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Hamilton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Abbreviations and Signs + A Primer of Information about Abbreviations and Signs, + with Classified Lists of Those in Most Common Use + +Author: Frederick W. Hamilton + +Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33828] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES—PART VI, NO. 37</p> + +<h1>A<span class="gsp"> </span>B<span class="gsp"> </span>B<span class="gsp"> </span>R<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>V<span class="gsp"> </span>I<span class="gsp"> </span>A<span class="gsp"> </span>T<span class="gsp"> </span>I<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>S</h1> + +<h1>A<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>D S<span class="gsp"> </span>I<span class="gsp"> </span>G<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>S</h1> + +<h2>A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT<br /> +ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH<br /> +CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE<br /> +IN MOST COMMON USE</h2> + + <p> </p> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.</h2> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA</span></p> + + <p> </p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:10%;"> + <a href="images/001.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/001.png" + alt="Publishers Mark." title="Publishers Mark." /></a> + </div> + <p> </p> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION<br /> +UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA<br /> +1918</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1918</span><br /> +<span class="sc">United Typothetae of America</span><br /> +<span class="sc">Chicago, Ill.</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>PREFACE</h3> + + <p>The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and + sometimes a temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is + entirely justifiable under certain conditions, one of which is that all + such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be + intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which + they occur. Scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of + the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned + by students of it. General readers are not particularly concerned with + them.</p> + + <p>The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style + and partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well + established rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in + vogue. An attempt has been made in the following pages to state these + rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application.</p> + + <p>Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been + inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of + further information on these points will be found under the head of + Supplementary Reading.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents." title="Contents."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <span class="scac">PAGE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Introduction</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">General Rules for the Use of Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Dates</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Time</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Other Abbreviations Involving Numerals</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Geographical Abbreviations, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Abbreviations of Names, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Abbreviations of Titles, with List</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Sizes of Books</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Weights and Measures</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Footnotes</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Scriptural Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Commercial Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Miscellaneous Abbreviations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Monetary Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Mathematical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Medical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Astronomical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Ecclesiastical Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Proofreader's Signs</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">General Observations</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Supplementary Reading</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <span class="sc">Review Questions</span> </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:right"> <a href="#page42">42</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1"></a>{1}</span></p> + +<h3>ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">INTRODUCTION</p> + + <p>The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In + inscriptions and on coins and in other places where room is limited they + have always been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS + QUARTUS DEI GRATIA REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around + the circumference of a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. + Therefore, we find them written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: + D: In the manuscript period abbreviations were very extensively used. + This was done partly to lighten the great labor of hand copying and + partly to effect a double saving of expense, in labor and in costly + material. Certain of these abbreviations were in common use and perfectly + intelligible. Unfortunately the copyists did not limit their + abbreviations to these, but devised others for their own use much to the + discomfort of their readers, especially after the lapse of centuries.</p> + + <p>The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the + extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer + than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of + manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were + probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in + imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his + mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result + was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of + ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of + letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed + themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow + the habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still + continued to be considered. The <!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page2"></a>{2}</span>methods of abbreviation in use in written + matter continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter + of the last century.</p> + + <p>The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded + complaint about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne + gives the following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at + random from a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in + 1488.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n + e g a n e pducibile a Deo."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid + ad simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A + non est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.</p> + + <p>The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain + recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally + only under constraint of limited space.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span></p> + +<h3>RULES FOR THE USE OF +ABBREVIATIONS</h3> + + <p>I. GENERAL RULES.</p> + + <p>Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room + to print the words in full.</p> + + <p>All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but + abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and + in commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are + commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.</p> + + <p>Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports, + sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the + like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations + are of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not + intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the + particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests + that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not + appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to + keep a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use + repeatedly as a means of securing uniformity of form.</p> + + <p>II. DATES.</p> + + <p>Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; <i>The + Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776.</i> The + word <i>the</i> is sometimes omitted. The date might be written <i>July + fourth</i> but never <i>July four</i>.</p> + + <p>The abbreviations <i>ult.</i> <i>inst.</i> and <i>prox.</i> with a + numeral (meaning <i>the 25th of last month</i>, <i>the 25th of this + month</i>, <i>the 25th of next month</i>) are often used in letters, but + should not be used in print unless the literal reproduction of a letter + is intended. <!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p> + + <p>Do not use <i>st</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>rd</i>, or <i>th</i> after a date + given in figures; <i>August the sixth</i>, not <i>August 6th</i>.</p> + + <p>The accepted abbreviations for the months are:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Months." title="Months."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Jan.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Apr.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>July</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Oct.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Feb.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>May</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Aug.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Nov.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mar.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>June</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sept.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Dec.</i></td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Days." title="Days."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sun.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Tues.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Thurs.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Sat.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mon.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Wed.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Fri.</i></td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is + given, but not when the month and year alone are given;</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Jan. 15, 1916</i>, but <i>January 1916</i>.</p> + + <p>Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; <i>15 Jan., + 1916</i>, but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the + more common order is the better quite regardless of the logical character + because it requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For + example in writing addresses English speaking people put the number + before the street, <i>59 Wall St.</i>, while others put the number after + the street, <i>Wall St., 59</i>. This is the logical order, because one + goes to the street and then finds the number, but it gives to the + American reader a curious sensation of mentally standing on one's + head.</p> + + <p>There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as + follows:</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Dewey dates." title="Dewey dates."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "4"> Months </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Days of Week</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Ja.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Apr.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"><i>Ju.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>O.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Su.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>W.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>S.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>F.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>My.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Ag.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>N.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>M.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Th.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Mr.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Je.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>S.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>D.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Tu.</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>F.</i></td></tr> +</table> + + <p>These may be used in tables and in other places where very great + condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.</p> + + <p>In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, + notes, and other condensed matter than in the body of the text. <!-- Page + 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p> + + <p>III. TIME.</p> + + <p>Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading + matter; <i>at half past two o'clock in the afternoon</i>. If the context + makes it clear whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>at three, at seven o' clock</i>.</p> + + <p>This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the + like.</p> + + <p>IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.</p> + + <p>The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found + treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use + of the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may + properly be given here.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. Spell out ages;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>eighty-two years and four months old</i>.</p> + <p><i>in his eighty-third year</i>.</p> + <p><i>children between the ages of six and fourteen</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>2. Spell out references to decades;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>in the early eighties</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The form <i>in the '80s</i>, is very objectionable.</p> + + <p>3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of + military bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of + streets, and the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation + absolutely necessary.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Twentieth century</i>.</p> + <p><i>Forty-second Congress</i>.</p> + <p><i>One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry</i>.</p> + <p><i>Eighteenth Dynasty</i>.</p> + <p><i>Ninth Ward</i>.</p> + <p><i>Fifth Avenue</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by + Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>XVIII<i>th Dynasty</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page6"></a>{6}</span></p> + + <p>4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter + in isolated cases:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>That press cost five thousand dollars.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical + matter, use figures.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of + 100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers are + more.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>An army corps numbers forty thousand men.</i></p> + <p><i>The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462.</i></p> + <p><i>There are about five hundred officers.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Write <i>fifteen hundred</i> and the like when the phrase is in common + use, not <i>one thousand five hundred</i>.</p> + + <p>6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a + sentence.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers, and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three + digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or occur + in groups of six or more in close connection.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over.</i></p> + <p><i>a ninety-ton engine</i>.</p> + <p><i>five pounds of butter</i>.</p> + <p><i>He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days.</i></p> + <p><i>He spent 137 days in prison.</i></p> + <p><i>A ratio of 16 to 1</i>.</p> + <p><i>The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65.</i></p> + <p><i>Send home:</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>2 pounds of butter</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>1 pound of sugar</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>½ pound of coffee</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>¼ pound of tea</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>2 pecks of potatoes</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>1 pound of salt pork</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>2 pounds of lard</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>1 quart of milk</i></p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"></a>{7}</span></p> + + <p>Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use + either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains three + or more digits use figures for all.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions, + distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights, + and the like.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>.542, 98°</i>, <i>9 cubic yards</i>, <i>37 miles</i>, <i>24 pages</i>, <i>$1000</i>,</p> + <p><i>6 per cent</i> (<i>or 6% but never six %</i>), <i>175 pounds</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +</blockquote> + + <p>V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.</p> + + <p>Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The + abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be + used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation + is desired.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">United States and Territories</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="U.S. States." title="U.S. States."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ala. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alabama </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North Dakota</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alaska </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alaska </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Neb. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nebraska</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ariz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arizona </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nevada</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ark. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arkansas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Hampshire</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> California </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Jersey</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Colo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Colorado </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Mexico</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Conn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Connecticut </td><td class="nspacsingle"> N. Y. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New York</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> District of Columbia </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ohio </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ohio</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Del. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Delaware </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Okla. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oklahoma</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fla. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Florida </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ore. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oregon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ga. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Georgia </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pa. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pennsylvania</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hawaiian Islands </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philippine Islands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Idaho </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Idaho </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Porto Rico</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ill. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Illinois </td><td class="nspacsingle"> R. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rhode Island</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ind. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indiana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samoa </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samoa</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ia. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Iowa </td><td class="nspacsingle"> S. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Carolina</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Kan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kansas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> S. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Dakota</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ky. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kentucky </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tenn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tennessee</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> La. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Louisiana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Texas</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Me. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Maine </td><td class="nspacsingle"> T. H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Territory of Hawaii</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mass. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Massachusetts </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Utah </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Utah</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Md. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Maryland </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vermont</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mich. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Michigan </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Va. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Virginia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Minn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minnesota </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wash. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Missouri </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wis. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wisconsin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mont. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Montana </td><td class="nspacsingle"> W. Va.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Virginia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North Carolina </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wyo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wyoming</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Foreign Countries</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Foreign Countries." title="Foreign Countries."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Austria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Austral. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Australasia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> British America</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Br. Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> British Columbia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Can. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Canada</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cape Breton</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Canada West (Ontario)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Den. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Denmark</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> East Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eastern Islands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East Central (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East Indies</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eng. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> England, English</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Finland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Great Britain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Glas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Glasgow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ire. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ireland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> It. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Italy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jamaica</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Japan</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lower Canada</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Man. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manitoba</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mexico</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North America</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>{9}</span> + N. B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Brunswick, North Britain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New England, Northeast (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Neth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Netherlands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Newfoundland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Norw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Norway</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nova Scotia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Northwest (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. Zeal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Zealand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ont. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ontario</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Palestine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postal District (London)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. E. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prince Edward Island</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Persia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Port. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Portugal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Prus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prussia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Que. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Russ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South America</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Scot. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scotland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sc. Pen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scandinavian Peninsula</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southeast (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sicily</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sandwich Islands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Soc. Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Society Islands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. Lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South Latitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Spain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Switz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Switzerland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Syr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Syria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Upper Canada (Ontario)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U. K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United Kingdom</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Victoria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Central (London Postal District)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West Indies</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. lon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West longitude</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p> + + <p>VI. NAMES.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. Abbreviate <i>Saint</i> in names of persons, cities, streets, + churches, etc.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>St. John Chrysostom</i>, <i>St. Paul</i>, <i>St. Botolph Street</i>,</p> + <p><i>The Church of SS</i> (<i>Saints</i>) <i>Peter and Paul</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The word <i>Saint</i> is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, + the apostles, or the church fathers.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>The Gospel according to Luke</i>.</p> + <p><i>Paul's doctrine of salvation</i>.</p> + <p><i>Augustine's</i> "<i>City of God</i>."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use <i>Co.</i>, + <i>Bros.</i>, and <i>ampersand</i> (<i>&</i>) in firm names and names + of corporations.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>The Rand-McNalley Co.</i></p> + <p><i>Macmillan & Co.</i></p> + <p><i>Harper Bros.</i></p> + <p><i>New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to + abbreviate.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Harper Brothers have published.</i></p> + <p><i>It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company.</i></p> + <p><i>The romantic history of the East India Company</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Do not use <i>ampersand</i> except with names of persons.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>John Brown & Co.</i></p> + <p><i>The Brown Printing and Publishing Co.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces + between the letters.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R.</i></p> + <p><i>U.T. & F.C. of A.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>3. Do not abbreviate <i>United States</i> except:</p> + + <p>(<i>a</i>) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the + army or navy.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Capt. John Smith, U.S.A.</i></p> + <p><i>Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>(<i>b</i>) When it is part of the name of an organization.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>First Regiment, U.S.V.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span></p> + + <p>(<i>c</i>) When preceding the name of a ship.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>U.S.S. Texas</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in + an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.</p> + + <p>The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more + common Christian names.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Christian names." title="Christian names."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alexander </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fred. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Frederick</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> And. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Andrew </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Geo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> George</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anthony </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Herbt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Herbert</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Appius </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hosea</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archibald </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> James</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> August, Augustus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jona. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jonathan</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Benj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Benjamin </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joseph</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæsar </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Josh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joshua</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæs. Aug. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæsar Augustus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Matt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Matthew</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Catherine </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nathaniel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Charles </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pet. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Peter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Daniel </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philip, Philander</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eben. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ebenezer </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phile. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philemon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Edm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Edmund </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reginald</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Edw. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Edward </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Richd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Richard</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Eliz. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Elizabeth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Robt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Robert</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esdras </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Samuel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esther </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theodore</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ez. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezra </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Thos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezek. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezekiel </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Timothy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ferd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ferdinand </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Wm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> William</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fran. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Francis </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Alex</i>, <i>Ben</i>, <i>Ed</i>, <i>Fred</i>, <i>Sam</i>, and + <i>Tom</i> are not always abbreviations and copy should be followed as + regards the period. Any unusual abbreviations used by an individual + should be followed in giving an original signature.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>G<sup>o</sup>. Washington</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p> + + <p>VII. TITLES.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated + except <i>Mr.</i>, <i>Messrs.</i>, <i>Mrs.</i> (French <i>M.</i>, + <i>MM.</i>, <i>Mme.</i>, <i>Mlle.</i>), <i>Dr.</i>, <i>Rev.</i>, and + <i>Hon.</i></p> + + <p><i>Professor</i>, <i>Colonel</i>, <i>General</i> and some others may + be abbreviated when the initials of the name are used;</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Professor and General." title="Professor and General."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Professor Smith</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Prof. J. T. Smith</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>General Grant</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>Gen. U. S. Grant</i></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Hon.</i> and <i>Rev.</i>, which are similarly used, need special + attention as they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct + use;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>The Reverend John Smith</i> (formal reference)</p> + <p><i>The Rev. John Smith</i> (quotation or correspondence)</p> + <p><i>Rev. Mr. Smith</i></p> + <p><i>Rev. John Smith</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>Rev. Smith</i> is wrong and should never be used except as any + illiterate form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns + are mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>George the Fifth</i>, <i>William the Second</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may + be printed with Roman numerals without a period;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>George V</i>, <i>William II</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the + following list.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Titles after names." title="Titles after names."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.B. or B.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Artium Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Abp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archbishop</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archchancellor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archduke</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aide-de-camp</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjutant</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Admiral</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Admr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Administrator</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span> + Admx., Admrx. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Administratrix</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adv. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Advocate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Agt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Agent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Aldm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Alderman</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.M. or M.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Artium Magister</i>) Master of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Amb. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ambassador</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.P.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> American Protective Association</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Asst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Assistant</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Archtreasurer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Atty. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Attorney</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.A. or A.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bart. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Baronet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.C.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Civil Law</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Divinitatis</i>) Bachelor of Divinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.LL. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Legum</i>) Bachelor of Laws</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Baccalaureus Medicinæ</i>) Bachelor of Medicine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bishop</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Banco Regis</i> or <i>Reginæ</i>) The King's or Queen's Bench</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Brig.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brigadier-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bro(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brother(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Beata Virgo</i>) Blessed Virgin</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cantab. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Cantabrigia</i>) Cambridge</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Capt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Captain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Capt.