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diff --git a/33503.txt b/33503.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27c3bd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/33503.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1726 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sweating Sickness, by John Caius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Sweating Sickness + A boke or counseill against the disease commonly called + the sweate or sweatyng sicknesse + +Author: John Caius + +Editor: E. S. Roberts + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33503] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SWEATING SICKNESS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is intended for readers who cannot use the "real" (Unicode, +UTF-8) version of the file. Some adjustments have been made: + + vowels with overline have been written out as am, an, em... without + further marking + the "dram" symbol is shown as [z] + +The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius's _Complete +Works_. The editor's general introduction says: + + In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile + reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great + variety of form in which the original editions were issued would + have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any + uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a + difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._ + _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying + practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been + left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents + in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected. + +Numbers in parentheses (2, 3, 4...) were printed in the gutter; they +probably represent leaves of the 1552 original. Bracketed corrections +are from the 1912 text. + +Sidenotes are shown in brackets. Superscripts are shown with ^ marks. +Typographical errors are listed at the end of the e-text. + +The usual disclaimers apply. Do not try this at home.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + A boke or coun- + seill against the disease + commonly called the + sweate or swea- + tyng sicknesse + + made by Jhon Caius + doctour in phisicke + + uery necessary for everye + personne and much requi- + site to be had in the handes + of al sortes, for their better + instruction, preparation and + defence, against the soub- + dein comyng, and fear- + ful assaultyng of the + same disease + + 1552 + + + + + TO THE RIGHTE HONOURABLE + WILLIAM EARLE OF PENBROKE, LORDE + HARBERT OF CARDIFE, KNIGHT OF THE HONOUR- + ABLE ORDRE OF THE GARTER, AND PRESIDENT OF + THE KYNGES HIGHNES COUNSEILL IN + THE MARCHES OF WALES: + JHON CAIUS WISHETH + HELTH AND HONOUR. + + +In the fereful tyme of the sweate (ryghte honourable) many +resorted vnto me for counseil, among whome some beinge my frendes +& aquaintance, desired me to write vnto them some litle counseil +howe to gouerne themselues therin: saiyng also that I should do +a greate pleasure to all my frendes and contrimen, if I would +deuise at my laisure some thing, whiche from tyme to tyme might +remaine, wherto men might in such cases haue a recourse & +present refuge at all nedes, as then they had none. At whose +requeste, at that tyme I wrate diuerse counseiles so shortly as +I could for the present necessite, whiche they bothe vsed and +dyd geue abrode to many others, & further appoynted in my self +to fulfill (for so much as laye in me) the other parte of their +honest request for the time to come. The whiche the better to +execute and brynge to passe, I spared not to go to all those +that sente for me, bothe poore, and riche, day and night. And +that not only to do them that ease that I could, & to instructe +them for their recouery: but to note also throughly, the cases +and circumstaunces of the disease in diuerse persons, and to +vnderstande the nature and causes of the same fully, for so much +as might be. Therefore as I noted, so I wrate as laisure then +serued, and finished one boke in Englishe, onely for Englishe men +not lerned, one other in latine for men of lerninge more at +large, and generally for the help of them which hereafter should +haue nede, either in this or other countreis, that they may lerne +by our harmes. This I had thoughte to haue set furth before +christmas, & to haue geuen to your lordshippe at new-yeres (3) +tide, but that diuerse other businesses letted me. Neuertheles +that which then coulde not be done cometh not now out of season, +although it be neuer so simple, so it may do ease hereafter, +which as I trust this shal, so for good wil I geue +and dedicate it vnto your good Lordshippe, trustyng the + same will take this with as good a mind, as I + geue it to your honour, whiche our Lorde + preserue and graunt long + to continue. + +At London the first of Aprill. + +1552. + + + + +The boke of Jhon Caius + +against the sweatyng sicknes. + + +Man beyng borne not for his owne vse and commoditie alone, but +also for the common benefite of many, (as reason wil and al good +authoures write) he whiche in this world is worthy to lyue, +ought al wayes to haue his hole minde and intente geuen to +profite others. Whiche thynge to shewe in effecte in my selfe, +although by fortune some waies I haue ben letted, yet by that +whiche fortune cannot debarre, some waies again I haue declared. +For after certein yeres beyng at cambrige, I of the age of XX. +yeres, partly for mine exercise and profe what I coulde do, but +chefely for certein of my very frendes, dyd translate out of +Latine into Englishe certein workes, hauyng nothynge els so good +to gratifie theim w^t. Wherof one of _S. Chrysostome de modo +orandi deum_, that is, of y^e manner (4) to praye to god, I sent +to one my frende then beyng in the courte. One other, a woorke +of _Erasmus de vera theologia_, the true and redy waye to reade +the scripture, I dyd geue to Maister Augustine Stiwarde Alderman +of Norwiche, not in the ful as the authore made it, but +abbreuiate for his only purpose to whome I sent it, Leuyng out +many subtile thinges, made rather for great & learned diuines, +then for others. The thirde was the paraphrase of the same +Erasmus vpon the Epistle of S. Jude, whiche I translated at the +requeste of one other my deare frende. + +These I did in Englishe the rather because at that tyme men ware +not so geuen all to Englishe, but that they dyd fauoure & +maynteine good learning conteined in tongues & sciences, and did +also study and apply diligently the same them selues. Therfore I +thought no hurte done. Sence y^t tyme diuerse other thynges I +haue written, but with entente neuer more to write in the +Englishe tongue, partly because the commoditie of that which is +so written, passeth not the compasse of Englande, but remaineth +enclosed within the seas, and partly because I thought that +labours so taken should be halfe loste among them whiche sette +not by learnyng. Thirdly for that I thought it beste to auoide +the iudgement of the multitude, from whome in maters of learnyng +a man shalbe forced to dissente, in disprouyng that whiche they +most approue, & approuyng that whiche they moste disalowe. +Fourthly for that the common settyng furthe and printing of euery +foolishe thyng in englishe, both of phisicke vnperfectly, and +other matters vndiscretly diminishe the grace of thynges learned +set furth in thesame. But chiefely, because I wolde geue none +example or comforte to my countrie men, (whom I wolde to be now, +as here tofore they haue bene, comparable in learnyng to men of +other countries) to stonde onely in the Englishe tongue, but to +leaue the simplicite of thesame, and to procede further in (5) +many and diuerse knoweleges bothe in tongues and sciences at +home and in vniuersities, to the adournyng of the common welthe, +better seruice of their kyng, & great pleasure and commodite of +their owne selues, to what kinde of life so euer they shold +applie them. Therfore whatsoeuer sence that tyme I minded to +write, I wrate y^e same either in greke or latine. As firste of +all certein commentaries vpon certein bokes of William +framingham, maister of art in Cambrige, a man ot great witte, +memorie, diligence and learnyng, brought vp in thesame scholes +in Englande that I was, euer from his beginnyng vntil his death. +Of the which bokes, ij. of _continentia_ (or continence) wer in +prose, y^e reste in metre or verse of diuerse kindes. One a +comforte for a blinde man, entitled _ad Aemilianum caecum +consolatio_, one other _Ecpyrosis, seu incendium sodomorum_, the +burnyng of Sodome. The thirde _Laurentius_, expressyng the +tormentes of Saincte Laurence. The fourthe, _Idololatria_, +Idolatrie, not after the trade and veine of scripture (wherein +he was also very well exercised) but conformable to scripture +and after the ciuile and humane learnyng, declaryng them to +worshippe _Mars_, that warre, or fight: _Venus_, that lyue +incontinently: _Pluto_, that folowe riches couetousely; and so +forth through all vices vsed in his time. The fiueth boke +_Arete_, vertue: the sixth, Epigrammes, conteined in two bokes, +whiche by an epistle of his owne hand before y^e boke yet +remainyng, he dedicated vnto me, purposyng to haue done many +more prety thynges, but that cruell death preuented, and toke him +away wher he and I was borne at Norwiche, in the yere of our +Lord M.d.xxxvij. the xxix. daie of September, beynge then of the +age of xxv. yeres, vij. Monethes, and vj. daies, a greate losse +of so notable a yonge man. These workes at his death he willed +to comme to my handes, by (6) which occasion after I had viewed +them, and perceiued them ful of al kyndes of learnyng, thinkyng +them no workes for all men to