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+Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Abbreviations and Signs
+       A Primer of Information about Abbreviations and Signs,
+       with Classified Lists of Those in Most Common Use
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33828]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 37
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+AND SIGNS
+
+A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH
+CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE
+IN MOST COMMON USE
+
+
+
+BY
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.
+
+EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR
+
+UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+1918
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1918
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a
+temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable
+under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should
+be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person
+likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and
+technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the
+subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General
+readers are not particularly concerned with them.
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and
+partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established
+rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An
+attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly
+and concisely and to illustrate their application.
+
+Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been
+inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of
+further information on these points will be found under the head of
+Supplementary Reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                               PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                    1
+  GENERAL RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS      3
+  DATES                                           3
+  TIME                                            5
+  OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING NUMERALS          5
+  GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, WITH LIST           7
+  ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES, WITH LIST              10
+  ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES, WITH LIST             12
+  SIZES OF BOOKS                                 18
+  WEIGHTS AND MEASURES                           19
+  FOOTNOTES                                      19
+  SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS                       23
+  COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS                       24
+  MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS                    25
+  MONETARY SIGNS                                 35
+  MATHEMATICAL SIGNS                             35
+  MEDICAL SIGNS                                  36
+  ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS                             37
+  ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS                           37
+  PROOFREADER'S SIGNS                            38
+  GENERAL OBSERVATIONS                           40
+  SUPPLEMENTARY READING                          41
+  REVIEW QUESTIONS                               42
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{1}
+
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In inscriptions
+and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always
+been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS QUARTUS DEI GRATIA
+REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around the circumference of
+a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. Therefore, we find them
+written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: D: In the manuscript
+period abbreviations were very extensively used. This was done partly to
+lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double
+saving of expense, in labor and in costly material. Certain of these
+abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible. Unfortunately
+the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these, but devised others
+for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers, especially after
+the lapse of centuries.
+
+The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the
+extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer
+than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of
+manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were
+probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in
+imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his
+mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result
+was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of
+ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of
+letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed
+themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the
+habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still continued to
+be considered. The {2} methods of abbreviation in use in written matter
+continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the
+last century.
+
+The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint
+about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne gives the
+following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at random from
+a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in 1488.
+
+    "Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n e
+    g a n e pducibile a Deo."
+
+These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad
+simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A non
+est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.
+
+The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain
+recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally
+only under constraint of limited space.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{3}
+
+RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+I. GENERAL RULES.
+
+Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to
+print the words in full.
+
+All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but
+abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in
+commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are
+commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.
+
+Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports,
+sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the
+like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations are
+of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not
+intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the
+particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests
+that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not
+appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to keep
+a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly
+as a means of securing uniformity of form.
+
+II. DATES.
+
+Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; _The
+Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776._ The word
+_the_ is sometimes omitted. The date might be written _July fourth_ but
+never _July four_.
+
+The abbreviations _ult._ _inst._ and _prox._ with a numeral (meaning _the
+25th of last month_, _the 25th of this month_, _the 25th of next month_)
+are often used in letters, but should not be used in print unless the
+literal reproduction of a letter is intended. {4}
+
+Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; _August
+the sixth_, not _August 6th_.
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the months are:
+
+  _Jan._   _Apr._   _July_   _Oct._
+  _Feb._   _May_    _Aug._   _Nov._
+  _Mar._   _June_   _Sept._  _Dec._
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:
+
+  _Sun._   _Tues._  _Thurs._  _Sat._
+  _Mon._   _Wed._   _Fri._
+
+The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is
+given, but not when the month and year alone are given;
+
+  _Jan. 15, 1916_, but _January 1916_.
+
+Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; _15 Jan., 1916_,
+but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the more common
+order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it
+requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For example in
+writing addresses English speaking people put the number before the street,
+_59 Wall St._, while others put the number after the street, _Wall St.,
+59_. This is the logical order, because one goes to the street and then
+finds the number, but it gives to the American reader a curious sensation
+of mentally standing on one's head.
+
+There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as
+follows:
+
+           Months                   Days of Week
+  _Ja._  _Apr._ _Ju._  _O._       _Su._  _W._   _S._
+  _F._   _My._  _Ag._  _N._       _M._   _Th._
+  _Mr._  _Je._  _S._   _D._       _Tu._  _F._
+
+These may be used in tables and in other places where very great
+condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.
+
+In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, notes,
+and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. {5}
+
+III. TIME.
+
+Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter;
+_at half past two o'clock in the afternoon_. If the context makes it clear
+whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:
+
+  _at three, at seven o' clock_.
+
+This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the like.
+
+IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.
+
+The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found
+treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use of
+the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly
+be given here.
+
+    1. Spell out ages;
+
+      _eighty-two years and four months old_.
+      _in his eighty-third year_.
+      _children between the ages of six and fourteen_.
+
+    2. Spell out references to decades;
+
+      _in the early eighties_.
+
+    The form _in the '80s_, is very objectionable.
+
+    3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of military
+    bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of streets, and
+    the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely
+    necessary.
+
+      _Twentieth century_.
+      _Forty-second Congress_.
+      _One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry_.
+      _Eighteenth Dynasty_.
+      _Ninth Ward_.
+      _Fifth Avenue_.
+
+    In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by
+    Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:
+
+      XVIII_th Dynasty_.
+
+    {6}
+
+    4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in
+    isolated cases:
+
+      _That press cost five thousand dollars._
+
+    When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical
+    matter, use figures.
+
+      _Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000._
+
+    5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of
+    100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers
+    are more.
+
+      _An army corps numbers forty thousand men._
+      _The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462._
+      _There are about five hundred officers._
+
+    Write _fifteen hundred_ and the like when the phrase is in common use,
+    not _one thousand five hundred_.
+
+    6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a
+    sentence.
+
+      _Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers,
+          and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort._
+
+    7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three
+    digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or
+    occur in groups of six or more in close connection.
+
+      _There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of
+          100,000 or over._
+      _a ninety-ton engine_.
+      _five pounds of butter_.
+      _He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days._
+      _He spent 137 days in prison._
+      _A ratio of 16 to 1_.
+      _The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65._
+      _Send home:_
+        _2 pounds of butter_
+        _1 pound of sugar_
+        _½ pound of coffee_
+        _¼ pound of tea_
+        _2 pecks of potatoes_
+        _1 pound of salt pork_
+        _2 pounds of lard_
+        _1 quart of milk_
+
+    {7}
+
+    Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use
+    either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains
+    three or more digits use figures for all.
+
+      _They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200._
+
+    8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions,
+    distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights,
+    and the like.
+
+      _.542, 98°_, _9 cubic yards_, _37 miles_, _24 pages_, _$1000_,
+      _6 per cent_ (_or 6% but never six %_), _175 pounds_.
+
+V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The
+abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be
+used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation is
+desired.
+
+UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES
+
+  Ala.    Alabama                    N. D.   North Dakota
+  Alaska  Alaska                     Neb.    Nebraska
+  Ariz.   Arizona                    Nev.    Nevada
+  Ark.    Arkansas                   N. H.   New Hampshire
+  Cal.    California                 N. J.   New Jersey
+  Colo.   Colorado                   N. M.   New Mexico
+  Conn.   Connecticut                N. Y.   New York
+  D. C.   District of Columbia       Ohio    Ohio
+  Del.    Delaware                   Okla.   Oklahoma
+  Fla.    Florida                    Ore.    Oregon
+  Ga.     Georgia                    Pa.     Pennsylvania
+  H. I.   Hawaiian Islands           P. I.   Philippine Islands
+  Idaho   Idaho                      P. R.   Porto Rico
+  Ill.    Illinois                   R. I.   Rhode Island
+  Ind.    Indiana                    Samoa   Samoa
+  Ia.     Iowa                       S. C.   South Carolina
+  Kan.    Kansas                     S. D.   South Dakota
+  Ky.     Kentucky                   Tenn.   Tennessee
+  La.     Louisiana                  Tex.    Texas
+  Me.     Maine                      T. H.   Territory of Hawaii
+  Mass.   Massachusetts              Utah    Utah
+  Md.     Maryland                   Vt.     Vermont
+  Mich.   Michigan                   Va.     Virginia
+  Minn.   Minnesota                  Wash.   Washington
+  Mo.     Missouri                   Wis.    Wisconsin
+  Mont.   Montana                    W. Va.  West Virginia
+  N. C.   North Carolina             Wyo.    Wyoming
+
+{8}
+
+FOREIGN COUNTRIES
+
+  Aus.        Austria
+  Austral.    Australasia
+  B. A.       British America
+  Br. Col.    British Columbia
+  Can.        Canada
+  C. B.       Cape Breton
+  C. W.       Canada West (Ontario)
+  Den.        Denmark
+  E.          East (London Postal District)
+  East Isl.   Eastern Islands
+  E. C.       East Central (London Postal District)
+  E. I.       East Indies
+  Eng.        England, English
+  Fin.        Finland
+  G. B.       Great Britain
+  Glas.       Glasgow
+  Ire.        Ireland
+  It.         Italy
+  Jam.        Jamaica
+  Jap.        Japan
+  L. C.       Lower Canada
+  Man.        Manitoba
+  Mex.        Mexico
+  N.          North (London Postal District)
+  N. A.       North America
+  {9}
+  N. B.       New Brunswick, North Britain
+  N. E.       New England, Northeast (London Postal District)
+  Neth.       Netherlands
+  N. F.       Newfoundland
+  Norw.       Norway
+  N. S.       Nova Scotia
+  N. W.       Northwest (London Postal District)
+  N. Zeal.    New Zealand
+  Ont.        Ontario
+  Pal.        Palestine
+  P. D.       Postal District (London)
+  P. E. I.    Prince Edward Island
+  Per.        Persia
+  Port.       Portugal
+  Prus.       Prussia
+  Que.        Quebec
+  Russ.       Russia
+  S.          South (London Postal District)
+  S. A.       South America
+  Scot.       Scotland
+  Sc. Pen.    Scandinavian Peninsula
+  S. E.       Southeast (London Postal District)
+  Sic.        Sicily
+  S. Isl.     Sandwich Islands
+  Soc. Isl.   Society Islands
+  S. Lat.     South Latitude
+  Sp.         Spain
+  Sw.         Sweden
+  Switz.      Switzerland
+  Syr.        Syria
+  U. C.       Upper Canada (Ontario)
+  U. K.       United Kingdom
+  V.          Victoria
+  W.          Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)
+  W. C.       West Central (London Postal District)
+  W. I.       West Indies
+  W. lon.     West longitude
+
+{10}
+
+VI. NAMES.
+
+    1. Abbreviate _Saint_ in names of persons, cities, streets, churches,
+    etc.
+
+      _St. John Chrysostom_, _St. Paul_, _St. Botolph Street_,
+      _The Church of SS_ (_Saints_) _Peter and Paul_.
+
+    The word _Saint_ is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, the
+    apostles, or the church fathers.
+
+      _The Gospel according to Luke_.
+      _Paul's doctrine of salvation_.
+      _Augustine's_ "_City of God_."
+
+    2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use _Co._, _Bros._,
+    and _ampersand_ (_&_) in firm names and names of corporations.
+
+      _The Rand-McNalley Co._
+      _Macmillan & Co._
+      _Harper Bros._
+      _New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad_.
+
+    In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to
+    abbreviate.
+
+      _Harper Brothers have published._
+      _It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company._
+      _The romantic history of the East India Company_.
+
+    Do not use _ampersand_ except with names of persons.
+
+      _John Brown & Co._
+      _The Brown Printing and Publishing Co._
+
+    When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces
+    between the letters.
+
+      _N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R._
+      _U.T. & F.C. of A._
+
+    3. Do not abbreviate _United States_ except:
+
+    (_a_) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army
+    or navy.
+
+      _Capt. John Smith, U.S.A._
+      _Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N._
+
+    (_b_) When it is part of the name of an organization.
+
+      _First Regiment, U.S.V._
+
+    {11}
+
+    (_c_) When preceding the name of a ship.
+
+      _U.S.S. Texas_.
+
+    4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in
+    an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.
+
+    The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more
+    common Christian names.
+
+      Alex.       Alexander              Fred.       Frederick
+      And.        Andrew                 Geo.        George
+      Anth.       Anthony                Herbt.      Herbert
+      Ap.         Appius                 Hos.        Hosea
+      Arch.       Archibald              Jas.        James
+      Aug.        August, Augustus       Jona.       Jonathan
+      Benj.       Benjamin               Jos.        Joseph
+      C.          Cæsar                  Josh.       Joshua
+      Cæs. Aug.   Cæsar Augustus         Matt.       Matthew
+      Cath.       Catherine              Nath.       Nathaniel
+      Chas.       Charles                Pet.        Peter
+      Dan.        Daniel                 Phil.       Philip, Philander
+      Eben.       Ebenezer               Phile.      Philemon
+      Edm.        Edmund                 Reg.        Reginald
+      Edw.        Edward                 Richd.      Richard
+      Eliz.       Elizabeth              Robt.       Robert
+      Esd.        Esdras                 Sam.        Samuel
+      Esth.       Esther                 Theo.       Theodore
+      Ez.         Ezra                   Thos.       Thomas
+      Ezek.       Ezekiel                Tim.        Timothy
+      Ferd.       Ferdinand              Wm.         William
+      Fran.       Francis
+
+    _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, _Fred_, _Sam_, and _Tom_ are not always
+    abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period. Any
+    unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in
+    giving an original signature.
+
+      _G^o. Washington_.
+
+{12}
+
+VII. TITLES.
+
+    1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except
+    _Mr._, _Messrs._, _Mrs._ (French _M._, _MM._, _Mme._, _Mlle._), _Dr._,
+    _Rev._, and _Hon._
+
+    _Professor_, _Colonel_, _General_ and some others may be abbreviated
+    when the initials of the name are used;
+
+      _Professor Smith_      _Prof. J. T. Smith_
+      _General Grant_        _Gen. U. S. Grant_
+
+    _Hon._ and _Rev._, which are similarly used, need special attention as
+    they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct use;
+
+      _The Reverend John Smith_ (formal reference)
+      _The Rev. John Smith_ (quotation or correspondence)
+      _Rev. Mr. Smith_
+      _Rev. John Smith_
+
+    _Rev. Smith_ is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate
+    form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns are
+    mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.
+
+      _George the Fifth_, _William the Second_.
+
+    When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may be
+    printed with Roman numerals without a period;
+
+      _George V_, _William II_
+
+    Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the
+    following list.
+
+      A.B. or B.A.    (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts
+      Abp.            Archbishop
+      A.C.            Archchancellor
+      A.D.            Archduke
+      A.D.C.          Aide-de-camp
+      Adjt.           Adjutant
+      Adm.            Admiral
+      Admr.           Administrator
+      {13}
+      Admx., Admrx.   Administratrix
+      Adv.            Advocate
+      Agt.            Agent
+      Aldm.           Alderman
+      A.M. or M.A.    (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts
+      Amb.            Ambassador
+      A.P.A.          American Protective Association
+      Asst.           Assistant
+      A.T.            Archtreasurer
+      Atty.           Attorney
+      B.A. or A.B.    Bachelor of Arts
+      Bart.           Baronet
+      B.C.L.          Bachelor of Civil Law
+      B.D.            (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity
+      B.LL.           (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws
+      B.M.            (_Baccalaureus Medicinæ_)  Bachelor of Medicine
+      Bp.             Bishop
+      B.R.            (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginæ_) The King's or Queen's
+                      Bench
+      Brig.-Gen.      Brigadier-General
+      Bro(s).         Brother(s)
+      B.S.            Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery
+      B.V.            (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin
+      Cantab.         (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge
+      Capt.           Captain
+      Capt.-Gen.      Captain-General
+      Cash.           Cashier
+      C.B.            Companion of the Bath
+      C.C.P.          Court of Common Pleas
+      C.E.            Civil Engineer
+      C.J.            Chief Justice
+      C.M.G.          Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
+      Col.            Colonel
+      Com.            Commander, Commodore
+      Corp.           Corporal
+      Cor. Sec.       Corresponding Secretary
+      {14}
+      C.S.            Court of Sessions
+      C.S.            (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal
+      D.C.L.          Doctor of Civil Law
+      D. D.           Doctor of Divinity
+      D.D.S.          Doctor of Dental Surgery
+      Dea.            Deacon
+      Dep.            Deputy
+      D. F.           Defender of the Faith
+      D.M.            Doctor of Music
+      Dr.             Doctor
+      D.Sc.           Doctor of Science
+      D.T.            (_Doctor Theologiæ_) Doctor of Divinity
+      D.V.M or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
+      E.              (_after titles_) Edinburgh
+      Esq.            Esquire
+      F.D.            (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith
+      F.G.S.          Fellow of the Geological Society
+      Fr.             Father
+      F.R.G.S.        Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
+      F.R.S.          Fellow of the Royal Society
+      F.R.S.A.        Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
+      F.S.A.          Fellow of the Society of Arts
+      G.C.B.          Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+      G.C.H.          Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover
+      G.C.M.G.        Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and
+                      St. George
+      Gen.            General
+      Gov.            Governor
+      Govt.           Government
+      G.R.            (_Georgius Rex_) King George
+      H.B.M.          His or Her Britannic Majesty
+      H.M.            His or Her Majesty
+      H.M.S.          His or Her Majesty's Service
+      Hon.            Honorable
+      H.R.            House of Representatives
+      H.R.E.          Holy Roman Emperor
+      H.R.H.          His or Her Royal Highness
+      H.S.H.          His or Her Serene Highness
+      {15}
+      I.N.R.I         (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum_) Jesus of Nazareth,
+                      King of the Jews
+      Insp.           Inspector
+      Insp. Gen.      Inspector General
+      I.O.O.F.        Independent Order of Odd Fellows
+      J.A.            Judge-Advocate
+      J.P.            Justice of the Peace
+      J. Prob.        Judge of the Probate
+      Jr. or Jun.     Junior
+      K.              King
+      K.A.            Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia
+      K.A.N.          Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia
+      K.B.            King's Bench; Knight of the Bath
+      K.B.A.          Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal
+      K.B.E.          Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia
+      K.C.            Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council
+      K.C.B.          Knight Commander of the Bath
+      K.C.H.          Knight Commander of Hanover
+      K.C.M.G.        Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George
+      K.C.S.          Knight of Charles III, in Spain
+      K.E.            Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark
+      K.F.            Knight of Ferdinand of Spain
+      K.F.M.          Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily
+      K.G.            Knight of the Garter
+      K.G.C.          Knight of the Grand Cross
+      K.G.C.B.        Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+      K.G.F           Knight of the Golden Fleece
+      K.G.H.          Knight of the Guelph of Hanover
+      K.G.V.          Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden
+      K.H.            Knight of Hanover
+      K.J.            Knight of St. Joachim
+      K.L.H.          Knight of the Legion of Honor
+      K.M.            Knight of Malta
+      K. Mess.        King's Messenger
+      K.M.H.          Knight of Merit, in Holstein
+      K.M.J.          Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
+      K.M.T.          Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria
+      {16}
+      K.N.S.          Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden
+      K.P.            Knight of St. Patrick
+      K.R.E.          Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia
+      K.S.            Knight of the Sword, in Sweden
+      K.S.A.          Knight of St. Anne of Russia
+      K.S.E.          Knight of St. Esprit, in France
+      K.S.F.          Knight of St. Fernando of Spain
+      K.S.F.M.        Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples
+      K.S.G.          Knight of St. George of Russia
+      K.S.H.          Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria
+      K.S.J.          Knight of St. Januarius of Naples
+      K.S.L.          Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia
+      K.S.M. & S.G.   Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian
+                      Isles
+      K.S.P.          Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland
+      K.S.S.          Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of
+                      the Sword, in Sweden
+      K.S.W.          Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia
+      Kt.             Knight
+      K.T.            Knight of the Thistle
+      K.T.S.          Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal
+      K.W.            Knight of William of the Netherlands
+      K.W.E.          Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland
+      L.              (_after titles_) London
+      L.C.            Lord Chancellor
+      L.C.J.          Lord Chief Justice
+      Leg.            Legate
+      Legis.          Legislature
+      Lieut.          Lieutenant
+      Lieut.-Col.     Lieutenant-Colonel
+      Lieut.-Gen.     Lieutenant-General
+      Litt. D.        (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature
+      LL.B.           (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws
+      LL.D.           (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws
+      M.              Monsieur
+      M.A.            Master of Arts
+      Maj.            Major
+      {17}
+      Maj.-Gen.       Major-General
+      M.B.            (_Medicinæ Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine;
+                      (_Musicæ Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music
+      M. C.           Member of Congress
+      M. D.           (_Medicinæ Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine
+      Messrs.         Messieurs
+      Mgr.            Manager; Monsignor
+      Min. Plen.      Minister Plenipotentiary
+      Mlle.           Mademoiselle
+      Mme.            Madame
+      M.P.            Member of Parliament
+      M.R.            Master of the Rolls
+      Mr.             Mister or Master
+      Mrs.            Mistress
+      Mus. Doc.       Doctor of Music
+      Oxon.           (_Oxoniensis_) Oxford
+      P.C.            (_Patres Conscripti_, Conscript Fathers) Senators;
+                      Privy Counsellor
+      Ph. D.          Doctor of Philosophy
+      Ph. G.          Graduate in Pharmacy
+      P.M.            Postmaster
+      P.M.G.          Postmaster-General
+      P.R.A.          President of the Royal Academy
+      Pres.           President
+      Prov.           Provost
+      P.R.S.          President of the Royal Society
+      Q.              Queen
+      Q.M.            Quartermaster
+      R.A.            Royal Academician
+      R.E.            Royal Engineers
+      Reg. Prof.      Regius Professor
+      Rev.            Reverend
+      R.M.            Royal Marines
+      R.N.            Royal Navy
+      R.N.O.          (_Riddare of Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order
+                      of Polar Star
+      R.S.S.          (_Regiæ Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+                      Society
+      {18}
+      Rt. Hon.        Right Honorable
+      Rt. Rev.        Right Reverend
+      Rt. Wpful.      Right Worshipful
+      R.W.            Right Worthy
+      R.W.O.          (_Riddare of Wasa Order_) Knight of the Order of Wasa
+      Sec.            Secretary
+      Sec. Leg.       Secretary of Legation
+      Serg.           Sergeant
+      Serg.-Maj.      Sergeant-Major
+      S.J.            Society of Jesus
+      S.J.C.          Supreme Judicial Court
+      Sol.            Solicitor
+      Sol. Gen.       Solicitor-General
+      Sr., Sen.       Senior
+      S.R.S.          (_Societatis Regiæ Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+                      Society
+      S.T.D.          (_Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity
+      S.T.P.          (_Sacræ Theologiæ Professor_) Professor of Divinity
+      St.             Saint, Street
+      Supt.           Superintendent
+      Tr(s).          Trustee(s)
+      Treas.          Treasurer
+      U.J.C.          (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws
+      V.C.            Vice-Chancellor
+      V.D.M.          (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word
+      Vice-Pres.      Vice-President
+      Visc.           Viscount
+      W.S.            Writer to the Signet
+
+VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.
