       32. B x Kt                 P x B
+       33. Kt - K 3               K R - Kt 1
+       34. Kt - B 4               K - K 2
+
+Black fights a hopeless battle. He is two Pawns down for all practical
+purposes, and the Pawns he has are isolated and have to be defended by
+pieces.
+
+       35. Q R - B 1              R - R 2
+
+White threatened Kt x B, followed by R - B 7 ch.
+
+       36. R - K 1                K - B 3
+       37. R - K 4                R - Kt 5
+       38. P - Kt 4               R - R 3
+
+If R x R P; Kt x B of course would win a piece
+
+       39. R - B 3                B - B 4
+       40. R - B 3 ch             K - Kt 2
+       41. P - Kt 3               B - Q 5
+       42. K - Kt 2               R - R 1
+  {201}
+       43. P - Kt 5               R - R 3
+       44. P - R 5                R x Kt
+       45. P x R                  R - B 3
+       46. P - Kt 6               Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 8. CENTRE GAME
+
+(Berlin 1913)
+
+White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. P - Q 4                P x P
+        3. Q x P                  Kt - Q B 3
+        4. Q - K 3                Kt - B 3
+        5. Kt - Q B 3             B - Kt 5
+        6. B - Q 2                O - O
+        7. O - O - O              R - K 1
+
+In this position, instead of the text move, P - Q 3 is often played in
+order to develop the Q B. My idea was to exert sufficient pressure against
+the K P to win it, and thus gain a material advantage, which would, at
+least, compensate whatever slight advantage of position White might have.
+The plan, I think, is quite feasible, my subsequent difficulties being due
+to faulty execution of the plan.
+
+        8. Q - Kt 3               Kt x P
+        9. Kt x Kt                R x Kt
+       10. B - K B 4
+
+{202}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       10. ........               Q - B 3
+
+White's threat to regain the Pawn was merely with the idea of gaining time
+to develop his pieces. Black could have played P - Q 3; opening the way for
+his Q B, when would have followed, 11 B - Q 3, R - K 1; 12 Kt - B 3, and
+White would soon start a powerful direct attack against Black's King. With
+the text move Black aims at taking the initiative away from White in
+accordance with the principles laid down in this book.
+
+       11. Kt - R 3
+
+If B x P, P - Q 3; and White's Bishop would be completely shut off, and
+could only be extricated, if at all, with serious loss of position. The
+text move aims at quick development to keep the initiative.
+
+       11. ........               P - Q 3
+
+This now is not only a developing move, but it also threatens to win a
+piece by B x Kt. {203}
+
+       12. B - Q 3                Kt - Q 5
+
+This complicates the game unnecessarily. R - K 1; was simple, and perfectly
+safe.
+
+       13. B - K 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       13. ........               B - Kt 5
+
+This is a serious mistake. The position was most interesting, and though in
+appearance dangerous for Black, not so in reality. The right move would
+have been 13...R - Kt 5, when we would have 14 B x Kt, R x B; 15 P - Q B 3,
+B x P; 16 P x B, R - K Kt 5; 17 Q - K 3 (best), Q x P ch; 18 B - B 2,
+Q x Q; 19 P x Q, R x P, and Black has the best of the game with four Pawns
+for a Knight, besides the fact that all the White Pawns are isolated.
+
+       14. Kt - Kt 5 !            R x B
+
+There was nothing better.
+
+       15. Q x B !                Kt - K 7 ch
+
+{204}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       16. B x Kt !               R x B
+       17. Kt - K 4 !             R x Kt
+       18. Q x R                  Q - Kt 4 ch
+       19. P - K B 4              Q - Kt 4
+       20. P - B 3                B - B 4
+       21. K R - K 1              Q - B 3
+       22. R - Q 5
+
+Q x Q would have given White a decided advantage, enough to win with proper
+play. Mieses, however, feared the difficulties of an ending where, while
+having the exchange, he would be a Pawn minus. He preferred to keep the
+Queens on the board and keep up the attack. At first sight, and even after
+careful thought, there seems to be no objection to his plan; but in truth
+such is not the case. From this point the game will gradually improve in
+Black's favour until, with the exchange ahead, White is lost. {205}
+
+       22. ........               Q - Q 2
+       23. P - B 5                P - Q B 3
+       24. R - Q 2                P - Q 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+My plan for the moment is very simple. It will consist in bringing my
+Bishop around to B 3. Then I shall try to paralyse White's attack against
+my King by playing P - K R 3, and also prevent White from ever playing
+P - K Kt 5. Once my King is safe from attack I shall begin to advance my
+Queen's side Pawns, where there are four to three; and that advantage,
+coupled with the enormous attacking power of my Bishop at B 3, will at
+least assure me an even chance of success.
+
+       25. Q - B 3                B - K 2
+       26. Q R - K 2              B - B 3
+       27. Q - R 5                P - K R 3
+       28. P - K Kt 4             K - R 2 !
+
+{206} To prevent P - K R 4, which I would answer with P - K Kt 3, winning
+the Queen. It can now be considered that my King is safe from attack. White
+will have to withdraw his Queen via R 3, and Black can use the time to
+begin his advance on the Queen's side.