vnderstande with out helpe, but such +as were wel sene in all sortes of authours: I endeuoured my +selfe partely for the helpe of others, & partly for mine owne +exercise, to declare vpon theim the profite of my studie in +ciuile and humane learnynge, and to haue before mine eyes as in +a worke (which was alwaies my delyght) how muche I had profited +in the same. Thys so done, I ioyned euery of my commentaries to +euery of hys saied bokes, faier written by Nicolas Pergate puple +to the saied Maister Framyngham, myndyng after the iudgement of +learned men had in thesame, to haue set theim furthe in prynte, +if it had ben so thought good to theim. For whyche cause, at my +departynge into Italie, I put an Epistle before theym +dedicatorye to the right Reuerend father in God Thomas Thirlbye, +now Bishoppe of Norwiche, because thesame maister Framyngham +loued hym aboue others. He after my departure deliuered the +bokes to the reuerende father in god Jhon Skippe, late bishop of +Hereforde, then to D. Thirtle, tutor to the sayd maister +framyngham, from him to syr Richard Morisine, now ambassadoure for +y^e kinges maiestie with themperour, then to D. Tailour Deane of +Lincolne, and syr Thomas Smithe, secretarie after to y^e kynges +Maiestie, all great learned men. From these to others they wente, +among whome the bokes died, (as I suppose,) or els be closely +kept, that after my death they may be setfurthe in the names of +them which now haue them, as their workes. Howe soeuer it be, +well I knowe that at my returne out of Italie (after vj. yeres +continuance ther) into England, I coulde neuer vnderstand wher +they wer, although I bothe diligently and desirousely sought +them. After these I translated out of Greke into Latine a litle +boke of _Nicephorus_, declarynge howe a man maye in praiynge +confesse hym selfe, which after I dyd geue vnto Jhon Grome +bacheler in arte, (7) a yong man in yeres, but in witte & +learnyng for his tyme, of great expectation. That done I beganne +a chronicle of the citie of Norwiche, of the beginninge therof & +thinges done ther from time to time. The matere wherof yet rude +and vndigested lyeth by me, which at laisure I minde to polishe, +and to make an end of that I haue begunne. And to be shorte, in +phisicke diuerse thynges I haue made & settefurth in print bothe +in Greke and Latine, not mindyng to do other wise, as I haue +before said, al my life: For which cause al these thinges I haue +rehersed, els superfluous in this place. Yet see, meaning now to +counseill a litle agaynst the sweatyng sickenes for helpe also +of others, notwithstandyng my former purpose, two thynges +compell me, in writynge therof, to returne agayne to Englishe, +Necessite of the matter, & good wyl to my countrie, frendes, & +acquaintance, whiche here to haue required me, to whome I thinke +my selfe borne. + +Necessite, for that this disease is almoste peculiar vnto vs +Englishe men, and not common to all men, folowyng vs, as the +shadowe the body, in all countries, albeit not at al times. +Therfore compelled I am to vse this our Englishe tongue as best +to be vnderstande, and moste nedeful to whome it most foloweth, +most behoueth to haue spedy remedie, and often tymes leaste +nyghe to places of succourre and comforte at lerned mennes +handes: and leaste nedefull to be setfurthe in other tongues to +be vnderstand generally of all persons, whome it either haunteth +not at all, or els very seldome, as ones in an age. Thinkynge it +also better to write this in Englishe after mine own meanyng, +then to haue it translated out of my Latine by other after their +misunderstandyng. + +Good wyll to my countrie frendes and acquaintance, seynge them +wyth out defence yelde vnto it, and it ferefully to inuade them, +furiousely handle them, spedily oppresse them, vnmercyfully (8) +choke them, and that in no small numbers, and such persons so +notably noble in birthe, goodly conditions, graue sobrietie, +singular wisedome, and great learnynge, as Henry Duke of +Suffolke, and the lorde Charles his brother, as fewe hath bene +sene lyke of their age: an heuy & pitifull thyng to here or see. +So that if by onely learned men in phisicke & not this waye also +it should be holpen, it were nedeful almost halfe so many +learned men to be redy in euery toune and citie, as their should +be sweatynge sicke folkes. Yet this notwithstandynge, I wyll +euery man not to refuse the counseill of the present or nighe +phisicen learned, who maie, accordyng to the place, persone, +cause, & other circumstances, geue more particular counseil at +nede, but in any wise exhorte him to seke it with all diligence. +To this enterprise also amonge so many learned men, not a litle +stirreth me the gentilnes and good willes of al sortes of men, +which I haue well proued heretofore by my other former bokes. +Mindynge therefore with as good a will to geue my counseil in +this, and trusting for no lesse gentlenes in the same, I wyll +plainly and in English for their better vnderstandynge to whome +I write, firste declare the beginnynge, name, nature, and signes +of the sweatynge sickenes. Next, the causes of the same. And +thirdly, how to preserue men from it, and remedy them when they +haue it. + +[The beginnyng of the disease] In the yere of our Lorde God +M.CCCC.lxxxv. shortly after the vij. daye of august, at whiche +tyme kynge Henry the seuenth arriued at Milford in walles, out +of Fraunce, and in the firste yere of his reigne, ther chaunced +a disease among the people, lastyng the reste of that monethe & +all September, which for the soubdeine sharpenes and vnwont +cruelnes passed the pestilence. For this commonly geueth iij. or +iiij. often vij. sumtyme ix. as that firste at Athenes whiche +_Thucidides_ describeth in his seconde boke, sumtyme xj. and +sumtyme xiiij. dayes respecte, to whome it (9) vexeth. But that +immediatly killed some in opening theire windowes, some in +plaieng with children in their strete dores, some in one hour, +many in two it destroyed, & at the longest, to them that merilye +dined, it gaue a sorowful Supper. As it founde them so it toke +them, some in sleape some in wake, some in mirthe some in care, +some fasting & some ful, some busy and some idle, and in one +house sometyme three sometime fiue, sometyme seuen sometyme +eyght, sometyme more some tyme all, of the whyche, if the haulfe +in euerye Towne escaped, it was thoughte great fauour. How, or +wyth what maner it toke them, with what grieffe, and accidentes +it helde theym, herafter then I wil declare, when I shal come to +shewe the signes therof. In the mene space, know that this +disease (because it most did stand in sweating from the +beginning vntil the endyng) was called here, the Sweating +sickenesse: and because it firste beganne in Englande, it was +named in other countries, the englishe sweat. Yet some +conjecture that it, or the like, hath bene before seene among +the Grekes in the siege of Troie. In themperor Octauius warres at +_Cantabria_, called nowe Biscaie, in Hispaine: and in the +Turkes, at the Rhodes. How true that is, let the aucthours loke: +how true thys is, the best of our Chronicles shewith, & of the +late begonne disease the freshe memorie yet confirmeth. But if +the name wer now to be geuen, and at my libertie to make the +same: I would of the maner and space of the disease (by cause +the same is no sweat only, as herafter I will declare, & in the +spirites) make the name _Ephemera_, which is to sai, a feuer of +one natural dai. A feuer, for the feruor or burning, drieth & +sweating feure like. Of one naturall day, for that it lasteth +but the time of xxiiij. houres. And for a distinction from the +commune _Ephemera_, that Galene writeth of, comming both of +other causes, and wyth vnlike paines, I wold putte to it either +Englishe, for that it followeth somoche English menne, to whom +(10) it is almoste proper, & also began here: or els pestilent, +for that it commeth by infection & putrefaction, otherwise then +doth the other _Ephemera_. Whiche thing I suppose may the better +be done, because I se straunge and no english names both in +Latine and Greke by commune vsage taken for Englishe. As in +Latin, Feure, Quotidian, Tertian, Quartane, Aier, Infection, +Pestilence, Uomite, Person, Reines, Ueines, Peines, Chamere, +Numbre, &c. a litle altered by the commune pronunciation. In +Greke, Pleuresie, Ischiada, Hydrops, Apostema, Phlegma, and +Chole: called by the vulgare pronunciation, Schiatica, Dropsie, +Impostume, Phleume, & Choler: Gyne also, and Boutyre, Sciourel, +Mouse, Rophe, Phrase, Paraphrase, & cephe, wherof cometh +Chaucers couercephe, in the romant of the Rose, written and +pronounced comonly, kerchief in y^e south, & courchief in the +north. Thereof euery head or principall thing, is comonlye +called cephe, pronounced & written, chief. Uery many other there +be in our commune tongue, whiche here to rehearse were to long. +These for an example shortelye I haue here noted. But for the +name of this disease it maketh now no matter, the name of Sweat +beyng commonly vsed. Let vs therfore returne to the thing, which +as occasion & cause serued, came againe in the M.D.vi. the xxii. +yeare of the said Kyng Henry the seuenth. Aftre that, in the +yeare M.D.xvii. the ix. yeare of Kyng Henry the viii, and +endured from July, vnto y^e middest of Decembre. The iiii tyme, +in the yeare M.D.xxviii. the xx. yeare of thesaied Kyng, +beginning in thende of May, & continuing June and July. The +fifth tyme of this fearful _Ephemera_ of Englande, and pestilent +sweat, is this in the yeare M.D.LI. of oure Lorde GOD, and the +fifth yeare of oure Souereigne Lorde king Edwarde the sixth, +beginning at Shrewesbury in the middest of April, proceadinge +with greate mortalitie to Ludlowe, Prestene, and (11) other +places in Wales, then to Westchestre, Couentre, Oxenfoorde, and +other tounes in the Southe, and such as were in and aboute the +way to London, whether it came notablie the seuenth of July, and +there continuing sore, with the losse of vii. C. lxi. from the +ix. day vntil the xvi. daye, besides those that died in the vii. +and viii. dayes, of whom no registre was kept, from that it abated +vntil the xxx. day of the same, with the losse of C. xlii. more. +Then ceassing there, it wente from thence throughe al the east +partes of England into the Northe vntill the ende of Auguste, at +whiche tyme it diminished, and in the ende of Septembre fully +ceassed. + +This disease is not a Sweat onely, (as it is thought & called) +but a feuer, as I saied, in the spirites by putrefaction +venemous, with a fight, trauaile, and laboure of nature againste +the infection receyued in the spirites, whervpon by chaunce +foloweth a Sweate, or issueth an humour compelled by nature, as +also chanceth in other sicknesses whiche consiste in humours, +when they be in their state, and at the worste in certein dayes +iudicial, aswel by vomites, bledinges, & fluxes, as by sweates. +That this is true, the self sweates do shewe. For as in vtter +businesses, bodies y^t sore do labour, by trauail of the same +are forced to sweat, so in inner diseases, the bodies traueiled +& labored by them, are moued to the like. In which labors, if +nature be strong & able to thrust out the poison by sweat (not +otherwise letted) y^e person escapeth: if not, it dieth. That it +is a feuer, thus I haue partly declared, and more wil streight +by the notes of the disease, vnder one shewing also by thesame +notes, signes, and short tariance of the same, that it +consisteth in the spirites. First by the peine in the backe, or +shoulder, peine in the extreme partes, as arme, or legge, with a +flusshing, or wind, as it semeth to certeine of the pacientes, +flieng in the same. Secondly by the grief in the liuer and the +nigh stomacke. Thirdely, by the peine in the head, & madnes of +(12) the same. Fourthly by the passion of the hart. For the +flusshing or wynde comming in the vtter and extreame partes, +is nothing els but the spirites of those same gathered together, +at the first entring of the euell aire, agaynste the infection +therof, & flyeng thesame from place to place, for their owne +sauegarde. But at the last infected, they make a grief where +thei be forced, which commonly is in tharme or legge (the +fartheste partes of theire refuge) the backe or shulder: trieng +ther first a brunt as good souldiers, before they wil let their +enemye come further into theire dominion. The other grefes be +therefore in thother partes aforsaid & sorer, because the +spirites be there most plentuous as in their founteines, whether +alwaies thinfection desireth to go. For from the liuer, the nigh +stomack, braine, and harte, come all the iij. sortes, and kyndes +of spirites, the gouernoures of oure bodies, as firste spronge +there. But from the hart, the liuish spirites. In putrifieng +wherof by the euel aier in bodies fit for it, the harte is +oppressed. Wherupon also foloweth a marueilous heauinesse, (the +fifthe token of this disease,) and a desire to sleape, neuer +contented, the senses in al partes beynge as they were bounde or +closed vp, the partes therfore left heuy, vnliuishe, and dulle. +Laste foloweth the shorte abidinge, a certeine Token of the +disease to be in the spirites, as wel may be proued by the +_Ephemera_ that Galene writethe of, whiche because it +consistethe in the Spirites, lasteth but one natural day. For as +fire in hardes or straw, is sone in flambe & sone oute, euen so +heate in the spirites, either by simple distemperature, or by +infection and putrefaction therin conceyued, is sone in flambe +and sone out, and soner for the vehemencye or greatnes of the +same, whiche without lingering, consumeth sone the light matter, +contrary to al other diseases restyng in humoures, wherin a fire +ones kindeled, is not so sone put out, no more (13) then is the +same in moiste woodde, or fat Sea coles, as well by the +particular Example of the pestilence, (of al others most lyke +vnto this) may be declared, whyche by that it standeth in euel +humors, tarieth as I said, sometyme, from iiij. vii. ix. & xj. +vntill xiiij. dayes, differentlie from this, by reason therof, +albeit by infection most lyke to this same. Thus vnder one +laboure shortelie I haue declared both what this disease is, +wherein it consisteth, howe and with what accidentes it grieueth +and is differente from the Pestilence, and the propre signes, +and tokens of the same, without the whiche, if any do sweate, +I take theym not to Sweate by this Sickenesse, but rather by +feare, heate of the yeare, many clothes, greate exercise, +affection, excesse in diete, or at the worst, by a smal cause of +infection, and lesse disposition of the bodi to this sicknes. So +that, insomoche as the body was nat al voide of matter, sweate +it did when infection came: but in that the mattere was not +greate, the same coulde neyther be perilous nor paineful as in +others, in whom it was greater cause. + +[_The causes._] Hetherto I haue shewed the beginning, name, +nature, & signes of this disease: nowe I will declare the +causes, which be ij.: infection, & impure spirites in bodies +corrupt by repletion. Infection, by thaire receiuing euel +qualities, distempring not only y^e hete, but the hole substance +therof, in putrifieng thesame, and that generally ij. waies. By +the time of the yere vnnatural, & by the nature & site of the +soile & region--wherunto maye be put the particular accidentes +of this same. By the time of the yeare vnnaturall, as if winter +be hot & drie, somer hot and moist: (a fit time for sweates) the +spring colde and drye, the fall hot & moist. To this mai be +ioyned the euel disposition by constellation, whiche hath a +great power & dominion in al erthly thinges. By the site & +nature of the soile & region, many wayes. First & specially by +euel mistes & exhalations drawen out of the grounde by the sunne +in the heate of the yeare, as chanced among the Grekes in the +siege of Troy, wherby died firste dogges & mules, after, (14) men +in great numbre: & here also in England in this m.d.lj. yeare, +the cause of this pestilent sweate, but of dyuers nature. Whiche +miste in the countrie wher it began, was sene flie from toune to +toune, with suche a stincke in morninges & eueninges, that men +could scarcely abide it. Then by dampes out of the earth, as out +of Galenes _Barathrum_, or the poetes _auernum_, or _aornum_, the +dampes wherof be such, that thei kil y^e birdes flieng ouer them. +Of like dampes, I heard in the north country in cole pits, wherby +the laboring men be streight killed, except before the houre of +coming therof (which thei know by y^e flame of their candle) thei +auoid the ground. Thirdly by putrefaction or rot in groundes aftre +great flouddes, in carions, & in dead men. After great fluddes, +as happened in y^e time of Gallien themperor at rome, in _Achaia_ +& _Libia_, wher the seas sodeinly did ouerflow y^e cities nigh +to y^t same. And in the xi. yeare of _Pelagius_, when al the +flouddes throughe al Italye didde rage, but chieflye _Tibris_ at +Rome, whiche in many places was as highe as the walles of the +citie. + +In carions or dead bodies, as fortuned here in Englande vpon the +sea banckes in the tyme of King Alured, or Alfrede; (as some +Chroniclers write) but in the time of king Ethelred after +Sabellicus, by occasion of drowned Locustes cast vp by the Sea, +which by a wynde were driuen oute of Fraunce thether. This +locust is a flie in bignes of a mannes thumbe, in colour broune, +in shape somewhat like a greshopper, hauing vi. fiete, so many +wynges, two tiethe, & an hedde like a horse, and therfore called +in Italy _Caualleto_, where ouer y^e city of _Padoa_, in the +yeare m.d.xlij. (as I remembre,) I, with manye more did see a +swarme of theim, whose passage ouer the citie, did laste two +hours, in breadth inestimable to euery man there. Here by +example to note infection by deadde menne in Warres, either in +rotting aboue the ground, as chaunced in Athenes by theim of +Ethiopia, or els in beyng buried ouerly (15) as happened at +Bulloigne, in the yere M.D.xlv. the yeare aftre king Henrye +theight had conquered the same, or by long continuance of an +hoste in one place, it is more playne by dayly experience, then +it neadeth to be shewed. Therefore I wil now go to the fourth +especial cause of infection, the pent aier, breaking out of the +ground in yearthquakes, as chaunced at Uenice in the first yeare +of _Andrea Dandulo_, then Duke, the xxiiij. day of Januarye, and +xx. hour after their computacion. By which infection mani died, +& many were borne before their time. The v. cause is close, +& vnstirred aire, & therfore putrified or corrupt, out of old +welles, holes in y^t ground made for grain, wherof many I did se +in & about _Pesaro_ in Italy, by opening them aftre a great space, +as both those countrimen do confesse, & also by example is declared, +for y^e manye in opening them vnwarely be killed. Out of caues, +& tombes also, as chaunced first in the country of _Babilonia_, +proceding aftre into Grece, and so to Rome, by occasion that y^e +souldiers of themperour _Marcus Antoninus_, vpon hope of money, +brake up a golden coffine of _Auidius Cassius_, spieng a litle +hole therin, in the temple of _Apollo_ in _Seleucia_, as +_Ammianus Marcellinus_ writeth. To these mai be ioyned the +particular causes of infection, which I cal the accidentes of the +place, augmenting thesame. As nigh to dwelling places, merishe & +muddy groundes, puddles or donghilles, sinkes or canales, easing +places or carions, deadde ditches