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diff --git a/33436-8.txt b/33436-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4d1f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/33436-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2861 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +December 1864, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, December 1864 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: August 15, 2010 [EBook #33436] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, DEC 1864 *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + +Transcriber's note + +Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. Printer +errors have been changed and are listed at the end. + +Characters that could not be displayed directly in Latin-1 are +transcribed as follows: + + _ - Italics + ^o - masculine ordinal + [.b] - lentition on top of b + [mc] - maltese cross + [V] - versicle + [R] - response + + + + +THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD. + +DECEMBER, 1864. + +THE DIOCESE OF ROSS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. + + +The _Lives of the Irish Bishops_, published by Ware, in 1665, and +rewritten by Harris in the beginning of the last century, have been long +regarded as authentic history; and the statements of these learned +writers have been generally accepted without hesitation, being supposed +to rest on ancient and indubious documents. It is thus, to take a quite +recent example, that the Rev. W. Maziere Brady, D.D., in the third +volume of his _Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross_ (London, 1864), +adopts, with only a few verbal variations, the whole narrative of Ware +regarding St. Fachnan and his successors in the see of Ross. +Nevertheless, many of his statements are inaccurate, and some of them, +too, are wholly at variance with historic truth. At the very threshold +of our present inquiry we meet with one instance which alone should +suffice to render us cautious in accepting the assertions of such +historians, when unconfirmed by other authorities. + +"One _Thady_" (Ware thus writes), "was Bishop of Ross on the 29th of +January, 1488, and died a little after; but I have not found where he +was consecrated. One _Odo_ succeeded in 1489, and sat only five years. +He died in 1494" (Ware, pag. 587. Brady, _Records_, etc., vol. iii., +pag. 139). + +How many errors are contained in these few words! This _Thadeus_ was +never Bishop of Ross, and so far from Odo being appointed in 1489, he +was already Bishop of the see on the accession of Pope Innocent VIII., +in 1484. A letter of this Pontiff addressed to _Odo, Bishop of Ross_, on +21st of July, 1488, has happily been preserved, and it presents to us +the following particulars connected with the see. No sooner had the see +of Ross become vacant by the demise of its Bishop about 1480, than Odo +was elected its chief pastor, and his election was duly confirmed by the +Vicar of Christ. A certain person, however, named Thadeus MacCarryg, had +aspired to the dignity of successor of Saint Fachnan, and as he enjoyed +high influence with the civil authorities, he easily obtained possession +of the temporalities of the see. Several monitory letters were addressed +to him from Rome, exhorting him to desist from such an iniquitous +course; but as these were of no avail, sentence of excommunication was +fulminated against him by Pope Sixtus, and promulgated in a synod of the +southern Bishops, held in Cashel in 1484; it was repeated by Innocent +VIII. in 1488. Thus, then, the individual who is described by Ware as +Bishop of Ross, was merely an usurper of the temporalities of the see, +whilst the true Bishop, Odo, continued to govern the diocese till his +death in 1494. + +His successor was Dr. Edmund Courcy, who was translated from the see of +Clogher to Ross, by Brief of 26th September, 1494. He was a Franciscan, +and for twenty-four years ruled our diocese. The obituary book of the +Franciscans of Timoleague, when recording his death on 10th March, 1518, +describes him as a special benefactor of their convent, both during his +episcopate and at his death. He enriched it with a library, and built +for its convenience an additional dormitory and an infirmary. He also +rebuilt its steeple, and decorated the church with many precious +ornaments. This Franciscan church continued for nearly one hundred years +a cherished devotional resort of the faithful, till, in Elizabeth's +reign, its fathers were dispersed, and the convent reduced to a heap of +ruins. The chronicler of the order, when registering the destruction of +this ancient sanctuary, dwells particularly on the barbarity of the +Protestant soldiers, who deliberately smashed its rich stained glass +windows, and tore to shreds the costly pictures which adorned it. + +A year before his death, Dr. Courcy resigned the administration of his +see, and petitioned the then reigning Pontiff, Leo X., to appoint as his +successor John O'Murrily, Abbot of the Cistercian Monastery of _de Fonte +Vivo_. The deed by which he thus resigned the see of Ross was drawn up +in the presence of three witnesses, one of whom was the Lady Eleanor, +daughter of the Earl of Kildare; and it assigns as the motive of his +resignation, that he had already gained his eightieth year, and that +his increasing infirmities rendered it impossible for him to give due +attention to the wants of the diocese. King Henry VIII. wrote to His +Holiness, praying him to accede to the wishes of the aged bishop, and to +appoint to the see of Ross the above-named Cistercian abbot, who is +described as adorned with every virtue, and especially remarkable for +modesty, mildness, and learning. We give in full this letter of Henry +VIII., as it is a solemn condemnation of the subsequent rebellion of +that monarch against the authority of the Vicar of Christ:-- + + "Beatissime Pater, post humillimam commendationem et devotissima + pedum oscula beatorum. Exposuit nobis Reverendus in Christo pater + Episcopus Rossensis in dominio nostro Hiberniae, se quibusdam + idoneis caussis moveri ut suam Rossensem Ecclesiam Reverendo patri + Domino Joanni Abbati Monasterii Beatae Mariae de fonte vivo + resignet, quibus caussis a nobis cognitis et probatis, intellectis + praeterea egregiis dicti Domini Joannis virtutibus et imprimis + praecipua modestia, probitate ac doctrina, Vestram Sanctitatem + rogamus ut praedictam resignationem admittere, eundemque Dominum + Joannem ad supradictam Ecclesiam provehere dignetur. Praeterea ut + honestius ac decentius Episcopalem dignitatem sustinere queat, + quoniam dictae Ecclesiae Rossensis reditus et proventus admodum + tenues et perexiles esse cognovimus, Vestram Sanctitatem rogamus ut + una cum eodem Episcopatu Rossensi praedictam Abbatiam S. Mariae cum + nonnullis aliis beneficiis in commendam ei concedere dignetur. Quod + ut gratum nobis erit, sic eidem Ecclesiae utile futurum non + dubitamus. Et felicissime valeat Vestra Sanctitas, etc. + + "Ex Regia nostra apud Richemontem die xvii. Julii, 1517"--(Theiner, + _Monumenta_, etc., pag. 520). + +Before giving his sanction to the newly-elected bishop, Pope Leo ordered +a consistorial investigation to be made, as was usual with the sees of +all Catholic countries, and fortunately the minute of this inquiry is +still preserved in the Vatican archives. We cull from it the following +interesting particulars: + + "The city of Ross was situated in the province of Cashel, in the + middle of a vast plain which stretched along the sea-shore. It + consisted of about two hundred houses, and was encompassed with a + wall. The country around was fertile, yielding an abundance of corn + and fruit. In the centre of the town was the cathedral church, + dedicated under the invocation of Saint Fachnan, an Irish saint, + confessor, whose feast is celebrated on the vigil of the Assumption + of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The walls of the church were of cut + stone, and it had two entrances--one lateral, the other in front, + and in both you descended by three steps to the level of the + church. Its floor was unpaved, and its roof was of wood, covered + with slates. The interior of the church presented the form of a + cross, and in size corresponded with the church of S. Maria del + Popolo in Rome. Its central nave was separated by stone pillars + from the aisles. Its choir was of wood, and at the head of the + choir was placed the high altar. Its sacristy was well supplied + with vestments and other sacred ornaments. It had a mitre and + crucifixes; its chalices were of solid silver, some of them being + gilt, and its crozier was also of silver. In the cemetery, outside + the church, there was a belfry built in the form of a tower, in + which there was one large bell. As for the dignitaries of the + church, there was a Dean with a yearly income of 12 marks, an + Archdeacon with 20 marks, and a Chancellor with 8 marks. There were + also twelve Canons, each having a revenue of 4 marks, and four + Vicars with a similar income. All these assist daily in choir, and + celebrate low Mass. On the festival days a solemn Mass is sung. The + Canons reside here and there through the diocese, which is twenty + miles in extent. The Bishop's residence is about half-a-mile from + the city, and is pleasantly situated on the sea-shore. The + episcopal revenue consists of corn, tithes, and pasturage, and + amounts annually to 60 marks. There are also twenty-four benefices + in the Bishop's collation"--(Theiner, _Ib._, pag. 528-9). + +Before the close of 1517, Dr. O'Murrily was duly proclaimed in +consistory Bishop of Ross. He governed the see, however, for little more +than one year, and had for his successor a Spaniard named _Bonaventura_, +of whom it is recorded that he founded a monastery in the small island +of Dursey, which lies at the head of the peninsula between Bantry and +Kenmare--(O'Sullivan. _Hist. Cath._, pag. 238). This monastery and its +adjoining church of St. Michael shared the fate of most of the monuments +of our ancient faith during the persecution of Elizabeth, and in 1602 +was levelled to the ground. + +Of the immediately succeeding Bishops we know little more than the mere +names. Herrera tels us that an Augustinian friar, by name Herphardus, +was promoted to an Irish see in the consistory of 21st February, 1530. +By an error of the consistorial copyist, that see is styled _Sodorensis +in Hibernia_. Elsius and some modern writers supposed the true reading +to be _Ossoriensis_; but this arbitrary substitution is irreconcilable +with the history of the see of Ossory; and it seems much more probable +that the true reading of the consistorial record would be _Sedes +Rossensis in Hibernia_. + +The next Bishop that we find is Dermit M'Domnuil, styled in the +consistorial acts _Dermitius Macarius_, who was appointed about 1540, +and died in 1553. He was succeeded by Maurice O'Fihely (or Phelim), a +Franciscan friar, and professor of Theology. The following is the +consistorial entry: "Die 22^o Januarii 1554 providit Sanctitas Sua +Ecclesiae Rossensi in Hibernia vacanti per obitum Dermitii Macarii de +persona D. Mauritii O'Fihely ord. FF. Min. et Theologiae professoris". +Early in 1559 this bishop, too, passed to his eternal reward, and his +successor's appointment is thus registered in the same consistorial +acts: "Die 15 Martii 1559, referente Reverendissimo Dño. Cardinale +Pacheco fuit provisum Ecclesiae Rossensi in Hibernia per obitum bon. +mem. Mauritii O'Phihil (O'Fihely) pastoris solatio destitutae de persona +R. D. Mauritii Hea, presbyteri Hiberni". + +Dr. O'Hea for less than two years ruled the diocese of Ross, and in the +consistory of 17th December, 1561, Dr. Thomas O'Herlihy was appointed to +the vacant see: "Die 17^o Decembris 1561, referente Cardinale Morono Sua +Sanctitas providit ecclesiae Rossensi in Hibernia per obitum bon. mem. +Mauritii O'Hea extra Romanam curiam defucti, vacanti, de persona D. +Thomae O'Hierlahii presbyteri de nobili genere ex utroque parente +procreati, vita ac scientia idonei, in curia praesentis, quem pater +David sacerdos Soc. Jesu in Hibernia existens suis litteris commendavit, +cum retentione beneficiorum competentium et jurium quae obtinet". + +It would require a much longer article than our present limits allow, to +give an adequate idea of the sufferings and zealous labours of this +illustrious confessor of our holy faith. He was a native of the parish +of Kilmacabea, and many members of his family were reckoned amongst the +ancient dynasts of the district. Being consecrated in Rome, he hastened +to take part in the deliberations of the council of Trent; and in the +metrical catalogue of the bishops of that sacred assembly we find him +described as being in the flower of his age and adorned with the +comeliness of every episcopal virtue. Towards the close of 1563 he +landed on the Irish coast, anxious to share the perils of his faithful +flock and to guard them against the many dangers by which they were now +menaced. O'Sullivan attests that "his labours were incredible in +preaching against heresy, administering the sacraments, and ordaining +youthful Levites for the sanctuary". After some time, however, he was +seized on by the emissaries of Elizabeth, and thrown into the dungeons +of London, where, for three years and seven months, he was the companion +in suffering of the renowned Archbishop of Armagh, Dr. Creagh. After his +liberation, he continued his apostolical labours throughout the whole +kingdom. Many important commissions from the Holy See were confided to +him, as may be seen in the _Hibernia Dominicana_ and elsewhere. A +Vatican paper of 1578, reckoning the strenuous upholders of the Catholic +cause in Ireland, mentions amongst others "Episcopus Rossensis doctus +qui interfuit Concilio Tridentino"; but adds that he was then "an exile +from his see". Many other particulars connected with this holy bishop, +may be seen in _Introduction to the Lives of the Archbishops of Dublin_, +page 137. It is the tradition of the country that he died in prison; +however, Wadding and Ware inform us that he died in the territory of +Muskerry, and was interred in the convent of Kilchree. The day of his +death has, also, been happily transmitted to us; it was the 11th of +March, 1580; or, according to the old computation, the 1st of March, +1579. + +His successor was without delay appointed by the Holy See, but owing to +the destruction of the monuments of our Church, his name has not come +down to us. He is thus commemorated in 1583 by the English agent in +Italy: "In April there came from Rome to Naples an Irishman, _whom the +Pope created Bishop of Ross in Ireland_" (_Letter of Francis Touker to +Lord Burghley_, 22nd July, 1583). He is also mentioned by the Bishop of +Killaloe, Dr. Cornelius O'Mulrian, in a letter addressed from Lisbon to +Rome, on the 29th October, 1584: "Episcopus Limericensis et Episcopus +Rossensis postquam venerant Romam in curia Regis Hispaniarum degunt" +(_Ex Archiv. Vatic._) No further particulars connected with this Bishop +of Ross have come down to us. He had for his successor the renowned Owen +M'Egan, who with the title and authority of Vicar-Apostolic of this see +was sent to our island by Pope Clement VIII. in 1601. A bull of the same +Pontiff granting some minor benefices to the same Owen M'Egan in 1595, +is preserved in the _Hibernia Pacata_, page 670. In it he is described +as a priest of the diocese of Cork, bachelor in Theology, master of arts +and "most commendable for his learning, moral conduct, and manifold +virtues". Towards the close of the century he undertook a journey to +Spain to procure aid for Florence M'Carthy and the other confederate +princes of the South: and he himself on arriving in Ireland as +Vicar-Apostolic in 1601, shared all the privations and dangers of the +Catholic camp. At length, as Wadding informs