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+Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Abbreviations and Signs
+ A Primer of Information about Abbreviations and Signs,
+ with Classified Lists of Those in Most Common Use
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33828]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 37
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+AND SIGNS
+
+A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH
+CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE
+IN MOST COMMON USE
+
+
+
+BY
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.
+
+EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR
+
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+1918
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1918
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a
+temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable
+under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should
+be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person
+likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and
+technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the
+subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General
+readers are not particularly concerned with them.
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and
+partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established
+rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An
+attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly
+and concisely and to illustrate their application.
+
+Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been
+inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of
+further information on these points will be found under the head of
+Supplementary Reading.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ PAGE
+ INTRODUCTION 1
+ GENERAL RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS 3
+ DATES 3
+ TIME 5
+ OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING NUMERALS 5
+ GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, WITH LIST 7
+ ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES, WITH LIST 10
+ ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES, WITH LIST 12
+ SIZES OF BOOKS 18
+ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 19
+ FOOTNOTES 19
+ SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS 23
+ COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS 24
+ MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS 25
+ MONETARY SIGNS 35
+ MATHEMATICAL SIGNS 35
+ MEDICAL SIGNS 36
+ ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS 37
+ ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS 37
+ PROOFREADER'S SIGNS 38
+ GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 40
+ SUPPLEMENTARY READING 41
+ REVIEW QUESTIONS 42
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{1}
+
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In inscriptions
+and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always
+been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS QUARTUS DEI GRATIA
+REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around the circumference of
+a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. Therefore, we find them
+written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: D: In the manuscript
+period abbreviations were very extensively used. This was done partly to
+lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double
+saving of expense, in labor and in costly material. Certain of these
+abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible. Unfortunately
+the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these, but devised others
+for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers, especially after
+the lapse of centuries.
+
+The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the
+extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer
+than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of
+manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were
+probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in
+imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his
+mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result
+was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of
+ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of
+letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed
+themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the
+habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still continued to
+be considered. The {2} methods of abbreviation in use in written matter
+continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the
+last century.
+
+The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint
+about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne gives the
+following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at random from
+a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in 1488.
+
+ "Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n e
+ g a n e pducibile a Deo."
+
+These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad
+simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A non
+est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.
+
+The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain
+recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally
+only under constraint of limited space.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{3}
+
+RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+I. GENERAL RULES.
+
+Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to
+print the words in full.
+
+All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but
+abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in
+commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are
+commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.
+
+Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports,
+sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the
+like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations are
+of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not
+intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the
+particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests
+that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not
+appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to keep
+a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly
+as a means of securing uniformity of form.
+
+II. DATES.
+
+Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; _The
+Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776._ The word
+_the_ is sometimes omitted. The date might be written _July fourth_ but
+never _July four_.
+
+The abbreviations _ult._ _inst._ and _prox._ with a numeral (meaning _the
+25th of last month_, _the 25th of this month_, _the 25th of next month_)
+are often used in letters, but should not be used in print unless the
+literal reproduction of a letter is intended. {4}
+
+Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; _August
+the sixth_, not _August 6th_.
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the months are:
+
+ _Jan._ _Apr._ _July_ _Oct._
+ _Feb._ _May_ _Aug._ _Nov._
+ _Mar._ _June_ _Sept._ _Dec._
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:
+
+ _Sun._ _Tues._ _Thurs._ _Sat._
+ _Mon._ _Wed._ _Fri._
+
+The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is
+given, but not when the month and year alone are given;
+
+ _Jan. 15, 1916_, but _January 1916_.
+
+Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; _15 Jan., 1916_,
+but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the more common
+order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it
+requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For example in
+writing addresses English speaking people put the number before the street,
+_59 Wall St._, while others put the number after the street, _Wall St.,
+59_. This is the logical order, because one goes to the street and then
+finds the number, but it gives to the American reader a curious sensation
+of mentally standing on one's head.
+
+There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as
+follows:
+
+ Months Days of Week
+ _Ja._ _Apr._ _Ju._ _O._ _Su._ _W._ _S._
+ _F._ _My._ _Ag._ _N._ _M._ _Th._
+ _Mr._ _Je._ _S._ _D._ _Tu._ _F._
+
+These may be used in tables and in other places where very great
+condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.
+
+In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, notes,
+and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. {5}
+
+III. TIME.
+
+Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter;
+_at half past two o'clock in the afternoon_. If the context makes it clear
+whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:
+
+ _at three, at seven o' clock_.
+
+This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the like.
+
+IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.
+
+The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found
+treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use of
+the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly
+be given here.
+
+ 1. Spell out ages;
+
+ _eighty-two years and four months old_.
+ _in his eighty-third year_.
+ _children between the ages of six and fourteen_.
+
+ 2. Spell out references to decades;
+
+ _in the early eighties_.
+
+ The form _in the '80s_, is very objectionable.
+
+ 3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of military
+ bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of streets, and
+ the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely
+ necessary.
+
+ _Twentieth century_.
+ _Forty-second Congress_.
+ _One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry_.
+ _Eighteenth Dynasty_.
+ _Ninth Ward_.
+ _Fifth Avenue_.
+
+ In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by
+ Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:
+
+ XVIII_th Dynasty_.
+
+ {6}
+
+ 4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in
+ isolated cases:
+
+ _That press cost five thousand dollars._
+
+ When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical
+ matter, use figures.
+
+ _Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000._
+
+ 5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of
+ 100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers
+ are more.
+
+ _An army corps numbers forty thousand men._
+ _The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462._
+ _There are about five hundred officers._
+
+ Write _fifteen hundred_ and the like when the phrase is in common use,
+ not _one thousand five hundred_.
+
+ 6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a
+ sentence.
+
+ _Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers,
+ and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort._
+
+ 7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three
+ digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or
+ occur in groups of six or more in close connection.
+
+ _There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of
+ 100,000 or over._
+ _a ninety-ton engine_.
+ _five pounds of butter_.
+ _He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days._
+ _He spent 137 days in prison._
+ _A ratio of 16 to 1_.
+ _The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65._
+ _Send home:_
+ _2 pounds of butter_
+ _1 pound of sugar_
+ _1/2 pound of coffee_
+ _1/4 pound of tea_
+ _2 pecks of potatoes_
+ _1 pound of salt pork_
+ _2 pounds of lard_
+ _1 quart of milk_
+
+ {7}
+
+ Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use
+ either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains
+ three or more digits use figures for all.
+
+ _They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200._
+
+ 8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions,
+ distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights,
+ and the like.
+
+ _.542, 98deg_, _9 cubic yards_, _37 miles_, _24 pages_, _$1000_,
+ _6 per cent_ (_or 6% but never six %_), _175 pounds_.