or rotten groundes, close aier +in houses or ualleis, with suche like. Thus muche for the firste +cause. + +The second cause of this Englyshe _Ephemera_, I said were +thimpure spirites in bodies corupt by repletion. Repletion I cal +here, abundance of humores euel & maliciouse, from long time by +litle & litle gathered by euel diete, remaining in the bodye, +coming either by to moche meate, or by euel meate in qualitie, +as infected frutes, meates of euel iuse or nutriment; or both +ioyntly. To such spirites when the aire infectiue cometh (16) +consonant, then be thei distempered, corrupted, sore handled, & +oppressed, then nature is forced, & the disease engendred. But +while I doe declare these impure spirites to be one cause, +I must remoue your myndes from spirites to humours, for that the +spirites be fedde of the finest partes therof, & aftre bringe +you againe to spirites where I toke you. And forsomuche as I +haue not yet forgotten to whome I write, in this declaration I +will leaue a part al learned & subtil reasons, as here void & +vnmiete, & only vse suche as be most euident to whom I write, +& easiest to be vnderstanden of the same: and at ones therwith +shew also why it haunteth vs English men more then other nations. +Therfore I passe ouer the vngentle sauoure or smell of the +sweate, grosenes, colour, and other qualities of the same, the +quantitie, the daunger in stopping, the maner in coming furthe +redily, or hardly, hot or cold, the notes in the excrementes, the +state longer or sorer, with suche others, which mai be tokens of +corrupt humours & spirites, & onli wil stand upon iii. reasons +declaring y^e same swet by gret repletion to be in vs not +otherwise for al the euel aire apt to this disease, more then +other nations. For as hereaftre I wil shew, & Galen confirmeth, our +bodies can not suffre any thing or hurt by corrupt & infectiue +causes, except ther be in them a certein mater prepared apt & like +to receiue it, els if one were sick, al shuld be sick, if in +this countri, in al countres wher the infection came, which thing +we se doth not chance. For touching the first reason, we se this +sweting sicknes or pestilent _Ephemera_, to be oft in England, but +neuer entreth Scotland, (except the borders) albeit thei both be +ioinctly within the compas of on sea. The same beginning here, +hath assailed Brabant & the costes nigh to it, but neuer passed +Germany, where ones it was in like facion as here, with great +mortalitie, in the yere m.d.xlix. Cause wherof none other there +is naturall, then the euell diet of these thre contries whiche +destroy more meates and (17) drynckes withoute al ordre, +conuenient time, reason, or necessite, then either Scotlande, or +all other countries vnder the sunne, to the greate annoiance of +their owne bodies and wittes, hinderance of theim which have +nede, and great dearth and scarcitie in their common welthes. +Wherfore if _Esculapius_ the inuentour of phisike, y^e sauer of +men from death, and restorer to life, should returne again into +this world, he could not saue these sortes of men, hauing so +moche sweatyng stuffe, so many euill humoures laid vp in store, +from this displeasante, feareful, & pestilent disease: except +thei would learne a new lesson, & folowe a new trade. For other +wise, neither the auoidyng of this countrie (the seconde reason) +nor fleyng into others, (a commune refuge in other diseases) +wyll preserue vs Englishe men, as in this laste sweate is by +experience well proued in Cales, Antwerpe, and other places of +Brabant, wher only our contrimen ware sicke, & none others, +except one or ii. others of thenglishe diete, which is also to +be noted. The cause hereof natural is onely this, that they +caried ouer with them, & by lyke diete ther incresed that whiche +was the cause of their disease. Wherefore lette vs asserteine +our selues, that in what soeuer contrie lyke cause and matter +is, there commyng like aier and cause efficient, wil make lyke +effecte and disease in persons of agreable complexions, age, and +diete, if the tyme also doe serue to these same, and in none +others. These I putte, for that the tyme of the yere hote, +makethe moche to the malice of the disease, in openynge the +pores of the body, lettynge in the euill aier, resoluynge the +humores and makynge them flowable, and disposing therfore the +spirites accordyngly, besyde, that (as I shewed in the first +cause of this pestilente sweate) it stirreth and draweth out of +the erthe euill exhalations and mistes, to thinfection of the +aier and displeasure of vs. (18) Diet I put, for that they of +the contrarie diete be not troubled with it at all. Age and +complexion, for this, that although it spareth non age of bothe +kyndes, nor no complexion but some it touchethe, yet for the +most parte (wherby rules and reasones be alwayes to be made) it +vexed theim of the middle age, beste luste, and theim not moche +vnder that, and of complexions hote & moiste, as fitteste by +their naughty & moche subtiltie of blode to fede the spirites: +or nigh and lyke to thesame in some one of the qualities, as +cholerike in hete, phlegmatike in moister, excepte thother their +qualities, as drinesse in cholerike, & cold in phlegmatike, by +great dominion ouer thother, did lette. For the clene contrarie +complexions to the infected aier, alwaies remaine helthful, +saulfe and better then tofore, the corrupte and infected aier +notwithstandyng. Therfore cold and drie persones either it +touched not at all, or very fewe, and that wyth no danger: such +I say as beside their complexion, (whiche is so harde to finde +in any man exacte and simple, as exacte helthes) were annoied +with some corrupt humoures & spirites, & therfore mete by so +moch to receiue it, & that by good reason. For nothing can +naturally haue power to do ought against any thing, excepte the +same haue in it selfe a disposicion by like qualities to receiue +it. As the cause in the fote cannot trouble the flanke and leue +the knee (the mean betwixte) except there were a greater +consent and likenes of nature in sufferance (whiche we call +_sympathian_) betwixte those then thother. Nor fire refusynge +stones, canne burne hardes, strawe, stickes and charcole, oile, +waxe, fatte, and seacole, except these same first of al wer +apte, and by conuenient qualities disposed to be enflamed and +burned. Nor any man goeth about to burne water, because the +qualities thereof be contrary, and the body vndisposed to the +like of fire. By whiche reason it may also be perceiued, that +y^e venemouse qualitie of this corrupt aire is (20) [= (19)] +hote and moiste, for it redily enfectethe the lyke complexions, +and those nigh vnto theim, and the contrary not at all, or +hardly: & easely doth putrify, as doe the Southe wyndes. +Therfore next vnto those colde and drie complexions, olde men +escaped free, as like to theim by age: and children, as voide of +replecion consumed by their great hete, and therefore alwaies +redy to eate. But in this disease the subtile humour euill and +abundant in full bodies fedyng y^e spirites, is more to be noted +then the humour complexional, whiche notwithstanding, as an +helper or hinderer to y^e same, is not to be neglected. For els +it should be in all contries and persones indifferently, wher +all complexiones be. The thirde and laste reason is, y^t they +which had thys sweat sore with perille or death, were either men +of welthe, ease, & welfare, or of the poorer sorte such as wer +idle persones, good ale drinkers, and Tauerne haunters. For +these, by y^e great welfare of the one sorte, and large drinkyng +of thother, heped vp in their bodies moche euill matter: by +their ease and idlenes, coulde not waste and consume it. +A comfirmacion of this is, that the laborouse and thinne dieted +people, either had it not, because they dyd eate but litle to +make the matter: or with no greate grefe and danger, because +they laboured out moche thereof. Wherefore vpon small cause, +necessarily must folowe a smal effecte. All these reasones go to +this ende, that persones of all contries of moderate and good +diete, escape thys Englishe _Ephemera_, and those be onely vexed +therewith, whiche be of immoderate and euill diete. But why? for +the euill humores and corrupte aier alone? No, for then the +pestilence and not the swet should rise. For what then? For y^e +impure spirites corrupte in theim selues and by the infectiue +aier. Why so? for that of impure and corrupte humores, whether +thei be blode or others, can rise none other then impure +spirites. (20) For euery thynge is suche as that whereof it +commeth. Now, that of the beste and fineste of the blode, yea in +corrupte bodies (whyche beste is nought) these spirites be +ingendred and fedde, I before expressed. Therfor who wyl haue +them pure and cleane, and him selfe free from sweat, muste kepe +a pure and cleane diete, and then he shalbe sure. + +[_The preseruacion_] Infection by the aier, and impure spirites +by repletion thus founde and declared to be the causes of this +pestilente sweate or Englishe _ephemera_, lette vs nowe see howe +we maye preserue our selues from it, and howe it may be +remedied, if it chaunce, wythe lesse mortalitie. I wyll begynne +wyth preseruation. That most of all dothe stande in auoidyng the +causes to come of the disease, the thinges helping forward the +same, and remouyng that whiche is alredy had & gotten. Al be +done by the good order of thynges perteynyng to the state of the +body. Therfore I will begin with diete wher I lefte, & then go +furth with aier where I beganne in treatyng the causes, and +declare the waie to auoide infection, and so furthe to the reste +in order. Who that lustethe to lyue in quiete suretie, out of +the sodaine danger of this Englishe _ephemera_, he