+
+The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;
+
+  _folio_, _quarto_, _octavo_.
+
+Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and
+_mo_, but without a period;
+
+  _12 mo_, _16 mo_, etc.
+
+{19}
+
+IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
+
+Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric
+system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when
+following a numeral;
+
+    _1 m._, _5 dm._, _4 cm._, _2 mm._, _c.m._ (_cubic meter_), _c.d._,
+    _min._ (_minute_), _sec._ (_second_), _lb._ (_pound_), _oz._ (_ounce_),
+    _yd._, _ft._, _in._, _A._ (_Anglestrom units_), _H.P._ (_Horse power_),
+    _C._ (_Centigrade_ [_Thermometer_]).
+
+X. FOOTNOTES.
+
+Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:
+
+    1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary
+    to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman
+    lower-case unless otherwise ordered.
+
+    2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a
+    Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of
+    all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be
+    abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in
+    full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward
+    abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the
+    names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the
+    reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph.
+    In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.
+
+    Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.
+
+    3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No
+    period.
+
+    4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several
+    editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should
+    be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography
+    this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. {20} In books
+    like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been
+    printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and
+    line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be
+    specified.
+
+      Number of paragraph only               No. 68
+      Stanza only                            st. 18
+      Page only                              P. 213
+      Line only                              l. 384
+      Paragraph only                         ¶ 34
+      Section only                           § 5
+      Chapter only }                         xiv
+      Canto only   }
+      Book only                              iii
+      Book and chapter }
+      Part and chapter }                     iii 2
+      Book and line    }
+      Act and scene    }
+      Act, scene, and line                   iv. 3. 45
+      Chapter and verse }
+      Number and page   }                    II 34
+      Volume and page   }
+      Volume and chapter                     IV. iv.
+      Part, book, and chapter }              II. iv. 12
+      Part, canto, and stanza }
+      Chapter, section, paragraph            vii. § 3, ¶ 4
+      Volume, part, section, paragraph  }    I. i. § 2, ¶ 6
+      Book, chapter, section, paragraph }
+
+    In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare
+    use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession
+    of the book, play, or letter.
+
+      2 Kings II: 5
+      3 John 11
+      1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14
+
+{21}
+
+The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling
+numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct
+Composition."
+
+_From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench_
+
+  ^1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.
+  ^2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.
+  ^3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.
+  ^4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.
+
+_From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of
+1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+  ^1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.
+  ^2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.
+  ^3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].
+  ^4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).
+  ^5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.
+  ^6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed.
+      Bonn].
+
+_From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+  ^1 Herbert, p. 431, 432.        ^4 Burnet, p. 322.
+  ^2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176.    ^5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.
+  ^3 Stowe, p. 575.               ^6 Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x.
+
+The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation
+_ch_, _p_, and _pp_, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.
+
+In lower-case text do not use _&c_, use _etc._
+
+By-laws are often printed with side-headings _Art. 1_, _Sec. 2_, _etc._ It
+is better to print the words, _article_ and _section_ in full in the
+paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent
+paragraphs, using the proper figure only.
+
+Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and
+explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself
+do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the
+explanation. {22}
+
+Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.
+
+Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: _Pages 24,
+25, 57_ not _pp. 24-5, 57_ nor _25-57_. When the reference is to several
+pages continually set _pages 24 to 32_.
+
+When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive
+years, set thus: _1846-7_, _1861-5_, when there is a lapse of a year or
+more, set thus: _1866-7-1869-70_. Do not abbreviate into _'66-'7-'69-'70_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{23}
+
+LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.
+
+SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+Old Testament (O.T.)
+
+  Gen.              Esth.             Joel
+  Exod.             Job               Amos
+  Lev.              Ps. (Pss.)        Obad.
+  Num.              Prov.             Jonah
+  Deut.             Eccles.           Mic.
+  Josh.             Song of Sol.      Nah.
+  Judg.               (or Cant.)      Hab.
+  Ruth              Isa.              Zeph.
+  I and II Sam.     Jer.              Hag.
+  I and II Kings    Lam.              Zech.
+  I and II Chron.   Ezek.             Mal.
+  Ezra              Dan.
+  Neh.              Hos.
+
+New Testament (N.T.)
+
+  Matt.             Gal.              Philem.
+  Mark              Eph.              Heb.
+  Luke              Phil.             Jas.
+  John              Col.              I and II Pet.
+  Acts              I and II Thess.   I, II and III John
+  Rom.              I and II Tim.     Jude
+  I and II Cor.     Titus             Rev.
+
+Apocrypha
+
+  I and II Esd.     Eccles.           Bel and Dragon
+  Tob.              Bar.              Pr. of Man
+  Jud.              Song of Three     I, II, III and IV
+  Rest of Esther      Children          Macc.
+  Wisd. of Sol.     Sus.
+
+{24}
+
+COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+  A1              Highest class or grade
+  Acct.           Account
+  Advt., Ad.      Advertisement
+  Agt.            Agent
+  Amt.            Amount
+  Anon.           Anonymous
+  Ans.            Answer
+  Art.            Article
+  Av., Ave.       Avenue
+  Bal.            Balance
+  Bd.             Bound
+  Bdl.            Bundle
+  Bds.            Boards
+  Bldg.           Building
+  B.O.            Buyer's Option
+  Bro(s).         Brother; Brothers
+  Chap.           Chapter
+  C.I.F.          Cost, insurance, freight
+  Co.             Company
+  C.O.D.          Cash on delivery
+  Cr.             Creditor
+  Dept.           Department
+  Do.             Ditto, the same
+  Dr.             Debtor
+  E.E.            Errors excepted
+  E.O.D.          Every other day
+  E. & O.E.       Errors and omissions excepted
+  Etc.            (_Et cætera_) and so forth
+  Ex., Exch.      Exchange
+  Exp.            Express
+  Fgt.            Freight
+  F.O.B.          Free on Board
+  H.              Hour
+  H.P.            Half pay, horse power
+  Incor.          Incorporated
+  Ins.            Insurance
+  K.D.            Knock down (_of furniture, etc._)
+  {25}
+  L.P.            Large Paper
+  Memo.           Memorandum
+  Mfg.            Manufacturing
+  Mfr.            Manufacturer
+  Min.            Minute
+  No.             (_numero_) number
+  O.K.            All right
+  Payt.           Payment
+  Pd.             Paid
+  Per an.         (_Per annum_) by the year
+  Per cent        (_Per centum_) by the hundred
+  Pkg.            Package
+  Pl.             Plate, plates
+  Pref.           Preface
+  Rd.             Road
+  Rem.            Remarks
+  Rep.            Reports
+  R.R.            Railroad
+  Ry.             Railway
+  Ser.            Series
+  Sq.             Square
+  S.S.            Steamship, steamer
+  T.F.            Till forbidden
+
+MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS
+
+  A.C.            (_Ante Christum_) before Christ
+  A.D.            (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord
+  Ad lib.         (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure
+  Adj.            Adjective
+  Adv.            Adverb
+  Æt              (_Ætatis_) of age, aged
+  A.H.            (_Anno Hegiræ_) in the year of the Hegira
+  Alt.            Altitude
+  A.M.            (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world
+  An.             (_Anno_) in the year
+  {26}
+  An. A. C.       (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ
+  Anat.           Anatomy
+  Anc.            Ancient
+  Ang.-Sax.       Anglo-Saxon
+  Anom.           Anomalous
+  Anon.           Anonymous
+  Ap.             Apostle
+  Apo.            Apogee
+  Apoc.           Apocalypse, Apocrypha
+  A.R.            (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign
+  Arch.           Architecture
+  A.R.R.          (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king
+  Arr.            Arrival
+  Art.            Article
+  Assoc., Assn.   Association
+  Astrol.         Astrology
+  Astron.         Astronomy
+  A.U.C.          (_Anno urbis Conditæ_) in the year of the building of
+                  the city of Rome
+  Auth. Ver. }    Authorized Version of the Bible
+  or A.V.    }
+  Av.             Average
+  Ave.            Avenue
+  B.              (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born
+  B.C.            Before Christ
+  Boul.           Boulevard
+  B.V.            (_Bene Vale_) Farewell
+  C.              Cape
+  Cæt. par.       (_Cæteris paribus_) other things being equal
+  Cap.            (_caput_) Chapter
+  C. or Cent.     Centigrade
+  Cf.             (_conferre_) compare
+  Ch.             Child or children
+  C.H.            Court House
+  Chap.           Chapter
+  {27}
+  Circ.           Circle(s)
+  Cit.            Citizen
+  Col.            Column
+  Coll.           College
+  Comp.           Companion, comparative
+  Cong.           Congress
+  C.Q.D.          Marconi Distress signal
+  D.B.            Domesday Book
+  D.C.            (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again
+  Dec.            Declination
+  Deg.            Degree(s)
+  Del.            (_Delineavit_) he drew it
+  Dem.            Democrat
+  D.G.            (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_)
+                  thanks to God
+  D.V.            (_Deo volente_) God willing
+  E.              East, Eagle(s)
+  Ea.             Each
+  E.B.            English Bible (common)
+  Ed.             Editor, Edition
+  E.E.            Errors excepted
+  E.G.            (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example
+  Elec.           Electricity
+  E.N.E.          East-northeast
+  Ent.            Entomology
+  E.S.E.          East-southeast
+  Etal.           (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others
+  Etc.            (_Et cætera_) and so forth
+  Et seq.         (_Et sequentia_) the following
+  Ex.             Example
+  Exc.            Exception
+  F., Fahr.       Fahrenheit (thermometer)
+  Fec.            (_Fecit_) he made it
+  Fem. or f.      Feminine
+  Fig(s).         Figure(s)
+  Finn.           Finnish
+  {28}
+  Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s)
+  For.            Foreign
+  Ft.             Fort
+  Gent.           Gentleman
+  Ger.            German
+  Goth.           Gothic
+  Gr.             Greek
+  H.              Husband
+  Hdkf.           Handkerchief
+  H.e.            (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is
+  Hist.           History, Historical
+  H.J.S.          (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried
+  H.M.P.          (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument
+  H.R.I.P.        (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace
+  H.S.            (_Hic situs_) here lies
+  Ibid. Ib.       (_Ibidem_) in the same place
+  Id.             (_Idem_) the same
+  I.e.            (_Id est_) that is
+  I.H.S.          First letters of [Greek: IÊSOUS], Greek for _Jesus_, or
+                  _Iesus hominum salvator_, Jesus the Savior of Mankind
+  Illus.          Illustrated
+  Imp.            Imperative (mood)
+  Incog.          (_Incognito_) Unknown
+  Indef.          Indefinite
+  Indic.          Indicative (mood)
+  Infin.          Infinitive (mood)
+  In lim.         (_In limine_) at the outset
+  In loc.         (_In loco_) in the place
+  Inst.           (_instante_) the current month
+  Int.            Interest
+  Interj.         Interjection
+  In trans.       (_In transit_) On the passage
+  Ion.            Ionic
+  Ir.             Irish
+  Irreg.          Irregular
+  {29}
+  Isl.            Island
+  Ital.           Italic
+  Itin.           Itinerary
+  J.H.S.          See I.H.S.
+  Jour.           Journal
+  Lat.            Latin, latitude
+  L.c.            (_Loco citato_) in the place cited
+  L.l.            (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted
+  Long. or long.  Longitude
+  L.S.            (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal
+  LXX             The Septuagint
+  M.              (_Meridies_) noon
+  M.              Married
+  Mem.            Memorandum, Memoranda
+  Mgr.            Manager
+  Misc.           Miscellaneous
+  Mo(s).          Month, months
+  M.S.            (_Memoriæ sacrum_) sacred to the memory
+  MS.             (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript
+  MSS.            Manuscripts
+  Mt.             Mount, Mont
+  Myth.           Mythology
+  N.              Noun, note(s)
+  Nat.            National
+  Naut.           Nautical
+  N.B.            (_Nota Bene_) note well
+  Nem. con or }   (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine dissentiente_) none
+  nem. diss.  }   opposing
+  N.L.            (_Non liquet_) It does not appear
+  N. lat.         North latitude
+  N.N.E.          North-northeast
+  N.N.W.          North-northwest
+  Nom.            Nominative
+  Nol. Pros.      (_Nol prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will
+                  not be prosecuted
+  N.S.            New Style (After 1752)
+  N.T.            New Testament
+  {30}
+  N.u.            Name(s) unknown
+  N.V.M.          Nativity of the Virgin Mary
+  N.W.            Northwest
+  Ob.             (_Obiit_) he or she died
+  Obj.            Objective (case)
+  Obs.            Obsolete
+  O.F.            Odd Fellow(s)
+  O.H.M.S.        On His Majesty's Service
+  Olym.           Olympiad
+  Op.             Opposite
+  O.S.            Old Style (before 1752)
+  O.T.            Old Testament
+  P. or pp.       Page or pages
+  Par.            Paragraph
+  Par. pas.       Parallel passage(s)
+  Parl.           Parliament
+  Part.           Participle
+  Partic.         Particle
+  Pass.           Passive (voice)
+  Pen.            Peninsula
+  Pent.           Pentecost
+  Perf.           Perfect (tense)
+  Pers.           Person
+  Pers. pron.     Personal pronoun
+  Persp.          Perspective
+  Phil.           Philosophy
+  Pinx.           (_Pinxit_) he painted it
+  Pl.             Plate(s)
+  Plff.           Plaintiff
+  Plup.           Pluperfect
+  Plur.           Plural
+  P.M.            (_Post Meridiem_) afternoon to midnight
+  P.O.            Post-office
+  Pop.            Population
+  Posit.          Positive
+  P.p.            Past participle
+  P.P.C.          (_Pour prendre congé_) to take leave
+  {31}
+  P. pr.          Participle present
+  P.R.            (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people
+  Pref.           Preface
+  Pret.           Preterite tense
+  Pron.           Pronoun
+  Pro tem.        (_Pro tempore_) for the time being
+  Pr. p.          Present participle
+  P.S.            Privy Seal
+  P.T.O.          Please turn over
+  Pt.             Point
+  Pub.            Publisher
+  Pub. Doc.       Public Documents
+  Q.              Question
+  Q.B.            Queen's Bench
+  Q.C.            Queen's College, Queen's Council
+  Q.d.            (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as
+                  if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said
+  Q.E.            (_Quod est_) which is
+  Q.E.D.          (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved
+  Q.E.F.          (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done
+  Q.l.            (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please
+  Q. Mess.        Queen's Messenger
+  Qm.             (_Quomodo_) by what means, how
+  Q.p. or q. pl.  (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please
+  Qr.             Quarter
+  Q.S.            (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity
+  Q.v.            (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will
+  Q.v.            (_Quod vide_) which see
+  Qy.             Query
+  R.,             Reaum.  Reaumur (_thermometer_)
+  R.A.            Royal Academy;  Royal Academician; Royal Artillery
+  R.E.            Royal Engineers
+  Recd.           Received
+  Rect.           Rector
+  {32}
+  Ref.            Reformation, reformed
+  Ref. Ch.        Reformed Church
+  Ref.            Reference
+  Regr.           Registrar
+  Regt.           Regiment
+  Rel. pron.      Relative pronoun
+  Rep.            Representative
+  Repub.          Republican
+  R.M.            Royal Marines
+  R.N.            Royal Navy
+  Ro.             (_Recto_) Right-hand page
+  Rom. Cath.      Roman Catholic
+  R.P.            (_Res Publica_) Republic
+  Ru.             Runic
+  S.              Solo (_In Italian Music_); South
+  S. SS.          Section(s), Saint(s)
+  S.a.            (_Secundum artem_) According to Art
+  Sax.            Saxon
+  S.C.            (_Senatus Consultum_) A decree of the Senate
+  S.C.            (_In Law_) same case
+  Sch.            Schooner(s)
+  Schol.          (_Scholium_) a note
+  Sci.            Science
+  Sculp.          (_Sculpsit_) he engraved
+  S.E.            Southeast
+  Sen.            Senate, Senator
+  Seq. or sq.     (_Sequente_) and in what follows
+  Seqq. or sqq.   (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places)
+  Ser.            Series
+  Shak.           Shakespeare
+  Sing.           Singular (number)
+  S.J.C.          Supreme Judicial Court
+  S. lat.         South latitude
+  S.O.S.          Marconi Distress Signal
+  S.P.            (_Sine prole_) without issue
+  Sp. gr.         Specific gravity
+  {33}
+  S.P.Q.R.        (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman
+                  people
+  S.R.I.          (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) The Holy Roman Empire
+  S.R.S.          (_Societatis Regiæ Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society
+  S.S.            Sunday School
+  S.S.E.          South-southeast
+  S.S.W.          South-southwest
+  St.             Saint, Street
+  Stat.           Statute(s)
+  Ster.           Sterling
+  Subj.           Subjunctive
+  Subst.          Substantive
+  Su.-Goth.       Suio-Gothic
+  Super.          Superfine
+  Superl.         Superlative
+  S.W.            Southwest
+  T.              Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra after a
+                  solo
+  Ter.            Territory
+  Term.           Termination
+  Theor.          Theorem
+  Tr.             Translator, transpose
+  Um.             Unmarried
+  Univ.           University
+  U.S.A.          United States Army
+  U.S.M.          United States Mail
+  U.S.N.          United States Navy
+  U.S.S.          United States Ship
+  U.s.            (_Ut supra_) as above
+  Vat.            Vatican
+  V.a.            Verb active
+  V. aux.         Verb auxiliary
+  V. def.         Verb defective
+  V. dep.         Verb deponent
+  Ven.            Venerable
+  {34}
+  V.g.            (_Verbi gratia_) for example
+  V. imp.         Verb impersonal
+  V. in.          Verb intransitive
+  V. irr.         Verb irregular
+  V.n.            Verb neuter
+  Vo.             (_verso_) left-hand page
+  Voc.            Vocative
+  Vol.            Volume
+  V.r.            Verb reflexive
+  V. tr.          Verb transitive
+  V.              Vulgate (Version)
+  W.              West, wife
+  W. lon.         West longitude
+  W.N.W.          West-northwest
+  W.S.W.          West-southwest
+  Xmas            Christmas
+  Zool.           Zoology
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{35}
+
+SIGNS
+
+In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs
+used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the
+following lists.
+
+MONETARY SIGNS
+
+  $                 Dollar or dollars
+  cts.              Cents
+  Gn.               Guinea
+  £ (_English_)     Pound or pounds
+  / or s            Shilling or shillings
+  d.                (_Denarius_) penny or pence
+  fr.               Franc or francs
+  c. (_French_)     Centime or centimes
+  m. (_German_)     Mark or marks
+  Pf. (_German_)    Pfennig or pfennigs
+  cr. (_Austrian_)  Crown or crowns
+  hr. (_Austrian_)  Heller or hellers
+  rub. (_Russian_)  Ruble or rubles
+  kop. (_Russian_)  Kopec or kopecs
+  kr. (_Danish_)    Crown or crowns
+  öro, öre          Oro or öre
+  £ (_Italian_)     Lira or lire
+  c. (_Italian_)    Centesimo or centesimi
+
+MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
+
+  +         Plus
+  -         Minus
+  ±         Plus or minus
+  [**]      Minus or plus
+  ×         Multiplied by
+  {36}
+  ÷         Divided by
+  =         Equal to
+  [**]      Not equal to
+  [**]      Identical with
+  [**]      Congruent to
+  >         Greater than
+  <         Less than
+  [**]      The difference between
+  [**]      Is equivalent to
+  : and ::  Proportion
+  [**]      Varies as
+  [**]      Approaches as a limit
+  [**]      Infinity
+  [**]      Therefore
+  [**]      Because
+  . . .     Continuation
+  [**]      The radical sign
+  [**]      Perpendicular to
+  [**]      Parallel
+  [**]      Arc of circle
+  [**]      Degree of circle
+  [**]      Minute of circle
+  [**]      Second of circle
+  [**]      Angle
+  [**]      Right angle
+  [**]      Square
+  [**]      Rectangle
+  [**]      Triangle
+
+MEDICAL SIGNS
+
+  ãã           (_ava_) of each
+  [**]         (_Recipe_) take
+  [**], [**]i  Ounce, one ounce
+  [**]ss       Half an ounce
+  [**]iss      One ounce and a half
+  [**]ij       Two ounces
+  [**]         Drachm
+  [**]         Scruple
+  O            (_Octarius_) Pint
+  [**]         Fluid ounce
+  [**]         Fluid Drachm
+  _m_          Minim or drop
+
+{37}
+
+ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS
+
+Planets
+
+  [**] Sun          [**] Earth        [**] Saturn
+  [**] Mercury      [**] Mars         [**] Uranus
+  [**] Venus        [**] Jupiter      [**] Neptune
+
+Phases
+
+  [**] New moon     [**] first quarter   [**] full moon
+                    [**] last quarter
+
+Zodiacal
+
+  [**] Aries, the ram      [**] Libra, the scales
+  [**] Taurus, the bull    [**] Scorpio, scorpion
+  [**] Gemini, the twins   [**] Sagittarius, archer
+  [**] Cancer, the crab    [**] Capricornus, goat
+  [**] Leo, the lion       [**] Aquarius, waterman
+  [**] Virgo, the virgin   [**] Pisces, the fishes
+
+Aspects and Nodes
+
+  [**] Conjunction         [**] opposition
+  [**] Quadrature          [**] or [**] quintile
+  [**] Ascending node      [**] sextile
+  [**] Descending node     [**] trine
+
+ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS
+
+  [**] The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by
+  certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.