+
+       29. K - Kt 1               R - Q 1
+       30. R - Q 1                P - B 4
+
+Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has placed his Rooks
+correctly from the point of view of strategy. They are both on white
+squares free from the possible attack of the Black Bishop.
+
+       31. Q - R 3                Q - R 5
+
+This gains time by attacking the Rook and holding the White Q at R 3 for
+the moment, on account of the K Kt P. Besides, the Queen must be in the
+middle of the fray now that the attack has to be brought home. White has
+actually more value in material, and therefore Black must utilise
+everything at his command in order to succeed.
+
+       32. R (K2) - Q 2           Q - K 5 ch
+       33. K - R 1                P - Q Kt 4
+
+threatening P - Kt 5; which would open the line of action of the Bishop and
+also secure a passed Pawn.
+
+       34. Q - Kt 2               Q - R 5
+
+indirectly defending the Q P, which White cannot take on account of
+Q x R ch.
+
+{207} /*    35. K - Kt 1 P - Kt 5 */
+
+The attack increases in force as it is gradually brought home directly
+against the King. The position now is most interesting and extremely
+difficult. It is doubtful if there is any valid defence against Black's
+best play. The variations are numerous and difficult.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       36. P x P                  Q x P
+
+Black has now a passed Pawn, and his Bishop exerts great pressure. White
+cannot very well play now 37 R x P because of R x R; 38 R x R, B x P; and
+White could not take the Bishop because Q - K 5 ch would win the Rook,
+leaving Black a clear passed Pawn ahead.
+
+       37. P - Q R 3              Q - R 5 !
+       38. R x P                  R - Q Kt 1
+       39. R (Q 1) - Q 2          P - B 5
+       40. Q - Kt 3               R - Kt 6
+       41. Q - Q 6
+
+{208}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       41. ........               P - B 6
+
+B x P would also win, which shows that White's game is altogether gone. In
+these cases, however, it is not the prettiest move that should be played,
+but the most effective one, the move that will make your opponent resign
+soonest.
+
+       42. R - Q B 2              P x P
+       43. R - Q 3                Q - K 5 !
+       44. R - Q 1                R - Q B 6
+            Resigns.
+
+Of course White must play Q - Q 2, and Black then plays R x P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{209}
+
+GAME 9. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(Berlin, 1913)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        5. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. P - K 3                O - O
+        7. R - B 1                P - Q Kt 3
+        8. P x P                  P x P
+        9. B - Kt 5
+
+An invention of my own, I believe. I played it on the spur of the moment
+simply to change the normal course of the game. Generally the Bishop goes
+to Q 3, or to R 6, after Q - R 4. The text move is in the nature of an
+ordinary developing move, and as it violates no principle it cannot be bad.
+
+        9. ........               B - Kt 2
+       10. O - O                  P - Q R 3
+       11. B - R 4                R - B 1
+       12. Q - K 2                P - B 4
+       13. P x P                  Kt x P
+
+If P x P; K R - Q 1, and White would play to win one of Black's centre
+Pawns. The drawback to the {210} text move is that it leaves Black's Q P
+isolated, and consequently weak and subject to attack.
+
+       14. K R - Q 1              Kt x B
+
+The alternative would have been 14...P - Kt 4; 15 B - B 2, P - Kt 5;
+16 Kt - Q R 4, Kt (B 4) - K 5.
+
+       15. Kt x Kt                P - Kt 4
+       16. R x R                  Q x R
+       17. Kt - B 3               Q - B 5
+
+Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to remain with two Bishops
+for the ending, but in this position such a course is a mistake, because
+the Bishop at Kt 2 is inactive and cannot come into the game by any means,
+unless Black gives up the isolated Queen's Pawn which the Bishop must
+defend.
+
+       18. Kt - Q 4
+
+Not, of course, R - Q 4, because of Q x Q; Kt x Q, R - B 1; and there would
+be no good way to prevent R - B 7.
+
+       18. ........               Q x Q
+       19. Kt (B 3) x Q !
+
+Notice the co-ordination of the Knights' moves. They are manoeuvred
+chain-like, so to speak, in order to maintain one of them, either at Q 4 or
+ready to go there. Now White threatens to take the open file, and therefore
+forces Black's next move.
+
+       19. ........               R - B 1
+
+{211}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The student should examine this position carefully. There seems to be no
+particular danger, yet, as White will demonstrate, Black may be said to be
+lost. If the game is not altogether lost, the defence is at least of the
+most difficult kind; indeed, I must confess that I can see no adequate
+defence against White's next move.
+
+       20. Kt - B 5 !             K - B 1
+
+If 20...B - Q 1; 21 Kt - Q 6, R - B 2; 22 Kt x B, R x Kt; 23 B x Kt, B x B;
+24 R x P, R - B 2; 25 R - Q 2, and White is a Pawn ahead. If 20...B moves
+anywhere else, then B x Kt, doubling the K B P and isolating all of Black's
+King's side Pawns.
+
+       21. Kt x B                 K x Kt
+       22. Kt - Q 4               P - Kt 3
+
+This is practically forced, as White threatened Kt - B 5 ch. Notice that
+the Black Knight is pinned in such a way that no relief can be afforded
+except by giving up the K R P or abandoning the open file {212} with the
+Rook, which would be disastrous, as White would immediately sieze it.