aboue all +thynges, of litle and good muste eate & spare not, the laste +parte wherof wyl please well (I doubt not) vs Englishe men: the +firste I thinke neuer a deale. Yet it must please theim that +entende to lyue without the reche of this disease. So doyng, +they shall easely escape it. For of that is good, can be +engendred no euill: of that is litle, can be gathered no great +store. Therfore helthful must he nedes be and free from this +disease, that vsethe this kinde of liuynge and maner in +dietynge. An example hereof may the wise man _Socrates_ be, +which by this sorte of diete escaped a sore pestilence in +Athenes, neuer fleynge ne kepyng close him selfe from the same. +Truly who will lyue accordynge to nature and not to lust, may +with this diete be well contented. For nature is pleased with a +litle, nor seketh other then that (22) [= (21)] the mind voide +of cares and feares may be in quiete merily, and the body voide +of grefe, maye be in life swetly, as _Lucretius_ writeth. Here +at large to ronne out vntill my breth wer spent, as vpon a +common place, against y^e intemperance or excessiue diete of +Englande, thincommodities & displeasures of the same many waies: +and contrarie, in commendation of meane diete and temperance +(called of _Plato_ _sophrosyne_, for that it conserneth wisdome) +and the thousande commodities therof, both for helthe, welthe, +witte, and longe life, well I might, & lose my laboure: such be +our Englishe facions rather then reasones. But for that I +purpose neither to wright a longe worke but a shorte counseill, +nor to wery the reders with that they luste not to here, I will +lette that passe, and moue them that desire further to knowe my +mynde therin, to remember that I sayd before, of litle & good +eate and spare not, wherby they shall easely perceiue my +meanyng. I therefore go furth with my diete, wherin my counseill +is, that the meates be helthfull, and holsomly kylled, swetly +saued, and wel prepared in rostyng, sethyng, baking, & so furth. +The bred, of swet corne, wel leuened, and so baked. The drinke +of swete malte and good water kyndly brued, without other drosse +nowe a daies vsed. No wine in all the tyme of sweatyng, excepte +to suche whose sickenes require it for medicin, for fere of +inflamynge & openynge, nor except y^e halfe be wel soden water. +In other tymes, old, pure, & smal. Wishing for the better +execution hereof & ouersight of good and helthsome victalles, +ther wer appointed certein masters of helth in euery citie and +toune, as there is in Italie, whiche for the good order in all +thynges, maye be in al places an example. The meates I would to +be veale, muttone, kidde, olde lambe, chikyn, capone, henne, +cocke, pertriche, phesane, felfare, smal birdes, pigeon, yong +pecockes, whose fleshe by a (22) certeine natural & secrete +propertie neuer putrefie, as hath bene proued. Conies, porke of +meane age, neither fatte nor leane, the skynne taken awaye, +roste, & eaten colde: Tartes of prunes, gelies of veale & capone. +Yong befe in this case a litle poudered is not to be dispraised, +nor new egges & good milke. Butter in a mornyng with sage and +rewe fastynge in the sweatynge tyme, is a good preseruatiue, +beside that it nourisheth. Crabbes, crauesses, picrel, perche, +ruffe, gogion, lampreis out of grauelly riuers, smeltes, dace, +barbell, gornerd, whityng, soles, flunders, plaice, millers +thumbes, minues, w^t such others, sodde in water & vinegre w^t +rosemary, time, sage, & hole maces, & serued hote. Yea swete +salte fishe and linge, for the saltes sake wastynge y^e humores +therof, which in many freshe fishes remaine, maye be allowed +well watered to them that haue none other, & wel lyke it. Nor all +fishes, no more then al fleshes be so euil as they be taken for: +as is wel declared in physik, & approued by the olde and wise +romaines moche in their fisshes, lusty chartusianes neuer in +fleshes, & helthful poore people more in fishe then fleshe. But +we are nowe a daies so vnwisely fine, and womanly delicate, that +we may in no wise touch a fisshe. The olde manly hardnes, stoute +courage, & peinfulnes of Englande is vtterly driuen awaye, in +the stede wherof, men now a daies receive womanlines, & become +nice, not able to withstande a blaste of wynde, or resiste a +poore fishe. And children be so brought vp, that if they be not +all daie by the fire with a toste and butire, and in their +furres, they be streight sicke. + +Sauces to metes I appoint firste aboue all thynges good +appetite, and next Oliues, capers, iuse of lemones, Barberies, +Pomegranetes, Orenges and Sorel, veriuse, & vineigre, iuse of +vnripe Grapes, thepes or Goseberies. After mete, quinces, or +marmalade, Pomegranates, Orenges sliced eaten with Suger, +Succate of the pilles or barkes therof, and of pomecitres, olde +apples and peres, Prunes, Reisons, Dates & Nuttes. Figges (24) +[= (23)] also, so they be taken before diner, els no frutes of +that yere, nor rawe herbes or rotes in sallattes, for that in +suche times they be suspected to be partakers also of the +enfected aire. + +Of aire so much I haue spoken before, as apperteinethe to the +declaration of enfection therby. Nowe I wyl aduise and counseill +howe to kepe the same pure, for somoche as may be, or lesse +enfected, and correcte the same corrupte. The first is done in +takynge a way y^e causes of enfection. The seconde, by doynge in +all pointes the contrary thereto. Take awaye the causes we maye, +in damnyng diches, auoidynge carions, lettyng in open aire, +shunning suche euil mistes as before I spake of, not openynge or +sturrynge euill brethynge places, landynge muddy and rotten +groundes, burieng dede bodyes, kepyng canelles cleane, sinkes +& easyng places sweat, remouynge dongehilles, boxe and euil +sauouryng thynges, enhabitynge high & open places, close towarde +the sowthe, shutte toward the winde, as reason wil & +thexperience of _M. varro_ in the pestilence at _Corcyra_ +confirmethe. Correcte in doyng the contrary we shall, in dryenge +the moiste with fyres, either in houses or chambers, or on that +side the cities, townes, & houses, that lieth toward the +infection and wynde commyng together, chefely in mornynges & +eueninges, either by burnyng the stubble in the felde, or +windfallynges in the woodes, or other wise at pleasure. By which +policie skilful _Acron_ deliuered Athenes in _Gretia_, and +diuine _Hippocrates_ _abderam in Thratia_ from y^e pestilence, & +preserued from the same other the cities in _Grece_, at diuerse +times comyng with the wynde from _aethiopia_, _illyria_ & _paeonia_, +by putting to the fires wel smelling garlandes, floures & +odoures, as _Galene_ and _Soranus_ write. Of like pollicie for +purgyng the aier were the bonfires made (as I suppose) from long +time hetherto vsed in y^e middes of sommer, (24) and not onely +for vigiles. In comfortyng the spirites also, and by alterynge +the aier with swete odoures of roses, swet perfumes of the same, +rosemary leaues, baies, and white sanders cutte, afewe cloues +steped in rose water and vinegre rosate, the infection shalbe +lesse noious. With the same you maye also make you a swete house +in castynge it abrode therin, if firste by auoidynge the russhes +and duste, you make the house clene. Haue alwaies in your +handcercher for your nose and mouth, bothe with in your house +and without, either the perfume before saide, or vinegre rosate: +and in your mouth a pece either of setwel, or of the rote of +_enula campana_ wel steped before in vinegre rosate, a mace, or +berie of Juniper. In wante of suche perfumes as is beforesaide, +take of mirrhe & drie rose leues of eche a lyke quantite, with a +little franke encense, for the like purpose, and caste it vpon +the coles: or burne Juniper & their beries. And for so moche as +clenelines is a great help to helthe, mine aduise is, that all +your clothes be swete smellynge and clene, and that you wasshe +your handes and face not in warme water, but with rose water and +vinegre rosate colde, or elles with the faire water and vinegre +wherein the pilles or barkes of orenges and pomegranates are +sodden: or the pilles of pomecitres & sorel is boiled: for so +you shalle close the pores ayenst the ayre, that it redily entre +not, and cole and tempre those partes so wasshed, accordynge to +the right entente in curynge this disease. For in al the +discurse, preseruation, and cure of thys disease, the chefe marke +& purpose is, to minister suche thynges as of their nature haue +the facultie by colyng dryenge and closyng, to resiste +putrefaction, strength and defende the spirites, comforte the +harte, and kepe all the body ayenst the displeasure of the +corrupte aire. Wherfor it shal be wel done, if you take of this +composition folowyng euery mornyng the weight of ij. d. in vi. +(25) sponefulles of water or iuleppe of Sorel, & cast it vpon +your meate as pepper, [Rx] seons citri. acetos. ros. rub. sandal. +citrin. ann. [z] i, boli armeni oriental. [z] i. s, terr. sigil. +[z] s, margarit. [z] i, fol. auri puri. n^o. iiij, misce. & f. pul. +diuidatur ad pond. [z] s. Or in the stede of this, take fasting the +quantitie of a small bene of _Mithridatum_ or Uenice triacle in +a sponeful of Sorel, or Scabious water, or by the selfe alone. +And in goyng abrode, haue in youre hande either an handekercher +with vinegre and rose water, or a litle muske balle of +nutmegges, maces, cloues, saffron, & cinamone, of eche the weight +of ij. d. finely beaten; of mastike the weight of ij. d. ob. of +storax, v. d. of ladane x. d. of Ambre grise vi. graines, of +Muske iii. graines dissolued in ryght Muscadel: temper al +together, & make a balle. In want of _Mithridatum_ or suche +other as I haue before mencioned, vse dayly the Sirupes of +Pomegranates, Lemones, and