+  It is also used in the service-books of that church to
+  notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross.
+  The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should
+  not be used as a substitute.
+
+  [**] Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign [**]
+  is not an entirely acceptable substitute.
+
+  [**] Versicle in service-books.
+
+  [**] indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.
+
+{38}
+
+PROOFREADER'S SIGNS
+
+  No ¶            No new paragraph.
+  Run in          Let there be no break in the reading.
+  ¶               Make a new paragraph.
+  [**]            Correct uneven spacing of words.
+  [**]            Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.
+  [**]            Reverse this type.
+  #               More space where caret is marked,
+  [**]            Contract the spacing.
+  [**]            Take out all spacing.
+  [               Move this to the left.
+  ]               Move this to the right.
+  [**]            Raise this line or letter.
+  [**]            Depress this line or letter.
+  ||              Make parallel at the side with other lines.
+  [**]            Indent line an em.
+  [**]            Push down a space that blackens the proof.
+  x               Change this bruised type.
+  w.f.            Change this faulty type of wrong font.
+  tr.             Transpose words or letters underlined.
+  l.c.            Put in lower-case, or small letters.
+  s.c.            Put in small capitals.
+  caps.           Put in capitals.
+  [**]            Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an
+                  inverted caret, as, [**] [**] etc.; for inferior
+                  characters the caret is put in its usual position, as
+                  in [**].
+  rom.            Change from italic to roman.
+  ital.           Change from roman to italic.
+  [**]            Insert period.
+  ,/              Insert comma.
+  ;/              Insert semicolon.
+  :/              Insert colon.
+  =/              Insert hyphen.
+  /--/            One-em dash.
+  /-²-/           Two-em dash.
+  [**]            Take out cancelled character and close up.
+  {39}
+  Qu. or?         Is this right? See to it.
+  ^               Insert letter or word marked in margin.
+  ||||            Hair-space letters as marked.
+  Stet            Restore crossed-out word or letter.
+  . . . .         Dots put below the crossed word mean:
+                  Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand
+                  as they were.
+  [**]            Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or
+                  for a logotype, as _æ_, _ffi_.
+  [**]            Straighten lines.
+  /////           Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the
+                  composition is out of square.
+  Out, see Copy   Here is an omission; see copy.
+
+Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be
+accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or
+"ringed."
+
+Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text:
+faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{40}
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various
+sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper
+use of these.
+
+In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule is to
+follow copy.
+
+Such abbreviations as _I've_, _you'll_, _'t'was_, _'t'is n't_, and the like
+are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words.
+
+Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts
+have to be obtained for the purpose.
+
+Abbreviations like _dept_, _dep't_, _gov't_, _sec_, _sec'y_, _sect'y_,
+_pres't_, and _treas._ are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like
+it is better to spell out the words in two lines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{41}
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+    Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co.,
+    New York.
+
+    The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.
+
+    The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal
+    dictionaries may be studied with profit.
+
+    Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations
+    and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{42}
+
+QUESTIONS
+
+  1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?
+  2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?
+  3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?
+  4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?
+  5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds
+      of printing?
+  6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what
+      may be done to make their use easier?
+  7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?
+  8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the
+      days of the week?
+  9. Give the Dewey dates.
+  10. What is the rule for ages?
+  11. How do we treat references to decades?
+  12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?
+  13. What is the rule for sums of money?
+  14. What is the rule for round numbers?
+  15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?
+  16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?
+  17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?
+  18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?
+  19. What are the rules for names?
+  20. What is the usage in printing titles?
+  21. How do we treat names of book sizes?
+  22. How do we treat weights and measures?
+  23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.
+  24. Where is &c not used?
+  25. How are by-laws treated?
+  {43}
+  26. How are figures used with illustrations?
+  27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?
+  28. How do we treat page references in the text?
+  29. How do we treat references to series of years?
+  30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?
+  31. How do we print such abbreviations as _I've_, _you've_, and the like?
+  32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?
+
+    The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these
+    rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of
+    abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil
+    required to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be
+    required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission
+    of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by
+    the instructor with reference to the rules.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{i}
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES
+
+The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL
+SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the
+Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade
+classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
+
+Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of
+the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a
+comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable,
+up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the
+printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
+
+The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches. Their
+general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as
+practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular
+contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each
+title in the following list.
+
+Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each
+publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and
+essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been
+taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of
+bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the
+different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional
+clearness to the text.
+
+In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in
+trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by
+a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter.
+A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department
+treated is also added to many of the books.
+
+These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
+
+Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED
+TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. {ii}
+
+PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_
+
+1. TYPE: A PRIMER OF INFORMATION By A. A. Stewart
+
+    Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+    font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44
+    pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
+
+2. COMPOSITORS' TOOLS AND MATERIALS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass
+    rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+3. TYPE CASES, COMPOSING ROOM FURNITURE By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case
+    racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+4. IMPOSING TABLES AND LOCK-UP APPLIANCES By A. A. Stewart
+
+    Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+    press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.;
+    illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
+
+5. PROOF PRESSES By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for
+    taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+6. PLATEN PRINTING PRESSES By Daniel Baker
+
+    A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+    construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press
+    to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic
+    presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+7. CYLINDER PRINTING PRESSES By Herbert L. Baker
+
+    Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of
+    cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+8. MECHANICAL FEEDERS AND FOLDERS By William E. Spurrier
+
+    The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with
+    hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+9. POWER FOR MACHINERY IN PRINTING HOUSES By Carl F. Scott
+
+    A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+    allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.;
+    illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+10. PAPER CUTTING MACHINES By Niel Gray, Jr.
+
+    A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+    cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper.
+    70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
+
+11. PRINTERS' ROLLERS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of
+    inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.
+
+12. PRINTING INKS By Philip Ruxton
+
+    Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission
+    from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with
+    some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by
+    Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+{iii}
+
+13. HOW PAPER IS MADE By William Bond Wheelwright
+
+    A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+    manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+14. RELIEF ENGRAVINGS By Joseph P. Donovan
+
+    Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+    engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for
+    reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+15. ELECTROTYPING AND STEROTYPING By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+    stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.
+
+PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_
+
+16. TYPESETTING By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing,
+    correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+17. PRINTERS' PROOFS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+    observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+18. FIRST STEPS IN JOB COMPOSITION By Camille DeVéze
+
+    Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs,
+    especially about the important little things which go to make good
+    display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.
+
+19. GENERAL JOB COMPOSITION
+
+    How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+    miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+20. BOOK COMPOSITION By J. W. Bothwell
+
+    Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised
+    and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The
+    DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II:
+    Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+21. TABULAR COMPOSITION By Robert Seaver
+
+    A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of
+    more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.
+
+22. APPLIED ARITHMETIC By E. E. Sheldon
+
+    Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+    calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables
+    and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and
+    exercises. 159 pp.
+
+23. TYPECASTING AND COMPOSING MACHINES A. W. Finlay, Editor
+
+  Section I--The Linotype                         By L. A. Hornstein
+  Section II--The Monotype                        By Joseph Hays
+  Section III--The Intertype                      By Henry W. Cozzens
+  Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting   By Frank H. Smith
+              Machines
+
+    A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+    mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+{iv}
+
+PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_
+
+24. LOCKING FORMS FOR THE JOB PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+    Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+    about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+25. PREPARING FORMS FOR THE CYLINDER PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+    Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of
+    handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+PART IV--_Presswork_
+
+26. MAKING READY ON PLATEN PRESSES By T. G. McGrew
+
+    The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+    features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating
+    the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other
+    details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+27. CYLINDER PRESSWORK By T. G. McGrew
+
+    Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink
+    fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying;
+    modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+28. PRESSROOM HINTS AND HELPS By Charles L. Dunton
+
+    Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions
+    and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press
+    problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
+
+29. REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS By A. W. Elson
+
+    A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief,
+    the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.;
+    illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_
+
+30. PAMPHLET BINDING By Bancroft L. Goodwin
+
+    A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+    binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+31. BOOK BINDING By John J. Pleger
+
+    Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+    folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case
+    making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and
+    blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_
+
+32. WORD STUDY AND ENGLISH GRAMMAR By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses.
+    68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
+
+33. PUNCTUATION By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use,
+    both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+{v}
+
+34. CAPITALS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+    typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+35. DIVISION OF WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on
+    spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.
+
+36. COMPOUND WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds,
+    and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+37. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified
+    lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.
+
+38. THE USES OF ITALIC By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters.
+    31 pp.; 37 review questions.
+
+39. PROOFREADING By Arnold Levitas
+
+    The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+    revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+    examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+40. PREPARATION OF PRINTERS' COPY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing
+    copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
+
+41. PRINTERS' MANUAL OF STYLE
+
+    A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+    relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations,
+    numerals, and kindred features of composition.
+
+42. THE PRINTER'S DICTIONARY By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various
+    processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms
+    explained. Illustrated.
+
+PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_
+
+43. APPLIED DESIGN FOR PRINTERS By Harry L. Gage
+
+    A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the
+    periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of
+    harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety;
+    ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions;
+    glossary; bibliography.
+
+44. ELEMENTS OF TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material
+    of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations.
+    Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design
+    of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions,
+    glossary; bibliography.
+
+{vi}
+
+45. RUDIMENTS OF COLOR IN PRINTING By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+    effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process
+    engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in
+    which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color,
+    scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments
+    with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review
+    questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+46. LETTERING IN TYPOGRAPHY By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+    Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type
+    design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of
+    design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+47. TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN ADVERTISING By Harry L. Gage
+
+    The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising
+    is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility,
+    attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography.
+    Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+48. MAKING DUMMIES AND LAYOUTS By Harry L. Gage
+
+    A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed
+    final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of
+    layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes.
+    Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+PART VIII--_History of Printing_
+
+49. BOOKS BEFORE TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+    history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+    illustrated; 64 review questions.
+
+50. THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64
+    pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+51. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part I By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+    development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and
+    the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
+
+52. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part II By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from
+    1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal
+    conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.
+
+53. PRINTING IN ENGLAND By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time.
+    89 pp.; 65 review questions.
+
+54. PRINTING IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on
+    publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84
+    review questions.
+
+55. TYPE AND PRESSES IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press
+    building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
+
+{vii}
+
+PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_
+
+56. ELEMENTS OF COST IN PRINTING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+    How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+57. USE OF A COST SYSTEM By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+    How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.
+
+58. THE PRINTER AS A MERCHANT By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The
+    relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the
+    finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+59. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ESTIMATING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating.
+    Review questions. Glossary.
+
+60. ESTIMATING AND SELLING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+    relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+61. ACCOUNTING FOR PRINTERS By Henry P. Porter
+
+    A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books
+    and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+PART X--_Miscellaneous_
+
+62. HEALTH, SANITATION, AND SAFETY By Henry P. Porter
+
+    Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+    practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules
+    for safety.
+
+63. TOPICAL INDEX By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+    Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
+
+64. COURSES OF STUDY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom
+    and shop work.
+
+{viii}
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+America.
+
+The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose
+auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its
+indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors,
+printers, and others identified with this work.
+
+While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those
+contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group
+list of co-operating firms would be of interest.
+
+The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the
+first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes
+will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.
+
+The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.
+
+  COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
+  UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.
+
+  HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_,
+  E. LAWRENCE FELL,
+  A. M. GLOSSBRENNER,
+  J. CLYDE OSWALD,
+  TOBY RUBOVITS.
+
+  FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_.
+
+{ix}
+
+CONTRIBUTORS
+
+FOR COMPOSITION AND ELECTROTYPES
+
+  ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+  S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass.
+  THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y.
+  R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass.
+  EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich.
+  FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+  F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass.
+  STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York
+  THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass.
+  POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill.
+  EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va.
+  C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb.
+  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass.
+
+FOR COMPOSITION
+
+  BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass.
+  WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+  OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass.
+  TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+FOR ELECTROTYPES
+
+  BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y.
+  C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass.
+  ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass.
+
+FOR ENGRAVINGS
+
+  AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass.
+  C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I.
+  GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass.
+  HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
+  INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+  MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+  GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass.
+  OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y.
+  THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass.
+  B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass.
+  THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+FOR BOOK PAPER
+
+  AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass.
+  WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO., Mechanicville, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Abbreviations and Signs
+       A Primer of Information about Abbreviations and Signs,
+              with Classified Lists of Those in Most Common Use
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33828]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. They
+appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead">TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES&mdash;PART VI, NO. 37</p>
+
+<h1>A<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>B<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>B<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>R<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>E<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>V<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>I<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>A<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>T<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>I<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>O<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>N<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>S</h1>
+
+<h1>A<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>N<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>D S<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>I<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>G<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>N<span class="gsp">&nbsp;</span>S</h1>
+
+<h2>A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT<br />
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH<br />
+CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE<br />
+IN MOST COMMON USE</h2>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.</h2>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA</span></p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:10%;">
+      <a href="images/001.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/001.png"
+      alt="Publishers Mark." title="Publishers Mark." /></a>
+  </div>
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION<br />
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA<br />
+1918</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1918</span><br />
+<span class="sc">United Typothetae of America</span><br />
+<span class="sc">Chicago, Ill.</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>PREFACE</h3>
+
+  <p>The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and
+  sometimes a temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is
+  entirely justifiable under certain conditions, one of which is that all
+  such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be
+  intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which
+  they occur. Scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of
+  the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned
+  by students of it. General readers are not particularly concerned with
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style
+  and partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well
+  established rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in
+  vogue. An attempt has been made in the following pages to state these
+  rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application.</p>
+
+  <p>Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been
+  inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of
+  further information on these points will be found under the head of
+  Supplementary Reading.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents." title="Contents.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <span class="scac">PAGE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Introduction</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">General Rules for the Use of Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Dates</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Time</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Other Abbreviations Involving Numerals</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Geographical Abbreviations, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Abbreviations of Names, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Abbreviations of Titles, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Sizes of Books</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Weights and Measures</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Footnotes</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Scriptural Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Commercial Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Miscellaneous Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Monetary Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Mathematical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Medical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Astronomical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Ecclesiastical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Proofreader's Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">General Observations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Supplementary Reading</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Review Questions</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page42">42</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1"></a>{1}</span></p>
+
+<h3>ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">INTRODUCTION</p>
+
+  <p>The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In
+  inscriptions and on coins and in other places where room is limited they
+  have always been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS
+  QUARTUS DEI GRATIA REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around
+  the circumference of a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter.
+  Therefore, we find them written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F:
+  D: In the manuscript period abbreviations were very extensively used.