+
+       23. P - B 3 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. ........               P - R 3
+
+Black could do nothing else except mark time with his Rook along the open
+file, since as soon as he moved away White would take it. White, on the
+other hand, threatens to march up with his King to K 5 via K B 2, K Kt 3,
+K B 4, after having, of course, prepared the way. Hence, Black's best
+chance was to give up a Pawn, as in the text, in order to free his Knight.
+
+       24. B x P                  Kt - Q 2
+       25. P - K R 4              Kt - B 4
+       26. B - B 4                Kt - K 3
+
+Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of {213} opposite colours,
+which gives him the best chance to draw.
+
+       27. Kt x Kt                K x Kt
+
+27...P x Kt would be worse, as White would then be able to post his Bishop
+at K 5.
+
+       28. R - Q 2                R - K R 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black wants to force B - Kt 3. P - K Kt 3 would be bad, on account of
+P - Q 5; which would get the Black Bishop into the game, even though White
+could answer P - K 4. The text move is, however, weak, as will soon be
+seen. His best chance was to play P - Kt 5; and follow it up with P - R 4
+and B - R 3. White meanwhile could play P - Kt 4 and R 5, obtaining a
+passed Pawn, which, with proper play, should win.
+
+       29. R - Q B 2 !            R - Q B 1
+       30. R x R                  B x R
+
+There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless White has an
+easily-won game. {214}
+
+       31. K - B 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       31. ........               P - Q 5
+
+Practically forced. Otherwise the White King would march up to Q 4 and then
+to B 5 and win Black's Queen's side Pawns. If Black attempted to stop this
+by putting his King at Q B 3 then the White King would enter through K 5
+into Black's King's side and win just as easily.
+
+       32. P x P                  K - Q 4
+       33. K - K 3                B - K 3
+       34. K - Q 3                K - B 3
+       35. P - Q R 3              B - B 5 ch
+       36. K - K 3                B - K 3
+       37. B - R 6
+
+It is better not to hurry P - K Kt 4 because of P - B 4; for although White
+could win in any case, it would take longer. Now the White King threatens
+to help by going in through K B 4 after posting the Bishop {215} at Kt 7,
+where it not only protects the Q P, but indirectly also the Q Kt P.
+
+       37. ........               K - Q 4
+       38. B - Kt 7               Resigns.
+
+The student ought to have realised by this time the enormous importance of
+playing well every kind of ending. In this game again, practically from the
+opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation of Black's Q P. Once he
+obtained that, he tried for and obtained, fortunately, another advantage of
+position elsewhere which translated itself into the material advantage of a
+Pawn. Then by accurate playing in the ending he gradually forced home his
+advantage. This ending has the merit of having been played against one of
+the finest players in the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 10. PETROFF DEFENCE
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. Kt x P                 P - Q 3
+        4. Kt - K B 3             Kt x P
+        5. Q - K 2                Q - K 2
+        6. P - Q 3                Kt - K B 3
+        7. B - Kt 5
+
+{216} Played by Morphy, and a very fine move. The point is that should
+Black exchange Queens he will be a move behind in development and
+consequently will get a cramped game if White plays accurately.
+
+        7. ........               B - K 3
+
+Marshall thought at the time that this was the best move and consequently
+played it in preference to Q x Q ch.
+
+        8. Kt - B 3               P - K R 3
+        9. B x Kt                 Q x B
+       10. P - Q 4                B - K 2
+       11. Q - Kt 5 ch            Kt - Q 2
+       12. B - Q 3 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is now time to examine the result of the opening. On White's side we
+find the minor pieces well posted and the Queen out in a somewhat odd
+place, it is true, but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn.
+{217} White is also ready to Castle. White's position is evidently free
+from danger and his pieces can easily manoeuvre.
+
+On Black's side the first thing we notice is that he has retained both his
+Bishops, unquestionably an advantage; but on the other hand we find his
+pieces bunched together too much, and the Queen in danger of being attacked
+without having any good square to go to. The Bishop at K 2 has no freedom
+and it blocks the Queen, which, in its turn, blocks the Bishop. Besides,
+Black cannot Castle on the King's side because Q x P, R - Kt 1; Q - K 4
+threatening mate, wins a Pawn. Nor can he Castle on the Queen's side
+because Q - R 5 would put Black's game in imminent danger, since he cannot
+play P - R 3 because of B x P; nor can he play K - Kt 1 because of
+Kt - Kt 5. Consequently we must conclude that the opening is all in White's
+favour.
+
+       12. ........               P - Kt 4
+
+To make room for his Queen, threatening also P - Kt 5.
+
+       13. P - K R 3              O - O
+
+giving up a Pawn in an attempt to free his game and take the initiative. It
+was difficult for him to find a move, as White threatened Kt - K 4, and
+should Black go with the Queen to Kt 2, then P - Q 5, B - B 4; Kt x P ch,
+followed by B x B. {218}
+
+       14. Q x P                  Q R - Kt 1
+       15. Q - K 4                Q - Kt 2
+       16. P - Q Kt 3             P - Q B 4
+
+In order to break up White's centre and bring his Knight to B 4 and thus
+lay the foundation for a violent attack against White's King. The plan,
+however, fails, as it always must in such cases, because Black's
+development is backward, and consequently his pieces are not properly
+placed.
