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diff --git a/33311-0.txt b/33311-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12e60d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/33311-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20471 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles François L'Homond + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Selections from Viri Romae + +Author: Charles François L'Homond + +Editor: Robert Arrowsmith + Charles Knapp + +Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding, mainly vowels with macron (“long” mark): + + Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū + ā ē ī ō ū ȳ (long y is rare) + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if +the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +There is no Greek in this book. + +Boldface text is shown with #marks#, sans-serif type (only in the +Advertising) with =marks=, and italics with _lines_. + +The text as printed includes several hundred cross-references to +footnotes, numbered from 1 on each page, and to lines of text, numbered +continuously within each selection. Each selection is therefore given +twice, in “stripped” and “as printed” forms. + +In the complete form, all page numbers and line breaks have been +retained. Words split across line or page breaks may appear on either +the first or second line, depending on space. Footnote anchors are shown +in [brackets], page numbers in [[double brackets]] on separate lines, +and line numbers in {braces} at the end of the line. The printed line +numbers use multiples of five; in the e-text, some numbers have been +moved up or down when required by line length. + +The stripped form gives the bare text, without macrons. Note that +selections XXVIII-XXX were edited; see first footnote to XXVIII. + +The two large maps can be found in the “images” directory associated +with the HTML version of this text, under the names frontis_large.jpg +and foldout_large.jpg. Map thumbnails and the other illustrations-- +mainly line drawings-- are in the same place.] + + + + + [Illustration {map of Italian peninsula}] + + + + + SELECTIONS + + from + + VIRI ROMAE + + + Edited By + + ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. + + Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College + + and + + CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D. + + Instructor In Latin, Barnard College + + + [Decoration] + + + New York ·:· Cincinnati ·:· Chicago + + AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + + + + Copyright, 1896, by + AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. + + VIRI ROMAE. + + W. P. 18 + + + + +PREFACE + +[Decoration] + + +Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has +followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with +all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics. +Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit +which regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical +dissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical +trinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as +unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the +study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that +mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and +that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a +barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing +that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of +the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the +character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost +after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the +principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of +_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater +worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice +and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms +of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a +great people as revealed in its literature and art. + +This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some +modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in +use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and +particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by +which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the +fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to +destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths, +however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_ +offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and, +from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the +literature. + +The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition +of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It +was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles François +Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation +as a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience +taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story +with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work +is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of +Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly +Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and +construction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of +beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of +Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore +eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading. + +The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties +most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study. +One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to +discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered +in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the +footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a +similar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence, +explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in +order that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical +references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of +helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation, +subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the +tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi. + +Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the +language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the +book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It +is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more +difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later +period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon +matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common +usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to +one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of +expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause, +means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as +possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience +of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a +construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates +a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have +experienced none. + +The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full +with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the +pupil, under the teacher’s guidance, to discover for himself further +details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern +authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too +strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:-- + + Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures + Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus. + +All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this +edition is, in the main, that of C. Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart, +1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the +vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to +the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and +their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been +made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as +subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important +reading power. + +The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn +Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coöperation in the work, and +particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises. + + ROBERT ARROWSMITH. + CHARLES KNAPP. + +August, 1895. + + + + +CONTENTS + +[Decoration] + + PAGE + + Suggestions to the Student ix + Plan of Rome xxviii + I. Rōmānī Imperiī Exōrdium 1 + II. Rōmulus 4 + III. Numa Pompilius 8 + IV. Tullus Hostīlius 10 + V. Ancus Mārcius 15 + VI. Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus 17 + VII. Servius Tullius 19 + VIII. Tarquinius Superbus 22 + IX. Iūnius Brūtus 25 + X. Mūcius Scaevola 26 + XI. Fabiī Trecentī Sex 27 + XII. Lūcius Virgīnius 29 + XIII. Titus Mānlius Torquātus 30 + XIV. Pūblius Decius 35 + XV. Mānius Curius 36 + XVI. Gāius Duīlius 38 + XVII. Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus 39 + XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher 42 + XIX. Quīntus Fabius Māximus 43 + XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō 48 + XXI. Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpio Āfricānus 52 + XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus 63 + XXIII. Gāius Marius 68 + XXIV. Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla 74 + XXV. Lūcius Lūcullus 77 + XXVI. Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus 80 + XXVII. Gāius Iūlius Caesar 86 + XXVIII. Mārcus Tullius Cicerō 96 + XXIX. Mārcus Brūtus 102 + XXX. Octāviānus Caesar Augustus 103 + Exercises for Translation 112 + Vocabulary 131 + + + + +SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT + +[Decoration] + +To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading +properly, we must possess (1) a vocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin +words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are +thoroughly familiar; (2) a knowledge of the inflectional system of the +language, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3) a knowledge of +its syntax; and (4) a knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin +sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome +the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and +clauses that form a Latin sentence. + +#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are +constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The +best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant +reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they +occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently +used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with +everyday life, such as _dīcō_, _eō_, _faciō_, _habeō_, _veniō_, _sum_, +and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset. +It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound +verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force +of the simple verb is mastered, a little practice will enable the +student to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without +reference to any dictionary. + +It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the +same stem, _e.g._ _canō_, _cantus_; _certō_, _certāmen_; _dūcō_, _dux_; +_regō_, _rēx_, _rēgius_; _caedō_, _caedēs_. A specially interesting +study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin +originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is +borrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _dōnō_ and _dōnum_, _lucid_ with +_lūx_, _regent_ with _rēx_ and _regō_. + +Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud, +for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when +_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far +more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin +words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures +which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys. + +#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar +with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in +mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of +the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may +be altered in form in order to express different relations to other +words, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together +into sentences. A knowledge of inflections and an understanding of +syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a +whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so +one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his +mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed +that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner +inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur +in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are +discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the +grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi +to xxvi. A very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly +in mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be +remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study +enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature. + +#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the +student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a +Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds +in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes. +(1) Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning +is developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in +the order of their importance_. (2) It is a principle of Latin to keep +the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word +completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both +these principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I, +page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is +a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is +especially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose +his own successor. The phrase _rēx Albānōrum_ very properly follows, as +defining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Amūlius_ are next +mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The +sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word, +_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numitōrī_ is first, because now Numitor +is more important, as being Proca’s successor. The relative clause _quī +. . . erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca +bequeathed his kingdom (_rēgnum relīquit_) to Numitor. So in the words +_ut . . . fēcit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act +indicated by the words _Rhēam Silviam . . . fēcit_, so that by the time +we know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed. +The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for +the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that, +however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always +good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our +pleasure, to determine just what this reason is. + +Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible +by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system, +whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin +declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed +above Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted +upon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut . . . fēcit_ it is clear +that Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the +inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very +difficulty which it creates. + +#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself +familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice +from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end +before attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at +once, a repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear, +provided the student knows the force of the individual words and +constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or +the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and +carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes +until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first +will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the +manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more +and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in +this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after +word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy +1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the +advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its +fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow +as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the +resulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less +intelligible. So the sentence _ut . . . fēcit_ discussed above may be +translated almost exactly in the Latin order. + + +LATIN COMPOSITION + +#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which +may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of +English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has +already been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it +calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired +in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the +measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from +the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study. + +#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which +we found necessary in reading (page ix). The words and constructions +required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are +illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil +should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or +construction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar. +In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than +of mere mechanical copying from a printed model. + +#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the +thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our +chief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in +proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English +_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are +called _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from +one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English +sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which +it expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that +thought. + +#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens +that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ +greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In +English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one +form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made +consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight +shade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it, +but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one +falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with +no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers. +Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we +find them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these +expressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently +than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student +must avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound +form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds +other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching +out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by +trying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by +placing yourself as far as possible in the writer’s place, you will gain +a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a +single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case. + +One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to +render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority +from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your +grammar. + +Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of +the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and +try to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you +will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes +of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the +grammar will give the reason for your choice. + +#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions +necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below, +pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon +which the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or +dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences +based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required. + + +TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS + +The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the +pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under +appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually +occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the +student in two ways: (1) by supplementing and illustrating the notes, +and (2) by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of +Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head +all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find +it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he +finds new instances in his own reading. + + +_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE + +1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH: + + #Rōmae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarentī#, XV, 30; salūbriōra + #mīlitiae# quam #domī# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative: + chiefly used with names of towns);--#in siccō#, I, 10; #in iīs + locīs#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistrīs manibus#, II, 21; #in colle + Quirīnālī#, II, 54; #in ārā#, III, 4; #in mediā urbe#, V, 23; ponte + . . #in# (over) #Tiberī# factō, #in# (at) #ōre# Tiberis, V, + 27;--#multīs locīs#, XXV, 17; #terrā marīque#, XXI, 125;--#apud + Tīcīnum# amnem . . #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #palūdem#, + II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad flūmen# Bagradam, + XVII, 18. + + +_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION + +1. PLACE FROM WHICH: + + #Curibus# . . accītus est, III, 2; #Tarquiniīs# . . profectus, VI, 1 + (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--#ā portā# . . + pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #ā lūdīs# pūblicīs + revertēns, XVIII, 17;--dēlābitur #ē caelō scissō# scūtum, III, 15; + #ex eō locō# . . aufūgerat, IV, 20; dōnec novae cōpiae #ex Āfricā# + advenīrent, XVII, 3; #ex angustiīs# ēvāsit, XIX, 38. + +2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH: + + #Albam# properāvit, I, 25; Quī cum #Rōmam# vēnisset, III, 3; #Rōmam# + also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Collātiam#, VIII, + 21; Profectus #Delphōs#, IX, 4; #Carthāginem# rediit, XVII, 54; + #domum# dēdūcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugiēns, VII, 45; cum . . + #domum# redīret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of + towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvulōs# . . reverterētur, I, 16; + Remum . . #ad Amūlium# rēgem perdūxērunt, I, 27; #ad Gabīnōs# sē + contulit, VIII, 4;--#in Āfricam# . . trāiēcit, XVII, 15; #in + Ītaliam# vēnit, XIX, 15; abiēcit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sabīnōs #in + urbem# recēpit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subdūxit, IV, 58; + cum #in# (upon) #tribūnal# ēscendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against) + #eum# . . rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt sē #inter tēla# . . īnferre, + II, 36. + +3. WAY BY WHICH: + + #portā# (abl. of means) #quā# profectī erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over) + #loca alta# āgmen dūcēbat, XIX, 23; Quī cum . . #per montēs, per + silvās# hūc illūc discurrerent, XIX, 35. + + +_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1] + +1. TIME AT WHICH: + + #Posterō diē#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Prīmō impetū#, II, 29; #Kalendīs + Mārtiīs#, III, 20; #eā tempestāte#, VI, 17; #nocte mediā#, XIX, 68. + +2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH: + + #Annō trecentēsimō# ab urbe conditā, XII, 1; #eōdem annō#, XIII, 11; + #bellō Latīnō#, XIV, 11; #hōc bellō#, XIV, 12; #in proeliō#, VI, 26; + #In proeliō quōdam, in quō#, VII, 8; #In quō bellō#, XV, 2.[I.2] + +3. AGE: + + fīlium #tredecim annōrum#, VI, 25; Hannibal . . #novem annōs nātus#, + XIX, 1. + + [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.] + + [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.] + + +_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE + +1. DURATION OF TIME: + + Rōmulus #septem# et #trīgintā# rēgnāvit #annōs#, III, 38; rēgnāvit + #annōs duōs# et #trīgintā#, IV, 75; rēgnāvit #annōs quattuor# et + #quadrāgintā#, VII, 52; #per tōtum bīduum#, XIII, 87; #omnī deinde + vītā#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.) + +2. EXTENT OF SPACE: + + Iam #aliquantum# spatiī . . aufūgerat, IV, 20; centum et vīgintī + #pedēs# longum, XVII, 27; quīnque diērum #iter# . . abest, XXI, 163. + + +_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE + +1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #nē# with the subjunctive: + + #ut# eum subole #prīvāret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religiōne + #mītigāret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index pācis et bellī, III, 25;--#nē# + fūrtō auferrī #posset#, III, 16; #nē# duo violenta ingenia + mātrimōniō #iungerentur#, VII, 38. + +2. Relative clause: + + mīsit #quī# societātem . . #peterent#, II, 5; Centum . . ēlēgit, + #quōrum# cōnsiliō omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerdōtēs lēgit, #quī# + ancīlia . . #cūstōdīrent# et . . #ferrent#, III, 19; Rōmam missus, + #ubi# (= ut ibi) . . #interesset#, XXVIII, 8. + +3. #Quō#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive: + + #quō frequentius habitārētur#, IV, 66 (see note); #quō minor# turba + Rōmae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #quō diūtius# in magistrātū #esset#, + XIX, 46. + +4. Gerundive: + + coniugī dedit #ēducandōs#, I, 19; īgnem . . perpetuō #alendum# + virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# locāvit, XVII, 36; #ad + exercitum lūstrandum#, II, 44; mīlitēs #ad vindicandum# facinus + accendit, XII, 26. + +5. Future participle: + + quasi dē pāce #āctūrus#, rē vērā ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see + note). + +6. Supine: + + aquam . . #petītum# ierat, II, 17; ē suīs ūnum . . mittit + #scīscitātum#, VIII, 8; Cum . . lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent #conquestum#, + XIII, 81; pecora . . quae #pāstum# prōpulsa essent, XIX, 63. + +7. Substantive clauses: + + adfīrmāns . . Rōmulum . . praecipere #ut# sēditiōnibus #abstinērent# + et rem mīlitārem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Latīnōrum populīs suāsit + #ut# . . fānum Diānae . . in Aventīnō monte #aedificārent#, VII, 25; + optāvit #ut# frāter . . #revīvīsceret# atque iterum classem + #āmitteret#, XVIII, 19; ēdīxit #nē# quis . . in hostēs #pūgnāret#, + XIII, 42; Veritus autem #nē# . . poenās #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit ā + patribus cōnscrīptīs #nē# quid dē eā rē #statuerent#, XIII, 83. + + [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its + importance entitles it to separate treatment.] + + +_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT + +1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut nōn# with the subjunctive: + + ita omnium animōs eā pietāte imbuit #ut# fidēs . . cīvēs + #continēret#, III, 33; adeō frāctī . . sunt spīritūs . . #ut# nūllī + reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita eōs adliciēns + #ut# apud omnēs plūrimum #posset#, VIII, 6. + +Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#, +#adeō#, #tam#, #tālis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause. + +2. Relative (characteristic): + + invenīrī potuit nēmō, #quī . . peteret#, XXIII, 119; Ūnus adulēscēns + fuit, #quī audēret# querī, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #quīn# with + the subjunctive: haud procul erat #quīn . . āgnōsceret#, I, 33; nōn + esse dubium #quīn . . oportēret#, XVI, 27; Nēminī dubium est #quīn + . . restituerit#, XIX, 105. + +3. Substantive: + + (Rōmulus dīxit) #futūrum ut# omnium gentium dominī #exsisterent#, + II, 53; #oportet# dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, . . #restituās#, XIII, + 54; #concessum est ut# . . praecinente tībīcine ā cēnā #redīret#, + XVI, 16. + + +_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4] + +1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the +perfect tense: + + #Ubi# spectāculī tempus #vēnit#, II, 11; #Ut . . increpuēre# arma + micantēsque #fulsēre# gladiī, IV, 13; Is #postquam adolēvit#, VII, + 7; Quī #postquam# frequentēs #convēnēre#, XIII, 52. + +2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally +the present): + + Ea rēs #dum# Numitōris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Albānus + exercitus #inclāmat# Cūriātiīs, IV, 23; Latīnus #dum# ad Tiberim + #dēscendit#, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit, VII, 34. + +3. #Dum#, #dōnec# (until) with the subjunctive: + + #dum convalēsceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus + extrāheret, #dōnec# novae cōpiae ex Āfricā #advenīrent#, XVII, + 3 (partly purpose). + +4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive: + + Alterum . . #priusquam# tertius #posset# cōnsequī, interfēcit, IV, + 24; #priusquam# eīs bellum #indīceret#, lēgātum mīsit quī rēs + repeteret, V, 7; petiit . . nē quid . . statuerent #antequam# ipse + #īnspexisset# Macedonum . . causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse). + +5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive: + + #cum# iīs #īnsidiātī essent# latrōnēs, I, 22; #cum# Numitor . . + #comparāret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) Rōmae #appropinquārent#, II, 15; cum + (while) . . cōntiōnem . . #habēret#, II, 44; Quī #cum# Rōmam + #vēnisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely + common. + + [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.] + + +_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5] + +1. Relative clause with the subjunctive: + + quīppe #quī cerneret# ferrum ante oculōs micāns, accūsātiōnem + dīmīsit, XIII, 8; cum in eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset + #quae# (= cum ea) sibi #adversāta fuisset#, XXVII, 37. + +2. #Cum# with the subjunctive: + + #Cum# vērō uxōrēs . . nōn #habērent#, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs + mīsit, II, 3; #cum# sē invidiōsum . . #vidēret#, Vēientēs . . + adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit, IV, 55; #Cum# . . facinora clandestīna + #fierent#, Ancus carcerem . . aedificāvit, V, 21-25. + +3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quandō#, with the indicative: + + #quia# tribus impār #erat#, . . fugam capessīvit, IV, 18; + #quandōquidem . . pūgnāvistī#, XIII, 53; #quia# nōn #pāruistī#, + XIII, 77. + +4. #Quod# with the subjunctive: + + cum sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret, #quod# bellum ūnō paucōrum + certāmine #fīnīsset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius fīlium . . + #quod# in proeliō hostem #percussisset#, praetextā . . dōnāvit, VI, + 25-27. + +5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason): + + eum accūsantēs, #quasi# Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre #solitus esset#, + I, 28; Is cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, #quasi# + (because, as was supposed,) #interfēcisset# commīlitōnem, XIII, 65. + +NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed +to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is +fictitious, and invented by the person who advances it. + + [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.] + + [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the + indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the + writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.] + + +_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES + +1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive: + + #cum retinērētur# ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen Carthāginem rediit, + XVII, 53. + +2. #Quamquam# with the indicative: + + #quamquam . . pellēbātur#, XXI, 242. + +3. #Quamvīs# with the subjunctive: + + #quamvīs sīs# molestus, XXVI, 158. + + +_J._ CUM CLAUSES + +The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been +given separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the +temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_ +frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession +combined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and +concessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as +well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not +impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent: cf. + + #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvulōs . . + #reverterētur#, I, 16; Hīs artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_) + Hannibalem Fabius . . #clausisset#, ille . . sē expedīvit, XIX, 31. + + +_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE + +1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a +participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #Eō +rēgnante#, IV, 3; #relābente flūmine#, I, 9. + +2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and +adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there +is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#: + + #māgnā glōriā# bellī, IV, 75; #parī# ferē #ōrnātū#, X, 6; #Appiō + iūdice#, XII, 15; #Valeriō# et #Cossō cōnsulibus#, XIV, 1. + +3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote + + TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and 5. + + #pulsō frātre#, rēgnāvit, I, 3; #Eā rē cōgnitā#, parvulōs . . + abiēcit in Tiberim, I, 5; #armātīs pāstōribus#, Albam properāvit, + I, 25. + +NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative +absolute. + +4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3. + + #ortā# inter eōs #contentiōne#, I, 40; dūrissimā squāmārum #lōrīcā# + omnia tēla facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in cōnfertā multitūdine + aegrē #prōcēdente carpentō#, XVIII, 17. + +5. CONCESSION: + + agrum ēius, #omnibus# circā #vāstātīs#, intāctum relīquit, XIX, 39. + +6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_. +Examples are: + + #mīlitibus# sēgnius #dīmicantibus#, raptum sīgnum in hostem mīsit, + VII, 9; #occīsō Tatiō#, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit, II, 40. + +7. CONDITION: + + #rē# male #gestā# (if he fails), XVI, 31; nē, #dēsertō# agrō, nōn + esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII, 34. + +8. MEANS: + + #advectīs ballistīs# et #catapultīs# (by bringing up, etc.) . . + dēiciendus hostis fuit, XVII, 23. + +9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE: + + #crīnibus passīs#, II, 36; #māgnā glōriā# bellī rēgnāvit, IV, 75; + scrībā cum rēge #parī ferē ōrnātū# sedēbat, X, 6. + +10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English +perfect active participle with an object: #armātīs pāstōribus#, I, 25, +_having armed_ the shepherds. A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite +verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense: +#interēmptō Amūliō#, Numitōrem in rēgnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_ +Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne. + + +_L._ PARTICIPLES + +In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are +used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety +of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of +expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent to + +1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE: + + #raptae# mulierēs, II, 35; Rōmānus . . male #sustinentem# (= quī + male sustinēbat) arma Cūriātium cōnficit, IV, 29; ab laniō cultrō + #adreptō# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher’s + stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= eīs quī volēbant) cōnsulere sē dē + iūre praebuit, XIII, 97. + +2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE: + + necessitāte #compulsus# indicāvit, I, 24; nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit + #dēterritus# . . Nāviī auctōritāte, VI, 16; Hōc terrōre cēterī + #adāctī# nōmina prōmptius dedērunt, XV, 25. + +3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE: + + #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effūgit, XVI, 30. + +4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a +noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a +limiting genitive: + + ob #virginēs# raptās (on account of the _seizure of_ the maidens), + II, 14; Annō trecentēsimō ab #urbe conditā# (from the _founding of_ + the city), XII, 1. + +5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the +same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ ‘They took the ass and +saddled him.’ Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers +to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression, +_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two +classes of sentences: + +(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #īctum cōnflagrāsse#, IV, 74, which = +fulmine #īctum esse et cōnflagrāsse#, _i.e._ ‘he _was struck_ by +lightning _and burned_,’ etc. + +(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvulōs alveō #impositōs +abiēcit#, I, 6 = parvulōs alveō #imposuit et abiēcit#; #ēlatam# secūrim +in ēius caput #dēiēcit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secūrim #et# in ēius caput +#dēiēcit#; cōniugem ē Cūriā #ēvocātum# . . rēgem #salūtāvit#, VII, 47 = +cōniugem ē Cūriā #ēvocāvit et# eum rēgem #salūtāvit#. + + +_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE + +1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and +_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may +quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the +writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in +which the thought was formulated (if put into words at all), he is said +to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely +the substance or the gist of his own or another’s statements or +thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in +English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct. + +2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous +changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under +two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those +which occur in subordinate clauses. + +3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative, +interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a +question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider +three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions, +(_c_) Commands. + +4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. + +All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, +fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of +saying: + + adfīrmāns #vīsum# (sc. #esse#) ā sē Rōmulum . . eundemque + #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #vīsus est# ā mē Rōmulus . . + īdemque #praecipit#); prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre #caesam esse#, + IV, 43 (direct form, fīlia mea iūre #caesa est#); minātur sē vī + #abstrāctūrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) vī tē #abstraham#). + +5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. + +All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, +fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on +a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse +occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions +(cf. p. 3, n. 2), however, fall under this general head as giving some +one’s thoughts without quoting his exact words. + +6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. + +All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall +into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb +like _imperāvit_, to be supplied in thought: + + proinde #nē gravārētur# sē spectandum praebēre, XXI, 289 (direct + form, #Nōlī gravārī# tē spectandum praebēre); satis cōnstat Sullam + . . prōclāmāsse, #vincerent#, dummodo scīrent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct + form, #Vincite#, dummodo sciātis). + +7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. + +All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in +the subjunctive mood: + + Tatius . . Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris dedit, #sī . . perdūxisset#, + II, 19-21 (direct form, dō or dabō optiōnem mūneris, #sī . . + perdūxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct + form, Petō quod . . #geritis#). + + + + +The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in +most common use; H = Harkness’ Complete Latin Grammar, references to +Harkness’ Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M = Lane & +Morgan; A = Allen & Greenough; G = Gildersleeve; B = Bennett. + + + + + [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME] + +The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion +of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill, +and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the +Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which +was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the +Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built +a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and +Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications, +of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the +Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The +only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its +population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow +strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet +wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut +away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the +excavations stands the well-known ‘Trajan’s Column,’ 140 feet high, +‘erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the +Emperor.’ The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus +Martius, its main artery, the famous ‘Corso,’ following the line of the +ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 86. + + + + +URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS + + +#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]] + +Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui +natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit +et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae +sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re +cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos +abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed, +relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis +solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, +infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit. + +Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus, +pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae +coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris +certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a +rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent +latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus, +necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae +mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit. + +Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes, +quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege +Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum +considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul +erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri +simillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum +Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem +liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit. + +Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique +educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen +novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere. +Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, +victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere +vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id +traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: “Sic +deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!” Ita solus potitus est +imperio Romulus. + + + [[1]] + + #I. Rōmānī imperiī exōrdium# [[as printed]] + + Proca,[1] rēx Albānōrum, Numitōrem et Amūlium fīliōs habuit. + Numitōrī, quī nātū[2] māior erat, rēgnum relīquit;[3] sed Amūlius, + pulsō[4] frātre, rēgnāvit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] prīvāret,[5] Rhēam + [[2]] + Silviam, ēius fīliam, Vestae[1] sacerdōtem fēcit, quae[2] tamen {4} + Rōmulum et Remum geminōs ēdidit.[3] Eā[4] rē cōgnitā Amūlius ipsam[5] + in vincula coniēcit,[6] parvulōs + alveō[7] impositōs[8] abiēcit in + Tiberim, quī tunc forte super + rīpās erat effūsus[9]; sed, relābente + flūmine, eōs aqua in siccō {10} + relīquit. Vāstae tum in iīs + locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Lupa, + ut fāmā[10] trāditum est, ad vāgītum[11] accurrit, + īnfantēs linguā[10] lambit, ūbera eōrum ōrī[7] + mātremque[12] sē gessit. {15} + + [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_] + + [Illustration: A VESTAL] + + Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvulōs velutī ad + catulōs reverterētur,[13] Faustulus, pāstor + rēgius,[15] rē[16] animadversā eōs tulit in casam et {18} + Accae Lārentiae coniugī dedit[17] ēducandōs.[18] Adultī[19] deinde + hī inter pāstōrēs prīmō lūdicrīs[20] certāminibus vīrēs auxēre,[21] + deinde vēnandō[22] saltūs peragrāre et latrōnēs ā rapīnā[23] pecorum + arcēre coepērunt. Quārē cum[13] iīs īnsidiātī essent[13] latrōnēs, + Remus captus est, Rōmulus[24] vī sē dēfendit. Tum Faustulus, {23} + [[3]] + necessitāte compulsus,[1] indicāvit Rōmulō quis esset[2] eōrum + avus, quae māter. Rōmulus statim armātīs[3] pāstōribus Albam[4] {25} + properāvit. + + Intereā Remum latrōnēs ad Amūlium rēgem perdūxērunt,[5] + eum accūsantēs, quasi[6] Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre solitus[7] esset; + itaque Remus ā rēge Numitōrī ad[8] supplicium + trāditus est; at cum Numitor, {30} + adulēscentis vultum cōnsīderāns, aetātem[9] + minimēque servīlem indolem comparāret, + haud[10] procul erat quīn nepōtem āgnōsceret. + Nam Remus ōris līneāmentīs[11] erat mātrī[12] + simillimus[13] aetāsque expositiōnis temporibus {35} + congruēbat. Ea rēs dum Numitōris animum anxium tenet,[14] + repente Rōmulus supervenit,[15] frātrem līberat,[15] interēmptō Amūliō + avum Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit.[15] + + [Illustration: CASA] + + [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 754.] + + Deinde Rōmulus et Remus urbem in iīsdem locīs, ubi expositī[16] + ubique ēducātī erant, condidērunt[17]; sed ortā[18] inter eōs {40} + contentiōne, uter nōmen novae urbī daret[19] eamque imperiō + regeret, auspicia[20] dēcrēvērunt[21] adhibēre. Remus prior[22] sex + [[4]] + vulturēs, Rōmulus posteā duodecim vīdit. Sīc Rōmulus, victor + auguriō,[1] urbem Rōmam vocāvit. Ad[2] novae urbis tūtēlam sufficere + vāllum vidēbātur. Cūius[3] angustiās inrīdēns cum Remus {45} + saltū id trāiēcisset, eum īrātus[4] Rōmulus interfēcit, hīs increpāns + verbīs: “Sīc[5] deinde, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea!” + Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō[6] Rōmulus. + + Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was + Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many + wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the + daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called + Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son + Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and + transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally + assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear + that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the + foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen + Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman + writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described + in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little + faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome’s early + history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers + tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack + of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written + by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after + the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously + invented to account for institutions which existed in the later + times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies + and contradictions. + + [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4) + + 1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa. + 1.2: #nātū māior#: ‘greater by birth’ = ‘elder.’ + 1.3: from _relinquō_. + 1.4: #pulsō# (_pellō_) #frātre#: abl. abs.; ‘his brother having + been driven out’ (pass.) = ‘having driven out,’ _or_ ‘when he had + driven out his brother’ (act.): H 489 (431): M 638: A 255: G 409: + B 227. + 1.5: #ut prīvāret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: + G 545: B 282. + 1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G 405: + B 214, 1, c. + 2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_. + 2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_. + 2.3: _ēdō_. + 2.4: #eā rē cōgnitā# (_cōgnōscō_): cf. p. 1, n. 4. + 2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia. + 2.6: _coniciō_. + 2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A 228: G 347: + B 187, III. + 2.8: #impositōs# (_impōnō_) #abiēcit# (_abiciō_) = _imposuit et + abiēcit_. English is fond of coördination of clauses; Latin + prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin + avoids two coördinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L 5, and H 639 + (549, 5): A 292, R.: G 664, R. 1, 2: B 337, 2. + 2.9: _effundō_. + 2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G 401: + B 218. + 2.11: #ad vāgītum#: ‘to (their) squalling,’ i.e. to them as they + were crying. + 2.12: #mātrem sē gessit# (_gerō_): ‘conducted herself, acted like + a mother.’ + 2.13: not only ‘_when_,’ but also ‘_because_ the wolf kept coming + back.’ See p. xxii, J. + 2.14: ‘very often.’ The comparative often has this intensive + force. + 2.15: adj. = the genitive of _rēx_. + 2.16: #rē . . . tulit# (_ferō_) = _rem animadvertit et eōs tulit_; + cf. p. xxiii, K 10. + 2.17: _dō_. + 2.18: = _ut ēducārentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as + often. See p. xviii, E 4, H 622 (544, N. 2): M 994: A 294, _d_: + G 430: B 337, 7, 2. + 2.19: #adultī# (_adolēscō_): ‘having grown’ = ‘when grown.’ + 2.20: #lūdicrīs certāminibus#: ‘with playful contests,’--such as + running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n. 10. + 2.21: = _auxērunt_ (_augeō_). + 2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner. + 2.23: ‘from the seizure of’ = ‘from stealing.’ + 2.24: = ‘_but_ Romulus.’ + 3.1: _compellō_. + 3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G 467: + B 300. + 3.3: See p. 1, n. 4. + 3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380, II): M 515: + A 258, _b_: G 337: B 182, 1, _a_; cf. English ‘to go _home_.’ + 3.5: _perdūcō_. + 3.6: ‘because, as they said’; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or + thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi, + H 5. + 3.7: _soleō_. + 3.8: #ad supplicium#: ‘to be punished’; _ad_ with its noun often + denotes purpose. + 3.9: #aetātem . . . comparāret#: ‘compared his age with his + nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave’; i.e. his + appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher + station than the shepherds. + 3.10: #haud . . . āgnōsceret#: ‘he came very near to recognizing + him’; how literally? In this construction _quīn_ = _ut nōn_, and + the subjunctive is one of result: H 595 (504): M 913: A 319, _d_: + G 555: B 284, 3. + 3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: + B 226, 1. + 3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat. + 3.13: ‘very like’; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l. 16. + 3.14: _dum_, ‘while,’ regularly takes the pres. indic. where + English uses the imperfect: H 533, 4 (467, 4): M 917: A 276, _e_: + G 570, R.: B 293. + 3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A 276, _d_: + G 229: B 259, 3. + 3.16: _expōnō_. + 3.17: _condō_. + 3.18: #ortā# (_orior_) . . . #contentiōne# = ‘_because_ a strife + arose’; see p. xxiii, K 4. + 3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contentiōne_; cf. n. 2. The + strife centered in the question, “Which of us shall rule?” + 3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the + Aventine. + 3.21: _dēcernō_. + 3.22: ‘first.’ + 4.1: ‘by virtue of the augury’; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M 612: + A 245: G 408: B 219. + 4.2: #Ad . . . tūtēlam#: ‘to guard the new city.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 8. + 4.3: Render ‘its.’ Latin is fond of closely connecting successive + clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun, + where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or + personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_ + or _for_: cf. p. 2, n. 2. + 4.4: ‘in anger.’ An adjective may often be best rendered by an + adverb or adverbial phrase. + 4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish). + 4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.] + + +#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]] + +753-715 B.C. + +Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat +in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum +pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent, +legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo +populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam +additum: “Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret +conubium.” Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici +deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam +videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi +spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum +signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt. + +Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum +adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam +virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius +pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae +optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. +Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos +anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem +perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis +habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est. + +Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum +Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis, +nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu +consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: “Vicimus +perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse +virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.” Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum +tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus +restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus +passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc +viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt. + +Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum +cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum +potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum +consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres +equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His +ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae +paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore +tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse +vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis. +Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit, +iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque +praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent; +futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali +Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus. + + + #II. Rōmulus, Rōmānōrum rēx prīmus# [[as printed]] + + 753-715 B.C. + + Rōmulus[7] imāginem urbis magis quam urbem fēcerat; incolae + deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proximō lūcus[10]; hunc asȳlum fēcit. Et + statim eō mīra vīs[11] latrōnum pāstōrumque cōnfūgit. Cum[12] vērō + [[5]] + uxōrēs ipse[1] populusque nōn habērent, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās + gentēs mīsit,[2] quī[3] societātem cōnūbiumque[4] novō populō {5} + peterent.[3] Nūsquam benīgnē audīta lēgātiō est; lūdibrium etiam + additum[5]: “Cūr nōn fēminīs quoque asȳlum aperuistis? Id + enim compār foret[6] cōnūbium.” Rōmulus, aegritūdinem animī + dissimulāns, lūdōs parat; indīcī[7] deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum + iubet. Multī convēnēre[8] studiō etiam[9] videndae novae urbis, {10} + māximē Sabīnī cum līberīs et coniugibus. Ubi spectāculī tempus + vēnit eōque[10] conversae[11] mentēs[12] cum oculīs erant, tum sīgnō + datō iuvenēs Rōmānī discurrunt, virginēs rapiunt.[13] + + [Illustration: ARMILLA] + + Haec[14] fuit statim causa bellī. Sabīnī enim ob[15] virginēs raptās + bellum adversus Rōmānōs sūmpsērunt,[16] et cum {15} + Rōmae[17] appropinquārent, Tarpēiam virginem nactī + sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extrā moenia petītum[20] + ierat. Hūius pater Rōmānae praeerat arcī. Titus + Tatius, Sabīnōrum dux, Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris + dedit, sī exercitum suum in Capitōlium {20} + [[6]] + perdūxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sabīnī in sinistrīs manibus[3] + gererent,[4] {21} + vidēlicet aureōs ānulōs et armillās. Quibus dolōsē prōmissīs, + Tarpēia Sabīnōs in arcem perdūxit, ubi Tatius + scūtīs[5] eam obruī iussit; nam et[6] ea in laevīs[7] + habuerant.[8] Sīc impia prōditiō celerī poenā[5] vindicāta {25} + est. + + [Illustration: DEATH OF TARPĒIA] + + Deinde Rōmulus ad certāmen prōcessit, et in + eō locō, ubi nunc Rōmānum Forum[9] est, pūgnam + cōnseruit. Prīmō[10] impetū vir inter[11] Rōmānōs īnsīgnis, nōmine[12] + Hostīlius, fortissimē dīmicāns cecidit; cūius interitū[13] cōnsternātī + Rōmānī fugere coepērunt. Iam Sabīnī clāmitābant: “Vīcimus {31} + perfidōs hospites,[14] imbellēs hostēs. Nunc sciunt longē[15] aliud + esse virginēs rapere,[16] aliud pūgnāre[16] cum virīs.” Tunc Rōmulus, + arma ad caelum tollēns, Iovī aedem[17] vōvit, et exercitus seu forte + seu dīvīnitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegrātur; sed raptae + mulierēs crīnibus[19] passīs ausae sunt sē inter tēla volantia īnferre + et hinc patrēs, hinc virōs ōrantēs,[20] pācem conciliārunt. {37} + + [Illustration: RŌMULUS AS QUIRĪNUS / _From a coin_] + + Rōmulus, foedere[21] cum Tatiō īctō, et Sabīnōs in urbem recēpit + [[7]] + et rēgnum[1] cum Tatiō sociāvit. Vērum haud ita multō post, + occīsō[2] Tatiō, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit.[3] Centum {40} + deinde ex seniōribus ēlēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō[4] omnia ageret,[5] quōs + senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Trēs equitum[6] centuriās + cōnstituit, populum in trīgintā cūriās distribuit. Hīs ita + ōrdinātīs, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum lūstrandum cōntiōnem in campō[9] ad + Caprae[10] palūdem habēret, subitō coorta est {45} + tempestās cum māgnō fragōre tonitribusque et + Rōmulus ē cōnspectū ablātus[11] est. Ad deōs + trānsīsse vulgō crēditus[12] est; cuī[13] reī fidem + fēcit Iūlius Proculus, vir nōbilis. Ortā[14] enim + inter patrēs et plēbem sēditiōne, in cōntiōnem {50} + prōcessit,[15] iūreiūrandō adfīrmāns vīsum[16] ā sē + Rōmulum augustiōre[17] fōrmā, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut + sēditiōnibus + abstinērent[20] et rem mīlitārem colerent[20]; futūrum[21] ut + [[8]] + omnium gentium dominī exsisterent. Aedēs in colle Quirīnālī + Rōmulō[1] cōnstitūta,[2] ipse[3] prō deō cultus[2] et Quirīnus est + appellātus. {56} + + [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8) + + 4.7: It has been suggested that the name _Rōmulus_ is derived from + _Rōma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word + _Rumon_, ‘river.’ _Rōma_ would then be ‘the town by the river,’ + ‘Rivertown’ (cf. English ‘Watertown,’ etc.), and _Rōmulus_ would + be ‘the man from Rivertown.’ + 4.8: _dēsum_. + 4.9: #in proximō#: ‘near by.’ Phrases consisting of a preposition + and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of + adjectives or adverbs. + 4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline + Hill. + 4.11: #vīs# often means ‘number,’ as here, or ‘quantity’; ‘power’ + is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain. + 4.12: #cum#: ‘since’: H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G 586: B 286, 2. + 5.1: = _Rōmulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5. + 5.2: _mittō_. + 5.3: #quī . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii, + E 2, and H 590 (497, I): M 835: A 317, 2: G 630: B 282, 2. + 5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist + between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty. + 5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the + passive, especially in rapid narrative. + 5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G 116, N. 1, + _c_: B 100, N. 2. + 5.7: #indīcī . . . iubet#: ‘he bids a show to be announced.’ Such + an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present. + 5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21. + 5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they + were also curious to see the new city. + 5.10: = _in spectāculum_. + 5.11: _convertō_. + 5.12: #mentēs cum oculīs#: ‘minds and eyes alike.’ The emphasis is + on _mentēs_; they were thinking only of the show. + 5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by + side without a connective. See also n. 5 above. + 5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding + paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because + the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the + rule in Latin. H 396, 2 (445, 4): A 195, _d_: G 211, 5: B 246, 5. + 5.15: #ob virginēs raptās#: ‘on account of the stolen maidens’ = + ‘on account of the seizure of the maidens.’ A participle agreeing + with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a + dependent genitive. + 5.16: _sūmō_. + 5.17: dat.; why? + 5.18: ‘they happened upon’ (_nancīscor_). + 5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: ‘had gone by chance’ = ‘happened to + have gone.’ _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: ‘as it + happened,’ or ‘it so happened.’ + 5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H 633 (546): + M 1005: A 302: G 435: B 340, 1. + 6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied + indirect discourse; #sī perdūxisset# represents the fut. perf. + indic. of direct discourse _sī perdūxeris_, ‘if you shall have + led’ = ‘if you (shall) lead’; H 646 (527, I): M 1034, 1038: A 337: + G 656-7: B 319, B. + 6.2: ‘that which.’ + 6.3: _manus_ often = ‘arm,’ just as _pēs_ = ‘leg.’ + 6.4: #gererent#: either ‘wore’ or ‘bore.’ Tarpeia meant it in the + former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter. + 6.5: Why abl.? + 6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: ‘these too,’ as well as the _armillae_ + and _ānulī_. + 6.7: Sc. _manibus_. + 6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when + the bargain was struck. + 6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_. + 6.10: #Prīmō impetū#: ‘in the very first charge.’ The ablative + fixes the time of #cecidit#. + 6.11: #inter . . . īnsīgnis#: ‘the most conspicuous of the + Romans.’ How literally? + 6.12: abl. of specification. + 6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause. + 6.14: ‘hosts.’ The relation of host and guest was regarded by the + Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred. + 6.15: #longē aliud . . . aliud#: ‘one thing . . . quite another.’ + Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom. + 6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are + subjects of #esse#; H 615 (538): M 972: A 270: G 422: B 377. + 6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e. + the ‘Stayer,’ the god who had _stayed_ the army’s flight. + 6.18: _resistō_: ‘maintained its ground,’ ‘held its own,’ as + contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coepērunt_). + 6.19: #crīnibus passīs# (_pandō_): ‘with streaming hair.’ + 6.20: ‘_by_ beseeching’; the abl. of the gerund (_ōrandō_) might + have been used. + 6.21: #foedere . . . īctō# (_īcō_): ‘having struck a treaty.’ How + literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in + Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase + _foedus īcere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in + the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty. + 7.1: #rēgnum . . . sociāvit#: i.e. henceforth there were two + kings. + 7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had + insulted. + 7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty ‘came _back_,’ + or ‘devolved _again_’ upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared + it with Tatius. + 7.4: abl. of means. + 7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3. + 7.6: See Vocab., _eques_. + 7.7: ‘When’: H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B 288. + 7.8: #ad . . . lūstrandum# = _ut . . . lūstrāret_. What does the + gerundive construction express? + 7.9: Sc. _Mārtiō_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii. + 7.10: #Caprae palūdem#: ‘Goat Swamp.’ + 7.11: _auferō_. + 7.12: #crēditus est#: we would say: ‘it was believed that he,’ + etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: ‘he was + believed to have,’ etc. + 7.13: #cuī . . . fēcit#: literally ‘for which thing he made (i.e. + secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).’ + 7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K 6. + 7.15: _prōcēdō_. + 7.16: Sc. _esse_. #vīsum esse# and #praecipere# depend on + #adfīrmāns#: see H 642 (523, I): M 1023: A 336, 2: G 650: B 314: + and p. xxv, M 4. + 7.17: #augustiōre fōrmā#: ‘of more imposing presence’ (than he was + while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H 473, 2 (419, II): + M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224. + 7.18: i.e. _Rōmulum_. + 7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _vīsum_ (_esse_) + above. Proculus actually said: (_Rōmulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he + used the historical present. Above _vīsum_ (_esse_) represents + _vīsus est_ of the direct discourse. + 7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M 892: A 331: + G 546: B 295, 4. + 7.21: #futūrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of + Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #futūrum# (_esse_) + depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said + _exsistētis_. Since, however, _exsistō_ has no supine and so no + future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from + it. Hence the phrase _futūrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes + necessary: ‘it would happen that they would become,’ etc. + 8.1: ‘in honor of Romulus’; dat. of advantage. + 8.2: With #cōnstitūta# and #cultus# (_colō_) sc. _est_. + 8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p. 5, + n. 13.] + + +#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]] + +716-673 B.C. + +Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is +Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut +populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae +consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem +Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit. +Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus +fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam +docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii +certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem +populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt +silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e +caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri +posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit. +Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa +imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et +rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae +descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino +aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse +civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat. + +Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis +suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse +conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus +erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris +se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate +imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus +cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati +profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est. +Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt. +Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta. + + + #III. Numa Pompilius, Rōmānōrum rēx secundus# [[as printed]] + + 716-673 B.C. + + [Illustration: SELLA CURŪLIS / _From a coin_] + + Successit Rōmulō Numa Pompilius, vir inclitā iūstitiā[4] et + religiōne.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppidō Sabīnōrum, accītus est. Quī + cum Rōmam vēnisset, ut[6] populum ferum religiōne mītigāret, sacra + plūrima īnstituit. Āram Vestae cōnsecrāvit, et īgnem[7] in ārā + perpetuō alendum virginibus dedit. Flāminem[8] {5} + Iovis sacerdōtem creāvit eumque īnsīgnī veste[9] + et curūlī[10] sellā adōrnāvit. Dīcitur[11] quondam + ipsum Iovem ē caelō ēlicuisse.[12] Hīc, ingentibus + fulminibus in urbem dēmissīs, dēscendit in nemus + Aventīnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrīs {10} + fulmina[13] essent prōcūranda,[13] et praetereā imperiī + [[9]] + certa[1] pīgnora populō Rōmānō datūrum sē esse prōmīsit. Numa + laetus rem populō nūntiāvit. Postrīdiē omnēs ad aedēs[2] rēgiās + convēnērunt silentēsque exspectābant[3] quid futūrum esset.[4] Atque + sōle ortō dēlābitur ē caelō scissō[5] scūtum, quod {15} + ancīle appellāvit Numa. Id nē[6] fūrtō auferrī + posset,[6] Māmurium fabrum ūndecim scūta eādem + fōrmā fabricāre iussit. Duodecim autem Saliōs[7] + Mārtis sacerdōtēs lēgit, quī ancīlia, sēcrēta + illa imperiī pīgnora, cūstōdīrent[8] et Kalendīs {20} + Mārtiīs per urbem canentēs et rīte saltantēs + ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] mēnsēs ad + cursum lūnae dēscrīpsit; nefāstōs[10] fāstōsque + diēs fēcit; portās Iānō[11] geminō[12] aedificāvit + ut esset index pācis et bellī; nam apertus,[13] in {25} + armīs esse cīvitātem, clausus,[13] pācātōs circā + omnēs populōs, sīgnificābat. + + [Illustration: ANCĪLIA / _From a coin_] + + [Illustration: IĀNUS] + + Lēgēs[14] quoque plūrimās et ūtilēs tulit {28} + Numa. Ut vērō māiōrem īnstitūtīs[15] suīs auctōritātem conciliāret, + [[10]] + simulāvit[1] sibi[2] cum deā Ēgeriā esse conloquia nocturna ēiusque[3] + monitū sē omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lūcus erat, quem[4] medium + fōns perennī rigābat aquā; eō saepe Numa sine arbitrīs[5] sē {32} + īnferēbat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium animōs eā[7] + pietāte imbuit, ut fidēs[8] ac iūsiūrandum nōn minus quam lēgum + et poenārum metus cīvēs continēret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] nūllum {35} + gessit, sed[10] nōn minus cīvitātī prōfuit quam Rōmulus.[11] Morbō[12] + exstīnctus in Iāniculō monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps + rēgēs, ille bellō, hīc pāce, cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem + et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs,[15] Numa trēs et quadrāgintā. {39} + + [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10) + + 8.4: See p. 7, n. 17. + 8.5: #Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum#: ‘from Cures, a town of the + Sabines.’ H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258, _a_: G 391: B 229, 1. + ‘_At_ Cures, a town of the Sabines,’ would be _Curibus, in oppidō + Sabīnōrum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between + the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in + expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a + given point. + 8.6: #ut . . . mītigāret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what + follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which + they modify. + 8.7: #īgnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p. 2, + n. 18. + 8.8: #Flāminem . . . creāvit#: ‘he appointed a priest to be + Jupiter’s Flamen.’ See Vocab., _flāmen_. + 8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Flāminēs_ + were (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick + of olive wood, called _apex_; (2) the _toga praetexta_ (see + Vocab., _toga_); and (3) a laurel crown. + 8.10: See Vocab., _sella_. + 8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12. + 8.12: _ēliciō_. + 8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Prōcūrāre_ is + the technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all + harmful effects by sacrifices. + 9.1: ‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase + ‘a certain man.’ In that sense _quīdam_ is used. + 9.2: #aedēs rēgiās#: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings does _aedēs_ + bear? + 9.3: ‘waited (to see) what,’ etc. + 9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2. + 9.5: _scindō_. #dēlābitur . . . scūtum#: ‘the heavens were opened + and a shield descended.’ + 9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: + G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of this _ancīle_ Rome’s power + was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in guarding it. + 9.7: #Saliōs . . . fēcit#: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of + Mars.’ + 9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3. + 9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained + only ten months, a statement hardly credible. + 9.10: #nefāstōs . . . fēcit#: ‘he made a distinction between _diēs + nefāstī_ and _diēs fāstī_.’ See Vocab., _fāstus_ and _nefāstus_. + 9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1. + 9.12: ‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the + Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole + structure resembled an arch. + 9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively + ‘when open,’ ‘when shut.’ They agree with _Iānus_ understood, + which means the temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple + remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year, + and not closed till 29 B.C. + 9.14: #Lēgēs quoque#: ‘_Laws_ too,’ i.e. laws as well as religious + ceremonies and priestly orders. + 9.15: #īnstitūtīs#: dative with #conciliāret#. + 10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimulāns_, II, 9? + 10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: ‘that he had conversations.’ + #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: + B 190. + 10.3: #ēius monitū#: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf. _quōrum cōnsiliō_, + II, 41. + 10.4: #quem medium#: ‘the middle of which.’ + 10.5: Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’ + 10.6: #velut . . . deae#: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet + the goddess’; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See + note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p. 3, n. 8. + #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H 429 (386): + M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III. + 10.7: #ita# and #eā# reinforce each other. ‘To such a degree + (#ita#), and with such (#eā#) piety,’ etc. + 10.8: Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’ #fidēs + ac iūsiūrandum# together = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to + the restraints of the law. + 10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: + G 552, 2: B 284. + 10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ + Hence #quidem . . . sed# = _quamquam . . . sed tamen_. + 10.11: Sc. _prōfuerat_. + 10.12: #Morbō exstīnctus# (_exstinguō_) means that he died a + natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous + disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7. + 10.13: _sepeliō_. + 10.14: #duo deinceps rēgēs#: ‘two _successive_ kings.’ When an + adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it + has the value of an adjective. + 10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: + G 336: B 181. See also p. xvii, D 1.] + + +#IV. Tullus Hostīlius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]] + +673-641 B.C. + +Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi +dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter +Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem +paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii, +tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque +patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi +imperium esset. + +Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies +procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique +armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut +primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens +spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani +alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad +casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes +tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is +integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam +capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum +spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt +unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, +et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam +Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset +consequi, interfecit. + +Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat +intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum +cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male +sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac +gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat +Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, +quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris +paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere +coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio +publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis +increpans: “Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum, +oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.” + +Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius +Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque +laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex +proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque +Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia +stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris +lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure +causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam +sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite +adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est. + +Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se +invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine +finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos +concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem +subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus +intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a +tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero +die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis +religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter +ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit. + +Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons +Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus +regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus +bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis +quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam +domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est +implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi +feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum +fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit +annos duos et triginta. + + + #IV. Tullus Hostīlius, Rōmānōrum rēx tertius# [[as printed]] + + 673-641 B.C. + + Mortuō[16] Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōn + sōlum proximō[17] rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō[18] fuit. + [[11]] + Eō rēgnante[1] bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum[2] est. + Ducibus[3] Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem[4] paucōrum certāmine[5] + fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apud {5} + Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum[6] eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque + patriā dīmicent[7] ferrō. Foedus[8] īctum est eā[9] lēge, ut, unde[10] + victōria, ibi imperium esset. + + Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās + aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datur {10} + sīgnum, īnfēstīque[11] armīs ternī[12] iuvenēs, māgnōrum[13] + exercituum + animōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre[14] + arma micantēsque fulsēre[15] gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs[16] + perstringit. Cōnsertīs[17] deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius + super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt[18]; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad[19] + cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōs {16} + iam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiī + circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impār + erat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,[22] singulōs[23] per + intervālla + [[12]] + secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spatiī ex eō locō, {20} + ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīs + haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In[2] eum māgnō impetū redit, + et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat[3] Cūriātiīs ut opem ferant + frātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5] + tertius posset[5] cōnsequī, interfēcit. {25} + + Iam singulī[6] supererant,[7] sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.[8] + Alter[9] + erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx[10]; alter fessum[11] + vulnere, + fessum cursū trahēbat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. + Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,[13] + iacentem[14] spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs[15] ac grātulantēs Horātium {30} + accipiunt et domum[16] dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium frātrum + spolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī[17] obvia fuit soror, quae dēspōnsa + fuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque[18] super umerōs frātris palūdāmentō + spōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs[19] solvere coepit. + Movet {34} + ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō; + itaque strictō[20] gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs[21] + increpāns: {36} + “Abī[22] hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta[23] + [[13]] + frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,[1] quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbit + hostem.” + + Atrōx id vīsum est facinus[2] patribus[3] plēbīque; quārē raptus {40} + est in iūs[4] Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam accesserat + līctor[5] iniciēbatque[6] laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum prōvocāvit. + Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre + caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque Cūriātiōrum + ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē[9] sē, quem paulō {45} + ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,[10] orbum + līberīs[11] faceret.[9] Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimās + iuvenemque[12] absolvit admīrātiōne[13] magis + virtūtis quam iūre[13] causae. Ut tamen caedēs + manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrificiīs {50} + perāctīs trānsmīsit per viam[15] tigillum et fīlium + capite adopertō velut sub iugum[16] mīsit; quod + tigillum _Sorōrium_[17] appellātum est. + + [Illustration: FASCĒS] + + Nōn diū pāx[18] Albāna mānsit[19]; nam Mettius {54} + Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum[20] sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret,[20] + [[14]] + quod[1] bellum ūnō[2] paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut[3] rem + corrigeret, + Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse, + ā Tullō in[4] auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut + fortūnam + bellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā[5] rē Tullus intellēctā {59} + māgnā vōce ait[6] suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergō + circumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterō + diē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīus + quadrīgīs[7] religātus et in[8] dīversa distrāctus[9] est. Deinde + Tullus Albam + propter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.[10] + + Rōma interim crēvit[11] Albae ruīnīs[12]; duplicātus est cīvium {65} + numerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō[13] frequentius + habitārētur,[13] eam[14] sēdem Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde + habitāvit. + Auctārum[15] vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus[16] bellum Sabīnīs indīxit. + Pēstilentia + [[15]] + īnsecūta[1] est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat + enim rēx bellicōsus[2] salūbriōra mīlitiae[3] quam domī esse {70} + iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturnō morbō est implicitus. + Tunc vērō adeō[6] frāctī[7] simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs[8] + illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret. Memorant + Tullum fulmine[9] īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus + māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā. {75} + + [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15) + + 10.16: #Mortuō Numā#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_. + 10.17: #proximō rēgī#: ‘his predecessor.’ Join with #dissimilis#, + which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p. 3, n. 12). + _Proximus_ may mean ‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest + (in the future)’ = ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense. + 10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: + B 217. + 11.1: #Eō rēgnante#: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. + differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii, + K 1. + 11.2: _exorior_. + 11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The + subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem . . . fīnīrī#. + 11.4: The meanings of _rēs_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may + be translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically = _bellum_ above. For + the mood of _fīnīrī_, see p. 6, n. 16. + 11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner + in which the quarrel was to be ended. + 11.6: #Cum . . . rēgēs#: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally? + 11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5. + 11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. + 11.9: #eā lēge ut#: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the + proviso (#lēge#) that.’ The clause #ut . . . esset# expresses the + purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty. + 11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _quā ex parte_. We would rather + say, ‘_on_ which side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea + as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather + as that of _rest at_ a point. Why? + 11.11: #īnfēstī armīs#: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with + hostile arms.’ + 11.12: ‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the + adjective? + 11.13: #māgnōrum . . . gerentēs#: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty + armies.’ So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’ + 11.14: #increpuēre# describes the sound made by the spears as they + struck the shields. + 11.15: _fulgeō_. + 11.16: = _spectātōrēs_. + 11.17: _cōnserō_. + 11.18: _cadō_. + 11.19: #Ad cāsum#: we say ‘_at_ the fall,’ but the Latin thinks of + the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall. + 11.20: _circumstō_. + 11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19. + 11.22: #fugam capessīvit#: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to + one’s heels.’ + 11.23: #singulōs per intervālla#: ‘one by one, at intervals.’ + 12.1: #aliquantum spatiī#: ‘some distance.’ #spatiī# is a + partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space: + H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181. + 12.2: #In . . . redit# (_redeō_): ‘he turned and made a furious + attack upon him.’ How literally? + 12.3: #inclāmat . . . ferant#: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) + to bear aid.’ For #inclāmat#, see p. 3, n. 14. + 12.4: = _secundum_, as often. + 12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292. + 12.6: ‘one on each side.’ Cf. _ternī_, l. 11, and note there. + 12.7: _supersum_. + 12.8: ‘equally matched.’ + 12.9: #alter . . . alter#: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ + With #intāctus# cf. _integer_, l. 18. + 12.10: ‘inspirited, emboldened.’ + 12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon + the fact. + 12.12: ‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. + We would rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we + would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as ‘barely able to + endure (the weight of) his armor.’ + 12.13: = _occidit_. + 12.14: ‘as he lay prostrate.’ + 12.15: #ovantēs ac grātulantēs#: ‘with rejoicing and + congratulations.’ Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial + force. + 12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4. + 12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3. + 12.18: #vīsō . . . spōnsī#: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. + Cf. p. 1, n. 4. + 12.19: #crīnēs solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans. + Cf. _crinibus passīs_, II, 36. + 12.20: _stringō_. + 12.21: #verbīs increpāns#: cf. _hīs increpāns verbīs_, I, 46. + 12.22: _abeō_. + 12.23: #oblīta# (_oblivīscor_) #frātrum#: ‘you who have + forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitives + #frātrum# and #patriae#, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376: + B 206, 1. Cf. the English ‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition of + #oblīta# see n. 11. + 13.1: ‘fare, perish.’ The subject is _fēmina_, or _illa fēmina_, + as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf. + _Sīc . . . mea_, I, 47, and see note there. + 13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faciō_, properly = + ‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’ + 13.3: = _senātōribus_, who were officially styled _Patrēs + Cōnscrīptī_. #patribus plēbīque# virtually = _omnibus_. + 13.4: ‘court.’ + 13.5: See Vocab., _līctor_. + 13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) + putting on.’ + 13.7: _caedō_. + 13.8: _amplector_. + 13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6. + 13.10: _cōnspiciō_. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused + by attraction to #faceret#, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342: + G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc. + 13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with + #orbum faceret#, which = _orbāret_. + 13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_, + where the English idiom requires _but_. + 13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1. + 13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. + 13.15: ‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the + slope of the Esquiline Hill. + 13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him + pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the + sentence of death passed by the judges. + 13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from + time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another + memorial of this fight was the _Pīla_ (‘Column’) _Horātia_, + adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the + spoils taken from the Curiatii. + 13.18: #pāx Albāna# = _pāx cum Albā īcta_. + 13.19: _maneō_. + 13.20: #cum . . . vidēret#: subjunctive of cause. See p. 2, n. 13; + p. 4, n. 12; and p. xx, H 2. + 14.1: #quod . . . fīnīsset#: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The + subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and + expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ + subjects. See p. xxi, H 4. + 14.2: #ūnō . . . certāmine#: ‘by one contest (only), and that a + contest in which but few fought.’ Cf. l. 4. + 14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to + regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what + follows. + 14.4: #in auxilium#: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. + Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius + in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the + Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7). + 14.5: #Quā rē . . . intellēctā# (_intellegō_): ‘when he noticed + this state of things.’ For #quā#, see p. 4, n. 3. + 14.6: #ait . . . circumvenīrentur#: Tullus’ purpose in making this + statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his + own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces + against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The + withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack + from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as + proof of treachery. + 14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _ligāre_ and its + compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or + (2) the ablative with _ab_, _dē_, or _ex_. + 14.8: #in . . . est#: ‘was torn limb from limb.’ + 14.9: _distrahō_. + 14.10: _iubeō_. + 14.11: _crēscō_. + 14.12: abl. of means. + 14.13: #quō . . . habitārētur#: ‘that it might be more densely + inhabited,’ i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced + to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _quō_ + is used instead of _ut_: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317, _b_: + G 545, 2; B 282, _a_. This _quō_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the + relative pronoun, and = _ut eō_, ‘that thereby.’ + 14.14: #eam . . . cēpit# (_capiō_): ‘Tullus chose it (the + mountain) as the site of his palace,’ Why is #eam# feminine, + although referring to _mōns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf. + p. 5, n. 14. + 14.15: #Auctārum . . . fīdūciā#: ‘because of the confidence + (begotten) of his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in + his increased strength.’ In the former case the gen. is + subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II + and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200. + 14.16: _efferō_. + 15.1: _īnsequor_. + 15.2: #bellicōsus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellicōsus erat_. + 15.3: #mīlitiae quam domī#: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2 + (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1. + 15.4: = ‘the fighting men,’ because _iuvenēs_ (men under 45) were + eligible for military duty. + 15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he + too.’ + 15.6: ‘so completely.’ + 15.7: _frangō_. + 15.8: #spīritūs illī ferōcēs#: ‘that high spirit of his’; #illī# = + ‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf. l. 2. + 15.9: #fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse# = _fulmine īctum esse et + cōnflagrāsse_. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a + common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a + perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in + agreement with that common subject. Cf. p. 2, n. 8, and p. xxiv, + L 5.] + + +#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]] + +641-616 B.C. + +Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos +Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum +quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et +incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum +indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri +acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit +a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato “Audi, Iuppiter,” inquit “audite, +fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis +fides sit.” Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit, +hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea +de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_ +appellatur. + +Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare +bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus +Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum +autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus +carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit. +Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in +Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit. +Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte +praereptus obiit. + + + #V. Ancus Mārcius, Rōmānōrum rēx quārtus# [[as printed]] + + 641-616 B.C. + + [Illustration: NUMA AND ANCUS MĀRCIUS] + + Tullō mortuō[10] Ancum Mārcium rēgem[11] + populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōs + Ancus Mārcius erat, aequitāte[12] et + religiōne[12] avō similis. Tunc Latīnī, cum quibus + Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat, {5} + sustulerant[13] animōs, et incursiōnem in agrum + Rōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] eīs + bellum indīceret,[14] lēgātum mīsit, quī[15] rēs + [[16]] + repeteret, eumque[1] mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc + modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēs {10} + repetuntur, capite[2] vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit[3] “audīte, + fīnēs hūius[4] populī. Ego sum pūblicus[5] nūntius populī Rōmānī; + verbīs[6] meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn dēduntur + rēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque + ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur, _Fētiālis_[7] rītusque + bellī {15} + indīcendī _Iūs Fētiāle_ appellātur. + + [Illustration: CARCER MAMERTĪNUS] + + Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum[8] est ā Latīnīs; + quārē bellum hōc[9] modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitū + cōnscrīptō, profectus[10] Latīnōs fūdit et + complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmam {20} + trādūxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tantā hominum + multitūdine facinora clandestīna + fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in mediā urbe + ad[14] terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit. + Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit, {25} + Iāniculum montem ponte[15] subliciō + [[17]] + in Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre[1] Tiberis Ōstiam urbem + condidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs; + immātūrā morte praereptus obiit. {29} + + [Footnotes: V (pages 15-17) + + 15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.? + 15.11: #rēgem populus creāvit#: This phrase, as it stands, is + somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither + hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interrēx_, or + regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred + from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was + then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the + Senate. + 15.12: abl. of specification. + 15.13: #sustulerant# (_tollō_) #animōs#: ‘had plucked up courage.’ + 15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note. + 15.15: #quī . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _Rēs + repetere_ = ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase + of war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The + opposite is _rēs reddere_, or _rēs dēdere_, as in l. 13. + 16.1: #eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt#: ‘that custom posterity (the + Romans of later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as + late as the reign of Augustus. + 16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of + the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. + The _lēgātus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to + Jupiter and to the #fīnēs#, which are personified. + 16.3: This word, rather than _dīxit_, is used with direct + discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation. + 16.4: The _lēgātus_, of course, said _fīnēs Albānōrum_, or + _Vēientium_, as the case might be. + 16.5: ‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited. + 16.6: #verbīs . . . sit# = _verbīs meīs crēdite_. Cf. II, 48, _cuī + reī fidem fēcit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1 + (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274. + 16.7: See Vocab., _fētiālis_. + 16.8: #respōnsum . . . Latīnīs# = _Latīnī respondērunt_. The + impersonal passive is common. + 16.9: #hōc#: ‘described _above_,’ in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _hōc_ = + ‘described _below_.’ _Hīc_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e. + it refers to what follows. + 16.10: #profectus . . . fūdit# (_fundō_): cf. p. 15, n. 9. + 16.11: ‘transferred, removed.’ + 16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p. 13, n. 20. + 16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_. + 16.14: #ad . . . audāciae# = _ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret_. + Cf. p. 3, n. 8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #audāciae# is + objective genitive: cf. p. 14, n. 15. + 16.15: #ponte subliciō#: abl. abs., with #factō#, expressing + means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges + over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was + always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is + this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient + Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff. + 17.1: #in ōre#: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from + its position _in ōre Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus + attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the + days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the + warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are + still visible.] + + +#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]] + +616-578 B.C. + +Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe, +profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur +haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui +Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte +reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum +perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa +et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes +urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et +industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus +est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita +administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset. + +Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de +Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias +duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii +auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse +negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum +interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio +acto fieri posse respondit. “Atqui hoc” inquit rex “agitabam, num cotem +illam secare novacula possem.” “Potes ergo” inquit augur, et rex +secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio +hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum +puerorum insignia esse coeperunt. + +Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno +fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos +ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in +vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam +pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et +certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere, +unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus +avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in +vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt. + + + #VI. Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus, Rōmānōrum rēx quīntus# [[as printed]] + + 616-578 B.C. + + Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,[2] ex Etrūriae urbe, + profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit. + Additur haec fābula: advenientī[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super + carpentum,[6] cuī[7] Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre volitāns + rūrsus[8] capitī[9] aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis[10] abiit. Tanaquil + coniux, caelestium[11] prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum[12] eī portendī {6} + intellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] spērāre + [[18]] + eum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbem + ingressī[1] sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā et + indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātem {10} + cōnsecūtus[2] est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus[3] rēgnum intercēpit + et ita + administrāvit, quasi[4] iūre adeptus[5] esset. + + [Illustration: AUGUR] + + Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum[6] Māximum + aedificāvit; dē[7] Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum[8] lapideum urbī + circumdedit. Equitum centuriās[9] duplicāvit, {15} + nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt, + Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eā + tempestāte[10] augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat, + nisi[11] avēs addīxissent[11]; īrātus rēx in[12] + experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset[13] {20} + quod ipse mente concēpisset[14]; Attus auguriō + āctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”[15] inquit + rēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secāre + novāculā possem.”[13] “Potes[16] ergō” inquit + augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecim {25} + annōrum,[17] quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,[18] praetextā[19] + [[19]] + bullāque[1] dōnāvit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia esse + coepērunt. + + Supererant[4] duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō[5] + rēgnō fraudātōs esse,[6] rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribus {30} + duōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātā + rixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum[7] clāmor cum[8] + penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmō + uterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim[9] alter alterī obstrepere. + Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex[10] compositō rem {35} + ōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alter + ēlātam[11] secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō[12] in vulnere + tēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt. + + [Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19) + + 17.2: #Tarquiniīs . . . urbe#: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of + Etruria.’ Cf. p. 8, n. 5. + 17.3: _proficīscor_. + 17.4: Sc. _Rōmam_: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle + agrees with _eī_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or + disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229: + G 345, R. 1: B 188, 2, _d_. + 17.5: _tollō_. + 17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning. + 17.7: #cuī#: ‘in which.’ Why dat.? + 17.8: #rūrsus . . . reposuit#: since _repōnō_ = ‘to put _back_,’ + or ‘to place _again_,’ #rūrsus# is unnecessary. + 17.9: More often _repōnō_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or + the acc. + 17.10: #sublīmis abiit#: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’ + 17.11: #caelestium . . . perīta#: ‘skilled in (interpreting) + portents from heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as + exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1 + (399, I, 2). M 573: A 218, _a_: G 374: B 204, 1. + 17.12: #rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit#: ‘perceived that the sign + indicated that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to + Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came + from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the + east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being; + hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, + ‘king of gods and men,’ and its restoration, implied that his + _cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_. + 17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted + destiny.’ + 18.1: _ingredior_. + 18.2: _cōnsequor_. + 18.3: _relinquō_. + 18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G 602 and R.: + B 307. + 18.5: _adipīscor_. + 18.6: #Circum Māximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it + could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the + Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the + circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew + Wallace’s _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII. + 18.7: #dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit#: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got + a triumph out of.’ See Vocab., _triumphus_. + 18.8: #mūrum . . . circumdedit#: ‘he built a stone wall round the + city.’ According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and + finished by his successor, Servius Tullius. + 18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three + centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramnēs_, after his own name, + another _Titiēnsēs_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name + the new centuries after himself. + 18.10: = _tempore_. + 18.11: #nisi . . . addīxissent#: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ + i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf. + I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the + tense, see p. 6, n. 1. + 18.12: #in experīmentum artis#: ‘to test his art.’ Cf. p. 14, + n. 4. + 18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2. + 18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said ‘_Potestne fierī quod in + mente concēpī?_’ + 18.15: #hōc# is emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.’ + 18.16: #Potes ergō#: ‘well, you can.’ + 18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: + B 203. + 18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1. + 18.19: Sc. _togā_. + 19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_. + 19.2: = _ex quō_: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’ + 19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9. + 19.4: ‘were still alive.’ + 19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _rēgius_, I, 17. + 19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegrē ferentēs#. Phrases + expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often + followed by the infinitive with subject accus. + 19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3. + 19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded + by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number. + 19.9: #certātim . . . obstrepere#: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s + voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_) + the other.’ Why is _alterī_ dative? + 19.10: #ex compositō#: ‘according to previous agreement.’ + 19.11: #ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit# = _extulit_ (‘raised’) _et + dēiēcit_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. + 19.12: #relīctō . . . tēlō#: we say, ‘leaving the weapon--they + flee,’ i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans + say more exactly: ‘having left--they flee,’ i.e. the act of + leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.] + + +#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]] + +578-534 B.C. + +Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina, +captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, +ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species +pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei +dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac +suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio +insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos +conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem +misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et +signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et +cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius +celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave +quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum +convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius +regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit; +montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas +circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et +centurias distribuit. + +Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat +Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama +ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum +populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae +magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum +populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae +immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti +Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus +abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem +immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit. + +Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum +Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in +matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed +mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo +coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum +paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit, +iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est. +Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum +prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset +domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem +inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille +Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et +quadraginta. + + + #VII. Servius Tullius, Rōmānōrum rēx sextus# [[as printed]] + + 578-534 B.C. + + Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī + fēminā,[13] captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō Tarquiniī + Prīscī ēducārētur, ferunt[14] prōdigium[15] vīsū ēventūque mīrābile + [[20]] + accidisse. Flammae[1] speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est. + Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam[2] eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxit {5} + coniugīque suāsit ut[3] eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs[4] + ēducāret.[3] Is postquam adolēvit, et fortitūdine et cōnsiliō + īnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,[5] in quō rēx Tarquinius + adversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus[6] sēgnius + dīmicantibus, raptum[7] sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius[8] {10} + recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut et + sīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō gener + adsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil, + Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque + ex superiōre[9] parte aedium adlocūta[10] ait rēgem grave {15} + quidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, ut + interim dum convalēsceret,[11] Serviō Tulliō[12] dictō audientēs + essent. + Sīc[13] Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium + administrāvit. + Sabīnōs subēgit[14]; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum + urbī adiūnxit; fossās[15] circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum[16] {20} + ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs[17] et centuriās[18] distribuit. + + [Illustration: SIGNUM] + + [[21]] + Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam[1] tum + inclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.[2] Id commūniter[3] ā cīvitātibus + Asiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum + populīs suāsit ut et[4] ipsī fānum Diānae {25} + cum[5] populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monte + aedificārent. Quō[6] factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis[7] + cuīdam Latīnō nāta[8] dīcitur, et respōnsum somniō + datum[8] eum populum summam imperiī habitūrum,[8] + cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.[9] {30} + Latīnus[10] bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causam + sacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus[11] dīxit + prius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre. + Latīnus dum ad Tiberim[12] dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit. + Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit. {35} + + [Illustration: DIANA OF EPHESUS] + + [Illustration: SACRIFICE] + + Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,[13] + cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō[14] vidēret, ferōcem[15] mītī, + mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingenia + [[22]] + mātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt; + ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquinius {40} + ā Tulliā[1] incitātus advocātō[2] senātū rēgnum + paternum repetere coepit. Quā[3] rē + audītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit, + iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs[4] dēiectus et + domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tullia {45} + carpentō vecta in Forum properāvit et + cōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgem + salūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā ac + tumultū dēcessisset[5] domumque redīret, + vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentem {50} + super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] vīcus ille + Scelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et + quadrāgintā. + + [Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22) + + 19.13: Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town + Corniculum, Servius’ father was killed and his mother taken + prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free + and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was + brought up in Tarquin’s household. + 19.14: #ferunt . . . accidisse#: in English, the verb + corresponding to #ferunt# would be parenthetical, thus: + ‘a prodigy, _they say_, happened.’ + 19.15: #prōdigium . . . mīrābile#: ‘a prodigy, strange to look + upon, and marvelously fulfilled.’ #vīsū# and #ēventū# are + ablatives of specification to #mīrābile#: H 480 (424): M 650: + A 253: G 397: B 226, 1. + 20.1: #Flammae speciēs#: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render + the whole sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc. + 20.2: #summam . . . intellēxit#: cf. p. 17, n. 12. + 20.3: Cf. p. 1, n. 5. + 20.4: governed by _ēducābat_ understood. + 20.5: _quīdam_ and _ūnus_ often have no more force than the + English indefinite article. + 20.6: #mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus#: causal. + 20.7: #raptum . . . mīsit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard + was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag. + 20.8: #Cūius . . . grātiā#: an expression of purpose = _quod ut + reciperet_. + 20.9: Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor. + 20.10: Cf. p. 19, n. 12. + 20.11: H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and + p. xx, G 3. + 20.12: dat. with #dictō audientēs essent#, which together = + _pārērent_: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 and N. 2: G 346 and N. 5: + B 187, II. #dictō# is dat. with #audientēs#, which here itself = + ‘obeying.’ + 20.13: i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate + and people (p. 15, n. 11). + 20.14: _subigō_. + 20.15: #fossās . . . dūxit#: this statement harmonizes with VI, + 14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, + especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and + Quirinal hills. + 20.16: The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the + inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them + according to property for purposes of taxation and military + service. Hence the clause #in . . . distribuit# is in part an + explanation of #cēnsum ōrdināvit#. + 20.17: These classes were six in number. + 20.18: According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections + each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of + its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The + first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled + 98 votes, more than a majority. + 21.1: #Iam tum#: ‘even in those early days.’ + 21.2: This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient + world. See Acts xix, 24 f. + 21.3: #commūniter . . . factum# (_esse_): ‘that the states of Asia + had united in building it.’ How literally? + 21.4: #et ipsī# = _etiam ipsī_, or _ipsī quoque_: ‘they too,’ i.e. + as well as the _cīvitātēs Asiae_. + 21.5: ‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed + thus: _ut illī_ (i.e. the _Latīnī_) _et populus Rōmānus . . . + aedificārent_. Cf. lines 23, 24. + 21.6: #Quō factō# = _postquam hōc_ (i.e. the building of the + temple) _factum est_. + 21.7: Cf. p. 18, n. 17. + 21.8: Sc. _esse_. For the personal construction #dīcitur#, see + H 611, 1 (534, I and N. 1): M 962: A 330, _b_, 1: G 528, 1: B 332. + 21.9: Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. + For the tense, cf. p. 6, n. 1. + 21.10: ‘_The_ (aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned in l. 28. This is one + of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite + article. + 21.11: ‘cunningly.’ Cf. p. 4, n. 4. + 21.12: The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on + which (l. 26) the temple of Diana stood. + 21.13: = _cum habēret_, ‘since he had.’ #cum . . . vidēret# is + also causal. + 21.14: abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: + B 224. + 21.15: #ferōcem . . . ferōcī#: note that the order in the second + of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. + Cf. l. 36, _alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram_. This arrangement is + called _Chiasmus_: H 666, 2 (562): M 1150: A 344, _f_, and N.: + G 682, and R.: B 350, II, _c_). + 22.1: The daughter of Tullius. + 22.2: #advocātō . . . coepit# = _senātum advocāvit et . . . + coepit_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. + 22.3: #quā rē . . . contendit#: ‘while Servius, after he had heard + of this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense of #contendit#, + see p. 3, n. 14. + 22.4: Sc. _Cūriae_. + 22.5: #dēcessisset . . . redīret#: ‘had departed . . . and _was_ + returning.’ + 22.6: #super ipsum corpus#: ‘over the _very_ body’; #ipsum# + emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually + required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the + dead. + 22.7: Used here as in VI, 27.] + + +#VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus# +[[stripped text]] + +534-510 B.C. + +Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus +Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude +Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non +posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens. +Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur, +fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et +ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit +sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil +respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans +sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius, +fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et +facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit +patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit. + +Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius +Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum +iuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque +laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias +nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam; +Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea +ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus +Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die, +advocatispatre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste +abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum +coniurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et +exsilium indictum. + +In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque +incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros +ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare. +Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum +poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum +cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex +eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo +risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem +statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut +tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque +attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam +intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod +erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam +postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi +Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt, +cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt. + + + #VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Rōmānōrum rēx septimus et ūltimus# + [[as printed]] + + 534-510 B.C. + + Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē[8] occupāvit.[9] Tamen bellō + strēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātem + redēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbem + ā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,[10] ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris + saevitiam + in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātim {5} + eōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs adliciēns, + [[23]] + ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,[1] et ad postrēmum dux bellī + ēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum[2] + quidnam sē[3] facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit, sed + velut dēlīberābundus[4] in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulāns {10} + sequente nūntiō altissima[5] papāverum capita baculō dēcussit. + Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitō + silentiō patris et factō,[6] intellēxit[7] quid vellet pater. + Prīmōrēs cīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne + trādidit. {15} + + Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent, + Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre[8] rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apud + Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus[9] rēgiīs. Incidit[10] dē uxōribus + mentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī. + Itaque citātīs[11] equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās[12] nurūs in + convīviō[13] {20} + et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam[14]; Lucrētiam, + Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae[15] dēditam inveniunt. Ea + ergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sextus + Collātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim[16] attulit. Illa posterō diē, + advocātīs + patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub veste {25} + [[24]] + abditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in[1] exitium + rēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō[2] Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunt + urbis portae et exsilium indictum.[3] + + In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.[4] Anus + hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgem {30} + adiit,[5] novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula: eōs + sē velle[6] vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est: mulier + nimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi[7] anus aetāte dēsiperet, + dērīsit.[8] Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs + ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō[9] emere {35} + vellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis, + dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statim + trēs aliōs librōs exūssit[10]; atque id[11] ipsum dēnuō placidē rogat, + ut[12] trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius ōre[13] iam + sēriō atque attentiōre animō[13] fit; eam[14] cōnstantiam + cōnfīdentiamque {40} + nōn neglegendam[15] intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercātur + nihilō minōre pretiō[9] quam quod erat petītum prō omnibus. Sed + eam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam[16] posteā nūsquam locī + vīsam[15] cōnstitit. Librī[17] trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque + appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cum {45} + diī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt. + + [Footnotes: VIII (pages 22-24) + + 22.8: Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53. + 22.9: not ‘occupied.’ + 22.10: The infinitive depends on #indīgnē ferret#, an expression + of emotion. Cf. p. 19, n. 6. + 23.1: #plūrimum posset#: ‘he possessed great influence.’ + #plūrimum# is an accusative of extent. + 23.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 20. + 23.3: #sē# refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the + messenger: _Quidnam mē facere vīs?_ + 23.4: Adjectives ending in -_bundus_ generally have the force of + the English present participle active. + 23.5: #altissima . . . capita# = ‘the heads of the tallest + poppies.’ How literally? + 23.6: #factō# is here a noun. + 23.7: It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived + from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text + is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation. + 23.8: H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215. + 23.9: #iuvenibus rēgiīs#: ‘the princes.’ + 23.10: #Incidit . . . mentiō#: ‘the conversation happened to turn + on (the merits of) their (respective) wives.’ How literally? + 23.11: #citātīs equīs#: ‘at top speed.’ How literally? + 23.12: #rēgiās nurūs#: ‘the king’s daughters-in-law,’ i.e. the + princes’ wives. + 23.13: #convīviō et lūxū#: ‘a banquet and luxury’ = ‘a luxurious + banquet.’ + 23.14: The home of Collatinus. + 23.15: #lānae dēditam#: ‘wholly intent on spinning.’ In the + oldest times the Roman housewife made all the garments of the + household. Hence a frequent laudatory inscription on the + tombstones of Roman ladies is _lānam fēcit_. Macaulay had this + feature of Roman life in mind when (_Horatius_, stanza LXX) he + wrote: + “When the goodwife’s shuttle merrily + Goes flashing through the loom.” + 23.16: #vim attulit# (_adferō_): ‘outraged.’ + 24.1: #in exitium rēgum#: ‘to kill the royal family (#rēgum#).’ + For #in exitium# cf. p. 14, n. 4. + 24.2: dat. of disadvantage. Translate: ‘against T., on his return + to Rome.’ + 24.3: Sc. _est_. + 24.4: _prōdō_. + 24.5: _adeō_. + 24.6: infin. because dependent on _dīxit_ understood, to be + supplied from #dīcēbat#. + 24.7: #quasi . . . dēsiperet#: ‘thinking that the old woman’s mind + was failing through age.’ See p. 3, n. 6. + 24.8: _dērīdeō_. + 24.9: abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B 225. + 24.10: _exūrō_. + 24.11: explained by the clause #ut . . . emat#. + 24.12: #ut . . . emat#: a substantive clause of purpose depending + on #rogat#: H 565 (498, I): M 894: A 331: G 546: B 295, 4. + 24.13: abl. of quality with #fit#. + 24.14: = _tālem_, as often. + 24.15: sc. _esse_. + 24.16: #dīgressam# (_dīgredior_) = _postquam dīgressa est_. + 24.17: #Librī . . . appellātī#: the _Sibyllae_ were inspired + maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from + whom Tarquin was believed to have received the Sibylline books, + lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were + placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When + this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to + Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also + were deposited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its + restoration.] + + +#IX. Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus# [[stripped text]] + +Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam +timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab +avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est. +Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem +muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit +deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt +quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam +potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus, +velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod +ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset. + +Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et Tarquinius +Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per dolum et +proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana adulescentes +aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad +bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur, +ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Sermonem +eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae ad +Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula +coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes +nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos +avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos +virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et +exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. + +Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. Equitibus +praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur. +Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu +antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira “Ille est +vir” inquit “qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris decoratus +insignibus magnifice incedit.” Tum concitat calcaribus equum atque in +ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo infestis +animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus tamen +proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. Bruti +conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut +parentem, annum luxerunt. + + + [[25]] + + #IX. Iūnius Brūtus, Rōmānōrum cōnsul prīmus# [[as printed]] + + Iūnius Brūtus, sorōre[1] Tarquiniī Superbī nātus, cum[2] eandem + fortūnam timēret, in quam frāter inciderat, quī ob dīvitiās et + prūdentiam ab avunculō erat occīsus, stultitiam finxit, unde + Brūtus dictus est. Profectus[3] Delphōs[4] cum Tarquiniī fīliīs, + quōs pater ad Apollinem mūneribus honōrandum mīserat, baculō[5] {5} + sambūceō aurum inclūsum dōnō[6] tulit deō. Perāctīs deinde + mandātīs patris, iuvenēs Apollinem cōnsulunt quisnam ex ipsīs + Rōmae[7] rēgnātūrus esset.[8] Respōnsum est eum Rōmae[7] summam + potestātem habitūrum, quī prīmus mātrem ōsculātus esset.[9] Tunc + Brūtus, velut sī cāsū prōlāpsus[10] cecidisset, terram ōsculātus est, + scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium esset. {11} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 509.] + + Expulsīs rēgibus duo cōnsulēs[11] creātī sunt, Iūnius Brūtus et + Tarquinius Collātīnus[12] Lucrētiae marītus. At lībertās + modo parta[13] per dolum et prōditiōnem paene āmissa est. + Erant in iuventūte Rōmānā adulēscentēs aliquot, sodālēs {15} + adulēscentium Tarquiniōrum.[14] Hī cum lēgātīs, quōs rēx ad bona sua + repetenda Rōmam mīserat, dē restituendīs rēgibus conloquuntur, + ipsōs Brūtī cōnsulis fīliōs in societātem cōnsiliī adsūmunt. Sermōnem + eōrum ex servīs ūnus excēpit; rem ad cōnsulēs dētulit. + Datae[15] ad Tarquinium lītterae manifēstum facinus fēcērunt. {20} + Prōditōrēs in vincula coniectī sunt, deinde damnātī. Stābant ad + pālum dēligātī iuvenēs nōbilissimī; sed ā cēterīs līberī cōnsulis + omnium in sē oculōs āvertēbant. Cōnsulēs in sēdem prōcessēre[16] + [[26]] + suam, missīque līctōrēs nūdātōs[1] virgīs caedunt secūrīque feriunt. + Suppliciī nōn spectātor modo, sed et[2] exāctor erat Brūtus, {25} + quī tunc patrem exuit, ut cōnsulem ageret.[3] + + [Illustration {BRVTVS}] + + Tarquinius deinde bellō apertō rēgnum reciperāre cōnātus[4] est. + Equitibus praeerat Ārūns, Tarquiniī fīlius: rēx ipse cum legiōnibus + sequēbātur. Obviam hostī[5] cōnsulēs + eunt; Brūtus ad explōrandum cum equitātū {30} + antecessit. Ārūns, ubi procul Brūtum + āgnōvit,[6] īnflammātus īrā “Ille est vir” inquit + “quī nōs patriā expulit; ipse[7] ēn ille nostrīs + decorātus īnsīgnibus māgnificē incēdit.” Tum + concitat calcāribus equum atque in ipsum cōnsulem {35} + dīrigit; Brūtus avidē sē certāminī offert. Adeō[8] īnfēstīs + animīs concurrērunt, ut ambō hastā trānsfīxī caderent; fugātus + tamen proeliō est Tarquinius. Alter[9] cōnsul Rōmam triumphāns + rediit. Brūtī conlēgae fūnus, quantō[10] potuit apparātū, fēcit. + Brūtum mātrōnae, ut parentem, annum lūxērunt.[11] {40} + + [Footnotes: IX (pages 25-26) + + 25.1: Cf. p. 23, n. 8. + 25.2: #cum#: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H 2. + 25.3: _proficīscor_. + 25.4: Cf. p. 3, n. 4. + 25.5: Join with #inclūsum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7. + 25.6: dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A 233, _a_: + G 356: B 191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection with + another dat., as #deō# here (dat. of advantage). + 25.7: locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, _c_, 2: G 411: + B 228, 1. + 25.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of + #cōnsulunt#, ‘consult (by asking).’ + 25.9: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: _Is . . . habēbit, quī + . . . erit_. + 25.10: #prōlāpsus# (_prōlābor_) #cecidisset# (_cadō_) = _prōlāpsus + esset et cecidisset_. + 25.11: See Vocab., _cōnsul_. + 25.12: Cf. VIII, 17. + 25.13: _pariō_. + 25.14: The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, l. 4. + 25.15: = _quae datae erant_. _datae_ = _missae_, and so is + construed with _ad_ and the accusative. + 25.16: = _prōcessērunt._ + 26.1: #nūdātōs virgīs caedunt# = _nūdant (eōs) et virgīs caedunt_. + 26.2: = _etiam._ + 26.3: What does the subjunctive express? + 26.4: _cōnor_. + 26.5: dat. after _ob_ in #obviam#. The rule regarding compound + verbs (p. 2, n. 7) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and + adverbs. + 26.6: _āgnōscō_. + 26.7: #ipse . . . incēdit#: the _spirit_ of this dramatic sentence + may be reproduced thus: ‘Look at him (#ēn ille#)! He is actually + adorned with _our_ insignia! See in what a lordly way he + advances!’ + 26.8: #Adeō#, ‘such,’ in part qualifies #īnfēstīs#, in part paves + the way for the result clause #ut . . . caderent#. + 26.9: #Alter#: ‘the remaining.’ Why may it be so translated? + 26.10: #quantō . . . apparātū#: ‘with the greatest possible + splendor.’ + 26.11: _lūgeō._] + + +#X. Mucius Scaevola# [[stripped text]] + +Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum +adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta +potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba +prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et +scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex +esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus +dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod +in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus +iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus +eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis +obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia +appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est. + + + #X. Mūcius Scaevola# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 507] + + Cum Porsena[12] Rōmam obsidēret, Mūcius, vir Rōmānae[13] + cōnstantiae, senātum adiit et veniam[14] trānsfugiendī petiit, necem + [[27]] + rēgis reprōmittēns. Acceptā[1] potestāte cum in castra Porsenae + vēnisset, ibi in cōnfertissimā turbā prope tribūnal cōnstitit. + Stīpendium tunc forte[2] mīlitibus dabātur et scrība cum {5} + rēge parī[3] ferē ōrnātū sedēbat. Mūcius, īgnōrāns uter rēx esset, + illum prō rēge occīdit. Apprehēnsus et ad rēgem pertrāctus[4] + dextram accēnsō[5] ad sacrificium foculō iniēcit, velut manum + pūniēns, quod[6] in caede peccāsset. Attonitus mīrāculō rēx {9} + iuvenem āmovērī ab altāribus iussit. Tum Mūcius, quasi beneficium + remūnerāns, ait trecentōs adversus eum[7] suī similēs coniūrāsse. + Quā rē ille territus[8] bellum acceptīs obsidibus dēposuit.[9] + Mūciō prāta trāns Tiberim data,[10] ab eō Mūcia appellāta. Statua + quoque eī[11] honōris grātiā cōnstitūta est. {14} + + [Footnotes: X (pages 26-27) + + 26.12: Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the + Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne. + Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this + story, see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius_. Modern + authorities on Roman history maintain that Porsena was so + successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to + submit to a very humiliating treaty. + 26.13: We would say, ‘truly Roman.’ + 26.14: #veniam trānsfugiendī#: ‘permission to go over (to the + enemy).’ + 27.1: #Acceptā# (_accipiō_) #. . . vēnisset# = _Cum potestātem + accēpisset et . . . vēnisset_. + 27.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 19. + 27.3: #parī . . . ōrnātū#: abl. abs. to denote an attendant + circumstance: H 489, 1 (431, 1): M 640: A 255, _d_, 5: G 409, N.: + B 227. + 27.4: _pertrahō_. + 27.5: _accendō_. + 27.6: #quod . . . peccāsset# expresses Scaevola’s thought: see + H 588, II (516, II): M 851: A 321: G 541: B 286, 1, and cf. p. 14, + n. 1, and p. xxi, H 4. + 27.7: #eum# refers to the king, #suī# to Scaevola. Scaevola’s + speech was: _Trecentī adversus tē meī similēs coniūrāvērunt._ + 27.8: _terreō_. + 27.9: _dēpōnō_. + 27.10: Sc. _sunt_. + 27.11: dat. of advantage with #cōnstitūta est#.] + + +#XI. Fabii trecenti sex# [[stripped text]] + +479-477 B.C. + +Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens +senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: “Vos alia bella curate; +Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in +animo est.” Gratiae ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia egressus, +comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium +ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. Numquam +exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum +per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes +unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est +locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices +petunt. + +Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello +inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu +Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur, +pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in +insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter +nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est +appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem +impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium +Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit. + + + #XI. Fabiī trecentī sex# [[as printed]] + + 479-477 B.C. + + Cum[12] adsiduīs Vēientium[13] incursiōnibus vexārentur[12] Rōmānī, + Fabia gēns senātum adit; cōnsul Fabius prō gente loquitur: + “Vōs alia bella cūrāte; Fabiōs[14] hostēs Vēientibus date: id + bellum prīvātō sūmptū[15] gerere nōbīs[16] in animō est.” Grātiae eī + [[28]] + ingentēs āctae sunt. Cōnsul ē Cūriā ēgressus, comitante[1] {5} + Fabiōrum āgmine, domum rediit. Mānat tōtā urbe rūmor; Fabium + ad[2] caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabiī posterō diē arma capiunt. + Numquam[3] exercitus neque minor numerō neque clārior fāmā et + admīrātiōne hominum per urbem incessit. Ībant sex et trecentī + mīlitēs, omnēs patriciī, omnēs ūnīus gentis. Ad Cremeram flūmen {10} + perveniunt. Is opportūnus vīsus est locus commūniendō praesidiō.[4] + Hostēs nōn[5] semel fūsī pācem supplicēs[6] petunt. + + Vēientēs[7] pācis impetrātae cum brevī paenituisset,[8] redintegrātō + bellō iniērunt cōnsilium īnsidiīs ferōcem hostem captandī. + Multō successū Fabiīs[9] audācia crēscēbat. Cum igitur pālātī {15} + passim agrōs populārentur, pecora ā Vēientibus obviam[10] ācta + sunt; ad quae prōgressī Fabiī in īnsidiās dēlāpsī[11] omnēs ad + ūnum periērunt. Diēs, quō id factum est, inter nefāstōs relātus[12] + est; porta, quā profectī erant, Scelerāta est appellāta. Ūnus + omnīnō superfuit ex eā gente, quī propter aetātem impūberem {20} + domī[13] relīctus[14] erat. Is[15] genus propāgāvit ad Quīntum[16] + Fabium + Māximum, quī Hannibalem morā[17] frēgit.[18] + + [Footnotes: XI (pages 27-28) + + 27.12: The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p. 2, + n. 13, and p. xxii, J. + 27.13: The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a + very early time (cf. IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by + Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 B.C. + 27.14: #Fabiōs . . . date#: ‘give the Veientes the Fabii as their + enemies,’ i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special + business of the Fabii. + 27.15: Cf. p. 24, n. 9. + 27.16: #nōbīs . . . est#: since #nōbīs# is a dat. of possession + (H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190) with #est#, the phrase + exactly = ‘we have it in mind.’ The subject of #est# is the clause + #id . . . gerere#. #Fabiōs# is strongly opposed to #vōs#. + 28.1: #comitante . . . āgmine#: ‘the Fabii accompanying him in a + body.’ How literally? + 28.2: #ad . . . ferunt#: so we ‘laud a person to the skies.’ + 28.3: #Numquam . . . neque . . . neque#: in Latin, as in English, + two negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To + this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general + negative like _nōn_, _numquam_, or _nēmō_ is followed (1) by + _neque . . . neque_ or (2) by the emphatic _nē . . . quidem_. In + the former case the negation is distributed by the _neque . . . + neque_ into two (or more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the + full weight of the negation is concentrated upon a single word or + phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed. + 28.4: dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is + especially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a + noun. + 28.5: #nōn semel#: ‘not once (only),’ i.e. repeatedly. + 28.6: Cf. p. 4, n. 4. + 28.7: #Vēientēs . . . paenituisset#: lit., ‘when it had repented + the V. of the peace which they had secured.’ What is our idiom? + #paenituisset# is wholly impersonal; #Vēientēs# is acc., though + logically its subject, and #pācis# is gen., though logically its + object. H 457 (409, III): M 585: A 221, _b_: G 377: B 209. + 28.8: See p. 2, n. 13. + 28.9: dat. of reference: H 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N. 2): M 537: + A 235, _a_: G 346: B 187, II. + 28.10: Sc. _eīs_: ‘to meet them.’ + 28.11: _dēlābor_. + 28.12: _refero_. + 28.13: locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G 411, R. + 2: B 232, 2. + 28.14: _relinquō_. + 28.15: #Is . . . Māximum#: freely ‘he saved the family from + extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.’ + 28.16: See Selection XIX. + 28.17: Fabius, by his ‘policy of masterly inactivity,’ gained the + title of _Cunctātor_, ‘the Delayer.’ + 28.18: _frangō_.] + + +#XII. Lucius Virginius# [[stripped text]] + +Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creati +sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis +eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia in +exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam +adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e +clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum +se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius, +puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini +venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit +manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni faciat, +minatur se vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis +fit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat +in ius, ipso Appio iudice. + +Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a +castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro +exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et +civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum +in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi +nihil usquam auxilii vidit, “Quaeso,” inquit “Appi, ignosce patrio +dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui.” Data venia pater cum filiam +seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero +sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad +vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum +insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se +abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius +Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit. + + + [[29]] + + #XII. Lūcius Virgīnius# [[as printed]] + + Annō trecentēsimō[1] ab urbe[2] conditā prō duōbus cōnsulibus + decemvirī creātī sunt, quī[3] adlātās ē Graeciā lēgēs populō + prōpōnerent.[4] Duodecim[5] tabulīs[6] eae sunt perscrīptae. Cēterum + decemvirī[7] suā[8] ipsōrum īnsolentiā in exitium āctī sunt. Nam + ūnus ex iīs Appius Claudius virginem plēbēiam adamāvit. Quam[9] {5} + cum Appius nōn posset pretiō ac spē perlicere, ūnum ē + clientibus[10] subōrnāvit, quī eam in[11] servitūtem dēpōsceret,[12] + facile + victūrum[13] sē spērāns, cum ipse esset et accūsātor et iūdex. Lūcius + Virgīnius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mīlitiae causā. Cliēns igitur + virginī[14] venientī in Forum (namque ibi in tabernīs litterārum[15] + lūdī erant) iniēcit manum, adfīrmāns suam esse servam. Eam {11} + sequī sē iubet; nī faciat,[16] minātur sē vī abstrāctūrum. Pavidā + puellā[17] stupente,[17] ad clāmōrem nūtrīcis fit concursus. Itaque + cum + ille puellam vī nōn posset abdūcere, eam vocat in iūs, ipsō + Appiō[17] iūdice.[17] {15} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 449.] + + Intereā missī nūntiī ad Virgīnium properant. Is commeātū + sūmptō ā castrīs profectus prīmā lūce Rōmam advēnit, cum iam + cīvitās in Forō exspectātiōne ērēcta stābat. Virgīnius statim in + Forum lacrimābundus et cīvium opem implōrāns fīliam suam + [[30]] + dēdūcit. Neque[1] eō sētius Appius, cum in tribūnal ēscendisset, {20} + Virgīniam clientī suō addīxit. Tum pater, ubi nihil ūsquam + auxiliī[2] vīdit, “Quaesō,” inquit “Appī, īgnōsce patriō dolōrī[3]; + sine mē fīliam ultimum adloquī.” Datā veniā pater cum fīliam + sēdūxisset, ab laniō cultrō[4] adreptō pectus puellae trānsfīgit. + Tum vērō sibi viam facit et respersus cruōre ad exercitum profugit + et mīlitēs ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitātus {26} + exercitus montem Aventīnum īnsēdit; decem tribūnōs[5] mīlitum + creāvit; decemvirōs magistrātū sē abdicāre coēgit[6] eōsque omnēs + aut morte aut exiliō multāvit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem + coniectus mortem sibi cōnscīvit.[7] {30} + + [Footnotes: XII (pages 29-30) + + 29.1: The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in + 451 B.C. + 29.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 15. + 29.3: #quī . . . prōpōnerent#: i.e. after studying the laws of + Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people. + 29.4: Cf. p. 5, n. 3. + 29.5: From this circumstance the code was known as the _Lēgēs XII + Tabulārum_. + 29.6: abl. of means; we say ‘_on_ tablets.’ The tablets were of + bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these + laws to memory. + 29.7: The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of + which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second + board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second + board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in + all respects just. + 29.8: #suā ipsōrum#: a strong expression for ‘their own.’ + 29.9: Cf. p. 4, n. 3. + 29.10: See Vocab., _cliēns_. + 29.11: #in servitūtem# expresses purpose (cf. p. 14, n. 4), and so + = _ut serva esset_. + 29.12: Cf. p. 5, n. 3. + 29.13: _vincō_. + 29.14: Join with #iniēcit manum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7. + 29.15: #litterārum lūdī#: schools where children were taught their + A B C’s, i.e. what we should call ‘primary schools.’ + 29.16: subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect + quotation, which depends on #minātur#. The threat was: _Nī (id) + fēceris, vī (tē) abstraham_. + 29.17: abl. abs. + 30.1: #Neque eō sētius#: ‘nevertheless.’ How literally? #eō# = + ‘for that reason.’ + 30.2: partitive gen. with #nihil#: H 441 (397, 1): M 564: A 216, + _a_, 3: G 369: B 201, 2. + 30.3: dat. with #īgnōsce#: H 426, 2 (385, II): M 531: A 227: + G 346: B 187, II, _a_. + 30.4: #cultrō . . . trānsfīgit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. + 30.5: #tribūnōs#: two armies were in the field against the Sabines + and Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed, + and ten tribunes, or ‘captains,’ were chosen in their place. + 30.6: _cōgō_. + 30.7: _cōnscīscō_. With this whole story cf. Macaulay’s _Lays_, + _Virginia_.] + + +#XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus# [[stripped text]] + +Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rūs relegatus +erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno +plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate +laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad +Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii +stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat. +Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans, +accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod +animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem +anno tribunus militum factus est. + +Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra +posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii +constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine +in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit “Quem nunc” inquit +“Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus +certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior.” Diu inter +primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione +ad imperatorem pergit: “Iniussu tuo,” inquit, “imperator, extra ordinem +numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis, +volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae +Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit.” Cui imperator “Macte virtute,” +inquit “Tite Manli, esto: perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta.” + +Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur gladio, +ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et +linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus +ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter +corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem +transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem +detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor +cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur +et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde +Torquati cognomen accepit. + +Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam +militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret. +T. Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium +accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium +agnovit, “Visne” inquit “congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu +cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?” Movit ferocem animum +iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii +paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit +spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus +consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere, +“Quandoquidem” inquit “tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti, +oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste +exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad +palum.” Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est +cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores +tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita +exsecrata est. + +Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum +proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et +furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et +cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci +iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus +erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad +conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est +et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui +occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium +carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti +concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille +conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et +centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: “Te morte +plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis +commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non +paruisti.” + +Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios +acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit. +Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii +Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae +severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re +statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id +a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari +iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae, +solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die +pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales +eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam +tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et +proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et +religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat +ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne +exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et +eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus +consulere se de iure praebuit. + + + #XIII. Titus Mānlius Torquātus# [[as printed]] + + Titus Mānlius ob ingeniī et linguae tarditātem ā patre rūs[8] + relēgātus erat. Quī cum audīvisset patrī[9] diem dictam esse ā + Pompōniō, tribūnō plēbis, cēpit cōnsilium rudis quidem et agrestis + animī,[10] sed pietāte laudābile. Cultrō succinctus māne in + urbem atque ā portā cōnfēstim ad[11] Pompōnium pergit: {5} + intrōductus[12] cultrum stringit et super lectum Pompōniī stāns sē eum + trānsfīxūrum minātur, nisi ab inceptā accūsātiōne dēsistat.[13] + Pavidus + [[31]] + tribūnus, quīppe[1] quī cerneret ferrum ante oculōs micāns, + accūsātiōnem + dīmīsit. Ea rēs adulēscentī[2] eō[3] māiōrī[4] fuit honōrī + quod animum ēius acerbitās paterna ā pietāte nōn āvertisset, {10} + ideōque eōdem annō tribūnus mīlitum factus est. + + [Illustration: MĪLIĀRIUM] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 361.] + + Cum posteā Gallī[5] ad tertium[6] lapidem trāns Aniēnem fluvium + castra posuissent, exercitus Rōmānus ab urbe profectus in citeriōre + rīpā fluviī cōnstitit. Pōns in mediō[7] erat: tunc Gallus + eximiā corporis māgnitūdine in vacuum pontem {15} + prōcessit et quam[8] māximā vōce potuit “Quem + nunc” inquit “Rōma fortissimum habet, is prōcēdat[9] + agedum ad pūgnam, ut ēventus certāminis nostrī + ostendat utra gēns bellō sit melior.” Diū inter + prīmōrēs iuvenum Rōmānōrum silentium fuit. Tum {20} + Titus Mānlius ex statiōne ad imperātōrem pergit: + “Iniussū[10] tuō,” inquit, “imperātor, extrā ōrdinem + numquam pūgnāverim,[11] nōn sī certam victōriam {23} + videam[11]; sī tū permittis, volō ego illī bēluae ostendere mē ex eā + familiā ortum esse, quae Gallōrum āgmen ex rūpe Tarpēiā dēiēcit.”[12] + [[32]] + Cuī imperātor “Macte[1] virtūte,” inquit “Tite Mānlī, estō: perge + et nōmen Rōmānum invictum praestā.” {27} + + Armant deinde iuvenem aequālēs: scūtum capit, Hispānō[2] + cingitur[3] gladiō, ad propiōrem[4] pūgnam habilī. Exspectābat eum + Gallus stolidē laetus et linguam ab inrīsū exserēns. {30} + Ubi cōnstitēre[5] inter duās aciēs, Gallus ēnsem cum + ingentī sonitū in arma Mānliī dēiēcit. Mānlius vērō + inter corpus et arma Gallī sēsē īnsinuāns ūnō[6] alterōque + īctū ventrem trānsfōdit et in spatium ingēns + ruentem porrēxit hostem; iacentī[7] torquem dētrāxit, {35} + quem cruōre respersum[8] collō[9] circumdedit[10] suō. + Dēfīxerat pavor[11] cum admīrātiōne Gallōs; Rōmānī + alacrēs obviam mīlitī suō prōgrediuntur et grātulantēs + laudantēsque ad imperātōrem perdūcunt. Mānlius + inde Torquātī cōgnōmen accēpit. {40} + + [Illustration: GLADIUS] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 340.] + + Īdem Mānlius, posteā cōnsul factus bellō Latīnō, + ut dīsciplīnam mīlitārem restitueret, ēdīxit nē[12] quis + extrā ōrdinem in hostēs pūgnāret. T. Mānlius,[13] + cōnsulis fīlius, cum propius forte ad statiōnem hostium {44} + accessisset, is, quī Latīnō equitātuī praeerat, ubi cōnsulis fīlium + āgnōvit,[14] “Vīsne” inquit “congredī mēcum, ut singulāris certāminis + ēventū cernātur, quantum eques Latīnus Rōmānō praestet?” + Mōvit ferōcem animum iuvenis seu īra seu dētrēctandī[15] + [[33]] + certāminis pudor. Itaque oblītus[1] imperiī[2] paternī in certāmen + ruit et Latīnum[3] ex equō excussum trānsfīxit spoliīsque lēctīs {50} + in castra ad patrem vēnit. Extemplō fīlium āversātus + cōnsul mīlitēs classicō advocat. Quī postquam + frequentēs convēnēre, “Quandōquidem” inquit “tū, + fīlī, contrā imperium cōnsulis pūgnāstī, oportet[4] + dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, poenā[5] tuā restituās. {55} + Trīste exemplum, sed in[6] posterum salūbre iuventūtī + eris. Ī,[7] līctor, dēligā[8] ad pālum.” Metū omnēs + obstupuēre; sed postquam cervīce caesā fūsus est cruor, in questūs + et lāmenta ērūpēre.[9] Mānliō Rōmam redeuntī seniōrēs tantum + obviam exiērunt: iuventūs et tunc eum et omnī[10] deinde vītā {60} + exsecrāta est. + + [Illustration: LĪCTOR] + + Operae pretium erit aliud sevēritātis dīsciplīnae Rōmānae + exemplum prōferre, simul ut appāreat quam facile sevēritās in[11] + crūdēlitātem et furōrem abeat. Cn. Pīsō fuit[12] vir ā multīs vitiīs + integer, sed prāvus et cuī[13] placēbat prō cōnstantiā rigor. Is {65} + cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, quasi[14] interfēcisset + commīlitōnem, cum quō ēgressus erat ē castrīs et sine quō redierat, + rogantī[15] tempus aliquod ad conquīrendum[16] nōn dedit. + Damnātus mīles extrā castrōrum vāllum ductus est et iam cervīcem + porrigēbat, cum subitō appāruit ille commīlitō, quī occīsus[17] {70} + [[34]] + dīcēbātur. Tunc centuriō suppliciō praepositus condere gladium + carnificem iubet. Ambō commīlitōnēs alter alterum complexī + ingentī concursū et māgnō gaudiō exercitūs dēdūcuntur ad Pīsōnem. + Ille cōnscendit tribūnal furēns et utrumque ad mortem {74} + dūcī iubet, adicit et centuriōnem, quī damnātum mīlitem redūxerat, + haec praefātus[1]: “Tē morte plectī iubeō, quia iam damnātus + es; tē, quia causa damnātiōnis commīlitōnī fuistī; tē, quia + iussus occīdere mīlitem imperātōrī[2] nōn pāruistī.” + + Cēterum Mānliānae gentis[3] propriam ferē fuisse[4] illam in + fīliōs acerbitātem alius Mānlius, illīus dē quō suprā dīximus {80} + nepōs, ostendit. Cum Macedonum lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent + conquestum[5] dē Sīlānō, Mānliī Torquātī fīliō, quod praetor[6] + prōvinciam + expīlāsset,[7] pater, avītae sevēritātis hērēs, petiit ā patribus[8] + cōnscrīptīs nē quid dē eā rē statuerent, antequam ipse īnspexisset + Macedonum et fīliī suī causam. Id ā senātū libenter concessum {85} + est virō summae[9] dīgnitātis, cōnsulārī iūrisque cīvīlis perītissimō. + Itaque, īnstitūtā domī cōgnitiōne causae, sōlus per tōtum bīduum + utramque partem audiēbat ac tertiō diē prōnūntiāvit fīlium suum + vidērī nōn tālem fuisse in prōvinciā, quālēs ēius māiōrēs fuissent, + et in cōnspectum suum deinceps venīre vetuit. Tam trīstī patris {90} + iūdiciō perculsus[10] lūcem[11] ulterius intuērī nōn sustinuit et + proximā[12] nocte vītam suspendiō fīnīvit. Perēgerat[13] Torquātus + sevērī + et religiōsī iūdicis partēs,[14] satisfactum erat reī pūblicae, + habēbat + ultiōnem Macedonia, at nōndum erat īnflexus patris rigor. Igitur {94} + nē[15] exsequiīs quidem fīliī interfuit, ut patribus mōs erat apud + [[35]] + Rōmānōs, et eō ipsō diē, quō fūnus ēius dūcēbātur, aurēs, ut + solēbat, volentibus cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit. + + [Footnotes: XIII (pages 30-34) + + 30.