+  This was done partly to lighten the great labor of hand copying and
+  partly to effect a double saving of expense, in labor and in costly
+  material. Certain of these abbreviations were in common use and perfectly
+  intelligible. Unfortunately the copyists did not limit their
+  abbreviations to these, but devised others for their own use much to the
+  discomfort of their readers, especially after the lapse of centuries.</p>
+
+  <p>The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the
+  extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer
+  than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of
+  manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were
+  probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in
+  imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his
+  mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result
+  was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of
+  ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of
+  letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed
+  themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow
+  the habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still
+  continued to be considered. The <!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page2"></a>{2}</span>methods of abbreviation in use in written
+  matter continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter
+  of the last century.</p>
+
+  <p>The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded
+  complaint about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne
+  gives the following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at
+  random from a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in
+  1488.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n
+  e g a n e pducibile a Deo."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid
+  ad simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A
+  non est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.</p>
+
+  <p>The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain
+  recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally
+  only under constraint of limited space.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span></p>
+
+<h3>RULES FOR THE USE OF
+ABBREVIATIONS</h3>
+
+  <p>I. GENERAL RULES.</p>
+
+  <p>Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room
+  to print the words in full.</p>
+
+  <p>All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but
+  abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and
+  in commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are
+  commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.</p>
+
+  <p>Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports,
+  sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the
+  like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations
+  are of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not
+  intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the
+  particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests
+  that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not
+  appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to
+  keep a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use
+  repeatedly as a means of securing uniformity of form.</p>
+
+  <p>II. DATES.</p>
+
+  <p>Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; <i>The
+  Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776.</i> The
+  word <i>the</i> is sometimes omitted. The date might be written <i>July
+  fourth</i> but never <i>July four</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The abbreviations <i>ult.</i> <i>inst.</i> and <i>prox.</i> with a
+  numeral (meaning <i>the 25th of last month</i>, <i>the 25th of this
+  month</i>, <i>the 25th of next month</i>) are often used in letters, but
+  should not be used in print unless the literal reproduction of a letter
+  is intended. <!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Do not use <i>st</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>rd</i>, or <i>th</i> after a date
+  given in figures; <i>August the sixth</i>, not <i>August 6th</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The accepted abbreviations for the months are:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Months." title="Months.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Jan.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Apr.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>July</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Oct.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Feb.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>May</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Aug.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Nov.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mar.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>June</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sept.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Dec.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Days." title="Days.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sun.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Tues.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Thurs.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sat.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mon.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Wed.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Fri.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is
+  given, but not when the month and year alone are given;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Jan. 15, 1916</i>, but <i>January 1916</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; <i>15 Jan.,
+  1916</i>, but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the
+  more common order is the better quite regardless of the logical character
+  because it requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For
+  example in writing addresses English speaking people put the number
+  before the street, <i>59 Wall St.</i>, while others put the number after
+  the street, <i>Wall St., 59</i>. This is the logical order, because one
+  goes to the street and then finds the number, but it gives to the
+  American reader a curious sensation of mentally standing on one's
+  head.</p>
+
+  <p>There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as
+  follows:</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Dewey dates." title="Dewey dates.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "4"> Months &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Days of Week</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Ja.</i> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Apr.</i> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"><i>Ju.</i> &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>O.</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Su.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>W.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>F.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>My.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Ag.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>N.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>M.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Th.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mr.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Je.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>S.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>D.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Tu.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>F.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>These may be used in tables and in other places where very great
+  condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.</p>
+
+  <p>In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables,
+  notes, and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. <!-- Page
+  5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p>
+
+  <p>III. TIME.</p>
+
+  <p>Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading
+  matter; <i>at half past two o'clock in the afternoon</i>. If the context
+  makes it clear whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>at three, at seven o' clock</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the
+  like.</p>
+
+  <p>IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.</p>
+
+  <p>The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found
+  treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use
+  of the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may
+  properly be given here.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>1. Spell out ages;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>eighty-two years and four months old</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>in his eighty-third year</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>children between the ages of six and fourteen</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>2. Spell out references to decades;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>in the early eighties</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The form <i>in the '80s</i>, is very objectionable.</p>
+
+  <p>3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of
+  military bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of
+  streets, and the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation
+  absolutely necessary.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Twentieth century</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Forty-second Congress</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Eighteenth Dynasty</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Ninth Ward</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Fifth Avenue</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by
+  Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>XVIII<i>th Dynasty</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page6"></a>{6}</span></p>
+
+  <p>4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter
+  in isolated cases:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>That press cost five thousand dollars.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical
+  matter, use figures.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of
+  100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers are
+  more.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>An army corps numbers forty thousand men.</i></p>
+      <p><i>The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462.</i></p>
+      <p><i>There are about five hundred officers.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Write <i>fifteen hundred</i> and the like when the phrase is in common
+  use, not <i>one thousand five hundred</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a
+  sentence.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers, and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three
+  digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or occur
+  in groups of six or more in close connection.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over.</i></p>
+      <p><i>a ninety-ton engine</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>five pounds of butter</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days.</i></p>
+      <p><i>He spent 137 days in prison.</i></p>
+      <p><i>A ratio of 16 to 1</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Send home:</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>2 pounds of butter</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>1 pound of sugar</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>½ pound of coffee</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>¼ pound of tea</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>2 pecks of potatoes</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>1 pound of salt pork</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>2 pounds of lard</i></p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>1 quart of milk</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"></a>{7}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use
+  either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains three
+  or more digits use figures for all.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions,
+  distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights,
+  and the like.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>.542, 98°</i>, <i>9 cubic yards</i>, <i>37 miles</i>, <i>24 pages</i>, <i>$1000</i>,</p>
+      <p><i>6 per cent</i> (<i>or 6% but never six %</i>), <i>175 pounds</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.</p>
+
+  <p>Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The
+  abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be
+  used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation
+  is desired.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">United States and Territories</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="U.S. States." title="U.S. States.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ala. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alabama </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North Dakota</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alaska &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alaska </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Neb. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nebraska</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ariz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arizona </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nevada</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ark. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arkansas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Hampshire</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> California </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Jersey</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Colo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Colorado </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Mexico</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Conn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Connecticut </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. Y. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> District of Columbia &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ohio </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ohio</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Del. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Delaware </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Okla. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oklahoma</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fla. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Florida </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ore. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oregon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ga. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Georgia </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pa. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pennsylvania</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hawaiian Islands </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philippine Islands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Idaho </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Idaho </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Porto Rico</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ill. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Illinois </td><td class="nspacsingle"> R. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rhode Island</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ind. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indiana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samoa &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samoa</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ia. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Iowa </td><td class="nspacsingle"> S. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Carolina</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Kan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kansas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> S. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Dakota</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ky. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kentucky </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tenn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tennessee</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> La. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Louisiana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Texas</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Me. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Maine </td><td class="nspacsingle"> T. H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Territory of Hawaii</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mass. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Massachusetts </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Utah </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Utah</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Md. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Maryland </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vermont</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mich. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Michigan </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Va. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Virginia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Minn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minnesota </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wash. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Missouri </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wis. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wisconsin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mont. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Montana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> W. Va.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Virginia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North Carolina </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wyo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wyoming</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Foreign Countries</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Foreign Countries." title="Foreign Countries.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Austria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Austral. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Australasia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> British America</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Br. Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> British Columbia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Can. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Canada</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cape Breton</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Canada West (Ontario)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Den. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Denmark</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> East Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eastern Islands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East Central (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East Indies</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eng. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> England, English</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Finland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Great Britain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Glas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Glasgow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ire. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ireland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> It. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Italy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jamaica</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Japan</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lower Canada</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Man. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manitoba</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mexico</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North America</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>{9}</span>
+   N. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Brunswick, North Britain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New England, Northeast (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Neth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Netherlands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Newfoundland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Norw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Norway</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nova Scotia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Northwest (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. Zeal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Zealand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ont. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ontario</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Palestine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postal District (London)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. E. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prince Edward Island</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Persia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Port. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Portugal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Prus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prussia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Que. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quebec</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Russ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South America</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Scot. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scotland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sc. Pen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scandinavian Peninsula</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southeast (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sicily</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sandwich Islands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Soc. Isl. &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Society Islands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. Lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Latitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Spain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sweden</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Switz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Switzerland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Syr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Syria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Upper Canada (Ontario)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U. K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United Kingdom</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Victoria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Central (London Postal District)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Indies</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. lon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West longitude</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p>
+
+  <p>VI. NAMES.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>1. Abbreviate <i>Saint</i> in names of persons, cities, streets,
+  churches, etc.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>St. John Chrysostom</i>, <i>St. Paul</i>, <i>St. Botolph Street</i>,</p>
+      <p><i>The Church of SS</i> (<i>Saints</i>) <i>Peter and Paul</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The word <i>Saint</i> is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists,
+  the apostles, or the church fathers.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>The Gospel according to Luke</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Paul's doctrine of salvation</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Augustine's</i> "<i>City of God</i>."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use <i>Co.</i>,
+  <i>Bros.</i>, and <i>ampersand</i> (<i>&amp;</i>) in firm names and names
+  of corporations.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>The Rand-McNalley Co.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Macmillan &amp; Co.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Harper Bros.</i></p>
+      <p><i>New York, New Haven, &amp; Hartford Railroad</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to
+  abbreviate.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Harper Brothers have published.</i></p>
+      <p><i>It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company.</i></p>
+      <p><i>The romantic history of the East India Company</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Do not use <i>ampersand</i> except with names of persons.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>John Brown &amp; Co.</i></p>
+      <p><i>The Brown Printing and Publishing Co.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces
+  between the letters.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>N.Y.N.H. &amp; H.R.R.</i></p>
+      <p><i>U.T. &amp; F.C. of A.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>3. Do not abbreviate <i>United States</i> except:</p>
+
+  <p>(<i>a</i>) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the
+  army or navy.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Capt. John Smith, U.S.A.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>(<i>b</i>) When it is part of the name of an organization.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>First Regiment, U.S.V.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span></p>
+
+  <p>(<i>c</i>) When preceding the name of a ship.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>U.S.S. Texas</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in
+  an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.</p>
+
+  <p>The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more
+  common Christian names.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Christian names." title="Christian names.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alexander </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fred. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Frederick</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> And. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Andrew </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Geo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> George</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anthony </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Herbt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Herbert</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Appius </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hosea</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archibald </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> James</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> August, Augustus&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jona. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jonathan</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Benj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Benjamin </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joseph</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæsar </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Josh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joshua</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæs. Aug. &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæsar Augustus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Matt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Matthew</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Catherine </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nathaniel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Charles </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pet. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Peter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Daniel </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philip, Philander</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eben. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ebenezer </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phile. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philemon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Edm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Edmund </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reginald</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Edw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Edward </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Richd. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Richard</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eliz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Elizabeth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Robt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Robert</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esdras </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samuel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esther </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theodore</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ez. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezra </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Thos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Thomas</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezek. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezekiel </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Timothy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ferd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ferdinand </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> William</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fran. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Francis </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><i>Alex</i>, <i>Ben</i>, <i>Ed</i>, <i>Fred</i>, <i>Sam</i>, and
+  <i>Tom</i> are not always abbreviations and copy should be followed as
+  regards the period. Any unusual abbreviations used by an individual
+  should be followed in giving an original signature.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>G<sup>o</sup>. Washington</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p>
+
+  <p>VII. TITLES.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated
+  except <i>Mr.</i>, <i>Messrs.</i>, <i>Mrs.</i> (French <i>M.</i>,
+  <i>MM.</i>, <i>Mme.</i>, <i>Mlle.</i>), <i>Dr.</i>, <i>Rev.</i>, and
+  <i>Hon.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Professor</i>, <i>Colonel</i>, <i>General</i> and some others may
+  be abbreviated when the initials of the name are used;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Professor and General." title="Professor and General.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Professor Smith</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Prof. J. T. Smith</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>General Grant</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Gen. U. S. Grant</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><i>Hon.</i> and <i>Rev.</i>, which are similarly used, need special
+  attention as they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct
+  use;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>The Reverend John Smith</i> (formal reference)</p>
+      <p><i>The Rev. John Smith</i> (quotation or correspondence)</p>
+      <p><i>Rev. Mr. Smith</i></p>
+      <p><i>Rev. John Smith</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Rev. Smith</i> is wrong and should never be used except as any
+  illiterate form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns
+  are mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>George the Fifth</i>, <i>William the Second</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may
+  be printed with Roman numerals without a period;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>George V</i>, <i>William II</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the
+  following list.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Titles after names." title="Titles after names.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.B. or B.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Artium Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Abp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archbishop</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archchancellor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archduke</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aide-de-camp</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjutant</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Admiral</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Admr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Administrator</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span>
+   Admx., Admrx. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Administratrix</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adv. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Advocate</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Agt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Agent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aldm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alderman</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.M. or M.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Artium Magister</i>) Master of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Amb. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ambassador</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.P.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> American Protective Association</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Asst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Assistant</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archtreasurer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Atty. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Attorney</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.A. or A.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bart. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Baronet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.C.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Civil Law</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Divinitatis</i>) Bachelor of Divinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.LL. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Legum</i>) Bachelor of Laws</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Medicinæ</i>) Bachelor of Medicine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bishop</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Banco Regis</i> or <i>Reginæ</i>) The King's or Queen's Bench</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Brig.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brigadier-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bro(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brother(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Beata Virgo</i>) Blessed Virgin</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cantab. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Cantabrigia</i>) Cambridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Capt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Captain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Capt.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Captain-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cash. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cashier</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion of the Bath</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.C.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court of Common Pleas</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Civil Engineer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chief Justice</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Colonel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Com. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Commander, Commodore</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Corp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Corporal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cor. Sec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Corresponding Secretary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span>
+   C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court of Sessions</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Custos Sigilli</i>) Keeper of the Seal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.C.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Civil Law</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Divinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.D.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Dental Surgery</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dea. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Deacon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Deputy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Defender of the Faith</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Music</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.Sc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Science</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Doctor Theologiæ</i>) Doctor of Divinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.V.M or M.D.V. &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Veterinary Medicine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>after titles</i>) Edinburgh</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esquire</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Fidei Defensor</i>) Defender of the Faith</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.G.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Geological Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Father</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.G.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Society of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Governor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Govt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Government</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Georgius Rex</i>) King George</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.B.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Britannic Majesty</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Majesty</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Majesty's Service</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Honorable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> House of Representatives</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Holy Roman Emperor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Royal Highness</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.S.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Serene Highness</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"></a>{15}</span>
+   I.N.R.I </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum</i>) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Insp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Inspector</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Insp. Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Inspector General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.O.O.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Independent Order of Odd Fellows</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Judge-Advocate</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Justice of the Peace</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J. Prob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Judge of the Probate</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jr. or Jun. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Junior</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.A.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King's Bench; Knight of the Bath</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander of the Bath</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander of Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Charles III, in Spain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Ferdinand of Spain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.F.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Garter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.F </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Golden Fleece</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Guelph of Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Joachim</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.L.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Legion of Honor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Malta</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K. Mess. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King's Messenger</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Merit, in Holstein</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span>
+   K.N.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Patrick</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Sword, in Sweden</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Anne of Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Esprit, in France</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Fernando of Spain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.F.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. George of Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Januarius of Naples</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.M. &amp; S.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian Isles</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of the Sword, in Sweden</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Kt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Thistle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.T.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of William of the Netherlands</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.W.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>after titles</i>) London</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lord Chancellor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.C.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lord Chief Justice</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Leg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Legate</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Legis. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Legislature</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut.-Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant-Colonel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Litt. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Litterarum Doctor</i>) Doctor of Literature</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LL.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Legum Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Laws</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LL.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Legum Doctor</i>) Doctor of Laws</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Monsieur</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Master of Arts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Maj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Major</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span>
+   Maj.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Major-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Medicinæ Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Medicine;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Musicæ Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Music</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Member of Congress</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Medicinæ Doctor</i>) Doctor of Medicine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Messrs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Messieurs</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mgr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manager; Monsignor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Min. Plen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minister Plenipotentiary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mlle. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mademoiselle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mme. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Madame</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Member of Parliament</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Master of the Rolls</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mister or Master</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mrs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mistress</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mus. Doc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Music</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Oxon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Oxoniensis</i>) Oxford</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Patres Conscripti</i>, Conscript Fathers) Senators; Privy Counsellor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ph. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Philosophy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ph. G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Graduate in Pharmacy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postmaster</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postmaster-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President of the Royal Academy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pres. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Prov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Provost</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President of the Royal Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quartermaster</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Academician</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Engineers</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Reg. Prof. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Regius Professor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reverend</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Marines</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Navy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Riddare of Nordstjerneorden</i>) Knight of the Order of Polar Star</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Regiæ Societatis Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span>
+   Rt. Hon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Honorable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rt. Rev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Reverend</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rt. Wpful. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Worshipful</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Worthy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.W.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Riddare of Wasa Order</i>) Knight of the Order of Wasa</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Secretary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sec. Leg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Secretary of Legation</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Serg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sergeant</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Serg.-Maj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sergeant-Major</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Society of Jesus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Supreme Judicial Court</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solicitor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sol. Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solicitor-General</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sr., Sen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Senior</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Societatis Regiæ Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.T.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor</i>) Doctor of Divinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.T.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacræ Theologiæ Professor</i>) Professor of Divinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> St. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saint, Street</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Supt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superintendent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tr(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Trustee(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Treas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Treasurer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Utriusque Juris Doctor</i>) Doctor of both Laws</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-Chancellor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.D.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Verbi Dei Minister</i>) Preacher of the Word</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-Pres. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-President</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Visc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Viscount</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Writer to the Signet</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.</p>
+
+  <p>The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>folio</i>, <i>quarto</i>, <i>octavo</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral
+  and <i>mo</i>, but without a period;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>12 mo</i>, <i>16 mo</i>, etc.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p>
+
+  <p>IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.</p>
+
+  <p>Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the
+  metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when
+  following a numeral;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p><i>1 m.</i>, <i>5 dm.</i>, <i>4 cm.</i>, <i>2 mm.</i>, <i>c.m.</i>
+  (<i>cubic meter</i>), <i>c.d.</i>, <i>min.</i>&nbsp;(<i>minute</i>),
+  <i>sec.</i>&nbsp;(<i>second</i>), <i>lb.</i>&nbsp;(<i>pound</i>),
+  <i>oz.</i>&nbsp;(<i>ounce</i>), <i>yd.</i>, <i>ft.</i>, <i>in.</i>,
+  <i>A.</i>&nbsp;(<i>Anglestrom units</i>), <i>H.P.</i>&nbsp;(<i>Horse power</i>),
+  <i>C.</i>&nbsp;(<i>Centigrade</i> [<i>Thermometer</i>]).</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>X. FOOTNOTES.</p>
+
+  <p>Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following
+  order:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when
+  necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in
+  roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.</p>
+
+  <p>2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a
+  Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of
+  all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be
+  abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in
+  full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward
+  abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names
+  may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to
+  the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as
+  this last the name is often printed in italics.</p>
+
+  <p>Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.</p>
+
+  <p>3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No
+  period.</p>
+
+  <p>4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several
+  editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be
+  specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this
+  information should not be repeated in the footnotes. <!-- Page 20
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"></a>{20}</span>In books like
+  the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in
+  innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line;
+  section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Book references." title="Book references.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Number of paragraph only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> No. 68</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stanza only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> st. 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Page only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. 213</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Line only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> l. 384</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Paragraph only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> ¶ 34</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Section only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> § 5</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter only </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Canto only </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> xiv</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> iii</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="4"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:14ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part and chapter </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book and line </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Act and scene </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> iii 2</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Act, scene, and line </td><td class="nspacsingle"> iv. 3. 45</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter and verse </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="4"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:10ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Number and page </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume and page </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> II 34</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle"> IV. iv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part, book, and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part, canto, and stanza </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> II. iv. 12</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter, section, paragraph </td><td class="nspacsingle"> vii. § 3, ¶ 4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume, part, section, paragraph </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book, chapter, section, paragraph </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> I. i. § 2, ¶ 6</td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+  <p>In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare
+  use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of
+  the book, play, or letter.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>2 Kings II: 5</p>
+      <p>3 John 11</p>
+      <p>1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"></a>{21}</span></p>
+
+  <p>The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in
+  handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's
+  "Correct Composition."</p>
+
+  <p><i>From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><sup>1</sup> Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.</p>
+      <p><sup>2</sup> Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.</p>
+      <p><sup>3</sup> Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.</p>
+      <p><sup>4</sup> Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's
+  edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><sup>1</sup> Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.</p>
+      <p><sup>2</sup> Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.</p>
+      <p><sup>3</sup> Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].</p>
+      <p><sup>4</sup> Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).</p>
+      <p><sup>5</sup> A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.</p>
+      <p><sup>6</sup> Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8
+  vo)</i></p>
+
+<table class="nob" summary="Footnote references." title="Footnote references.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>1</sup> Herbert, p. 431, 432. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>4</sup> Burnet, p. 322.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>2</sup> Collier, vol. ii. p. 176.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>5</sup> 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>3</sup> Stowe, p. 575. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>6</sup> Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The
+  abbreviation <i>ch</i>, <i>p</i>, and <i>pp</i>, may be made in notes,
+  but not in text matter.</p>
+
+  <p>In lower-case text do not use <i>&amp;c</i>, use <i>etc.</i></p>
+
+  <p>By-laws are often printed with side-headings <i>Art. 1</i>, <i>Sec.