us, he was mortally wounded +while attending the dying soldiers, and on the 5th January, 1602-3, +passed to his eternal reward. The hatred borne to him by the agents of +Elizabeth is the best proof of his disinterestedness and zeal. His +death, says the author of _Hibernia Pacata_, "was doubtlessly more +beneficial to the state than to have secured the head of the most +capital rebel in Munster" (page 662). + +As regards the Bishops nominated by the civil power, we find one +commemorated during Henry's reign. So little, however, is known about +him, and that little belonging to a period when a canonically appointed +Bishop held the see, that even Protestant historians scarcely allow him +a place amongst the bishops of Ross. During Elizabeth's reign Dr. +O'Herlihy was indeed deprived of the temporalities of the see in 1570, +yet no Protestant occupant was appointed till 1582. Sir Henry Sidney +wrote to her Majesty in 1576, soliciting this bishopric for a certain +Cornelius, but his petition was without effect. Lyons was more +successful; he not only obtained the see of Ross in 1582, but +subsequently annexed to it the dioceses of Cork and Cloyne. The +following extract contains the local tradition regarding the reception +given to this Protestant Bishop, and has been kindly supplied by a +priest of the diocese, whose parish was, in early times, the theatre of +the apostolate of many a distinguished saint of our Irish Church:-- + + "Lyons was an apostate from the beginning; he went to England and + acknowledged the Queen's supremacy, and was left in quiet + possession of the revenues of the diocese till his death, a period + of about thirty-five years. On his return from England he was + deserted by his clergy, who secreted all the plate connected with + the cathedral and monastery, as also the bells, and chimes of + bells, all solid silver, which were then valued at £7,000. The + commissioners subsequently hanged all the aged friars that + remained, on pretence that they knew where the above-named property + was concealed, and refused to reveal it. At all events, the plate + remained concealed, and to this day it never has been found. + Tradition says it was all buried in the strand, which contains two + or three hundred acres of waste, covered by every tide, having + three feet of sand in most places, and underneath a considerable + depth of turf mould". + +The account here given of the diocesan plate is certainly confirmed by +the consistorial record already cited in the beginning of this article. +Whilst, however, the clergy thus resolved to remove the sacred plate at +least from the grasp of the Protestant prelate, the people were +determined that the old Catholic episcopal mansion should not be +contaminated by his presence. The commissioners of the crown in 1615, +report that he found no house on his arrival in his see of Ross, "but +only a place to build one on". They further add, that he, without delay, +built a fine house for himself which cost £300, but even this "in three +years was burnt down by the rebel O'Donovan"--(_Records of Ross_, etc., +iii.-50). It will suffice to mention one other fact connected with his +episcopal career. In Rymer we find a patent dated 12th June, 1595, and +amongst others it is addressed to our Protestant dignitary, +commissioning him "to consider and find out ways and means to people +Munster with English inhabitants".--_Rym._, tom. 16, pag. 276. + +P.F.M. + + + + +THE RULE OF ST. CARTHACH. (OB. A.D. 636.) + + + [The learned O'Curry, in his eighteenth lecture on the MSS. + materials of Irish History, when enumerating the Ecclesiastical + manuscripts, gives the second place to the ancient monastic rules. + He says (page 373-4): + + "The second class of these religious remains consists of the + Ecclesiastical and MONASTIC RULES. Of these we have ancient copies + of eight in Dublin; of which six are in verse, and two in prose; + seven in vellum MSS., and one on paper. + + "Of the authenticity of these ancient pieces there can be no + reasonable doubt; the language, the style, and the matter, are + quite in accordance with the times of the authors. It is hardly + necessary to say that they all recite and inculcate the precise + doctrines and discipline of the Catholic Church in Erinn, even as + it is at this day. + + "It would, as you must at once see, be quite inconsistent with the + plan of these introductory Lectures to enter into details of + compositions of this kind; and I shall therefore content myself by + placing before you a simple list of them in the chronological order + of their authors, and with a very few observations on their + character by way of explanation. + + "The fifth in chronological order is the Rule of St. _Carthach_, + who was familiarly called _Mochuda_. He was the founder of the + ancient ecclesiastical city of _Raithin_ [near Tullamore, in the + present King's County], and of the famous city of _Lis Mór_ + [Lismore, in the present county of Waterford]; he died at the + latter place on the 14th day of May, in the year 636. + + "This is a poem of 580 lines, divided into sections, each addressed + to a different object or person. The first division consists of + eight stanzas or 32 lines, inculcating the love of God and our + neighbour, and the strict observance of the commandments of God, + which are set out generally both in word and in spirit. The second + section consists of nine stanzas, or 36 lines, on the office and + duties of a bishop. The third section consists of twenty stanzas, + or 80 lines, on the office and duties of the abbot of a church. The + fourth section consists of seven stanzas, or 28 lines, on the + office and duties of a priest. The fifth section consists of + twenty-two stanzas, or 88 lines, minutely describing the office and + duties of a father confessor, as well in his general character of + an ordinary priest, as in his particular relation to his penitents. + The sixth section consists of nineteen stanzas, or 76 lines, on the + life and duties of a monk. The seventh section consists of twelve + stanzas, or 48 lines, on the life and duties of the _Célidhé Dé_, + or Culdees. The eighth section consists of thirty stanzas, or 120 + lines, on the rule and order of the refectory, prayers, ablutions, + vespers, and the feasts and fasts of the year. The ninth and last + section consists of nineteen stanzas, or 76 lines, on the duties of + the kingly office, and the evil consequences that result to king + and people from their neglect or unfaithful discharge". + + Among the manuscripts of Professor O'Curry in the Catholic + University, there are two lives of the holy author of this rule. + One of these lives is in Irish; the other a translation from the + Irish. + + We publish to-day about one-half of the "Rule", the remainder, with + any notes deemed necessary for its elucidation, shall appear in our + next number.] + +_"Incipit the Regulum (sic) of (St.) Mochuda, Preaching the Commandments +to Every Person"._ + + 1. This is the way to come to the kingdom of the Lord, + Jesus, the all-powerful! + That God be loved by every soul, + Both in heart and in deed. + + 2. To love him with all your strength, + It is not difficult if you be prudent; + The love of your neighbour along with that, + The same as you love yourself. + + 3. Thou shalt not adore idols, + Because of the great Lord; + Thou shalt not offend thy Creator + By improper pride. + + 4. Give honour unto thy parents, + Give submission to the king, + And to every one who is higher + And who is older in life. + + 5. Give honour unto the Abbot, + The Son of Mary never-failing; + Thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not conceal, + Thou shalt not kill any one. + + 6. Thou shalt not be covetous of the world, + Nor of ill-gotten gain; + Thou shalt not bear false evidence against any one, + Thou shalt bring bitterness to none. + + 7. What thou wouldst desire from all men + For thyself, of every good, + Do thou that to every one, + That you may reach the kingdom. + + 8. What thou wouldst not desire for thyself + Of injury that is evil, + For no person shalt thou desire it + As long as thou art in the body. + + +FOR A BISHOP. + + 9. If you be a bishop of noble order, + Assume thy government in full; + Be thou obedient to Christ, without guile; + Let all others be obedient to thee. + + 10. Heal the difficult disorders + By the power of the pure Lord, + And conciliate the lay multitudes-- + Check the noble kings. + + 11. Be thou the vigilant shepherd + Over the laity and over the Church; + Be orthodox in thy teaching, + Be stimulative, be pleasant. + + 12. To subdue the wicked, + Who love the doing of evil, + To magnify every truth, + Is what is due of thee. + + 13. Thou shalt know the Holy Scripture + At the time that thou takest orders, + Because thou art a stepson of the Church + If thou art deficient and ignorant. + + 14. For, every unwise man is ignorant-- + This is the truth and the right-- + Of the Lord he is not the representative, + He who reads not the Law. + + 15. To condemn all heresy, all wickedness, + To thee, of a truth, belongs; + There shall not, then, be evil in thyself, + In word or in deed. + + 16. Rising[A] shall not be made for thee, + Nor shalt thou be obeyed; + If you be meek with these, + You will be guilty yourself. + + 17. For it is certain that you shall pay, + When the great assemblage comes, + Along with your own transgressions, + The sin of every one who is under your government. + + +FOR THE ABBOT OF A CHURCH. + + 18. If you be the chief of a church, + It is a noble distinction; + It shall be well for you if you worthily assume + The representativeship of THE KING. + + 19. If you be the chief of a church, + It is a noble distinction; + Administer with justice the church, + From the least to the greatest. + + 20. That which Christ, the All-pure, commands, + Preach unto them in full; + And what you command unto others, + Be it what you perform yourself. + + 21. The same as you love your own soul, + Do you love the souls of all others; + 'Tis thine to promote all good, + And to banish all evil. + + 22. Not like a candle under a bushel, + Shall be thy learning without cloud; + Thine it is to heal all thy hosts, + Be they weak, or be they powerful. + + 23. It is thine to judge each according to his rank, + And according to his deeds, + That they may accompany thee at the Judgment, + In the presence of THE KING. + + 24. It is thine to exhort the aged, + Upon whom have fallen disease and grief, + That they beseech the Son of THE KING + With torrents of gushing tears. + + 25. It is thine to instruct the young people, + That they come not to evil-- + That the dark demon drag them not + Into the stinking death-house. + + 26. It is thine to return thanks + To every one in turn + Who performs his work + In the holy, pure Church. + + 27. It is thine to reprove the silly, + To rebuke the hosts, + To convert the disorderly to order, + And the stubborn wretched ignorant. + + 28. Patience, humility, prayers, + Fast and cheerful abstinence, + Steadiness, modesty, calmness, + From thee besides are due. + + 29. To teach all men in truth + Is no trifling achievement; + Unity, forgiveness, purity, + Rectitude in all that is moral. + + 30. Constant in preaching the Gospel + For the instruction of all persons; + The sacrifice of the body of the great Lord + Upon the holy altar. + + 31. One who does not observe these + Upon this earthly world, + Is not the heir of the Church, + But he is the enemy of God + + 32. He is a thief and a robber: + So declares THE KING; + It is through the side of the Church, + Should he enter into it. + + 33. He is wild, like unto a doe, + He is an enemy all hateful; + It is he that seizes by force + The Queen of the Great King. + + 34. After having seized her by force, + It is then he devours her; + He is the enemy of truth; + He is manifested in his concealment. + + 35. I do not myself think + (It is true, and no falsehood) + That the land of the living he shall reach, + He who gives her unto him. + + 36. It were better for the young priest + To seek the pure Christ; + He cannot be in unity with us + Until he submits to obedience and law. + + 37. Those who are of one mind + To violate the king, + Shall be together punished in the pains of hell + Unto all eternity. + + +OF THE DUTIES OF A PRIEST. + + 38. If you be a priest, you will be laborious; + You must not speak but truth; + Noble is the order which you have taken, + To offer up the body of THE KING. + + 39. It is better for you that you be not unwise; + Let your learning be correct: + Be mindful, be well informed + In rule and in law. + + 40. Let thy baptism be lawful-- + Such does a precious act require; + Noble is thy coöperative man, + The Holy Spirit from heaven. + + 41. If you go to give communion + At the awful point of death, + You must receive confession + Without shame, without reserve. + + 42. Let him receive your Sacrament, + If his body bewails: + The penitence is not worthy + Which turns not from evil. + + 43. If you will assume the order-- + For it is a great deed-- + Thy good will shall be to all men + In word and in deed. + + 44. Excepting unrighteous people, + Who love their evil ways; + To these thou shalt never offer it + Until the day of thy death. + + +OF THE DUTIES OF A SOUL'S FRIEND WHO TAKES UNTO HIM PENITENTS HERE. + + 45. If you be any body's soul's friend, + His soul thou shalt not sell; + Thou shalt not be a blind leading a blind, + Thou shalt not allow him to fall into neglect. + + 46. Let them give thee their confessions + Candidly and devoutly; + Receive not their alms + If they be not directed by thee. + + 47. Though you receive their offerings, + They [the offerings] abide not in thy love; + Let them be as if fire upon thy body, + Until you have distributed them in your might. + + 48. Of fasting and praying + Pay thou their price; + If you do not you shall pay + For the sins of the host. + + 49. Teach thou the ignorant, + That they bend to thy obedience; + Let them not come into sin + In imitation of thyself. + + 50. For sake of gifts be not false, + By denial, by penuriousness; + For thy soul to thee is more precious + By far than the gifts. + + 51. You will give them to the strangers, + Be they powerful, or be they weak; + You will give them to the poor people, + From whom you expect no reward. + + 52. You will give them to old people, + To widows--'tis no falsehood; + You will not give them to the sinners, + Who have already ample gifts. + + 53. You will give them in real distress, + To every one in turn, + Without ostentation, without boasting, + For 'tis in that their virtue lies. + + 54. To sing the requiems + Is thine by special right, + To each canonical hour, + In which the bells are rung. + + 55. When you come to the celebration, + The men of earth in all faith + You will there contemplate, + And not each in turn. + + 56. Mass upon lawful days, + Sunday along with Thursday, + If not upon every day, + To banish every wickedness. + + 57. It is lawful, too, in solemnities-- + I should almost have said + The feast of an apostle or noble martyr, + The festivals of pure believers. + + 58. Masses for all the Christians, + And for all those in orders; + Masses for the multitudes, + From the least unto the greatest. + + 59. For every one who merits it, + Before you offer it for all, + And who shall merit + From this day until the Judgment comes. + + 60. When you come unto the Mass-- + It is a noble office-- + Let there be penitence of heart, shedding of tears, + And _throwing_[B] up of the hands, + + 61. Without salutation, without inquiry, + With meekness, with silence, + With forgiveness of all ill-will + That is, shall be, or has been; + + 62. With peace with every neighbour, + With very great dread, + With confession of vices, + When you come to receive. + + 63. Two hundred genuflexions at the _Beata_ + Every day perpetually; + To sing the three times fifty + Is an indispensable practice. + + 64. If you are desirous of preserving the Faith + Under the government of a pure spirit, + You shall not eat, you shall not sleep + With a layman in a house. + + 65. There shall be no permanent love in thy heart + But the love of God alone; + For pure is the Body which thou receivest, + Purely must thou go to receive it. + + 66. He who observes all this, + Which in the Scripture is found, + Is a priest--it is his privilege; + May he be not privileged and unworthy. + +[TO BE CONTINUED.] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote A: To stand up in reverence at his approach.] + +[Footnote B: [Gaelic: dica[.b]áil na láin.] + + + + +THE IRISH CHURCH ESTABLISHMENT. + +_Is Good News from Ireland True? Remarks on the position and prospects +of the Irish Church Establishment._ By H. S. Cunningham, of the Inner +Temple, Barrister-at-Law. London, Longman, 1864; pp. 45. + + +Autumn leaves do not fall in Vallombrosa more frequent than the +invectives which, for the last thirty years, have been constantly +directed against the Irish Church Establishment. Men of views the most +unlike, have contributed their share to this hostile literature. Lord +Normanby and Count Cavour present very dissimilar types of mind and +feeling, and yet both are of accord in condemning the Establishment in +Ireland. Lord Palmerston and Mr. Disraeli see things from opposite +standpoints, and yet neither of them has praise to bestow upon it. Every +species of composition which could be employed as a weapon of offence +has been made to tell the wrath of men against the monster grievance. +This rich variety of arguments against the Establishment has its +advantage and its disadvantage. It is, no doubt, an advantage that light +should be poured in upon every side of a question so important. But it +is a disadvantage to discover the question to have so many sides, that +it becomes a task to master them all. It is not our present purpose to +increase the literature of this subject by adding another to the already +large list of attacks of which we have spoken above. Our object is +rather to set forth the one argument against the Establishment, which, +upon an analysis of that literature, is found to underlie all the +others. If we consider the various charges against the Law-Church in +Ireland mainly in reference to what they have in common, we discover +that they are, generally speaking, modifications of this one objection, +viz., that the Irish Establishment is an unjust application of state +funds. No doubt there are other and more solemn reasons to be urged +against it. No Catholic can be indifferent to the presence within it of +that poison of error which robs the Church of so many children, and +Heaven of so many souls. Judged upon grounds such as these, it is +already condemned. But the struggle is now mainly transferred to a field +other than that of religious principles. We base our objections against +the Establishment on this--that it is a political and social injustice. +We cannot expect all to agree with us in believing the Establishment to +be a fountain of erroneous doctrine; but Mr. Cunningham's little work, +named at the head of this article, is an excellent proof that +right-minded men, of whatever creed, will join us in protesting against +it as a political and social wrong. The proof that the Established +Church is an unjust application of state funds may be stated thus:-- + +The State has some six hundred thousand pounds to administer every year +in the religious interests of the population of Ireland. Of that +population, seventy-seven per cent. are Catholics, the remainder +belonging to various sects of Protestantism. The State, when it does not +persecute, at least completely ignores the religion of the seventy-seven +per cent., and gives that enormous sum of the public money of the +country to the religion of the remaining fraction of the population. Can +any injustice be more flagrant than this? + +The force of this argument rests on two assertions: One, that the +Catholics have an immense numerical majority over the Protestants; the +other, that an enormous sum of public money is squandered upon the +Establishment. If these assertions can be once proved, the argument is +simply crushing in its conclusiveness. Now, the proof of these +assertions is easy, and cannot be too often repeated to the Catholics of +Ireland. + +On the 17th of April, 1861, the resident population of Ireland were +taken as follows:-- + + Members of the Established Church, 11.9 per cent. + Roman Catholics, 77.7 " + Presbyterians, 9.0 " + Methodists, 0.8 " + Independents, Baptists, and Quakers, 0.1 " + All other persuasions, 0.3 " + +Thus out of a total population of 5,798,900, there were in round +numbers, Catholics, four millions and a half; Protestants of all +denominations, rather more than a million and a quarter. In Connaught +the Catholics are 94.8 per cent. of the inhabitants; in Munster, 93; in +Leinster, 85; in Ulster, 50 per cent. The Presbyterians in Ulster are +26.3 per cent. of the whole population. In none of the other provinces +do they reach one per cent. + + "The Established Church ranges from 38.4 per cent. in the county of + Fermanagh, its highest level, to 2 per cent. in Clare. In Armagh it + numbers 30 per cent.; in the suburbs of Dublin 35 per cent.; in the + counties of Dublin, Wicklow, Antrim, and Londonderry, between 15 + and 20 per cent.; in King's and Queen's counties, Cavan, Carlow, + Kildare, Donegal, Monaghan, and the City of Cork, between 10 and + 15; in the counties of Longford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Wexford, + Cork, Tipperary (North Riding), Leitrim, and Sligo, and in the + cities of Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford, members of the + Establishment are between 5 and 10 per cent.; in the counties of + Kilkenny, Limerick, the South Riding of Tipperary, Kerry, + Roscommon, and the town of Galway, the per-centage is between 3 and + 5; while in the counties of Waterford, Galway, and Mayo it is + between 2 and 3, sinking at last to 2 per cent. in Clare. + + "The Roman Catholic population has decreased by very nearly two + millions, from 6,430,000 to 4,500,000. The dioceses where the loss + has been greatest have been those of Tuam, Killaloe, Meath, Elphin, + and Cloyne; each of which has lost something more than one-third of + its Catholic inhabitants. Achonry has escaped with the loss of + one-thirtieth, Waterford of that of one-eleventh, while the two + Dioceses of Dublin and Connor have the rare distinction of showing + a slight increase in numbers. In nine dioceses Roman Catholics are + between 95 and 99 per cent. of the total population; in ten they + range between 90 and 95; in four, between 85 and 90; in one, + between 80 and 85; in two, between 75 and 80; while in three their + numbers fall as low as between 26 and 35 per cent.... + + "Turning to the classification of parishes, we find that there are + at present 199 parishes--5 less than in 1834--containing no member + of the Established Church; 575--nearly one-fourth of the entire + number--containing more than 1 and less than 20 members; 416 + containing more than 20 and less than 50 members; 349 where there + are between 50 and 100; and 270 with between 100 and 200 members; + 309 between 200 and 300; 141 between 500 and 1,000; 106 between + 1,000 and 2,000; 53 between 2,000 and 5,000; 8 parishes only range + as high as 5,000 to 10,000, and 2 between 20,000 and 30,000. + + "The Roman Catholics have 532 parishes, to set against 53 + Protestant, in which their numbers range between 2,000 and 5,000; + 133 parishes with from 5,000 to 10,000 members; 32 in which the + numbers lie between 10,000 to 20,000; and 3 ranging from 20,000 to + 30,000. Of landed proprietors 4,000 are registered as Protestant + Episcopalians, 3,500 as Roman Catholics, which seems to prove that + a considerable area of land has now passed into the hands of + Catholic owners, who have accordingly a good right to be heard as + to the employment of state funds, with which the soil is primarily + chargeable". + +In face of these statistics there can be no doubt but that the first +assertion is abundantly proved. + +As to the second, all the state aid granted to Catholics is involved in +the grant to Maynooth. The Presbyterians have the "Regium Donum", first +given by Charles II., who allowed them £600 secret service money. +William III. made it £1,200 per annum. In 1752 it amounted to £5,000. +To-day it amounts very nearly to £40,000, and is capable of extension on +very easy terms. + +The funds of the Established Church, in round numbers, may be stated as +follows: + + Annual net income of episcopal sees, £63,000 + Revenues of suppressed sees and benefices, + now held and administered by the Ecclesiastical + Commissioners, 117,000 + Tithe rent-charge, payable to Ecclesiastical + persons, 400,000 + ________ + £580,000 + +These figures give an inadequate idea of the real riches of the Church. +The _Dublin University Magazine_, quoted by Mr. Cunningham, says: + + "We have before us a letter from a dignitary, whose statement is, + that his predecessor was twenty years in possession, that he leased + severally to one relation after another, as each dropped off, the + lands from which came the emoluments of his office; and, finally, + to his son, who for twenty years after his death is to hold the + land for one-sixth of Griffith's valuation, which, as every one + knows, is as a general rule twenty-five per cent. under the rental, + with a small renewal fine. So that though this dignitary did not + preach in any of his parishes, for he was a pluralist also, for + nearly thirty years, and died leaving a very large sum of money, he + managed to impoverish his successor for the benefit of his heirs + for twenty years after his death. _Qualis artifex pereo!_ must, we + should imagine, have been the reflection of this successor of the + Apostles, as he lay on his bed of death and reflected complacently + on his literal fulfilment of the scriptural mandate, to provide + 'for them of his own household', no less than for the interests of + 'the Church of God'". + +Besides this pilfering on the part of the prelates, we must not forget +the enormous sums sent into this country to help the proselytising +societies in their work. Let Mr. Cunningham give us a few examples from +which we may gain a fair idea of the working of the rest. + + "The Hibernian Bible Society, established for diffusing copies of + the Scriptures, of course in a Protestant interest, has, since + 1806, spent £80,000 in this way, and has given away more than + 3,000,000 copies. The Primitive Wesleyan Methodist Home Missionary + Society has for its object 'the propagation of the Gospel in + Ireland', and employs fifty missionary agents and upwards of fifty + circuit preachers. The Hibernian Wesleyan Methodist Missionary + Society has an income of £137,000,849 missionaries, 1,000 paid, and + 15,000 unpaid agents, of whom 25 missionaries, 54 day-school + teachers, and 166 Sunday school teachers are employed in Ireland. + Besides these there are the Irish Evangelical Society, 'for + promoting the Evangelization of Ireland, by the agency of + ministers, evangelists, town missionaries, schools, etc.'; the + Parochial Visitors' Society, for enabling the clergy near Dublin to + 'have the assistance of fit persons to act under their direction in + matters which the spirit and constitution of the United Church of + England and Ireland allow its clergy to depute to such agents'; the + Scripture Readers' Society for Ireland, with sixty-four readers, + each with a regular district; the Incorporated Society for + promoting English Protestant schools in Ireland; the Islands and + Coast Society, 'for promoting the scriptural education of the + inhabitants of the islands and coast'; the Irish branch of the + Evangelical Alliance, under the presidency of the Earl of Roden; + the Society for promoting the Education of the Poor in Ireland, + which has educated at its model schools in Kildare Street, 43,000 + children, trained 3,000 teachers, and issued a million and a half + of cheap school books; the Church Education Society, maintained in + distinct antagonism to the national system, and to all appearance a + very formidable rival; it has fifteen hundred schools in connection + with it, and 74,000 children on its rolls, of whom, be it observed, + no less than 10,000 are Catholics, receiving 'scriptural + instruction' at the hands of Protestant teachers, and consequently + the objects of as distinct proselytism as can be well imagined. + Then, under the presidency of the Dowager Duchess of Beaufort, + there is the Ladies' Hibernian Female School Society, for + 'combining a scriptural education with instruction in plain + needlework'; Gardiner's Charity for apprenticing Protestant boys; + the Sunday School Society, with 2,700 schools on its books, 21,000 + gratuitous teachers, and 228,000 scholars; the Irish Society for + promoting the 'scriptural education of Irish Roman Catholics'; the + Ladies' Irish Association, with a similar object; Morgan's Endowed + School, 'for forty boys of respectable Protestant parentage'; + Mercer's Endowed School, 'for forty girls of respectable Protestant + parentage'; the Protestant Society, with 430 orphans; the + Charitable Protestant Orphan Union, for 'orphans who, having had + only one Protestant parent, are therefore ineligible for the + Protestant Orphan Society'; and last, though not least, on the + imposing catalogue, the Society for Irish Church Missions to Roman + Catholics, and the West Connaught Endowment Fund Society". + +In addition, then, to six hundred thousand pounds of public money, all +this enormous income is yearly spent to uphold in Ireland the religion +of a fraction of the population! + +It would take us too far out of our way to follow the author in his +investigation of the results obtained by these powerful resources, +especially in the west of Ireland. Let it be enough to say that he +rejects the current stories about wholesale conversions to Protestantism +among the peasants of the West. But we cannot pass over the following +remarks made by Mr. Cunningham on the handbill method of controversy +adopted by the proselytisers. + + "After politely requesting the reader not to 'be offended on + receiving this', the handbill goes on to state that the invocations + of the Madonna and saints are 'pronounced by the Bible to be the + awful sin of idolatry, and that all idolaters have their place in + the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone. Do not be hurt', + continues this agreeable mentor, 'at this strong statement, but + think! is it true?' Do not be hurt! And this, after a summary + statement that the religion of three-fourths of the Christian + world, the creed of whole generations of the best, purest, and most + devoted of mankind, the hope and joy in life and death of millions + of humble and faithful saints--is pronounced by the Bible to be + punishable with the everlasting torments of hell fire! Verily, if + this be the 'spirit and manner' of these 'true Christian pastors', + the less we hear of this new Reformation the better!" + +The charge of being a political and social injustice, which we have +brought against the Establishment, is fully proved by what has hitherto +been said. Even if there were no other arguments on which to rest our +case, save the single one which we have developed above, it must be +admitted that we have made good our accusation. "I hold", said Lord +Palmerston in 1845, "that the revenues of the Church of Ireland were +destined primarily for the religious instruction of the people of +Ireland.... It is impossible, in my opinion, that the present state of +things in Ireland, in regard to the establishments of the two sects, can +be permanent". But there is more. Evil is ever the parent of evil; and +in