diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-8.txt | 899 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 15237 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 244541 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/33508-h.htm | 1046 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/bar_double.png | bin | 0 -> 162 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/bar_single.png | bin | 0 -> 160 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/fig1_big.png | bin | 0 -> 22874 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/fig1_crop.png | bin | 0 -> 68932 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/fig2_big.png | bin | 0 -> 97050 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/fig2_crop.png | bin | 0 -> 35315 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/square.png | bin | 0 -> 195 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508-h/images/union_label.png | bin | 0 -> 1528 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508.txt | 899 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 33508.zip | bin | 0 -> 15198 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
17 files changed, 2860 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33508-8.txt b/33508-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..893e3b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,899 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus +sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33508] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications~ + + ~Museum of Natural History~ + + Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs. + + May 2, 1960 + + + + A New Subspecies of Lizard, + Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México + + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence~ + 1960 + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + + Volume 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs. + Published May 2, 1960 + + + ~University of Kansas~ + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1960 + + 28-2494 + + + + + + A New Subspecies of Lizard, + Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México + + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +The systematic status of the populations of lizards assignable to +_Cnemidophorus sacki_ in western México (Sonora southward to Jalisco) +has been reviewed in detail by Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist, 117 (2):57-116), who stated that the use of the specific name +_sacki_ for the western populations rests upon a reasonable, but as +yet unproved, assumption that intergradation occurs. Although Zweifel +examined specimens of the nominal subspecies from the upper Balsas +Basin, he did not study specimens from the intervening area--the +Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacán. + +Field studies and the examination of large series of preserved +specimens of _Cnemidophorus_ from the Tepalcatepec Valley show the +presence of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ in the region between the ranges of +_C. sacki sacki_ in the upper Balsas Basin and _C. sacki occidentalis_ +in Jalisco and southern Nayarit. Furthermore, the populations of +_sacki_ inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley have characters of +scutellation and coloration that distinguish them from other described +subspecies of _sacki_. In recognition of the important contributions +to the systematics of the genus _Cnemidophorus_ made by Dr. Richard G. +Zweifel, I propose that the subspecies of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ in the +Tepalcatepec Valley be named as follows: + + + +Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli+ new subspecies + +_Holotype._--University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 119542, from +Capirio, Michoacán, México (185 meters), an adult male, one of a +series collected on June 13, 1958, by William E. Duellman, Jerome B. +Tulecke, and John Wellman. Original number WED 12310. + +_Paratopotypes._--UMMZ Nos. 119536-119541 and 119543-119550. + +_Diagnosis._--A race of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ characterized by large +size (more than 130 mm. snout-vent length in males), approximately 106 +dorsal granules around the midbody, about 41 femoral pores, and a +dorsal color-pattern in adult males consisting of lateral and +dorsolateral rows of spots, paravertebral rows fused with middorsal +light green area at least anteriorly, and pink throat having a median +light blue spot or transverse band. + +_Description of Holotype._--Snout-vent length, 128 mm.; tail length, +252 mm.; tail/body ratio, 1.97; scutellation typical of _sacki_--four +supraoculars, enlarged postantebrachials, and enlarged mesoptychials; +107 granules around midbody (excluding enlarged ventrals); 45 femoral +pores; three enlarged preanal scales; supraorbital semicircle-series +extending anteriorly to posterior edge of frontal (Fig. 1). + + + [Illustration: Top View Head - Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli] + +~Fig. 1.~ Top view of the head of the holotype of _Cnemidophorus sacki + zweifeli_ (UMMZ 119542) showing scutellation. ×5. + + +Top of head and nape dusty brown; tip of rostral and lateral edges of +superciliaries dark cream-color; upper labials and sides of head +anterior to eyes cream-color, mottled with blue; lower labials and +postocular region pale blue; mental, postmental, and sublabials +cream-color. Upper surfaces of forelimbs dull bluish gray, spotted +with pale greenish yellow; dorsal surfaces of proximal one-fourth of +tail light brownish gray turning to pale orange-brown posteriorly; +lateral surfaces of tail bluish gray anteriorly and creamy brown +posteriorly. Nuchal region light bluish gray; flanks dark gray; dorsal +ground-color dark brown, somewhat paler posteriorly. Body having a row +of cream-colored spots in place of a lateral stripe, and another row +in place of dorsolateral stripe; dorsally, large diffuse tan or light +green spots partially fused and tending to form irregular transverse +markings. Chin to posterior end of sublabials pale pink, bordered +posteriorly by bluish white area, and then pink. Mesoptychials, under +surfaces of hind limbs, and belly cream-colored; anterior edges of +belly scales dark blue; lateral two rows of ventrals on posterior +two-thirds of body dark blue having light blue or cream-colored spots. +Under surfaces of forelimbs bluish cream; ventral surface of tail +cream-colored. + +_Variation in Size and Scutellation._--The largest male has a +snout-vent length of 132 mm., the largest female, 114 mm., and the +smallest juvenile, 34 mm. The number of dorsal granules at the midbody +varies from 91 to 117 (106.2 ± 0.43); the ratio of the number of +granules between the paravertebral stripes to the number of granules +around the body (PV/GAB) varies from 0.064 to 0.157 (0.097 ±0.007); +the number of femoral pores varies from 32 to 49 (41.1 ± 0.20). +Usually there are only three enlarged preanals, but 18 specimens have +a somewhat enlarged scale anterior to the normal complement of three. +In 15 specimens the supraorbital semicircle-series terminate short of +the posterior edge of the frontal; in the others the series reach the +frontal. + +_Variation in Coloration._--The coloration of juveniles and subadults +varies little; large adults vary considerably especially in the amount +of diffusion of the light green middorsal area. In some individuals +the vertebral pale area does not include the paravertebral spots; in +other individuals the pale area includes not only the paravertebral +rows, but, at least anteriorly, the dorsolateral rows. In large males +of about equal size (and collected at the same time) there is +considerable variation in the amount of blue on the belly. In a few of +the males the belly is white with only the anterior edge of each scale +blue; in some only the lateral rows of ventrals on the posterior +two-thirds of the body are blue; in others all of the posterior +two-thirds of the belly is blue. + +_Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern._--The metamorphosis of color +pattern in _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ results in the dorsal +ground-color becoming paler with age, the replacement of the stripes +by spots, and finally in large males the suffusion of these spots. + +A single hatchling (UMMZ 114732) is available; this specimen has a +prominent umbilical scar and a snout-vent length of 34 mm. The top of +the head is olive brown; the dorsal surfaces of the limbs are dark +brown with cream mottling; the dorsal ground-color is brownish black; +this is paler on the lower flanks. The lateral and dorsolateral +stripes are cream-colored; the paravertebral stripes are white. There +is a faint, diffuse vertebral stripe anteriorly (Fig. 2 A). The throat +and undersides of the limbs and tail are cream-colored; the belly is +bluish white. In life the stripes were pale yellowish green, and the +tip of the tail was pink. + +In larger individuals the dorsal ground-color is dark brown; the +lower flanks are grayish tan. Light brown diffuse spots are present +in the lateral and dorsolateral dark fields. The tan vertebral stripe +is diffuse and nearly fills the paravertebral dark fields; the +paravertebral stripes are faint posteriorly; throughout their length +they are scalloped--the beginning of their fragmentation into spots +(Fig. 2 B). + +In subadults (± 80 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral stripes +are fragmented into spots posteriorly. Also, the dorsolateral stripes +in some individuals are fragmented posteriorly. The dorsolateral dark +fields are somewhat paler than the lateral dark fields. Cream-colored +spots are present on the flanks. The mottling on the thighs tends +towards the formation of light spots (Fig. 2 C). + +In small adults (± 100 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are entirely fragmented into spots. The lateral and +dorsolateral stripes are broken into spots posteriorly. The middorsal +pale area (formed by the suffusion of the vertebral stripe) and +paravertebral and dorsolateral rows of spots are pale green. The +cream-colored spots on the flanks are expanded to form vertical bars +(Fig. 2 D). + +Large adult males (± 120 mm. snout-vent length) have all of the +stripes fragmented into spots. The diffuse middorsal area is expanded +and encloses the paravertebral rows of spots. The pale spots present +in the dark fields in smaller individuals are either absent or fused +with spots resulting from the fragmentation of the stripes (Fig. 2 E). + +_Sexual dimorphism._--Males attain a larger size (known maximum +snout-vent length of 132 mm., as compared with 114 mm. in females). +Males have larger but not more numerous, femoral pores, blue bellies, +and pink and blue throats, whereas females are unicolor creamy white +ventrally. The more nearly complete metamorphosis of color pattern +exhibited by adult males probably is correlated with their large adult +size. Large females retain complete lateral and dorsolateral stripes. +The jowls of breeding males are swollen. + + + [Illustration: Color Pattern Change Diagram] + +~Fig. 2.~ Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color + pattern in _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_: A--hatchling, 34 mm. + snout-vent length; B--juvenile, 55 mm. snout-vent length; + C--subadult male, 80 mm. snout-vent length; D--small adult male, + 100 mm. snout-vent length; E--large adult male, 120 mm. snout-vent + length. + + +_Geographic variation._--No noticeable geographic variation in this +subspecies is evident in the series from the Tepalcatepec Valley. +However, lizards from eastern Michoacán (Chinapa, 6 km. N of Tafetan, +6 km. S of Tzitzio, and 19 km. S of Tzitzio) differ slightly from +those from the Tepalcatepec Valley; the eastern specimens have fewer +dorsal granules and femoral pores, and a higher ratio of dorsal +granules between the paravertebral stripes to the number of granules +around the body (see Tables 1-3). No large adult males are present in +the eastern series; the subadults and small adult males have color +patterns like lizards of similar size from the Tepalcatepec Valley. +The largest male from the east has a snout-vent length of 110 mm., +rows of pale spots, and no trace of brown and tan cross-bars. +Specimens of _Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_ of equal size from Guerrero, +Morelos, and Puebla in the upper Balsas Basin have a tan dorsum with +dark brown cross-bars. The localities in eastern Michoacán are +intermediate geographically between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the +known range of the nominal subspecies in the upper Balsas Basin. In +characters of scutellation specimens from the east are intermediate +between _C. sacki sacki_ and _C. sacki zweifeli_ in the Tepalcatepec +Valley. However, in coloration the lizards from the east are like +those from the Tepalcatepec Valley, but differ distinctly from the +nominal subspecies. Therefore, the eastern series is referred to the +subspecies _C. sacki zweifeli_. + +_Comparisons._--Four other species of _Cnemidophorus_ occur in the +Tepalcatepec Valley with _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_. Of these, _C. +calidipes_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 79 mm., 66 to 86 dorsal +granules, and a light brown dorsum with pale blue spots and vertical +bars; _C. communis communis_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 135 +mm., 105 to 144 dorsal granules, and a greenish tan dorsum with yellow +spots; _C. deppei infernalis_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 84 +mm., 91 to 120 dorsal granules, and a striped pattern throughout life; +and _C. lineatissimus exoristus_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 98 +mm., 108 to 135 dorsal granules, and a middorsal yellow stripe and +vertical bars on the flanks. Both _calidipes_ and _communis_ are like +_sacki_ in possessing four enlarged supraoculars and enlarged +postantebrachials, whereas _deppei_ and _lineatissimus_ have three +enlarged supraoculars and granular postantebrachials. Juveniles of +_calidipes_ and _sacki_ are alike in coloration but different in the +extent of the supraorbital semicircle-series. In _calidipes_ the +supraorbital semicircle-series usually are complete, whereas in +_sacki_ the series never extended anterior to the posterior edge of +the frontal. + + + + +~Table 1.--Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki~ + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/======================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+---------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 106 | 88-105 | 96.3 | 4.16 | 0.40 | 3.92 | +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 22 | 88-103 | 95.1 | 4.18 | 0.89 | 4.39 | +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 23 | 90-105 | 95.8 | 3.86 | 0.80 | 4.02 | +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 22 | 90-102 | 96.5 | 3.56 | 0.76 | 3.69 | +| Morelos | 39 | 89-105 | 97.2 | 4.56 | 0.73 | 4.69 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 191 | 91-117 | 106.2| 5.98 | 0.43 | 3.13 | +| Michoacán: Tafetan | 21 | 91-116 | 101.4| 8.04 | 1.75 | 7.92 | +| Michoacán: Apatzingán | 170 | 95-117 | 106.8| 5.42 | 1.32 | 3.19 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_[A] | 62 | 97-118 | 106.3| 4.72 | 0.60 | 7.61 | +\======================================================================/ + +[Footnote A: Data for _C. sacki occidentalis_ in Tables 1-3 are from +Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 117: tables 1-3).] + + + + +Table 2.--Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores in Three +Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/======================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+---------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 106 | 32-44 | 36.2 | 2.42 | 0.25 | 2.28 | +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 22 | 33-41 | 36.7 | 2.36 | 0.50 | 6.43 | +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 23 | 32-39 | 35.7 | 2.15 | 0.45 | 6.02 | +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 22 | 33-44 | 37.5 | 2.59 | 0.55 | 6.91 | +| Morelos | 39 | 32-40 | 35.4 | 2.19 | 0.35 | 6.18 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 189 | 32-49 | 41.1 | 2.77 | 0.20 | 1.46 | +| Michoacán: Tafetan | 19 | 33-43 | 38.1 | 2.61 | 0.60 | 6.85 | +| Michoacán: Apatzingán | 170 | 2-49 | 41.4 | 2.58 | 0.62 | 1.52 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_ | 67 | 32-45 | 38.8 | 2.46 | 0.30 | 3.67 | +\======================================================================/ + + + + +~Table 3.--Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral + Stripes to Granules Abound Midbody (PV/GAB) in Three + Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki~ + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/========================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 72 |0.101-0.205| 0.154| 0.052| 0.006| 0.073| +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 12 |0.140-0.205| 0.169| 0.052| 0.015| 0.433| +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 16 |0.120-0.192| 0.157| 0.021| 0.005| 0.131| +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 21 |0.142-0.180| 0.159| 0.031| 0.007| 0.147| +| Morelos | 23 |0.101-0.180| 0.137| 0.023| 0.005| 0.100| +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 105 |0.064-0.157| 0.097| 0.070| 0.007| 0.067| +| Michoacán: Tafetan | 21 |0.103-0.157| 0.128| 0.039| 0.009| 0.186| +| Michoacán: Apatzingán | 84 |0.064-0.126| 0.089| 0.051| 0.005| 0.060| +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_ | 50 |0.086-0.183| 0.130| 0.021| 0.003| 0.042| +\========================================================================/ + + + + +From the geographically adjacent populations of _sacki_ (_sacki_ and +_occidentalis_), _zweifeli_ differs in coloration and scutellation +(see Tables I-III). _Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_ has a dorsal pattern +in adult males of dark brown cross-bars on a tan ground-color. Both +_occidentalis_ and _zweifeli_ have variable, diffuse color patterns +in large adults, but _zweifeli_ differs from _occidentalis_ in having +a blue spot on the pink throat. + +_Ecology._--In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley _Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli_ lives at elevations of 160 to 1300 meters. In the lower +parts of the valley the lizards live primarily in open scrub forests, +characterized by deciduous trees offering only partial shade from the +sun, especially during the prolonged dry season. Common trees in +this scrub forest are _Acacia cymbispina_, _Cercidium +plurifoliolatum_, _Mimosa distachya_, and _Prosopis juliflora_. + +During the dry season (November through May) adult males apparently +aestivate; several large series collected in the winter include only +subadults and females. This absence of males is corroborated by +personal observations in the Tepalcatepec Valley in April and May. In +the summer rainy season the lizards are active in the morning and +again in the late afternoon; only _Cnemidophorus calidipes_ is active +during the heat of the midday. In some areas of the scrub forest +_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ is found in association with +_Cnemidophorus communis communis_. Throughout the scrub forest _C. +sacki zweifeli_ occurs with _C. deppei infernalis_. In some of the +more dense scrub forest, where _C. sacki zweifeli_ is not so abundant +as in the more open forest, it has been taken with _C. lineatissimus +exoristus_. In the open _Acacia-Cercidium_ associations on the valley +floor _C. sacki zweifeli_ occurs with _C. calidipes_. + +This subspecies is not restricted to the scrub forest. On the lower +slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica in Michoacán _C. sacki zweifeli_ +has been collected in open pine-oak forest near Zirimicuaro and +Ziracuaretiro. + +_Distribution._--_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ inhabits the valley +of the Río Tepalcatepec in Michoacán and probably extreme southwestern +Jalisco, and the western part of the Balsas Basin in Michoacán. No +specimens have been seen from extreme western Guerrero, but _C. s. +zweifeli_ may occur there. + +_Specimens examined._--Catalogue numbers are preceded by abbreviations +of the name of the institution as listed in the acknowledgements. + +_Cnemidophorus sacki occidentalis_, 22 specimens, as follows: +_Jalisco_: 8 km. E of Ameca, UMMZ 102045; 7 km. SE of Ameca, UMMZ +102046; Autlán, UMMZ 102044, 102219-21; 7 km. ESE of El Arenal, UMMZ +114736 (2); San Gabriel, UMMZ 102040, 102042-3. _Michoacán_: 2 km. ESE +of Jiquilpan, UMMZ 117557 (3). _Nayarit_: Ixtlán del Río, UMMZ 104747; +San José de la Conde, UMMZ 102047 (4); 5 km. N of Santa Isabel, UMMZ +102048-50. + +_Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_, 108 specimens, as follows: _Guerrero_: +Chilpancingo, UMMZ 72426 (8), 73937 (7), 88422 (4); 8 km. W of +Chilpancingo, UMMZ 119144 (4); 5 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 114712 (11); +15 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 99039; Mexcala, UMMZ 114711 (10); 8 km. S of +Taxco, UMMZ 114709 (2). _Morelos_: Amacuzac, UMMZ 114716; 3 km. S of +Cuautla, UMMZ 99031 (9), 99917 (11): Río Cuautla, UMMZ 99038 (6); 5 km. +S of Temixco, UMMZ 114718 (12); _Puebla_: 5 km. SE of Izúcar de +Matamoros, UMMZ 112650 (4); 13 km. SE of Izúcar de Matamoros, UMMZ +117497 (2); 3 km. NW of Tehuitzingo, UMMZ 114714 (10); 1 km. N of +Teyuca, UMMZ 114713 (6). + +_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_, 207 specimens, as follows: _Michoacán_: +Apatzingán, CNHM 36966-8, 38969, 38971 (18), 38972 (50), UIMNH +36772-7, USNM 135967-8, 135970, 135972-3; 4 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ +85412; 6.5 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114731 (5); 5 km. W of +Apatzingán, KU 29289-90, 29293-7; 10 km. W of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114730 +(4); 12.3 km. S of Apatzingán, UMMZ 112647; 16 km. S of Apatzingán, KU +29298; 14 km. SSW of Apatzingán, KU 29735, 29746, 29750-2; 10 km. W of +Buenavista, UMMZ 114719 (3); Capirio, UMMZ 112643, 114722 (2), 114733, +119536-50; 4 km. N of Capirio, UMMZ 112644 (3), 112645; 5.6 km. N of +Capirio, UMMZ 114732; 2 km. S of Charapendo, UMMZ 112639 (12); +Chinapa, UMMZ 119556 (2); Jazmin, UMMZ 114725 (2); between La Playa +and Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ 104748 (2); Limoncito, UMMZ 119552 (3); +14 km. S of Lombardia, KU 29299-301, 29303, 29305-11; 6 km. SW of +Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112640 (2); 2.7 km. S of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112641 +(4); 5 km. N of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 114721; Río Marquez, 10 km. S of +Lombardia, UMMZ 112642, 112646; Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +Italia, UMMZ 114726; 6 km. N of Tafetan, UMMZ 119555 (18); 14.5 km. +E of Tepalcatepec, UMMZ 114720 (2); 6 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99199, +99200 (2); 19 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99154; Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ +104449 (4), 104750; Ziracuaretiro, UMMZ 114724; 3 km. NW of +Zirimicuaro, UMMZ 114723. + +_Acknowledgments._--For the loan of specimens under their care I am +indebted to Doris M. Cochran, United States National Museum (USNM); +Norman Hartweg, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); +Robert F. Inger, Chicago Natural History Museum (CNHM); and Hobart M. +Smith, University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (UIMNH). I +thank Ann S. Duellman, Richard E. Etheridge, Fred G. Thompson, Jerome +B. Tulecke, and John Wellman for their assistance in the field, Lorna +Cordonnier for the drawing reproduced as Figure 1, and Richard G. +Zweifel for helpful suggestions and criticism. Field work in México +was made possible by grants from the Penrose Fund of the American +Philosophical Society and the Bache Fund of the National Academy of +Sciences in co-operation with the Museum of Zoology of the University +of Michigan. + + +_Transmitted February 2, 1960._ + + + [] + 28-2494 + + + * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes. + +This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of two +typographical errors that were corrected, the original text is +presented. Figure 1 has the notation ×5 after the caption to let the +reader know that the image was enlarged by a factor of five. + + +Typographical Errors Corrected: + + Page 589, Paragraph 2: Tepalcatapec => Tepalcatepec + + Page 592, Paragraph 2: ground color => ground-color + the hypented versionappearsn Page 596 in the paragraph + following the table. + + +Emphasis Notation: + + _text_ - italicized + +text+ - bold + ~text~ - small caps + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + +***** This file should be named 33508-8.txt or 33508-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33508/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/33508-8.zip b/33508-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..35af093 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-8.zip diff --git a/33508-h.zip b/33508-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..00219c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h.zip diff --git a/33508-h/33508-h.htm b/33508-h/33508-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d20c549 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/33508-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Geographic Variation in the A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacen, Mexico by William E. Duellman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 10%;margin-right: 10%;} + p { text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + hr { color:#000; } + .hr1 {width:85%;height:2px;text-align:center;} + .hr2 {width:30%;height:2px;text-align:center;} + + table {text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse:collapse;} + .tblhdr {text-align:center; border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + .tbldt {border-left:solid black 1px; text-align:center; padding: 6px;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent: 0; font-weight: normal; + color: gray; font-size: 0.7em; text-align: right;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .blkquote {font-size:80%;} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold;font-size:250%;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold;font-size:165%; } + .caption3 {font-weight: bold;font-size:125%; } + .caption4 {font-weight: bold;font-size:115%; } + .technt {border:solid black 1px; background:#d0d0d0;padding: 0 1em 1em 1em;} + .footnotes {border-top: solid black 1px; padding: 0 1em 1em 1em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: text-bottom; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus +sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33508] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="technt"> +<div class="center"><span class="caption3">Transcriber's Notes.</span></div> +<p>This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of +two typographical errors that were corrected, the original text and +copies of the included illustrations are presented. The smaller graphic +shown as Figure 2 was processed to remove moire effects when viewed at smaller +sizes. Clicking on the Figures will allow the user to view a copy of the +original scanned image from which it was derived.</p> + + +<p> </p> + +<a name="Typo_Corr"></a><span class="caption4">Typographical Errors Corrected:</span> +<p> Page 589, Paragraph 2: <a href="#Tepalcatepec">Tepalcatapec => Tepalcatepec</a></p> +<p> Page 592, Paragraph 2: <a href="#ground-color">ground color => ground-color</a></p> + +<p>In the original, Figure 1 had the notation X5 after the caption to let the +reader know that the image was enlarged by a factor of five. As the illustration +in the HTML page will display at different sizes based on the resolution of the +monitor and the size the browser window, it was decided to remove that notation +and the viewer would derive the measurements from the body of the paper.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[587]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<p> </p> +<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> +<div class="caption2 smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</div> +<hr class="hr2" /><br /> +<div class="caption2">Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs.</div><br /> +<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_single.png" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /> <span class="caption2">May 2, 1960</span> <img src="images/bar_single.png" width="30%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar" /></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption1"> +A New Subspecies of Lizard,<br /> +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3"> +BY<br /> +<p> </p> + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1960 +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[588]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2"> +Volume 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs.<br /> +Published May 2, 1960</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption4"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</div><br /> + +<div class="caption5"> +PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1960<br /> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="74" height="27" alt="Look for the Union Label!" /><br /> +28-2494<br /> +</div> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[589]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption2">A New Subspecies of Lizard,<br /> +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México</div><br /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2">BY</div><br /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2">WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</div><br /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> + + +<p>The systematic status of the populations of lizards assignable to +<i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> in western México (Sonora southward to +Jalisco) has been reviewed in detail by Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist, 117 (2):57-116), who stated that the use of the +specific name <i>sacki</i> for the western populations rests upon a reasonable, +but as yet unproved, assumption that intergradation occurs. +Although Zweifel examined specimens of the nominal subspecies +from the upper Balsas Basin, he did not study specimens from the +intervening area—the Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacán.</p> + +<p>Field studies and the examination of large series of preserved +specimens of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> from the <a name="Tepalcatepec"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">Tepalcatepec</a> Valley show +the presence of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> in the region between the +ranges of <i>C. sacki sacki</i> in the upper Balsas Basin and <i>C. sacki +occidentalis</i> in Jalisco and southern Nayarit. Furthermore, the +populations of <i>sacki</i> inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley have characters +of scutellation and coloration that distinguish them from +other described subspecies of <i>sacki</i>. In recognition of the important +contributions to the systematics of the genus <i>Cnemidophorus</i> made +by Dr. Richard G. Zweifel, I propose that the subspecies of <i>Cnemidophorus +sacki</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley be named as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</b> new subspecies</div> + +<div class="blkquote"> +<p><i>Holotype.</i>—University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 119542, from +Capirio, Michoacán, México (185 meters), an adult male, one of a series +collected on June 13, 1958, by William E. Duellman, Jerome B. Tulecke, and +John Wellman. Original number WED 12310.</p> + +<p><i>Paratopotypes.</i>—UMMZ Nos. 119536-119541 and 119543-119550.