+
+V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The
+abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be
+used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation is
+desired.
+
+UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES
+
+ Ala. Alabama N. D. North Dakota
+ Alaska Alaska Neb. Nebraska
+ Ariz. Arizona Nev. Nevada
+ Ark. Arkansas N. H. New Hampshire
+ Cal. California N. J. New Jersey
+ Colo. Colorado N. M. New Mexico
+ Conn. Connecticut N. Y. New York
+ D. C. District of Columbia Ohio Ohio
+ Del. Delaware Okla. Oklahoma
+ Fla. Florida Ore. Oregon
+ Ga. Georgia Pa. Pennsylvania
+ H. I. Hawaiian Islands P. I. Philippine Islands
+ Idaho Idaho P. R. Porto Rico
+ Ill. Illinois R. I. Rhode Island
+ Ind. Indiana Samoa Samoa
+ Ia. Iowa S. C. South Carolina
+ Kan. Kansas S. D. South Dakota
+ Ky. Kentucky Tenn. Tennessee
+ La. Louisiana Tex. Texas
+ Me. Maine T. H. Territory of Hawaii
+ Mass. Massachusetts Utah Utah
+ Md. Maryland Vt. Vermont
+ Mich. Michigan Va. Virginia
+ Minn. Minnesota Wash. Washington
+ Mo. Missouri Wis. Wisconsin
+ Mont. Montana W. Va. West Virginia
+ N. C. North Carolina Wyo. Wyoming
+
+{8}
+
+FOREIGN COUNTRIES
+
+ Aus. Austria
+ Austral. Australasia
+ B. A. British America
+ Br. Col. British Columbia
+ Can. Canada
+ C. B. Cape Breton
+ C. W. Canada West (Ontario)
+ Den. Denmark
+ E. East (London Postal District)
+ East Isl. Eastern Islands
+ E. C. East Central (London Postal District)
+ E. I. East Indies
+ Eng. England, English
+ Fin. Finland
+ G. B. Great Britain
+ Glas. Glasgow
+ Ire. Ireland
+ It. Italy
+ Jam. Jamaica
+ Jap. Japan
+ L. C. Lower Canada
+ Man. Manitoba
+ Mex. Mexico
+ N. North (London Postal District)
+ N. A. North America
+ {9}
+ N. B. New Brunswick, North Britain
+ N. E. New England, Northeast (London Postal District)
+ Neth. Netherlands
+ N. F. Newfoundland
+ Norw. Norway
+ N. S. Nova Scotia
+ N. W. Northwest (London Postal District)
+ N. Zeal. New Zealand
+ Ont. Ontario
+ Pal. Palestine
+ P. D. Postal District (London)
+ P. E. I. Prince Edward Island
+ Per. Persia
+ Port. Portugal
+ Prus. Prussia
+ Que. Quebec
+ Russ. Russia
+ S. South (London Postal District)
+ S. A. South America
+ Scot. Scotland
+ Sc. Pen. Scandinavian Peninsula
+ S. E. Southeast (London Postal District)
+ Sic. Sicily
+ S. Isl. Sandwich Islands
+ Soc. Isl. Society Islands
+ S. Lat. South Latitude
+ Sp. Spain
+ Sw. Sweden
+ Switz. Switzerland
+ Syr. Syria
+ U. C. Upper Canada (Ontario)
+ U. K. United Kingdom
+ V. Victoria
+ W. Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)
+ W. C. West Central (London Postal District)
+ W. I. West Indies
+ W. lon. West longitude
+
+{10}
+
+VI. NAMES.
+
+ 1. Abbreviate _Saint_ in names of persons, cities, streets, churches,
+ etc.
+
+ _St. John Chrysostom_, _St. Paul_, _St. Botolph Street_,
+ _The Church of SS_ (_Saints_) _Peter and Paul_.
+
+ The word _Saint_ is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, the
+ apostles, or the church fathers.
+
+ _The Gospel according to Luke_.
+ _Paul's doctrine of salvation_.
+ _Augustine's_ "_City of God_."
+
+ 2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use _Co._, _Bros._,
+ and _ampersand_ (_&_) in firm names and names of corporations.
+
+ _The Rand-McNalley Co._
+ _Macmillan & Co._
+ _Harper Bros._
+ _New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad_.
+
+ In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to
+ abbreviate.
+
+ _Harper Brothers have published._
+ _It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company._
+ _The romantic history of the East India Company_.
+
+ Do not use _ampersand_ except with names of persons.
+
+ _John Brown & Co._
+ _The Brown Printing and Publishing Co._
+
+ When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces
+ between the letters.
+
+ _N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R._
+ _U.T. & F.C. of A._
+
+ 3. Do not abbreviate _United States_ except:
+
+ (_a_) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army
+ or navy.
+
+ _Capt. John Smith, U.S.A._
+ _Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N._
+
+ (_b_) When it is part of the name of an organization.
+
+ _First Regiment, U.S.V._
+
+ {11}
+
+ (_c_) When preceding the name of a ship.
+
+ _U.S.S. Texas_.
+
+ 4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in
+ an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.
+
+ The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more
+ common Christian names.
+
+ Alex. Alexander Fred. Frederick
+ And. Andrew Geo. George
+ Anth. Anthony Herbt. Herbert
+ Ap. Appius Hos. Hosea
+ Arch. Archibald Jas. James
+ Aug. August, Augustus Jona. Jonathan
+ Benj. Benjamin Jos. Joseph
+ C. Caesar Josh. Joshua
+ Caes. Aug. Caesar Augustus Matt. Matthew
+ Cath. Catherine Nath. Nathaniel
+ Chas. Charles Pet. Peter
+ Dan. Daniel Phil. Philip, Philander
+ Eben. Ebenezer Phile. Philemon
+ Edm. Edmund Reg. Reginald
+ Edw. Edward Richd. Richard
+ Eliz. Elizabeth Robt. Robert
+ Esd. Esdras Sam. Samuel
+ Esth. Esther Theo. Theodore
+ Ez. Ezra Thos. Thomas
+ Ezek. Ezekiel Tim. Timothy
+ Ferd. Ferdinand Wm. William
+ Fran. Francis
+
+ _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, _Fred_, _Sam_, and _Tom_ are not always
+ abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period. Any
+ unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in
+ giving an original signature.
+
+ _G^o. Washington_.
+
+{12}
+
+VII. TITLES.
