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diff --git a/33508-h/33508-h.htm b/33508-h/33508-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d20c549 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/33508-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Geographic Variation in the A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacen, Mexico by William E. Duellman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 10%;margin-right: 10%;} + p { text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + hr { color:#000; } + .hr1 {width:85%;height:2px;text-align:center;} + .hr2 {width:30%;height:2px;text-align:center;} + + table {text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse:collapse;} + .tblhdr {text-align:center; border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + .tbldt {border-left:solid black 1px; text-align:center; padding: 6px;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent: 0; font-weight: normal; + color: gray; font-size: 0.7em; text-align: right;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .blkquote {font-size:80%;} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold;font-size:250%;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold;font-size:165%; } + .caption3 {font-weight: bold;font-size:125%; } + .caption4 {font-weight: bold;font-size:115%; } + .technt {border:solid black 1px; background:#d0d0d0;padding: 0 1em 1em 1em;} + .footnotes {border-top: solid black 1px; padding: 0 1em 1em 1em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: text-bottom; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus +sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33508] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="technt"> +<div class="center"><span class="caption3">Transcriber's Notes.</span></div> +<p>This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of +two typographical errors that were corrected, the original text and +copies of the included illustrations are presented. The smaller graphic +shown as Figure 2 was processed to remove moire effects when viewed at smaller +sizes. Clicking on the Figures will allow the user to view a copy of the +original scanned image from which it was derived.</p> + + +<p> </p> + +<a name="Typo_Corr"></a><span class="caption4">Typographical Errors Corrected:</span> +<p> Page 589, Paragraph 2: <a href="#Tepalcatepec">Tepalcatapec => Tepalcatepec</a></p> +<p> Page 592, Paragraph 2: <a href="#ground-color">ground color => ground-color</a></p> + +<p>In the original, Figure 1 had the notation X5 after the caption to let the +reader know that the image was enlarged by a factor of five. As the illustration +in the HTML page will display at different sizes based on the resolution of the +monitor and the size the browser window, it was decided to remove that notation +and the viewer would derive the measurements from the body of the paper.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[587]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<p> </p> +<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> +<div class="caption2 smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</div> +<hr class="hr2" /><br /> +<div class="caption2">Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs.</div><br /> +<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_single.png" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> <span class="caption2">May 2, 1960</span> <img src="images/bar_single.png" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption1"> +A New Subspecies of Lizard,<br /> +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3"> +BY<br /> +<p> </p> + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1960 +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[588]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2"> +Volume 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs.<br /> +Published May 2, 1960</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption4"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</div><br /> + +<div class="caption5"> +PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1960<br /> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="74" height="27" alt="Look for the Union Label!" /><br /> +28-2494<br /> +</div> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[589]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2">A New Subspecies of Lizard,<br /> +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México</div><br /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2">BY</div><br /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2">WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</div><br /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> + + +<p>The systematic status of the populations of lizards assignable to +<i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> in western México (Sonora southward to +Jalisco) has been reviewed in detail by Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist, 117 (2):57-116), who stated that the use of the +specific name <i>sacki</i> for the western populations rests upon a reasonable, +but as yet unproved, assumption that intergradation occurs. +Although Zweifel examined specimens of the nominal subspecies +from the upper Balsas Basin, he did not study specimens from the +intervening area—the Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacán.</p> + +<p>Field studies and the examination of large series of preserved +specimens of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> from the <a name="Tepalcatepec"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">Tepalcatepec</a> Valley show +the presence of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> in the region between the +ranges of <i>C. sacki sacki</i> in the upper Balsas Basin and <i>C. sacki +occidentalis</i> in Jalisco and southern Nayarit. Furthermore, the +populations of <i>sacki</i> inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley have characters +of scutellation and coloration that distinguish them from +other described subspecies of <i>sacki</i>. In recognition of the important +contributions to the systematics of the genus <i>Cnemidophorus</i> made +by Dr. Richard G. Zweifel, I propose that the subspecies of <i>Cnemidophorus +sacki</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley be named as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</b> new subspecies</div> + +<div class="blkquote"> +<p><i>Holotype.</i>—University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 119542, from +Capirio, Michoacán, México (185 meters), an adult male, one of a series +collected on June 13, 1958, by William E. Duellman, Jerome B. Tulecke, and +John Wellman. Original number WED 12310.</p> + +<p><i>Paratopotypes.</i>—UMMZ Nos. 119536-119541 and 119543-119550.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A race of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> characterized by large size +(more than 130 mm. snout-vent length in males), approximately 106 dorsal +granules around the midbody, about 41 femoral pores, and a dorsal color-pattern +in adult males consisting of lateral and dorsolateral rows of spots, +paravertebral rows fused with middorsal light green area at least anteriorly, +and pink throat having a median light blue spot or transverse band.</p> + +<p><i>Description of Holotype.</i>—Snout-vent length, 128 mm.; tail length, 252 +mm.; tail/body ratio, 1.97; scutellation typical of <i>sacki</i>—four supraoculars, +enlarged postantebrachials, and enlarged mesoptychials; 107 granules around +midbody (excluding enlarged ventrals); 45 femoral pores; three enlarged +preanal scales; supraorbital semicircle-series extending anteriorly to posterior +edge of frontal (<a href="#Fig1">Fig. 1</a>).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[590]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <a name="Fig1"></a><a href="images/fig1_big.png"><img src="images/fig1_crop.png" width="326" height="506" border="0" alt="Top view head of Cnemidophorus sacki" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:0.75em;color:#808080;">Click on image to view larger sized version.</span><br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Top view of the head of the holotype of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli</i> (UMMZ 119542) showing scutellation. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[591]</a></span></p> +<div class="blkquote"> +<p>Top of head and nape dusty brown; tip of rostral and lateral edges of +superciliaries dark cream-color; upper labials and sides of head anterior to +eyes cream-color, mottled with blue; lower labials and postocular region pale +blue; mental, postmental, and sublabials cream-color. Upper surfaces of +forelimbs dull bluish gray, spotted with pale greenish yellow; dorsal surfaces +of proximal one-fourth of tail light brownish gray turning to pale orange-brown +posteriorly; lateral surfaces of tail bluish gray anteriorly and creamy brown +posteriorly. Nuchal region light bluish gray; flanks dark gray; dorsal ground-color +dark brown, somewhat paler posteriorly. Body having a row of cream-colored +spots in place of a lateral stripe, and another row in place of dorsolateral +stripe; dorsally, large diffuse tan or light green spots partially fused and +tending to form irregular transverse markings. Chin to posterior end of sublabials +pale pink, bordered posteriorly by bluish white area, and then pink. +Mesoptychials, under surfaces of hind limbs, and belly cream-colored; anterior +edges of belly scales dark blue; lateral two rows of ventrals on posterior two-thirds +of body dark blue having light blue or cream-colored spots. Under +surfaces of forelimbs bluish cream; ventral surface of tail cream-colored.</p> + +<p><i>Variation in Size and Scutellation.</i>—The largest male has a snout-vent +length of 132 mm., the largest female, 114 mm., and the smallest juvenile, 34 +mm. The number of dorsal granules at the midbody varies from 91 to 117 +(106.2 ± 0.43); the ratio of the number of granules between the paravertebral +stripes to the number of granules around the body (PV/GAB) varies from +0.064 to 0.157 (0.097 ±0.007); the number of femoral pores varies from +32 to 49 (41.1 ± 0.20). Usually there are only three enlarged preanals, but +18 specimens have a somewhat enlarged scale anterior to the normal complement +of three. In 15 specimens the supraorbital semicircle-series terminate +short of the posterior edge of the frontal; in the others the series reach the +frontal.</p> + +<p><i>Variation in Coloration.</i>—The coloration of juveniles and subadults varies +little; large adults vary considerably especially in the amount of diffusion of +the light green middorsal area. In some individuals the vertebral pale area +does not include the paravertebral spots; in other individuals the pale area +includes not only the paravertebral rows, but, at least anteriorly, the dorsolateral +rows. In large males of about equal size (and collected at the same +time) there is considerable variation in the amount of blue on the belly. In +a few of the males the belly is white with only the anterior edge of each scale +blue; in some only the lateral rows of ventrals on the posterior two-thirds of +the body are blue; in others all of the posterior two-thirds of the belly is blue.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern.</i>—The metamorphosis of +color pattern in <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> results in the dorsal +ground-color becoming paler with age, the replacement of the +stripes by spots, and finally in large males the suffusion of these +spots.