one comprehensive injustice like the Irish Establishment are involved +a thousand minor wrongs. The effects of these wrongs in Ireland, and the +mischief wrought by them on our people, we daily see with our own eyes, +and hear with our own ears. But to Mr. Cunningham we are indebted for a +striking and rather novel view of the Establishment, as a source of +mischief to England also. The very guilt she has incurred by the +perpetration of so great an injustice, is, in Mr. Cunningham's opinion, +the greatest of misfortunes. "To do wrong is a far greater misfortune +than to endure it. No man enjoys a wrongful privilege, tramples on his +fellow-citizens, or violates fair play, without forthwith incurring a +moral loss, compared with which, any external advantage is a bauble +indeed". Noble words these: and most refreshingly do they fall upon +Catholic ears, wearied with the noisy utilitarian philosophy of the day. +Nor does the Establishment confer any external or material advantage on +England. On the contrary, it is preparing for her some grievous and +humiliating calamity. Who sows the wind must expect to reap the +whirlwind; and no other harvest but calamity can possibly be gathered +from the evil seed of disaffection on one side, and of tyranny on the +other, which the Establishment has sown in Ireland. Mr. Cunningham thus +describes how the chronic disaffection of Irishmen is produced: + + "The church funds of Ireland belong, without the possibility of a + cavil, to the Irish nation; that nation has, from one reason or + another, persistently refused to follow us in deserting the general + creed of Christendom. They have clung and still cling to their + faith with that desperate tenacity which persecution best + engenders.... But the gradual abandonment of the atrocious penal + code--as one by one its provisions became revolting to the + increased humanity of the age--was a virtual confession that we + gave up all hope of driving the Irish Catholics within the pale of + our church.... Angry at resistance, the English government, + coöperating with English fanaticism, set itself deliberately to + persecute, degrade, almost destroy, those whom it could not succeed + in converting. All has been tried, and the Establishment remains, + as of old, the privilege of a powerful minority, the badge of + conquest upon a prostrate race, a perpetual source of + irritation--and nothing more. So far from being Protestantised, the + Irish are already the hottest Ultramontanes in Europe, and are + assuming more and more the triumphant air to which their numerical + ascendancy entitles them. There is not the ghost of a chance of + Ireland becoming other than she is, or of the Establishment making + such strides as might render her present position less + transparently absurd. The one question is this, whether we choose + to perpetuate a state of things condemned by all statesmen as + vicious in principle, and proved by long experience to be + productive of nothing but a tyrannising temper, on the one hand, + and chronic disaffection on the other. Every Irish peasant has + sense enough to appreciate the injustice of the arrangement which + obliges him to build his chapel, pay the priest, and gives his + landlord a church and parson for nothing. He may be excused too for + a feeling of annoyance, as he trudges past the empty parish church, + supported at the public expense, to some remote chapel crowded with + peasants, out of whose abject poverty the necessary funds for its + support have to be wrung. He may be excused if his notions of fair + play, equal rights, and political loyalty, are somewhat indistinct, + and that where the law is from the outset a manifest wrong-doer, it + should be sometimes superseded by rougher and more effective + expedients. He is naturally a rebel, because the state proclaims + herself his enemy. He naturally thinks it monstrous that any + proprietor of the soil should have it in his power to refuse the + inhabitants a spot of ground on which to celebrate their religious + rites; that men, women, and children should be obliged to walk + five, six, and even ten miles to the nearest place of worship; that + education should be constantly refused, except coupled with open + and systematic proselytism; that terrorism and coercion, the mean + contrivances of bigotry, should be suffered to do their worst, + without the strong hand of government intervening to lighten the + blow, or provide means of protection"--pages 28, 29. + +All this is well said: nor is the author less happy in his description +of the tyrannising temper which it fosters on the part of the +Protestants. + + "And if the Establishment works ill as regards the Catholic masses, + its effects on the privileged minority seem to us scarcely less + disastrous. It engenders a tone of arrogant, violent, uncharitable + bigotry, which happily is unknown in this country beyond the + precincts of Exeter Hall and the columns of the 'religious' + newspapers. Indeed, we have only to turn to 'Good News from + Ireland', to assure ourselves of the detestable temper in which + these modern Reformers set about the process of evangelisation, and + of the extraordinary hardihood of assertion by which their + ministrations are characterised. The creed of an Irish peasant may + be superstitious--where is the peasant whose creed is anything + else?--but religion in Ireland has at any rate, in the true spirit + of Christianity, found its way to the wretched, the degraded, the + despairing: it has refined, comforted, ennobled those whom + external circumstances seemed expressly designed to crush them into + absolute brutality. The Irish peasant is never the mere animal that + for centuries English legislators tried to make him. He is a + troublesome subject, indeed, and has a code of his own as to the + 'wild justice' to which the oppressed may, in the last instance, + resort; but in the domestic virtues, chastity, kindliness, + hospitality, he stands, at least, as well as English or Scotch of + the same condition in life. As regards domestic purity, indeed, + Ireland, by universal confession, rises as much above the ordinary + standard as Scotland falls below it: and as regards intemperance, + there has been in Ireland of late years a marked improvement, for + which unhappily no counterpart is to be found in any other part of + the United Kingdom. Yet we are gravely invited to believe, on the + testimony of a few hot-brained fanatics, that the whole Catholic + system in Ireland is one vast conspiracy against piety, happiness, + and civilisation.... + + "That Protestants are perfectly well aware of the mortification + entailed upon their Catholic fellow-subjects by the existing state + of things, and regard it with complacent acquiescence, is not the + least painful feature of the case. The Irish Church is bad, not + only in itself, but as being the last of a long series of + oppressions which fear, passion, or necessity have at various times + led the English to inflict upon their feeble neighbour. There have + been periods when the deliberate idea of even intelligent + politicians was, that the one population should exterminate the + other; and Burke has pointed out how the religious animosities, + which seem now the great cause of dispute, are in reality only a + new phase of far earlier hostility, grounded originally on + conquest, and strengthened by the cruelties which conquest + involved. It is to some such fierce mood, traditionally familiar to + the ruling race, that an institution so unjust in principle, so + troublesome in practice, so incurably barren of all useful result, + can appeal for sanction and support. The blind and almost ferocious + bigotry of Irish Presbyterians is owing, one would fain hope, less + to personal temperament than to the tastes and convictions of a + ruder age, embodied in evil customs and a conventionally violent + phraseology. And the same is more or less true of their + Episcopalian brethren. It is from the calmer feelings and more + discriminating judgment of the English nation that any remedial + measure is expected"--pages 33-37. + +We have nothing to add to this. Every Catholic will recognize the truth +of the picture thus ably drawn. Our obligations to Mr. Cunningham do +not, however, end here. There is still another lesson which, although he +does not mean to teach it, we are glad to learn from him. It is this. +Speaking of the paid clergy of the Establishment, he says:-- + + "So far from assisting the government in its schemes, they are + among its bitterest opponents. Dr. Cullen himself is hardly more + hostile to the National Education System than these paid officials + of the state, for whom the one possible excuse would be an + unflinching support of state measures. The Church Education + Society numbers something like two-thirds of the Established clergy + among its adherents, and is one of the most serious difficulties + with which at present the cause of National Education has to + contend. What shall be done with these spaniels that forget to + cringe, but bark and snap at the hand that feeds them? Might they + not, at any rate, be scourged and starved into a more submissive + mood?"--page 43. + +These words reveal to us the position which men of the world would +expect a clergy paid by the state to assume towards the state. From +being ministers of God, they are to become paid officials of the state; +from being the stewards of things divine, they are to recommend +themselves to their masters by an unflinching support of the state +measures. And if conscience should at any time call upon them to refuse +the support demanded at their hands, the government has the power and +the will to scourge and starve them into a more submissive mood. What a +practical commentary does Mr. Cunningham here offer on the words used by +Mgr. Brancadoro,[C] in declining the pension offered by the British +Government in 1805! Better, far better, poverty with the liberty of the +sanctuary, than rich endowments with slavery. We demand the abolition of +the Establishment on the broad grounds of social equality and justice, +and not because we wish to enrich ourselves with its spoils. We are rich +enough in the love of that noble Irish race, than which none other ever +gave more blessed consolation to the ministers of Christ. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote C: I. E. RECORD, No. II., page 50-55.] + + + + +ANCIENT RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS OF ARDAGH. + + +I. + +SAINT BRIGID'S DOMINICAN CONVENT, LONGFORD. + +The early history of the See of Ardagh is involved in much obscurity and +some little confusion. After Saint Mel, its first bishop, and Melchuo, +his brother and successor, for several centuries there is little +available information of the state of the diocese, the succession of its +bishops, or the condition of its religious foundations. For the most +part, up to the twelfth century, we find only the names of the bishops, +of which the meagre list is very incomplete and defective; in some +instances whole centuries are passed over, of which we have no published +record at all. + +In the absence of other ecclesiastical monuments, the history of this +See, like many others, can be traced only in a fragmentary manner, as it +is found mixed up with the history of the several religious houses +scattered over it, or as it may be unravelled from the various legends +and traditions connected with them. These Religious foundations were +numerous in Ardagh, and some of them rank among the most ancient in the +island; thus, in the _Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick_, we find that +the two daughters of the Saint's old master, Milcho, after the death of +their father, took the veil in the convent of Augustin nuns, founded by +Saint Patrick at Cluain Bronach, near Granard in Teffia (Clonbroncy, +County Longford), which must, therefore, have been one of the most +ancient foundations for Religious women in Ireland. Time, and the hand +of the spoiler have dealt hardly with these old houses, and few traces +can be found of them to-day. The same may be said even of those more +modern ones, which, like the Dominican Convent of Saint Brigid, +Longford, or the Cistercian Abbey of Saint Mary, Granard, border more +nearly on the times of authentic and known history. + +In the spoliations of Henry and Elizabeth, the convent lands were +granted away to laymen, and the edifices either razed to the ground, or +perverted to the uses of the new creed. The few that escaped +confiscation were soon deserted under the penal and relentless +persecution that followed, and the departing Religious carried with them +the records of most of our old foundations, which, if existing, are now +to be found only in the MSS. of the Munich, Barberini, Vatican, and +other continental libraries. Yet, from the earliest foundation of Saint +Mel, at Ardagh, or of Saint Columba, in Innismore, Lough Gowna, down to +the latest convent in the islands of Lough Ree, each has its story, its +legends and traditions, which we, perhaps, may live to tell. Of some +extensive ruins still remain, and about their ivied walls there clings +many an old legend and oft-told tradition, that yet may help to clear up +the obscure history of those times. In many instances, however, we must +confess, that few vestiges have escaped the ruthless hand of the +spoiler, and save a few crumbling ivy-covered walls, and the green +mounds that mark the last resting place of their dead, there is little +left, either of storied arch or cloistered aisle to tell of the extent +of the edifices, or of the zeal and labours of the pious souls who dwelt +within them. + +The Dominican Convent of Saint Brigid, at Longford, was one of the most +modern of the religious foundations of Ardagh, having been founded by +one of the O'Ferralls in 1400. A sketch of its history will, however, +serve as a first contribution towards the early history of that ancient +church, and may perhaps prove interesting to the reader, as from local +circumstances it has been to us. + +O'Heyne tells us, "This convent was built for the Dominicans in 1400, by +O'Ferrall, a very illustrious, ancient, and, for those times, powerful +dynast of Annaly". Harris, in his edition of _Sir James Ware's +Antiquities_, distinctly names Cornelius O'Ferrall, the Dominican Bishop +of Ardagh, as the founder. De Burgo, in his _Hibernia Dominicana_, from +which most of our information is taken, shows that in the year 1400, in +which the Convent of Saint Brigid was founded, Adam Lyons, a Dominican +Friar, succeeded Gilbert MacBrady in the See of Ardagh; that Adam Lyons +died in 1416, and was succeeded by Cornelius O'Ferrall, who was +consecrated in February, 1418, when the Convent of Saint Brigid had been +built and inhabited nearly eighteen years. Hence, it is very clear, that +if Cornelius O'Ferrall was the founder, it must have been before his +consecration as bishop, and very probably before his admission to +Religion as a Dominican. It is not improbable that, like others of his +name, he was dynast of Annaly before he assumed the mitre of Ardagh, and +that having in his boyhood been a pupil of the Dominicans, as we learn +from the Bull of his consecration, he had founded this convent for them +long before he thought of joining the order himself. + +Cornelius O'Ferrall died, "celebrated for his liberality to the poor", +as Ware tells us, for which he was popularly known by the name +"_Eleemosynarius_", or the "_Almsgiver_", and he was buried in the Abbey +of Saint Brigid in 1424. The family of the O'Ferralls made repeated and +ample grants to the convent, and, after the example of Bishop Cornelius, +made the abbey their family burial place. + +The church attached to the convent stood on the site now occupied by the +Protestant parochial church of Longford, on the north side of the river +Camlin. From it a raised