+
+ 1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except
+ _Mr._, _Messrs._, _Mrs._ (French _M._, _MM._, _Mme._, _Mlle._), _Dr._,
+ _Rev._, and _Hon._
+
+ _Professor_, _Colonel_, _General_ and some others may be abbreviated
+ when the initials of the name are used;
+
+ _Professor Smith_ _Prof. J. T. Smith_
+ _General Grant_ _Gen. U. S. Grant_
+
+ _Hon._ and _Rev._, which are similarly used, need special attention as
+ they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct use;
+
+ _The Reverend John Smith_ (formal reference)
+ _The Rev. John Smith_ (quotation or correspondence)
+ _Rev. Mr. Smith_
+ _Rev. John Smith_
+
+ _Rev. Smith_ is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate
+ form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns are
+ mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.
+
+ _George the Fifth_, _William the Second_.
+
+ When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may be
+ printed with Roman numerals without a period;
+
+ _George V_, _William II_
+
+ Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the
+ following list.
+
+ A.B. or B.A. (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts
+ Abp. Archbishop
+ A.C. Archchancellor
+ A.D. Archduke
+ A.D.C. Aide-de-camp
+ Adjt. Adjutant
+ Adm. Admiral
+ Admr. Administrator
+ {13}
+ Admx., Admrx. Administratrix
+ Adv. Advocate
+ Agt. Agent
+ Aldm. Alderman
+ A.M. or M.A. (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts
+ Amb. Ambassador
+ A.P.A. American Protective Association
+ Asst. Assistant
+ A.T. Archtreasurer
+ Atty. Attorney
+ B.A. or A.B. Bachelor of Arts
+ Bart. Baronet
+ B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law
+ B.D. (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity
+ B.LL. (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws
+ B.M. (_Baccalaureus Medicinae_) Bachelor of Medicine
+ Bp. Bishop
+ B.R. (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginae_) The King's or Queen's
+ Bench
+ Brig.-Gen. Brigadier-General
+ Bro(s). Brother(s)
+ B.S. Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery
+ B.V. (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin
+ Cantab. (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge
+ Capt. Captain
+ Capt.-Gen. Captain-General
+ Cash. Cashier
+ C.B. Companion of the Bath
+ C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas
+ C.E. Civil Engineer
+ C.J. Chief Justice
+ C.M.G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
+ Col. Colonel
+ Com. Commander, Commodore
+ Corp. Corporal
+ Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary
+ {14}
+ C.S. Court of Sessions
+ C.S. (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal
+ D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law
+ D. D. Doctor of Divinity
+ D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery
+ Dea. Deacon
+ Dep. Deputy
+ D. F. Defender of the Faith
+ D.M. Doctor of Music
+ Dr. Doctor
+ D.Sc. Doctor of Science
+ D.T. (_Doctor Theologiae_) Doctor of Divinity
+ D.V.M or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
+ E. (_after titles_) Edinburgh
+ Esq. Esquire
+ F.D. (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith
+ F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society
+ Fr. Father
+ F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
+ F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society
+ F.R.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
+ F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Arts
+ G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+ G.C.H. Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover
+ G.C.M.G. Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and
+ St. George
+ Gen. General
+ Gov. Governor
+ Govt. Government
+ G.R. (_Georgius Rex_) King George
+ H.B.M. His or Her Britannic Majesty
+ H.M. His or Her Majesty
+ H.M.S. His or Her Majesty's Service
+ Hon. Honorable
+ H.R. House of Representatives
+ H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor
+ H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness
+ H.S.H. His or Her Serene Highness
+ {15}
+ I.N.R.I (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum_) Jesus of Nazareth,
+ King of the Jews
+ Insp. Inspector
+ Insp. Gen. Inspector General
+ I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows
+ J.A. Judge-Advocate
+ J.P. Justice of the Peace
+ J. Prob. Judge of the Probate
+ Jr. or Jun. Junior
+ K. King
+ K.A. Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia
+ K.A.N. Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia
+ K.B. King's Bench; Knight of the Bath
+ K.B.A. Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal
+ K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia
+ K.C. Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council
+ K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath
+ K.C.H. Knight Commander of Hanover
+ K.C.M.G. Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George
+ K.C.S. Knight of Charles III, in Spain
+ K.E. Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark
+ K.F. Knight of Ferdinand of Spain
+ K.F.M. Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily
+ K.G. Knight of the Garter
+ K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross
+ K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+ K.G.F Knight of the Golden Fleece
+ K.G.H. Knight of the Guelph of Hanover
+ K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden
+ K.H. Knight of Hanover
+ K.J. Knight of St. Joachim
+ K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor
+ K.M. Knight of Malta
+ K. Mess. King's Messenger
+ K.M.H. Knight of Merit, in Holstein
+ K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
+ K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria
+ {16}
+ K.N.S. Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden
+ K.P. Knight of St. Patrick
+ K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia
+ K.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden
+ K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne of Russia
+ K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit, in France
+ K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando of Spain
+ K.S.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples
+ K.S.G. Knight of St. George of Russia
+ K.S.H. Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria
+ K.S.J. Knight of St. Januarius of Naples
+ K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia
+ K.S.M. & S.G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian
+ Isles
+ K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland
+ K.S.S. Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of
+ the Sword, in Sweden
+ K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia
+ Kt. Knight
+ K.T. Knight of the Thistle
+ K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal
+ K.W. Knight of William of the Netherlands
+ K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland
+ L. (_after titles_) London
+ L.C. Lord Chancellor
+ L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice
+ Leg. Legate
+ Legis. Legislature
+ Lieut. Lieutenant
+ Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel
+ Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-General
+ Litt. D. (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature
+ LL.B. (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws
+ LL.D. (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws
+ M. Monsieur
+ M.A. Master of Arts
+ Maj. Major
+ {17}
+ Maj.-Gen. Major-General
+ M.B. (_Medicinae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine;
+ (_Musicae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music
+ M. C. Member of Congress
+ M. D. (_Medicinae Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine
+ Messrs. Messieurs
+ Mgr. Manager; Monsignor
+ Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary
+ Mlle. Mademoiselle
+ Mme. Madame
+ M.P. Member of Parliament
+ M.R. Master of the Rolls
+ Mr. Mister or Master
+ Mrs. Mistress
+ Mus. Doc. Doctor of Music
+ Oxon. (_Oxoniensis_) Oxford
+ P.C. (_Patres Conscripti_, Conscript Fathers) Senators;
+ Privy Counsellor
+ Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy
+ Ph. G. Graduate in Pharmacy
+ P.M. Postmaster
+ P.M.G. Postmaster-General
+ P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy
+ Pres. President
+ Prov. Provost
+ P.R.S. President of the Royal Society
+ Q. Queen
+ Q.M. Quartermaster
+ R.A. Royal Academician
+ R.E. Royal Engineers
+ Reg. Prof. Regius Professor
+ Rev. Reverend
+ R.M. Royal Marines
+ R.N. Royal Navy
+ R.N.O. (_Riddare of Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order
+ of Polar Star
+ R.S.S. (_Regiae Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+ Society
+ {18}
+ Rt. Hon. Right Honorable
+ Rt. Rev. Right Reverend
+ Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful
+ R.W. Right Worthy
+ R.W.O. (_Riddare of Wasa Order_) Knight of the Order of Wasa
+ Sec. Secretary
+ Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation
+ Serg. Sergeant
+ Serg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major
+ S.J. Society of Jesus
+ S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court
+ Sol. Solicitor
+ Sol. Gen. Solicitor-General
+ Sr., Sen. Senior
+ S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+ Society
+ S.T.D. (_Sacrae Theologiae Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity
+ S.T.P. (_Sacrae Theologiae Professor_) Professor of Divinity
+ St. Saint, Street
+ Supt. Superintendent
+ Tr(s). Trustee(s)
+ Treas. Treasurer
+ U.J.C. (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws
+ V.C. Vice-Chancellor
+ V.D.M. (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word
+ Vice-Pres. Vice-President
+ Visc. Viscount
+ W.S. Writer to the Signet
+
+VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.