</p> + +<p>A single hatchling (UMMZ 114732) is available; this specimen +has a prominent umbilical scar and a snout-vent length of 34 mm. +The top of the head is olive brown; the dorsal surfaces of the limbs +are dark brown with cream mottling; the dorsal ground-color is +brownish black; this is paler on the lower flanks. The lateral and +dorsolateral stripes are cream-colored; the paravertebral stripes are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[592]</a></span> +white. There is a faint, diffuse vertebral stripe anteriorly (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 A</a>). +The throat and undersides of the limbs and tail are cream-colored; +the belly is bluish white. In life the stripes were pale yellowish +green, and the tip of the tail was pink.</p> + +<p>In larger individuals the dorsal <a name="ground-color"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">ground-color</a> is dark brown; the +lower flanks are grayish tan. Light brown diffuse spots are present +in the lateral and dorsolateral dark fields. The tan vertebral stripe +is diffuse and nearly fills the paravertebral dark fields; the paravertebral +stripes are faint posteriorly; throughout their length they are +scalloped—the beginning of their fragmentation into spots (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. +2 B</a>).</p> + +<p>In subadults (± 80 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are fragmented into spots posteriorly. Also, the dorsolateral +stripes in some individuals are fragmented posteriorly. The dorsolateral +dark fields are somewhat paler than the lateral dark fields. +Cream-colored spots are present on the flanks. The mottling on +the thighs tends towards the formation of light spots (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 C</a>).</p> + +<p>In small adults (± 100 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are entirely fragmented into spots. The lateral and dorsolateral +stripes are broken into spots posteriorly. The middorsal pale +area (formed by the suffusion of the vertebral stripe) and paravertebral +and dorsolateral rows of spots are pale green. The cream-colored +spots on the flanks are expanded to form vertical bars +(<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 D</a>).</p> + +<p>Large adult males (± 120 mm. snout-vent length) have all of +the stripes fragmented into spots. The diffuse middorsal area is +expanded and encloses the paravertebral rows of spots. The pale +spots present in the dark fields in smaller individuals are either +absent or fused with spots resulting from the fragmentation of the +stripes (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 E</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Sexual dimorphism.</i>—Males attain a larger size (known maximum +snout-vent length of 132 mm., as compared with 114 mm. in females). +Males have larger but not more numerous, femoral pores, +blue bellies, and pink and blue throats, whereas females are unicolor +creamy white ventrally. The more nearly complete metamorphosis +of color pattern exhibited by adult males probably is +correlated with their large adult size. Large females retain complete +lateral and dorsolateral stripes. The jowls of breeding males +are swollen.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[593]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig2"></a><table width="100%"> + <tr> + <td class="center"><a href="images/fig2_big.png"><img src="images/fig2_crop.png" width="722" height="332" border="0" alt="Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color pattern in Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:0.75em;color:#808080;">Click on image to view larger sized version.</span></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color pattern in <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>: A—hatchling, 34 +mm. snout-vent length; B—juvenile, 55 mm. snout-vent length; C—subadult male, 80 mm. snout-vent length; D—small adult male, +100 mm. snout-vent length; E—large adult male, 120 mm. snout-vent length.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[594]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Geographic variation.</i>—No noticeable geographic variation in +this subspecies is evident in the series from the Tepalcatepec +Valley. However, lizards from eastern Michoacán (Chinapa, 6 +km. N of Tafetan, 6 km. S of Tzitzio, and 19 km. S of Tzitzio) differ +slightly from those from the Tepalcatepec Valley; the eastern +specimens have fewer dorsal granules and femoral pores, and a +higher ratio of dorsal granules between the paravertebral stripes +to the number of granules around the body (see Tables 1-3). No +large adult males are present in the eastern series; the subadults +and small adult males have color patterns like lizards of similar +size from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The largest male from the east +has a snout-vent length of 110 mm., rows of pale spots, and no trace +of brown and tan cross-bars. Specimens of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +sacki</i> of equal size from Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in the upper +Balsas Basin have a tan dorsum with dark brown cross-bars. The +localities in eastern Michoacán are intermediate geographically +between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the known range of the +nominal subspecies in the upper Balsas Basin. In characters of +scutellation specimens from the east are intermediate between <i>C. +sacki sacki</i> and <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. However, +in coloration the lizards from the east are like those from the +Tepalcatepec