+
+       17. O - O                  P x P
+       18. Kt - Q 5 !
+
+A simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly. Black will now have no
+concerted action of his pieces, and, as his Pawns are all weak, he will
+sooner or later lose them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. ........               B - Q 1
+       19. B - B 4                Kt - B 4
+       20. Q x P                  Q x Q
+
+{219} The fact that he has to exchange Queens when he is a Pawn behind
+shows that Black's game is lost.
+
+       21. Kt x Q                 B x Kt
+       22. B x B                  B - B 3
+       23. Q R - Q 1              B x Kt
+
+The Knight was too threatening. But now the ending brought about is one in
+which the Bishop is stronger than the Knight; which makes Black's plight a
+desperate one. The game has no further interest, and it is only because of
+its value as a study of this variation of the Petroff that I have given it.
+Black was able to fight it out until the sixtieth move on account of some
+poor play on White's part. The rest of the moves are given merely as a
+matter of form.
+
+       24. R x B                  K - Kt 2
+       25. B - B 4                R - Kt 3
+       26. R - K 1                K - B 3
+       27. P - B 4                Kt - K 3
+       28. P x P ch               P x P
+       29. R - B 1 ch             K - K 2
+       30. R - Kt 4               R - K Kt 1
+       31. R - B 5                R - B 3
+       32. P - K R 4              K R - Q B 1
+       33. P x P                  R - B 4
+       34. B x Kt                 P x B
+       35. R x R                  R x R
+       36. P - Kt 6               K - B 1
+       37. R - Q B 4              R - Q R 4
+  {220}
+       38. P - R 4                K - Kt 2
+       39. R - B 6                R - Q 4
+       40. R - B 7 ch             K x P
+       41. R x P                  R - Q 8 ch
+       42. K - R 2                P - Q 4
+       43. P - R 5                R - Q B 8
+       44. R - B 7                R - Q R 8
+       45. P - Q Kt 4             R - R 5
+       46. P - B 3                P - Q 5
+       47. R - B 6                P x P
+       48. R x P                  R x Kt P
+       49. R - Q R 3              R - Kt 2
+       50. P - R 6                R - Q R 2
+       51. R - R 5                K - B 3
+       52. P - Kt 4               K - K 2
+       53. K - Kt 3               K - Q 3
+       54. K - B 4                K - B 2
+       55. K - K 5                K - Q 2
+       56. P - Kt 5               K - K 2
+       57. P - Kt 6               K - B 1
+       58. K x P                  K - K 1
+       59. P - Kt 7               R x P
+       60. P - R 7                R - Kt 3 ch
+       61. K - B 5                Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{221}
+
+GAME 11. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(St. Petersburg, 1914)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q R 3
+        4. B x Kt                 Q P x B
+        5. Kt - B 3
+
+I played this move after having discussed it with Alechin on several
+occasions. Alechin considered it, at the time, superior to P - Q 4, which
+is generally played. He played it himself later on in the Tournament, in
+one of his games against Dr. E. Lasker, and obtained the superior game,
+which he only lost through a blunder.
+
+        5. ........               B - Q B 4
+
+P - B 3 is probably the best move in this position. I do not like the text
+move.
+
+        6. P - Q 3                B - K Kt 5
+        7. B - K 3                B x B
+
+This opens the K B file for White, and also reinforces his centre, but
+Black naturally did not want to make a second move with this Bishop.
+
+        8. P x B                  Q - K 2
+        9. O - O                  O - O - O
+
+Bold play, typical of Janowski. {222}
+
+       10. Q - K 1                Kt - R 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The problem for White now is to advance his Q Kt P to Kt 5 as fast as he
+can. If he plays P - Q Kt 4 at once, Black simply takes it. If he plays
+first P - Q R 3 and then P - Q Kt 4, he will still have to protect his
+Q Kt P before he can go on and play P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5. As a matter of
+fact White played a rather unusual move, but one which, under the
+circumstances, was the best, since after it he could at once play
+P - Q Kt 4 and then P - Q R 4 and P - Kt 5.
+
+       11. R - Kt 1 !             P - B 3
+       12. P - Kt 4               Kt - B 2
+       13. P - Q R 4              B x Kt
+
+He simplifies, hoping to lighten White's attack, which will have to be
+conducted practically with only the heavy pieces on the board. He may have
+also done it in order to play Kt - Kt 4 and K 3. {223}
+
+       14. R x B
+
+Taking with the Pawn would have opened a possibility for a counter attack.
+
+       14. ........               P - Q Kt 3
+
+He is forced to this in order to avoid the breaking up of his Queen's side
+Pawns. The only alternative would have been P - Q Kt 4; which on the face
+of it looks bad.
+
+       15. P - Kt 5               B P x P
+       16. P x P                  P - Q R 4
+       17. Kt - Q 5               Q - B 4
+       18. P - B 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The White Knight is now a tower of strength. Behind it White will be able
+to prepare an attack, which will begin with P - Q 4, to drive away the
+Black Queen and thus leave himself free to play P - B 5. There is only one
+thing to take care of and that {224} is to prevent Black from sacrificing
+the Rook for the Knight and a Pawn.