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A race of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i> characterized by large size +(more than 130 mm. snout-vent length in males), approximately 106 dorsal +granules around the midbody, about 41 femoral pores, and a dorsal color-pattern +in adult males consisting of lateral and dorsolateral rows of spots, +paravertebral rows fused with middorsal light green area at least anteriorly, +and pink throat having a median light blue spot or transverse band.</p> + +<p><i>Description of Holotype.</i>—Snout-vent length, 128 mm.; tail length, 252 +mm.; tail/body ratio, 1.97; scutellation typical of <i>sacki</i>—four supraoculars, +enlarged postantebrachials, and enlarged mesoptychials; 107 granules around +midbody (excluding enlarged ventrals); 45 femoral pores; three enlarged +preanal scales; supraorbital semicircle-series extending anteriorly to posterior +edge of frontal (<a href="#Fig1">Fig. 1</a>).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[590]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <a name="Fig1"></a><a href="images/fig1_big.png"><img src="images/fig1_crop.png" width="326" height="506" border="0" alt="Top view head of Cnemidophorus sacki" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:0.75em;color:#808080;">Click on image to view larger sized version.</span><br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Top view of the head of the holotype of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli</i> (UMMZ 119542) showing scutellation. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[591]</a></span></p> +<div class="blkquote"> +<p>Top of head and nape dusty brown; tip of rostral and lateral edges of +superciliaries dark cream-color; upper labials and sides of head anterior to +eyes cream-color, mottled with blue; lower labials and postocular region pale +blue; mental, postmental, and sublabials cream-color. Upper surfaces of +forelimbs dull bluish gray, spotted with pale greenish yellow; dorsal surfaces +of proximal one-fourth of tail light brownish gray turning to pale orange-brown +posteriorly; lateral surfaces of tail bluish gray anteriorly and creamy brown +posteriorly. Nuchal region light bluish gray; flanks dark gray; dorsal ground-color +dark brown, somewhat paler posteriorly. Body having a row of cream-colored +spots in place of a lateral stripe, and another row in place of dorsolateral +stripe; dorsally, large diffuse tan or light green spots partially fused and +tending to form irregular transverse markings. Chin to posterior end of sublabials +pale pink, bordered posteriorly by bluish white area, and then pink. +Mesoptychials, under surfaces of hind limbs, and belly cream-colored; anterior +edges of belly scales dark blue; lateral two rows of ventrals on posterior two-thirds +of body dark blue having light blue or cream-colored spots. Under +surfaces of forelimbs bluish cream; ventral surface of tail cream-colored.</p> + +<p><i>Variation in Size and Scutellation.</i>—The largest male has a snout-vent +length of 132 mm., the largest female, 114 mm., and the smallest juvenile, 34 +mm. The number of dorsal granules at the midbody varies from 91 to 117 +(106.2 ± 0.43); the ratio of the number of granules between the paravertebral +stripes to the number of granules around the body (PV/GAB) varies from +0.064 to 0.157 (0.097 ±0.007); the number of femoral pores varies from +32 to 49 (41.1 ± 0.20). Usually there are only three enlarged preanals, but +18 specimens have a somewhat enlarged scale anterior to the normal complement +of three. In 15 specimens the supraorbital semicircle-series terminate +short of the posterior edge of the frontal; in the others the series reach the +frontal.</p> + +<p><i>Variation in Coloration.</i>—The coloration of juveniles and subadults varies +little; large adults vary considerably especially in the amount of diffusion of +the light green middorsal area. In some individuals the vertebral pale area +does not include the paravertebral spots; in other individuals the pale area +includes not only the paravertebral rows, but, at least anteriorly, the dorsolateral +rows. In large males of about equal size (and collected at the same +time) there is considerable variation in the amount of blue on the belly. In +a few of the males the belly is white with only the anterior edge of each scale +blue; in some only the lateral rows of ventrals on the posterior two-thirds of +the body are blue; in others all of the posterior two-thirds of the belly is blue.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern.</i>—The metamorphosis of +color pattern in <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> results in the dorsal +ground-color becoming paler with age, the replacement of the +stripes by spots, and finally in large males the suffusion of these +spots.</p> + +<p>A single hatchling (UMMZ 114732) is available; this specimen +has a prominent umbilical scar and a snout-vent length of 34 mm. +The top of the head is olive brown; the dorsal surfaces of the limbs +are dark brown with cream mottling; the dorsal ground-color is +brownish black; this is paler on the lower flanks. The lateral and +dorsolateral stripes are cream-colored; the paravertebral stripes are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[592]</a></span> +white. There is a faint, diffuse vertebral stripe anteriorly (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 A</a>). +The throat and undersides of the limbs and tail are cream-colored; +the belly is bluish white. In life the stripes were pale yellowish +green, and the tip of the tail was pink.</p> + +<p>In larger individuals the dorsal <a name="ground-color"></a><a href="#Typo_Corr">ground-color</a> is dark brown; the +lower flanks are grayish tan. Light brown diffuse spots are present +in the lateral and dorsolateral dark fields. The tan vertebral stripe +is diffuse and nearly fills the paravertebral dark fields; the paravertebral +stripes are faint posteriorly; throughout their length they are +scalloped—the beginning of their fragmentation into spots (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. +2 B</a>).</p> + +<p>In subadults (± 80 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are fragmented into spots posteriorly. Also, the dorsolateral +stripes in some individuals are fragmented posteriorly. The dorsolateral +dark fields are somewhat paler than the lateral dark fields. +Cream-colored spots are present on the flanks. The mottling on +the thighs tends towards the formation of light spots (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 C</a>).</p> + +<p>In small adults (± 100 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are entirely fragmented into spots. The lateral and dorsolateral +stripes are broken into spots posteriorly. The middorsal pale +area (formed by the suffusion of the vertebral stripe) and paravertebral +and dorsolateral rows of spots are pale green. The cream-colored +spots on the flanks are expanded to form vertical bars +(<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 D</a>).</p> + +<p>Large adult males (± 120 mm. snout-vent length) have all of +the stripes fragmented into spots. The diffuse middorsal area is +expanded and encloses the paravertebral rows of spots. The pale +spots present in the dark fields in smaller individuals are either +absent or fused with spots resulting from the fragmentation of the +stripes (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2 E</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Sexual dimorphism.</i>—Males attain a larger size (known maximum +snout-vent length of 132 mm., as compared with 114 mm. in females). +Males have larger but not more numerous, femoral pores, +blue bellies, and pink and blue throats, whereas females are unicolor +creamy white ventrally. The more nearly complete metamorphosis +of color pattern exhibited by adult males probably is +correlated with their large adult size. Large females retain complete +lateral and dorsolateral stripes. The jowls of breeding males +are swollen.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[593]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig2"></a><table width="100%"> + <tr> + <td class="center"><a href="images/fig2_big.png"><img src="images/fig2_crop.png" width="722" height="332" border="0" alt="Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color pattern in Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:0.75em;color:#808080;">Click on image to view larger sized version.</span></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color pattern in <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>: A—hatchling, 34 +mm. snout-vent length; B—juvenile, 55 mm. snout-vent length; C—subadult male, 80 mm. snout-vent length; D—small adult male, +100 mm. snout-vent length; E—large adult male, 120 mm. snout-vent length.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[594]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Geographic variation.</i>—No noticeable geographic variation in +this subspecies is evident in the series from the Tepalcatepec +Valley. However, lizards from eastern Michoacán (Chinapa, 6 +km. N of Tafetan, 6 km. S of Tzitzio, and 19 km. S of Tzitzio) differ +slightly from those from the Tepalcatepec Valley; the eastern +specimens have fewer dorsal granules and femoral pores, and a +higher ratio of dorsal granules between the paravertebral stripes +to the number of granules around the body (see Tables 1-3). No +large adult males are present in the eastern series; the subadults +and small adult males have color patterns like lizards of similar +size from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The largest male from the east +has a snout-vent length of 110 mm., rows of pale spots, and no trace +of brown and tan cross-bars. Specimens of <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +sacki</i> of equal size from Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in the upper +Balsas Basin have a tan dorsum with dark brown cross-bars. The +localities in eastern Michoacán are intermediate geographically +between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the known range of the +nominal subspecies in the upper Balsas Basin. In characters of +scutellation specimens from the east are intermediate between <i>C. +sacki sacki</i> and <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. However, +in coloration the lizards from the east are like those from the +Tepalcatepec Valley, but differ distinctly from the nominal subspecies. +Therefore, the eastern series is referred to the subspecies +<i>C. sacki zweifeli</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Four other species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> occur in +the Tepalcatepec Valley with <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>. Of +these, <i>C. calidipes</i> has a maximum snout-vent length of 79 mm., 66 +to 86 dorsal granules, and a light brown dorsum with pale blue +spots and vertical bars; <i>C. communis communis</i> has a maximum +snout-vent length of 135 mm., 105 to 144 dorsal granules, and a +greenish tan dorsum with yellow spots; <i>C. deppei infernalis</i> has a +maximum snout-vent length of 84 mm., 91 to 120 dorsal granules, +and a striped pattern throughout life; and <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i> +has a maximum snout-vent length of 98 mm., 108 to 135 dorsal +granules, and a middorsal yellow stripe and vertical bars on the +flanks. Both <i>calidipes</i> and <i>communis</i> are like <i>sacki</i> in possessing +four enlarged supraoculars and enlarged postantebrachials, whereas +<i>deppei</i> and <i>lineatissimus</i> have three enlarged supraoculars and +granular postantebrachials. Juveniles of <i>calidipes</i> and <i>sacki</i> are +alike in coloration but different in the extent of the supraorbital +semicircle-series. In <i>calidipes</i> the supraorbital semicircle-series usually +are complete, whereas in <i>sacki</i> the series never extended anterior +to the posterior edge of the frontal.