+
+The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;
+
+ _folio_, _quarto_, _octavo_.
+
+Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and
+_mo_, but without a period;
+
+ _12 mo_, _16 mo_, etc.
+
+{19}
+
+IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
+
+Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric
+system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when
+following a numeral;
+
+ _1 m._, _5 dm._, _4 cm._, _2 mm._, _c.m._ (_cubic meter_), _c.d._,
+ _min._ (_minute_), _sec._ (_second_), _lb._ (_pound_), _oz._ (_ounce_),
+ _yd._, _ft._, _in._, _A._ (_Anglestrom units_), _H.P._ (_Horse power_),
+ _C._ (_Centigrade_ [_Thermometer_]).
+
+X. FOOTNOTES.
+
+Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:
+
+ 1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary
+ to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman
+ lower-case unless otherwise ordered.
+
+ 2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a
+ Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of
+ all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be
+ abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in
+ full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward
+ abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the
+ names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the
+ reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph.
+ In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.
+
+ Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.
+
+ 3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No
+ period.
+
+ 4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several
+ editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should
+ be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography
+ this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. {20} In books
+ like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been
+ printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and
+ line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be
+ specified.
+
+ Number of paragraph only No. 68
+ Stanza only st. 18
+ Page only P. 213
+ Line only l. 384
+ Paragraph only [**] 34
+ Section only [**] 5
+ Chapter only } xiv
+ Canto only }
+ Book only iii
+ Book and chapter }
+ Part and chapter } iii 2
+ Book and line }
+ Act and scene }
+ Act, scene, and line iv. 3. 45
+ Chapter and verse }
+ Number and page } II 34
+ Volume and page }
+ Volume and chapter IV. iv.
+ Part, book, and chapter } II. iv. 12
+ Part, canto, and stanza }
+ Chapter, section, paragraph vii. [**] 3, [**] 4
+ Volume, part, section, paragraph } I. i. [**] 2, [**] 6
+ Book, chapter, section, paragraph }
+
+ In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare
+ use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession
+ of the book, play, or letter.
+
+ 2 Kings II: 5
+ 3 John 11
+ 1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14
+
+{21}
+
+The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling
+numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct
+Composition."
+
+_From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench_
+
+ ^1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.
+ ^2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.
+ ^3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.
+ ^4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.
+
+_From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of
+1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+ ^1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.
+ ^2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.
+ ^3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].
+ ^4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).
+ ^5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.
+ ^6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed.
+ Bonn].
+
+_From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+ ^1 Herbert, p. 431, 432. ^4 Burnet, p. 322.
+ ^2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176. ^5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.
+ ^3 Stowe, p. 575. ^6 Memoires du Bellay, lib. x.
+
+The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation
+_ch_, _p_, and _pp_, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.
+
+In lower-case text do not use _&c_, use _etc._
+
+By-laws are often printed with side-headings _Art. 1_, _Sec. 2_, _etc._ It
+is better to print the words, _article_ and _section_ in full in the
+paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent
+paragraphs, using the proper figure only.
+
+Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and
+explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself
+do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the
+explanation. {22}
+
+Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.
+
+Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: _Pages 24,
+25, 57_ not _pp. 24-5, 57_ nor _25-57_. When the reference is to several
+pages continually set _pages 24 to 32_.
+
+When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive
+years, set thus: _1846-7_, _1861-5_, when there is a lapse of a year or
+more, set thus: _1866-7-1869-70_. Do not abbreviate into _'66-'7-'69-'70_.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{23}
+
+LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.
+
+SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+Old Testament (O.T.)
+
+ Gen. Esth. Joel
+ Exod. Job Amos
+ Lev. Ps. (Pss.) Obad.
+ Num. Prov. Jonah
+ Deut. Eccles. Mic.
+ Josh. Song of Sol. Nah.
+ Judg. (or Cant.) Hab.
+ Ruth Isa. Zeph.
+ I and II Sam. Jer. Hag.
+ I and II Kings Lam. Zech.
+ I and II Chron. Ezek. Mal.
+ Ezra Dan.
+ Neh. Hos.
+
+New Testament (N.T.)
+
+ Matt. Gal. Philem.
+ Mark Eph. Heb.
+ Luke Phil. Jas.
+ John Col. I and II Pet.
+ Acts I and II Thess. I, II and III John
+ Rom. I and II Tim. Jude
+ I and II Cor. Titus Rev.
+
+Apocrypha
+
+ I and II Esd. Eccles. Bel and Dragon
+ Tob. Bar. Pr. of Man
+ Jud. Song of Three I, II, III and IV
+ Rest of Esther Children Macc.
+ Wisd. of Sol. Sus.