+
+       18. ........               Kt - Kt 4
+       19. R - B 2                Kt - K 3
+       20. Q - B 3                R - Q 2
+
+Had White on his 19th move played K R - B 1 instead of R - B 2, Black could
+have played now instead of the text move, R x Kt; K P x R, Q x P ch;
+followed by Kt - B 4 with a winning game.
+
+       21. R - Q 1                K - Kt 2
+
+It would have been better for Black to play K - Q 1. The text move loses
+very rapidly.
+
+       22. P - Q 4                Q - Q 3
+       23. R - B 2                P x P
+       24. P x P                  Kt - B 5
+       25. P - B 5                Kt x Kt
+       26. P x Kt                 Q x Q P
+       27. P - B 6 ch             K - Kt 1
+       28. P x R                  Q x P (Q 2)
+       29. P - Q 5                R - K 1
+       30. P - Q 6                P x P
+       31. Q - B 6                Resigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{225}
+
+GAME 12. FRENCH DEFENCE
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: O. Chajes.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 3
+        2. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        3. Kt - Q B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        4. B - Q 3
+
+Not the most favoured move, but a perfectly natural developing one, and
+consequently it cannot be bad.
+
+        4 ........                P x P
+
+P - Q B 4 is generally played in this case instead of the text move.
+
+        5. Kt x P                 Q Kt - Q 2
+        6. Kt x Kt ch             Kt x Kt
+        7. Kt - B 3               B - K 2
+
+[Illustration] {226}
+
+        8. Q - K 2
+
+This is played to prevent P - Q Kt 3, followed by B - Kt 2, which is the
+general form of development for Black in this variation. If Black now plays
+8...P - Q Kt 3; 9. B - Kt 5 ch, B - Q 2; 10. Kt - K 5 and White obtains a
+considerable advantage in position.
+
+        8. ........               O - O
+        9. B - K Kt 5             P - K R 3
+
+Of course Black could not play P - Q Kt 3 because of B x Kt, followed by
+Q - K 4.
+
+       10. B x Kt                 B x B
+       11. Q - K 4                P - K Kt 3
+
+This weakens Black's King's side. R - K 1 was the right move.
+
+       12. P - K R 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       12. ........               P - K 4
+
+This is merely giving up a Pawn in order to come out quickly with his Q B.
+But as he does not obtain {227} any compensation for his Pawn, the move is
+bad. He should have played Q - Q 4 and tried to fight the game out that
+way. It might have continued thus: 13. Q - B 4, B - Kt 2; 14. Q x B P,
+B x P; 15. Kt x B, Q x Kt; 16. O - O - O with considerable advantage of
+position for White. The text move might be considered a mild form of
+suicide.
+
+       13. P x P                  B - B 4
+       14. Q - K B 4              B x B
+       15. O - O - O              B - Kt 2
+       16. R x B                  Q - K 2
+       17. Q - B 4
+
+In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into the game.
+
+       17. ........               Q R - Q 1
+       18. K R - Q 1
+
+A better plan would have been to play R - K 1, threatening P - K 6.
+
+       18. ........               R x R
+       19. R x R                  R - K 1
+       20. P - B 3                P - Q B 3
+
+Of course if B x P; Kt x B, Q x Kt; R - K 3. Black with a Pawn minus fights
+very hard.
+
+       21. R - K 3
+
+The Pawn had now to be defended after Black's last move, because after
+B x P; Kt x B, Q x Kt; {228} R - K 3, Black could now play Q - Kt 1
+defending the Rook.
+
+       21. ........               P - Q B 4
+       22. K - B 2                P - Kt 3
+       23. P - R 4
+
+White's plan now is to _fix_ the Queen's side in order to be able to
+manoeuvre freely on the other side, where he has the advantage of material.
+
+       23. ........               Q - Q 2
+       24. R - Q 3                Q - B 1
+       25. Q - K 4                Q - K 3
+       26. R - Q 5                K - B 1
+       27. P - B 4                K - Kt 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black sees that he now stands in his best defensive position, and therefore
+waits for White to show how he intends to break through. He notices, of
+course, that the White Knight is in the way of the K B P, which cannot
+advance to K B 4 to defend, or support rather, the Pawn at K 5. {229}
+
+       28. P - Q Kt 3             K - B 1
+       29. K - Q 3                K - Kt 1
+       30. R - Q 6                Q - B 1
+       31. R - Q 5                Q - K 3
+       32. P - K Kt 4             K - B 1
+       33. Q - B 4                K - Kt 1
+       34. Q - K 4                K - B 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Black persists in waiting for developments. He sees that if P - K R 5,
+P x P; P x P, the Queen goes to R 6, and White will have to face serious
+difficulties. In this situation White decides that the only course is to
+bring his King to K Kt 3, so as to defend the squares K R 3 and K Kt 4,
+where the Black Queen might otherwise become a source of annoyance.
+
+       35. K - K 2                K - Kt 1
+       36. K - B 1                K - B 1
+       37. K - Kt 2               K - Kt 1
+       38. K - Kt 3               K - B 1
+
+{230}
+
+Now that he has completed his march with the King, White is ready to
+advance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       39. P - K R 5              P x P
+
+39...P - K Kt 4 would be answered by Q - B 5, with a winning game.