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<hr class="hr1" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[595]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 1.—Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules<br /> + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span><br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt">106</td><td class="tbldt"> 88-105 </td><td class="tbldt"> 96.3 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.16 </td><td class="tbldt">0.40 </td><td class="tbldt"> 3.92 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 22</td><td class="tbldt">88-103</td><td class="tbldt"> 95.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.18 </td><td class="tbldt">0.89 </td><td class="tbldt"> 4.39 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 23</td><td class="tbldt">90-105</td><td class="tbldt"> 95.8</td><td class="tbldt">3.86</td><td class="tbldt">0.80</td><td class="tbldt">4.02</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala</td><td class="tbldt"> 22</td><td class="tbldt"> 90-102</td><td class="tbldt">96.5</td><td class="tbldt">3.56</td><td class="tbldt">0.76</td><td class="tbldt">3.69</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos</td><td class="tbldt"> 39</td><td class="tbldt"> 89-105</td><td class="tbldt">97.2</td><td class="tbldt">4.56</td><td class="tbldt">0.73</td><td class="tbldt">4.69</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki zweifeli</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 191</td><td class="tbldt"> 91-117</td><td class="tbldt">106.2</td><td class="tbldt"> 5.98</td><td class="tbldt">0.43</td><td class="tbldt">3.13</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan</td><td class="tbldt"> 21</td><td class="tbldt"> 91-116</td><td class="tbldt">101.4</td><td class="tbldt"> 8.04</td><td class="tbldt">1.75</td><td class="tbldt">7.92</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán</td><td class="tbldt"> 170</td><td class="tbldt"> 95-117</td><td class="tbldt">106.8</td><td class="tbldt"> 5.42</td><td class="tbldt">1.32</td><td class="tbldt">3.19</td><td class="tbldt"></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki occidentalis</i><a name="FNanchor_A" id="FNanchor_A"></a><a href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td><td class="tbldt"> 62</td><td class="tbldt"> 97-118</td><td class="tbldt">106.3</td><td class="tbldt"> 4.72</td><td class="tbldt">0.60</td><td class="tbldt">7.61</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<p><a name="Footnote_A" id="Footnote_A"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Data for <i>C. sacki occidentalis</i> in Tables 1-3 are from Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 117: tables 1-3).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 2.—Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores<br /> + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span><br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary=";Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 106 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-44</td><td class="tbldt"> 36.2 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.42 </td><td class="tbldt">0.25 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.28 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 22 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-41</td><td class="tbldt"> 36.7 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.36 </td><td class="tbldt">0.50 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.43 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo</td><td class="tbldt"> 23 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-39</td><td class="tbldt"> 35.7 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.15 </td><td class="tbldt">0.45 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.02 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala</td><td class="tbldt"> 22 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-44</td><td class="tbldt"> 37.5 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.59 </td><td class="tbldt">0.55 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.91 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos</td><td class="tbldt"> 39 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-40</td><td class="tbldt"> 35.4 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.19 </td><td class="tbldt">0.35 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.18 </td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki zweifeli</i></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample</td><td class="tbldt"> 189 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-49</td><td class="tbldt"> 41.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.77 </td><td class="tbldt">0.20 </td><td class="tbldt"> 1.46 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan</td><td class="tbldt"> 19 </td><td class="tbldt"> 33-43</td><td class="tbldt"> 38.1 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.61 </td><td class="tbldt">0.60 </td><td class="tbldt"> 6.85 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán </td><td class="tbldt"> 170 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2-49</td><td class="tbldt"> 41.4 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.58 </td><td class="tbldt">0.62 </td><td class="tbldt"> 1.52 </td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki occidentalis</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> 67 </td><td class="tbldt"> 32-45</td><td class="tbldt"> 38.8 </td><td class="tbldt"> 2.46 </td><td class="tbldt">0.30 </td><td class="tbldt"> 3.67 </td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<hr class="hr1" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[596]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<div class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Table 3.—Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral + Stripes to Granules Abound Midbody (PV/GAB) in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki</span> + <br /><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Column Title List"> +<tr><td colspan=2>Key for Table:</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">No. = Number of Specimens</td><td>SD = Standard Deviation</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-indent:3em;">SE = Standard Error</td><td>C/V = Coefficient of Variation</td></tr> +</table><br /> + +<table width="600px" summary="Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral Stripes"> +<tr><td class="tblhdr"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td><td class="tblhdr"> No. </td><td class="tblhdr">Range</td><td class="tblhdr">Mean</td><td class="tblhdr">SD</td><td class="tblhdr">SE</td><td class="tblhdr">C/V</td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><i>sacki sacki</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"><span style="width:5em;"> </span></td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample </td><td class="tbldt"> 72 </td><td class="tbldt">0.101-0.205</td><td class="tbldt">0.154</td><td class="tbldt">0.052</td><td class="tbldt">0.006</td><td class="tbldt">0.073</td></tr> +<tr><td> Puebla: Tehuitzingo </td><td class="tbldt"> 12 </td><td class="tbldt">0.140-0.205</td><td class="tbldt">0.169</td><td class="tbldt">0.052</td><td class="tbldt">0.015</td><td class="tbldt">0.433</td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Chilpancingo </td><td class="tbldt"> 16 </td><td class="tbldt">0.120-0.192</td><td class="tbldt">0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.021</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.131</td></tr> +<tr><td> Guerrero: Mexcala </td><td class="tbldt"> 21 </td><td class="tbldt">0.142-0.180</td><td class="tbldt">0.159</td><td class="tbldt">0.031</td><td class="tbldt">0.007</td><td class="tbldt">0.147</td></tr> +<tr><td> Morelos </td><td class="tbldt"> 23 </td><td class="tbldt">0.101-0.180</td><td class="tbldt">0.137</td><td class="tbldt">0.023</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.100</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki zweifeli</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Entire Sample </td><td class="tbldt"> 105 </td><td class="tbldt">0.064-0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.097</td><td class="tbldt">0.070</td><td class="tbldt">0.007</td><td class="tbldt">0.067</td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Tafetan </td><td class="tbldt"> 21 </td><td class="tbldt">0.103-0.157</td><td class="tbldt">0.128</td><td class="tbldt">0.039</td><td class="tbldt">0.009</td><td class="tbldt">0.186</td></tr> +<tr><td> Michoacán: Apatzingán </td><td class="tbldt"> 84 </td><td class="tbldt">0.064-0.126</td><td class="tbldt">0.089</td><td class="tbldt">0.051</td><td class="tbldt">0.005</td><td class="tbldt">0.060</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td><td class="tbldt"> </td></tr> +<tr><td><i>sacki occidentalis</i> </td><td class="tbldt"> 50 </td><td class="tbldt">0.086-0.183</td><td class="tbldt">0.130</td><td class="tbldt">0.021</td><td class="tbldt">0.003</td><td class="tbldt">0.042</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p>From the geographically adjacent populations of <i>sacki</i> (<i>sacki</i> and +<i>occidentalis</i>), <i>zweifeli</i> differs in coloration and scutellation (see +Tables I-III). <i>Cnemidophorus sacki sacki</i> has a dorsal pattern in +adult males of dark brown cross-bars on a tan ground-color. Both +<i>occidentalis</i> and <i>zweifeli</i> have variable, diffuse color patterns in +large adults, but <i>zweifeli</i> differs from <i>occidentalis</i> in having a blue +spot on the pink throat.</p> + +<p><i>Ecology.