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Captain-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cash. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cashier</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion of the Bath</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.C.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court of Common Pleas</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Civil Engineer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chief Justice</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Colonel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Com. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Commander, Commodore</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Corp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Corporal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cor. Sec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Corresponding Secretary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span> + C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court of Sessions</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Custos Sigilli</i>) Keeper of the Seal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.C.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Civil Law</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Divinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.D.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Dental Surgery</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dea. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Deacon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Deputy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D. F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Defender of the Faith</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Music</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.Sc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Science</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Doctor Theologiæ</i>) Doctor of Divinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.V.M or M.D.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Veterinary Medicine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>after titles</i>) Edinburgh</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Esq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esquire</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Fidei Defensor</i>) Defender of the Faith</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.G.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Geological Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Father</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.G.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.R.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fellow of the Society of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Governor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Govt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Government</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> G.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Georgius Rex</i>) King George</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.B.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Britannic Majesty</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Majesty</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Majesty's Service</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Honorable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> House of Representatives</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Holy Roman Emperor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Royal Highness</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.S.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> His or Her Serene Highness</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"></a>{15}</span> + I.N.R.I </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum</i>) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Insp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Inspector</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Insp. Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Inspector General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.O.O.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Independent Order of Odd Fellows</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Judge-Advocate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Justice of the Peace</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J. Prob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Judge of the Probate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jr. or Jun. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Junior</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.A.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King's Bench; Knight of the Bath</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.B.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander of the Bath</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander of Hanover</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.C.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Charles III, in Spain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Ferdinand of Spain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.F.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Garter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.C.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.F </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Golden Fleece</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Guelph of Hanover</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.G.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Hanover</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Joachim</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.L.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Legion of Honor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Malta</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K. Mess. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> King's Messenger</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Merit, in Holstein</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.M.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span> + K.N.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Patrick</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Sword, in Sweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Anne of Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Esprit, in France</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Fernando of Spain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.F.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. George of Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Januarius of Naples</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.M. & S.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian Isles</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of the Sword, in Sweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Kt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Thistle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.T.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of William of the Netherlands</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.W.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>after titles</i>) London</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lord Chancellor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.C.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lord Chief Justice</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Leg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Legate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Legis. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Legislature</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut.-Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant-Colonel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieut.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lieutenant-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Litt. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Litterarum Doctor</i>) Doctor of Literature</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LL.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Legum Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Laws</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LL.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Legum Doctor</i>) Doctor of Laws</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Monsieur</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Master of Arts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Maj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Major</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span> + Maj.-Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Major-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Medicinæ Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Medicine;</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Musicæ Baccalaureus</i>) Bachelor of Music</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Member of Congress</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Medicinæ Doctor</i>) Doctor of Medicine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Messrs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Messieurs</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mgr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manager; Monsignor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Min. Plen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minister Plenipotentiary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mlle. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mademoiselle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mme. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Madame</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Member of Parliament</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Master of the Rolls</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mister or Master</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mrs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mistress</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mus. Doc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Music</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Oxon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Oxoniensis</i>) Oxford</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Patres Conscripti</i>, Conscript Fathers) Senators; Privy Counsellor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ph. D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Doctor of Philosophy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ph. G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Graduate in Pharmacy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postmaster</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Postmaster-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President of the Royal Academy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pres. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Prov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Provost</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> President of the Royal Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quartermaster</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Academician</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Engineers</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Reg. Prof. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Regius Professor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reverend</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Marines</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Navy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Riddare of Nordstjerneorden</i>) Knight of the Order of Polar Star</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Regiæ Societatis Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span> + Rt. Hon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Honorable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rt. Rev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Reverend</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rt. Wpful. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Worshipful</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right Worthy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.W.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Riddare of Wasa Order</i>) Knight of the Order of Wasa</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Secretary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sec. Leg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Secretary of Legation</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Serg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sergeant</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Serg.-Maj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sergeant-Major</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Society of Jesus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Supreme Judicial Court</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solicitor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sol. Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solicitor-General</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sr., Sen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Senior</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Societatis Regiæ Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.T.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor</i>) Doctor of Divinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.T.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacræ Theologiæ Professor</i>) Professor of Divinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> St. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saint, Street</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Supt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superintendent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tr(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Trustee(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Treas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Treasurer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Utriusque Juris Doctor</i>) Doctor of both Laws</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-Chancellor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.D.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Verbi Dei Minister</i>) Preacher of the Word</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-Pres. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vice-President</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Visc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Viscount</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Writer to the Signet</td></tr> +</table> + +</blockquote> + + <p>VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.</p> + + <p>The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>folio</i>, <i>quarto</i>, <i>octavo</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral + and <i>mo</i>, but without a period;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>12 mo</i>, <i>16 mo</i>, etc.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + + <p>IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.</p> + + <p>Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the + metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when + following a numeral;</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p><i>1 m.</i>, <i>5 dm.</i>, <i>4 cm.</i>, <i>2 mm.</i>, <i>c.m.</i> + (<i>cubic meter</i>), <i>c.d.</i>, <i>min.</i> (<i>minute</i>), + <i>sec.</i> (<i>second</i>), <i>lb.</i> (<i>pound</i>), + <i>oz.</i> (<i>ounce</i>), <i>yd.</i>, <i>ft.</i>, <i>in.</i>, + <i>A.</i> (<i>Anglestrom units</i>), <i>H.P.</i> (<i>Horse power</i>), + <i>C.</i> (<i>Centigrade</i> [<i>Thermometer</i>]).</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>X. FOOTNOTES.</p> + + <p>Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following + order:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when + necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in + roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.</p> + + <p>2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a + Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of + all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be + abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in + full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward + abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names + may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to + the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as + this last the name is often printed in italics.</p> + + <p>Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.</p> + + <p>3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No + period.</p> + + <p>4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several + editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be + specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this + information should not be repeated in the footnotes. <!-- Page 20 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"></a>{20}</span>In books like + the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in + innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; + section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Book references." title="Book references."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Number of paragraph only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> No. 68</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stanza only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> st. 18</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Page only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> P. 213</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Line only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> l. 384</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Paragraph only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> ¶ 34</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Section only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> § 5</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter only </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Canto only </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> xiv</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book only </td><td class="nspacsingle"> iii</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="4"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:14ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part and chapter </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book and line </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Act and scene </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> iii 2</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Act, scene, and line </td><td class="nspacsingle"> iv. 3. 45</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter and verse </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="4"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:10ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Number and page </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume and page </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> II 34</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle"> IV. iv.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part, book, and chapter </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part, canto, and stanza </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> II. iv. 12</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter, section, paragraph </td><td class="nspacsingle"> vii. § 3, ¶ 4</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume, part, section, paragraph </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Book, chapter, section, paragraph </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> I. i. § 2, ¶ 6</td></tr> + +</table> + + <p>In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare + use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of + the book, play, or letter.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>2 Kings II: 5</p> + <p>3 John 11</p> + <p>1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14</p> + </div> + </div> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"></a>{21}</span></p> + + <p>The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in + handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's + "Correct Composition."