Valley, but differ distinctly from the nominal subspecies. +Therefore, the eastern series is referred to the subspecies +<i>C. sacki zweifeli</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Four other species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> occur in +the Tepalcatepec Valley with <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>. Of +these, <i>C. calidipes</i> has a maximum snout-vent length of 79 mm., 66 +to 86 dorsal granules, and a light brown dorsum with pale blue +spots and vertical bars; <i>C. communis communis</i> has a maximum +snout-vent length of 135 mm., 105 to 144 dorsal granules, and a +greenish tan dorsum with yellow spots; <i>C. deppei infernalis</i> has a +maximum snout-vent length of 84 mm., 91 to 120 dorsal granules, +and a striped pattern throughout life; and <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i> +has a maximum snout-vent length of 98 mm., 108 to 135 dorsal +granules, and a middorsal yellow stripe and vertical bars on the +flanks. Both <i>calidipes</i> and <i>communis</i> are like <i>sacki</i> in possessing +four enlarged supraoculars and enlarged postantebrachials, whereas +<i>deppei</i> and <i>lineatissimus</i> have three enlarged supraoculars and +granular postantebrachials. Juveniles of <i>calidipes</i> and <i>sacki</i> are +alike in coloration but different in the extent of the supraorbital +semicircle-series. In <i>calidipes</i> the supraorbital semicircle-series usually +are complete, whereas in <i>sacki</i> the series never extended anterior +to the posterior edge of the frontal.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<hr class="hr1" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[595]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 1.—Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules<br /> + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span><br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt">106</td><td class="tbldt"> 88-105 </td><td class="tbldt"> 96.3 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.16 </td><td class="tbldt">0.40 </td><td class="tbldt"> 3.92 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 22</td><td class="tbldt">88-103</td><td class="tbldt"> 95.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.18 </td><td class="tbldt">0.89 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.39 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 23</td><td class="tbldt">90-105</td><td class="tbldt"> 95.8</td><td class="tbldt">3.86</td><td class="tbldt">0.80</td><td class="tbldt">4.02</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala</td><td class="tbldt"> 22</td><td class="tbldt"> 90-102</td><td class="tbldt">96.5</td><td class="tbldt">3.56</td><td class="tbldt">0.76</td><td class="tbldt">3.69</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos</td><td class="tbldt"> 39</td><td class="tbldt"> 89-105</td><td class="tbldt">97.2</td><td class="tbldt">4.56</td><td class="tbldt">0.73</td><td class="tbldt">4.69</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki zweifeli</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 191</td><td class="tbldt"> 91-117</td><td class="tbldt">106.2</td><td class="tbldt"> 5.98</td><td class="tbldt">0.43</td><td class="tbldt">3.13</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan</td><td class="tbldt"> 21</td><td class="tbldt"> 91-116</td><td class="tbldt">101.4</td><td class="tbldt"> 8.04</td><td class="tbldt">1.75</td><td class="tbldt">7.92</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán</td><td class="tbldt"> 170</td><td class="tbldt"> 95-117</td><td class="tbldt">106.8</td><td class="tbldt"> 5.42</td><td class="tbldt">1.32</td><td class="tbldt">3.19</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki occidentalis</i><a name="FNanchor_A" id="FNanchor_A"></a><a href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td><td class="tbldt"> 62</td><td class="tbldt"> 97-118</td><td class="tbldt">106.3</td><td class="tbldt"> 4.72</td><td class="tbldt">0.60</td><td class="tbldt">7.61</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<p><a name="Footnote_A" id="Footnote_A"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Data for <i>C. sacki occidentalis</i> in Tables 1-3 are from Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 117: tables 1-3).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 2.—Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores<br /> + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span><br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary=";Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 106 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-44</td><td class="tbldt"> 36.2 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.42 </td><td class="tbldt">0.25 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.28 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 22 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-41</td><td class="tbldt"> 36.7 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.36 </td><td class="tbldt">0.50 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.43 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 23 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-39</td><td class="tbldt"> 35.7 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.15 </td><td class="tbldt">0.45 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.02 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala</td><td class="tbldt"> 22 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-44</td><td class="tbldt"> 37.5 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.59 </td><td class="tbldt">0.55 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.91 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos</td><td class="tbldt"> 39 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-40</td><td class="tbldt"> 35.4 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.19 </td><td class="tbldt">0.35 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.18 </td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki zweifeli</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 189 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-49</td><td class="tbldt"> 41.