Sorell, of eche half an vnce, with +asmuche of the watres of Tormentille, Sorell, and Dragones, +fasting in the morning, and one houre before supper. A toste in +vinegre or veriuse of Grapes, with a litle poulder of Cinamome +and Settewelle caste vppon it. Or two figges with one nutte +carnelle, and tenne leaues of rue in eche, and a litle salt. Or +boutire, rue, and sage, with breade in a morning eaten nexte +your harte, be as good preseruatiues, as theie be easye to be +hadde. These preseruatiues I here appoincte the more willingly +among many others further to be fetched, because these maye +easelier be hadde, as at hande in niede, which now to finde is +my most endeuour, as moste fruictfulle to whome I write. And +this to be done I counsaille in the sickenesse tyme, when firste +you heare it to be comming and begonne, but not in the fitte. +Alwayes remembryng, not to go out fastinge. For as _Cornelius +Celsus_ wrytethe, Uenime or infection taketh holde muche soner +in a bodye yet fasting, then in the same not fastinge. Yet this +is not so to be vnderstande, that in the (26) mornynge we shal +streight as our clothes be on, stuffe our bellies as fulle as +Englishe menne, (as the Frenche man saieth to our shames,) but +to be contente with oure preseruatiues, or with a little meate +bothe at breakefaste (if custome and nede so require) dynner and +supper. For other wise nature, if the disease shoulde take vs, +shoulde haue more a doe againste the full bealy and fearce +disease, then it were able to susteyne. + +Aftre diete and ayer followethe filling or emptieng. Of filling +in the name of repletion I spake before. Of emptieng, I will now +shortely write as of a thing very necessary for the conseruation +of mannes healthe. For if that whiche is euel within, be not by +good meanes & wayes wel fet oute, it often times destroyeth the +lyfe. Good meanes to fet out the euelle stuffe of the body be +two, abstinence, & auoydance. + +Abstinence, in eatynge and drinckynge litle, as a lytle before I +sayed, and seldome. For so, more goeth awaie then comethe, and +by litle and litle it wasteth the humours & drieth. Therfore +(as I wiene) throughe the counseil of Phisike, & by the good +ciuile, & politique ordres, tendring the wealth of many so much +geuen to their bellies to their own hurtes & damages, not able +for want of reason to rule them selues, & therby enclined to al +vices and diseases: for thauoiding of these same, increase of +vertue, witte and health, sauing victualles, making plenty, +auoyding lothesomenesse or wearinesse, by chaunge, in taking +sometime of that in the sea, and not alwaies destroieng y^t of +the lande, an ordre (without the whiche nothing can stand) and +comon wealth, dayes of abstinence, and fasting were firste made, +and not for religion onely. + +Auoidance, because it cannot be safely done withoute the healpe +of a good Phisicien, I let passe here, expressing howe it +shoulde bee done duelye accordinge to the nature of the (27) +disease and the estate of the personne, in an other booke made +by me in Latine, vppon this same matter and disease. Who +therfore lusteth to see more, let him loke vpon that boke. Yet +here thus much wil I say, that if after euacuation or auoiding +of humors, the pores of the skinne remaine close, and y^e +sweating excrement in the fleshe continueth grosse (whiche +thinge howe to know, hereafter I will declare) then rubbe you +the person meanly at home, & bathe him in faire water sodden +with Fenel, Chamemil, Rosemarye, Mallowes, & Lauendre, & last of +al, powre water half colde ouer al his body, and so dry him, & +clothe him. Al these be to be don a litle before y^e end of y^e +spring, that the humours may be seatled, and at rest, before the +time of the sweting, whiche cometh comonly in somer, if it +cometh at al. For the tormoiling of the body in that time when +it ought to be most quiete, at rest, and armed against his +enemy, liketh me not beste here, no more then in the pestilence. +Yet for the presente nede, if it be so thoughte good to a +learned and discrete Phisicien, I condescend the rather. For as +in thys, so in alle others before rehearsed, I remytte you to +the discretion of a learned manne in phisike, who maye iudge +what is to be done, and how, according to the present estate of +youre bodies, nature, custome, and proprety, age, strength, +delyghte and qualitie, tyme of the yeare, with other +circumstaunces, and thereafter to geue the quantitie, and make +diuersitie of hys medicine. Other wise loke not to receiue by +this boke that good which I entend, but that euel which by your +owne foly you vndiscretelye bring. For good counseil may be +abused. And for me to write of euery particular estate and case, +whiche be so manye as there be menne, were so great almost a +busines, as to numbre the sandes in the sea. Therfore seke you +out a good Phisicien, and knowen to haue skille, and at the +leaste be so good to your bodies, as you are to your hosen or +shoes, for the wel making or mending wherof, I doubt (28) not +but you wil diligently searche out who is knowen to be the best +hosier or shoemaker in the place where you dwelle: and flie the +vnlearned as a pestilence in a comune wealth. As simple women, +carpenters, pewterers, brasiers, sopeballesellers, pulters, +hostellers, painters, apotecaries (otherwise then for +their drogges,) auaunters them selues to come from Pole, +Constantinople, Italie, Almaine, Spaine, Fraunce, Grece and +Turkie, Inde, Egipt or Jury: from y^e seruice of Emperoures, +kinges & quienes, promising helpe of al diseases, yea vncurable, +with one or twoo drinckes, by waters sixe monethes in +continualle distillinge, by _Aurum potabile_, or _quintessence_, +by drynckes of great and hygh prices, as though thei were made +of the sunne, moone, or sterres, by blessynges and Blowinges, +Hipocriticalle prayenges, and foolysh smokynges of shirtes +Smockes and kerchieffes, wyth suche others theire phantasies, +and mockeryes, meaninge nothinge els but to abuse your light +belieue, and scorne you behind your backes with their medicines +(so filthie, that I am ashamed to name theim) for your single +wit and simple belief, in trusting them most, whiche you know not +at al, and vnderstand least: like to them whiche thinke, farre +foules haue faire fethers, althoughe thei be neuer so euel +fauoured & foule: as thoughe there coulde not be so conning an +Englishman, as a foolish running stranger, (of others I speake +not) or so perfect helth by honest learning, as by deceiptfull +ignorance. For in the erroure of these vnlerned, reasteth the +losse of your honest estimation, diere bloudde, precious +spirites, and swiete lyfe, the thyng of most estimation and +price in this worlde, next vnto the immortal soule. + +For consuming of euel matter within, and for making our bodies +lustye, galiard, & helthful, I do not a litle comende exercise, +whiche in vs Englishe men I allowe quick, and (29) liuishe: as +to runne after houndes and haukes, to shote, wrastle, play at +Tennes and weapons, tosse the winde balle, skirmishe at base +(an exercise for a gentlemanne, muche vsed among the Italianes,) +and vaughting vpon an horse. Bowling, a good excercise for +women: castinge of the barre and camping, I accompt rather a +laming of legges, then an exercise. Yet I vtterly reproue theim +not, if the hurt may be auoyded. For these a conueniente tyme +is, before meate: due measure, reasonable sweatinge, in al times +of the yeare, sauing in the sweatinge tyme. In the whiche I +allow rather quietnesse then exercise, for opening the body, +in suche persons specially as be liberally & freely brought vp. +Others, except sitting artificers, haue theire exercises by +daily labours in their occupations, to whom nothing niedeth but +solace onely, a thing conuenient for euery bodye that lusteth to +liue in helth. For els as non other thing, so not healthe canne +be longe durable. Thus I speake of solace, that I meane not +Idlenesse, wisshing alwayes no man to be idle, but to be +occupied in some honest kinde of thing necessary in a common +welth. For I accompt them not worthi meate & drink in a common +welth, y^t be not good for some purpose or seruice therin, but +take them rather as burdennes vnprofitable and heauye to the +yearth, men borne to fille a numbre only, and wast the frutes +whiche therthe doeth giue, willing soner to fiede the +Lacedemonians old & croked asse, whiche labored for the liuing +so long as it coulde for age, then suche an idle Englisshe +manne. If the honestye and profite of honeste labour and +exercise, conseruation of healthe, preseruation from sickenesse, +maintenaunce of lyfe, aduauncement, safety from shamefull +deathes, defence from beggerye, dyspleasures by idlenesse, +shamefulle diseases by the same, hatefulle vices, and +punishemente of the immortalle soule, canne not moue vs to +reasonable laboure and excercise, and to be profitable membres +of the commune welthe, let at the least shame moue vs, seyng +that (30) other country menne, of nought, by their owne witte, +diligence, labour and actiuitie, can picke oute of a cast bone, +a wrethen strawe, a lyghte fether, or an hard stone, an honeste +lyuinge: Nor ye shal euer heare theym say, alas master, I haue +non occupacion, I must either begge or steale. For they can finde +other meanes betwene these two. And forsomuche as in the case +that nowe is, miserable persons are to be relieued in a common +welth, I would wisshe for not fauouring the idle, the discretion +of _Marc. Cicero_ the romaine were vsed in healping them: Who +wolde compassion should be shewed vpon them, whome necessitie +compelled to do or make a faute: & no compassion vpon them, in +whome a faulte made necessitie. A faulte maketh necessitie, in +this case of begging, in