</p> + + <p><i>From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench</i></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><sup>1</sup> Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.</p> + <p><sup>2</sup> Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.</p> + <p><sup>3</sup> Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.</p> + <p><sup>4</sup> Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's + edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)</i></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><sup>1</sup> Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.</p> + <p><sup>2</sup> Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.</p> + <p><sup>3</sup> Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].</p> + <p><sup>4</sup> Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).</p> + <p><sup>5</sup> A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.</p> + <p><sup>6</sup> Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 + vo)</i></p> + +<table class="nob" summary="Footnote references." title="Footnote references."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>1</sup> Herbert, p. 431, 432. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>4</sup> Burnet, p. 322.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>2</sup> Collier, vol. ii. p. 176. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>5</sup> 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>3</sup> Stowe, p. 575. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <sup>6</sup> Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The + abbreviation <i>ch</i>, <i>p</i>, and <i>pp</i>, may be made in notes, + but not in text matter.</p> + + <p>In lower-case text do not use <i>&c</i>, use <i>etc.</i></p> + + <p>By-laws are often printed with side-headings <i>Art. 1</i>, <i>Sec. + 2</i>, <i>etc.</i> It is better to print the words, <i>article</i> and + <i>section</i> in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to + omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only.</p> + + <p>Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and + explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter + itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the + explanation. <!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + + <p>Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a + period.</p> + + <p>Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: + <i>Pages 24, 25, 57</i> not <i>pp. 24-5, 57</i> nor <i>25-57</i>. When + the reference is to several pages continually set <i>pages 24 to + 32</i>.</p> + + <p>When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more + consecutive years, set thus: <i>1846-7</i>, <i>1861-5</i>, when there is + a lapse of a year or more, set thus: <i>1866-7-1869-70</i>. Do not + abbreviate into <i>'66-'7-'69-'70</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span></p> + +<h3>LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS</h3> + + <p>The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Scriptural Abbreviations</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Bible books." title="Bible books."> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Old Testament (O.T.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Esth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Joel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exod. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Job </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Amos</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lev. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ps. (Pss.) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Obad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Num. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Prov. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jonah</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Deut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eccles. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Josh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Song of Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nah.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Judg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (or Cant.) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hab.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ruth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Isa. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zeph.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Sam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jer. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Kings </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lam. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zech.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Chron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezek. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ezra </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dan. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Neh. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hos. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> New Testament (N.T.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Matt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mark </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eph. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Heb.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Luke </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> John </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Pet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Acts </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Thess. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I, II and III John</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Tim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Cor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Titus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rev.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "3"> Apocrypha</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I and II Esd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Eccles. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bel and Dragon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bar. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pr. of Man</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jud. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Song of Three </td><td class="nspacsingle"> I, II, III and IV </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rest of Esther </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Children </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Macc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Wisd. of Sol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Commercial Abbreviations</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Commercial abbreviations." title="Commercial abbreviations."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A1 </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Highest class or grade</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Acct. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Account</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Advt., Ad. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Advertisement</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Agt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Agent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Amt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Amount</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anonymous</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ans. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Answer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Art. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Article</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Av., Ave. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Avenue</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Balance</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bdl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Bundle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bds. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Boards</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bldg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Building</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Buyer's Option</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Bro(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Brother; Brothers</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.I.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cost, insurance, freight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Co. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Company</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.O.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cash on delivery</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Creditor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dept. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Department</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Do. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ditto, the same</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Debtor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors excepted</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.O.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Every other day</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. & O.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors and omissions excepted</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et cætera</i>) and so forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ex., Exch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Exchange</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Express</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fgt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Freight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F.O.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Free on Board</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hour</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Half pay, horse power</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Incor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Incorporated</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ins. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insurance</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> K.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Knock down (<i>of furniture, etc.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span> + L.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Large Paper</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Memo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Memorandum</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mfg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manufacturing</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mfr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manufacturer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Min. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minute</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> No. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>numero</i>) number</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.K. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> All right</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Payt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Payment</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Paid</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per an. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Per annum</i>) by the year</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Per cent </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Per centum</i>) by the hundred</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pkg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Package</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plate, plates</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preface</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Road</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Remarks</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reports</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Railroad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ry. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Railway</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ser. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Series</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Square</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Steamship, steamer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> T.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Till forbidden</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Miscellaneous Abbreviations</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Miscellaneous abbreviations." title="Miscellaneous abbreviations."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ante Christum</i>) before Christ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Domini</i>) in the year of our Lord</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ad lib. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ad libitum</i>) at pleasure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adjective</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Adv. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Adverb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Æt </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ætatis</i>) of age, aged</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Hegiræ</i>) in the year of the Hegira</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Alt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Altitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno Mundi</i>) in the year of the world</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> An. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno</i>) in the year</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span> + An. A. C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno ante Christum</i>) in the year before Christ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anatomy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ancient</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ang.-Sax. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anglo-Saxon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anomalous</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Anon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Anonymous</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apostle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Apo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apogee</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Apoc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Apocalypse, Apocrypha</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno regni</i>) in the year of the reign</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Architecture</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.R.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno regni regis</i>) in the year of the reign of the king</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Arr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arrival</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Art. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Article</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Assoc., Assn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Association</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Astrol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Astrology</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Astron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Astronomy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> A.U.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Anno urbis Conditæ</i>) in the year of the building of the city of Rome</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Auth. Ver. </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> or A.V. </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Authorized Version of the Bible</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Av. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Average</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ave. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Avenue</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Basso</i>) Bass; bay; born</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Before Christ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Boul. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Boulevard</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> B.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Bene Vale</i>) Farewell</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cape</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cæt. par. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Cæteris paribus</i>) other things being equal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>caput</i>) Chapter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C. or Cent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centigrade</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>conferre</i>) compare</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Child or children</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Court House</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Chap. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Chapter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span> + Circ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Circle(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cit. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Citizen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Col. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Column</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Coll. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> College</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Comp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Companion, comparative</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Cong. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Congress</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> C.Q.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Marconi Distress signal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Domesday Book</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Da Capo</i>) From the beginning; again</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Declination</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Deg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Degree(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Del. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Delineavit</i>) he drew it</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Dem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Democrat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Dei gratia</i>) by the grace of God; (<i>Deo gratias</i>) thanks to God</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> D.V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Deo volente</i>) God willing</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East, Eagle(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ea. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Each</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> English Bible (common)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ed. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Editor, Edition</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Errors excepted</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.G. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Exempli gratia</i>) by way of example</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Elec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Electricity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.N.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East-northeast</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Entomology</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> E.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> East-southeast</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etal. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et alibi</i>) and elsewhere; (<i>et alii</i>) and others</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Etc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et cætera</i>) and so forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Et seq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Et sequentia</i>) the following</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ex. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Example</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Exc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Exception</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> F., Fahr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fahrenheit (thermometer)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fec. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Fecit</i>) he made it</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fem. or f. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Feminine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Fig(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Figure(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Finn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Finnish</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span> + Fol. or f., ff. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Folio(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> For. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Foreign</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ft. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fort</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gentleman</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ger. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> German</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Goth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gothic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Greek</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Husband</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hdkf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Handkerchief</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.e. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hoc est</i>) that is, or, this is</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Hist. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> History, Historical</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.J.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic jacet sepultus</i>) here lies buried</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.M.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hoc monumentum posuit</i>) erected this monument</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.R.I.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic requiescit in pace</i>) here lies in peace</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Hic situs</i>) here lies</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ibid. Ib. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ibidem</i>) in the same place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Id. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Idem</i>) the same</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.e. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Id est</i>) that is</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> I.H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> First letters of <span title="IÊSOUS" class="grk">ΙΗΣΟΥΣ</span>, Greek for <i>Jesus</i>, or <i>Iesus hominum salvator</i>, Jesus the Savior of Mankind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Illus. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Illustrated</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Imp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Imperative (mood)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Incog. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Incognito</i>) Unknown</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Indef. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indefinite</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Indic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indicative (mood)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Infin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Infinitive (mood)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In lim. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In limine</i>) at the outset</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In loc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In loco</i>) in the place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Inst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>instante</i>) the current month</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Int. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Interest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Interj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Interjection</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> In trans. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In transit</i>) On the passage</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ion. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ionic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ir. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Irish</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Irreg. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Irregular</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span> + Isl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Island</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ital. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Italic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Itin. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Itinerary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> J.H.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> See I.H.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Jour. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Journal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Latin, latitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Loco citato</i>) in the place cited</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.l. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Loco laudato</i>) in the place quoted</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Long. or long.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> Longitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> L.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Locus sigilli</i>) place of the seal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> LXX </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The Septuagint</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Meridies</i>) noon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Married</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Memorandum, Memoranda</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mgr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manager</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Misc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Miscellaneous</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mo(s). </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Month, months</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Memoriæ sacrum</i>) sacred to the memory</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> MS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Manuscriptum</i>) manuscript</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> MSS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Manuscripts</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Mt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mount, Mont</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Myth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mythology</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Noun, note(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> National</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Naut. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nautical</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nota Bene</i>) note well</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -0.25em"> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nem. con or </td><td class="nspacsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan= "1" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:6.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> nem. diss. </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nemine contradicente</i> or <i>nemine dissentiente</i>) none opposing</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.L. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Non liquet</i>) It does not appear</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N. lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North latitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.N.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North-northeast</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> North-northwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nominative</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Nol. Pros. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Nol prosequi</i>) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Style (After 1752)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New Testament</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span> + N.u. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Name(s) unknown</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.V.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Nativity of the Virgin Mary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Northwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ob. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Obiit</i>) he or she died</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Obj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Objective (case)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Obs. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Obsolete</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Odd Fellow(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.H.M.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> On His Majesty's Service</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Olym. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Olympiad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Op. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Opposite</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Old Style (before 1752)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> O.T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Old Testament</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P. or pp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Page or pages</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Par. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Paragraph</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Par. pas. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parallel passage(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Parl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parliament</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Part. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Participle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Partic. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Particle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pass. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Passive (voice)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Peninsula</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pent. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pentecost</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Perf. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perfect (tense)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pers. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Person</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pers. pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Personal pronoun</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Persp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perspective</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Phil. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Philosophy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pinx. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pinxit</i>) he painted it</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plate(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plff. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plaintiff</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plup. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pluperfect</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Plur. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plural</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Post Meridiem</i>) afternoon to midnight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Post-office</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pop. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Population</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Posit. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Positive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.p. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Past participle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.P.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pour prendre congé</i>) to take leave</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span> + P. pr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Participle present</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Populus Romanus</i>) the Roman people</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preface</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pret. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Preterite tense</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pronoun</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pro tem. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Pro tempore</i>) for the time being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pr. p. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Present participle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Privy Seal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> P.T.O. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Please turn over</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Point</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pub. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Publisher</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pub. Doc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Public Documents</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Question</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.B. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's Bench</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's College, Queen's Council</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.d. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quasi dicat</i>) as if he should say; (<i>Quasi dictum</i>) as if said; (<i>Quasi dixisset</i>) as if he had said</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod est</i>) which is</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E.D. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod erat demonstrandum</i>) which was to be proved</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.E.F. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod erat faciendum</i>) which was to be done</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.l. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum libet</i>) as much as you please</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q. Mess. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Queen's Messenger</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qm. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quomodo</i>) by what means, how</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.p. or q. pl.</td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum placet</i>) as much as you please</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quarter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum sufficit</i>) a sufficient quantity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.v. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quantum vis</i>) as much as you will</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Q.v. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Quod vide</i>) which see</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Qy. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Query</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R., </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reaum. Reaumur (<i>thermometer</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Engineers</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Recd. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Received</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rect. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rector</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span> + Ref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reformation, reformed</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ref. Ch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reformed Church</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ref. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reference</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Regr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Registrar</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Regt. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Regiment</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rel. pron. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Relative pronoun</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Representative</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Repub. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Republican</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Marines</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Royal Navy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ro. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Recto</i>) Right-hand page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Rom. Cath. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Roman Catholic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> R.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Res Publica</i>) Republic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ru. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Runic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Solo (<i>In Italian Music</i>); South</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. SS. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Section(s), Saint(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.a. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Secundum artem</i>) According to Art</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sax. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saxon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Senatus Consultum</i>) A decree of the Senate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>In Law</i>) same case</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sch. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Schooner(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Schol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Scholium</i>) a note</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sci. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Science</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sculp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sculpsit</i>) he engraved</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southeast</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sen. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Senate, Senator</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Seq. or sq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sequente</i>) and in what follows</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Seqq. or sqq. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sequentibus</i>) and in the following (places)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ser. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Series</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Shak. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Shakespeare</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sing. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Singular (number)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.J.C. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Supreme Judicial Court</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S. lat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South latitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.O.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Marconi Distress Signal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.P. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sine prole</i>) without issue</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Sp. gr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Specific gravity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span> + S.P.Q.R. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Senatus Populusque Romanus</i>) the Senate and the Roman people</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.I. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium</i>) The Holy Roman Empire</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.R.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Societatis Regiæ Socius</i>) Fellow of the Royal Society</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sunday School</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S.E. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South-southeast</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> South-southwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> St. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saint, Street</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Statute(s)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ster. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sterling</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Subj. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Subjunctive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Subst. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Substantive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Su.-Goth. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Suio-Gothic</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Super. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superfine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Superl. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Superlative</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Southwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> T. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Tenor (<i>in music</i>); (<i>Tutti</i>) the whole orchestra after a solo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ter. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Territory</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Term. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Termination</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Theor. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Theorem</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Translator, transpose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Um. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Unmarried</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Univ. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> University</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.A. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Army</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.M. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Mail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.N. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Navy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.S.S. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> United States Ship</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> U.s. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Ut supra</i>) as above</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vat. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vatican</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.a. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb active</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. aux. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb auxiliary</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. def. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb defective</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. dep. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb deponent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Ven. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Venerable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span> + V.g. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Verbi gratia</i>) for example</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. imp. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb impersonal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. in. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb intransitive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. irr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb irregular</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.n. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb neuter</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vo. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>verso</i>) left-hand page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Voc. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vocative</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Vol. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Volume</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V.r. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb reflexive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Verb transitive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> V. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Vulgate (Version)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West, wife</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W. lon. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West longitude</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.N.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West-northwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> W.S.W. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> West-southwest</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Xmas </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Christmas</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Zool. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Zoology</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p> + +<h3>SIGNS</h3> + + <p>In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many + signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included + in the following lists.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Monetary Signs</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Monetary signs." title="Monetary signs."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/dollar.png"><img src="images/dollar.png" class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="dollar" /></a> + </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dollar or dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> cts. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cents</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Gn. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Guinea</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> £ (<i>English</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pound or pounds</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> / or s </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Shilling or shillings</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> d. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Denarius</i>) penny or pence</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> fr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Franc or francs</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> c. (<i>French</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centime or centimes</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> m. (<i>German</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mark or marks</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Pf. (<i>German</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pfennig or pfennigs</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> cr. (<i>Austrian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Crown or crowns</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> hr. (<i>Austrian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Heller or hellers</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> rub. (<i>Russian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ruble or rubles</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> kop. (<i>Russian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Kopec or kopecs</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> kr. (<i>Danish</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Crown or crowns</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> öro, öre </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Oro or öre</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> £ (<i>Italian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Lira or lire</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> c. (<i>Italian</i>) </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Centesimo or centesimi</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Mathematical Signs</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Mathematical signs." title="Mathematical signs."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> + </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> - </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ± </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Plus or minus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/minpl.png"><img src="images/minpl.png" class="middle" style="height:1.6ex" alt="Minus or plus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minus or plus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> × </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Multiplied by</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span> + ÷ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Divided by</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> = </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Equal to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/neq.png"><img src="images/neq.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Not equal to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Not equal to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ident.png"><img src="images/ident.png" class="middle" style="height:1.3ex" alt="Identical with" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Identical with</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/cong.png"><img src="images/cong.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Congruent to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Congruent to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> > </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Greater than</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> < </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Less than</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/diff.png"><img src="images/diff.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="The difference between" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The difference between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/equiv.png"><img src="images/equiv.png" class="middle" style="height:1.1ex" alt="Is equivalent to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Is equivalent to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> : and :: </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Proportion</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/varpropto.png"><img src="images/varpropto.png" class="middle" style="height:1.0ex" alt="Varies as" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Varies as</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/doteq.png"><img src="images/doteq.png" class="middle" style="height:1.4ex" alt="Approaches as a limit" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Approaches as a limit</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ∞ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Infinity</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/therefore.png"><img src="images/therefore.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Therefore" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Therefore</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/because.png"><img src="images/because.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Because" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Because</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> . . . </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Continuation</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> √ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The radical sign</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/perp.png"><img src="images/perp.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Perpendicular to" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Perpendicular to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/parallel.png"><img src="images/parallel.png" class="middle" style="height:2.4ex" alt="Parallel" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Parallel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/frown.png"><img src="images/frown.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Arc of circle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Arc of circle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/degree.png"><img src="images/degree.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Degree of circle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Degree of circle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ′ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minute of circle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ″ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Second of circle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/angle.png"><img src="images/angle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Angle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Angle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/rightangle.png"><img src="images/rightangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Right Angle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Right angle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/square.png"><img src="images/square.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Square" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Square</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/rectangle.png"><img src="images/rectangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Rectangle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Rectangle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/triangle.png"><img src="images/triangle.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Triangle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Triangle</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Medical Signs</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Medical signs." title="Medical signs."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ãã </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>ava</i>) of each </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/drachm.png"><img src="images/drachm.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Drachm" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Drachm</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/recipe.png"><img src="images/recipe.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Recipe" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Recipe</i>) take </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/scruple.png"><img src="images/scruple.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Scruple" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scruple</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>, <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>i </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ounce, one ounce </td><td class="nspacsingle"> O </td><td class="nspacsingle"> (<i>Octarius</i>) Pint</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>ss </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Half an ounce </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fluid ounce</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>iss </td><td class="nspacsingle"> One ounce and a half </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/drachm.png"><img src="images/drachm.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Drachm" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Fluid Drachm</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ounce.png"><img src="images/ounce.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Ounce" /></a>ij </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Two ounces </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <i>m</i> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Minim or drop</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Astronomical Signs</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">Planets</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Planets." title="Planets."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sun.png"><img src="images/sun.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Sun" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sun </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/earth.png"><img src="images/earth.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Earth" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Earth </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/saturn.png"><img src="images/saturn.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Saturn" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Saturn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/mercury.png"><img src="images/mercury.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Mercury" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mercury </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/mars.png"><img src="images/mars.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Mars" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Mars </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/uranus.png"><img src="images/uranus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Uranus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Uranus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/venus.png"><img src="images/venus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Venus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Venus </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/jupiter.png"><img src="images/jupiter.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Jupiter" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Jupiter </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/neptune.png"><img src="images/neptune.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Neptune" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Neptune</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">Phases</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Phases." title="Phases."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/newmoon.png"><img src="images/newmoon.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="New moon" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> New moon </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/firstqtr.png"><img src="images/firstqtr.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="first quarter" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> first quarter </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/fullmoon.png"><img src="images/fullmoon.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="full moon" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> full moon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/lastqtr.png"><img src="images/lastqtr.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="last quarter" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> last quarter</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">Zodiacal</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Zodiacal." title="Zodiacal."