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 4. + 30.9: #patrī . . . esse#: ‘that a day had been set against his + father (for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to + appear for trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was + that of cruelty to his son. #patrī# is a dat. of disadvantage. + 30.10: #cēpit . . . laudābile#: ‘he formed a plan (which, though + it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless + commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ + For #quidem . . . sed#, cf. p. 10, n. 10. #animī# is a genitive of + quality or description with #cōnsilium#. + 30.11: #ad Pompōnium# = ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’ + 30.12: = a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’ + 30.13: For the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16. + 31.1: #quīppe quī#: ‘since indeed he,’ etc. #quī# = _cum is_ + (cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the + subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, 3, 1)): + M 840: A 320, _e_, N. 1: G 633: B 283, 3, _a_. + 31.2: dat. of advantage. + 31.3: #eō# = ‘for this reason,’ explained by #quod . . . + āvertisset#. + 31.4: #māiōrī fuit honōrī#: ‘was all the more credit’; cf. p. 25, + n. 6. + 31.5: In the fifth century B.C. the Gauls left their homes in + northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the + fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula + was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands + to the south. + 31.6: With #tertium# sc. _ab urbe Rōmā_. On all the roads leading + from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the + gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road + issued from the capital. + 31.7: Sc. _duōrum exercituum_, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’ + 31.8: #quam . . . potuit#: cf. p. 26, n. 10. + 31.9: subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): + M 713: A 266: G 263, 3: B 274. + 31.10: #Iniussū tuō#: ‘without your consent.’ + 31.11: subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: + A 307, _b_: G 596: B 303. + 31.12: In 388 B.C. the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of + Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the + father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the + sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path, + and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled + the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the + Capitol. + 32.1: #macte virtūte . . . estō#: lit., ‘be glorified in + (respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of + commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success + attend thee!’ + 32.2: A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, + used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was + long and without point. + 32.3: = _cingit sē_, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’ + 32.4: ‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand. + 32.5: _cōnsistō_. What tense? + 32.6: #ūnō alterōque īctū#: ‘with one stroke after the other’; + i.e. he killed him with two quick blows. + 32.7: Sc. _eī_, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ See p. 17, + n. 4. + 32.8: _respergō_. + 32.9: What case? + 32.10: In its compounds, _dare_ more often = ‘to put’ than ‘to + give.’ + 32.11: #pavor cum admīrātiōne# = _pavor et admīrātiō_; cf. _mentēs + cum oculīs_, II, 12. + 32.12: #nē quis . . . pūgnāret#: ‘that no one should fight.’ For + the subjunctive, see p. 9, n. 6. + 32.13: Subject of #accessisset#. For its position, see p. 19, + n. 7. + 32.14: _āgnōscō_. + 32.15: #dētrēctandī . . . pudor#: ‘his unwillingness to decline + the fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible. _Pudor_ + implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be + attributed to cowardice. + 33.1: _oblivīscor_. + 33.2: dependent on #oblītus#: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1: + G 376: B 206, 1. + 33.3: #excussum trānsfīxit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. + 33.4: #oportet restituās#: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’ + _Oportet_ is construed either with the infinitive or with the + subjunctive of result with _ut_ omitted. + 33.5: Why abl.? + 33.6: #in posterum# (cf. p. 4, n. 9) = ‘for the future.’ + 33.7: Imperative of _eō_. + 33.8: Cf. _Stābant ad pālum dēligāti_, IX, 21. + 33.9: _ērumpō_. + 33.10: #omnī . . . vītā#: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ + In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. with _per_ is far more + common. #deinde#, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be + rendered by an adj.: cf. p. 10, n. 14. + 33.11: #in . . . abeat#: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’ + 33.12: #fuit . . . sed#: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . + but, after all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sense + _quidem . . . sed_ is commonly used: cf. p. 10, n. 10. + 33.13: H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II. + 33.14: Cf. p. 3, n. 6. + 33.15: Sc. _mīlitī_, and join with _dedit_. + 33.16: Sc. _commīlitōnem_. + 33.17: Sc. _esse_. + 34.1: _praefor_. + 34.2: H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II. + 34.3: Join with _propriam_. _Proprius_, like _similis_, is + construed with both the gen. and the dat. + 34.4: dependent on #ostendit#, l. 81. + 34.5: supine of _conqueror_, expressing purpose. Cf. p. 5, n. 20. + 34.6: ‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’ + 34.7: Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched + themselves by extortion. + 34.8: See Vocab., _cōnscrīptus_. + 34.9: #summae . . . perītissimō#: these words contain the reasons + why #Id . . . concessum est#. + 34.10: _percellō_. + 34.11: #lūcem . . . sustinuit#: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How + literally? + 34.12: The context must determine whether #proximā nocte# = ‘the + next night’ or ‘last night.’ + 34.13: _pergō_. + 34.14: ‘role.’ This meaning of _partēs_ is borrowed from the + theater. + 34.15: #nē . . . quidem# is a very strong negative, and generally + emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the _nē_ and the + _quidem_.] + + +#XIV. Publius Decius# [[stripped text]] + +P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus militum +fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius editum +collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio verticem +occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in +aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis +circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno +oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona +civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello +Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio +obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset, +convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se +Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus +devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit: +corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit. + + + #XIV. Pūblius Decius# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 343.] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 340.] + + [Illustration: CORŌNA CĪVICA] + + P. Decius,[1] Valeriō[2] Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō cōnsulibus, + tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurī + montis clausō[3] Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentem + hostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem[4] occupāvit, hostēs + terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōrem {5} + locum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,[5] undique + armātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocte + per[6] mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās[7] + incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū + dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī, {10} + quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellō + Latīnō cum Mānliō[8] Torquātō. Hōc + bellō cum[9] utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset + eōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset, + convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs[10] + sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēs {16} + diīs Mānibus dēvōvit.[11] Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōs + hostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit. + + [Footnotes: XIV (page 35) + + 35.1: His full name was P. Decius Mus. + 35.2: #Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus#: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For + the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): M 639: + A 255, _a_: G 409: B 227, 1. For another method of dating events, + cf. XII, 1. + 35.3: _claudō_. + 35.4: Sc. _collis_. + 35.5: _īnsideō_. + 35.6: #per . . . cūstōdiās#: ‘through the _midst of_ the enemy’s + pickets.’ Cf. l. 17, #in mediōs hostēs#, ‘against the enemy’s + center.’ Note the difference between the Latin and the English + idioms. H 497, 4 (440, N. 1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291, R. 2: + B 241, 1. + 35.7: _opprimō_. + 35.8: Cf. XIII, 41. + 35.9: #cum . . . obvēnisset#: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ + How literally? The subject of #obvēnisset# is #eōs . . . + cecidisset#. So the subject of #convēnit# is #utī . . . + dēvovēret#. + 35.10: See Vocab., _Mānēs_. + 35.11: Decius’ act was called #dēvōtiō#, and proceeded from the + idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming + another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this + formula: “As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the + legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes + myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.”] + + +#XV. Manius Curius# [[stripped text]] + +Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis vicit. +In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse +inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur, +catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato +iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse. +Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti +cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt +dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent +aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie +vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo +viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret, +plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque +perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non +esset. + +Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in Capitolio +delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, coniectis +in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum citari +iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae subiecit, +deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis appellasset, +ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo cive, qui +nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti auxilio +fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui +militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri +adacti nomina promptius dederunt. + +His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit. +Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum +primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum +revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum +consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit. +Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam +Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus +paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae +cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri, +periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu +libratam in caput regis deiecit. + + + [[36]] + + #XV. Mānius Curius# [[as printed]] + + Mānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus[1] eōs ingentibus proeliīs + vīcit.[2] In quō bellō cum permultum agrī[3] hominumque[3] + māximam vim[4] cēpisset,[5] ipse inde[6] dītārī adeō[7] nōluit, ut, + cum {3} + interversae[8] pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō[9] līgneō, quō[10] ūtī ad + sacrificia cōnsuēverat,[11] in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil amplius + dē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō[12] ad focum {6} + sedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnum + aurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,[13] repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitque + nōn[14] aurum habēre[15] sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs quī habērent + aurum imperāre.[15] Quō respōnsō Curius Samnītibus ostendit sē {10} + neque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēna + iūgera populō virītim dīvīsit[16]; cumque ipsī senātus iūgera + quīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibus + erat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,[17] quī eō,[18] quod + reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.[19] {15} + + Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque + in Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō[20] bellī nōmina[21] + nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibus + prīmum[22] nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns nōn + respondēret, bona[23] ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum is {20} + [[37]] + questus[1] dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs[2] plēbis appellāsset, ipsum + quoque + vēndidit, nihil[3] opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,[4] quī nescīret + pārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī[5] auxiliō[5] + fuērunt; + posteāque rēs[6] in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō, {24} + quī[7] mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc[8] terrōre + cēterī adāctī[9] nōmina prōmptius dedērunt. + + [Illustration: ELEPHANT] + + Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit[10] dēque eō rēge + triumphāvit. Īnsīgnem[11] triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantī + cum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae[12] + vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī[12] praesidiō {30} + in Ēpīrum revertit. Cum[13] autem + bellum renovātūrus putārētur, Mānium + Curium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.[14] + Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū + līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōs {35} + oppūgnat,[15] urbem iam ingressus ā iuvene + quōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātus + est. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula, + cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium + spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulneris {40} + suī māgnō impetū ferrī,[16] perīculō fīliī suī commōta prōtinus + tēgulam + corripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam[17] in caput rēgis dēiēcit. + + [Footnotes: XV (pages 36-37) + + 36.1: _proficīscor_. + 36.2: _vincō_. + 36.3: partitive gen.: cf. p. 30, n. 2. + 36.4: Cf. p. 4, n. 11. + 36.5: _capiō_. + 36.6: i.e. from the _ager_, or the money derived from the sale of + the _hominēs_. + 36.7: Cf. p. 26, n. 8. + 36.8: See p. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A 220: + G 378: B 208, 1. + 36.9: #catīllō . . . prōlātō# (_prōferō_) #iūrāret# = _catīllum + prōferret et iūrāret_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. + 36.10: H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1. + 36.11: _cōnsuēscō_. + 36.12: Join with #attulissent#. + 36.13: _adferō_. + 36.14: #nōn . . . imperāre#: ‘it was not the having gold that + seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ + Give Curius’ exact words. + 36.15: subjects of #vidērī#: cf. p. 6, n. 16. + 36.16: = _distribuit_. + 36.17: We would say, ‘_that_ citizen.’ + 36.18: H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, _b_, 2: G 401, N. 6: + B 219. + 36.19: Why subjunctive? + 36.20: abl. of cause. + 36.21: _nōmina dare_ = to hand in one’s name to a recruiting + officer, i.e. ‘to volunteer.’ + 36.22: #prīmum nōmen#: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn. + 36.23: #bona . . . subiēcit#: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. + At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was + set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed. + 37.1: _queror_. + 37.2: The _tribūnī plēbis_ had been created for the express + purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the + patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the + acts of any magistrate. + 37.3: #nihil# (adv. acc.) #. . . cīve#: ‘the state had no need of + that citizen.’ + 37.4: abl. with #opus#: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243, _e_: + G 406: B 218, 2. + 37.5: For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6. + 37.6: #rēs . . . ābiit#: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf. + _sevēritās . . . abeat_, XIII, 63. + 37.7: ‘whoever.’ + 37.8: #Hōc terrōre#: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this + (act).’ + 37.9: _adigō_. + 37.10: At Beneventum, 275 B.C. + 37.11: #Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī#: ‘this triumph was made notable + by the presence of four elephants.’ How literally? + 37.12: Cf. p. 25, n. 7. + 37.13: #Cum . . . putārētur#: with #renovātūrus# sc. _esse_. For + the personal construction, see p. 7, n. 12. + 37.14: Sc. _populō Rōmānō_. Its subject is the clause #Mānium + . . . fierī#; hence the infin. #fierī#. + 37.15: ‘_was_ besieging.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 14. + 37.16: ‘rushing.’ How literally? + 37.17: #lībrātam . . . dēiēcit# = _lībrāvit et dēiēcit_.] + + +#XVI. Gaius Duilius# [[stripped text]] + +Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret naves +Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos, +machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem, +excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto +ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus +dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. +Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam +praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim. + +Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla +victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari +plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam +praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret. + +Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham +saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria +classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa +infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex +amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, “Consulit” +inquit “vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis +instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?” Acclamavit +universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille +“Conflixit” inquit “et superatus est.” Ita non potuerunt factum damnare, +quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis +supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos +adficiebatur. + + + [[38]] + + #XVI. Gāius Duīlius# [[as printed]] + + Gāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus[1] dēvīcit. + Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīs + vēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs, + māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs + tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae[2] manūs ubi {5} + hostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō ponte + trānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus[3] et in ipsōrum[4] ratibus + comminus dīmicābant, unde[5] Rōmānīs, quī rōbore + praestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt + expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiam {10} + praetōria[6] septirēmis[7] capta est, mersae[8] tredecim. + + [Illustration: COLUMNA RŌSTRĀTA OF DUĪLIUS] + + Duīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmus + nāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōria + Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod[9] invictī terrā + iam etiam marī plūrimum[10] possent.[9] Itaque {15} + Duīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītam + praelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ā + cēnā redīret.[11] + + [Illustration: TĪBĪCEN] + + Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī + quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrum {20} + manūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē[12] in patriā classis[13] āmissae + [[39]] + poenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcī + pūgnā priusquam[1] clādis nūntius domum[2] pervenīret[1] quendam + ex amīcīs Carthāginem[2] mīsit. Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit, + “Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum[3] dux Rōmānōrum māgnīs {25} + cōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,[3] num cum eō cōnflīgere + dēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn[4] + cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātus + est.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse + iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit: {30} + nam eō[5] poenae genere dux rē[6] male gestā apud Poenōs + adficiēbātur. + + [Footnotes: XVI (pages 38-39) + + 38.1: #prīmus dēvīcit#: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf. + _prīmus ēgit_, l. 12. H 497, and 1 (443 and 1): A 191: G 325, R. + 6: B 239. Such a phrase as _prīmus fuit dēvincere_ is never used + by good writers. + 38.2: ‘These’; cf. p. 4, n. 3. + 38.3: a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’ + 38.4: Sc. _hostium_. + 38.5: = ‘and as a consequence.’ + 38.6: Cf. _rēgius_, I, 17. The Romans applied the term _praetor_ + to the commander of any foreign force. + 38.7: Sc. _nāvis_. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had + five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, + the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel + which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy. + 38.8: _mergō_; sc. _sunt_. + 38.9: Cf. p. 14, n. 1. + 38.10: ‘were supreme’; cf. p. 23, n. 1. + 38.11: In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta + was erected in the Forum. + 38.12: #nē . . . daret#: a clause of purpose, dependent on + #veritus#: H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331, _f_: G 550: B 296, 2. + 38.13: #classis āmissae#: ‘for losing the fleet’; see p. 5, n. 15. + 39.1: Cf. p. 12, n. 5. + 39.2: Why accusative? + 39.3: causal subjunctive. + 39.4: _quīn_ with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after + negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2): M 913: A 332, + _g_, R.: G 555, 2: B 298. + 39.5: #eō . . . adficiēbātur#: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ + How literally? + 39.6: #rē male gestā#: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?] + + +#XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus# [[stripped text]] + +Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno Carthaginiensis +ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donec +novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus +est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum esse, quod paucis +ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. Cornelius enim, velut +in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis comprehensus erat et in +vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed periculum astuto +responso avertit: “Hoc vero” inquit “si feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris +meliores.” Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et +conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: “Isto te metu, Hanno, +fides Romana liberat.” De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul +victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit. + +Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam urbem +et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam +cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet, +anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites +ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso +pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari +poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente. +Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut +arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere +oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu +vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium +beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus. + +Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. Quod +ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem +septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum, +aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor +in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi +alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica +pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac +liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes +contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi +durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium petierunt. + +Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus +miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia +hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in +carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis captivis missus est +dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui +cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne +diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse +senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos +Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam +confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti +sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem +rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad +exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit. +Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim +resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset +ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in +arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut +erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus, +quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore +continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita +clarior et inlustrior. + + + #XVII. Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 256.] + + Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde[7] adfēcisset, Hannō + Carthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,[8] rē + vērā ut[8] tempus extraheret,[8] dōnec[9] novae cōpiae ex Āfricā + advenīrent.[9] Is ubi ad cōnsulem accessit, exortus[10] est mīlitum + clāmor audītaque vōx, idem[11] huīc faciendum esse, quod paucīs {5} + ante annīs[12] Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset. Cornēlius + enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīs + comprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēre + incipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit + [[40]] + “sī fēceritis,[1] nihilō[2] eritis Āfrīs[3] meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēre + iussit eōs, quī pār[4] parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns[5] + gravitātī {11} + Rōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmāna + līberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsul + victōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit. + + Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus[6] Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit. {15} + Clypeam urbem et trecenta[7] castella expūgnāvit, neque[8] + cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Nam + cum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdine + exercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit; + plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit[9]; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentis {20} + hālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārī + poterat, dūrissimā[10] squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile repellente. + Cōnfugiendum[11] fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs[12] {23} + et catapultīs, velut[13] arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis fuit. + Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus[14] iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmen + corporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castra + inde submovēre coēgit.[15] Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs[16] + longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus. + + Huīc ob rēs[17] bene gestās imperium in annum proximum prōrogātum + [[41]] + est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicum {30} + suum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum[1] habēbat, mortuum esse et + servum, occāsiōnem nactum,[2] aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō[3] + rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi[4] successor in Āfricam mitterētur, + nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde[5] uxor et līberī alerentur.[6] {34} + Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā pecūniā + redimī iussit, agellum colendum[7] locāvit, alimenta[8] coniugī ac + līberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsium + opēs contudit[9] eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cum + Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus[10] dare, ā + Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt. {40} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 255] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 251] + + Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum, Carthāginiēnsibus + mīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē[10]: + nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānō + exercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carcerem + coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs captīvīs missus {45} + est datō iūreiūrandō. ut,[11] sī nōn impetrāsset,[12] redīret ipse + Carthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātum + mandāta exposuit; sententiam[13] nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū[14] + iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus + tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit[15] esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōs {50} + [[42]] + reddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iam + cōnfectum[1] senectūte. Cūius cum[2] valuisset auctōritās, captīvī + retentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen + Carthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum + hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandum {55} + cōnservandum[3] putāvit. Reversum[4] Carthāginiēnsēs omnī + cruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locō + tenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repente + ēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam, + undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctus {60} + perpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus, + quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et dolōre + continuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītā + clārior et inlūstrior. + + [Footnotes: XVII (pages 39-42) + + 39.7: #clāde adfēcisset# = ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf. _eō + genere . . . adficiēbātur_, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval + victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily. + 39.8: Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the + future participle being exactly equivalent to _ut_ with the + subjunctive. See p. xviii, E 5; #quasi# = ‘as if,’ and is + contrasted with #rē vērā#, ‘in reality.’ + 39.9: The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p. + xx, G 3. + 39.10: _exorior_. + 39.11: #idem . . . esse#: ‘the same thing _ought to be done_ to + him.’ The gerundive with _esse_ denotes either physical necessity + (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’). + 39.12: abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: + A 250: G 403: B 223. #paucīs annīs# is a sort of temporal adverb + with _ante_. + 40.1: Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two + _past_ actions the prior is expressed by the _pluperfect_ tense; + of two _future_ actions the prior is expressed by the _future + perfect_ tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if + you do.’ + 40.2: Join with #meliōrēs#, and cf. p. 39, n. 12. + 40.3: i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind _Pūnica fidēs_ was + a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great + Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic + treachery.’ For #Āfrīs#, see p. 10, n. 18. + 40.4: #pār . . . referrī# = ‘retaliation.’ How literally? + 40.5: ‘consistent with.’ + 40.6: #prīmus . . . trāiēcit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1. + 40.7: indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’ _Sēscentī_ and _mīlle_ + are often used in the same way. + 40.8: = _et nōn_ (cf. l. 13). + 40.9: _ēlīdō_. + 40.10: #dūrissimā . . . repellente#: what does the abl. abs. + express? + 40.11: #Cōnfugiendum . . . ad#: impersonal passive: ‘they had to + resort to.’ Cf. p. 39, n. 11. + 40.12: The _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ were the artillery of + antiquity. It is said that from the _ballistae_ stones weighing + one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile. + 40.13: #velut . . . mūnīta#: to be taken with what follows. + 40.14: _opprimō_. + 40.15: _cōgō_. + 40.16: acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with #longum#. + 40.17: #rēs bene gestās#: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast _rē + male gestā_, XVI, 31, and note. + 41.1: Cf. p. 18, n. 17. + 41.2: #occāsiōnem nactum# (_nancīscor_): ‘seizing the + opportunity.’ + 41.3: #īnstrūmentō rūsticō#: ‘his farming implements.’ + 41.4: Join with #successor#, and cf. p. 26, n. 5. + 41.5: #unde . . . alerentur#: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc. + 41.6: subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for + which see p. 13, n. 10. + 41.7: #colendum#: ‘to be tilled’ (cf. p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’ + benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally + between owner and tenant. + 41.8: #alimenta . . . praebuit#: i.e. they were supported at + public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No + salary was given to Roman officials. + 41.9: _contundō_. + 41.10: abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: + B 220, 1. + 41.11: #ut . . . redīret# gives the purpose of the Carthaginians + in exacting the oath. + 41.12: subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: _Sī nōn + impetrāverō, . . . redībō._ + 41.13: #sententiam . . . recūsāvit#: ‘he refused to express his + opinion.’ _recūsāre_ is construed (1) with the simple infinitive; + (2) with _nē_ and a subjunctive of purpose; (3) with _quīn_ or + _quōminus_ and a subjunctive of result. + 41.14: #quamdiū . . . senātōrem#: indirect discourse = ‘(saying + that) as long as,’ etc. + 41.15: #negāvit esse ūtile#: ‘he _said_ that it was _not_ + expedient.’ In such sentences _negāre_ rather than _nōn dīcere_ is + used. The subject of #esse# is the clause #captīvōs . . . reddī#. + 42.1: ‘exhausted.’ + 42.2: Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown + by #tamen#: see p. xxii, J. + 42.3: Sc. _esse_, and cf. p. 39, n. 11. + 42.4: Sc. _eum_: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer + earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view + the whole narrative as fictitious.] + + +#XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[stripped text]] + +Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos +profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die +hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam +navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei +nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in +aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi +iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso +proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt, +viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est +damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati +fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens, +in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut +frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo +minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata +gravisque ei dicta est multa. + + + #XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: SACRED CHICKENS / _From the tomb of a Pullārius_] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 249.] + + Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōs + profectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbat + sēque, quō[5] diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esse + iactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret, {4} + auspicia[6] habēret pullāriusque[7] eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre ē + [[43]] + caveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltem + biberent, quoniam ēsse[1] nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi[2] īrātīs diīs, + mīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsque + fēcisset, commissō proeliō[3] + māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est: {10} + octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintī + mīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā ā + populō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque[4] + īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte + praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī[5] fuit {15} + etiam Claudiae,[5] cōnsulis sorōrī: quae + ā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in[6] cōnfertā + multitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō, + palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher + revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret, {20} + quō[7] minor turba Rōmae foret.[7] Ob vōcem illam impiam + Claudia quoque damnāta gravisque[8] eī[9] dicta est multa. + + [Footnotes: XVIII (pages 42-43) + + 42.5: #quō diē#: we should expect _diē quō_, or _eōdem diē quō_, + but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative + clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9): + A 200, _b_: G 616: B 251, 4. + 42.6: #auspicia habēret#: cf. _auspicia adhibēre_, I, 42. + 42.7: #pullārius . . . vescī#: on setting out for the seat of war, + the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred + chickens, in charge of a special keeper (#pullārius#). If, when + food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that + portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was + considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in + the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of + very dire significance. + 43.1: infinitive of _edō_. + 43.2: #quasi . . . diīs#: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods + were angry.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 6. #īrātīs diīs# is an abl. abs. + 43.3: The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost + 93 out of 123 ships. + 43.4: #que# here = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently + after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12). + 43.5: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. + 43.6: #in . . . carpentō#: an abl. abs., giving the cause of + #optāvit#. + 43.7: Cf. p. 14, n. 13. + 43.8: #gravis . . . multa#: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’ + 43.9: dat. of disadvantage.] + + +#XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus# [[stripped text]] + +Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus +odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse +secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli +quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit. +Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali +auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius, +legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto “Hic” inquit “vobis bellum et +pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite.” Poenis daret utrum vellet +succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni +accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se +gesturos. + +Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium +Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud +Trasumenum profligavit. + +Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator +Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus +belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum +insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam +constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca +alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum +neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret, +miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab +hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus +proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae +aut fortunae paenitere. + +His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis +clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque +arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi +bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis +cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo +attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra +vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit. + +Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius, +omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto +filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos +Romanos redemit. + +Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto timidum, +pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister +equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo tempus +terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu +imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magistrum +equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius +exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere +proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito +adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se +Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt +tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum +procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum +Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit. + +Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut +Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant. +Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud +procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent, +conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium, +quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste +factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac +saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque +noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc +Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus +est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum +vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil +incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est. +Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum +suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator, +Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem +confugit. + +Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione cinxit. +Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. Praefectus +praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater in +exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit +ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia +prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat. +Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem +transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu +intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam +festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, “Et Romani” inquit “suum +Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus.” + +Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem +Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse, +“Certe” inquit Fabius ridens, “nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam +recepissem.” + +Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in eius +castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim lictoribus +pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante +consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae +maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset, +proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet. +Pater tum desiliens “Non ego, fili,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsi, +sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse.” Ad summam senectutem +vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam promptior +habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, quod tum +gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam +cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando maxime +civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua +Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi +posset. + + + #XIX. Quīntus Fabius Māximus# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 236.] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 219.] + + Hannibal, Hamilcaris[10] fīlius, novem[11] annōs[12] nātus, ā + patre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit. + Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum[13] Pūnicum bellum. + [[44]] + Nam, mortuō[1] Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum, + cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs[2] foederātam ēvertit. {5} + Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginem + lēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent. + Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius, + lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc” + inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum[3] {10} + placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret[4] utrum vellet + succlāmantibus, Fabius, excussā[5] togā, bellum + sē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et, + quibus[6] acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.[7] + + [Illustration: HANNIBAL] + + Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit. {15} + Pūblium[8] Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum[9] amnem, Semprōnium apud + Trebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit. + + Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabius {18} + dictātor[10] Hannibalis impetum morā[11] frēgit; namque, priōrum ducum + clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus[12] Hannibalem, + succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere[13] ab ancipitī discrīmine + et tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisque {22} + nōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmen + dūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,[14] ut neque omitteret[15] eum + [[45]] + neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,[1] nisi[2] quantum necessitās + cōgeret,[2] mīles tenēbātur. Dux neque occāsiōnī[3] reī[4] bene {26} + gerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostī + dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet, + mīlitem[5] minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae + paenitēre. {30} + + Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrum + angustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē + expedīvit. + Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta[6] prīncipiō[7] + noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī + iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūc {35} + illūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipse + Fabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,[8] mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī vetuit. + Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit. + + Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum {39} + ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missō + Rōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusque + pretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit. + + Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prō + cautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem[9] vocitābant. Augēbat + invidiam Minucius, magister[10] equitum, dictātōrem crīminandō: {45} + illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,[11] quō diūtius in + magistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperium + habēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī[12] magistrum + [[46]] + equitum imperiō[1] aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō[2] animō tulit + Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autem {50} + Minucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī[3] perīclitantī auxiliō + vēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī[4] + cecinit, palam cōnfessus[5] ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse. + Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum[6] ferunt tandem[7] eam nūbem, quae + sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse. + Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit et {56} + patrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit. + + Posteā Hannibal Tarentō[8] per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hanc + urbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī + coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per[9] speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī, {60} + ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuī + cum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitque + ut[10] redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum[11] prōpulsa + essent, ad urbem agerent[10] et velutī[12] praedam ex hoste + factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.[10] Id {65} + iterum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque[13] cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēs + est, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent[14] sīgnum, porta + urbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decem + mīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt, + [[47]] + nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit. {70} + Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dum + bēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressī + prōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs[1] obtruncant. Tum Hannibal + cum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius + Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt, + in arcem cōnfūgit. {76} + + Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōne + cinxit. Leve[2] dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam + eum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat[3] + amōre mulierculae,[4] cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīles {80} + iussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrem + praefectum ad[5] trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā[6] prīmā + accessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat. Adiuvantibus + recipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt. + Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,[7] Fabius cum exercitū {85} + intrāvit. Hannibal[8] nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opem + ferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī” + inquit “suum[9] Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arte + Tarentum āmīsimus.” + + Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod[10] {90} + arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,[10] dīxissetque eum[11] suā operā + Tarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tū + āmīsissēs,[12] ego numquam recēpissem.”[12] + + Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque + [[48]] + in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est, {95} + duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō[1] vehēbātur + senex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribus + ūndecim verēcundiā[2] paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant. + Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit + inclāmāre[3] Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tum {100} + dēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sed + experīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtem + vīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.[4] Cautior[5] + quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita[6] ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī + bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī[7] dubium {105} + est quīn[8] rem[9] Rōmānam cunctandō[10] restituerit. Ut Scīpiō + pūgnandō,[10] ita hīc nōn dīmicandō[10] māximē cīvitātī Rōmānae + succurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginem + oppressit, alter cunctātiōne id[11] ēgit, nē Rōma opprimī posset. + + [Footnotes: XIX (pages 43-48) + + 43.10: In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had + successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily + against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian + empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had + sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with + the means for a renewal of the conflict. + 43.11: #novem . . . nātus#: ‘when only nine years old.’ + 43.12: Cf. p. 10, n. 15. + 43.13: This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C. + 44.1: When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his + son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces + there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219. + 44.2: dat. with #foederātam#. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3): A 248, + _a_, R.: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the dat. used with _iungō_ and + _mīsceō_. + 44.3: #utrum# is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative + #placet#, with which we must supply _vōbīs_. In #utrum vellet#, + however, #utrum# is interrogative: hence the subjunctive. + 44.4: = a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original + imperative. See p. xxvi, M 6. + 44.5: _excutiō_. + 44.6: #quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem#: abl. of manner. See p. 42, + n. 5. + 44.7: Sc. _bellum_. + 44.8: P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius + Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218. + 44.9: The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217. + 44.10: See Vocab., _dictātor_. + 44.11: Cf. p. 28, n. 17. + 44.12: #adversus Hannibalem# = a causal clause: ‘since he was + facing H.’ Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to + _sum_. + 44.13: #recēdere . . . discrīmine#: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous + risk.’ #recēdere# depends on #cōnstituit#, l. 22. + 44.14: #modicō . . . intervāllō#: we say, ‘at a moderate + distance.’ For the abl., see p. 39, n. 12. + 44.15: ‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’ + 45.1: apparently = _in castrīs_, but really an abl. of means. + 45.2: #nisi . . . cōgeret#: ‘except as far as necessity forced + (Fabius to lead them forth).’ #cōgeret# is an example of the + iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of + an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, + and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based. + 45.3: #neque . . . deerat#: ‘missed no chance of scoring a + success.’ + 45.4: #reī bene gerendae#: cf. p. 40, n. 17. + 45.5: #mīlitem . . . paenitēre#: ‘the soldiers began to be less + discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the + construction, see p. 28, n. 7. + 45.6: #dēligāta . . . incendī# = _dēligārī et incendī_. + 45.7: Why abl.? + 45.8: _reor_. + 45.9: Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’ + 45.10: See Vocab., _magister_. + 45.11: indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying + suggested by #crīminandō#. + 45.12: Indirect object with #aequāvit#, which = _aequum fēcit_. + 46.1: #abl.# of specification. + 46.2: #aequō animō# is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10), and = + ‘patiently.’ + 46.3: #eī . . . auxiliō#: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf. p. 25, + n. 6. + 46.4: #receptuī cecinit#: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’ + #receptuī# is a dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. _canere_ is used + of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as + of vocal. + 46.5: _cōnfiteor_. + 46.6: i.e. Hannibal. + 46.7: #tandem . . . dedisse#: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought + wind and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the + Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures. + 46.8: Cf. p. 4, n. 6. + 46.9: #per . . . vēnandī#: ‘under pretense of hunting.’ + 46.10: a substantive clause of purpose, object of #monuit#. + 46.11: supine of _pāscō_, denoting the purpose of #prōpulsa + essent#: cf. p. 5, n. 20. + 46.12: _veluti . . . factam_: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were + plunder captured from the foe.’ #praedam# is accus. by attraction + to _ea pecora_, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent. + 46.13: #eō . . . est#: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the + matter brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’ + #cōnsuētūdinis# is a partitive gen. with #eō#, which strictly = + ‘thither, to that point.’ + 46.14: subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to #aperīrētur#, + which itself denotes result. + 47.1: ‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as + often, = a relative clause. + 47.2: #Leve . . . mōmentum#: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling + to mention.’ For #dictū#, see p. 19, n. 15. + 47.3: #dēperībat amōre#: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ + i.e. was desperately in love with. + 47.4: objective gen. with #amōre#: cf. p. 14, n. 15. + 47.5: #ad . . . perpulit# (_perpellō_): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. + induced him to, etc. + 47.6: ‘#watch.#’ + 47.7: _refringō_. + 47.8: emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction + #cum#: cf. p. 19, n. 8. + 47.9: #suum Hannibalem#: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’ + 47.10: Cf. p. 14, n. 1. + 47.11: i.e. Fabius. Livius said: _meā operā tū Tarentum + recēpistī_. + 47.12: A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary + to the facts: H 579 and N. (510 and N. 1): M 938: A 308: G 597: + B 304. + 48.1: #equō vehēbātur#: ‘was riding.’ #equō# is an abl. of means. + 48.2: #verēcundiā . . . māiestātis#: ‘out of respect for his + dignity as a father.’ Explain the case of #verēcundiā#, also of + #māiestātis#. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their + children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in + official position took precedence of the honors due a father. + 48.3: Cf. p. 12, n. 3. + 48.4: abl. with #dīgnus#: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245, _a_: + G 397, N. 2: B 226, 2. + 48.5: #Cautior . . . est#: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather + than alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: G 299: B 240, 4. + 48.6: #īnsita . . . prūdentia#: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the + caution implanted in his nature. For _ingeniō_, see p. 2, n. 7. + 48.7: possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’ + 48.8: Cf. p. 39, n. 4. + 48.9: = _rem pūblicam_. + 48.10: abl. of means. With #cunctandō# cf. _morā_, l. 19, and + _cunctātiōne_, l. 109. + 48.11: #id . . . posset#: ‘accomplished this, that it should be + impossible to overthrow Rome.’ #nē . . . posset# is a clause of + purpose, in apposition with #id#.] + + +#XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro# [[stripped text]] + +Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo +consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio +magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur +consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra +communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et +signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis +et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent. +Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere +adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem +cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam +tribunus militum, “Cape” inquit “hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine +tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est.” Ad ea consul: “Tu quidem +macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi +perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis +victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum +patere exspirare.” Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit. +Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi +triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria +milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios +aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum +et senatorum detraxerat. + +Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam +ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis, +Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam +pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal +illud non probasset, Maharbal “Non omnia nimirum” inquit “eidem dii +dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.” Mora huius diei +satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria +posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius +deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam +Hannibali Cannas fuisse. + +Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius +advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo +civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam irent +et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si Poenorum +dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae +cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae +tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et postea +numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a +populo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus +esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim +respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera +hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat +aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod +in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum +exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique +vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in +publicum deferrentur. + +Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex +ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis +postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse +redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non +esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Ūnus ex iis +legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post +in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is +ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum +esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus +illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis +audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis +tam excelso esset animo. + + + #XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 216.] + + Hannibal[12] in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmā + profectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius + [[49]] + Varrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō[1] autem, ferōx + et temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad + vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibi {5} + deinde Varrō, invītō[2] conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnae + dedit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs[3] et + sōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversī + essent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre + vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutus {10} + cecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōre + cōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “hunc + equum et fuge, Aemilī.[4] Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satis + lūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul[5]: “Tū[6] quidem macte virtūte + estō! Sed cavē[7] exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendī {15} + perdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quam + hostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrum + mīlitum patere[8] exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibus + Venusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidērunt + vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēs {20} + virī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitum + tria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in[9] tēstimōnium + victōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum[10] + Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus + equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat. {25} + + [Illustration: ĀNULUS] + + [[50]] + Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque ut + quiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēius + praefectīs, Maharbal, minimē[1] cessandum ratus, Hannibalem + hortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in + Capitōliō epulātūrus.[2] Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset, {30} + Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem[3] diī dedēre. + Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satis + crēditur salūtī[4] fuisse urbī[4] et imperiō.[4] Hannibal cum victōriā + posset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit, + cūius[5] dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē dictum + sit Capuam[6] Hannibalī Cannās fuisse. {36} + + Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum[7] ubi acceptae + clādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est; + quīn[8] etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex tantā {39} + clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicā + nōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,[9] temeritātis poenās + omnī suppliciō dedisset.