+
+{24}
+
+COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+ A1 Highest class or grade
+ Acct. Account
+ Advt., Ad. Advertisement
+ Agt. Agent
+ Amt. Amount
+ Anon. Anonymous
+ Ans. Answer
+ Art. Article
+ Av., Ave. Avenue
+ Bal. Balance
+ Bd. Bound
+ Bdl. Bundle
+ Bds. Boards
+ Bldg. Building
+ B.O. Buyer's Option
+ Bro(s). Brother; Brothers
+ Chap. Chapter
+ C.I.F. Cost, insurance, freight
+ Co. Company
+ C.O.D. Cash on delivery
+ Cr. Creditor
+ Dept. Department
+ Do. Ditto, the same
+ Dr. Debtor
+ E.E. Errors excepted
+ E.O.D. Every other day
+ E. & O.E. Errors and omissions excepted
+ Etc. (_Et caetera_) and so forth
+ Ex., Exch. Exchange
+ Exp. Express
+ Fgt. Freight
+ F.O.B. Free on Board
+ H. Hour
+ H.P. Half pay, horse power
+ Incor. Incorporated
+ Ins. Insurance
+ K.D. Knock down (_of furniture, etc._)
+ {25}
+ L.P. Large Paper
+ Memo. Memorandum
+ Mfg. Manufacturing
+ Mfr. Manufacturer
+ Min. Minute
+ No. (_numero_) number
+ O.K. All right
+ Payt. Payment
+ Pd. Paid
+ Per an. (_Per annum_) by the year
+ Per cent (_Per centum_) by the hundred
+ Pkg. Package
+ Pl. Plate, plates
+ Pref. Preface
+ Rd. Road
+ Rem. Remarks
+ Rep. Reports
+ R.R. Railroad
+ Ry. Railway
+ Ser. Series
+ Sq. Square
+ S.S. Steamship, steamer
+ T.F. Till forbidden
+
+MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS
+
+ A.C. (_Ante Christum_) before Christ
+ A.D. (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord
+ Ad lib. (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure
+ Adj. Adjective
+ Adv. Adverb
+ Aet (_Aetatis_) of age, aged
+ A.H. (_Anno Hegirae_) in the year of the Hegira
+ Alt. Altitude
+ A.M. (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world
+ An. (_Anno_) in the year
+ {26}
+ An. A. C. (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ
+ Anat. Anatomy
+ Anc. Ancient
+ Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon
+ Anom. Anomalous
+ Anon. Anonymous
+ Ap. Apostle
+ Apo. Apogee
+ Apoc. Apocalypse, Apocrypha
+ A.R. (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign
+ Arch. Architecture
+ A.R.R. (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king
+ Arr. Arrival
+ Art. Article
+ Assoc., Assn. Association
+ Astrol. Astrology
+ Astron. Astronomy
+ A.U.C. (_Anno urbis Conditae_) in the year of the building of
+ the city of Rome
+ Auth. Ver. } Authorized Version of the Bible
+ or A.V. }
+ Av. Average
+ Ave. Avenue
+ B. (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born
+ B.C. Before Christ
+ Boul. Boulevard
+ B.V. (_Bene Vale_) Farewell
+ C. Cape
+ Caet. par. (_Caeteris paribus_) other things being equal
+ Cap. (_caput_) Chapter
+ C. or Cent. Centigrade
+ Cf. (_conferre_) compare
+ Ch. Child or children
+ C.H. Court House
+ Chap. Chapter
+ {27}
+ Circ. Circle(s)
+ Cit. Citizen
+ Col. Column
+ Coll. College
+ Comp. Companion, comparative
+ Cong. Congress
+ C.Q.D. Marconi Distress signal
+ D.B. Domesday Book
+ D.C. (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again
+ Dec. Declination
+ Deg. Degree(s)
+ Del. (_Delineavit_) he drew it
+ Dem. Democrat
+ D.G. (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_)
+ thanks to God
+ D.V. (_Deo volente_) God willing
+ E. East, Eagle(s)
+ Ea. Each
+ E.B. English Bible (common)
+ Ed. Editor, Edition
+ E.E. Errors excepted
+ E.G. (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example
+ Elec. Electricity
+ E.N.E. East-northeast
+ Ent. Entomology
+ E.S.E. East-southeast
+ Etal. (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others
+ Etc. (_Et caetera_) and so forth
+ Et seq. (_Et sequentia_) the following
+ Ex. Example
+ Exc. Exception
+ F., Fahr. Fahrenheit (thermometer)
+ Fec. (_Fecit_) he made it
+ Fem. or f. Feminine
+ Fig(s). Figure(s)
+ Finn. Finnish
+ {28}
+ Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s)
+ For. Foreign
+ Ft. Fort
+ Gent. Gentleman
+ Ger. German
+ Goth. Gothic
+ Gr. Greek
+ H. Husband
+ Hdkf. Handkerchief
+ H.e. (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is
+ Hist. History, Historical
+ H.J.S. (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried
+ H.M.P. (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument
+ H.R.I.P. (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace
+ H.S. (_Hic situs_) here lies
+ Ibid. Ib. (_Ibidem_) in the same place
+ Id. (_Idem_) the same
+ I.e. (_Id est_) that is
+ I.H.S. First letters of [Greek: IESOUS], Greek for _Jesus_, or
+ _Iesus hominum salvator_, Jesus the Savior of Mankind
+ Illus. Illustrated
+ Imp. Imperative (mood)
+ Incog. (_Incognito_) Unknown
+ Indef. Indefinite
+ Indic. Indicative (mood)
+ Infin. Infinitive (mood)
+ In lim. (_In limine_) at the outset
+ In loc. (_In loco_) in the place
+ Inst. (_instante_) the current month
+ Int. Interest
+ Interj. Interjection
+ In trans. (_In transit_) On the passage
+ Ion. Ionic
+ Ir. Irish
+ Irreg. Irregular
+ {29}
+ Isl. Island
+ Ital. Italic
+ Itin. Itinerary
+ J.H.S. See I.H.S.