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/aries.png"><img src="images/aries.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Aries" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aries, the ram </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/libra.png"><img src="images/libra.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Libra" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Libra, the scales</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/taurus.png"><img src="images/taurus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Taurus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Taurus, the bull </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/scorpio.png"><img src="images/scorpio.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Scorpio" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Scorpio, scorpion</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/gemini.png"><img src="images/gemini.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Gemini" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Gemini, the twins </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sagittarius.png"><img src="images/sagittarius.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Sagittarius" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Sagittarius, archer</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/cancer.png"><img src="images/cancer.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Cancer" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Cancer, the crab </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/capricornus.png"><img src="images/capricornus.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Capricornus" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Capricornus, goat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/leo.png"><img src="images/leo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Leo" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Leo, the lion </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/aquarius.png"><img src="images/aquarius.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Aquarius" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Aquarius, waterman</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/virgo.png"><img src="images/virgo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Virgo" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Virgo, the virgin </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/pisces.png"><img src="images/pisces.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Pisces" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Pisces, the fishes</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">Aspects and Nodes</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Aspects and Nodes." title="Aspects and Nodes."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/conjunction.png"><img src="images/conjunction.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Conjunction" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Conjunction </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/opposition.png"><img src="images/opposition.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="opposition" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> opposition</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/quadrature.png"><img src="images/quadrature.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Quadrature" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Quadrature </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/quintile.png"><img src="images/quintile.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="quintile" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> or <a href="images/quintile2.png"><img src="images/quintile2.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="quintile" /></a> quintile</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/ascnode.png"><img src="images/ascnode.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Ascending node" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Ascending node </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/sextile.png"><img src="images/sextile.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="sextile" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> sextile</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/descnode.png"><img src="images/descnode.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Descending node" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Descending node </td><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/trine.png"><img src="images/trine.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="trine" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> trine</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Ecclesiastical Signs</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Ecclesiastical Signs." title="Ecclesiastical Signs."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/maltese.png"><img src="images/maltese.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Maltese cross" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by +certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. +It is also used in the service-books of that church to +notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross. +The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should +not be used as a substitute.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/response.png"><img src="images/response.png" class="middle" style="height:2.5ex" alt="Response" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign <a href="images/recipe.png"><img src="images/recipe.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Recipe" /></a> +is not an entirely acceptable substitute.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/versicle.png"><img src="images/versicle.png" class="middle" style="height:2.9ex" alt="Versicle" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Versicle in service-books.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/celebrant.png"><img src="images/celebrant.png" class="middle" style="height:1.7ex" alt="Celebrant" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Proofreader's Signs</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Proofreaders Signs." title="Proofreaders Signs."> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> No ¶ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> No new paragraph.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Run in </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Let there be no break in the reading.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ¶ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Make a new paragraph.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/uneven.png"><img src="images/uneven.png" class="middle" style="height:2.0ex" alt="Uneven spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Correct uneven spacing of words.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/strike.png"><img src="images/strike.png" class="middle" style="height:2.4ex" alt="Strike out" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/reverse.png"><img src="images/reverse.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Reverse" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Reverse this type.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> # </td><td class="nspacsingle"> More space where caret is marked,</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/contract.png"><img src="images/contract.png" class="middle" style="height:0.7ex" alt="Contract spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Contract the spacing.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/takeout.png"><img src="images/takeout.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex" alt="Take out spacing" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Take out all spacing.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> [ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Move this to the left.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ] </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Move this to the right.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/raise.png"><img src="images/raise.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Raise" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Raise this line or letter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/depress.png"><img src="images/depress.png" class="middle" style="height:0.9ex" alt="Depress" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Depress this line or letter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> || </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Make parallel at the side with other lines.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/indent.png"><img src="images/indent.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Indent" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Indent line an em.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/pushdown.png"><img src="images/pushdown.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Push down" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Push down a space that blackens the proof.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> x </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change this bruised type.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> w.f. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change this faulty type of wrong font.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> tr. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Transpose words or letters underlined.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> l.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in lower-case, or small letters.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> s.c. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in small capitals.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> caps. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Put in capitals.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/inapost.png"><img src="images/inapost.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Insert Apostrophe" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are +put over an inverted caret, as, <a href="images/insupa.png"><img src="images/insupa.png" class="middle" style="height:2.6ex" alt="Insert a" /></a> <a href="images/insupo.png"><img src="images/insupo.png" class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Insert o" /></a> +etc.;<br /> +for inferior characters the caret is +put in its usual position, as in <a href="images/ininf1.png"><img src="images/ininf1.png" class="middle" style="height:2.8ex" alt="Insert 1" /></a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> rom. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change from italic to roman.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ital. </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Change from roman to italic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/inperiod.png"><img src="images/inperiod.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Insert period" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert period.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> , / </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert comma.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ; / </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert semicolon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> : / </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert colon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> =/ </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert hyphen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/emdash.png"><img src="images/emdash.png" class="middle" style="height:2.5ex" alt="One-em dash" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> One-em dash.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/emdash2.png"><img src="images/emdash2.png" class="middle" style="height:2.1ex" alt="Two-em dash" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Two-em dash.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/takeoutchar.png"><img src="images/takeoutchar.png" class="middle" style="height:3.3ex" alt="Take out character" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Take out cancelled character and close up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> +<!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span> + Qu. or? </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Is this right? See to it.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/insert.png"><img src="images/insert.png" class="middle" style="height:1.6ex" alt="Insert" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Insert letter or word marked in margin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> |||| </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Hair-space letters as marked.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Stet </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Restore crossed-out word or letter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> . . . . </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Dots put below the crossed word mean:<br /> +Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/diphthong.png"><img src="images/diphthong.png" class="middle" style="height:3.3ex" alt="Diphthong" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as <i>æ</i>, <i>ffi</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> <a href="images/straighten.png"><img src="images/straighten.png" class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Straighten" /></a> </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Straighten lines.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> ///// </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspacsingle"> Out, see Copy </td><td class="nspacsingle"> Here is an omission; see copy.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be + accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or + "ringed."</p> + + <p>Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the + text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen + marks.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span></p> + +<h3>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS</h3> + + <p>There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the + various sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to + the proper use of these.</p> + + <p>In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule + is to follow copy.</p> + + <p>Such abbreviations as <i>I've</i>, <i>you'll</i>, <i>'t'was</i>, + <i>'t'is n't</i>, and the like are more clearly expressed when a thin + space is put between the words.</p> + + <p>Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special + sorts have to be obtained for the purpose.</p> + + <p>Abbreviations like <i>dept</i>, <i>dep't</i>, <i>gov't</i>, + <i>sec</i>, <i>sec'y</i>, <i>sect'y</i>, <i>pres't</i>, and <i>treas.</i> + are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like it is better to spell + out the words in two lines.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span></p> + +<h3>SUPPLEMENTARY READING</h3> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co., + New York.</p> + + <p>The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.</p> + + <p>The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal + dictionaries may be studied with profit.</p> + + <p>Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the + abbreviations and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p> + +<h3>QUESTIONS</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?</p> + <p>2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?</p> + <p>3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?</p> + <p>4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?</p> + <p>5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds of printing?</p> + <p>6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what may be done to make their use easier?</p> + <p>7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?</p> + <p>8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the days of the week?</p> + <p>9. Give the Dewey dates.</p> + <p>10. What is the rule for ages?</p> + <p>11. How do we treat references to decades?</p> + <p>12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?</p> + <p>13. What is the rule for sums of money?</p> + <p>14. What is the rule for round numbers?</p> + <p>15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?</p> + <p>16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?</p> + <p>17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?</p> + <p>18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?</p> + <p>19. What are the rules for names?</p> + <p>20. What is the usage in printing titles?</p> + <p>21. How do we treat names of book sizes?</p> + <p>22. How do we treat weights and measures?</p> + <p>23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.</p> + <p>24. Where is &c not used?</p> + <p>25. How are by-laws treated?</p> +<!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span> + <p>26. How are figures used with illustrations?</p> + <p>27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?</p> + <p>28. How do we treat page references in the text?</p> + <p>29. How do we treat references to series of years?</p> + <p>30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?</p> + <p>31. How do we print such abbreviations as <i>I've</i>, <i>you've</i>, and the like?</p> + <p>32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?</p> + </div> + </div> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these + rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of + abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil required + to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be required to + explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission of + abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by the + instructor with reference to the rules.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page i --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei"></a>{i}</span></p> + +<h3>TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES +FOR APPRENTICES</h3> + + <p>The following list of publications, comprising the <span + class="sc">Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices</span>, has been + prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the + United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of + printing instruction, and by individuals.</p> + + <p>Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of + authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers + of the United States—employers, journeymen, and + apprentices—with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive + compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches + and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion + for progressive study.</p> + + <p>The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches. + Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as + far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the + particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found + under each title in the following list.</p> + + <p>Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in + each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary + information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the + subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, + with the purpose of bringing essential information within the + understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever + practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been + used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.</p> + + <p>In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for + use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is + accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the + subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the + subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.</p> + + <p>These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of + America.</p> + + <p>Address all orders and inquiries to <span class="sc">Committee on + Education, United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. + A.</span> <!