</i>—In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli</i> lives at elevations of 160 to 1300 meters. In the lower parts +of the valley the lizards live primarily in open scrub forests, characterized +by deciduous trees offering only partial shade from the +sun, especially during the prolonged dry season. Common trees in +this scrub forest are <i>Acacia cymbispina</i>, <i>Cercidium plurifoliolatum</i>, +<i>Mimosa distachya</i>, and <i>Prosopis juliflora</i>.</p> + +<p>During the dry season (November through May) adult males +apparently aestivate; several large series collected in the winter +include only subadults and females. This absence of males is +corroborated by personal observations in the Tepalcatepec Valley +in April and May. In the summer rainy season the lizards are active +in the morning and again in the late afternoon; only <i>Cnemidophorus +calidipes</i> is active during the heat of the midday. In some +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[597]</a></span> +areas of the scrub forest <i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> is found in +association with <i>Cnemidophorus communis communis</i>. Throughout +the scrub forest <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> occurs with <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>. +In some of the more dense scrub forest, where <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> +is not so abundant as in the more open forest, it has been taken +with <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i>. In the open <i>Acacia-Cercidium</i> associations +on the valley floor <i>C. sacki zweifeli</i> occurs with <i>C. calidipes</i>.</p> + +<p>This subspecies is not restricted to the scrub forest. On the +lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica in Michoacán <i>C. sacki +zweifeli</i> has been collected in open pine-oak forest near Zirimicuaro +and Ziracuaretiro.</p> + +<p><i>Distribution.</i>—<i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> inhabits the valley +of the Río Tepalcatepec in Michoacán and probably extreme southwestern +Jalisco, and the western part of the Balsas Basin in +Michoacán. No specimens have been seen from extreme western +Guerrero, but <i>C. s. zweifeli</i> may occur there.</p> + +<div class="blkquote"> +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Catalogue numbers are preceded by abbreviations of +the name of the institution as listed in the acknowledgements.</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki occidentalis</i>, 22 specimens, as follows: <i>Jalisco</i>: 8 +km. E of Ameca, UMMZ 102045; 7 km. SE of Ameca, UMMZ 102046; Autlán, +UMMZ 102044, 102219-21; 7 km. ESE of El Arenal, UMMZ 114736 (2); +San Gabriel, UMMZ 102040, 102042-3. <i>Michoacán</i>: 2 km. ESE of Jiquilpan, +UMMZ 117557 (3). <i>Nayarit</i>: Ixtlán del Río, UMMZ 104747; San José de la +Conde, UMMZ 102047 (4); 5 km. N of Santa Isabel, UMMZ 102048-50.</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki sacki</i>, 108 specimens, as follows: <i>Guerrero</i>: Chilpancingo, +UMMZ 72426 (8), 73937 (7), 88422 (4); 8 km. W of Chilpancingo, +UMMZ 119144 (4); 5 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 114712 (11); 15 km. N of +Iguala, UMMZ 99039; Mexcala, UMMZ 114711 (10); 8 km. S of Taxco, +UMMZ 114709 (2). <i>Morelos</i>: Amacuzac, UMMZ 114716; 3 km. S of Cuautla, +UMMZ 99031 (9), 99917 (11): Río Cuautla, UMMZ 99038 (6); 5 km. +S of Temixco, UMMZ 114718 (12); <i>Puebla</i>: 5 km. SE of Izúcar de Matamoros, +UMMZ 112650 (4); 13 km. SE of Izúcar de Matamoros, UMMZ 117497 (2); +3 km. NW of Tehuitzingo, UMMZ 114714 (10); 1 km. N of Teyuca, UMMZ +114713 (6).</p> + +<p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i>, 207 specimens, as follows: <i>Michoacán</i>: +Apatzingán, CNHM 36966-8, 38969, 38971 (18), 38972 (50), UIMNH +36772-7, USNM 135967-8, 135970, 135972-3; 4 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ +85412; 6.5 km. E of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114731 (5); 5 km. W of Apatzingán, +KU 29289-90, 29293-7; 10 km. W of Apatzingán, UMMZ 114730 (4); 12.3 +km. S of Apatzingán, UMMZ 112647; 16 km. S of Apatzingán, KU 29298; +14 km. SSW of Apatzingán, KU 29735, 29746, 29750-2; 10 km. W of Buenavista, +UMMZ 114719 (3); Capirio, UMMZ 112643, 114722 (2), 114733, +119536-50; 4 km. N of Capirio, UMMZ 112644 (3), 112645; 5.6 km. N of +Capirio, UMMZ 114732; 2 km. S of Charapendo, UMMZ 112639 (12); +Chinapa, UMMZ 119556 (2); Jazmin, UMMZ 114725 (2); between La +Playa and Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ 104748 (2); Limoncito, UMMZ 119552 +(3); 14 km. S of Lombardia, KU 29299-301, 29303, 29305-11; 6 km. SW +of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112640 (2); 2.7 km. S of Nueva Italia, UMMZ +112641 (4); 5 km. N of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 114721; Río Marquez, 10 km. +S of Lombardia, UMMZ 112642, 112646; Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[598]</a></span> +Italia, UMMZ 114726; 6 km. N of Tafetan, UMMZ 119555 (18); 14.5 km. +E of Tepalcatepec, UMMZ 114720 (2); 6 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99199, +99200 (2); 19 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99154; Volcán Jorullo, UMMZ 104449 +(4), 104750; Ziracuaretiro, UMMZ 114724; 3 km. NW of Zirimicuaro, UMMZ +114723.</p> + +<p><i>Acknowledgments.</i>—For the loan of specimens under their care I am indebted +to Doris M. Cochran, United States National Museum (USNM); Norman +Hartweg, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); Robert +F. Inger, Chicago Natural History Museum (CNHM); and Hobart M. Smith, +University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (UIMNH). I thank Ann +S. Duellman, Richard E. Etheridge, Fred G. Thompson, Jerome B. Tulecke, +and John Wellman for their assistance in the field, Lorna Cordonnier for the +drawing reproduced as Figure 1, and Richard G. Zweifel for helpful suggestions +and criticism. Field work in México was made possible by grants from +the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and the Bache Fund +of the National Academy of Sciences in co-operation with the Museum of +Zoology of the University of Michigan.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><i>Transmitted February 2, 1960.</i> +</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"><img src="images/square.png" width="16" height="17" alt="square" /><br /> +28-2494</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<hr class="hr1" /> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + +***** This file should be named 33508-h.htm or 33508-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33508/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/33508-h/images/bar_double.png b/33508-h/images/bar_double.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2422e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/bar_double.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/bar_single.png b/33508-h/images/bar_single.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1496c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/bar_single.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/fig1_big.png b/33508-h/images/fig1_big.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..533a96d --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/fig1_big.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/fig1_crop.png b/33508-h/images/fig1_crop.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5221282 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/fig1_crop.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/fig2_big.png b/33508-h/images/fig2_big.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad9e88f --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/fig2_big.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/fig2_crop.png b/33508-h/images/fig2_crop.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..18404b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/fig2_crop.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/square.png b/33508-h/images/square.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..924bd3c --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/square.png diff --git a/33508-h/images/union_label.png b/33508-h/images/union_label.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f92c4c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508-h/images/union_label.png diff --git a/33508.txt b/33508.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..211613b --- /dev/null +++ b/33508.txt @@ -0,0 +1,899 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus +sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Subspecies of Lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33508] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications~ + + ~Museum of Natural History~ + + Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs. + + May 2, 1960 + + + + A New Subspecies of Lizard, + Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence~ + 1960 + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + + Volume 10, No. 9, pp. 587-598, 2 figs. + Published May 2, 1960 + + + ~University of Kansas~ + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1960 + + 28-2494 + + + + + + A New Subspecies of Lizard, + Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico + + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +The systematic status of the populations of lizards assignable to +_Cnemidophorus sacki_ in western Mexico (Sonora southward to Jalisco) +has been reviewed in detail by Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist, 117 (2):57-116), who stated that the use of the specific name +_sacki_ for the western populations rests upon a reasonable, but as +yet unproved, assumption that intergradation occurs. Although Zweifel +examined specimens of the nominal subspecies from the upper Balsas +Basin, he did not study specimens from the intervening area--the +Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacan. + +Field studies and the examination of large series of preserved +specimens of _Cnemidophorus_ from the Tepalcatepec Valley show the +presence of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ in the region between the ranges of +_C. sacki sacki_ in the upper Balsas Basin and _C. sacki occidentalis_ +in Jalisco and southern Nayarit. Furthermore, the populations of +_sacki_ inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley have characters of +scutellation and coloration that distinguish them from other described +subspecies of _sacki_. In recognition of the important contributions +to the systematics of the genus _Cnemidophorus_ made by Dr. Richard G. +Zweifel, I propose that the subspecies of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ in the +Tepalcatepec Valley be named as follows: + + + +Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli+ new subspecies + +_Holotype._--University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 119542, from +Capirio, Michoacan, Mexico (185 meters), an adult male, one of a +series collected on June 13, 1958, by William E. Duellman, Jerome B. +Tulecke, and John Wellman. Original number WED 12310. + +_Paratopotypes._--UMMZ Nos. 119536-119541 and 119543-119550. + +_Diagnosis._--A race of _Cnemidophorus sacki_ characterized by large +size (more than 130 mm. snout-vent length in males), approximately 106 +dorsal granules around the midbody, about 41 femoral pores, and a +dorsal color-pattern in adult males consisting of lateral and +dorsolateral rows of spots, paravertebral rows fused with middorsal +light green area at least anteriorly, and pink throat having a median +light blue spot or transverse band. + +_Description of Holotype._--Snout-vent length, 128 mm.; tail length, +252 mm.; tail/body ratio, 1.97; scutellation typical of _sacki_--four +supraoculars, enlarged postantebrachials, and enlarged mesoptychials; +107 granules around midbody (excluding enlarged ventrals); 45 femoral +pores; three enlarged preanal scales; supraorbital semicircle-series +extending anteriorly to posterior edge of frontal (Fig. 1). + + + [Illustration: Top View Head - Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli] + +~Fig. 1.