+  2</i>, <i>etc.</i> It is better to print the words, <i>article</i> and
+  <i>section</i> in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to
+  omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only.</p>
+
+  <p>Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and
+  explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter
+  itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the
+  explanation. <!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a
+  period.</p>
+
+  <p>Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus:
+  <i>Pages 24, 25, 57</i> not <i>pp. 24-5, 57</i> nor <i>25-57</i>. When
+  the reference is to several pages continually set <i>pages 24 to
+  32</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more
+  consecutive years, set thus: <i>1846-7</i>, <i>1861-5</i>, when there is
+  a lapse of a year or more, set thus: <i>1866-7-1869-70</i>. Do not
+  abbreviate into <i>'66-'7-'69-'70</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span></p>
+
+<h3>LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS</h3>
+
+  <p>The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Scriptural Abbreviations</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Bible books." title="Bible books.">
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Old Testament (O.T.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exod. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Job </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Amos</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ps. (Pss.) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Obad.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Num. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jonah</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Deut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eccles. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mic.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Josh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Song of Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nah.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Judg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (or Cant.) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hab.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ruth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Isa. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zeph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Sam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jer. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hag.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Kings </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zech.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Chron. &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezek. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezra </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Neh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> New Testament (N.T.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Matt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philem.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mark </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eph. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Heb.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Luke </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> John </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Pet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Acts </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Thess. &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> I, II and III John</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Tim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Cor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Titus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rev.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Apocrypha</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Esd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eccles. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bel and Dragon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bar. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pr. of Man</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jud. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Song of Three </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I, II, III and IV </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rest of Esther </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Children </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Macc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Wisd. of Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Commercial Abbreviations</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Commercial abbreviations." title="Commercial abbreviations.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A1 </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Highest class or grade</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Acct. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Account</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Advt., Ad. &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Advertisement</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Agt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Agent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Amt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Amount</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anonymous</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ans. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Answer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Art. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Article</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Av., Ave. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Avenue</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Balance</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bdl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bundle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bds. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Boards</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bldg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Building</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Buyer's Option</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bro(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brother; Brothers</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.I.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cost, insurance, freight</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Co. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Company</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.O.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cash on delivery</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Creditor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dept. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Department</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Do. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ditto, the same</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Debtor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors excepted</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.O.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Every other day</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. &amp; O.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors and omissions excepted</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et cætera</i>) and so forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ex., Exch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Exchange</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Express</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fgt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Freight</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.O.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Free on Board</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hour</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Half pay, horse power</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Incor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Incorporated</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ins. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insurance</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knock down (<i>of furniture, etc.</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span>
+   L.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Large Paper</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Memo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Memorandum</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mfg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manufacturing</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mfr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manufacturer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Min. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minute</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> No. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>numero</i>) number</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> All right</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Payt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Payment</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Paid</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per an. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Per annum</i>) by the year</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per cent </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Per centum</i>) by the hundred</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pkg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Package</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plate, plates</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preface</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Road</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Remarks</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reports</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Railroad</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ry. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Railway</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ser. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Series</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Square</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Steamship, steamer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> T.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Till forbidden</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Miscellaneous Abbreviations</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Miscellaneous abbreviations." title="Miscellaneous abbreviations.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ante Christum</i>) before Christ</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Domini</i>) in the year of our Lord</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ad lib. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ad libitum</i>) at pleasure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjective</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adv. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adverb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Æt </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ætatis</i>) of age, aged</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Hegiræ</i>) in the year of the Hegira</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Altitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Mundi</i>) in the year of the world</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> An. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno</i>) in the year</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span>
+   An. A. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno ante Christum</i>) in the year before Christ</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anatomy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ancient</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ang.-Sax. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anglo-Saxon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anomalous</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anonymous</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apostle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Apo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apogee</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Apoc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apocalypse, Apocrypha</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno regni</i>) in the year of the reign</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Architecture</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.R.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno regni regis</i>) in the year of the reign of the king</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arrival</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Art. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Article</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Assoc., Assn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Association</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Astrol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Astrology</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Astron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Astronomy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.U.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno urbis Conditæ</i>) in the year of the building of the city of Rome</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Auth. Ver. </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> or A.V. </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Authorized Version of the Bible</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Av. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Average</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ave. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Avenue</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Basso</i>) Bass; bay; born</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Before Christ</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Boul. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Boulevard</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Bene Vale</i>) Farewell</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cape</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæt. par. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Cæteris paribus</i>) other things being equal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>caput</i>) Chapter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. or Cent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centigrade</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>conferre</i>) compare</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Child or children</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court House</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span>
+   Circ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Circle(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cit. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Citizen</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Column</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Coll. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> College</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Comp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion, comparative</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cong. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Congress</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.Q.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Marconi Distress signal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Domesday Book</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Da Capo</i>) From the beginning; again</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Declination</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Deg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Degree(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Del. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Delineavit</i>) he drew it</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Democrat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Dei gratia</i>) by the grace of God; (<i>Deo gratias</i>) thanks to God</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Deo volente</i>) God willing</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East, Eagle(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ea. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Each</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> English Bible (common)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ed. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Editor, Edition</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors excepted</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Exempli gratia</i>) by way of example</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Elec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Electricity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.N.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East-northeast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Entomology</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East-southeast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et alibi</i>) and elsewhere; (<i>et alii</i>) and others</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et cætera</i>) and so forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Et seq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et sequentia</i>) the following</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Example</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Exception</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F., Fahr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fahrenheit (thermometer)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Fecit</i>) he made it</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fem. or f. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Feminine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fig(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Figure(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Finn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Finnish</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span>
+   Fol. or f., ff. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Folio(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> For. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Foreign</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ft. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fort</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gentleman</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ger. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> German</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Goth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gothic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Greek</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Husband</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hdkf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Handkerchief</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.e. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hoc est</i>) that is, or, this is</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hist. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> History, Historical</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.J.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic jacet sepultus</i>) here lies buried</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hoc monumentum posuit</i>) erected this monument</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.I.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic requiescit in pace</i>) here lies in peace</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic situs</i>) here lies</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ibid. Ib. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ibidem</i>) in the same place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Id. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Idem</i>) the same</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.e. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Id est</i>) that is</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> First letters of <span title="IÊSOUS" class="grk">&Iota;&Eta;&Sigma;&Omicron;&Upsilon;&Sigma;</span>, Greek for <i>Jesus</i>, or <i>Iesus hominum salvator</i>, Jesus the Savior of Mankind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Illus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Illustrated</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Imp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Imperative (mood)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Incog. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Incognito</i>) Unknown</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Indef. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indefinite</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Indic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indicative (mood)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Infin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Infinitive (mood)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In lim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In limine</i>) at the outset</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In loc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In loco</i>) in the place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Inst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>instante</i>) the current month</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Int. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Interest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Interj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Interjection</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In trans. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In transit</i>) On the passage</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ion. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ionic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ir. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Irish</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Irreg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Irregular</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span>
+   Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Island</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ital. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Italic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Itin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Itinerary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> See I.H.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jour. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Journal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Latin, latitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Loco citato</i>) in the place cited</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.l. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Loco laudato</i>) in the place quoted</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Long. or long.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Longitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Locus sigilli</i>) place of the seal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LXX </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The Septuagint</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Meridies</i>) noon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Married</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Memorandum, Memoranda</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mgr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manager</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Misc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Miscellaneous</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mo(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Month, months</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Memoriæ sacrum</i>) sacred to the memory</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> MS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Manuscriptum</i>) manuscript</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> MSS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manuscripts</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mount, Mont</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Myth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mythology</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Noun, note(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> National</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Naut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nautical</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nota Bene</i>) note well</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nem. con or </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> nem. diss. </td></tr>
+</table>
+</td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nemine contradicente</i> or <i>nemine dissentiente</i>) none opposing</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Non liquet</i>) It does not appear</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North latitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.N.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North-northeast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North-northwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nominative</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nol. Pros. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nol prosequi</i>) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Style (After 1752)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Testament</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span>
+   N.u. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Name(s) unknown</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.V.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nativity of the Virgin Mary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Northwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Obiit</i>) he or she died</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Obj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Objective (case)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Obs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Obsolete</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Odd Fellow(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.H.M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> On His Majesty's Service</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Olym. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Olympiad</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Op. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Opposite</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Old Style (before 1752)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Old Testament</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. or pp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Page or pages</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Par. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Paragraph</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Par. pas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parallel passage(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Parl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parliament</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Participle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Partic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Particle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pass. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Passive (voice)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Peninsula</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pentecost</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Perf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perfect (tense)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pers. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Person</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pers. pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Personal pronoun</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Persp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perspective</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philosophy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pinx. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pinxit</i>) he painted it</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plate(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plff. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plaintiff</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plup. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pluperfect</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plur. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plural</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Post Meridiem</i>) afternoon to midnight</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Post-office</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pop. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Population</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Posit. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Positive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.p. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Past participle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.P.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pour prendre congé</i>) to take leave</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span>
+   P. pr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Participle present</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Populus Romanus</i>) the Roman people</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preface</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pret. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preterite tense</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pronoun</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pro tem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pro tempore</i>) for the time being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pr. p. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Present participle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Privy Seal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.T.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Please turn over</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Point</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pub. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Publisher</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pub. Doc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Public Documents</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Question</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's Bench</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's College, Queen's Council</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.d. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quasi dicat</i>) as if he should say; (<i>Quasi dictum</i>) as if said; (<i>Quasi dixisset</i>) as if he had said</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod est</i>) which is</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod erat demonstrandum</i>) which was to be proved</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod erat faciendum</i>) which was to be done</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.l. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum libet</i>) as much as you please</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. Mess. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's Messenger</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quomodo</i>) by what means, how</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.p. or q. pl.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum placet</i>) as much as you please</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quarter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum sufficit</i>) a sufficient quantity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.v. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum vis</i>) as much as you will</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.v. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod vide</i>) which see</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qy. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Query</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R., </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reaum. Reaumur (<i>thermometer</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Engineers</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Recd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Received</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rect. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rector</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span>
+   Ref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reformation, reformed</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ref. Ch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reformed Church</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reference</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Regr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Registrar</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Regt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Regiment</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rel. pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Relative pronoun</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Representative</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Repub. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Republican</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Marines</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Navy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ro. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Recto</i>) Right-hand page</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rom. Cath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Roman Catholic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Res Publica</i>) Republic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ru. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Runic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solo (<i>In Italian Music</i>); South</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. SS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Section(s), Saint(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.a. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Secundum artem</i>) According to Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sax. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saxon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Senatus Consultum</i>) A decree of the Senate</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In Law</i>) same case</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Schooner(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Schol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Scholium</i>) a note</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sci. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Science</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sculp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sculpsit</i>) he engraved</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southeast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Senate, Senator</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Seq. or sq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sequente</i>) and in what follows</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Seqq. or sqq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sequentibus</i>) and in the following (places)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ser. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Series</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Shak. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Shakespeare</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sing. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Singular (number)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Supreme Judicial Court</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South latitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.O.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Marconi Distress Signal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sine prole</i>) without issue</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sp. gr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Specific gravity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span>
+   S.P.Q.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Senatus Populusque Romanus</i>) the Senate and the Roman people</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium</i>) The Holy Roman Empire</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Societatis Regiæ Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sunday School</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South-southeast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South-southwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> St. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saint, Street</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Statute(s)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ster. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sterling</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Subj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Subjunctive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Subst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Substantive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Su.-Goth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Suio-Gothic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Super. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superfine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Superl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superlative</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tenor (<i>in music</i>); (<i>Tutti</i>) the whole orchestra after a solo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ter. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Territory</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Term. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Termination</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Theor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theorem</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Translator, transpose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Um. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Unmarried</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Univ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> University</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Mail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Navy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Ship</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.s. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ut supra</i>) as above</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vatican</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.a. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb active</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. aux. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb auxiliary</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. def. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb defective</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. dep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb deponent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ven. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Venerable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span>
+   V.g. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Verbi gratia</i>) for example</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. imp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb impersonal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. in. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb intransitive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. irr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb irregular</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.n. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb neuter</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>verso</i>) left-hand page</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Voc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vocative</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.r. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb reflexive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb transitive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vulgate (Version)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West, wife</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. lon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West longitude</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West-northwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West-southwest</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Xmas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Christmas</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Zool. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zoology</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p>
+
+<h3>SIGNS</h3>
+
+  <p>In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many
+  signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included
+  in the following lists.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Monetary Signs</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Monetary signs." title="Monetary signs.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/dollar.png"><img src="images/dollar.png" class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="dollar" /></a>
+   </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dollar or dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> cts. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Guinea</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> £ (<i>English</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pound or pounds</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> / or s </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Shilling or shillings</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> d. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Denarius</i>) penny or pence</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> fr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Franc or francs</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> c. (<i>French</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centime or centimes</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> m. (<i>German</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mark or marks</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pf. (<i>German</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pfennig or pfennigs</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> cr. (<i>Austrian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Crown or crowns</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> hr. (<i>Austrian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Heller or hellers</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> rub. (<i>Russian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ruble or rubles</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> kop. (<i>Russian</i>) &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kopec or kopecs</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> kr. (<i>Danish</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Crown or crowns</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> öro, öre </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oro or öre</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> £ (<i>Italian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lira or lire</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> c. (<i>Italian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centesimo or centesimi</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Mathematical Signs</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Mathematical signs." title="Mathematical signs.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> + </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> - </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ± </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plus or minus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/minpl.png"><img src="images/minpl.png" class="middle" style="height:1.6ex" alt="Minus or plus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minus or plus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> × </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Multiplied by</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span>
+   ÷ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Divided by</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> = </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Equal to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/neq.png"><img src="images/neq.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Not equal to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Not equal to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ident.png"><img src="images/ident.png" class="middle" style="height:1.3ex" alt="Identical with" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Identical with</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/cong.png"><img src="images/cong.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Congruent to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Congruent to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> > </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Greater than</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> &lt; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Less than</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/diff.png"><img src="images/diff.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="The difference between" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The difference between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/equiv.png"><img src="images/equiv.png" class="middle" style="height:1.1ex" alt="Is equivalent to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Is equivalent to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> : and :: &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Proportion</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/varpropto.png"><img src="images/varpropto.png" class="middle" style="height:1.0ex" alt="Varies as" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Varies as</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/doteq.png"><img src="images/doteq.png" class="middle" style="height:1.4ex" alt="Approaches as a limit" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Approaches as a limit</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> &infin; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Infinity</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/therefore.png"><img src="images/therefore.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Therefore" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Therefore</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/because.png"><img src="images/because.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Because" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Because</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> . . . </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Continuation</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> &radic; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The radical sign</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/perp.png"><img src="images/perp.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Perpendicular to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perpendicular to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/parallel.png"><img src="images/parallel.png" class="middle" style="height:2.4ex" alt="Parallel" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parallel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/frown.png"><img src="images/frown.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Arc of circle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arc of circle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/degree.png"><img src="images/degree.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Degree of circle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Degree of circle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> &prime; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minute of circle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> &Prime; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Second of circle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/angle.png"><img src="images/angle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Angle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Angle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/rightangle.png"><img src="images/rightangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Right Angle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right angle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/square.png"><img src="images/square.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Square" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Square</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/rectangle.png"><img src="images/rectangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Rectangle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rectangle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/triangle.png"><img src="images/triangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Triangle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Triangle</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Medical Signs</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Medical signs." title="Medical signs.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ãã </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>ava</i>) of each </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/drachm.png"><img src="images/drachm.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Drachm" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Drachm</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/recipe.png"><img src="images/recipe.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Recipe" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Recipe</i>) take </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/scruple.png"><img src="images/scruple.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Scruple" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scruple</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>, <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>i &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ounce, one ounce </td><td class="nspacsingle"> O &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Octarius</i>) Pint</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>ss </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Half an ounce </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fluid ounce</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>iss </td><td class="nspacsingle"> One ounce and a half &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/drachm.png"><img src="images/drachm.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Drachm" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fluid Drachm</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>ij </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Two ounces </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>m</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minim or drop</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Astronomical Signs</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Planets</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Planets." title="Planets.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sun.png"><img src="images/sun.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Sun" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sun </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/earth.png"><img src="images/earth.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Earth" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Earth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/saturn.png"><img src="images/saturn.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Saturn" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saturn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/mercury.png"><img src="images/mercury.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Mercury" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mercury &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/mars.png"><img src="images/mars.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Mars" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mars </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/uranus.png"><img src="images/uranus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Uranus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Uranus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/venus.png"><img src="images/venus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Venus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Venus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/jupiter.png"><img src="images/jupiter.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Jupiter" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jupiter &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/neptune.png"><img src="images/neptune.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Neptune" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Neptune</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Phases</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Phases." title="Phases.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/newmoon.png"><img src="images/newmoon.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="New moon" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> New moon&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/firstqtr.png"><img src="images/firstqtr.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="first quarter" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> first quarter &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/fullmoon.png"><img src="images/fullmoon.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="full moon" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> full moon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/lastqtr.png"><img src="images/lastqtr.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="last quarter" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> last quarter</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Zodiacal</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Zodiacal." title="Zodiacal.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/aries.png"><img src="images/aries.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Aries" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aries, the ram </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/libra.png"><img src="images/libra.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Libra" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Libra, the scales</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/taurus.png"><img src="images/taurus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Taurus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Taurus, the bull </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/scorpio.png"><img src="images/scorpio.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Scorpio" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scorpio, scorpion</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/gemini.png"><img src="images/gemini.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Gemini" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gemini, the twins </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sagittarius.png"><img src="images/sagittarius.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Sagittarius" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sagittarius, archer</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/cancer.png"><img src="images/cancer.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Cancer" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cancer, the crab &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/capricornus.png"><img src="images/capricornus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Capricornus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Capricornus, goat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/leo.png"><img src="images/leo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Leo" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Leo, the lion </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/aquarius.png"><img src="images/aquarius.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Aquarius" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aquarius, waterman</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/virgo.png"><img src="images/virgo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Virgo" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Virgo, the virgin </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/pisces.png"><img src="images/pisces.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Pisces" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pisces, the fishes</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Aspects and Nodes</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Aspects and Nodes." title="Aspects and Nodes.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/conjunction.png"><img src="images/conjunction.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Conjunction" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Conjunction </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/opposition.png"><img src="images/opposition.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="opposition" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> opposition</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/quadrature.png"><img src="images/quadrature.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Quadrature" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quadrature </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/quintile.png"><img src="images/quintile.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="quintile" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> or &nbsp; <a href="images/quintile2.png"><img src="images/quintile2.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="quintile" /></a> &nbsp; quintile</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ascnode.png"><img src="images/ascnode.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Ascending node" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ascending node </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sextile.png"><img src="images/sextile.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="sextile" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> sextile</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/descnode.png"><img src="images/descnode.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Descending node" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Descending node &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/trine.png"><img src="images/trine.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="trine" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> trine</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Ecclesiastical Signs</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Ecclesiastical Signs." title="Ecclesiastical Signs.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/maltese.png"><img src="images/maltese.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Maltese cross" /></a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by
+certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.
+It is also used in the service-books of that church to
+notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross.
+The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should
+not be used as a substitute.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/response.png"><img src="images/response.png" class="middle" style="height:2.5ex" alt="Response" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign <a href="images/recipe.png"><img src="images/recipe.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Recipe" /></a>
+is not an entirely acceptable substitute.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/versicle.png"><img src="images/versicle.png" class="middle" style="height:2.9ex" alt="Versicle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Versicle in service-books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/celebrant.png"><img src="images/celebrant.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Celebrant" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Proofreader's Signs</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" summary="Proofreaders Signs." title="Proofreaders Signs.">
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> No ¶ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> No new paragraph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Run in </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Let there be no break in the reading.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ¶ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Make a new paragraph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/uneven.png"><img src="images/uneven.png" class="middle" style="height:2.0ex" alt="Uneven spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Correct uneven spacing of words.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/strike.png"><img src="images/strike.png" class="middle" style="height:2.4ex" alt="Strike out" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/reverse.png"><img src="images/reverse.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Reverse" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reverse this type.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> # </td><td class="nspacsingle"> More space where caret is marked,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/contract.png"><img src="images/contract.png" class="middle" style="height:0.7ex" alt="Contract spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Contract the spacing.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/takeout.png"><img src="images/takeout.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex" alt="Take out spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Take out all spacing.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> [ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Move this to the left.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ] </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Move this to the right.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/raise.png"><img src="images/raise.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Raise" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Raise this line or letter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/depress.png"><img src="images/depress.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Depress" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Depress this line or letter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> || </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Make parallel at the side with other lines.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/indent.png"><img src="images/indent.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Indent" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indent line an em.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/pushdown.png"><img src="images/pushdown.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Push down" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Push down a space that blackens the proof.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> x </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change this bruised type.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> w.f. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change this faulty type of wrong font.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Transpose words or letters underlined.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> l.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in lower-case, or small letters.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> s.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in small capitals.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> caps. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in capitals.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/inapost.png"><img src="images/inapost.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Insert Apostrophe" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are
+put over an inverted caret, as, <a href="images/insupa.png"><img src="images/insupa.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Insert a" /></a> <a href="images/insupo.png"><img src="images/insupo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Insert o" /></a>
+etc.;<br />
+for inferior characters the caret is
+put in its usual position, as in <a href="images/ininf1.png"><img src="images/ininf1.png" class="middle" style="height:2.8ex" alt="Insert 1" /></a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> rom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change from italic to roman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ital. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change from roman to italic.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/inperiod.png"><img src="images/inperiod.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Insert period" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert period.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ,&nbsp;/ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert comma.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ;&nbsp;/ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert semicolon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> :&nbsp;/ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert colon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> =/ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert hyphen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/emdash.png"><img src="images/emdash.png" class="middle" style="height:2.5ex" alt="One-em dash" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> One-em dash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/emdash2.png"><img src="images/emdash2.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Two-em dash" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Two-em dash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/takeoutchar.png"><img src="images/takeoutchar.png" class="middle" style="height:3.3ex" alt="Take out character" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Take out cancelled character and close up.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle">
+<!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span>
+   Qu. or? </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Is this right? See to it.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/insert.png"><img src="images/insert.png" class="middle" style="height:1.6ex" alt="Insert" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert letter or word marked in margin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> |||| </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hair-space letters as marked.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stet </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Restore crossed-out word or letter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> . . . . </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dots put below the crossed word mean:<br />
+Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/diphthong.png"><img src="images/diphthong.png" class="middle" style="height:3.3ex" alt="Diphthong" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as <i>æ</i>, <i>ffi</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/straighten.png"><img src="images/straighten.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Straighten" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Straighten lines.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ///// </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Out, see Copy &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Here is an omission; see copy.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be
+  accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or
+  "ringed."</p>
+
+  <p>Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the
+  text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen
+  marks.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span></p>
+
+<h3>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS</h3>
+
+  <p>There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the
+  various sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to
+  the proper use of these.</p>
+
+  <p>In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule
+  is to follow copy.</p>
+
+  <p>Such abbreviations as <i>I've</i>, <i>you'll</i>, <i>'t'was</i>,
+  <i>'t'is n't</i>, and the like are more clearly expressed when a thin
+  space is put between the words.</p>
+
+  <p>Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special
+  sorts have to be obtained for the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>Abbreviations like <i>dept</i>, <i>dep't</i>, <i>gov't</i>,
+  <i>sec</i>, <i>sec'y</i>, <i>sect'y</i>, <i>pres't</i>, and <i>treas.</i>
+  are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like it is better to spell
+  out the words in two lines.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span></p>
+
+<h3>SUPPLEMENTARY READING</h3>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co.,
+  New York.</p>
+
+  <p>The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.</p>
+
+  <p>The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal
+  dictionaries may be studied with profit.</p>
+
+  <p>Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the
+  abbreviations and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p>
+
+<h3>QUESTIONS</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?</p>
+      <p>2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?</p>
+      <p>3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?</p>
+      <p>4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?</p>
+      <p>5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds of printing?</p>
+      <p>6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what may be done to make their use easier?</p>
+      <p>7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?</p>
+      <p>8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the days of the week?</p>
+      <p>9. Give the Dewey dates.</p>
+      <p>10. What is the rule for ages?</p>
+      <p>11. How do we treat references to decades?</p>
+      <p>12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?</p>
+      <p>13. What is the rule for sums of money?</p>
+      <p>14. What is the rule for round numbers?</p>
+      <p>15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?</p>
+      <p>16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?</p>
+      <p>17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?</p>
+      <p>18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?</p>
+      <p>19. What are the rules for names?</p>
+      <p>20. What is the usage in printing titles?</p>
+      <p>21. How do we treat names of book sizes?</p>
+      <p>22. How do we treat weights and measures?</p>
+      <p>23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.</p>
+      <p>24. Where is &amp;c not used?</p>
+      <p>25. How are by-laws treated?</p>
+<!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span>
+      <p>26. How are figures used with illustrations?</p>
+      <p>27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?</p>
+      <p>28. How do we treat page references in the text?</p>
+      <p>29. How do we treat references to series of years?</p>
+      <p>30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?</p>
+      <p>31. How do we print such abbreviations as <i>I've</i>, <i>you've</i>, and the like?</p>
+      <p>32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these
+  rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of
+  abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil required
+  to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be required to
+  explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission of
+  abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by the
+  instructor with reference to the rules.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page i --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei"></a>{i}</span></p>
+
+<h3>TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES
+FOR APPRENTICES</h3>
+
+  <p>The following list of publications, comprising the <span
+  class="sc">Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices</span>, has been
+  prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the
+  United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of
+  printing instruction, and by individuals.</p>
+
+  <p>Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+  authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers
+  of the United States&mdash;employers, journeymen, and
+  apprentices&mdash;with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive
+  compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches
+  and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion
+  for progressive study.</p>
+
+  <p>The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches.
+  Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as
+  far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the
+  particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found
+  under each title in the following list.</p>
+
+  <p>Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in
+  each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary
+  information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the
+  subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear,
+  with the purpose of bringing essential information within the
+  understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever
+  practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been
+  used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.</p>
+
+  <p>In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for
+  use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is
+  accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the
+  subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the
+  subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.</p>
+
+  <p>These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of
+  America.</p>
+
+  <p>Address all orders and inquiries to <span class="sc">Committee on
+  Education, United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U. S.
+  A.</span> <!-- Page ii --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="pageii"></a>{ii}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART I&mdash;<i>Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials</i></p>
+
+  <p>1. <b>Type: a Primer of Information</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+  font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44
+  pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>2. <b>Compositors' Tools and Materials</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass
+  rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review
+  questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>3. <b>Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case
+  racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33
+  review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>4. <b>Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+  press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.;
+  illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>5. <b>Proof Presses</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for
+  taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>6. <b>Platen Printing Presses</b> By Daniel Baker</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+  construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to
+  the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of
+  small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>7. <b>Cylinder Printing Presses</b> By Herbert L. Baker</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of
+  cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>8. <b>Mechanical Feeders and Folders</b> By William E. Spurrier</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with
+  hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>9. <b>Power for Machinery in Printing Houses</b> By Carl F. Scott</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+  allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.;
+  illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>10. <b>Paper Cutting Machines</b> By Niel Gray, Jr.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+  cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper.
+  70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>11. <b>Printers' Rollers</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care
+  of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>12. <b>Printing Inks</b> By Philip Ruxton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission
+  from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with
+  some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by
+  Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page iii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiii"></a>{iii}</span></p>
+
+  <p>13. <b>How Paper is Made</b> By William Bond Wheelwright</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+  manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62
+  review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>14. <b>Relief Engravings</b> By Joseph P. Donovan</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+  engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction;
+  things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review
+  questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>15. <b>Electrotyping and Sterotyping</b> By Harris B. Hatch and A. A.
+  Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+  stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART II&mdash;<i>Hand and Machine Composition</i></p>
+
+  <p>16. <b>Typesetting</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying,
+  spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting.