them, whyche might laboure and serue, & +wil not for idlenes: and therfore not to be pitied, but rather +to be punished. Necessitie maketh a fault in them, whiche wold +labor and serue, but cannot for age, impotency, or sickenes, and +therfore to be pitied & relieued. But to auoyde punishmente & to +shew the waye to amendmente, I would again wishe, y^t forsomuch +as we be so euel disposed of our selfes to our own profites and +comodities with out help, this old law were renued, which +forbiddeth the nedy & impotent parentes, to be releued of those +their welthi chyldren, that by theym or theire meanes were not +broughte vppe, eyther in good learning and Science, or honeste +occupation. For so is a man withoute science, as a realme +withoute a kyng. Thus muche of exercise, and for exercise. To +the which I wolde now ioyne honeste companye betwene man and +woman, as a parte of natural exercise, and healpe to y^e +emptieng & lightning the bodye in other tymes allowed, in this +sweating tyme for helthes sake, & for feare of opening the +bodye, and resoluing the spirites, not approued, but for dout, +that w^t lengthing the boke, I shold wery y^e reader. Therfore I +let y^t passe & come to sleping & waking, whiche without (31) +good ordre, be gretly hurtful to the bodie. For auoiding the +whiche, I take the meane to be best, and against this sweat +moste commendable. But if by excesse a man must in eyther part +offend, I permit rather to watch to muche, then to lie in bedde +to longe: so that in watchinge, there be no way to surfetting. +Al these thinges duely obserued, and well executed, whiche +before I haue for preseruation mencioned, if more ouer we can +sette a parte al affections, as fretting cares & thoughtes, +dolefull or sorowfull imaginations, vaine feares, folysh loues, +gnawing hates, and geue oure selues to lyue quietly, frendlie, +& merily one with an outher, as men were wont to do in the old +world, when this countrie was called merye Englande, and euery +man to medle in his own matters, thinking theim sufficient, +as thei do in Italye, and auoyde malyce and dissencion, the +destruction of commune wealthes, and priuate houses: I doubte +not but we shall preserue oure selues, bothe from this sweatinge +syckenesse, and other diseases also not here purposed to be +spoken of. + +[_The cure or remedy._] But if in leauinge a parte these or some +of them, or negligently executing them, it chaunceth the disease +of sweating to trouble our bodies, then passinge the bondes and +compasse of preseruation, we must come to curation, the way to +remedie the disease, & the third and last parte (as I first +sayed) to be entreated in this boke. The principalle entente +herof, is to let out the venime by sweate accordinge to the +course of nature. This is brought to passe safely two waies, by +suffring and seruing handsomly nature, if it thruste it oute +readily and kindely: and helping nature, if it be letted, or be +weake in expellinge. Serue nature we shall, if in what time so +euer it taketh vs, or what so euer estate, we streyghte lay vs +downe vppon oure bedde, yf we be vp and in oure clothes, not +takyinge them of: or lie stille, if we be in bed out (32) of our +clothes, laiyng on clothes both wayes, if we wante, reasonably, +and not loadinge vs therewith vnmeasurably. Thus layed and +couered, we must endeuoure our selues so to continue wyth al +quietnes, & for so much as may be without feare, distruste, or +faintehartednesse, an euel thinge in al diseases. For suche +surrendre and geue ouer to the disease without resistence. By +whiche occasion manye more died in the fyrste pestilence at +_Athenes_, that I spake of in the beginnynge of thys boke, then +other wyse should. Oure kepers, friendes and louers, muste also +endeuoure theym selues to be handesome and dilygente aboute vs, +to serue vs redilye at al turnes, and neuer to leaue vs duringe +foure and twentie houres, but to loke welle vnto vs, that +neyther we caste of oure clothes, nor thruste out hande or +foote, duryng the space of the saide foure and twenty houres. +For albeit the greate daungere be paste after twelue houres, or +fourtene, the laste of trial, yet many die aftre by to muche +boldenes, when thei thinke theim selues most in suretye, or +negligence in attendaunce, when they thinke no necessitie. +Wherby it is proued that without dout, the handsome diligence, +or carelesse negligence, is the sauing, or casting awaye of +many. If ij. be taken in one bed, let theym so continue, +althoughe it be to their vnquietnesse. For feare wherof, & for +the more quietnesse & safetye, very good it is duryng all the +sweating time, that two persones lye not in one bed. If with +this quietnes, diligence, and ordre, the sicke do kindelye +sweate, suffre them so to continue, without meate all the xxiiij +houres: withoute drincke, vntil the fifth houre, if it maie be. +Alwayes taking hede to theim in the fourth, seuenth, nineth, & +eleuenth houres speciallye, and fourteenth also, as the laste of +triall and daungier, but of lesse in bothe. For these be most +perilous, as I haue obserued this yere in this disease, hauing +y^e houres iudicial, as others haue theire dayes, and therfore +worse to geue anye thinge in, for troublyng nature standyng in +trialle. (33) Yet wher more daunger is in forbearyng then in +takyng, I counseill not to spare in these howres to do as the +case requireth with wisdome & discretion, but lesse then in +other howres. In the fifthe howre geue theim to drinke clarified +ale made only doulcet with a litle suger, out of a cruet, or +glasse made in cruet facion, with a nebbe, for feare of raisynge +theim selues to receiue the drinke offered, & so to let the +sweat, by the ayer strikyng in. But if the sicke on this wise +beforesaid canot sweate kyndly, then nature must be holpen, as I +sayd before. And for so moch as sweat is letted in this disease +fower waies, by disorder, wekenes of nature, closenes of the +pores in the skinne, & grosnes of the humoures: my counseil is +to auoide disorder by suche meanes as hetherto I haue taught, +and next to open the pores if they be close, and make thinne the +matter, if it be grosse, and prouoke sweat, if nature be weke. +Those you shal doe by gentle rubbynges, this by warme drinckes +as hereafter streight I will declare. And for that euery man +hath not the knowlege to discerne which of these is the cause of +let in sweatyng, I wil shewe you plainly howe to do with moste +suretie and leste offense. I wyll beginne with wekenes of +nature. Therefore remember well that in treatynge the causes of +this disease, I sayed that this sweate chauncethe commonly in +theim of the mydde age and beste luste, the infection hauyng a +certein concordance, or conuenience with the corrupte spirites +of theim more then others. Knowe agayne that nature is weke, ij. +waies, either in the selfe, or by the annoiance of an other. In +the selfe, by wante of strength consumed by sicknes or other +wise. By annoiaunce of an other, when nature is so ouerlaid with +the quantitie of euill humours that it can not stirre. Betwene +thes two set youre witte, and se whether the person be lustye +(34) or sickly. If he be lustye, vnderstande that the sweat doth +not stoppe for wekenes of nature in it selfe. Then of necessitie +it must be for some of thother causes. But for whiche, thus +knowe. Consider whether the lusty person were in foretyme geuen +to moche drynkyng, eatyng and rauenyng, to moch ease, to no +exercise or bathinges in his helth, or no. If all these you +finde in him, knowe that bothe nature is wekened by the +annoiance of the humoures, and that the skinne is stopped, and +the humoure grosse, and that for thys the sweate is letted. If +you finde onely some of these, and that rauenynge, annoiance is +the cause. If want of exercise or bathinges, stoppinges of the +pores and closenesse, or grosenes of humours, or bothe, be the +cause of not sweatying. On the othersyde, if the person be +sickely, it is easely knowen that his wekenes consisteth in +nature the self. And for so moche as weke folkes and sicke shal +also by other causes not sweate, consider if in his sickenes he +hath swette moche or no, or hath ben disposed to it and coulde +not. If he neither hath swette, nor coulde sweat disposed, knowe +that closenes of the skinne, and grosenes of the humour is the +cause. Therfore euery thing in his kynde muste be remedied, +Wekenes of nature, by drinkes prouokyng sweate: closenes, & +grosenes, by rubbynge, as I said. But be ware neither to rubbe +or geue drinkes, excepte you see cause as beforesayd. For other +wise, the one hindrethe nature, and thother letteth out the +spirites & wasteth y^e strength. Therefore accordyngly, if rubbe +you must, geue to the sicke in to their beddes a newe and +somewhat harde kerchefe, well warmed but not hote, and bydde +theim rubbe all their bodies ouer therewith vnder the clothes, +neither to moche neither to litle, nor to harde or to softe, but +meanely betwene, takyng you hede whiche be aboute them, that by +stirrynge their armes they raise not the clothes to let in the +ayer. This done, if case so require, geue them a good draught of +hote possette ale (35) made of swiete milke turned with vinegre, +in a quarte wherof percely, and sage, of eche haulfe one litle +handfull hath been sodden, wyth iii. sliftes of rosemary, ii. +fenel rootes cutte, and a fewe hole maces. Alwaies remembrynge +here, as in other places of this boke, to heate the herbes in a +peuter dishe before the fyre, or washe theim in hote water, +before you putte them in to the posset ale, and that you putte +their to no colde herbes at any tyme durynge the hole fitte. Or +geue theim posset ale hote with rosemary, dittane, & germander. +Or baie beries, anise seades, & calamintes with