+ Jour. Journal
+ Lat. Latin, latitude
+ L.c. (_Loco citato_) in the place cited
+ L.l. (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted
+ Long. or long. Longitude
+ L.S. (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal
+ LXX The Septuagint
+ M. (_Meridies_) noon
+ M. Married
+ Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda
+ Mgr. Manager
+ Misc. Miscellaneous
+ Mo(s). Month, months
+ M.S. (_Memoriae sacrum_) sacred to the memory
+ MS. (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript
+ MSS. Manuscripts
+ Mt. Mount, Mont
+ Myth. Mythology
+ N. Noun, note(s)
+ Nat. National
+ Naut. Nautical
+ N.B. (_Nota Bene_) note well
+ Nem. con or } (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine dissentiente_) none
+ nem. diss. } opposing
+ N.L. (_Non liquet_) It does not appear
+ N. lat. North latitude
+ N.N.E. North-northeast
+ N.N.W. North-northwest
+ Nom. Nominative
+ Nol. Pros. (_Nol prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will
+ not be prosecuted
+ N.S. New Style (After 1752)
+ N.T. New Testament
+ {30}
+ N.u. Name(s) unknown
+ N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary
+ N.W. Northwest
+ Ob. (_Obiit_) he or she died
+ Obj. Objective (case)
+ Obs. Obsolete
+ O.F. Odd Fellow(s)
+ O.H.M.S. On His Majesty's Service
+ Olym. Olympiad
+ Op. Opposite
+ O.S. Old Style (before 1752)
+ O.T. Old Testament
+ P. or pp. Page or pages
+ Par. Paragraph
+ Par. pas. Parallel passage(s)
+ Parl. Parliament
+ Part. Participle
+ Partic. Particle
+ Pass. Passive (voice)
+ Pen. Peninsula
+ Pent. Pentecost
+ Perf. Perfect (tense)
+ Pers. Person
+ Pers. pron. Personal pronoun
+ Persp. Perspective
+ Phil. Philosophy
+ Pinx. (_Pinxit_) he painted it
+ Pl. Plate(s)
+ Plff. Plaintiff
+ Plup. Pluperfect
+ Plur. Plural
+ P.M. (_Post Meridiem_) afternoon to midnight
+ P.O. Post-office
+ Pop. Population
+ Posit. Positive
+ P.p. Past participle
+ P.P.C. (_Pour prendre conge_) to take leave
+ {31}
+ P. pr. Participle present
+ P.R. (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people
+ Pref. Preface
+ Pret. Preterite tense
+ Pron. Pronoun
+ Pro tem. (_Pro tempore_) for the time being
+ Pr. p. Present participle
+ P.S. Privy Seal
+ P.T.O. Please turn over
+ Pt. Point
+ Pub. Publisher
+ Pub. Doc. Public Documents
+ Q. Question
+ Q.B. Queen's Bench
+ Q.C. Queen's College, Queen's Council
+ Q.d. (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as
+ if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said
+ Q.E. (_Quod est_) which is
+ Q.E.D. (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved
+ Q.E.F. (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done
+ Q.l. (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please
+ Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger
+ Qm. (_Quomodo_) by what means, how
+ Q.p. or q. pl. (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please
+ Qr. Quarter
+ Q.S. (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity
+ Q.v. (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will
+ Q.v. (_Quod vide_) which see
+ Qy. Query
+ R., Reaum. Reaumur (_thermometer_)
+ R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery
+ R.E. Royal Engineers
+ Recd. Received
+ Rect. Rector
+ {32}
+ Ref. Reformation, reformed
+ Ref. Ch. Reformed Church
+ Ref. Reference
+ Regr. Registrar
+ Regt. Regiment
+ Rel. pron. Relative pronoun
+ Rep. Representative
+ Repub. Republican
+ R.M. Royal Marines
+ R.N. Royal Navy
+ Ro. (_Recto_) Right-hand page
+ Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic
+ R.P. (_Res Publica_) Republic
+ Ru. Runic
+ S. Solo (_In Italian Music_); South
+ S. SS. Section(s), Saint(s)
+ S.a. (_Secundum artem_) According to Art
+ Sax. Saxon
+ S.C. (_Senatus Consultum_) A decree of the Senate
+ S.C. (_In Law_) same case
+ Sch. Schooner(s)
+ Schol. (_Scholium_) a note
+ Sci. Science
+ Sculp. (_Sculpsit_) he engraved
+ S.E. Southeast
+ Sen. Senate, Senator
+ Seq. or sq. (_Sequente_) and in what follows
+ Seqq. or sqq. (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places)
+ Ser. Series
+ Shak. Shakespeare
+ Sing. Singular (number)
+ S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court
+ S. lat. South latitude
+ S.O.S. Marconi Distress Signal
+ S.P. (_Sine prole_) without issue
+ Sp. gr. Specific gravity
+ {33}
+ S.P.Q.R. (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman
+ people
+ S.R.I. (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) The Holy Roman Empire
+ S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society
+ S.S. Sunday School
+ S.S.E. South-southeast
+ S.S.W. South-southwest
+ St. Saint, Street
+ Stat. Statute(s)
+ Ster. Sterling
+ Subj. Subjunctive
+ Subst. Substantive
+ Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic
+ Super. Superfine
+ Superl. Superlative
+ S.W. Southwest
+ T. Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra after a
+ solo
+ Ter. Territory
+ Term. Termination
+ Theor. Theorem
+ Tr. Translator, transpose
+ Um. Unmarried
+ Univ. University
+ U.S.A. United States Army
+ U.S.M. United States Mail
+ U.S.N. United States Navy
+ U.S.S. United States Ship
+ U.s. (_Ut supra_) as above
+ Vat. Vatican
+ V.a. Verb active
+ V. aux. Verb auxiliary
+ V. def. Verb defective
+ V. dep. Verb deponent
+ Ven. Venerable
+ {34}
+ V.g. (_Verbi gratia_) for example
+ V. imp. Verb impersonal
+ V. in. Verb intransitive
+ V. irr. Verb irregular
+ V.n. Verb neuter
+ Vo. (_verso_) left-hand page
+ Voc. Vocative
+ Vol. Volume
+ V.r. Verb reflexive
+ V. tr. Verb transitive
+ V. Vulgate (Version)
+ W. West, wife
+ W. lon. West longitude
+ W.N.W. West-northwest
+ W.S.W. West-southwest
+ Xmas Christmas
+ Zool. Zoology
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{35}
+
+SIGNS
+
+In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs
+used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the
+following lists.
+
+MONETARY SIGNS
+
+ $ Dollar or dollars
+ cts. Cents
+ Gn. Guinea
+ L (_English_) Pound or pounds
+ / or s Shilling or shillings
+ d. (_Denarius_) penny or pence
+ fr. Franc or francs
+ c. (_French_) Centime or centimes
+ m. (_German_) Mark or marks
+ Pf. (_German_) Pfennig or pfennigs
+ cr. (_Austrian_) Crown or crowns
+ hr. (_Austrian_) Heller or hellers
+ rub. (_Russian_) Ruble or rubles
+ kop. (_Russian_) Kopec or kopecs
+ kr. (_Danish_) Crown or crowns
+ oero, oere Oro or oere
+ L (_Italian_) Lira or lire
+ c. (_Italian_) Centesimo or centesimi
+
+MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
+
+ + Plus
+ - Minus
+ [**] Plus or minus
+ [**] Minus or plus
+ x Multiplied by
+ {36}
+ [**] Divided by
+ = Equal to
+ [**] Not equal to
+ [**] Identical with
+ [**] Congruent to
+ > Greater than
+ < Less than
+ [**] The difference between
+ [**] Is equivalent to
+ : and :: Proportion
+ [**] Varies as
+ [**] Approaches as a limit
+ [**] Infinity
+ [**] Therefore
+ [**] Because
+ . . . Continuation
+ [**] The radical sign
+ [**] Perpendicular to
+ [**] Parallel
+ [**] Arc of circle
+ [**] Degree of circle
+ [**] Minute of circle
+ [**] Second of circle
+ [**] Angle
+ [**] Right angle
+ [**] Square
+ [**] Rectangle
+ [**] Triangle
+
+MEDICAL SIGNS
+
+ aa (_ava_) of each
+ [**] (_Recipe_) take
+ [**], [**]i Ounce, one ounce
+ [**]ss Half an ounce
+ [**]iss One ounce and a half
+ [**]ij Two ounces
+ [**] Drachm
+ [**] Scruple
+ O (_Octarius_) Pint
+ [**] Fluid ounce
+ [**] Fluid Drachm
+ _m_ Minim or drop
+
+{37}
+
+ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS
+
+Planets
+
+ [**] Sun [**] Earth [**] Saturn
+ [**] Mercury [**] Mars [**] Uranus
+ [**] Venus [**] Jupiter [**] Neptune
+
+Phases
+
+ [**] New moon [**] first quarter [**] full moon
+ [**] last quarter
+
+Zodiacal
+
+ [**] Aries, the ram [**] Libra, the scales
+ [**] Taurus, the bull [**] Scorpio, scorpion
+ [**] Gemini, the twins [**] Sagittarius, archer
+ [**] Cancer, the crab [**] Capricornus, goat
+ [**] Leo, the lion [**] Aquarius, waterman
+ [**] Virgo, the virgin [**] Pisces, the fishes
+
+Aspects and Nodes
+
+ [**] Conjunction [**] opposition
+ [**] Quadrature [**] or [**] quintile
+ [**] Ascending node [**] sextile
+ [**] Descending node [**] trine
+
+ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS
+
+ [**] The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by
+ certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.