+  Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>17. <b>Printers' Proofs</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+  observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>18. <b>First Steps in Job Composition</b> By Camille DeVéze</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs,
+  especially about the important little things which go to make good
+  display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>19. <b>General Job Composition</b></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+  miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>20. <b>Book Composition</b> By J. W. Bothwell</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised
+  and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The
+  DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II:
+  Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>21. <b>Tabular Composition</b> By Robert Seaver</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of
+  more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>22. <b>Applied Arithmetic</b> By E. E. Sheldon</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+  calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables
+  and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and
+  exercises. 159 pp.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>23. <b>Typecasting and Composing Machines</b> A. W. Finlay, Editor</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Section I&mdash;The Linotype                         By L. A. Hornstein</p>
+      <p>Section II&mdash;The Monotype                        By Joseph Hays</p>
+      <p>Section III&mdash;The Intertype                      By Henry W. Cozzens</p>
+      <p>Section IV&mdash;Other Typecasting and Typesetting   By Frank H. Smith</p>
+      <p class="i12">Machines</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+  mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page iv --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv"></a>{iv}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART III&mdash;<i>Imposition and Stonework</i></p>
+
+  <p>24. <b>Locking Forms for the Job Press</b> By Frank S. Henry</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+  about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>25. <b>Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press</b> By Frank S.
+  Henry</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of
+  handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART IV&mdash;<i>Presswork</i></p>
+
+  <p>26. <b>Making Ready on Platen Presses</b> By T. G. McGrew</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+  features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the
+  impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details
+  explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>27. <b>Cylinder Presswork</b> By T. G. McGrew</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink
+  fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying;
+  modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>28. <b>Pressroom Hints and Helps</b> By Charles L. Dunton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions
+  and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems.
+  87 pp.; 176 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>29. <b>Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts</b> By A. W.
+  Elson</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief,
+  the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.;
+  illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART V&mdash;<i>Pamphlet and Book Binding</i></p>
+
+  <p>30. <b>Pamphlet Binding</b> By Bancroft L. Goodwin</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+  binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review
+  questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>31. <b>Book Binding</b> By John J. Pleger</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+  folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making
+  and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book
+  binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART VI&mdash;<i>Correct Literary Composition</i></p>
+
+  <p>32. <b>Word Study and English Grammar</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses.
+  68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>33. <b>Punctuation</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use,
+  both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>{v}</span></p>
+
+  <p>34. <b>Capitals</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+  typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions;
+  glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>35. <b>Division of Words</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on
+  spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review
+  questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>36. <b>Compound Words</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds,
+  and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>37. <b>Abbreviations and Signs</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified
+  lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>38. <b>The Uses of Italic</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters.
+  31 pp.; 37 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>39. <b>Proofreading</b> By Arnold Levitas</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+  revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+  examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>40. <b>Preparation of Printers' Copy</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing
+  copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>41. <b>Printers' Manual of Style</b></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+  relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations,
+  numerals, and kindred features of composition.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>42. <b>The Printer's Dictionary</b> By A. A. Stewart</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various
+  processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms
+  explained. Illustrated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART VII&mdash;<i>Design, Color, and Lettering</i></p>
+
+  <p>43. <b>Applied Design for Printers</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the
+  periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of harmony,
+  balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament,
+  esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary;
+  bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>44. <b>Elements of Typographic Design</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material
+  of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling
+  of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of
+  commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions,
+  glossary; bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"></a>{vi}</span></p>
+
+  <p>45. <b>Rudiments of Color in Printing</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+  effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process
+  engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in
+  which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color,
+  scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments
+  with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review
+  questions; glossary; bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>46. <b>Lettering in Typography</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+  Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type
+  design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of
+  design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review
+  questions; glossary; bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>47. <b>Typographic Design in Advertising</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising
+  is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility,
+  attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography.
+  Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>48. <b>Making Dummies and Layouts</b> By Harry L. Gage</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed
+  final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of
+  layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations;
+  review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART VIII&mdash;<i>History of Printing</i></p>
+
+  <p>49. <b>Books Before Typography</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+  history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+  illustrated; 64 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>50. <b>The Invention of Typography</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64
+  pp.; 62 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>51. <b>History of Printing</b>&mdash;Part I By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+  development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the
+  work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>52. <b>History of Printing</b>&mdash;Part II By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry
+  from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal
+  conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>53. <b>Printing in England</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present
+  time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>54. <b>Printing in America</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on
+  publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review
+  questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>55. <b>Type and Presses in America</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press
+  building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page vii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii"></a>{vii}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART IX&mdash;<i>Cost Finding and Accounting</i></p>
+
+  <p>56. <b>Elements of Cost in Printing</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+  How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>57. <b>Use of a Cost System</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+  How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>58. <b>The Printer as a Merchant</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The
+  relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the
+  finished product. Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>59. <b>Fundamental Principles of Estimating</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for
+  estimating. Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>60. <b>Estimating and Selling</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+  relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>61. <b>Accounting for Printers</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books
+  and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PART X&mdash;<i>Miscellaneous</i></p>
+
+  <p>62. <b>Health, Sanitation, and Safety</b> By Henry P. Porter</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+  practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules
+  for safety.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>63. <b>Topical Index</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+  Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>64. <b>Courses of Study</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom
+  and shop work.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><!-- Page viii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii"></a>{viii}</span></p>
+
+<h3>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</h3>
+
+  <p>This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+  co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+  printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+  America.</p>
+
+  <p>The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under
+  whose auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges
+  its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many
+  authors, printers, and others identified with this work.</p>
+
+  <p>While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of
+  those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a
+  group list of co-operating firms would be of interest.</p>
+
+  <p>The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+  co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting
+  the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+  Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee
+  hopes will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each
+  volume.</p>
+
+  <p>The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+  subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its
+  publication.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Committee on Education, </span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">United Typothetae of America.</span></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Henry P. Porter</span>, <i>Chairman</i>,</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">E. Lawrence Fell</span>,</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">A. M. Glossbrenner</span>,</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">J. Clyde Oswald</span>,</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Toby Rubovits</span>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Frederick W. Hamilton</span>, <i>Education Director</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><!-- Page ix --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix"></a>{ix}</span></p>
+
+  <p>CONTRIBUTORS</p>
+
+  <p><b>For Composition and Electrotypes</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Isaac H. Blanchard Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">S. H. Burbank &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">J. S. Cushing &amp; Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The DeVinne Press</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">R. R. Donnelley &amp; Sons Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Geo. H. Ellis Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Evans-Winter-Hebb</span>, Detroit, Mich.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Franklin Printing Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">F. H. Gilson Company</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Stephen Greene &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">W. F. Hall Printing Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">J. B. Lippincott Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">McCalla &amp; Co. Inc.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Patteson Press</span>, New York, New York</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Plimpton Press</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Poole Bros.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Edward Stern &amp; Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Stone Printing &amp; Mfg. Co.</span>, Roanoke, Va.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">C. D. Traphagen</span>, Lincoln, Neb.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The University Press</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><b>For Composition</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Boston Typothetae School of Printing</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">William F. Fell Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Kalkhoff Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Oxford-Print</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Toby Rubovits</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><b>For Electrotypes</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Blomgren Brothers Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Flower Steel Electrotyping Co.</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">C. J. Peters &amp; Son Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Royal Electrotype Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">H. C. Whitcomb &amp; Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><b>For Engravings</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">American Type Founders Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">C. B. Cottrell &amp; Sons Co.</span>, Westerly, R. I.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Golding Manufacturing Co.</span>, Franklin, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Harvard University</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Inland Printer Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Lanston Monotype Machine Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Mergenthaler Linotype Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Geo. H. Morrill Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Oswald Publishing Co.</span>, New York, N. Y.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Printing Art</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">B. D. Rising Paper Company</span>, Housatonic, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Vandercook Press</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><b>For Book Paper</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">American Writing Paper Co.</span>, Holyoke, Mass.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">West Virginia Pulp &amp; Paper Co.</span>, Mechanicville, N. Y.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Abbreviations and Signs
+       A Primer of Information about Abbreviations and Signs,
+       with Classified Lists of Those in Most Common Use
+
+Author: Frederick W. Hamilton
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33828]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 37
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+AND SIGNS
+
+A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH
+CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE
+IN MOST COMMON USE
+
+
+
+BY
+
+FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.
+
+EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR
+
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+1918
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1918
+UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
+CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a
+temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable
+under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should
+be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person
+likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and
+technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the
+subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General
+readers are not particularly concerned with them.
+
+The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and
+partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established
+rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An
+attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly
+and concisely and to illustrate their application.
+
+Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been
+inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of
+further information on these points will be found under the head of
+Supplementary Reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                               PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                    1
+  GENERAL RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS      3
+  DATES                                           3
+  TIME                                            5
+  OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING NUMERALS          5
+  GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, WITH LIST           7
+  ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES, WITH LIST              10
+  ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES, WITH LIST             12
+  SIZES OF BOOKS                                 18
+  WEIGHTS AND MEASURES                           19
+  FOOTNOTES                                      19
+  SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS                       23
+  COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS                       24
+  MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS                    25
+  MONETARY SIGNS                                 35
+  MATHEMATICAL SIGNS                             35
+  MEDICAL SIGNS                                  36
+  ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS                             37
+  ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS                           37
+  PROOFREADER'S SIGNS                            38
+  GENERAL OBSERVATIONS                           40
+  SUPPLEMENTARY READING                          41
+  REVIEW QUESTIONS                               42
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{1}
+
+ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In inscriptions
+and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always
+been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS QUARTUS DEI GRATIA
+REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around the circumference of
+a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. Therefore, we find them
+written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: D: In the manuscript
+period abbreviations were very extensively used. This was done partly to
+lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double
+saving of expense, in labor and in costly material. Certain of these
+abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible. Unfortunately
+the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these, but devised others
+for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers, especially after
+the lapse of centuries.
+
+The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the
+extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer
+than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of
+manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were
+probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in
+imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his
+mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result
+was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of
+ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of
+letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed
+themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the
+habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still continued to
+be considered. The {2} methods of abbreviation in use in written matter
+continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the
+last century.
+
+The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint
+about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne gives the
+following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at random from
+a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in 1488.
+
+    "Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n e
+    g a n e pducibile a Deo."
+
+These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad
+simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A non
+est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.
+
+The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain
+recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally
+only under constraint of limited space.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{3}
+
+RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+I. GENERAL RULES.
+
+Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to
+print the words in full.
+
+All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but
+abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in
+commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are
+commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.
+
+Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports,
+sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the
+like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations are
+of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not
+intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the
+particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests
+that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not
+appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to keep
+a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly
+as a means of securing uniformity of form.
+
+II. DATES.
+
+Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; _The
+Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776._ The word
+_the_ is sometimes omitted. The date might be written _July fourth_ but
+never _July four_.
+
+The abbreviations _ult._ _inst._ and _prox._ with a numeral (meaning _the
+25th of last month_, _the 25th of this month_, _the 25th of next month_)
+are often used in letters, but should not be used in print unless the
+literal reproduction of a letter is intended. {4}
+
+Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; _August
+the sixth_, not _August 6th_.
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the months are:
+
+  _Jan._   _Apr._   _July_   _Oct._
+  _Feb._   _May_    _Aug._   _Nov._
+  _Mar._   _June_   _Sept._  _Dec._
+
+The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:
+
+  _Sun._   _Tues._  _Thurs._  _Sat._
+  _Mon._   _Wed._   _Fri._
+
+The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is
+given, but not when the month and year alone are given;
+
+  _Jan. 15, 1916_, but _January 1916_.
+
+Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; _15 Jan., 1916_,
+but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the more common
+order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it
+requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For example in
+writing addresses English speaking people put the number before the street,
+_59 Wall St._, while others put the number after the street, _Wall St.,
+59_. This is the logical order, because one goes to the street and then
+finds the number, but it gives to the American reader a curious sensation
+of mentally standing on one's head.
+
+There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as
+follows:
+
+           Months                   Days of Week
+  _Ja._  _Apr._ _Ju._  _O._       _Su._  _W._   _S._
+  _F._   _My._  _Ag._  _N._       _M._   _Th._
+  _Mr._  _Je._  _S._   _D._       _Tu._  _F._
+
+These may be used in tables and in other places where very great
+condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.
+
+In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, notes,
+and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. {5}
+
+III. TIME.
+
+Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter;
+_at half past two o'clock in the afternoon_. If the context makes it clear
+whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:
+
+  _at three, at seven o' clock_.
+
+This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the like.
+
+IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.
+
+The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found
+treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use of
+the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly
+be given here.
+
+    1. Spell out ages;
+
+      _eighty-two years and four months old_.
+      _in his eighty-third year_.
+      _children between the ages of six and fourteen_.
+
+    2. Spell out references to decades;
+
+      _in the early eighties_.
+
+    The form _in the '80s_, is very objectionable.
+
+    3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of military
+    bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of streets, and
+    the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely
+    necessary.
+
+      _Twentieth century_.
+      _Forty-second Congress_.
+      _One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry_.
+      _Eighteenth Dynasty_.
+      _Ninth Ward_.
+      _Fifth Avenue_.
+
+    In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by
+    Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:
+
+      XVIII_th Dynasty_.
+
+    {6}
+
+    4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in
+    isolated cases:
+
+      _That press cost five thousand dollars._
+
+    When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical
+    matter, use figures.
+
+      _Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000._
+
+    5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of
+    100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers
+    are more.
+
+      _An army corps numbers forty thousand men._
+      _The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462._
+      _There are about five hundred officers._
+
+    Write _fifteen hundred_ and the like when the phrase is in common use,
+    not _one thousand five hundred_.
+
+    6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a
+    sentence.
+
+      _Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers,
+          and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort._
+
+    7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three
+    digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or
+    occur in groups of six or more in close connection.
+
+      _There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of
+          100,000 or over._
+      _a ninety-ton engine_.
+      _five pounds of butter_.
+      _He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days._
+      _He spent 137 days in prison._
+      _A ratio of 16 to 1_.
+      _The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65._
+      _Send home:_
+        _2 pounds of butter_
+        _1 pound of sugar_
+        _1/2 pound of coffee_
+        _1/4 pound of tea_
+        _2 pecks of potatoes_
+        _1 pound of salt pork_
+        _2 pounds of lard_
+        _1 quart of milk_
+
+    {7}
+
+    Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use
+    either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains
+    three or more digits use figures for all.
+
+      _They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200._
+
+    8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions,
+    distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights,
+    and the like.
+
+      _.542, 98deg_, _9 cubic yards_, _37 miles_, _24 pages_, _$1000_,
+      _6 per cent_ (_or 6% but never six %_), _175 pounds_.
+
+V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The
+abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be
+used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation is
+desired.
+
+UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES
+
+  Ala.    Alabama                    N. D.   North Dakota
+  Alaska  Alaska                     Neb.    Nebraska
+  Ariz.   Arizona                    Nev.    Nevada
+  Ark.    Arkansas                   N. H.   New Hampshire
+  Cal.    California                 N. J.   New Jersey
+  Colo.   Colorado                   N. M.   New Mexico
+  Conn.   Connecticut                N. Y.   New York
+  D. C.   District of Columbia       Ohio    Ohio
+  Del.    Delaware                   Okla.   Oklahoma
+  Fla.    Florida                    Ore.    Oregon
+  Ga.     Georgia                    Pa.     Pennsylvania
+  H. I.   Hawaiian Islands           P. I.   Philippine Islands
+  Idaho   Idaho                      P. R.   Porto Rico
+  Ill.    Illinois                   R. I.   Rhode Island
+  Ind.    Indiana                    Samoa   Samoa
+  Ia.     Iowa                       S. C.   South Carolina
+  Kan.    Kansas                     S. D.   South Dakota
+  Ky.     Kentucky                   Tenn.   Tennessee
+  La.     Louisiana                  Tex.    Texas
+  Me.     Maine                      T. H.   Territory of Hawaii
+  Mass.   Massachusetts              Utah    Utah
+  Md.     Maryland                   Vt.     Vermont
+  Mich.   Michigan                   Va.     Virginia
+  Minn.   Minnesota                  Wash.   Washington
+  Mo.     Missouri                   Wis.    Wisconsin
+  Mont.   Montana                    W. Va.  West Virginia
+  N. C.   North Carolina             Wyo.    Wyoming
+
+{8}
+
+FOREIGN COUNTRIES
+
+  Aus.        Austria
+  Austral.    Australasia
+  B. A.       British America
+  Br. Col.    British Columbia
+  Can.        Canada
+  C. B.       Cape Breton
+  C. W.       Canada West (Ontario)
+  Den.        Denmark
+  E.          East (London Postal District)
+  East Isl.   Eastern Islands
+  E. C.       East Central (London Postal District)
+  E. I.       East Indies
+  Eng.        England, English
+  Fin.        Finland
+  G. B.       Great Britain
+  Glas.       Glasgow
+  Ire.        Ireland
+  It.         Italy
+  Jam.        Jamaica
+  Jap.        Japan
+  L. C.       Lower Canada
+  Man.        Manitoba
+  Mex.        Mexico
+  N.          North (London Postal District)
+  N. A.       North America
+  {9}
+  N. B.       New Brunswick, North Britain
+  N. E.       New England, Northeast (London Postal District)
+  Neth.       Netherlands
+  N. F.       Newfoundland
+  Norw.       Norway
+  N. S.       Nova Scotia
+  N. W.       Northwest (London Postal District)
+  N. Zeal.    New Zealand
+  Ont.        Ontario
+  Pal.        Palestine
+  P. D.       Postal District (London)
+  P. E. I.    Prince Edward Island
+  Per.        Persia
+  Port.       Portugal
+  Prus.       Prussia
+  Que.        Quebec
+  Russ.       Russia
+  S.          South (London Postal District)
+  S. A.       South America
+  Scot.       Scotland
+  Sc. Pen.    Scandinavian Peninsula
+  S. E.       Southeast (London Postal District)
+  Sic.        Sicily
+  S. Isl.     Sandwich Islands
+  Soc. Isl.   Society Islands
+  S. Lat.     South Latitude
+  Sp.         Spain
+  Sw.         Sweden
+  Switz.      Switzerland
+  Syr.        Syria
+  U. C.       Upper Canada (Ontario)
+  U. K.       United Kingdom
+  V.          Victoria
+  W.          Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)
+  W. C.       West Central (London Postal District)
+  W. I.       West Indies
+  W. lon.     West longitude
+
+{10}
+
+VI. NAMES.
+
+    1. Abbreviate _Saint_ in names of persons, cities, streets, churches,
+    etc.
+
+      _St. John Chrysostom_, _St. Paul_, _St. Botolph Street_,
+      _The Church of SS_ (_Saints_) _Peter and Paul_.
+
+    The word _Saint_ is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, the
+    apostles, or the church fathers.
+
+      _The Gospel according to Luke_.
+      _Paul's doctrine of salvation_.
+      _Augustine's_ "_City of God_."
+
+    2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use _Co._, _Bros._,
+    and _ampersand_ (_&_) in firm names and names of corporations.
+
+      _The Rand-McNalley Co._
+      _Macmillan & Co._
+      _Harper Bros._
+      _New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad_.
+
+    In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to
+    abbreviate.
+
+      _Harper Brothers have published._
+      _It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company._
+      _The romantic history of the East India Company_.
+
+    Do not use _ampersand_ except with names of persons.
+
+      _John Brown & Co._
+      _The Brown Printing and Publishing Co._
+
+    When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces
+    between the letters.
+
+      _N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R._
+      _U.T. & F.C. of A._
+
+    3. Do not abbreviate _United States_ except:
+
+    (_a_) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army
+    or navy.
+
+      _Capt. John Smith, U.S.A._
+      _Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N._
+
+    (_b_) When it is part of the name of an organization.
+
+      _First Regiment, U.S.V._
+
+    {11}
+
+    (_c_) When preceding the name of a ship.
+
+      _U.S.S. Texas_.
+
+    4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in
+    an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.
+
+    The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more
+    common Christian names.
+
+      Alex.       Alexander              Fred.       Frederick
+      And.        Andrew                 Geo.        George
+      Anth.       Anthony                Herbt.      Herbert
+      Ap.         Appius                 Hos.        Hosea
+      Arch.       Archibald              Jas.        James
+      Aug.        August, Augustus       Jona.       Jonathan
+      Benj.       Benjamin               Jos.        Joseph
+      C.          Caesar                 Josh.       Joshua
+      Caes. Aug.  Caesar Augustus        Matt.       Matthew
+      Cath.       Catherine              Nath.       Nathaniel
+      Chas.       Charles                Pet.        Peter
+      Dan.        Daniel                 Phil.       Philip, Philander
+      Eben.       Ebenezer               Phile.      Philemon
+      Edm.        Edmund                 Reg.        Reginald
+      Edw.        Edward                 Richd.      Richard
+      Eliz.       Elizabeth              Robt.       Robert
+      Esd.        Esdras                 Sam.        Samuel
+      Esth.       Esther                 Theo.       Theodore
+      Ez.         Ezra                   Thos.       Thomas
+      Ezek.       Ezekiel                Tim.        Timothy
+      Ferd.       Ferdinand              Wm.         William
+      Fran.       Francis
+
+    _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, _Fred_, _Sam_, and _Tom_ are not always
+    abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period. Any
+    unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in
+    giving an original signature.
+
+      _G^o. Washington_.
+
+{12}
+
+VII. TITLES.
+
+    1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except
+    _Mr._, _Messrs._, _Mrs._ (French _M._, _MM._, _Mme._, _Mlle._), _Dr._,
+    _Rev._, and _Hon._
+
+    _Professor_, _Colonel_, _General_ and some others may be abbreviated
+    when the initials of the name are used;
+
+      _Professor Smith_      _Prof. J. T. Smith_
+      _General Grant_        _Gen. U. S. Grant_
+
+    _Hon._ and _Rev._, which are similarly used, need special attention as
+    they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct use;
+
+      _The Reverend John Smith_ (formal reference)
+      _The Rev. John Smith_ (quotation or correspondence)
+      _Rev. Mr. Smith_
+      _Rev. John Smith_
+
+    _Rev. Smith_ is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate
+    form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns are
+    mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.