causeway or road led through the meadows by the +river side, to the coenobium, or convent proper, which stood on the +opposite, or south side of the river, about a quarter of a mile distant. +This church was destroyed by fire, and the convent reduced to ruins in +1428. The extent and character of this first convent may be gathered +from O'Heyne, who says, it was a most extensive and magnificent +structure, as shown by the magnitude of the ruins still remaining in his +day (1750). The importance and influence which, in a very few years, the +abbey had been able to attain, may be inferred from the fact, that Bulls +were issued by several popes, granting indulgences to the faithful who +would contribute to its restoration. + +Of these the Bull of Martin V., March 1429, informs us, that the convent +was of the "Strict Observance". From the Bull of Eugene IV., March, +1433, in the relation of the motives for granting the Indulgence, we +learn the character and extent of the disaster which had befallen Saint +Brigid's. "In consequence of the wars prevailing in these parts, +especially during the last six years, the church of St. Brigid at +Longford had been destroyed by fire, and all the other buildings of the +convent reduced to ruins. The necessary ornaments for decent celebration +of divine worship were wanting, and the Religious had been of necessity +compelled to pass to other houses". In a second Bull of the same pope, +July 1438, we are told, "the Church of Saint Brigid had been consumed by +fire, and _most_ of the convent buildings laid in ruins". The +devastation is thus in some sort limited, which in the first was +described as total. + +The church was rebuilt, and the convent restored, but not at all on the +same scale of magnificence that O'Heyne so extols in the first. For +several centuries, however, it continued to exercise a great influence +on religion in the district, and to send forth able, fervent, and +illustrious pupils, to maintain and defend the faith, at home and +abroad. Thus we find Doctor Gregory O'Ferrall, an alumnus of Saint +Brigid's, Provincial of Ireland in 1644. Afterwards we find him lending +energetic aid to the confederate Catholics at Kilkenny. When the +treachery and intrigues of Ormond had seduced the Catholic chiefs into a +deceitful peace, without any guarantee for the free exercise of their +religion, the name of the Dominican provincial Gregory O'Ferrall is one +of the signatures to the spirited and indignant protest of the national +synod convened at Waterford in 1646, by the celebrated John Baptist +Rinuccini, to condemn the conduct of the men who had agreed to such a +peace, at once unjust, iniquitous, and pernicious to the Catholic cause, +which they had sworn to defend. "Gregory O'Ferrall", says O'Heyne, "was +a man of most meek and mortified appearance, and was esteemed by the +people a mirror of every virtue". He died in 1672. + +Anthony O'Molloy, another alumnus of Saint Brigid's, was about the same +time procurator-general of the Dominicans in Ireland. For about forty +years he discharged, with wonderful zeal and ability, the dangerous duty +of conducting the newly-professed Dominicans of Ireland to Spain, and +then aiding and directing their return after the completion of their +ecclesiastical studies. This was at the time penal, and the delicate and +difficult task was performed at the constant risk of his life. His +labours, however, were crowned with singular success. He was known by +the name of Father Antony of the Rosary, because of his admirable +devotion to that pious exercise and to everything tending to the service +of the Blessed Mother of God, through whose intercession, in moments of +danger and difficulty, he is said, several times to have obtained +miraculous deliverance. He died about 1680. + +Laurence O'Ferrall was, about the same time, sent from Saint Brigid's +as missionary apostolic into England, when the penal persecution of the +times left the flock stripped of a pastor. He was arrested and flung +into prison at London, where for more than a year he suffered many +hardships. After a time, through the mercy of God, he was discharged, +and fled to Belgium, where he long laboured under grievous illness, +brought on by this imprisonment. As soon as he was sufficiently +recovered, he set out again for England, but he was a second time +arrested and flung into prison as a returned friar. Through the +intercession of the Archduke Charles, afterwards Emperor Charles the +Sixth, who was then in England, he obtained his discharge as a German +subject, and was permitted to leave for Portugal. From thence he passed +into Spain, where he was appointed chaplain to the Irish Brigade serving +under Fitzjames Duke of Berwick. He died in 1708. + +The names of other remarkable men, alumni of Saint Brigid's, might be +cited if space permitted. Even so late as 1756, not more than a century +ago, De Burgo speaks of James O'Ferrall, the prior, Nicholas Travers, +and Francis O'Ferrall, as surviving representatives of that convent. + +Few traces of either church or convent now remain. The causeway leading +from the church to the abbey may still be recognized; and a crumbling +portion of ivy-clad wall, within the Protestant glebe, on the other side +of the river, shows where the coenobium stood. The lands attached to the +convent were granted away for ever to Richard Nugent by 4th and 5th +Philip and Mary. By 20th Elizabeth, this Friary, containing half an +acre, house, cottage, twenty-eight acres of land, and six acres of +demesne, was granted to Sir Nicholas Malby and his heirs, at 16s. per +annum. Finally, January 29, 1615, James I. bestowed this monastery on +Francis, Viscount Valentia. About 1756 the lands passed into the hands +of Thomas Pakenham, when he was created Baron Longford, on the death of +the last Baron Aungier, and the extinction of that ancient family. What +was the extent and precise position of the abbey lands it is now +impossible to tell. O'Heyne assures us they were ample and valuable, and +even if we look only to the extent embraced under the church and +coenobium, together with the townlands which, from their names, we can +still recognize as abbey property, as Abbeycartron, there can be little +doubt they were very extensive. + +Among the legends preserved in connection with Saint Brigid's, the story +of the martyrdom of Bernard and Laurence O'Ferrall, who died there for +the faith in 1651, deserves to be recorded. + +The short but brilliant struggle of the Confederate Catholics, marred by +divided councils and the incapacity of some of its chiefs, was over. The +seven years' war ended with an unsatisfactory peace, when the execution +of the King in January, 1649, threw the country once more into turmoil +and confusion. Then came the brief but sanguinary struggle against the +parliamentary army under Cromwell. After the fall of Drogheda, Wexford, +and other towns, in which massacres of the most fearful kind had been +perpetrated, the parliamentary army, broken up into scattered bands, +traversed the country in search of disaffected, and Papists, sacking and +plundering with a license and cruelty that spread terror and desolation +everywhere, so that there is scarce a hamlet or village in which the +memory of the savage deeds of Cromwell's soldiery is not dwelt upon with +horror to this day. A troop of these fanatics was stationed at Longford, +and in the terror of their presence and bloody deeds, the Convent of +Saint Brigid was abandoned, and the church deserted by the friars. Early +one morning, either by accident or treachery, two of the friars, who had +come there to pray, were seized by the soldiery. One of them, Bernard +O'Ferrall, attempted to escape, and was struck down with four-and-twenty +mortal wounds, in the doorway of the church, at the threshold of which +he was left for dead. He survived to be carried to a place of safety, +where he received the last Sacrament from one of the brotherhood who was +hiding in the neighbourhood. Laurence O'Ferrall, the other, was seized +within the church, and hurried before their officer by the exulting +soldiery, who anticipated a day's savage sport in roasting or hanging +the Popish priest, not an unusual amusement with them. He was recognized +by the officer as an adherent of the Catholic army during the late +troubles, and was ordered out for execution next day. A respite of three +days was granted at the intercession of some persons, whose advocacy the +martyr complained of, as unprofitable and unwelcome, and during the +three days' interval he ceased not to pray, with abundant tears, that +God would not suffer the palm of martyrdom to be snatched from him. On +the third morning, when led out for execution, he addressed the +assembled people from the scaffold in eloquent, fervent language, and +denounced the bloody persecutions and violence of the fanatics with such +force, that the officer in charge--stung to rage--ordered him to be +silenced with the rope, and flung off without further parley. He then +bade farewell to the people, and having placed his rosary around his +neck, and taken the crucifix in his right hand, he calmly arranged both +hands under the scapular of his habit, and submitted himself to the +executioner. After he had been cast off, and when he was hanging at the +end of the fatal rope, and life extinct, both hands were drawn from +under the habit, and uniting raised the crucifix over his head as the +symbol and pledge of his triumph. This most extraordinary sight made a +very great impression on the beholders, and the officer himself was so +much struck and terrified that he ordered the body to be at once cut +down respectfully, and gave it over to the people to be buried without +molestation. We find that a safe-conduct was even given to some of the +priests hiding in the neighbourhood to attend his obsequies, at which +the people too attended in an immense concourse. The story of Bernard +and Laurence O'Ferrall is only one of many instances of the bloody deeds +of that fearful time. + +Whilst thus we close our sketch, we venture a hope that at no distant +day the present venerated successor of Saint Mel may, in the cause of +Catholic education, be able to introduce the cloistered sisters of Saint +Dominic to revive the name, the spirit, and the good works of the old +Dominican Convent of Saint Brigid. + + J. R. + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS + +(_From M. Bouix's "Revue des Sciences Ecclesiastiques"_). + + +1. At Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, ought the profound +inclination be made during the singing of the two verses _Tantum ergo +Sacramentum, Veneremur cernui_, or only during the singing of the words +_Veneremur cernui_? + +2. What ceremonies are to be observed by the deacon, or by the assistant +priest, when, acting on the permission given by the Decree of the 12th +August, 1854, the deacon consigns the ostensorium to the celebrant +before the Benediction, and receives it from him after the Benediction +has been given? + +3. What rule should a priest follow when he finds in the Ordo a +regulation which he believes to be certainly incorrect? + + * * * * * + +1. It is beyond doubt, that the inclination ought to be made whilst the +entire verses _Tantum ergo Sacramentum, Veneremur cernui_, are being +sung; and if, in any church, custom has limited the inclination to the +two last words, it has arisen from this, that whenever the celebrant +intones the hymn, he makes the inclination only after the intonation. +The ministers, however, are wrong in imitating him in this. + + "Tum in officio divino", says Cavalieri, t. iv., c. viii., _Inst. + Clem._, § 33, n. 49, "quam in precibus omnibus coram SS. + Sacramento, dum praedictus versus _Tantum ergo_ dicitur, ab omnibus + omnino persistendum erit in inclinatione usque ad _cernui_. Haec + est", says Gardellini (_Inst. cl. ibid._ n. 19), "praxis quae + obtinet in majoribus Urbis basilicis". + +This doctrine is followed by modern authors. + +2. Before we reply to the question, it will be useful to make two +remarks. The first has reference to the difference between the functions +of the deacon and those of the assistant priest. If the celebrant be +assisted by a deacon and sub-deacon, the assistant need not do more than +place the Blessed Sacrament on the throne, and lower it thence at the +proper time. He may also extract the Blessed Sacrament from the +tabernacle before the exposition, and replace it therein after the +Benediction. The office of assistant appears to have been instituted as +a measure of precaution against the danger which might result from the +near approach of the deacon's vestments to the lights, in case he took +down the ostensorium, or to guard against other inconveniences. But +there is no reason why the assistant should present the ostensorium to +the celebrant when the deacon and sub-deacon are present. + +We should remark, in the next place, that, according to the text of the +_Ceremoniale Episcoporum_, and of the _Instructio Clementina_, the +priest, after receiving the humeral veil, mounts the steps without the +ministers, and himself takes the ostensorium. Authors prescribe that the +deacon and sub-deacon should kneel on the highest step, and support the +celebrant's cope during the benediction. In their absence, this is done +by the master of ceremonies, or two clerks. When the benediction has +been given, the priest having completed the circle, places the Blessed +Sacrament in the corporal, genuflects, and descends with the sub-deacon, +whilst the deacon restores the Blessed Sacrament to the tabernacle, +unless this be done by the assistant priest, in which case the deacon +descends with the celebrant and the sub-deacon. According to Baldeschi, +the veil is removed from the celebrant when he genuflects in the +predella, after having given the benediction. + +The rubric of the _Ceremoniale Episcoporum_ (l. ii. c. xxiii., n. 27) +makes no mention of the assistant priest, supposes that the bishop +himself takes the ostensorium from the altar, and expressly declares +that he himself replaces it on the corporal. + + "Accedat ad altare et accepto tabernaculo seu ostensorio cum + sanctissimo Sacramento, illud ambabus manibus velatis elevatum + tenens, vertens se ad populum, cum illo signum crucis super populum + ter faciet nihil dicens. Quo facto iterum deponet sanctissimum + Sacramentum super altare". + +We read in the _Instructio Clementina_ (§ xxxi.): "The celebrant, on his +knees, will take the humeral veil, and ascending the altar without +attendants, after due reverence, will take the ostensorium in his hands, +which are covered with the extremity of the humeral veil, and with it +will give the benediction to the people; and having replaced the Blessed +Sacrament on the corporal, will descend, and remain on his knees in his +place. The deacon, or a priest with stole, will immediately, after due +reverence, enclose the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle". This +_Instructio_ has been explained by Cavalieri, Tetamo, and Gardellini, +who thus express themselves-- + + "Sacerdos", says Cavalieri (t. iv., c. ix.), "ascendit ... ad + altare, et ibi, facta genuflexione unico genu accipit in manibus + coöpertis per ejusdem veli extremitates ostensorium.... Quando + sacerdos ascendit ut supra altare, una cum eo ascendunt itidem + sacri ministri, sed hi genuflectunt postea in ore suppedanei, ubi + inclinati elevant pluvialis fimbrias dum sacerdos benedicit + populum. In defectu autem ministrorum sacrorum id praestant + sacerdos adjutor et caeremoniarius, vel alii clerici hinc inde + genuflexi.... Celebrans data benedictione ... super corporale + Sacramentum collocat ... et deinde facta genuflexione unico genu, + descendit cum subdiacono ad infimum altaris gradum, ubi iterum cum + eodem genuflexus, per eumdem subdiaconum, vel caeremoniarium + exuitur velo humerali. Diaconus