+
+       40. P x P                  Q - K 2
+
+Against K - Kt 1; White would play Q - Kt 4, practically forcing the
+exchange of Queens, after which White would have little trouble in winning
+the ending, since Black's Bishop could not do much damage in the resulting
+position.
+
+       41. Q - B 5                K - Kt 1
+
+Black overlooks the force of 42 R - Q 7. His best defence was R - Q 1;
+against which White could either advance the King or play Kt - R 4,
+threatening Kt - Kt 6 ch.
+
+       42. R - Q7                 B x P ch
+
+{231}
+
+This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether hopeless.
+
+       43. K - Kt 4               Q - B 3
+       44. Kt x B                 Q - Kt 2 ch
+       45. K - B 4                Resigns.
+
+The interest of this game centres mainly on the opening and on the march of
+the White King during the final stage of the game. It is an instance of the
+King becoming a fighting piece, even while the Queens are still on the
+board.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 13. RUY LOPEZ
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - K 4                P - K 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - Q B 3
+        3. B - Kt 5               P - Q 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               B - Q 2
+        5. P - Q 4                P x P
+        6. Kt x P                 P - K Kt 3
+
+In this form of defence of the Ruy Lopez the development of the K B via
+Kt 2 is, I think, of great importance. The Bishop at Kt 2 exerts great
+pressure along the long diagonal. At the same time the position of the
+Bishop and Pawns in front of the King, once it is Castled, is one of great
+defensive strength. Therefore, in this form of development, the Bishop,
+{232} we might say, exerts its maximum strength (Compare this note with the
+one in the Capablanca-Burn game at San Sebastian, page 197.)
+
+        7. Kt - B 3               B - Kt 2
+        8. B - Kt 5               Kt - B 3
+
+Of course not K Kt - K 2; because of Kt - Q 5. The alternative would have
+been P - B 3; to be followed by K Kt - K 2; but in this position it is
+preferable to have the Kt at K B 3.
+
+        9. Q - Q 2                P - K R 3
+       10. B - K R 4
+
+An error of judgment. White wants to keep the Knight pinned, but it was
+more important to prevent Black from Castling immediately. B - K B 4 would
+have done this.
+
+       10. ........               O - O
+       11. O - O - O
+
+Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he intended to play to win or
+lose, throwing safety to the winds. The Black Bishop at Kt 2 becomes a very
+powerful attacking piece. The strategical disposition of the Black pieces
+is now far superior to White's, therefore it will be Black who will take
+the offensive.
+
+       11. ........               R - K 1
+       12. K R - K 1
+
+{233}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+White wanted to keep his Q R on the open file, and consequently brings over
+his other Rook to the centre to defend his K P, which Black threatened to
+win by P - K Kt 4, followed by Kt x P.
+
+       12. ........               P - Kt 4 !
+
+Now that the K R is in the centre, Black can safely advance, since, in
+order to attack on the King's side, White would have to shift his Rooks,
+which he cannot do so long as Black keeps up the pressure in the centre.
+
+       13. B - Kt 3               Kt - K R 4
+
+Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the long diagonal, and at the
+same time preventing P - K 5, which would be answered by Kt x B; P x Kt,
+Kt x P; etc., winning a Pawn.
+
+       14. Kt - Q 5               P - R 3
+
+Black drives the Bishop away so as to _unpin_ his pieces and be able to
+manoeuvre freely. {234}
+
+       15. B - Q 3                B - K 3
+
+Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear against the King's
+position.
+
+       16. P - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the last move White not only blocks the action of Black's K B, but he
+also aims at placing his Bishop at Q Kt 1 and his Queen at Q B 2, and then
+advancing his K P, to check at K R 7.
+
+       16. ........               P - B 4 !
+
+Initiating an attack to which there is no reply, and which has for its
+ultimate object either the winning of the White Q B or cutting it off from
+the game. (Compare this game with the Winter-Capablanca game at Hastings.)
+
+       17. P - K R 4              P - B 5
+
+The Bishop is now out of action. White naturally counter attacks violently
+against the seemingly {235} exposed position of the Black King, and, with
+very good judgment, even offers the Bishop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. P x P !                P x P !
+
+Taking the Bishop would be dangerous, if not actually bad, while the text
+move accomplishes Black's object, which is to put the Bishop out of action.
+
+       19. R - R 1                B - B 2
+       20. K - Kt 1
+
+This move unquestionably loses time. Since he would have to retire his
+Bishop to R 2 sooner or later, he might have done it immediately. It is
+doubtful, however, if at this stage of the game it would be possible for
+White to save the game.
+
+       20. ........               Kt - K 4
+       21. Kt x Kt                R x Kt
+
+It was difficult to decide which way to retake. I {236} took with the Rook
+in order to have it prepared for a possible attack against the King.