+
+      _George the Fifth_, _William the Second_.
+
+    When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may be
+    printed with Roman numerals without a period;
+
+      _George V_, _William II_
+
+    Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the
+    following list.
+
+      A.B. or B.A.    (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts
+      Abp.            Archbishop
+      A.C.            Archchancellor
+      A.D.            Archduke
+      A.D.C.          Aide-de-camp
+      Adjt.           Adjutant
+      Adm.            Admiral
+      Admr.           Administrator
+      {13}
+      Admx., Admrx.   Administratrix
+      Adv.            Advocate
+      Agt.            Agent
+      Aldm.           Alderman
+      A.M. or M.A.    (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts
+      Amb.            Ambassador
+      A.P.A.          American Protective Association
+      Asst.           Assistant
+      A.T.            Archtreasurer
+      Atty.           Attorney
+      B.A. or A.B.    Bachelor of Arts
+      Bart.           Baronet
+      B.C.L.          Bachelor of Civil Law
+      B.D.            (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity
+      B.LL.           (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws
+      B.M.            (_Baccalaureus Medicinae_)  Bachelor of Medicine
+      Bp.             Bishop
+      B.R.            (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginae_) The King's or Queen's
+                      Bench
+      Brig.-Gen.      Brigadier-General
+      Bro(s).         Brother(s)
+      B.S.            Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery
+      B.V.            (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin
+      Cantab.         (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge
+      Capt.           Captain
+      Capt.-Gen.      Captain-General
+      Cash.           Cashier
+      C.B.            Companion of the Bath
+      C.C.P.          Court of Common Pleas
+      C.E.            Civil Engineer
+      C.J.            Chief Justice
+      C.M.G.          Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
+      Col.            Colonel
+      Com.            Commander, Commodore
+      Corp.           Corporal
+      Cor. Sec.       Corresponding Secretary
+      {14}
+      C.S.            Court of Sessions
+      C.S.            (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal
+      D.C.L.          Doctor of Civil Law
+      D. D.           Doctor of Divinity
+      D.D.S.          Doctor of Dental Surgery
+      Dea.            Deacon
+      Dep.            Deputy
+      D. F.           Defender of the Faith
+      D.M.            Doctor of Music
+      Dr.             Doctor
+      D.Sc.           Doctor of Science
+      D.T.            (_Doctor Theologiae_) Doctor of Divinity
+      D.V.M or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
+      E.              (_after titles_) Edinburgh
+      Esq.            Esquire
+      F.D.            (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith
+      F.G.S.          Fellow of the Geological Society
+      Fr.             Father
+      F.R.G.S.        Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
+      F.R.S.          Fellow of the Royal Society
+      F.R.S.A.        Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
+      F.S.A.          Fellow of the Society of Arts
+      G.C.B.          Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+      G.C.H.          Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover
+      G.C.M.G.        Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and
+                      St. George
+      Gen.            General
+      Gov.            Governor
+      Govt.           Government
+      G.R.            (_Georgius Rex_) King George
+      H.B.M.          His or Her Britannic Majesty
+      H.M.            His or Her Majesty
+      H.M.S.          His or Her Majesty's Service
+      Hon.            Honorable
+      H.R.            House of Representatives
+      H.R.E.          Holy Roman Emperor
+      H.R.H.          His or Her Royal Highness
+      H.S.H.          His or Her Serene Highness
+      {15}
+      I.N.R.I         (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum_) Jesus of Nazareth,
+                      King of the Jews
+      Insp.           Inspector
+      Insp. Gen.      Inspector General
+      I.O.O.F.        Independent Order of Odd Fellows
+      J.A.            Judge-Advocate
+      J.P.            Justice of the Peace
+      J. Prob.        Judge of the Probate
+      Jr. or Jun.     Junior
+      K.              King
+      K.A.            Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia
+      K.A.N.          Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia
+      K.B.            King's Bench; Knight of the Bath
+      K.B.A.          Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal
+      K.B.E.          Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia
+      K.C.            Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council
+      K.C.B.          Knight Commander of the Bath
+      K.C.H.          Knight Commander of Hanover
+      K.C.M.G.        Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George
+      K.C.S.          Knight of Charles III, in Spain
+      K.E.            Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark
+      K.F.            Knight of Ferdinand of Spain
+      K.F.M.          Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily
+      K.G.            Knight of the Garter
+      K.G.C.          Knight of the Grand Cross
+      K.G.C.B.        Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath
+      K.G.F           Knight of the Golden Fleece
+      K.G.H.          Knight of the Guelph of Hanover
+      K.G.V.          Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden
+      K.H.            Knight of Hanover
+      K.J.            Knight of St. Joachim
+      K.L.H.          Knight of the Legion of Honor
+      K.M.            Knight of Malta
+      K. Mess.        King's Messenger
+      K.M.H.          Knight of Merit, in Holstein
+      K.M.J.          Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
+      K.M.T.          Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria
+      {16}
+      K.N.S.          Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden
+      K.P.            Knight of St. Patrick
+      K.R.E.          Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia
+      K.S.            Knight of the Sword, in Sweden
+      K.S.A.          Knight of St. Anne of Russia
+      K.S.E.          Knight of St. Esprit, in France
+      K.S.F.          Knight of St. Fernando of Spain
+      K.S.F.M.        Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples
+      K.S.G.          Knight of St. George of Russia
+      K.S.H.          Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria
+      K.S.J.          Knight of St. Januarius of Naples
+      K.S.L.          Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia
+      K.S.M. & S.G.   Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian
+                      Isles
+      K.S.P.          Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland
+      K.S.S.          Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of
+                      the Sword, in Sweden
+      K.S.W.          Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia
+      Kt.             Knight
+      K.T.            Knight of the Thistle
+      K.T.S.          Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal
+      K.W.            Knight of William of the Netherlands
+      K.W.E.          Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland
+      L.              (_after titles_) London
+      L.C.            Lord Chancellor
+      L.C.J.          Lord Chief Justice
+      Leg.            Legate
+      Legis.          Legislature
+      Lieut.          Lieutenant
+      Lieut.-Col.     Lieutenant-Colonel
+      Lieut.-Gen.     Lieutenant-General
+      Litt. D.        (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature
+      LL.B.           (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws
+      LL.D.           (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws
+      M.              Monsieur
+      M.A.            Master of Arts
+      Maj.            Major
+      {17}
+      Maj.-Gen.       Major-General
+      M.B.            (_Medicinae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine;
+                      (_Musicae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music
+      M. C.           Member of Congress
+      M. D.           (_Medicinae Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine
+      Messrs.         Messieurs
+      Mgr.            Manager; Monsignor
+      Min. Plen.      Minister Plenipotentiary
+      Mlle.           Mademoiselle
+      Mme.            Madame
+      M.P.            Member of Parliament
+      M.R.            Master of the Rolls
+      Mr.             Mister or Master
+      Mrs.            Mistress
+      Mus. Doc.       Doctor of Music
+      Oxon.           (_Oxoniensis_) Oxford
+      P.C.            (_Patres Conscripti_, Conscript Fathers) Senators;
+                      Privy Counsellor
+      Ph. D.          Doctor of Philosophy
+      Ph. G.          Graduate in Pharmacy
+      P.M.            Postmaster
+      P.M.G.          Postmaster-General
+      P.R.A.          President of the Royal Academy
+      Pres.           President
+      Prov.           Provost
+      P.R.S.          President of the Royal Society
+      Q.              Queen
+      Q.M.            Quartermaster
+      R.A.            Royal Academician
+      R.E.            Royal Engineers
+      Reg. Prof.      Regius Professor
+      Rev.            Reverend
+      R.M.            Royal Marines
+      R.N.            Royal Navy
+      R.N.O.          (_Riddare of Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order
+                      of Polar Star
+      R.S.S.          (_Regiae Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+                      Society
+      {18}
+      Rt. Hon.        Right Honorable
+      Rt. Rev.        Right Reverend
+      Rt. Wpful.      Right Worshipful
+      R.W.            Right Worthy
+      R.W.O.          (_Riddare of Wasa Order_) Knight of the Order of Wasa
+      Sec.            Secretary
+      Sec. Leg.       Secretary of Legation
+      Serg.           Sergeant
+      Serg.-Maj.      Sergeant-Major
+      S.J.            Society of Jesus
+      S.J.C.          Supreme Judicial Court
+      Sol.            Solicitor
+      Sol. Gen.       Solicitor-General
+      Sr., Sen.       Senior
+      S.R.S.          (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal
+                      Society
+      S.T.D.          (_Sacrae Theologiae Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity
+      S.T.P.          (_Sacrae Theologiae Professor_) Professor of Divinity
+      St.             Saint, Street
+      Supt.           Superintendent
+      Tr(s).          Trustee(s)
+      Treas.          Treasurer
+      U.J.C.          (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws
+      V.C.            Vice-Chancellor
+      V.D.M.          (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word
+      Vice-Pres.      Vice-President
+      Visc.           Viscount
+      W.S.            Writer to the Signet
+
+VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.
+
+The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;
+
+  _folio_, _quarto_, _octavo_.
+
+Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and
+_mo_, but without a period;
+
+  _12 mo_, _16 mo_, etc.
+
+{19}
+
+IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
+
+Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric
+system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when
+following a numeral;
+
+    _1 m._, _5 dm._, _4 cm._, _2 mm._, _c.m._ (_cubic meter_), _c.d._,
+    _min._ (_minute_), _sec._ (_second_), _lb._ (_pound_), _oz._ (_ounce_),
+    _yd._, _ft._, _in._, _A._ (_Anglestrom units_), _H.P._ (_Horse power_),
+    _C._ (_Centigrade_ [_Thermometer_]).
+
+X. FOOTNOTES.
+
+Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:
+
+    1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary
+    to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman
+    lower-case unless otherwise ordered.
+
+    2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a
+    Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of
+    all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be
+    abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in
+    full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward
+    abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the
+    names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the
+    reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph.
+    In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.
+
+    Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.
+
+    3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No
+    period.
+
+    4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several
+    editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should
+    be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography
+    this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. {20} In books
+    like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been
+    printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and
+    line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be
+    specified.
+
+      Number of paragraph only               No. 68
+      Stanza only                            st. 18
+      Page only                              P. 213
+      Line only                              l. 384
+      Paragraph only                         [**] 34
+      Section only                           [**] 5
+      Chapter only }                         xiv
+      Canto only   }
+      Book only                              iii
+      Book and chapter }
+      Part and chapter }                     iii 2
+      Book and line    }
+      Act and scene    }
+      Act, scene, and line                   iv. 3. 45
+      Chapter and verse }
+      Number and page   }                    II 34
+      Volume and page   }
+      Volume and chapter                     IV. iv.
+      Part, book, and chapter }              II. iv. 12
+      Part, canto, and stanza }
+      Chapter, section, paragraph            vii. [**] 3, [**] 4
+      Volume, part, section, paragraph  }    I. i. [**] 2, [**] 6
+      Book, chapter, section, paragraph }
+
+    In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare
+    use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession
+    of the book, play, or letter.
+
+      2 Kings II: 5
+      3 John 11
+      1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14
+
+{21}
+
+The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling
+numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct
+Composition."
+
+_From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench_
+
+  ^1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.
+  ^2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.
+  ^3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.
+  ^4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.
+
+_From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of
+1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+  ^1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.
+  ^2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.
+  ^3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].
+  ^4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).
+  ^5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.
+  ^6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed.
+      Bonn].
+
+_From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)_
+
+  ^1 Herbert, p. 431, 432.        ^4 Burnet, p. 322.
+  ^2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176.    ^5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.
+  ^3 Stowe, p. 575.               ^6 Memoires du Bellay, lib. x.
+
+The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation
+_ch_, _p_, and _pp_, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.
+
+In lower-case text do not use _&c_, use _etc._
+
+By-laws are often printed with side-headings _Art. 1_, _Sec. 2_, _etc._ It
+is better to print the words, _article_ and _section_ in full in the
+paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent
+paragraphs, using the proper figure only.
+
+Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and
+explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself
+do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the
+explanation. {22}
+
+Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.
+
+Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: _Pages 24,
+25, 57_ not _pp. 24-5, 57_ nor _25-57_. When the reference is to several
+pages continually set _pages 24 to 32_.
+
+When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive
+years, set thus: _1846-7_, _1861-5_, when there is a lapse of a year or
+more, set thus: _1866-7-1869-70_. Do not abbreviate into _'66-'7-'69-'70_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{23}
+
+LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
+
+The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.
+
+SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+Old Testament (O.T.)
+
+  Gen.              Esth.             Joel
+  Exod.             Job               Amos
+  Lev.              Ps. (Pss.)        Obad.
+  Num.              Prov.             Jonah
+  Deut.             Eccles.           Mic.
+  Josh.             Song of Sol.      Nah.
+  Judg.               (or Cant.)      Hab.
+  Ruth              Isa.              Zeph.
+  I and II Sam.     Jer.              Hag.
+  I and II Kings    Lam.              Zech.
+  I and II Chron.   Ezek.             Mal.
+  Ezra              Dan.
+  Neh.              Hos.
+
+New Testament (N.T.)
+
+  Matt.             Gal.              Philem.
+  Mark              Eph.              Heb.
+  Luke              Phil.             Jas.
+  John              Col.              I and II Pet.
+  Acts              I and II Thess.   I, II and III John
+  Rom.              I and II Tim.     Jude
+  I and II Cor.     Titus             Rev.
+
+Apocrypha
+
+  I and II Esd.     Eccles.           Bel and Dragon
+  Tob.              Bar.              Pr. of Man
+  Jud.              Song of Three     I, II, III and IV
+  Rest of Esther      Children          Macc.
+  Wisd. of Sol.     Sus.
+
+{24}
+
+COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS
+
+  A1              Highest class or grade
+  Acct.           Account
+  Advt., Ad.      Advertisement
+  Agt.            Agent
+  Amt.            Amount
+  Anon.           Anonymous
+  Ans.            Answer
+  Art.            Article
+  Av., Ave.       Avenue
+  Bal.            Balance
+  Bd.             Bound
+  Bdl.            Bundle
+  Bds.            Boards
+  Bldg.           Building
+  B.O.            Buyer's Option
+  Bro(s).         Brother; Brothers
+  Chap.           Chapter
+  C.I.F.          Cost, insurance, freight
+  Co.             Company
+  C.O.D.          Cash on delivery
+  Cr.             Creditor
+  Dept.           Department
+  Do.             Ditto, the same
+  Dr.             Debtor
+  E.E.            Errors excepted
+  E.O.D.          Every other day
+  E. & O.E.       Errors and omissions excepted
+  Etc.            (_Et caetera_) and so forth
+  Ex., Exch.      Exchange
+  Exp.            Express
+  Fgt.            Freight
+  F.O.B.          Free on Board
+  H.              Hour
+  H.P.            Half pay, horse power
+  Incor.          Incorporated
+  Ins.            Insurance
+  K.D.            Knock down (_of furniture, etc._)
+  {25}
+  L.P.            Large Paper
+  Memo.           Memorandum
+  Mfg.            Manufacturing
+  Mfr.            Manufacturer
+  Min.            Minute
+  No.             (_numero_) number
+  O.K.            All right
+  Payt.           Payment
+  Pd.             Paid
+  Per an.         (_Per annum_) by the year
+  Per cent        (_Per centum_) by the hundred
+  Pkg.            Package
+  Pl.             Plate, plates
+  Pref.           Preface
+  Rd.             Road
+  Rem.            Remarks
+  Rep.            Reports
+  R.R.            Railroad
+  Ry.             Railway
+  Ser.            Series
+  Sq.             Square
+  S.S.            Steamship, steamer
+  T.F.            Till forbidden
+
+MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS
+
+  A.C.            (_Ante Christum_) before Christ
+  A.D.            (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord
+  Ad lib.         (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure
+  Adj.            Adjective
+  Adv.            Adverb
+  Aet             (_Aetatis_) of age, aged
+  A.H.            (_Anno Hegirae_) in the year of the Hegira
+  Alt.            Altitude
+  A.M.            (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world
+  An.             (_Anno_) in the year
+  {26}
+  An. A. C.       (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ
+  Anat.           Anatomy
+  Anc.            Ancient
+  Ang.-Sax.       Anglo-Saxon
+  Anom.           Anomalous
+  Anon.           Anonymous
+  Ap.             Apostle
+  Apo.            Apogee
+  Apoc.           Apocalypse, Apocrypha
+  A.R.            (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign
+  Arch.           Architecture
+  A.R.R.          (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king
+  Arr.            Arrival
+  Art.            Article
+  Assoc., Assn.   Association
+  Astrol.         Astrology
+  Astron.         Astronomy
+  A.U.C.          (_Anno urbis Conditae_) in the year of the building of
+                  the city of Rome
+  Auth. Ver. }    Authorized Version of the Bible
+  or A.V.    }
+  Av.             Average
+  Ave.            Avenue
+  B.              (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born
+  B.C.            Before Christ
+  Boul.           Boulevard
+  B.V.            (_Bene Vale_) Farewell
+  C.              Cape
+  Caet. par.      (_Caeteris paribus_) other things being equal
+  Cap.            (_caput_) Chapter
+  C. or Cent.     Centigrade
+  Cf.             (_conferre_) compare
+  Ch.             Child or children
+  C.H.            Court House
+  Chap.           Chapter
+  {27}
+  Circ.           Circle(s)
+  Cit.            Citizen
+  Col.            Column
+  Coll.           College
+  Comp.           Companion, comparative
+  Cong.           Congress
+  C.Q.D.          Marconi Distress signal
+  D.B.            Domesday Book
+  D.C.            (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again
+  Dec.            Declination
+  Deg.            Degree(s)
+  Del.            (_Delineavit_) he drew it
+  Dem.            Democrat
+  D.G.            (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_)
+                  thanks to God
+  D.V.            (_Deo volente_) God willing
+  E.              East, Eagle(s)
+  Ea.             Each
+  E.B.            English Bible (common)
+  Ed.             Editor, Edition
+  E.E.            Errors excepted
+  E.G.            (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example
+  Elec.           Electricity
+  E.N.E.          East-northeast
+  Ent.            Entomology
+  E.S.E.          East-southeast
+  Etal.           (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others
+  Etc.            (_Et caetera_) and so forth
+  Et seq.         (_Et sequentia_) the following
+  Ex.             Example
+  Exc.            Exception
+  F., Fahr.       Fahrenheit (thermometer)
+  Fec.            (_Fecit_) he made it
+  Fem. or f.      Feminine
+  Fig(s).         Figure(s)
+  Finn.           Finnish
+  {28}
+  Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s)
+  For.            Foreign
+  Ft.             Fort
+  Gent.           Gentleman
+  Ger.            German
+  Goth.           Gothic
+  Gr.             Greek
+  H.              Husband
+  Hdkf.           Handkerchief
+  H.e.            (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is
+  Hist.           History, Historical
+  H.J.S.          (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried
+  H.M.P.          (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument
+  H.R.I.P.        (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace
+  H.S.            (_Hic situs_) here lies
+  Ibid. Ib.       (_Ibidem_) in the same place
+  Id.             (_Idem_) the same
+  I.e.            (_Id est_) that is
+  I.H.S.          First letters of [Greek: IESOUS], Greek for _Jesus_, or
+                  _Iesus hominum salvator_, Jesus the Savior of Mankind
+  Illus.          Illustrated
+  Imp.            Imperative (mood)
+  Incog.          (_Incognito_) Unknown
+  Indef.          Indefinite
+  Indic.          Indicative (mood)
+  Infin.          Infinitive (mood)
+  In lim.         (_In limine_) at the outset
+  In loc.         (_In loco_) in the place
+  Inst.           (_instante_) the current month
+  Int.            Interest
+  Interj.         Interjection
+  In trans.       (_In transit_) On the passage
+  Ion.            Ionic
+  Ir.             Irish
+  Irreg.          Irregular
+  {29}
+  Isl.            Island
+  Ital.           Italic
+  Itin.           Itinerary
+  J.H.S.          See I.H.S.