+ It is also used in the service-books of that church to
+ notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross.
+ The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should
+ not be used as a substitute.
+
+ [**] Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign [**]
+ is not an entirely acceptable substitute.
+
+ [**] Versicle in service-books.
+
+ [**] indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.
+
+{38}
+
+PROOFREADER'S SIGNS
+
+ No [**] No new paragraph.
+ Run in Let there be no break in the reading.
+ [**] Make a new paragraph.
+ [**] Correct uneven spacing of words.
+ [**] Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.
+ [**] Reverse this type.
+ # More space where caret is marked,
+ [**] Contract the spacing.
+ [**] Take out all spacing.
+ [ Move this to the left.
+ ] Move this to the right.
+ [**] Raise this line or letter.
+ [**] Depress this line or letter.
+ || Make parallel at the side with other lines.
+ [**] Indent line an em.
+ [**] Push down a space that blackens the proof.
+ x Change this bruised type.
+ w.f. Change this faulty type of wrong font.
+ tr. Transpose words or letters underlined.
+ l.c. Put in lower-case, or small letters.
+ s.c. Put in small capitals.
+ caps. Put in capitals.
+ [**] Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an
+ inverted caret, as, [**] [**] etc.; for inferior
+ characters the caret is put in its usual position, as
+ in [**].
+ rom. Change from italic to roman.
+ ital. Change from roman to italic.
+ [**] Insert period.
+ ,/ Insert comma.
+ ;/ Insert semicolon.
+ :/ Insert colon.
+ =/ Insert hyphen.
+ /--/ One-em dash.
+ /-^2-/ Two-em dash.
+ [**] Take out cancelled character and close up.
+ {39}
+ Qu. or? Is this right? See to it.
+ ^ Insert letter or word marked in margin.
+ |||| Hair-space letters as marked.
+ Stet Restore crossed-out word or letter.
+ . . . . Dots put below the crossed word mean:
+ Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand
+ as they were.
+ [**] Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or
+ for a logotype, as _ae_, _ffi_.
+ [**] Straighten lines.
+ ///// Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the
+ composition is out of square.
+ Out, see Copy Here is an omission; see copy.
+
+Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be
+accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or
+"ringed."
+
+Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text:
+faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{40}
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various
+sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper
+use of these.
+
+In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule is to
+follow copy.
+
+Such abbreviations as _I've_, _you'll_, _'t'was_, _'t'is n't_, and the like
+are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words.
+
+Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts
+have to be obtained for the purpose.
+
+Abbreviations like _dept_, _dep't_, _gov't_, _sec_, _sec'y_, _sect'y_,
+_pres't_, and _treas._ are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like
+it is better to spell out the words in two lines.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{41}
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+ Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co.,
+ New York.
+
+ The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.
+
+ The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal
+ dictionaries may be studied with profit.
+
+ Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations
+ and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{42}
+
+QUESTIONS
+
+ 1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?
+ 2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?
+ 3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?
+ 4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?
+ 5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds
+ of printing?
+ 6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what
+ may be done to make their use easier?
+ 7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?
+ 8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the
+ days of the week?
+ 9. Give the Dewey dates.
+ 10. What is the rule for ages?
+ 11. How do we treat references to decades?
+ 12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?
+ 13. What is the rule for sums of money?
+ 14. What is the rule for round numbers?
+ 15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?
+ 16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?
+ 17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?
+ 18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?
+ 19. What are the rules for names?
+ 20. What is the usage in printing titles?
+ 21. How do we treat names of book sizes?
+ 22. How do we treat weights and measures?
+ 23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.
+ 24. Where is &c not used?
+ 25. How are by-laws treated?
+ {43}
+ 26. How are figures used with illustrations?
+ 27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?
+ 28. How do we treat page references in the text?
+ 29. How do we treat references to series of years?
+ 30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?
+ 31. How do we print such abbreviations as _I've_, _you've_, and the like?
+ 32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?
+
+ The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these
+ rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of
+ abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil
+ required to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be
+ required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission
+ of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by
+ the instructor with reference to the rules.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+{i}
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES
+
+The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL
+SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the
+Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade
+classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
+
+Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of
+the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a
+comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable,
+up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the
+printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
+
+The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 x 8 inches. Their
+general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as
+practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular
+contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each
+title in the following list.
+
+Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each
+publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and
+essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been
+taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of
+bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the
+different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional
+clearness to the text.
+
+In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in
+trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by
+a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter.
+A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department
+treated is also added to many of the books.
+
+These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
+
+Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED
+TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. {ii}
+
+PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_
+
+1. TYPE: A PRIMER OF INFORMATION By A. A. Stewart
+
+ Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+ font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44
+ pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
+
+2. COMPOSITORS' TOOLS AND MATERIALS By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass
+ rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50
+ review questions; glossary.
+
+3. TYPE CASES, COMPOSING ROOM FURNITURE By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case
+ racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33
+ review questions; glossary.
+
+4. IMPOSING TABLES AND LOCK-UP APPLIANCES By A. A. Stewart
+
+ Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+ press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.;
+ illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
+
+5. PROOF PRESSES By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for
+ taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+6. PLATEN PRINTING PRESSES By Daniel Baker
+
+ A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+ construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press
+ to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic
+ presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+7. CYLINDER PRINTING PRESSES By Herbert L. Baker
+
+ Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of
+ cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+8. MECHANICAL FEEDERS AND FOLDERS By William E. Spurrier
+
+ The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with
+ hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+9. POWER FOR MACHINERY IN PRINTING HOUSES By Carl F. Scott
+
+ A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+ allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.;
+ illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+10. PAPER CUTTING MACHINES By Niel Gray, Jr.