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.77 </td><td class="tbldt">0.20 </td><td class="tbldt"> 1.46 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan</td><td class="tbldt"> 19 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-43</td><td class="tbldt"> 38.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.61 </td><td class="tbldt">0.60 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.85 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán </td><td class="tbldt"> 170 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2-49</td><td class="tbldt"> 41.4 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.58 </td><td class="tbldt">0.62 </td><td class="tbldt"> 1.52 </td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki occidentalis</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> 67 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-45</td><td class="tbldt"> 38.8 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.46 </td><td class="tbldt">0.30 </td><td class="tbldt"> 3.67 </td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<hr class="hr1" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[596]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 3.—Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral + Stripes to Granules Abound Midbody (PV/GAB) in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span> + <br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral Stripes"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"><span style="width:5em;"> </span></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample </td><td class="tbldt"> 72 </td><td class="tbldt">0.101-0.205</td><td class="tbldt">0.154</td><td class="tbldt">0.052</td><td class="tbldt">0.006</td><td class="tbldt">0.073</td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo </td><td class="tbldt"> 12 </td><td class="tbldt">0.140-0.205</td><td class="tbldt">0.169</td><td class="tbldt">0.052</td><td class="tbldt">0.015</td><td class="tbldt">0.433</td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo </td><td class="tbldt"> 16 </td><td class="tbldt">0.120-0.192</td><td class="tbldt">0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.021</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.131</td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala </td><td class="tbldt"> 21 </td><td class="tbldt">0.142-0.180</td><td class="tbldt">0.159</td><td class="tbldt">0.031</td><td class="tbldt">0.007</td><td class="tbldt">0.147</td></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos </td><td class="tbldt"> 23 </td><td class="tbldt">0.101-0.180</td><td class="tbldt">0.137</td><td class="tbldt">0.023</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.100</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki zweifeli</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample </td><td class="tbldt"> 105 </td><td class="tbldt">0.064-0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.097</td><td class="tbldt">0.070</td><td class="tbldt">0.007</td><td class="tbldt">0.067</td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan </td><td class="tbldt"> 21 </td><td class="tbldt">0.103-0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.128</td><td class="tbldt">0.039</td><td class="tbldt">0.009</td><td class="tbldt">0.186</td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán </td><td class="tbldt"> 84 </td><td class="tbldt">0.064-0.126</td><td class="tbldt">0.089</td><td class="tbldt">0.051</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.060</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki occidentalis</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> 50 </td><td class="tbldt">0.086-0.183</td><td class="tbldt">0.130</td><td class="tbldt">0.021</td><td class="tbldt">0.003</td><td class="tbldt">0.042</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p>From the geographically adjacent populations of <i>sacki</i> (<i>sacki</i> and +<i>occidentalis</i>), <i>zweifeli</i> differs in coloration and scutellation (see +Tables I-III). <i>Cnemidophorus sacki sacki</i> has a dorsal pattern in +adult males of dark brown cross-bars on a tan ground-color. Both +<i>occidentalis</i> and <i>zweifeli</i> have variable, diffuse color patterns in +large adults, but <i>zweifeli</i> differs from <i>occidentalis</i> in having a blue +spot on the pink throat.</p> + +<p><i>Ecology.</i>—In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli</i> lives at elevations of 160 to 1300 meters. In the lower parts +of the valley the lizards live primarily in open scrub forests, characterized +by deciduous trees offering only partial shade from the +sun, especially during the prolonged dry season. Common trees in +this scrub forest are <i>Acacia cymbispina</i>, <i>Cercidium plurifoliolatum</i>, +<i>Mimosa distachya</i>, and <i>Prosopis juliflora</i>.