interim accedit ad altare, et facta + genuflexione unico genu, tabernaculum aperit et in eo reponit + Sacramentum, cui genuflexione iterum facta, surgens ostiolum + claudit et postea descendit ad locum suum, ad quem cum accesserit, + surgunt omnes.... Quod si ultra sacros ministros adsistat sacerdos + alter, hic imposita sibi stola Sacramentum ut supra recondet, et + diaconus cum celebrante pariter descendet, et ab eo removebit velum + humerale". + +Tetamo (Append., e. iii., n. 48 et 49) thus speaks: + + "Sacerdos ascendit ad altare, et ibi facta genuflexione unico genu, + ut expeditius surgat, accipit in manibus coöpertis per ejusdem veli + extremitates, ostensorium.... Benedicit.... Quando sacerdos + ascendit, ut supra, altare, una cum eo ascendunt itidem sacri + ministri, sed hi genuflectunt postea in ore suppedanei, ubi + inclinati elevant pluvialis fimbrias, dum sacerdos benedicit + populum; in defectu autem ministrorum sacrorum, id praestant + sacerdos adjutor et caeremoniarius, vel alii clerici hinc inde + genuflexi. Celebrans, data benedictione ... super corporale + Sacramentum collocat". + +Gardellini (n. 12 et 13), in his commentary, writes: + + "Quando autem sacerdos ascendit ad altare, cum eo ascendunt etiam + sacri ministri, sed hi genuflectere debent in ore suppedanei, ubi + inclinati elevant pluvialis fimbrias, dum sacerdos benedicit + populum.... Celebrans, data benedictione ... collocat super + corporale Sacramentum ...; et deinde, facta prius genuflexione, + descendit cum subdiacono ad infimum altaris gradum, ubi genuflexi + ambo manent, amoto interim velo a celebrantis humeris a subdiacono, + vel ut alii malunt, a caeremoniario. Interea diaconus remanens in + suppedaneo altaris, reponit Sacramentum in tabernaculo, factis ante + et post debitis genuflexionibus.... Quamvis vero deceat et congruat + hoc munus per diaconum expleri, non est tamen necessario per eum + implendum: potest alter sacerdos cum superpelliceo et stola hoc + fungi munere, ideirco instructio ait: _Il diacono, o un sacerdote + con stola_, quemadmodum fieri debet in aliis expositionibus, in + quibus non parantur ministri sacri". + +All the ancient authors agree with this view. + + "Responso a choro _Amen_", says Bauldry (part. iv., art. iii., n. + 33, 35, et 37), "celebrans, nihil addens, ascendit ad altare, + genuflectit, et sine alterius ministerio accipit velatis manibus, + ut prius, tabernaculum, vertens se ad populum ... benedicit ..., et + gyrum perficiens, ostensorium collocat super altare.... Interim dum + celebrans benedicit, ministri hinc inde genuflexi, et inclinati + facie versa ad sanctissimum Sacramentum, elevant partes anteriores + pluvialis illius, quod et faciunt assistentes in pari casu.... + Deposito sanctissimo Sacramento a celebrante super altare, ipse + statim, genuflexione facta descendit ad secundum gradum ut prius, + ubi genuflexus manet. Tum ponitur, si opus sit, scabellum ... pro + diacono qui statim amoto velo ab eo pre subdiaconum vel + caeremoniarium ascendit ad altare, ubi, facta genuflexione, reponit + sanctissimum Sacramentum in tabernaculo". + +Catalani, speaking of the benediction given by the bishop after the +procession of the Blessed Sacrament, says (_Cer. Ep._, l. ii., c. +xxviii., n. 27): + + "Episcopus ... accepto tabernaculo sive ostensorio cum sanctissimo + Sacramento, per se scilicet et sine alterius ministerio, illud + ambabus manibus velatis elevatum tenens, vertens se ad populum, cum + illo signum crucis super populum ter faciet.... Dataque + benedictione, Episcopus deponet sanctissimum Sacramentum super + altare". + +Gavantus says the same (sect. i., part iv., tit. xii., n. 7): + + "Ascendit (celebrans) ad altare, genuflectit, et ipsemet nullo + diaconi ministerio accipit velatis manibus, ut prius, tabernaculum, + benedicit cum eo populum ... nihil dicens, et gyrum perficiens + reverenter reponit". + +Merati thus comments on the passage: + + "Celebrans ... ascendit ad altare ... et absque alterius ministerio + accipit velatis manibus ostensorium". + +Baldeschi gives the same directions. + +But in spite of these authorities, it is customary in some churches for +the deacon to ascend with the priest, to take the ostensorium, and +present it to the celebrant, to receive it from the same after the +benediction, and to replace it on the corporal. This usage is +established in Rome, and has been confirmed by a decree of the 12th +August, 1854, published in the _Analecta_. + + _Question_: "An liceat sacerdoti accipere ostensorium per manus + diaconi istud ex altari acceptum porrigentis, ut populo benedictio + impertiatur, et post benedictionem remittere ostensorium diacono, + qui super altare deponet, prout fit in nonnullis ecclesiis? Vel + ipsemet sacerdos debeat accipere ostensorium ex altari, et data + benedictione, super altare deponere, sicut expresse docent Gavantus + in rubrica Miss. part. vi., tit. xiii., n. 7; Merati in Gavantum", + etc. + + _Answer_: "Quoad primam partem, licere etiam ex praxi ecclesiarum + Urbis; quoad secundam partem, provisum in primo". + +Hence it appears that the _Instructio Clementina_ and the _Caeremoniale_ +have been too rigorously interpreted by old authors. We are at liberty +to choose whichever of the two usages may agree better with the +arrangements of the altar, and may be more easy to carry out. This is +the common opinion of recent authors, and is founded on Roman usage and +on the decision just cited. In addition, if the deacon is to receive the +ostensorium from the priest's hands, the priest is not bound to complete +the circle: he returns towards the altar, on the epistle side, where the +deacon is. This follows from the decree of the 21st March, 1676, No. +2776: + + _Question_: "An in benedicendo populum cum sanctissimo Sacramento + sit servandus modus infrascriptus: Cum sacerdos stat ante populum, + ostensorium ante pectus tenet, tum elevat illud decenti mora non + supra caput, sed tantum usque ad oculos, et eodem modo illud + demittit infra pectus, mox iterum recte illud attollit usque ad + pectus, et deinde ad sinistrum humerum ducit, et reducit ad + dexterum, et rursus ante pectus reducit, ibique aliquantulum sistit + quasi peracta ad omnes mundi partes cruce, eam etiam venerandam + omnibus praebet: tunc gyrum perficiens, collocat ostensorium super + altare?" + + _Answer_: "Si placet, potest observare supradictum modum.... Sin + minus, servandus est modus dispositus in _Caer. Ep._, l. ii., c. + xxxiii., ubi requiritur tantummodo ut cum eodem SS. Sacramento + celebrans producat signum crucis super populum". + +It is now easy to fix the ceremonies to be observed in cases where the +deacon presents the ostensorium to the priest, and receives it from him +after the benediction. First, the celebrant kneels in receiving the +Blessed Sacrament from the deacon, and the deacon, when he receives it +from the celebrant. This is a standing liturgical rule--the rubric of +the Missal for Holy Thursday says: + + "Finita Missa ... fit processio.... Celebrans indutus pluviali albo + ... in medio genuflexus ... accepto calice cum Sacramento de manu + diaconi stantis.... Cum autem ventum fuerit ad locum paratum + diaconus genuflexus a sacerdote stante accipit calicem cum + Sacramento". + +In the _Cer. Ep._ (l. ii., c. xxiii., n. 12 et 13): + + "Diaconus assistens ... capit SS. Sacramentum de altari, et illud, + stans, offert episcopo genuflexo. Cum pervenerit ad sacellum ubi + Sacramentum deponi debet ... cum erit episcopus ante supremum + gradum altaris, diaconus accipiet de manu ipsius stantis SS. + Sacramentum genuflexus". + +In the rubric for the procession of Corpus Christi (ibid., c. xxxiii., +nos. 20 et 24): + + "Diaconus assistens a dexteris accedet ad altare, et cum debitis + reverentiis accipiet tabernaculum sive ostensorium cum SS. + Sacramento de altari, et illud in manibus Episcopi genuflexi + collocabit.... Postquam Episcopus pervenerit ad supremum altaris + gradum, diaconus a dextris cum debita reverentia et genuflexione + ... accipiet de manu ipsius Episcopi stantis SS. Sacramentum". + +Some respectable authorities allow the Blessed Sacrament to be received +by the sacred minister standing. We see no reasons in support of this +opinion. The ceremonies to be observed are the following:--The +celebrant, having received the humeral veil, ascends the altar with the +sacred ministers. The celebrant and subdeacon stop at the upper step, +and kneel on the extremity of the predella; the deacon goes up to the +altar, genuflects, takes the ostensorium, hands it to the celebrant, and +then kneels on the epistle side of the predella. The celebrant, having +received the ostensorium, rises, gives the benediction, consigns the +ostensorium to the deacon, and kneels once more on the extremity of the +predella. The deacon, after receiving the ostensorium, stands up, places +it on the corporal, and restores the Blessed Sacrament to the +tabernacle. Meantime the celebrant, laying aside the veil, descends to +his place at the foot of the altar, as soon as the Blessed Sacrament has +been removed. + +3. It is clear that in such case he ought to follow the general Rubric. +The Ordo is intended to set forth the application of liturgical rules to +particular cases; and it is no wonder that in a task so minute, errors +should sometimes occur. But if the mistake be not clearly and evidently +such, the priest should follow the Ordo. "When the bishop publishes a +directory", says M. Falise (pag. 276, 3rd edition), "the priests of the +diocese are bound to conform to it not only in what is certain, but also +in questions on which a difference of opinion exists among authors, and +even when the contrary of what is prescribed appears certain. But this +rule does not hold when the regulations are evidently contrary to the +Rubrics". The following decrees bear on this point:-- + + 1ST DECREE. _Question._ "An in casibus dubiis adhaerendum est + kalendario dioecesis, sive quoad officium publicum et privatum, + sive quoad Missam, sive quoad vestium sacrarum colorem, etiamsi + quibusdam probabilior videtur sententia kalendario opposita? Et + quatenus affirmative, an idem dicendum de casu quo certum alicui + videretur errare kalendarium?" _Answer._ "Standum kalendario". + (Decree 23 May, 1833, n. 4746, q. 2). + + 2ND DECREE. _Question._ " ... 6. Cum pro nonnullis sanctis propriis + regni Hispaniarum de quibus recitatur officium ritu dupl. min. + habeantur lectiones primi nocturni de communi, pro aliis vero de + scriptura occurrente, quaeritur quae certa regula servari debeat + quoad numeratas primi nocturni lectiones in officiis duplicibus + minoribus? 7. An quoad easdem lectiones primi nocturni in + duplicibus minoribus standum sit dispositionibus directorii, vel + breviarii? 8. An licitum sit in duplicibus minoribus, et etiam + semiduplicibus, lectiones primi nocturni pro lubitu desumere vel de + communi, vel de scriptura, quando diversitas extat inter + dispositionem directorii et breviarii?" _Answer._ " ... Ad 6. + Lectiones primi nocturni in casu esse de scriptura, nisi diversae + in indulto expresse assignentur. Ad 7. Jam provisum in proximo. Ad + 8. Ut ad proximum". (Decree 27 August, 1863, n. 4787, q. 6, 7, et + 8). + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + +I. + +LETTER FROM THE HOLY OFFICE TO THE ENGLISH BISHOPS. + + +The following is the text of the letter received from the Holy Office by +the English Bishops, in condemnation of the society lately established +in England for promoting the union of Christian Churches: + + _Supremae S. Romanae et Universalis Inquisitionis Epistola ad omnes + Angliae Episcopos._ + + Apostolicae Sedi nuntiatum est, catholicos nonnullos et + ecclesiasticos quoque viros Societati _ad procurandam_, uti aiunt, + _Christianitatis unitatem_ Londini anno 1857 erectae, nomen + dedisse, et jam plures evulgatos esse ephemeridum articulos, qui + catholicorum huic Societati plaudentium nomine inscribuntur, vel ab + ecclesiasticis viris eamdem Societatem commendantibus exarati + perhibentur. Et sane quaenam sit huius Societatis indoles vel quo + ea spectet, nedum ex articulis ephemeridis cui titulus "the union + review", sed ex ipso folio quo socii invitantur et adscribuntur, + facile intelligitur. A protestantibus quippe efformata et directa + eo excitata est spiritu, quem expresse profitetur, tres videlicet + christianas communiones romano-catholicam, graeco-schismaticam et + anglicanam, quamvis invicem separatas ac divisas, aequo tamen jure + catholicum nomen sibi vindicare. Aditus igitur in illam patet + omnibus ubique locorum degentibus tum catholicis, tum + graeco-shismaticis, tum anglicanis, ea tamen lege ut nemini liceat + de variis doctrinae capitibus in quibus dissentiunt quaestionem + movere, et singulis fas sit propriae religiosae confessionis + placita tranquillo animo sectari. Sociis vero omnibus preces ipsa + recitandas, et sacerdotibus Sacrificia celebranda indicit iuxta + suam intentionem: ut nempe tres memoratae christianae communiones, + utpote quae, prout supponitur, Ecclesiam catholicam omnes simul iam + constituunt, ad unum corpus efformandum tandem aliquando coeant. + + Suprema S. O. Congregatio, ad cuius examen hoc negotium de more + delatum est, re mature perpensa, necessarium iudicavit sedulam + ponendam esse operam, ut edoceantur fideles ne haereticorum ductu + hanc cum iisdem haereticis et schismaticis societatem ineant. Non + dubitant profecto Eminentissimi Patres Cardinales una mecum + praepositi Sacrae Inquisitioni, quin istius regionis Episcopi pro + ea, qua eminent, caritate et doctrina omnem iam adhibeant + diligentiam ad vitia demonstranda, quibus ista Societas scatet, et + ad propulsanda quae secum affert pericula: nihilominus muneri suo + deesse viderentur, si pastoralem eorumdem Episcoporum zelum in re + adeo gravi vehementius non inflammarent: eo enim periculosior est + haec novitas, quo ad speciem pia et de christianae Societatis + unitate admodum sollicita videtur. + + Fundamentum cui ipsa innititur huiusmodi est quod divinam Ecclesiae + constitutionem susque deque vertit. Tota enim in eo est, ut + supponat veram Iesu Christi Ecclesiam constare partim ex romana + Ecclesia per universum orbem diffusa et propagata, partimvero ex + schismate photiano et ex anglicana haeresi, quibus aeque ac + Ecclesiae romanae unus sit Dominus, _una fides_ et unum baptisma. + Ad removendas vero dissensiones, quibus hae tres christianae + communiones cum gravi scandalo et cum veritatis et caritatis + dispendio divexantur, preces et sacrificia indicit, ut a Deo gratia + unitatis impetretur. Nihil certe viro catholico potius esse debet, + quam ut inter Christianos schismata et dissensiones a radice + evellantur, et Christiani omnes sint _solliciti servare unitatem + spiritus in vinculo pacis_ (Ephes, 4). Quapropter Ecclesia + Catholica preces Deo O. M. fundit et Christifideles ad orandum + excitat, ut ad veram fidem convertantur et in gratiam cum Sancta + Romana Ecclesia, extra quam non est salus, eiuratis erroribus, + restituantur quicumque omnes ab eadem Ecclesia recesserunt: imo ut + omnes homines ad agnitionem veritatis, Deo bene iuvante, + perveniant. At quod Christifideles et ecclesiastici viri + haereticorum ductu, et quod peius est, iuxta intentionem haeresi + quammaxime pollutam et infectam pro christiana unitate orent, + tolerari nullo modo potest. Vera Iesu Christi Ecclesia quadruplici + nota, quam in symbolo credendam asserimus, auctoritate divina + constituitur et dignoscitur: et quaelibet ex hisce notis ita cum + aliis cohaeret ut ab iis nequeat seiungi: hinc fit, ut quae vere + est et dicitur catholica, unitatis simul, sanctitatis et + Apostolicae successionis praerogativa debeat effulgere. Ecclesia + igitur catholica una est unitate conspicua perfectaque orbis terrae + et omnium gentium, ea profecto unitate, cuius principium, radix et + origo indefectibilis est beati Petri Apostolorum Principis eiusque + in Cathedra romana