claret wine +sodden and dronke warme. Or white wine with hore and wilde tansy +growen in medes sodden therin, and ii. d. weight of good +triacle, dronke hote, or in y^e stede of that, wilde tanesy, +mogwort or feuerfue. These prouoke sweat, may easely be hadde, +& be metest for them which haue al y^e causes beforesayde of +lettyng thesame. But specially if for colde and grose humoures, +or for closenes of the skinne, the sweate commethe not furthe. +If with one draught they sweate not, geue theim one other, or +ij. successiuely, after halfe one houre betwene, and encrease +the clothes, first a litle aboue the meane, after, more or lesse +as the cause requireth, & make a litle fire in the chamber of +clene woode, as ashe & oke, with the perfume of bdellium: or +swiet woode, as Juniper, fyrre, or pine, by theimselues: +remembrynge to withdrawe the fire, when they sweat fully, and +the clothes aboue the meane, by litle and litle as you laide +theim on, when they firste complaine of faintyng. And after xii. +or xiiii. houres, some also of the meane, but one after an other +by halfe one houre successiuely with discrecion, alwaies not +lokyng so moche to the quantitie of the sweat, as what the sicke +may saufely beare. And in suche case of faintynge, suffer +competent open aier to come into the chamber, if the same and +the wether be hote, for smoderynge the pacient, by (36) suche +windowes as the wynde liethe not in, nor openeth to the south. +Put to their noses to smell vinegre and rose water in an +handkercher, not touchynge theim there with so nighe as maye be. +Cause theim to lie on their right side, and bowe theim selues +forward, call theim by their names, and beate theim with a +rosemary braunche, or some other swete like thynge. In the stede +of posset ale, they whiche be troubled with gowtes, dropsies, +reumes, or suche other moiste euill diseases, chauncing to +sweat, may drinke a good draught of the stronger drinke of +_Guaiacum_ so hote as they can, for the lyke effecte, as also +others may, not hauynge these deseases, if it be so redy to +theim as the other. After they ones sweat fully, myne aduise is +not to geue any more posset ale, but clarified ale with suger, +duryng the hole fitte, neither vnreasonably, nor so ofte as they +call for it, neither yet pinchyng theym to moche when they haue +nede, alwayes takynge hede not to putte any colde thynge in +their mouthe to cole and moiste them with, nor any colde water, +rose water, or colde vinegre to their face duryng the sweat and +one daie after at the leaste, but alwaies vse warmeth accordynge +to nature, neuer contrariyng thesame so nighe as may be. If they +raue or be phrenetike, putte to their nose thesame odour of rose +water & vinegre, to lette the vapoures from the headde. If they +slepe, vse theim as in the case of faintyng I said, with betyng +theim and callynge theim, pullyng theim by the eares, nose, or +here, suffering them in no wise to slepe vntil suche tyme as +they haue no luste to slepe, except to a learned man in phisicke +the case appere to beare the contrary. For otherwise the venime +in slepe continually runneth inward to y^e hart. The contrary +hereof we muste alwaies intende, in prouokyng it outwarde by all +meanes duryng the fitte, whyche so longe lasteth in burnynge and +sweatyng, as the matter thereof hath any fyrie or apte partes +therfore. For as great & strong wine, (37) ale, or bere, so +longe do burne as there is matter in theim apte to be burned, +and then cesse when that whiche remainethe is come againe to hys +firste nature: that is, to suche water clere & vnsauery, as +either the bruer receiued of the riuer, or vine of the earth: +euen so the body so longe continuethe burnynge and sweatynge, +as their is matter apte therefore in the spirites, and then +leaueth, when the corrupcion taken of the finest of the euill +blode is consumed, and the spirites lefte pure and cleane as +they were before the tyme of their corruption. + +This done, and the body by sufficient sweate discharged of the +venime, the persone is saulfe. But if he by vnrulines & brekyng +his sweate, sweateth not sufficiently, then he is in daunger of +death by y^t venime that doth remaine, or at the leaste to sweat +ones againe or oftener, as many hath done, fallynge in thrise, +sixe tymes, yea, xii. tymes some. If sufficiently the sweate be +come, you shal know by the lightnes & cherefulnes of the body, +& lanckenes in all partes, by the continuall sweatyng the hole +daie and out of all partes, whyche be the beste and holsome +sweates. The other which come but by tymes and onely in certein +partes, or broken, be not sufficient nor good, but very euill, +of whose insufficiency, ij. notes learne: a swellyng in y^e +partes with a blackenes, & a tinglyng or prickyng in the same. +Suche I aduise to appointe theim selues to sweat againe to ridde +their bodies of that remaineth, & abide it out vntill they fele +their bodies lanke & light, and to moue the sweat as before I +said, if thesame come not kyndly by the selfe. If they canot +forbeare meate during y^e space of their fitte, and faste out +their xxiiij. houres, without danger, geue theim a litle of an +alebrie onely, or of a thinne caudel of an egge sodden with one +hole mace or ij. If they be forced by nature to ease them selues +in the meane time, let them do it rather in warme shetes put +into them (38) closely, then to arise. After they haue thus +fully swette, conuey closely warme clothes into theyre beddes, +and bid them wipe themselues there with in al partes curiouslye: +and be ware that no ayer entre into theire open bodies (and +speciallye their arme holes, the openest & rarest parte therof) +to let the issue of that whych doeth remaine. The lyke may be +done in the reste of their fitte, with lyke warenes, for that +clenlinesse comfortethe nature, and relieueth the pacient. If in +duringe oute the foure and twentye houres there be thought +daungiere of death without remouing, rather warme well the other +side of the bedde, and wil hym to remoue himself into it, then to +take him vp & remoue hym to an other bed, which in no case mai +be done. For better is a doubtful ware hope, then a certeine +auentured death. The foure and twenty houres passed duly, they +may putte on theire clothes warme, aryse, and refresshe theym +selues with a cawdle of an egge swietelye made, or such other +meates and sauces reasonably and smally taken, as before I +mencioned. And if their strength be sore wasted, let theym +smelle to an old swiet apple (as Aristotle did by his reporte in +the boke _de pomo_) or hotte new bread, as _Democritus_ did, by +the record of _Laertius_ in his life, either by it self alone, +or dipped in wel smelling wyne, as Maluesey or Muscadelle, & +sprinckled with the pouder of mintes. Orenges also and Lemones, +or suche muske balles as I before described, be thinges mete for +this purpose. For as I saied in my ij. litle bokes in Latine _de +medendi methodo_, of deuise to cure diseases, there is no thinge +more comfortable to the spirites then good and swiet odoures. On +this wise aduised how to order your selues in al the time of the +fitte, now this remaineth, to exhorte you not to go out of your +houses for iij. dayes, or ij. at the least after the fitte +passed, and then wiselye, warely, and not except in a faire (39) +bright daye, for feare of swouning after great emptinesse, and +vnwont ayer, or for forcyng nature by soubdaine strikyng in of +thesame aier, colde, or euil, in to the open body. For nature so +forced, maketh often tymes a sore and soubdaine fluxe, as wel +after auoidaunce of these humores by sweate, (as was this yere +well sene in many persones in diuerse contries of Englande for +none other cause) as of others by purgation. + +Thus I haue declared the begynning, name, nature, accidentes, +signes, causes, preseruations, and cures naturall of this +disease the sweatynge sickenes, English _Ephemera_, or pestilent +sweate, so shortly & plainly as I could for y^e commune saufty of +my good countrimen, help, relieue, & defence of thesame against +y^e soubdaine assaultes of the disease, & to satisfie the +honeste requeste of my louynge frendes and gentle acquaintance. +If other causes ther be supernatural, theim I leue to the +diuines to serche, and the diseases thereof to cure, as a matter +with out the compasse of my facultie. + + + IMPRINTED + _at London, by Richard + Grafton Printer + to the Kynges + majestie + Anno. Do. 1552 + Cum privilegio ad impri- + mendum solum_ + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ + +The name is consistently spelled "Jhon". + +The letters u and v are shown as printed, including the occasional +initial u or non-initial v. The capital U form is used consistently; +conversely, the "v" form is used in all numbers. + +Random spacing of "the same" : "thesame" is unchanged. + + A comfirmacion of this is [_spelling unchanged_] + sodde in water & vinegre w^t rosemary, time, sage, & hole maces + [_missing , after "rosemary"_] + _abderam in Thratia_ + [_italicized as shown: expected form would have only "Thracia" + in italics_] + from _aethiopia_, _illyria_ & _paeonia_ + [_printed with italic ampersand as if one place: "Illyria and + Paeonia"_] + Good meanes to fet out the euelle stuffe of the body be two + [_printed as shown: long "s" ("set") in 1552 text?_] + and wast the frutes whiche therthe doeth giue [_text has "grue"_] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sweating Sickness, by John Caius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SWEATING SICKNESS *** + +***** This file should be named 33503.txt or 33503.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33503/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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