+
+ A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+ cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper.
+ 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
+
+11. PRINTERS' ROLLERS By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of
+ inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.
+
+12. PRINTING INKS By Philip Ruxton
+
+ Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission
+ from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with
+ some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by
+ Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+{iii}
+
+13. HOW PAPER IS MADE By William Bond Wheelwright
+
+ A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+ manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62
+ review questions; glossary.
+
+14. RELIEF ENGRAVINGS By Joseph P. Donovan
+
+ Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+ engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for
+ reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated;
+ review questions; glossary.
+
+15. ELECTROTYPING AND STEROTYPING By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
+
+ A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+ stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.
+
+PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_
+
+16. TYPESETTING By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing,
+ correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated;
+ review questions; glossary.
+
+17. PRINTERS' PROOFS By A. A. Stewart
+
+ The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+ observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+18. FIRST STEPS IN JOB COMPOSITION By Camille DeVeze
+
+ Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs,
+ especially about the important little things which go to make good
+ display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.
+
+19. GENERAL JOB COMPOSITION
+
+ How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+ miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+20. BOOK COMPOSITION By J. W. Bothwell
+
+ Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised
+ and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The
+ DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II:
+ Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+21. TABULAR COMPOSITION By Robert Seaver
+
+ A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of
+ more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.
+
+22. APPLIED ARITHMETIC By E. E. Sheldon
+
+ Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+ calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables
+ and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and
+ exercises. 159 pp.
+
+23. TYPECASTING AND COMPOSING MACHINES A. W. Finlay, Editor
+
+ Section I--The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein
+ Section II--The Monotype By Joseph Hays
+ Section III--The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens
+ Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting By Frank H. Smith
+ Machines
+
+ A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+ mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+{iv}
+
+PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_
+
+24. LOCKING FORMS FOR THE JOB PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+ Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+ about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+25. PREPARING FORMS FOR THE CYLINDER PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+ Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of
+ handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review
+ questions; glossary.
+
+PART IV--_Presswork_
+
+26. MAKING READY ON PLATEN PRESSES By T. G. McGrew
+
+ The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+ features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating
+ the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other
+ details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+27. CYLINDER PRESSWORK By T. G. McGrew
+
+ Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink
+ fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying;
+ modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+28. PRESSROOM HINTS AND HELPS By Charles L. Dunton
+
+ Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions
+ and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press
+ problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
+
+29. REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS By A. W. Elson
+
+ A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief,
+ the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.;
+ illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_
+
+30. PAMPHLET BINDING By Bancroft L. Goodwin
+
+ A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+ binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review
+ questions; glossary.
+
+31. BOOK BINDING By John J. Pleger
+
+ Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+ folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case
+ making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and
+ blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_
+
+32. WORD STUDY AND ENGLISH GRAMMAR By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses.
+ 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
+
+33. PUNCTUATION By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use,
+ both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions;
+ glossary.
+
+{v}
+
+34. CAPITALS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+ typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review
+ questions; glossary.
+
+35. DIVISION OF WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on
+ spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.
+
+36. COMPOUND WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds,
+ and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+37. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified
+ lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.
+
+38. THE USES OF ITALIC By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters.
+ 31 pp.; 37 review questions.
+
+39. PROOFREADING By Arnold Levitas
+
+ The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+ revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+ examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+40. PREPARATION OF PRINTERS' COPY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing
+ copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
+
+41. PRINTERS' MANUAL OF STYLE
+
+ A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+ relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations,
+ numerals, and kindred features of composition.
+
+42. THE PRINTER'S DICTIONARY By A. A. Stewart
+
+ A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various
+ processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms
+ explained. Illustrated.
+
+PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_
+
+43. APPLIED DESIGN FOR PRINTERS By Harry L. Gage
+
+ A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the
+ periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of
+ harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety;
+ ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions;
+ glossary; bibliography.
+
+44. ELEMENTS OF TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN By Harry L. Gage
+
+ Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material
+ of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations.
+ Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design
+ of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions,
+ glossary; bibliography.
+
+{vi}
+
+45. RUDIMENTS OF COLOR IN PRINTING By Harry L. Gage
+
+ Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+ effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process
+ engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in
+ which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color,
+ scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments
+ with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review
+ questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+46. LETTERING IN TYPOGRAPHY By Harry L. Gage
+
+ Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+ Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type
+ design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of
+ design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated;
+ review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+47. TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN ADVERTISING By Harry L. Gage
+
+ The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising
+ is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility,
+ attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography.
+ Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+48. MAKING DUMMIES AND LAYOUTS By Harry L. Gage
+
+ A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed
+ final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of
+ layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes.
+ Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+PART VIII--_History of Printing_
+
+49. BOOKS BEFORE TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+ history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+ illustrated; 64 review questions.
+
+50. THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64
+ pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+51. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part I By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+ development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and
+ the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
+
+52. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part II By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from
+ 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal
+ conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.
+
+53. PRINTING IN ENGLAND By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time.
+ 89 pp.; 65 review questions.
+
+54. PRINTING IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on
+ publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84
+ review questions.
+
+55. TYPE AND PRESSES IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press
+ building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
+
+{vii}
+
+PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_
+
+56. ELEMENTS OF COST IN PRINTING By Henry P. Porter
+
+ The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+ How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+57. USE OF A COST SYSTEM By Henry P. Porter
+
+ The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+ How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.
+
+58. THE PRINTER AS A MERCHANT By Henry P. Porter
+
+ The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The
+ relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the
+ finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+59. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ESTIMATING By Henry P. Porter
+
+ The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating.
+ Review questions. Glossary.
+
+60. ESTIMATING AND SELLING By Henry P. Porter
+
+ An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+ relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+61. ACCOUNTING FOR PRINTERS By Henry P. Porter
+
+ A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books
+ and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+PART X--_Miscellaneous_
+
+62. HEALTH, SANITATION, AND SAFETY By Henry P. Porter
+
+ Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+ practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules
+ for safety.
+
+63. TOPICAL INDEX By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+ Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
+
+64. COURSES OF STUDY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+ A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom
+ and shop work.
+
+{viii}
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+America.
+
+The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose
+auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its
+indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors,
+printers, and others identified with this work.
+
+While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those
+contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group
+list of co-operating firms would be of interest.
+
+The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the
+first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes
+will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.
+
+The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.
+
+ COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
+ UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.
+
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