Successorum suprema auctoritas et potior + principalitas. Nec alia est Ecclesia catholica nisi quae super unum + Petrum aedificata in unum connexum corpus atque compactum unitate + fidei et caritatis assurgit: quod beatus Cyprianus in epl. 45. + sincere professus est, dum Cornelium Papam in hunc modum + alloquebatur: _ut Te collegae nostri et communionem tuam idest + Catholicae Ecclesiae unitatem pariter et caritatem probarent + firmiter ac tenerent_. Et idipsum quoque Hormisdas Pontifex ab + Episcopis acacianum schisma eiurantibus assertum voluit in formula + totius christianae antiquitatis suffragio comprobata, ubi + _sequestrati a communione Ecclesiae catholicae_ ii dicuntur, qui + sunt _non consentientes in omnibus Sedi Apostolicae_. Et tantum + abest quin communiones a romana Sede separatae iure suo catholicae + nominari et haberi possint, ut potius ex hac ipsa separatione et + discordia dignoscatur quaenam societates et quinam christiani nec + veram fidem teneant nec veram Christi doctrinam: quemadmodum iam + inde a secundo Ecclesiae saeculo luculentissime demonstrabat S. + Irenaeus lib. 3. contra haeres. c. 3. Caveant igitur summo studio + Christifideles ne hisce societatibus coniungantur, quibus salva + fidei integritate nequeant adhaerere; et audiant sanctum Augustinum + docentem, nec veritatem nec pietatem esse posse ubi christiana + unitas et Sancti Spiritus caritas deest. + + Praeterea inde quoque a londinensi Societate fideles abhorrere + summopere debent, quod conspirantes in eam et _indifferentismo_ + favent et scandalum ingerunt. Societas illa, vel saltem eiusdem + conditores et rectores profitentur, photianismum et anglicanismum + duas esse eiusdem verae christianae religionis formas, in quibus + aeque ac in Ecclesia catholica Deo placere datum sit: et + dissensionibus utique christianas huiusmodi communiones invicem + urgeri, sed citra fidei violationem, propterea quia una eademque + manet earumdem fides. Haec tamen est summa pestilentissimae + indifferentiae in negotio religionis, quae hac potissimum aetate in + maximam serpit animarum perniciem. Quare non est cur demonstretur + catholicos huic Societati adhaerentes spiritualis ruinae catholicis + iuxta atque acatholicis occasionem praebere, praesertim quum ex + vana expectatione ut tres memoratae communiones integrae et in sua + quaeque persuasione persistentes simul in unum coeant, Societas + illa acatholicorum conversiones ad fidem aversetur et per + ephemerides a se evulgatas impedire conetur. + + Maxima igitur sollicitudine curandum est, ne catholici vel specie + pietatis vel mala sententia decepti Societati, de qua hic habitus + est sermo, aliisque similibus adscribantur vel quoquomodo faveant, + et ne fallaci novae christianae unitatis desiderio abrepti ab ea + desciscant unitate perfecta, quae mirabili munere gratiae Dei in + Petri soliditate consistit. + + Romae hac die 16. septembris 1864. + + C. CARD. PATRIZI. + + + +II. + +ANSWERS OF THE S. POENITENTIARIA AND OF THE PROPAGANDA TO SOME QUESTIONS +CONCERNING FASTING AND ABSTINENCE. + + Quidam Sacerdotes regnorum Belgii et Hollandiae petunt solutionem + sequentium dubiorum: + + Gury, Scavini, et alii referunt tanquam responsa S. + Poenitentiariae, data die 16 Januarii 1834: + + "Posse personis quae sunt in potestate patrisfamilias, cui facta + est legitima facultas edendi carnes, permitti uti cibis + patrifamilias indultis, adjecta conditione de non permiscendis + licitis atque interdictis epulis, et de unica comestione in die, + iis qui jejunare tenentur". + + IGITUR QUAERITUR. + + 1. An haec resolutio valeat ubique terrarum? + + 2. Dum dicitur "_permitti posse_", petitur à quo ista permissio + danda sit, et an sufficiat permissio data à simplici confessario? + + Altera resolutio: "Fideles qui ratione aetatis vel laboris jejunare + non tenentur, licitè posse in quadragesima, dum indultum concessum + est, omnibus diebus indulto comprehensis, vesci carnibus aut + lacticiniis per idem indultum permissis, quoties per diem edunt". + + Dubitatur igitur an haec resolutio valeat in dioecesi cujus Epus, + auctoritate apostolica concedit fidelibus ut feria 2^{a.} 3^{a.} + 5^{a.} temporis quadragesimae possint semel in die vesci carnibus + et ovis, iis verò qui ratione aetatis vel laboris jejunare non + tenentur, permittit ut ovis saepius in die utantur? + + + QUAERITUR ITAQUE. + + 1. An, non obstantibus memorata phrasi "_ovis saepius in die + utantur_" et tenore concessionis, possint ii, qui ratione aetatis + vel laboris jejunare non tenentur, vi dictae resolutionis vesci + carnibus quoties per diem edunt? + + 2. An iis qui jejunare non tenentur ratione aetatis vel laboris, + aequiparandi sint qui ratione infirmae valetudinis à jejunio + excusantur, adeo ut istis quoque pluries in die vesci carnibus + liceat? + + S. Poenitentiaria, maturè consideratis propositis dubiis, dilecto + in Christo oratori in primis respondet transmittendo declarationem + ab ipsa S. Poenitentiaria alias datam, scilicet: "Ratio + permissionis de qua in resolutione data à S. Poenitentiaria 16 Jan. + 1834, non est indultum patrifamilias concessum, sed impotentia, in + qua versantur filii familias, observandi praeceptum". + + Deinde ad duo priora dubia respondet: Quoad primum, affirmativè. + Quoad secundum, sufficere permissionem factam à simplici + confessario. + + Ad duo verò posteriora dubia respondet: Quoad primum, + negativè--Quoad secundum, non aequiparari. + + Datum Romae in S. Poenitentiaria, die 27 Maii, 1863. + + A. M. CARD. CAGIANO, M.P. + + + _Letter of the Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda to the Bishop of + Southwark, explaining the foregoing answer._ + + From your letter of February 19th, 1864, I gather that you would + wish to know the reason why the S. P. replied on the 27th of May, + 1863, _Non aequiparari_ to this question: An iis qui jejunare non + tenentur ratione aetatis vel laboris, aequiparandi sint qui ratione + infirmae valetudinis à jejunio excusantur, adeo ut istis quoque + pluries in die vesci carnibus liceat? + + After having made due inquiry, I am now enabled to state the reason + why the sick are not, in respect of the quality of food on days + subject to the prohibition of the Church, on the same level with + those who are excused from fasting by reason of age or labour; and + it is, that the latter may eat such prohibited food as the Indult + permits, solely in force of the Lenten Indult, which may vary in + its limitations or dispensations from year to year; whereas the + sick may eat prohibited food according to their state of health and + the judgment of their doctor. Thus, _e.g._, on some days the Lenten + Indult may perchance not allow lard to be used as a condiment, and + on such days persons dispensed from the fast on account of age or + labour must abstain from using it as a condiment, whilst a sick + person may eat meat even on the excepted days if his health + requires it. I think this explanation will help you to put an end + to the doubts described in your letter. + + + ORIGINAL. + + Dalla sua lettera del 9 Febbrajo p.p. ho potuto rilevare che VS. + gradirebbe di conoscer la ragione per cui al dubbio: _An iis qui + jejunare non tenentur ratione aetatis vel laboris aequiparandi sint + qui ratione infirmae valetudinis à jejunio excusantur, adeo ut + illis quoque pluries in die vesci carnibus liceat?_ la S. + Penitenzieria abbia risposto in data del 27 maggio 1863, _Non + aequiparari_. Ora avendo preso in proposito le notizie opportune, + sono in caso di significarle, che la ragione per cui gl' infermi + riguardo alla qualità dei cibi nei giorni soggetti alla proibizione + della chiesa non sono da equipararsi a quelli che sono scusati dal + digiuno per ragione di età o di fatica, si è che questi ultimi + possono usare dei cibi proibiti in forza soltanto dell' Indulto, it + quale può subire minori o maggiori limitazioni; mentre gl' infermi + possono usare dei cibi vietati secondo lo stato loro di salute, ed + il giudizio del Medico. Così _p. e._ in alcuni giorni l' Indulto + potrebbe non ammettere il condimento di grasso, e in tal caso chi è + dispensato dal digiuno per ragione di età o di fatica deve + astenersi dal condimento anzidetto; ma l' infermo anche nei giorni + eccettuati può mangiar di grasso, se così esigge lo stato di sua + salute. Una tale spiegazione parmi possa servirle a togliere le + incertezze che mi accennò nell' anzidetta sua. Roma, 8 Marzo 1864. + + AL. CARD. BARNABO, Prefetto. + + A. CAPALTI, Segretario. + + + +III. + +LETTER OF THE CARDINAL PREFECT OF THE CONGREGATION OF THE INDEX TO THE +BISHOPS. + + EMINENTISSIME AC REVERENDISSIME DOMINE, + + Inter multiplices calamitates, quibus Ecclesia Dei luctuosis hisce + temporibus undique premitur, recensenda profecto est pravorum + librorum colluvies universum pene orbem inundans, qua per nefarios + ac perditos homines divina Christi Religio, quae ab omnibus in + honore est habenda, despicitur, boni mores, incautæ praesertim + juventutis penitus labefactantur, et socialis quoque consuetudinis + jura et ordo susdeque vertitur, et omnimode perturbatur. Neque ut + vetus ipsorum mos erat, id praestare tantum nituntur libris magno + apparatu scientiae elaboratis, sed et parvis, qui minimi veneunt + libellis, et per publicas, atque ad hoc confectas ephemerides, ut + non litteratis modo et scientibus virus illud insinuent, sed + rudioris ejusque et infimi populi fidem, simplicitatemque + corrumpant. + + Qui autem super gregem Christi vigilias agunt legitimi Pastores, ut + hanc perniciem a populis sibi commissis avertant ad Sacram Indicis + Congregationem quoscumque ex iis libris de more deferunt zelo + adlaborantes, ut Romanae Sedis habito judicio, et proscriptione a + vetita lectione talium librorum fideles deterreant. Neque iis + difficilem se praebuit, et praebet S. Congregatio, quae quotidianam + operam studiumque impendit, ut officio sibi a Romanis Pontificibus + demandato satisfaciat. Quia tamen ex toto Christiano Orbe + increbrescentibus denuntiationibus praegravatur, non id praestare + perpetuo valet, ut promptum et expeditum super quavis causa ferat + judicium: ex quo fit, ut aliquando serotina nimis sit provisio, et + inefficax remedium, cum jam ex lectione istorum librorum enormia + damna processere. + + Ad hoc incommodum avertendum non semel Romani Pontifices + prospexerunt, et ut aliarum aetatum exempla taceamus, aevo nostro + per S. M. Leonem XII. Mandatum editum est, sub die 26 Martii 1825, + ad calcem Regularum Indicis insertum, et hisce litteris adjunctum, + vi cujus Ordinariis locorum praecipitur, ut libros omnes noxios in + sua dioecesi editos, vel diffusos, propria auctoritate proscribere, + et e manibus fidelium avellere studeant. + + Cum autem hujus Apostolici Mandati provida constitutio praesentibus + fidelium necessitatibus, et tuendae doctrinae morumque incolumitati + optime respondeat, Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. placuit + ejus memoriam esse recolendam, tenorem iterum vulgandum et ab + Ordinariis locorum observantiam exigendam, quod excitatoriis hisce + nostris litteris, nomine et auctoritate Apostolicae Sedis sollicite + praestamus. Queis si debita obedientia respondeat (sicuti pro certo + habemus), gravissima mala removentur in iis praesertim dioecesibus, + in quibus promptae coercitionis urgeat necessitas. Ne vero quis + praetextu defectus jurisdictionis, aut alio quaesito colore + Ordinariorum sententias et proscriptiones ausu temerario spernere, + vel pro non latis habere praesumat, Eis Sanctitas Sua concessit, + sicut Nomine et Auctoritate Ejus praesentibus conceditur, ut in hac + re, etiam tamquam Apostolicae Sedis Delegati, contrariis + quibuscumque non obstantibus, procedant. + + Ad Apostolicum autem Judicium ea deferantur opera vel scripta quae + profundius examen exigant, vel in quibus ad salutarem effectum + consequendum Supremae Auctoritatis sententia requiratur. + + Interim Tibi Eminentissime et Reverendissime Domine copiosa + divinorum charismatum incrementa ex animo precamur, et ad pergrata + quaeque officia nos paratissimos exhibemus. + + Datum Romae, die 24 Augusti 1864. + Amplitudinis Tuae, Addictissimus, + LUDOVICUS CARDINALIS DE ALTERIIS, + S. INDICIS CONGREGATIONIS PRAEFECTUS. + + LOCUS [mc] SIGILLI. + Fr. Angelus Vincentius Modena Ord. Praed. Sacrae Indis. Congr. + a Secretis. + + + MANDATUM. + + _S. M. Leonis XII. additum Decreto Sac. Congreg. Indicis, die + Sabbati 26 Martii 1823._ + + Sanctitas Sua mandavit in memoriam revocanda esse universis + Patriarchis, Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, aliisque in Ecclesiarum + regimen praepositis ea quae in Regulis Indicis Sacrosanctae Synodi + Tridentinae jussu editis atque in observationibus, Instructione, + Additione, et generalibus Decretis Summorum Pontificum Clementis + VIII., Alexandri VII. et Benedicti XVI., auctoritate ad pravos + libros proscribendos, abolendosque Indici Librorum Prohibitorum + praeposita sunt, ut nimirum, quia prorsus impossibile est, libros + omnes noxios incessanter prodeuntes in Indicem referre, propria + auctoritate illos e manibus Fidelium evellere studeant, ac per eos + ipsimet fideles edoceantur quod pabuli genus sibi salutare, quod + noxium ac mortiferum ducere debeant, ne ulla in eo suscipiendo + capiantur specie, ac pervertantur illecebra. + + +IV. + +DECREE OF THE S. CONGREGATION OF RITES. + +Most priests will have observed that missals and breviaries differ with +regard to the rite of the Feast of St. Andrew Avellino, some giving it +as a double, others as a semi-double. The following decree settles the +question: + + + _Decretum Generale._ + + Quum nonnulli Rmi. per orbem Ordinarii pluries exquisierint et modo + a Sancta Sede requirantutrum quarto Idus Novembris in Ecclesia + universali Festum S. Andreae Avellini Confessoris recoli debeat + ritu duplici minori, quem praseferunt recentiores editiones + Breviarii et Missalis Romani, Subscriptus Secretarius S. R. C. sui + muneris esse duxit Ssmi. Domini Nostri Pii Papae IX. desuper + exposcere oraculum. Sanctitas porro Sua clementer declaravit ut + amodo festum S. Andreae Avellini Confessoris ab utroque clero Urbis + et Orbis, ipsis non exclusis Sanctimonialibus, agatur ritu duplici + minori quem obtinet in alma Urbe, et pluribus Dioecesibus; dummodo + Rubricae serventur. Contrariis non obstantibus quibuscumque. Die 21 + Januarii, 1864. + + +V. + +FORMULA FOR THE BLESSING OF RAILWAYS, APPROVED BY THE S. CONGREGATION OF +RITES. + + _Benedictio Viae Ferreae et Curruum._ + + [V]. Adjutorium nostrum in nomine Domini. + [R]. Qui fecit coelum et terram. + [V]. Dominus vobiscum. + [R]. Et cum spiritu tuo. + + + _Oremus._ + + Omnipotens sempiterne Deus qui omnia elementa ad tuam gloriam, + utilitatemque hominum condidisti; dignare quaesumus hanc viam + ferream, ejusque instrumenta bene[mc]dicere, et + benigna semper tua providentia tueri; et dum famuli tui velociter + properant in via, in lege tua ambulantes, et viam mandatorum tuorum + currentes, ad coelestem patriam feliciter pervenire valeant. Per + Christum Dominum nostrum. + + [R]. Amen. + + + _Oremus._ + + Propitiare Domine Deus supplicationibus nostris, et bene[mc]dic + currus istos dextera tua sancta; adjunge ad ipsos sanctos Angelos + tuos ut omnes qui in eis vehentur, liberent et custodiant semper a + periculis universis: et quemadmodum viro Æthiopi super currum suum + sedenti et sacra eloquia legenti, per Apostolum tuum fidem et + gratiam contulisti; ita famulis tuis viam salutis ostende, qui tua + gratia adjuti, bonisque operibus jugiter intenti post omnes viae + et vitae hujus varietates aeterna gaudia consequi mereantur per + Christum Dominum nostrum. + + Amen. + + _Deinde Sacerdos aspergat viam et currus aqua benedicta._ + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + +I. + +_Variae lectiones Vulgatae Bibliorum Editionis, quas Carolus Vercellone +sodalis Barnabites digessit._ Tom. II. Romae, apud Josephim Spithöver, +anno 1864, 4^o, pagg. 