+
+       22. B - R 2                Kt - B 3
+
+Now that the White Bishop has been driven back, Black wants to get rid of
+White's strongly posted Knight at Q 5, which blocks the attack of the
+Bishop at B 2. It may be said that the Knight at Q 5 is the key to White's
+defence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. P - Kt 3
+
+White strives not only to have play for his Bishop, but also he wants to
+break up Black's Pawns in order to counter-attack. The alternative would
+have been 23 Kt x Kt ch, Q x Kt; and Black would be threatening R - R 4,
+and also Q - K 3. The student should notice that Black's drawback in all
+this is the fact that he is playing minus the services of his Q R. It is
+this fact that makes it possible for White to hold out longer. {237}
+
+       23. ........               Kt x P
+       24. B x Kt                 R x B
+       25. P x P                  P - B 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       26. Kt - K 3
+
+Kt - Kt 4 was the alternative, but in any event White could not resist the
+attack. I leave it to the reader to work this out for himself, as the
+variations are so numerous that they would take up too much space.
+
+       26. ........               Q - R 4
+       27. P - B 4                Q x Q
+       28. R x Q                  P x P
+       29. Kt - Kt 4              B - Kt 3
+
+This forces the King to the corner, where he will be in a mating net.
+
+       30. K - R 1                Q R - K 1
+
+Now at last the Q R enters into the game and soon the battle is over.
+
+       31. P - R 3
+
+If R x P, R - K 8 ch; R - Q 1, R (K 1) - K 7. {238}
+
+       31. ........               R - K 8 ch
+       32. R x R                  R x R ch
+       33. K - R 2                B - B 2
+       34. K - Kt 3               P - Q 4
+
+the quickest way to finish the game.
+
+       35. B x P                  P x P ch
+       36. K - Kt 4               P - B 6
+       37. P x P                  R - K 5 ch
+       38. P - B 4                R x P ch
+       39. K - R 5                R x B
+       40. R - Q 8 ch             K - R 2
+       41. R - Q 7                B - K 3
+            Resigns.
+
+A very lively game.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GAME 14. QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
+
+(New York, 1918)
+
+White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
+
+        1. P - Q 4                P - Q 4
+        2. Kt - K B 3             Kt - K B 3
+        3. P - B 4                P - K 3
+        4. Kt - B 3               Q Kt - Q 2
+        5. B - Kt 5               B - K 2
+        6. P - K 3                O - O
+        7. R - B 1                P - B 3
+
+This is one of the oldest systems of defence against the Queen's Gambit. I
+had played it before in this Tournament against Kostic, and no doubt
+Marshall expected it. At times I change my defences, {239} or rather
+systems of defence; on the other hand, during a Tournament, if one of them
+has given me good results, I generally play it all the time.
+
+        8. Q - B 2                P x P
+        9. B x P                  Kt - Q 4
+       10. B x B                  Q x B
+       11. O - O                  Kt x Kt
+       12. Q x Kt                 P - Q Kt 3
+
+This is the key to this system of defence. Having simplified the game
+considerably by a series of exchanges, Black will now develop his Q B along
+the long diagonal without having created any apparent weakness. The proper
+development of the Q B is Black's greatest problem in the Queen's Gambit.
+
+       13. P - K 4                B - Kt 2
+       14. K R - K 1              K R - Q 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The developing stage can now be said to be complete on both sides. The
+opening is over and the middle-game begins. White, as is generally the
+case, has {240} obtained the centre. Black, on the other hand, is
+entrenched in his first three ranks, and if given time will post his Q R at
+Q B 1 and his Knight at K B 3, and finally play P - Q B 4, in order to
+break up White's centre and give full action to the Black Bishop posted at
+Q Kt 2. In this game White attempts to anticipate that plan by initiating
+an advance on the centre, which, when carefully analysed, is truly an
+attack against Black's K P.
+
+       15. P - Q 5                Kt - B 4 !
+
+Against Kostic in a previous game I had played Kt - B 1. It was
+carelessness on my part, but Marshall believed differently, otherwise he
+would not have played this variation, since, had he analysed this move, he
+would, I think, have realised that Black would obtain an excellent game.
+Black now threatens not only B P x P; but also Kt x P; followed by B P x P.
+The position is very interesting and full of possibilities.
+
+[Illustration] {241}
+
+       16. P x K P                Kt x P (K 3)
+       17. B x Kt                 Q x B
+
+played under the impression that White had to lose time in defending his
+Q R P, when I could play P - Q B 4, obtaining a very superior game. But, as
+will be seen, my opponent had quite a little surprise for me.
+
+       18. Kt - Q 4 !
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       18. ........               Q - K 4 !
+
+Of course, if 18...Q x R P; 19 R - R 1 would win the Queen. The text move
+is probably the only satisfactory move in the position. The obvious move
+would have been Q - Q 2 to defend the Q B P, and then would have come
+19 Kt - B 5, P - B 3; 20 Q - K Kt 3 (threatening Q R - Q 1), K - R 1;
+21 Q R - Q 1, Q - K B 2; 22 P - K R 4, with a tremendous advantage in
+position. The text move, on the other hand, assures Black an even game at
+the very least, as will soon be seen. {242}
+
+       19. Kt x P                 Q x Q
+       20. R x Q                  R - Q 7
+       21. R - Kt 1
+
+A very serious error of judgment. White is under the impression that he has
+the better game, because he is a Pawn ahead, but that is not so. The
+powerful position of the Black Rook at Q 7 fully compensates Black for the
+Pawn minus. Besides, the Bishop is better with Rooks than the Knight (see
+pages 48-56, where the relative values of the Knight and Bishop are
+compared), and, as already stated, with Pawns on both sides of the board
+the Bishop is superior because of its long range. Incidentally, this ending
+will demonstrate the great power of the Bishop. White's best chance was to
+take a draw at once, thus. 21 Kt - K 7 ch K - B 1; 22 R - B 7 R - K 1 (not
+B x P; because P - B 3 would give White the best of it); 23 R x B (best;
+not Kt - Kt 6 ch, because of B P x Kt; followed by R x K P), R x Kt;
+24 R - Kt 8 ch, R - K 1; 25 R x R ch, K x R, and with proper play White
+will draw.