</p> + +<p>During the dry season (November through May) adult males +apparently aestivate; several large series collected in the winter +include only subadults and females. This absence of males is +corroborated by personal observations in the Tepalcatepec Valley +in April and May. In the summer rainy season the lizards are active +in the morning and again in the late afternoon; only <i>Cnemidophorus +calidipes</i> is active during the heat of the midday. In some +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[597]</a></span> +areas of the scrub forest <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> is found in +association with <i>Cnemidophorus communis communis</i>. Throughout +the scrub forest <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> occurs with <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>. +In some of the more dense scrub forest, where <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> +is not so abundant as in the more open forest, it has been taken +with <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i>. In the open <i>Acacia-Cercidium</i> associations +on the valley floor <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> occurs with <i>C. calidipes</i>.</p> + +<p>This subspecies is not restricted to the scrub forest. On the +lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica in Michoacán <i>C. sacki +zweifeli</i> has been collected in open pine-oak forest near Zirimicuaro +and Ziracuaretiro.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>—<i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> inhabits the valley +of the Río Tepalcatepec in Michoacán and probably extreme southwestern +Jalisco, and the western part of the Balsas Basin in +Michoacán. No specimens have been seen from extreme western +Guerrero, but <i>C. s. zweifeli</i> may occur there.</p> + +<div class="blkquote"> +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Catalogue numbers are preceded by abbreviations of +the name of the institution as listed in the acknowledgements.</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki occidentalis</i>, 22 specimens, as follows: <i>Jalisco</i>: 8 +km. E of Ameca, UMMZ 102045; 7 km. SE of Ameca, UMMZ 102046; Autlán, +UMMZ 102044, 102219-21; 7 km. ESE of El Arenal, UMMZ 114736 (2); +San Gabriel, UMMZ 102040, 102042-3. <i>Michoacán</i>: 2 km. ESE of Jiquilpan, +UMMZ 117557 (3). <i>Nayarit</i>: Ixtlán del Río, UMMZ 104747; San José de la +Conde, UMMZ 102047 (4); 5 km. N of Santa Isabel, UMMZ 102048-50.</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki sacki</i>, 108 specimens, as follows: <i>Guerrero</i>: Chilpancingo, +UMMZ 72426 (8), 73937 (7), 88422 (4); 8 km. W of Chilpancingo, +UMMZ 119144 (4); 5 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 114712 (11); 15 km. N of +Iguala, UMMZ 99039; Mexcala, UMMZ 114711 (10); 8 km. S of Taxco, +UMMZ 114709 (2). <i>Morelos</i>: Amacuzac, UMMZ 114716; 3 km. S of Cuautla, +UMMZ 99031 (9), 99917 (11): Río Cuautla, UMMZ 99038 (6); 5 km. +S of Temixco, UMMZ 114718 (12); <i>Puebla</i>: 5 km. SE of Izúcar de Matamoros, +UMMZ 112650 (4); 13 km. SE of Izúcar de Matamoros, UMMZ 117497 (2); +3 km. NW of Tehuitzingo, UMMZ 114714 (10); 1 km. N of Teyuca, UMMZ +114713 (6).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>, 207 specimens, as follows: <i>Michoacán</i>: +Apatzingán, CNHM 36966-8, 38969, 38971 (18), 38972 (50), UIMNH +36772-7, USNM 135967-8, 135970, 135972-3; 4 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ +85412; 6.5 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114731 (5); 5 km. W of Apatzingán, +KU 29289-90, 29293-7; 10 km. W of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114730 (4); 12.3 +km. S of Apatzingán, UMMZ 112647; 16 km. S of Apatzingán, KU 29298; +14 km. SSW of Apatzingán, KU 29735, 29746, 29750-2; 10 km. W of Buenavista, +UMMZ 114719 (3); Capirio, UMMZ 112643, 114722 (2), 114733, +119536-50; 4 km. N of Capirio, UMMZ 112644 (3), 112645; 5.6 km. N of +Capirio, UMMZ 114732; 2 km. S of Charapendo, UMMZ 112639 (12); +Chinapa, UMMZ 119556 (2); Jazmin, UMMZ 114725 (2); between La +Playa and Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ 104748 (2); Limoncito, UMMZ 119552 +(3); 14 km. S of Lombardia, KU 29299-301, 29303, 29305-11; 6 km. SW +of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112640 (2); 2.7 km. S of Nueva Italia, UMMZ +112641 (4); 5 km. N of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 114721; Río Marquez, 10 km. +S of Lombardia, UMMZ 112642, 112646; Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[598]</a></span> +Italia, UMMZ 114726; 6 km. N of Tafetan, UMMZ 119555 (18); 14.5 km. +E of Tepalcatepec, UMMZ 114720 (2); 6 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99199, +99200 (2); 19 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99154; Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ 104449 +(4), 104750; Ziracuaretiro, UMMZ 114724; 3 km. NW of Zirimicuaro, UMMZ +114723.</p> + +<p><i>Acknowledgments.</i>—For the loan of specimens under their care I am indebted +to Doris M. Cochran, United States National Museum (USNM); Norman +Hartweg, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); Robert +F. Inger, Chicago Natural History Museum (CNHM); and Hobart M. Smith, +University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (UIMNH). I thank Ann +S. Duellman, Richard E. Etheridge, Fred G. Thompson, Jerome B. Tulecke, +and John Wellman for their assistance in the field, Lorna Cordonnier for the +drawing reproduced as Figure 1, and Richard G. Zweifel for helpful suggestions +and criticism. Field work in México was made possible by grants from +the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and the Bache Fund +of the National Academy of Sciences in co-operation with the Museum of +Zoology of the University of Michigan.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><i>Transmitted February 2, 1960.</i> +</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"><img src="images/square.png" width="16" height="17" alt="square" /><br /> +28-2494</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<hr class="hr1" /> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. 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