561. + +The minute attention which Biblical students have paid to the original +Hebrew and to the Septuagint version, with a view to fix the genuine +readings of the text, has hitherto not been given to the Vulgate. Not to +speak of the labours of Mill, Kennicott, and others, the Italian priest, +John Bernard De Rossi collated more than seven hundred MSS. of the +Hebrew text; and in his private library at Parma, 712 such codices were +brought together by his industry. Walton's Polyglot, the publications of +Tischendorf, and the collections made by Cardinal Mai, have contributed +much to establish with accuracy the text of the Septuagint. It remained +for Father Vercellone to undertake, in our day, a similar task in favour +of the Vulgate. His master, the learned Father Ungarelli, had already +commenced the work, and between 1830 and 1845, had amassed a +considerable amount of materials for a book on the _variae lectiones_ of +the Vulgate. In 1845, shortly before his death, he confided these +materials to his disciple, Father Vercellone, of whose erudition and +critical judgment he had had so many proofs. To the old riches his +master had brought forth from his storehouse, the scholar added new +treasures of his own; and the result of his labours upon and among both, +is to be found in the work under notice. + +We shall now briefly state the method which the author has followed. As +the basis of his researches, he has taken the Clementine edition of +1592, purified from typographical errors, according to the other Vatican +editions of 1595 and 1598. The editors of the Clementine of 1592, did +but correct the text of the Sixtine edition of 1590. From the documents +belonging to the congregation appointed by Sixtus V. to edit the Vulgate +in that year, it appears that the editors took as the foundation of +their corrections the text of the folio edition published by the +Dominican Father, John Hunter, in 1583. But as the Hunterian edition of +1583 is identical with the Louvain folio edition published by Hunter in +1547, it follows that the Louvain text of 1547 may be considered as the +basis upon which all the subsequent Vatican corrections have been made. + +To correct this text, Father Vercellone has directed his studies, and +in the volumes before us the fruit of his labours has been given to the +world. How arduous these labours have been, and what confidence we may +feel in his selection of readings, will best be learned from an +enumeration of the sources whence, with incredible pains, he has drawn +the information required for the execution of his design. These sources +may be classed under three heads: Vatican papers, MSS. codices, and +printed books. As to the first class, Pius IX. has assisted Father +Vercellone by placing at his disposal the treasures stored up in the +Vatican archives. Hence, our author has been enabled to examine, 1^o, +the documents of the corrections proposed and adopted by the +congregation appointed to edit the Vulgate under Saint Pius V. in 1569, +which documents he has compared with the writings of Cardinal Serleto, +who had a great share in making those corrections; 2^o, the documents +concerning the corrections proposed or adopted in a similar +congregation, under Sixtus V. in 1588 and 1589; 3^o, the Sixtine edition +of 1590; 4, notes of the corrections discussed in the congregations +appointed under Gregory XIV. and Clement VIII. to free the Sixtine +edition, from its many mistakes of the press; 5^o, the readings proposed +by the learned Angelo Rocca; 6^o, the annotations of Cardinal Toleto, +preserved in the Vatican; and 7^o, the Clementine edition of 1592. + +As to the MSS., our author has confined himself to a few, but these few +are of the highest authority. Of the twenty consulted by him, the +remarkable Florentine Codex of Monte Amiata is deservedly placed first. +Saint Pius V. had caused the Benedictines of Florence to collate 12 +codices, and the archivist of Monte Cassino to examine 24 others. The +notes of both these undertakings are still in the Vatican, and have been +of great assistance to Father Vercellone. + +Of printed editions prior to the Clementine of 1590, the author has +consulted more than 80, many of them the work of excellent critical +scholars. To these are to be added liturgical books, for example, the +works of the B. Cardinal Thomasi, the Mozarabic liturgy, edited by +Cardinal Lorenzana, and the Roman liturgy. To these again we must add, +the Latin Fathers, whose works give much valuable assistance in +determining the text of the Vulgate. Finally, F. Vercellone has +carefully studied the commentaries of Hesychius, Rodolphus, Bruno of +Asti, and the publications of Cardinals Mai and Pitra. This is the +labour of a life, and few indeed could be found with the qualities +required to undertake it and bring it to a happy termination. + +We shall now set before our readers a few specimens of the practical +results of F. Vercellone's researches. The first volume treats of the +various readings that occur in the Pentateuch; the second volume of +those in the books of Josue, Judges, Ruth, and the four books of Kings. +It is a well known fact that there are to be found in the Vulgate some +additions (_additamenta_) which are wanting in the Hebrew text, and even +in the best codices of St Jerome's version. These additions have been +distributed by F. Vercellone in four classes: 1^o, those found only in +codices of no great antiquity; 2^o, those found in old and accurate +editions of the Vulgate; 3^o, those allowed to stand in the Sixtine +edition; 4^o, those allowed to stand even in the Clementine. It must not +be believed that the Vatican editors were ignorant of the character of +these additions, or that they admitted them through carelessness; for, +in their preface, they distinctly say, "Nonnulla quae mutanda +videbantur, consulto immutata relicta sunt, ad offensionem populorum +vitandam".... These additions found their way into the text, according +to our author, from four sources; 1. most of them from the Greek +version, or the Vetus Itala; 2. not a few from a double version made of +a verse, and transcribed as if the translation of two distinct verses; +3. from marginal glosses; and, 4. lastly, from parallel passages in the +Scripture. + +In the first two books of Kings, the author discovers sixty-nine such +additions. Of these, thirty have been allowed to remain in the +Clementine, fifteen more in the Sixtine, and nine more in the early +editions, making in all fifty-four, fifteen others being found in MSS. +of no great antiquity. The fifteen in the Clementine which we daily use, +are as follows:--I. _Reg._, iv. 1; v. 6, v. 9; viii. 18; ix. 25; x. i; +xi. 1; xiii. 15; xiv. 22; xiv. 41; xv. 3; xv. 12-13; xvii. 36; xix. 21; +xx. 15; xxi. 11; xxiii. 13-14; xxx. 15. II. _Reg._, i. 18; i. 26; iv. 5; +v. 23; vi. 12; x. 19; xiii. 21; xiii. 27; xiv. 30; xv. 18; xv. 20. + +A few of these examples will show the author's method of dealing with +such additions. I. _Reg._, iv. 1, we read, _Et factum est in diebus +illis, convenerunt Philisthiim in pugnam_, et egressus est Israel obviam +Philisthiim in praelium et castrametatus est, etc. Now, the words _et +factum est_, etc., are additions; and upon an examination of MSS. and +editions, the author traces them to the LXX. version (vol. ii. page +194). + +In II. _Reg._, i. 26, we read: "Doleo super te frater mi Jonatha decore +nimis et amabilis super amorem mulierum. _Sicut mater unicum amat filium +suum ita ego te diligebam._" The words _sicut mater unicum_, etc., are +wanting both in the Hebrew and in the Greek, and are probably a marginal +gloss, inserted in the text through the ignorance of copyists. They are +an explanation of the phrase, super amorem mulierum, as our author shows +at page 322. + +We need not say any more to show how important is the addition to our +Catholic Biblical literature made by F. Vercellone. + + +II. + +_S. Pietro in Roma, etc. St. Peter in Rome_, or the historical truth of +St. Peter's journey to Rome, proved against a recent assailant. By John +Perrone, S.J. Rome: Tipografia Forense, 1864--1 vol. 8vo, pag. 168. + +Any new work by Father Perrone is sure to be received with respect and +attention. The assailant, whose attack on the historical truth of St. +Peter's journey to Rome is refuted in this book, is the author of an +anonymous treatise published at Turin in 1861, entitled _The historical +impossibility of St. Peter's journey to Rome demonstrated, by +substituting the true for the false tradition_. In an introduction, +headed "The Protestants in Italy", Father Perrone laments the great +mischief they have done to his country, and at the same time expresses +his hopes that their attempts at proselytism will end in failure. He +commences by an examination of the statements made by his adversary, to +the effect that even Catholic writers of the highest authority had +denied St. Peter's presence in Rome, that it is proved from the sacred +Scriptures that St. Peter could not have come to Rome either in the time +of Claudius or in that of Nero, and that, therefore, he could not have +been there at all. In reply, F. Perrone proves that no Catholic author +has ever denied St. Peter's journey to Rome; that we neither can nor +ought to expect from Sacred Scripture a history of the journey in +question, but only a proof that it was possible; and that, because the +precise year of the event is not known, it does not follow that the +event itself could never have taken place. He then proceeds to develope +the arguments which prove the Prince of the Apostles to have been at +Rome. 1^o, from the writers of the first three centuries, and then from +those of the fourth; 2^o, from the monuments existing at Rome, +sarcophagi, figured glasses from the Catacombs (one of which he +illustrates at great length), inscriptions, and spots ever held sacred +at Rome to the memory of St. Peter; 3^o, from the pilgrimages made to +his shrine by Christians from every portion of the Church during the +first three centuries; and 4^o, from the catalogues of the Roman +Pontiffs drawn up by writers of the early ages. In the next two chapters +he defends the authority of several of the fathers from the ignorant and +malicious misrepresentations of his adversary, and crowns the work by +reprinting at the end of his volume a dissertation delivered by him some +years ago in one of the Roman academies, in which he proves that "the +love and the hatred men show to Rome are two consequences of the +presence, the episcopate, and the martyrdom of St. Peter in the Eternal +City". + + +III. + +_Regles pour le Choix d'un Etat de Vie, proposées a la Jeunesse +Chretienne._ Par Mgr. J. B. Malou, Evêque de Bruges. Bruxelles, +Goemaers, 1860 (iv.--249 pp.). + +Although this book is not of recent publication, we feel it a kind of +duty to bring it under the notice of the clergy of this country. The +prelate who wrote it expressed to us his earnest desire that it might be +translated for the use of the Catholics of Ireland, for whom he ever +professed warm esteem and admiration. Indeed, we have very few books in +which the question of vocations to the ecclesiastical or religious life +is treated with such accuracy and solidity as in the Rules of Monsignor +Malou. On the other hand, vocations are, through the grace of God, so +abundant in Ireland, that there is hardly any priest, having care of +souls, who must not have felt, at times, the want of some help to enable +him to determine with confidence the state of life to which some +youthful member of his flock may have been called. Such a guide he may +find in the book under notice. Chapter i. treats of the nature of a +state of life, and limits the number of such states to four, viz., the +priesthood, the religious state, matrimony, and celibacy in the world. +The second chapter examines the nature of a vocation to a state of life, +and how far it imposes an obligation. Mgr. Malou thus defines a +vocation: "A disposition of Divine Providence, which prepares, invites, +and sometimes morally obliges, a Christian soul to embrace one state of +life in preference to another; which disposition is ordinarily +manifested in the qualities, the sentiments, and the position of the +person called". Chapter iii. shows the necessity of Christian +deliberation before making a choice of a state of life. Chapter iv. +deals with the conditions requisite for a good deliberation, paragraphs +being devoted respectively to interior conditions, to exterior +conditions, and to the method of proceeding in the deliberation. The +vocation to the ecclesiastical state is the subject of the fifth +chapter, in which is shown that this vocation comes from God in a +special manner, and that it is at once a great honour and a great +benefit. The signs of vocation are detailed in the seventh, and the +signs of non-vocation in the ninth chapters; in the tenth, the motives +and the duty of following this vocation. The religious state, its +origin, its end, its nature, and its properties; the different religious +orders to which a person may be called; the vocation to the religious +state; its principal signs; the deliberation required before adopting it +are the subjects of the next five chapters. The sixteenth and last +chapter discusses the question of vocation to the foreign missions, +considered with respect to its motives, the qualities it demands, and +the precautions which should be taken in carrying it into effect. This +is the substance of the entire treatise; and for accuracy of doctrine, +clearness of style, unction of Catholic spirit, it is worthy of its +important subject and of its author. + + +IV. + +RECENT PUBLICATIONS. + + 1. _L'Evangile et la Critique, examen de la Vie de Jesus de M. + Ernest Renan._ Par T. I. Lamy, Professeur a la facultè de + Theologie, et President du College Marie-Therese a l'Université + Catholique de Louvain. Louvain. + + 2. _Bernardi Papiensis, Faventini Episcopi, Summa Decretalium + ad Librorum MSS. fidem cum aliis ejusdem scriptoris anecdotis_, + edidit Ern. Ad. Theod. Laspeyres, etc. Ratisbon, + apud Manz, 1861, lxiii.-367. + + 3. _Memoir of the Abbè Lacordaire._ By the Count de Montalembert, + one of the forty of the French Academy. Authorized + translation. Bentley, 1864, xv.-312. + + 4. _Importanza della Storia, considerata nelle cose che le servono + di materia._ Par Domenico Solimani, D.C.D.G. Roma: + Tipografia Forense, 1861, pp. 529. + + 5. _Percy Grange, or the Ocean of Life_, a tale in three books. + By the Rev. Thomas J. Potter, of All Hallows College. + Dublin: Duffy, 1864, pp. 320. + + 6. _Tavole Cronologiche Critiche della Storia della Chiesa Universale, + illustrate con argomenti d'Archeologia e di Geografia_, + Par Ignazio Mozzoni, etc. Roma: Cromolitografia Pontificia. + 1861. Vols. i. to ix. + + 7. _Notes upon the Errors of Geology illustrated by reference to + facts observed in Ireland._ By John Kelly, Vice-President + of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland. Dublin: John + F. Fowler, 1864, pp. xvi.-300. + + 8. _Address Introductory to the Clinical Session 1864-65, delivered + November_ 9, 1864, _at the Mater Misericordiae + Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin._ By Thomas Hayden, + F.R.C.S.I., etc. Dublin: John F. Fowler, pp. 26. + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's note + + +The following changes have been made to the text: + +Page 123: "scriptual education" changed to "scriptural education". + +Page 136: "inde geuuflexi" changed to "inde genuflexi". + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, +Volume 1, December 1864, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, DEC 1864 *** + +***** This file should be named 33436-8.txt or 33436-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/4/3/33436/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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