~ Top view of the head of the holotype of _Cnemidophorus sacki + zweifeli_ (UMMZ 119542) showing scutellation. x5. + + +Top of head and nape dusty brown; tip of rostral and lateral edges of +superciliaries dark cream-color; upper labials and sides of head +anterior to eyes cream-color, mottled with blue; lower labials and +postocular region pale blue; mental, postmental, and sublabials +cream-color. Upper surfaces of forelimbs dull bluish gray, spotted +with pale greenish yellow; dorsal surfaces of proximal one-fourth of +tail light brownish gray turning to pale orange-brown posteriorly; +lateral surfaces of tail bluish gray anteriorly and creamy brown +posteriorly. Nuchal region light bluish gray; flanks dark gray; dorsal +ground-color dark brown, somewhat paler posteriorly. Body having a row +of cream-colored spots in place of a lateral stripe, and another row +in place of dorsolateral stripe; dorsally, large diffuse tan or light +green spots partially fused and tending to form irregular transverse +markings. Chin to posterior end of sublabials pale pink, bordered +posteriorly by bluish white area, and then pink. Mesoptychials, under +surfaces of hind limbs, and belly cream-colored; anterior edges of +belly scales dark blue; lateral two rows of ventrals on posterior +two-thirds of body dark blue having light blue or cream-colored spots. +Under surfaces of forelimbs bluish cream; ventral surface of tail +cream-colored. + +_Variation in Size and Scutellation._--The largest male has a +snout-vent length of 132 mm., the largest female, 114 mm., and the +smallest juvenile, 34 mm. The number of dorsal granules at the midbody +varies from 91 to 117 (106.2 +- 0.43); the ratio of the number of +granules between the paravertebral stripes to the number of granules +around the body (PV/GAB) varies from 0.064 to 0.157 (0.097 +-0.007); +the number of femoral pores varies from 32 to 49 (41.1 +- 0.20). +Usually there are only three enlarged preanals, but 18 specimens have +a somewhat enlarged scale anterior to the normal complement of three. +In 15 specimens the supraorbital semicircle-series terminate short of +the posterior edge of the frontal; in the others the series reach the +frontal. + +_Variation in Coloration._--The coloration of juveniles and subadults +varies little; large adults vary considerably especially in the amount +of diffusion of the light green middorsal area. In some individuals +the vertebral pale area does not include the paravertebral spots; in +other individuals the pale area includes not only the paravertebral +rows, but, at least anteriorly, the dorsolateral rows. In large males +of about equal size (and collected at the same time) there is +considerable variation in the amount of blue on the belly. In a few of +the males the belly is white with only the anterior edge of each scale +blue; in some only the lateral rows of ventrals on the posterior +two-thirds of the body are blue; in others all of the posterior +two-thirds of the belly is blue. + +_Ontogenetic Change in Color Pattern._--The metamorphosis of color +pattern in _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ results in the dorsal +ground-color becoming paler with age, the replacement of the stripes +by spots, and finally in large males the suffusion of these spots. + +A single hatchling (UMMZ 114732) is available; this specimen has a +prominent umbilical scar and a snout-vent length of 34 mm. The top of +the head is olive brown; the dorsal surfaces of the limbs are dark +brown with cream mottling; the dorsal ground-color is brownish black; +this is paler on the lower flanks. The lateral and dorsolateral +stripes are cream-colored; the paravertebral stripes are white. There +is a faint, diffuse vertebral stripe anteriorly (Fig. 2 A). The throat +and undersides of the limbs and tail are cream-colored; the belly is +bluish white. In life the stripes were pale yellowish green, and the +tip of the tail was pink. + +In larger individuals the dorsal ground-color is dark brown; the +lower flanks are grayish tan. Light brown diffuse spots are present +in the lateral and dorsolateral dark fields. The tan vertebral stripe +is diffuse and nearly fills the paravertebral dark fields; the +paravertebral stripes are faint posteriorly; throughout their length +they are scalloped--the beginning of their fragmentation into spots +(Fig. 2 B). + +In subadults (+- 80 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral stripes +are fragmented into spots posteriorly. Also, the dorsolateral stripes +in some individuals are fragmented posteriorly. The dorsolateral dark +fields are somewhat paler than the lateral dark fields. Cream-colored +spots are present on the flanks. The mottling on the thighs tends +towards the formation of light spots (Fig. 2 C). + +In small adults (+- 100 mm. snout-vent length) the paravertebral +stripes are entirely fragmented into spots. The lateral and +dorsolateral stripes are broken into spots posteriorly. The middorsal +pale area (formed by the suffusion of the vertebral stripe) and +paravertebral and dorsolateral rows of spots are pale green. The +cream-colored spots on the flanks are expanded to form vertical bars +(Fig. 2 D). + +Large adult males (+- 120 mm. snout-vent length) have all of the +stripes fragmented into spots. The diffuse middorsal area is expanded +and encloses the paravertebral rows of spots. The pale spots present +in the dark fields in smaller individuals are either absent or fused +with spots resulting from the fragmentation of the stripes (Fig. 2 E). + +_Sexual dimorphism._--Males attain a larger size (known maximum +snout-vent length of 132 mm., as compared with 114 mm. in females). +Males have larger but not more numerous, femoral pores, blue bellies, +and pink and blue throats, whereas females are unicolor creamy white +ventrally. The more nearly complete metamorphosis of color pattern +exhibited by adult males probably is correlated with their large adult +size. Large females retain complete lateral and dorsolateral stripes. +The jowls of breeding males are swollen. + + + [Illustration: Color Pattern Change Diagram] + +~Fig. 2.~ Diagrammatic representation of ontogenetic change in color + pattern in _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_: A--hatchling, 34 mm. + snout-vent length; B--juvenile, 55 mm. snout-vent length; + C--subadult male, 80 mm. snout-vent length; D--small adult male, + 100 mm. snout-vent length; E--large adult male, 120 mm. snout-vent + length. + + +_Geographic variation._--No noticeable geographic variation in this +subspecies is evident in the series from the Tepalcatepec Valley. +However, lizards from eastern Michoacan (Chinapa, 6 km. N of Tafetan, +6 km. S of Tzitzio, and 19 km. S of Tzitzio) differ slightly from +those from the Tepalcatepec Valley; the eastern specimens have fewer +dorsal granules and femoral pores, and a higher ratio of dorsal +granules between the paravertebral stripes to the number of granules +around the body (see Tables 1-3). No large adult males are present in +the eastern series; the subadults and small adult males have color +patterns like lizards of similar size from the Tepalcatepec Valley. +The largest male from the east has a snout-vent length of 110 mm., +rows of pale spots, and no trace of brown and tan cross-bars. +Specimens of _Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_ of equal size from Guerrero, +Morelos, and Puebla in the upper Balsas Basin have a tan dorsum with +dark brown cross-bars. The localities in eastern Michoacan are +intermediate geographically between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the +known range of the nominal subspecies in the upper Balsas Basin. In +characters of scutellation specimens from the east are intermediate +between _C. sacki sacki_ and _C. sacki zweifeli_ in the Tepalcatepec +Valley. However, in coloration the lizards from the east are like +those from the Tepalcatepec Valley, but differ distinctly from the +nominal subspecies. Therefore, the eastern series is referred to the +subspecies _C. sacki zweifeli_. + +_Comparisons._--Four other species of _Cnemidophorus_ occur in the +Tepalcatepec Valley with _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_. Of these, _C. +calidipes_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 79 mm., 66 to 86 dorsal +granules, and a light brown dorsum with pale blue spots and vertical +bars; _C. communis communis_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 135 +mm., 105 to 144 dorsal granules, and a greenish tan dorsum with yellow +spots; _C. deppei infernalis_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 84 +mm., 91 to 120 dorsal granules, and a striped pattern throughout life; +and _C. lineatissimus exoristus_ has a maximum snout-vent length of 98 +mm., 108 to 135 dorsal granules, and a middorsal yellow stripe and +vertical bars on the flanks. Both _calidipes_ and _communis_ are like +_sacki_ in possessing four enlarged supraoculars and enlarged +postantebrachials, whereas _deppei_ and _lineatissimus_ have three +enlarged supraoculars and granular postantebrachials. Juveniles of +_calidipes_ and _sacki_ are alike in coloration but different in the +extent of the supraorbital semicircle-series. In _calidipes_ the +supraorbital semicircle-series usually are complete, whereas in +_sacki_ the series never extended anterior to the posterior edge of +the frontal. + + + + +~Table 1.