-- Page ii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageii"></a>{ii}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">PART I—<i>Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials</i></p> + + <p>1. <b>Type: a Primer of Information</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, + font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 + pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>Compositors' Tools and Materials</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass + rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review + questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case + racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 + review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>4. <b>Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the + press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; + illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>5. <b>Proof Presses</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for + taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>6. <b>Platen Printing Presses</b> By Daniel Baker</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical + construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to + the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of + small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>7. <b>Cylinder Printing Presses</b> By Herbert L. Baker</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of + cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>8. <b>Mechanical Feeders and Folders</b> By William E. Spurrier</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with + hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>9. <b>Power for Machinery in Printing Houses</b> By Carl F. Scott</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and + allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; + illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>10. <b>Paper Cutting Machines</b> By Niel Gray, Jr.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever + cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. + 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>11. <b>Printers' Rollers</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care + of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>12. <b>Printing Inks</b> By Philip Ruxton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission + from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with + some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by + Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page iii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiii"></a>{iii}</span></p> + + <p>13. <b>How Paper is Made</b> By William Bond Wheelwright</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the materials and processes of + manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 + review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>14. <b>Relief Engravings</b> By Joseph P. Donovan</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of + engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; + things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review + questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>15. <b>Electrotyping and Sterotyping</b> By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. + Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and + stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART II—<i>Hand and Machine Composition</i></p> + + <p>16. <b>Typesetting</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, + spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. + Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>17. <b>Printers' Proofs</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with + observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>18. <b>First Steps in Job Composition</b> By Camille DeVéze</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, + especially about the important little things which go to make good + display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>19. <b>General Job Composition</b></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and + miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>20. <b>Book Composition</b> By J. W. Bothwell</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised + and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The + DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: + Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>21. <b>Tabular Composition</b> By Robert Seaver</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of + more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>22. <b>Applied Arithmetic</b> By E. E. Sheldon</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, + calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables + and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and + exercises. 159 pp.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>23. <b>Typecasting and Composing Machines</b> A. W. Finlay, Editor</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Section I—The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein</p> + <p>Section II—The Monotype By Joseph Hays</p> + <p>Section III—The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens</p> + <p>Section IV—Other Typecasting and Typesetting By Frank H. Smith</p> + <p class="i12">Machines</p> + </div> + </div> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their + mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page iv --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv"></a>{iv}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">PART III—<i>Imposition and Stonework</i></p> + + <p>24. <b>Locking Forms for the Job Press</b> By Frank S. Henry</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and + about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>25. <b>Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press</b> By Frank S. + Henry</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of + handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART IV—<i>Presswork</i></p> + + <p>26. <b>Making Ready on Platen Presses</b> By T. G. McGrew</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive + features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the + impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details + explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>27. <b>Cylinder Presswork</b> By T. G. McGrew</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink + fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; + modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>28. <b>Pressroom Hints and Helps</b> By Charles L. Dunton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions + and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. + 87 pp.; 176 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>29. <b>Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts</b> By A. W. + Elson</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, + the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; + illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART V—<i>Pamphlet and Book Binding</i></p> + + <p>30. <b>Pamphlet Binding</b> By Bancroft L. Goodwin</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the various operations employed in + binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review + questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>31. <b>Book Binding</b> By John J. Pleger</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; + folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making + and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book + binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART VI—<i>Correct Literary Composition</i></p> + + <p>32. <b>Word Study and English Grammar</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. + 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>33. <b>Punctuation</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, + both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>{v}</span></p> + + <p>34. <b>Capitals</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical + typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; + glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>35. <b>Division of Words</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on + spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review + questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>36. <b>Compound Words</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, + and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>37. <b>Abbreviations and Signs</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified + lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>38. <b>The Uses of Italic</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. + 31 pp.; 37 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>39. <b>Proofreading</b> By Arnold Levitas</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, + revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by + examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>40. <b>Preparation of Printers' Copy</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing + copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>41. <b>Printers' Manual of Style</b></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions + relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, + numerals, and kindred features of composition.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>42. <b>The Printer's Dictionary</b> By A. A. Stewart</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various + processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms + explained. Illustrated.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART VII—<i>Design, Color, and Lettering</i></p> + + <p>43. <b>Applied Design for Printers</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the + periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of harmony, + balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, + esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; + bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>44. <b>Elements of Typographic Design</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material + of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling + of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of + commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions, + glossary; bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"></a>{vi}</span></p> + + <p>45. <b>Rudiments of Color in Printing</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster + effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process + engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in + which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, + scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments + with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review + questions; glossary; bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>46. <b>Lettering in Typography</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. + Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type + design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of + design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review + questions; glossary; bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>47. <b>Typographic Design in Advertising</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising + is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, + attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. + Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>48. <b>Making Dummies and Layouts</b> By Harry L. Gage</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed + final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of + layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; + review questions; glossary; bibliography.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART VIII—<i>History of Printing</i></p> + + <p>49. <b>Books Before Typography</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the + history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; + illustrated; 64 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>50. <b>The Invention of Typography</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 + pp.; 62 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>51. <b>History of Printing</b>—Part I By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the + development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the + work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>52. <b>History of Printing</b>—Part II By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry + from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal + conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>53. <b>Printing in England</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present + time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>54. <b>Printing in America</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on + publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review + questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>55. <b>Type and Presses in America</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press + building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page vii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii"></a>{vii}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">PART IX—<i>Cost Finding and Accounting</i></p> + + <p>56. <b>Elements of Cost in Printing</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. + How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>57. <b>Use of a Cost System</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. + How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>58. <b>The Printer as a Merchant</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The + relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the + finished product. Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>59. <b>Fundamental Principles of Estimating</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for + estimating. Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>60. <b>Estimating and Selling</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their + relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>61. <b>Accounting for Printers</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books + and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">PART X—<i>Miscellaneous</i></p> + + <p>62. <b>Health, Sanitation, and Safety</b> By Henry P. Porter</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; + practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules + for safety.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>63. <b>Topical Index</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic + Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>64. <b>Courses of Study</b> By F. W. Hamilton</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom + and shop work.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page viii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii"></a>{viii}</span></p> + +<h3>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</h3> + + <p>This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid + co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the + printing business and its allied industries in the United States of + America.</p> + + <p>The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under + whose auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges + its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many + authors, printers, and others identified with this work.</p> + + <p>While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of + those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a + group list of co-operating firms would be of interest.</p> + + <p>The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have + co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting + the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the + Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee + hopes will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each + volume.</p> + + <p>The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many + subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its + publication.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Committee on Education, </span></p> + <p><span class="sc">United Typothetae of America.</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Henry P. Porter</span>, <i>Chairman</i>,</p> + <p><span class="sc">E. Lawrence Fell</span>,</p> + <p><span class="sc">A. M. Glossbrenner</span>,</p> + <p><span class="sc">J. Clyde Oswald</span>,</p> + <p><span class="sc">Toby Rubovits</span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Frederick W. Hamilton</span>, <i>Education Director</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page ix --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix"></a>{ix}</span></p> + + <p>CONTRIBUTORS</p> + + <p><b>For Composition and Electrotypes</b></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Isaac H. Blanchard Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">S. H. Burbank & Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">J. S. Cushing & Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The DeVinne Press</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Geo. H. Ellis Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Evans-Winter-Hebb</span>, Detroit, Mich.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Franklin Printing Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">F. H. Gilson Company</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Stephen Greene & Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">W. F. Hall Printing Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + <p><span class="sc">J. B. Lippincott Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">McCalla & Co. Inc.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Patteson Press</span>, New York, New York</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Plimpton Press</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Poole Bros.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Edward Stern & Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Stone Printing & Mfg. Co.</span>, Roanoke, Va.</p> + <p><span class="sc">C. D. Traphagen</span>, Lincoln, Neb.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The University Press</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><b>For Composition</b></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Boston Typothetae School of Printing</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">William F. Fell Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Kalkhoff Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Oxford-Print</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Toby Rubovits</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><b>For Electrotypes</b></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Blomgren Brothers Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Flower Steel Electrotyping Co.</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">C. J. Peters & Son Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Royal Electrotype Co.</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">H. C. Whitcomb & Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><b>For Engravings</b></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">American Type Founders Co.</span>, Boston, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">C. B. Cottrell & Sons Co.</span>, Westerly, R. I.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Golding Manufacturing Co.</span>, Franklin, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Harvard University</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Inland Printer Co.</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Lanston Monotype Machine Company</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Mergenthaler Linotype Company</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Geo. H. Morrill Co.</span>, Norwood, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Oswald Publishing Co.</span>, New York, N. Y.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Printing Art</span>, Cambridge, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">B. D. Rising Paper Company</span>, Housatonic, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">The Vandercook Press</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><b>For Book Paper</b></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">American Writing Paper Co.</span>, Holyoke, Mass.</p> + <p><span class="sc">West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co.</span>, Mechanicville, N. Y.</p> + </div> + </div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Abbreviations and Signs, by Frederick W. 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