+  Jour.           Journal
+  Lat.            Latin, latitude
+  L.c.            (_Loco citato_) in the place cited
+  L.l.            (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted
+  Long. or long.  Longitude
+  L.S.            (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal
+  LXX             The Septuagint
+  M.              (_Meridies_) noon
+  M.              Married
+  Mem.            Memorandum, Memoranda
+  Mgr.            Manager
+  Misc.           Miscellaneous
+  Mo(s).          Month, months
+  M.S.            (_Memoriae sacrum_) sacred to the memory
+  MS.             (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript
+  MSS.            Manuscripts
+  Mt.             Mount, Mont
+  Myth.           Mythology
+  N.              Noun, note(s)
+  Nat.            National
+  Naut.           Nautical
+  N.B.            (_Nota Bene_) note well
+  Nem. con or }   (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine dissentiente_) none
+  nem. diss.  }   opposing
+  N.L.            (_Non liquet_) It does not appear
+  N. lat.         North latitude
+  N.N.E.          North-northeast
+  N.N.W.          North-northwest
+  Nom.            Nominative
+  Nol. Pros.      (_Nol prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will
+                  not be prosecuted
+  N.S.            New Style (After 1752)
+  N.T.            New Testament
+  {30}
+  N.u.            Name(s) unknown
+  N.V.M.          Nativity of the Virgin Mary
+  N.W.            Northwest
+  Ob.             (_Obiit_) he or she died
+  Obj.            Objective (case)
+  Obs.            Obsolete
+  O.F.            Odd Fellow(s)
+  O.H.M.S.        On His Majesty's Service
+  Olym.           Olympiad
+  Op.             Opposite
+  O.S.            Old Style (before 1752)
+  O.T.            Old Testament
+  P. or pp.       Page or pages
+  Par.            Paragraph
+  Par. pas.       Parallel passage(s)
+  Parl.           Parliament
+  Part.           Participle
+  Partic.         Particle
+  Pass.           Passive (voice)
+  Pen.            Peninsula
+  Pent.           Pentecost
+  Perf.           Perfect (tense)
+  Pers.           Person
+  Pers. pron.     Personal pronoun
+  Persp.          Perspective
+  Phil.           Philosophy
+  Pinx.           (_Pinxit_) he painted it
+  Pl.             Plate(s)
+  Plff.           Plaintiff
+  Plup.           Pluperfect
+  Plur.           Plural
+  P.M.            (_Post Meridiem_) afternoon to midnight
+  P.O.            Post-office
+  Pop.            Population
+  Posit.          Positive
+  P.p.            Past participle
+  P.P.C.          (_Pour prendre conge_) to take leave
+  {31}
+  P. pr.          Participle present
+  P.R.            (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people
+  Pref.           Preface
+  Pret.           Preterite tense
+  Pron.           Pronoun
+  Pro tem.        (_Pro tempore_) for the time being
+  Pr. p.          Present participle
+  P.S.            Privy Seal
+  P.T.O.          Please turn over
+  Pt.             Point
+  Pub.            Publisher
+  Pub. Doc.       Public Documents
+  Q.              Question
+  Q.B.            Queen's Bench
+  Q.C.            Queen's College, Queen's Council
+  Q.d.            (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as
+                  if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said
+  Q.E.            (_Quod est_) which is
+  Q.E.D.          (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved
+  Q.E.F.          (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done
+  Q.l.            (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please
+  Q. Mess.        Queen's Messenger
+  Qm.             (_Quomodo_) by what means, how
+  Q.p. or q. pl.  (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please
+  Qr.             Quarter
+  Q.S.            (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity
+  Q.v.            (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will
+  Q.v.            (_Quod vide_) which see
+  Qy.             Query
+  R.,             Reaum.  Reaumur (_thermometer_)
+  R.A.            Royal Academy;  Royal Academician; Royal Artillery
+  R.E.            Royal Engineers
+  Recd.           Received
+  Rect.           Rector
+  {32}
+  Ref.            Reformation, reformed
+  Ref. Ch.        Reformed Church
+  Ref.            Reference
+  Regr.           Registrar
+  Regt.           Regiment
+  Rel. pron.      Relative pronoun
+  Rep.            Representative
+  Repub.          Republican
+  R.M.            Royal Marines
+  R.N.            Royal Navy
+  Ro.             (_Recto_) Right-hand page
+  Rom. Cath.      Roman Catholic
+  R.P.            (_Res Publica_) Republic
+  Ru.             Runic
+  S.              Solo (_In Italian Music_); South
+  S. SS.          Section(s), Saint(s)
+  S.a.            (_Secundum artem_) According to Art
+  Sax.            Saxon
+  S.C.            (_Senatus Consultum_) A decree of the Senate
+  S.C.            (_In Law_) same case
+  Sch.            Schooner(s)
+  Schol.          (_Scholium_) a note
+  Sci.            Science
+  Sculp.          (_Sculpsit_) he engraved
+  S.E.            Southeast
+  Sen.            Senate, Senator
+  Seq. or sq.     (_Sequente_) and in what follows
+  Seqq. or sqq.   (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places)
+  Ser.            Series
+  Shak.           Shakespeare
+  Sing.           Singular (number)
+  S.J.C.          Supreme Judicial Court
+  S. lat.         South latitude
+  S.O.S.          Marconi Distress Signal
+  S.P.            (_Sine prole_) without issue
+  Sp. gr.         Specific gravity
+  {33}
+  S.P.Q.R.        (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman
+                  people
+  S.R.I.          (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) The Holy Roman Empire
+  S.R.S.          (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society
+  S.S.            Sunday School
+  S.S.E.          South-southeast
+  S.S.W.          South-southwest
+  St.             Saint, Street
+  Stat.           Statute(s)
+  Ster.           Sterling
+  Subj.           Subjunctive
+  Subst.          Substantive
+  Su.-Goth.       Suio-Gothic
+  Super.          Superfine
+  Superl.         Superlative
+  S.W.            Southwest
+  T.              Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra after a
+                  solo
+  Ter.            Territory
+  Term.           Termination
+  Theor.          Theorem
+  Tr.             Translator, transpose
+  Um.             Unmarried
+  Univ.           University
+  U.S.A.          United States Army
+  U.S.M.          United States Mail
+  U.S.N.          United States Navy
+  U.S.S.          United States Ship
+  U.s.            (_Ut supra_) as above
+  Vat.            Vatican
+  V.a.            Verb active
+  V. aux.         Verb auxiliary
+  V. def.         Verb defective
+  V. dep.         Verb deponent
+  Ven.            Venerable
+  {34}
+  V.g.            (_Verbi gratia_) for example
+  V. imp.         Verb impersonal
+  V. in.          Verb intransitive
+  V. irr.         Verb irregular
+  V.n.            Verb neuter
+  Vo.             (_verso_) left-hand page
+  Voc.            Vocative
+  Vol.            Volume
+  V.r.            Verb reflexive
+  V. tr.          Verb transitive
+  V.              Vulgate (Version)
+  W.              West, wife
+  W. lon.         West longitude
+  W.N.W.          West-northwest
+  W.S.W.          West-southwest
+  Xmas            Christmas
+  Zool.           Zoology
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{35}
+
+SIGNS
+
+In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs
+used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the
+following lists.
+
+MONETARY SIGNS
+
+  $                 Dollar or dollars
+  cts.              Cents
+  Gn.               Guinea
+  L (_English_)     Pound or pounds
+  / or s            Shilling or shillings
+  d.                (_Denarius_) penny or pence
+  fr.               Franc or francs
+  c. (_French_)     Centime or centimes
+  m. (_German_)     Mark or marks
+  Pf. (_German_)    Pfennig or pfennigs
+  cr. (_Austrian_)  Crown or crowns
+  hr. (_Austrian_)  Heller or hellers
+  rub. (_Russian_)  Ruble or rubles
+  kop. (_Russian_)  Kopec or kopecs
+  kr. (_Danish_)    Crown or crowns
+  oero, oere          Oro or oere
+  L (_Italian_)     Lira or lire
+  c. (_Italian_)    Centesimo or centesimi
+
+MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
+
+  +         Plus
+  -         Minus
+  [**]      Plus or minus
+  [**]      Minus or plus
+  x         Multiplied by
+  {36}
+  [**]      Divided by
+  =         Equal to
+  [**]      Not equal to
+  [**]      Identical with
+  [**]      Congruent to
+  >         Greater than
+  <         Less than
+  [**]      The difference between
+  [**]      Is equivalent to
+  : and ::  Proportion
+  [**]      Varies as
+  [**]      Approaches as a limit
+  [**]      Infinity
+  [**]      Therefore
+  [**]      Because
+  . . .     Continuation
+  [**]      The radical sign
+  [**]      Perpendicular to
+  [**]      Parallel
+  [**]      Arc of circle
+  [**]      Degree of circle
+  [**]      Minute of circle
+  [**]      Second of circle
+  [**]      Angle
+  [**]      Right angle
+  [**]      Square
+  [**]      Rectangle
+  [**]      Triangle
+
+MEDICAL SIGNS
+
+  aa           (_ava_) of each
+  [**]         (_Recipe_) take
+  [**], [**]i  Ounce, one ounce
+  [**]ss       Half an ounce
+  [**]iss      One ounce and a half
+  [**]ij       Two ounces
+  [**]         Drachm
+  [**]         Scruple
+  O            (_Octarius_) Pint
+  [**]         Fluid ounce
+  [**]         Fluid Drachm
+  _m_          Minim or drop
+
+{37}
+
+ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS
+
+Planets
+
+  [**] Sun          [**] Earth        [**] Saturn
+  [**] Mercury      [**] Mars         [**] Uranus
+  [**] Venus        [**] Jupiter      [**] Neptune
+
+Phases
+
+  [**] New moon     [**] first quarter   [**] full moon
+                    [**] last quarter
+
+Zodiacal
+
+  [**] Aries, the ram      [**] Libra, the scales
+  [**] Taurus, the bull    [**] Scorpio, scorpion
+  [**] Gemini, the twins   [**] Sagittarius, archer
+  [**] Cancer, the crab    [**] Capricornus, goat
+  [**] Leo, the lion       [**] Aquarius, waterman
+  [**] Virgo, the virgin   [**] Pisces, the fishes
+
+Aspects and Nodes
+
+  [**] Conjunction         [**] opposition
+  [**] Quadrature          [**] or [**] quintile
+  [**] Ascending node      [**] sextile
+  [**] Descending node     [**] trine
+
+ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS
+
+  [**] The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by
+  certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.
+  It is also used in the service-books of that church to
+  notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross.
+  The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should
+  not be used as a substitute.
+
+  [**] Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign [**]
+  is not an entirely acceptable substitute.
+
+  [**] Versicle in service-books.
+
+  [**] indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.
+
+{38}
+
+PROOFREADER'S SIGNS
+
+  No [**]         No new paragraph.
+  Run in          Let there be no break in the reading.
+  [**]            Make a new paragraph.
+  [**]            Correct uneven spacing of words.
+  [**]            Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.
+  [**]            Reverse this type.
+  #               More space where caret is marked,
+  [**]            Contract the spacing.
+  [**]            Take out all spacing.
+  [               Move this to the left.
+  ]               Move this to the right.
+  [**]            Raise this line or letter.
+  [**]            Depress this line or letter.
+  ||              Make parallel at the side with other lines.
+  [**]            Indent line an em.
+  [**]            Push down a space that blackens the proof.
+  x               Change this bruised type.
+  w.f.            Change this faulty type of wrong font.
+  tr.             Transpose words or letters underlined.
+  l.c.            Put in lower-case, or small letters.
+  s.c.            Put in small capitals.
+  caps.           Put in capitals.
+  [**]            Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an
+                  inverted caret, as, [**] [**] etc.; for inferior
+                  characters the caret is put in its usual position, as
+                  in [**].
+  rom.            Change from italic to roman.
+  ital.           Change from roman to italic.
+  [**]            Insert period.
+  ,/              Insert comma.
+  ;/              Insert semicolon.
+  :/              Insert colon.
+  =/              Insert hyphen.
+  /--/            One-em dash.
+  /-^2-/           Two-em dash.
+  [**]            Take out cancelled character and close up.
+  {39}
+  Qu. or?         Is this right? See to it.
+  ^               Insert letter or word marked in margin.
+  ||||            Hair-space letters as marked.
+  Stet            Restore crossed-out word or letter.
+  . . . .         Dots put below the crossed word mean:
+                  Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand
+                  as they were.
+  [**]            Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or
+                  for a logotype, as _ae_, _ffi_.
+  [**]            Straighten lines.
+  /////           Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the
+                  composition is out of square.
+  Out, see Copy   Here is an omission; see copy.
+
+Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be
+accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or
+"ringed."
+
+Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text:
+faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{40}
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various
+sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper
+use of these.
+
+In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule is to
+follow copy.
+
+Such abbreviations as _I've_, _you'll_, _'t'was_, _'t'is n't_, and the like
+are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words.
+
+Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts
+have to be obtained for the purpose.
+
+Abbreviations like _dept_, _dep't_, _gov't_, _sec_, _sec'y_, _sect'y_,
+_pres't_, and _treas._ are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like
+it is better to spell out the words in two lines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{41}
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+    Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co.,
+    New York.
+
+    The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.
+
+    The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal
+    dictionaries may be studied with profit.
+
+    Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations
+    and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{42}
+
+QUESTIONS
+
+  1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?
+  2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?
+  3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?
+  4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?
+  5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds
+      of printing?
+  6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what
+      may be done to make their use easier?
+  7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?
+  8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the
+      days of the week?
+  9. Give the Dewey dates.
+  10. What is the rule for ages?
+  11. How do we treat references to decades?
+  12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?
+  13. What is the rule for sums of money?
+  14. What is the rule for round numbers?
+  15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?
+  16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?
+  17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?
+  18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?
+  19. What are the rules for names?
+  20. What is the usage in printing titles?
+  21. How do we treat names of book sizes?
+  22. How do we treat weights and measures?
+  23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.
+  24. Where is &c not used?
+  25. How are by-laws treated?
+  {43}
+  26. How are figures used with illustrations?
+  27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?
+  28. How do we treat page references in the text?
+  29. How do we treat references to series of years?
+  30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?
+  31. How do we print such abbreviations as _I've_, _you've_, and the like?
+  32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?
+
+    The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these
+    rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of
+    abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil
+    required to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be
+    required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission
+    of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by
+    the instructor with reference to the rules.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{i}
+
+TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES
+
+The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL
+SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the
+Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade
+classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
+
+Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of
+authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of
+the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a
+comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable,
+up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the
+printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
+
+The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 x 8 inches. Their
+general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as
+practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular
+contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each
+title in the following list.
+
+Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each
+publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and
+essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been
+taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of
+bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the
+different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined
+drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional
+clearness to the text.
+
+In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in
+trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by
+a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter.
+A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department
+treated is also added to many of the books.
+
+These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
+
+Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED
+TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. {ii}
+
+PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_
+
+1. TYPE: A PRIMER OF INFORMATION By A. A. Stewart
+
+    Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes,
+    font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44
+    pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
+
+2. COMPOSITORS' TOOLS AND MATERIALS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass
+    rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+3. TYPE CASES, COMPOSING ROOM FURNITURE By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case
+    racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+4. IMPOSING TABLES AND LOCK-UP APPLIANCES By A. A. Stewart
+
+    Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the
+    press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.;
+    illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
+
+5. PROOF PRESSES By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for
+    taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+6. PLATEN PRINTING PRESSES By Daniel Baker
+
+    A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical
+    construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press
+    to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic
+    presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+7. CYLINDER PRINTING PRESSES By Herbert L. Baker
+
+    Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of
+    cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+8. MECHANICAL FEEDERS AND FOLDERS By William E. Spurrier
+
+    The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with
+    hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+9. POWER FOR MACHINERY IN PRINTING HOUSES By Carl F. Scott
+
+    A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and
+    allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.;
+    illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+10. PAPER CUTTING MACHINES By Niel Gray, Jr.
+
+    A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever
+    cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper.
+    70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
+
+11. PRINTERS' ROLLERS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of
+    inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.
+
+12. PRINTING INKS By Philip Ruxton
+
+    Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission
+    from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with
+    some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by
+    Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+{iii}
+
+13. HOW PAPER IS MADE By William Bond Wheelwright
+
+    A primer of information about the materials and processes of
+    manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+14. RELIEF ENGRAVINGS By Joseph P. Donovan
+
+    Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of
+    engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for
+    reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+15. ELECTROTYPING AND STEROTYPING By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
+
+    A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and
+    stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.
+
+PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_
+
+16. TYPESETTING By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing,
+    correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary.
+
+17. PRINTERS' PROOFS By A. A. Stewart
+
+    The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with
+    observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+18. FIRST STEPS IN JOB COMPOSITION By Camille DeVeze
+
+    Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs,
+    especially about the important little things which go to make good
+    display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.
+
+19. GENERAL JOB COMPOSITION
+
+    How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and
+    miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+20. BOOK COMPOSITION By J. W. Bothwell
+
+    Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised
+    and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The
+    DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II:
+    Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+21. TABULAR COMPOSITION By Robert Seaver
+
+    A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of
+    more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.
+
+22. APPLIED ARITHMETIC By E. E. Sheldon
+
+    Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade,
+    calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables
+    and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and
+    exercises. 159 pp.
+
+23. TYPECASTING AND COMPOSING MACHINES A. W. Finlay, Editor
+
+  Section I--The Linotype                         By L. A. Hornstein
+  Section II--The Monotype                        By Joseph Hays
+  Section III--The Intertype                      By Henry W. Cozzens
+  Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting   By Frank H. Smith
+              Machines
+
+    A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their
+    mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+{iv}
+
+PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_
+
+24. LOCKING FORMS FOR THE JOB PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+    Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and
+    about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+25. PREPARING FORMS FOR THE CYLINDER PRESS By Frank S. Henry
+
+    Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of
+    handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+PART IV--_Presswork_
+
+26. MAKING READY ON PLATEN PRESSES By T. G. McGrew
+
+    The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive
+    features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating
+    the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other
+    details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+27. CYLINDER PRESSWORK By T. G. McGrew
+
+    Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink
+    fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying;
+    modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+28. PRESSROOM HINTS AND HELPS By Charles L. Dunton
+
+    Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions
+    and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press
+    problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
+
+29. REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS By A. W. Elson
+
+    A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief,
+    the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.;
+    illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
+
+PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_
+
+30. PAMPHLET BINDING By Bancroft L. Goodwin
+
+    A primer of information about the various operations employed in
+    binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+31. BOOK BINDING By John J. Pleger
+
+    Practical information about the usual operations in binding books;
+    folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case
+    making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and
+    blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
+
+PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_
+
+32. WORD STUDY AND ENGLISH GRAMMAR By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses.
+    68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
+
+33. PUNCTUATION By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use,
+    both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions;
+    glossary.
+
+{v}
+
+34. CAPITALS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical
+    typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review
+    questions; glossary.
+
+35. DIVISION OF WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on
+    spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.
+
+36. COMPOUND WORDS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds,
+    and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+37. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified
+    lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.
+
+38. THE USES OF ITALIC By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters.
+    31 pp.; 37 review questions.
+
+39. PROOFREADING By Arnold Levitas
+
+    The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking,
+    revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by
+    examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
+
+40. PREPARATION OF PRINTERS' COPY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing
+    copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
+
+41. PRINTERS' MANUAL OF STYLE
+
+    A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions
+    relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations,
+    numerals, and kindred features of composition.
+
+42. THE PRINTER'S DICTIONARY By A. A. Stewart
+
+    A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various
+    processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms
+    explained. Illustrated.
+
+PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_
+
+43. APPLIED DESIGN FOR PRINTERS By Harry L. Gage
+
+    A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the
+    periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of
+    harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety;
+    ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions;
+    glossary; bibliography.
+
+44. ELEMENTS OF TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material
+    of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations.
+    Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design
+    of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions,
+    glossary; bibliography.
+
+{vi}
+
+45. RUDIMENTS OF COLOR IN PRINTING By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster
+    effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process
+    engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in
+    which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color,
+    scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments
+    with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review
+    questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+46. LETTERING IN TYPOGRAPHY By Harry L. Gage
+
+    Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect.
+    Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type
+    design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of
+    design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated;
+    review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+47. TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN ADVERTISING By Harry L. Gage
+
+    The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising
+    is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility,
+    attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography.
+    Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+48. MAKING DUMMIES AND LAYOUTS By Harry L. Gage
+
+    A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed
+    final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of
+    layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes.
+    Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
+
+PART VIII--_History of Printing_
+
+49. BOOKS BEFORE TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the
+    history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.;
+    illustrated; 64 review questions.
+
+50. THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64
+    pp.; 62 review questions.
+
+51. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part I By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the
+    development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and
+    the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
+
+52. HISTORY OF PRINTING--Part II By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from
+    1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal
+    conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.
+
+53. PRINTING IN ENGLAND By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time.
+    89 pp.; 65 review questions.
+
+54. PRINTING IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on
+    publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84
+    review questions.
+
+55. TYPE AND PRESSES IN AMERICA By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press
+    building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
+
+{vii}
+
+PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_
+
+56. ELEMENTS OF COST IN PRINTING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+    How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+57. USE OF A COST SYSTEM By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show.
+    How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.
+
+58. THE PRINTER AS A MERCHANT By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The
+    relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the
+    finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+59. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ESTIMATING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating.
+    Review questions. Glossary.
+
+60. ESTIMATING AND SELLING By Henry P. Porter
+
+    An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their
+    relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+61. ACCOUNTING FOR PRINTERS By Henry P. Porter
+
+    A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books
+    and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
+
+PART X--_Miscellaneous_
+
+62. HEALTH, SANITATION, AND SAFETY By Henry P. Porter
+
+    Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new;
+    practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules
+    for safety.
+
+63. TOPICAL INDEX By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic
+    Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
+
+64. COURSES OF STUDY By F. W. Hamilton
+
+    A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom
+    and shop work.
+
+{viii}
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT
+
+This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid
+co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the
+printing business and its allied industries in the United States of
+America.
+
+The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose
+auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its
+indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors,
+printers, and others identified with this work.
+
+While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those
+contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group
+list of co-operating firms would be of interest.
+
+The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have
+co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the
+first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the
+Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes
+will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.
+
+The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many
+subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.
+
+  COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
+  UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.
+
+  HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_,
+  E. LAWRENCE FELL,
+  A. M. GLOSSBRENNER,
+  J. CLYDE OSWALD,
+  TOBY RUBOVITS.
+
+  FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_.
+
+{ix}
+
+CONTRIBUTORS
+
+FOR COMPOSITION AND ELECTROTYPES
+
+  ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+  S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass.
+  THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y.
+  R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass.
+  EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich.
+  FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.
+  F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass.
+  STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill.
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York
+  THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass.
+  POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill.
+  EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va.
+  C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb.
+  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass.
+
+FOR COMPOSITION
+
+  BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass.
+  WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y.
+  OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass.
+  TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+FOR ELECTROTYPES
+
+  BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill.
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