+
+It is curious that, although a Pawn ahead, White is the one who is always
+in danger. It is only now, after seeing this analysis, that the value of
+Black's 18th move Q - K 4 can be fully appreciated.
+
+       21. ........               R - K 1
+
+With this powerful move Black begins, against White's centre, an assault
+which will soon be shifted against {243} the King itself. White is afraid
+to play 22 P - B 3 because of P - B 4.
+
+       22. P - K 5                P - K Kt 4
+
+To prevent P - B 4. The White Knight is practically pinned, because he does
+not dare move on account of R x K P.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       23. P - K R 4
+
+This is a sequel to the previous move. White expects to disrupt Black's
+Pawns, and thus make them weak.
+
+       23. ........               P x P
+
+Though doubled and isolated this Pawn exercises enormous pressure. Black
+now threatens R - K 3; to be followed by R - Kt 3 and P - R 6 and R 7 at
+the proper time.
+
+       24. R - K 1
+
+White cannot stand the slow death any longer. {244} He sees danger
+everywhere, and wants to avert it by giving up his Queen's side Pawns,
+expecting to regain his fortunes later on by taking the initiative on the
+King's side.
+
+       24. ........               R - K 3 !
+
+Much better than taking Pawns. This forces White to defend the Knight with
+the Rook at K 1, because of the threat R - Kt 3.
+
+       25. R (K1) - Q B 1         K - Kt 2
+
+Preparatory to R - Kt 3. The game is going to be decided on the King's
+side, and it is the isolated double Pawn that will supply the finishing
+touch.
+
+       26. P - Q Kt 4             P - Kt 4
+
+To prevent P - Kt 5, defending the Knight and liberating the Rooks.
+
+       27. P - R 3                R - Kt 3
+       28. K - B 1                R - R 7
+
+[Illustration] {245}
+
+Notice the remarkable position of the pieces. White cannot move anything
+without incurring some loss. His best chance would have been to play
+29 P - K 6, but that would only have prolonged the game, which is lost in
+any case.
+
+       29. K - Kt 1               P - R 6
+       30. P - Kt 3               P - Q R 3
+
+Again forcing White to move and to lose something thereby, as all his
+pieces are tied up.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       31. P - K 6                R x K P
+
+Not even now can White move the Knight because of P - R 7 ch; K x P,
+R - R 3 ch; K - Kt 1, R - R 8 mate.
+
+       32. P - Kt 4               R - R 3
+       33. P - B 3
+
+If 33 P - Kt 5, P - R 7 ch; 34 K - R 1, R x Kt; 35 R x R, R x P, winning
+easily. {246}
+
+       33. ........               R - Q 3
+       34. Kt - K 7               R (Q3) - Q 7
+       35. Kt - B 5 ch            K - B 3
+       36. Kt - R 4               K - Kt 4
+       37. Kt - B 5               R - Kt 7 ch
+       38. K - B 1                P - R 7
+       39. P - B 4 ch             K x B P
+       40. Resigns.
+
+An ending worth very careful study.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes
+
+[1] The value of the initiative is explained in section 20, p. 77.
+
+[2] See page 37.
+
+[3] See page 13.
+
+[4] Full score and notes are given in My Chess Career, by J. R. Capablanca
+(Game No. 11).
+
+[5] This position is elaborated under Example 50 (p. 80.).
+
+[6] We give, from now on, games and notes, so that the student may
+familiarise himself with the many and varied considerations that constantly
+are borne in mind by the Chess Master. We must take it for granted that the
+student has already reached a stage where, while not being able fully to
+understand every move, yet he can derive benefit from any discussion with
+regard to them.
+
+[7] A "hole" in chess parlance has come to mean a defect in Pawn formation
+which allows the opponent to establish his forces in wedge formation or
+otherwise without the possibility of dislodging him by Pawn moves. Thus, in
+the following diagram, Black has two holes at K B 3 and K R 3, where White
+forces, e.g. a Kt or B, could establish themselves, supported by pieces or
+Pawns.
+
+[8] See game Capablanca-Kupchick, from Havana International Masters
+Tournament Book, 1913, by J. R. Capablanca; or a game in the Carlsbad
+Tournament of 1911, Vidmar playing Black against Alechin.
+
+[9] See Niemzowitch's game in the All Russian Masters Tournament, 1914, at
+St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I believe.
+
+[10] See Capablanca-Janowski game, New York Masters Tournament, 1913.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chess Fundamentals, by Jose Raul Capablanca
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