--Variation in the Number of Dorsal Granules + in Three Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki~ + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/======================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+---------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 106 | 88-105 | 96.3 | 4.16 | 0.40 | 3.92 | +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 22 | 88-103 | 95.1 | 4.18 | 0.89 | 4.39 | +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 23 | 90-105 | 95.8 | 3.86 | 0.80 | 4.02 | +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 22 | 90-102 | 96.5 | 3.56 | 0.76 | 3.69 | +| Morelos | 39 | 89-105 | 97.2 | 4.56 | 0.73 | 4.69 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 191 | 91-117 | 106.2| 5.98 | 0.43 | 3.13 | +| Michoacan: Tafetan | 21 | 91-116 | 101.4| 8.04 | 1.75 | 7.92 | +| Michoacan: Apatzingan | 170 | 95-117 | 106.8| 5.42 | 1.32 | 3.19 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_[A] | 62 | 97-118 | 106.3| 4.72 | 0.60 | 7.61 | +\======================================================================/ + +[Footnote A: Data for _C. sacki occidentalis_ in Tables 1-3 are from +Zweifel (1959, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 117: tables 1-3).] + + + + +Table 2.--Variation in the Number of Femoral Pores in Three +Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/======================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+---------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 106 | 32-44 | 36.2 | 2.42 | 0.25 | 2.28 | +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 22 | 33-41 | 36.7 | 2.36 | 0.50 | 6.43 | +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 23 | 32-39 | 35.7 | 2.15 | 0.45 | 6.02 | +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 22 | 33-44 | 37.5 | 2.59 | 0.55 | 6.91 | +| Morelos | 39 | 32-40 | 35.4 | 2.19 | 0.35 | 6.18 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 189 | 32-49 | 41.1 | 2.77 | 0.20 | 1.46 | +| Michoacan: Tafetan | 19 | 33-43 | 38.1 | 2.61 | 0.60 | 6.85 | +| Michoacan: Apatzingan | 170 | 2-49 | 41.4 | 2.58 | 0.62 | 1.52 | +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_ | 67 | 32-45 | 38.8 | 2.46 | 0.30 | 3.67 | +\======================================================================/ + + + + +~Table 3.--Ratio of Number of Granules Separating Paravertebral + Stripes to Granules Abound Midbody (PV/GAB) in Three + Subspecies of Cnemidophorus sacki~ + +Key for Table: + No. = Number of Specimens SD = Standard Deviation + SE = Standard Error C/V = Coefficient of Variation + +/========================================================================\ +| ~Population~ | No. | Range | Mean | SD | SE | C/V | +|--------------------------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+------| +|_sacki sacki_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 72 |0.101-0.205| 0.154| 0.052| 0.006| 0.073| +| Puebla: Tehuitzingo | 12 |0.140-0.205| 0.169| 0.052| 0.015| 0.433| +| Guerrero: Chilpancingo | 16 |0.120-0.192| 0.157| 0.021| 0.005| 0.131| +| Guerrero: Mexcala | 21 |0.142-0.180| 0.159| 0.031| 0.007| 0.147| +| Morelos | 23 |0.101-0.180| 0.137| 0.023| 0.005| 0.100| +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki zweifeli_ | | | | | | | +| Entire Sample | 105 |0.064-0.157| 0.097| 0.070| 0.007| 0.067| +| Michoacan: Tafetan | 21 |0.103-0.157| 0.128| 0.039| 0.009| 0.186| +| Michoacan: Apatzingan | 84 |0.064-0.126| 0.089| 0.051| 0.005| 0.060| +| | | | | | | | +|_sacki occidentalis_ | 50 |0.086-0.183| 0.130| 0.021| 0.003| 0.042| +\========================================================================/ + + + + +From the geographically adjacent populations of _sacki_ (_sacki_ and +_occidentalis_), _zweifeli_ differs in coloration and scutellation +(see Tables I-III). _Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_ has a dorsal pattern +in adult males of dark brown cross-bars on a tan ground-color. Both +_occidentalis_ and _zweifeli_ have variable, diffuse color patterns +in large adults, but _zweifeli_ differs from _occidentalis_ in having +a blue spot on the pink throat. + +_Ecology._--In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley _Cnemidophorus sacki +zweifeli_ lives at elevations of 160 to 1300 meters. In the lower +parts of the valley the lizards live primarily in open scrub forests, +characterized by deciduous trees offering only partial shade from the +sun, especially during the prolonged dry season. Common trees in +this scrub forest are _Acacia cymbispina_, _Cercidium +plurifoliolatum_, _Mimosa distachya_, and _Prosopis juliflora_. + +During the dry season (November through May) adult males apparently +aestivate; several large series collected in the winter include only +subadults and females. This absence of males is corroborated by +personal observations in the Tepalcatepec Valley in April and May. In +the summer rainy season the lizards are active in the morning and +again in the late afternoon; only _Cnemidophorus calidipes_ is active +during the heat of the midday. In some areas of the scrub forest +_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ is found in association with +_Cnemidophorus communis communis_. Throughout the scrub forest _C. +sacki zweifeli_ occurs with _C. deppei infernalis_. In some of the +more dense scrub forest, where _C. sacki zweifeli_ is not so abundant +as in the more open forest, it has been taken with _C. lineatissimus +exoristus_. In the open _Acacia-Cercidium_ associations on the valley +floor _C. sacki zweifeli_ occurs with _C. calidipes_. + +This subspecies is not restricted to the scrub forest. On the lower +slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica in Michoacan _C. sacki zweifeli_ +has been collected in open pine-oak forest near Zirimicuaro and +Ziracuaretiro. + +_Distribution._--_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ inhabits the valley +of the Rio Tepalcatepec in Michoacan and probably extreme southwestern +Jalisco, and the western part of the Balsas Basin in Michoacan. No +specimens have been seen from extreme western Guerrero, but _C. s. +zweifeli_ may occur there. + +_Specimens examined._--Catalogue numbers are preceded by abbreviations +of the name of the institution as listed in the acknowledgements. + +_Cnemidophorus sacki occidentalis_, 22 specimens, as follows: +_Jalisco_: 8 km. E of Ameca, UMMZ 102045; 7 km. SE of Ameca, UMMZ +102046; Autlan, UMMZ 102044, 102219-21; 7 km. ESE of El Arenal, UMMZ +114736 (2); San Gabriel, UMMZ 102040, 102042-3. _Michoacan_: 2 km. ESE +of Jiquilpan, UMMZ 117557 (3). _Nayarit_: Ixtlan del Rio, UMMZ 104747; +San Jose de la Conde, UMMZ 102047 (4); 5 km. N of Santa Isabel, UMMZ +102048-50. + +_Cnemidophorus sacki sacki_, 108 specimens, as follows: _Guerrero_: +Chilpancingo, UMMZ 72426 (8), 73937 (7), 88422 (4); 8 km. W of +Chilpancingo, UMMZ 119144 (4); 5 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 114712 (11); +15 km. N of Iguala, UMMZ 99039; Mexcala, UMMZ 114711 (10); 8 km. S of +Taxco, UMMZ 114709 (2). _Morelos_: Amacuzac, UMMZ 114716; 3 km. S of +Cuautla, UMMZ 99031 (9), 99917 (11): Rio Cuautla, UMMZ 99038 (6); 5 km. +S of Temixco, UMMZ 114718 (12); _Puebla_: 5 km. SE of Izucar de +Matamoros, UMMZ 112650 (4); 13 km. SE of Izucar de Matamoros, UMMZ +117497 (2); 3 km. NW of Tehuitzingo, UMMZ 114714 (10); 1 km. N of +Teyuca, UMMZ 114713 (6). + +_Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_, 207 specimens, as follows: _Michoacan_: +Apatzingan, CNHM 36966-8, 38969, 38971 (18), 38972 (50), UIMNH +36772-7, USNM 135967-8, 135970, 135972-3; 4 km. E of Apatzingan, UMMZ +85412; 6.5 km. E of Apatzingan, UMMZ 114731 (5); 5 km. W of +Apatzingan, KU 29289-90, 29293-7; 10 km. W of Apatzingan, UMMZ 114730 +(4); 12.3 km. S of Apatzingan, UMMZ 112647; 16 km. S of Apatzingan, KU +29298; 14 km. SSW of Apatzingan, KU 29735, 29746, 29750-2; 10 km. W of +Buenavista, UMMZ 114719 (3); Capirio, UMMZ 112643, 114722 (2), 114733, +119536-50; 4 km. N of Capirio, UMMZ 112644 (3), 112645; 5.6 km. N of +Capirio, UMMZ 114732; 2 km. S of Charapendo, UMMZ 112639 (12); +Chinapa, UMMZ 119556 (2); Jazmin, UMMZ 114725 (2); between La Playa +and Volcan Jorullo, UMMZ 104748 (2); Limoncito, UMMZ 119552 (3); +14 km. S of Lombardia, KU 29299-301, 29303, 29305-11; 6 km. SW of +Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112640 (2); 2.7 km. S of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 112641 +(4); 5 km. N of Nueva Italia, UMMZ 114721; Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of +Lombardia, UMMZ 112642, 112646; Rio Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva +Italia, UMMZ 114726; 6 km. N of Tafetan, UMMZ 119555 (18); 14.5 km. +E of Tepalcatepec, UMMZ 114720 (2); 6 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99199, +99200 (2); 19 km. S of Tzitzio, UMMZ 99154; Volcan Jorullo, UMMZ +104449 (4), 104750; Ziracuaretiro, UMMZ 114724; 3 km. NW of +Zirimicuaro, UMMZ 114723. + +_Acknowledgments._--For the loan of specimens under their care I am +indebted to Doris M. Cochran, United States National Museum (USNM); +Norman Hartweg, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); +Robert F. Inger, Chicago Natural History Museum (CNHM); and Hobart M. +Smith, University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (UIMNH). I +thank Ann S. Duellman, Richard E. Etheridge, Fred G. Thompson, Jerome +B. Tulecke, and John Wellman for their assistance in the field, Lorna +Cordonnier for the drawing reproduced as Figure 1, and Richard G. +Zweifel for helpful suggestions and criticism. Field work in Mexico +was made possible by grants from the Penrose Fund of the American +Philosophical Society and the Bache Fund of the National Academy of +Sciences in co-operation with the Museum of Zoology of the University +of Michigan. + + +_Transmitted February 2, 1960._ + + + [] + 28-2494 + + + * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes. + +This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of two +typographical errors that were corrected, the original text is +presented. Figure 1 has the notation x5 after the caption to let the +reader know that the image was enlarged by a factor of five. + + +Typographical Errors Corrected: + + Page 589, Paragraph 2: Tepalcatapec => Tepalcatepec + + Page 592, Paragraph 2: ground color => ground-color + the hypented versionappearsn Page 596 in the paragraph + following the table. + + +Emphasis Notation: + + _text_ - italicized + +text+ - bold + ~text~ - small caps + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of Lizard, +Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF LIZARD *** + +***** This file should be named 33508.txt or 33508.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33508/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/33508.zip b/33508.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb49886 --- /dev/null +++ b/33508.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c7646e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #33508 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33508) |