[9] Nōn autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reī + pūblicae amōre sē superfuisse[10] reliquō aetātis suae tempore + approbāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,[11] et posteā numquam + recubāns[12] cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur ā {45} + [[51]] + populō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus[1] reī pūblicae + opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat. + Rōmānī interim respīrāre[2] + coepērunt. Arma nōn + erant: dētrācta sunt {50} + templīs[3] vetera hostium + spolia. Deerat iuventūs: + servī manūmissī et armātī + sunt. Egēbat aerārium: + opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod in {55} + bullīs singulīsque[4] ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt. + Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēs + tribūs. Dēnique vix[5] suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cum + omnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur. + + [Illustration: CONVĪVIUM] + + Cum Hannibal redimendī[6] suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset, {60} + decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliud + fideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn impetrāssent, + in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuit + responditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī + essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrum {65} + ēgressus, velutī[7] aliquid[8] oblītus, paulō post in castra erat + regressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rē + nōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātum + esse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.[9] Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus + [[52]] + illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēs {70} + Hannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusque + Rōmānus rēbus[1] adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō. + + [Footnotes: XX (pages 48-52) + + 48.12: Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had + been no general engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The + latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched into + southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome + and join him. When Fabius resigned the dictatorship at the end of + the legal period, C. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paulus were + elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their + instructions were to fight as speedily as possible. + 49.1: A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact + that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian. + 49.2: #invītō conlēgā#: abl. abs.: ‘though opposed by his + colleague.’ How literally? The consuls held supreme command on + alternate days. + 49.3: Construe with #adversī#. + 49.4: H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, _c_: G 33, 2: B 25, 1. + 49.5: sc. _inquit_. + 49.6: #Tū . . . estō#: ‘God bless you!’ Cf. p. 32, n. 1. + 49.7: #cavē . . . perdās# = _cavē nē . . . perdās_: ‘Take care + lest,’ etc. For this form see H 561, 2 (489, 2): M 715: A 269, + _a_, 3: G 271, 2: B 276, _c_. We really have two commands here + side by side, thus: ‘Take care’; ‘Don’t waste,’ etc. + 49.8: imperative of _patior_. + 49.9: #in . . . suae#: ‘to prove his victory.’ + 49.10: The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans, + having arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of + iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish + the higher classes. + 50.1: #minimē . . . ratus#: ‘thinking that there ought to be no + delay.’ With #cessandum# sc. _esse_, and see p. 16, n. 8. + 50.2: #victor . . . epulātūrus#: ‘for he would surely dine as + victor on the Capitol.’ The fut. part. is often thus used to + denote the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the + clause expresses the reason why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to + Rome. What were Maharbal’s exact words? + 50.3: dat. sing. + 50.4: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. Contrast the words of a modern historian: + “Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and + modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the + struggle by a march on the enemy’s capital.” + 50.5: #cūius . . . fuisse#: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal + successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203. + 50.6: Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to + Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of + Cannae. + 50.7: Sc. _fuit._ + 50.8: #quīn etiam#: ‘on the contrary.’ + 50.9: For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf. + XVI, 19 ff. + 50.10: #superfuisse . . . approbāvit#: ‘he showed that he had + effected his escape (lit., had survived).’ + 50.11: ‘let grow.’ This manner of showing grief is often + mentioned. + 50.12: The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro’s act + was a kind of penance, since it indicated that he denied himself + the pleasures of the table. + 51.1: #magistrātibus . . . esse#: cf. p. 37, notes 3 and 4. + 51.2: ‘to repair their losses’; lit., ‘to get their breath again.’ + 51.3: dat.; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as + well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in some + temple as a thank-offering to the gods. + 51.4: #singulīs . . . ānulīs#: ‘a ring apiece.’ + 51.5: #vix . . . manūs#: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets + sufficient to keep the record of contributions. + 51.6: #redimendī suī#: ‘of ransoming themselves.’ H 626, 3 (542, + #I#, N. 1): M 1000: A 298, _a_: G 428, R. 1: B 339, 5. + 51.7: #velutī . . . oblītus#: ‘pretending to have forgotten + something.’ How literally? + 51.8: A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of + remembering or forgetting. Contrast _oblīta frātrum_, IV, 37, and + note. + 51.9: ‘maintained, held.’ + 52.1: abl. abs.: ‘though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.’] + + +#XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus# [[stripped text]] + +Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem +singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem +commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset, +filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem +periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti +favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes +rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas +esset, “Si me” inquit Scipio “omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt, +satis annorum habeo.” Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut +tribuni incepto desisterent. + +Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant; +cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad +Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii delata est. +Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, consularis viri +filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de +Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui conspirationis +erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de +quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium +gladio, “Iurate” inquit “vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Romani +deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: qui non +iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.” Haud secus pavidi, +quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque +semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt. + +Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi +imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri +eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de +re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto +dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud +imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii +comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, quattuor +et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde +conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa +sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At +postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti +paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit +Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, quod +gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque certissima +impleret. + +Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die venit, +expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes, +ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus +omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae +formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos +natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis +parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam +redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id +a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad +se virginis sponso, “Super dotem” inquit “quam accepturus a socero es, +haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent” aurumque tollere ac sibi habere +iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos +Romanis conciliavit. + +Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium +potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio +domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus +regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et +cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit +puer, “Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum +maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui +nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus +propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo +pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in +aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis.” Scipio eum +interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis, +id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque +ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit. + +Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset, +circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio, +silentio per praeconem facto, “Nomen imperatoris” inquit, “quo me mei +milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae +intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis +licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis +appellatione abstineatis.” Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua +Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt. + +Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre +meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit. +Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem +magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum +cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat. +Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare nec +accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in +Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal pulsus +Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter +petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud +regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tanta +autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem +infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foedere icto cum +Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit. + +Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat. +Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio +statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso +tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et +Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex +fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio +cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries +habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac +militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida +gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam +quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi +et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in +societatem recepit. + +Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia ei +provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum +vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum +complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti +consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos +et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent, +legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati +adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores, +magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes +cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit, +arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum +horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma +et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem +acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos +instruxit ornavitque equites. + +Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto +militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae +praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque +brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus +esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem +adferebat, in hortationem convertens, “Africam oppressi” inquit, +“milites!” Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi +speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec +supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est, +sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein +interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi, +prandio dato incolumes dimisit. + +Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum +turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum +dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte +perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem +pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis +velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse +vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri, +cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam +misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea +corona donavit. + +Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum +terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam +revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur +legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae +litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi +pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum +iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi +secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies +locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis +duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero +de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt, +renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal +victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero +confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari. + +Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt +triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam +civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem +transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas +condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta +essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra +marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem +advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed +etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium +plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine +victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus. + +Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum est. +Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt, +Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in Capitolium ventitare +ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi +consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius templi saepe esse +miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper +in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones +confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque +admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. Adsidebat oppugnabatque +oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et +munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat. +Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id +oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant, +interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem locumque vades sisti iuberet. +Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens, +“Perendie” inquit “sese sistant illo in loco,” atque ita factum. Die +tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eodem die in +arce eius oppidi ius dixit. + +Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem, +confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad +Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi +conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet. +Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri, +quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem +secundum poneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod primus castra metari docuit +nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit.” Sciscitanti +denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio +“Quidnam tu diceres” inquit “si me vicisses?” “Tum me vero” respondit +Hannibal “et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios +imperatores posuissem.” Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e +grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat. + +Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem +dicerent, “Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit.” Idem dicere +solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muniendam. + +Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio +Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus +gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio. +Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam +familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse +virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab +eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum: +itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam +diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen +Asiatici peperisset. + +Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum +deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab +eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem +Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique +filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset. +Cui Scipio respondit “Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias +agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut +bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset.” Pax non convenit; +tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem +venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit. + +Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, Africanus +prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et +refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus de ea re +dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc in +modum verba fecit: “Non est quod quaeratis, patres conscripti, num +parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro +repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam +totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter cognomen +rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum +reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est locupletior.” +Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit. + +Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod praeda +ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit, +Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam +dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo imposita, “Hoc +ego die” inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro inimicissimum, magno +proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi +insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo +relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iovi +optimo maximo supplicatum.” A rostris in Capitolium ascendit; simul se +universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est, nec +quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis remansit. +Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace +rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius +tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum concessit, ubi reliquam +egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio. + +Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum +videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire +existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat, +quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt, +abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se +non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum +tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne +gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores +reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam +religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt +ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod +sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post +mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam +referretur. + + + #XXI. Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: SCĪPIŌ] + + Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō[2] nōndum annōs + pueritiae ēgressus patrem singulārī virtūte + servāvit; quī[3] cum pūgnā[4] apud Tīcīnum[5] + contrā Hannibalem commissā graviter vulnerātus + in hostium manūs iam iam[6] ventūrus {5} + esset, fīlius interiectō[7] corpore Poenīs inruentibus + sē opposuit et patrem perīculō līberāvit. + Quae[8] pietās Scīpiōnī posteā aedīlitātem + petentī favōrem populī conciliāvit. Cum obsisterent + tribūnī plēbis, negantēs[9] ratiōnem ēius esse habendam, {10} + quod nōndum ad petendum lēgitima[10] aetās esset, “Sī mē” inquit + Scīpiō “omnēs Quirītēs aedīlem facere volunt, satis annōrum + habeō.” Tantō inde favōre ad suffrāgia itum[11] est, ut tribūnī + inceptō dēsisterent. + + Post clādem Cannēnsem Rōmānī exercitūs reliquiae Canusium {15} + perfūgerant; cumque ibi tribūnī mīlitum quattuor essent, tamen + omnium cōnsēnsū ad Pūblium Scīpiōnem, admodum[12] adulēscentem, + summa imperiī dēlāta est. Quibus cōnsultantibus nūntiat + [[53]] + Pūblius Fūrius Philus, cōnsulāris virī fīlius, nōbilēs quōsdam + iuvenēs propter dēspērātiōnem cōnsilium dē Italiā dēserendā {20} + inīre. Statim in hospitium Metellī, quī cōnspīrātiōnis erat prīnceps, + sē contulit Scīpiō, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, dē quibus + adlātum[1] erat, invēnisset, strictō super cāpita cōnsultantium + gladiō, “Iūrāte” inquit “vōs neque ipsōs rem pūblicam populī + Rōmānī dēsertūrōs, neque alium cīvem Rōmānum dēserere {25} + passūrōs[2]: quī[3] nōn iūrāverit, in sē hunc gladium strictum esse + sciat.”[4] Haud[5] secus pavidī, quam sī victōrem Hannibalem + cernerent,[6] iūrant omnēs cūstōdiendōsque sēmet ipsōs Scīpiōnī + trādunt. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 212.] + + Cum Rōmānī duās clādēs in Hispāniā accēpissent duoque ibi {30} + summī imperātōrēs[7] intrā diēs trīgintā cecidissent, placuit[8] + exercitum augērī eōque prōcōnsulem mittī; nec tamen + quem mitterent[9] satis cōnstābat. Eā dē rē indicta sunt comitia. + Prīmō populus exspectābat ut, quī sē tantō dīgnōs imperiō {34} + crēderent,[10] nōmina profitērentur; sed nēmō audēbat illud imperium + suscipere. Maesta igitur cīvitās ac prope inops[11] cōnsiliī[12] + comitiōrum diē in campum dēscendit. Subitō P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, + quattuor et vīgintī fermē annōs nātus, professus sē petere,[13] in + superiōre, unde[14] cōnspicī posset, locō cōnstitit. In quem + postquam omnium ōra conversa sunt, ad ūnum omnēs Scīpiōnem in {40} + Hispāniā prōcōnsulem esse iussērunt. At postquam animōrum[15] + impetus resēdit, populum[16] Rōmānum coepit factī paenitēre: + [[54]] + aetātī Scīpiōnis māximē diffīdēbant. Quod ubi animadvertit + Scīpiō, advocātā cōntiōne ita māgnō ēlātōque animō dē bellō, + quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut hominēs cūrā līberāret spēque {45} + certissimā implēret. + + Profectus igitur in Hispāniam Scīpiō Carthāginem Novam, + quō[1] diē vēnit, expūgnāvit. Eō[2] congestae[3] erant omnēs paene + Āfricae et Hispāniae opēs, ibi arma, ibi pecūnia, ibi tōtīus Hispāniae + obsidēs erant: quibus omnibus potītus est Scīpiō. Inter {50} + captīvōs ad eum adducta est eximiae fōrmae adulta virgō. Quam + ubi comperit inlūstrī locō inter Celtibērōs nātam prīncipīque ēius + gentis adulēscentī dēspōnsam esse, arcessītīs parentibus et spōnsō + eam reddidit. Parentēs virginis, quī ad eam redimendam satis[4] + māgnum aurī pondus attulerant, Scīpiōnem ōrābant ut id ā sē {55} + dōnum acciperet. Scīpiō aurum ante pedēs pōnī iūssit vocātōque + ad sē virginis spōnsō, “Super dōtem” inquit “quam acceptūrus + ā socerō es, haec tibi ā mē dōtālia dōna accēdent” aurumque + tollere āc sibi habēre iūssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam + Scīpiōnī grātiam Celtibērōs Rōmānīs conciliāvit. {60} + + Deinde Scīpiō Hasdrubalem[5] victum[6] ex Hispāniā expulit. + Castrīs hostium potītus omnem praedam mīlitibus concessit, + captīvōs[7] Hispānōs sine pretiō domum dīmīsit; Āfrōs vērō vēndī + iussit. Erat inter eōs puer adultus rēgiī generis,[8] fōrmā {64} + īnsīgnī[8]: quem cum percontārētur Scīpiō quis et cūiās esset, et + cūr id[9] aetātis in castrīs fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit puer, + “Massīvam populārēs vocant: orbus ā patre relīctus, apud avum + māternum, Numidiae rēgem, ēducātus sum. Cum avunculō Masinissā, + quī nūper subsidiō Carthāginiēnsibus vēnit, in Hispāniam + [[55]] + trāiēcī; prohibitus propter aetātem ā Masinissā numquam ante {70} + proelium iniī. Eō diē, quō pūgnātum est cum Rōmānīs, īnsciō + avunculō, clam armīs equōque sūmptō, in aciem exiī: ibi, prōlāpsō + equō, captus sum ā Rōmānīs.” Scīpiō eum interrogat velletne[1] + ad avunculum revertī. Cum, effūsīs[2] gaudiō lacrimīs, id + vērō sē cupere puer dīceret, tum Scīpiō puerō ānulum aureum {75} + equumque ōrnātum dōnat datīsque quī[3] tūtō dēdūcerent equitibus + dīmīsit. + + Cum Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō sē ergā Hispānōs clēmenter gessisset, + circumfūsa multitūdō eum rēgem ingentī cōnsēnsū appellāvit; + at Scīpiō, silentiō per praecōnem factō, “Nōmen imperātōris” {80} + inquit, “quō[4] mē meī mīlitēs appellārunt, mihi[5] māximum est: + rēgium[6] nōmen, alibī māgnum, Rōmae intolerābile est. Sī id + amplissimum iūdicātis, quod rēgāle est, vōbīs licet exīstimāre rēgālem + in mē esse animum; sed ōrō vōs ut ā rēgis appellātiōne abstineātis.” + Sēnsēre etiam barbarī māgnitūdinem animī, quā Scīpiō id {85} + āspernābātur, quod cēterī mortālēs admīrantur et concupīscunt. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 206.] + + Scīpiō receptā Hispāniā cum iam bellum in ipsam Āfricam + trānsferre meditārētur, conciliandōs[7] prius rēgum et gentium + animōs exīstimāvit. Syphācem, Maurōrum rēgem, opulentissimum + tōtīus Āfricae rēgem, quem[8] māgnō ūsuī[9] sibi[9] fore[10] spērāret, + prīmum tentāre statuit. Itaque lēgātum cum dōnīs ad eum mīsit {91} + C. Laelium, quōcum intimā familiāritāte vīvēbat. Syphāx amīcitiam + Rōmānōrum sē accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare + nec accipere, nisi cum ipsō cōram duce Rōmānō, voluit. + Scīpiō igitur in Āfricam trāiēcit. Forte ita incidit, ut eō ipsō {95} + [[56]] + tempore Hasdrubal[1] pulsus Hispāniā ad eundem portum appelleret,[2] + Syphācis amīcitiam pariter petītūrus.[3] Uterque ā rēge in + hospitium invītātus. Cēnātum[4] simul apud rēgem est; eōdem + etiam lectō[5] Scīpiō atque Hasdrubal accubuērunt. Tanta autem + inerat cōmitās in Scīpiōne, ut nōn Syphācem modo, sed etiam {100} + hostem īnfēstissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliāret. Scīpiō, foedere + īctō cum Syphāce, in Hispāniam ad exercitum rediit. + + Masinissa quoque amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne iungere iam dūdum[6] + cupiēbat. Quārē ad eum trēs Numidārum prīncipēs mīsit ad {104} + tempus locumque conloquiō statuendum. Duōs prō obsidibus retinērī + ā Scīpiōne iubet; remissō tertiō, quī Masinissam ad locum + cōnstitūtum addūceret, Scīpiō et Masinissa cum paucīs in + conloquium vēnērunt. Cēperat iam ante Numidam ex fāmā rērum + gestārum admīrātiō virī, sed māior praesentis[7] venerātiō cēpit: + erat enim in vultū māiestās summa; accēdēbat prōmissa caesariēs {110} + habitusque corporis, nōn cultus[8] munditiīs, sed virīlis vērē ac + mīlitāris, et flōrēns iuventa. Prope attonitus ipsō congressū + Numida grātiās dē[9] fīliō frātris remissō agit: adfīrmat sē ex eō + tempore eam quaesīvisse[10] occāsiōnem, quam tandem oblātam[11] + nōn omīserit; cupere sē illī et populō Rōmānō operam nāvāre. {115| + Laetus eum Scīpiō audīvit atque in societātem recēpit. + + Scīpiō deinde Rōmam rediit et ante annōs[12] cōnsul factus est. + Sicilia eī prōvincia dēcrēta est permissumque ut in Āfricam inde + [[57]] + trāiceret. Quī cum vellet ex fortissimīs peditibus Rōmānīs + trecentōrum equitum numerum complēre, nec posset illōs subitō {120} + armīs et equīs īnstruere, id prūdentī cōnsiliō perfēcit. Namque + ex omnī Siciliā trecentōs iuvenēs nōbilissimōs et dītissimōs, quī + equīs mīlitārent[1] et sēcum in Āfricam trāicerent,[1] lēgit diemque + iīs ēdīxit, quā[2] equīs armīsque īnstrūctī atque ōrnātī adessent.[1] + Gravis ea mīlitia, procul domō, terrā marīque multōs labōrēs, {125} + māgna perīcula adlātūra vidēbātur; neque ipsōs modo, sed parentēs + cōgnātōsque eōrum ea cūra angēbat. Ubi diēs quae dicta + erat advēnit, arma equōsque ostendērunt, sed omnēs ferē + longinquum et grave bellum horrēre appārēbat. Tunc Scīpiō mīlitiam + iīs sē remissūrum ait, sī arma et equōs mīlitibus Rōmānīs {130} + voluissent[3] trādere. Laetī condiciōnem accēpērunt iuvenēs Siculī. + Ita Scīpiō sine pūblicā impēnsā suōs īnstrūxit ōrnāvitque equitēs. + + Tunc Scīpiō ex Siciliā in Āfricam ventō secundō profectus est + tantō mīlitum ārdōre, ut nōn ad bellum dūcī vidērentur, sed ad + certa victōriae praemia. Celeriter nāvēs ē cōnspectū Siciliae {135} + ablātae sunt cōnspectaque brevī Āfricae lītora. Scīpiō cum ēgrediēns + ad terram nāvī prōlāpsus esset et ob hōc attonitōs mīlitēs + cerneret, id, quod trepidātiōnem adferēbat, in hortātiōnem convertēns, + “Āfricam oppressī” inquit, “mīlitēs!” Expositīs cōpiīs in {139} + proximīs tumulīs castra mētātus[4] est. Ibi speculātōrēs hostium + in castrīs dēprehēnsōs[5] et ad sē perductōs[5] nec suppliciō adfēcit + nec dē cōnsiliīs ac vīribus Poenōrum percontātus est, sed circā + omnēs Rōmānī exercitūs manipulōs cūrāvit dēdūcendōs; dein + interrogātōs[6] num ea satis cōnsīderāssent, quae speculārī erant + iūssī, prandiō datō incolumēs dīmīsit. {145} + + [[58]] + Scīpiōnī in Āfricam advenientī Masinissa sē coniūnxit cum + parvā equitum turmā. Syphāx vērō ā Rōmānīs ad Poenōs dēfēcerat. + Hasdrubal, Poenōrum dux, Syphāxque Scīpiōnī sē opposuērunt, + quī utrīusque castra ūnā nocte perrūpit et incendit. + Syphāx ipse captus et vīvus ad Scīpiōnem pertrāctus est. {150} + Syphācem in castra addūcī cum esset nūntiātum, omnis velut ad + spectāculum triumphī multitūdō effūsa est; praecēdēbat ipse[1] + vinctus, sequēbātur grex nōbilium Maurōrum. Movēbat omnēs + fortūna[2] virī, cūius amīcitiam ōlim Scīpiō petierat. Rēgem + aliōsque captīvōs Rōmam mīsit Scīpiō; Masinissam, quī ēgregiē rem + Rōmānam adiūverat, aureā corōnā dōnāvit. {156} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 203.] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 202.] + + Haec et aliae, quae sequēbantur, clādēs Carthāginiēnsibus + tantum terrōris intulērunt, ut Hannibalem ex Ītaliā ad + tuendam patriam revocārent. Frendēns gemēnsque ac vix + lacrimīs[3] temperāns is dīcitur lēgātōrum vērba audīsse {160} + mandātīsque pāruisse. Respexit saepe Ītaliae lītora, sēmet accūsāns, + quod[4] nōn victōrem exercitum statim ab[5] Cannēnsī pūgnā Rōmam + dūxisset. Zamam vēnerat Hannibal, quae urbs quīnque diērum + iter[6] ā Carthāgine abest, et nūntium ad Scīpiōnem mīsit ut {164} + conloquendī sēcum potestātem faceret. Scīpiō cum conloquium haud + abnuisset, diēs locusque cōnstituitur. Itaque congressī sunt duo + clārissimī suae aetātis ducēs. Stetērunt aliquamdiū tacitī mūtuāque + admīrātiōne dēfīxī.[7] Cum vērō dē condiciōnibus pācis inter + eōs nōn convēnisset, ad suōs sē recēpērunt, renūntiantēs armīs[8] + dēcernendum esse. Commissō deinde proeliō Hannibal {170} + victus cum quattuor equitibus fūgit. Cēterum[9] cōnstat + [[59]] + utrumque dē alterō cōnfessum esse nec melius īnstruī aciem nec + ācrius potuisse pūgnārī. + + Carthāginiēnsēs metū perculsī[1] ad petendam pācem ōrātōrēs + mittunt trīgintā cīvitātis prīncipēs. Quī ubi in castra Rōmāna {175} + vēnērunt, veniam cīvitātī petēbant nōn culpam pūrgantēs,[2] sed + initium culpae in Hannibalem trānsferentēs.[2] Victīs lēgēs + imposuit Scīpiō. Lēgātī, cum nūllās condiciōnēs recūsārent, Rōmam + profectī sunt, ut, quae ā Scīpiōne pacta[3] essent, ea patrum ac + populī auctōritāte cōnfīrmārentur. Ita pāce terrā marīque {180} + partā,[4] Scīpiō exercitū in nāvēs impositō Rōmam revertit. Ad + quem advenientem concursus ingēns factus est; effūsa nōn ex + urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agrīs multitūdō viam obsidēbat. + Scīpiō inter grātulantium plausūs triumphō omnium[5] clārissimō + urbem est invectus prīmusque nōmine victae ā sē gentis est {185} + nōbilitātus Āfricānusque appellātus. + + [Illustration: TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPITŌLĪNUS] + + Ex hīs rēbus gestīs virum eum esse virtūtis dīvīnae vulgō + crēditum est. Id etiam dīcere haud piget,[6] quod scrīptōrēs dē + eō litterīs mandāvērunt, Scīpiōnem cōnsuēvisse, priusquam + dīlūcēsceret, in Capitōlium[7] ventitāre ac iubēre {190} + aperīrī cellam Iovis ibi sōlum diū dēmorārī, + quasi cōnsultantem dē rē pūblicā cum Iove: + aedituōsque ēius templī saepe esse mīrātōs, + quod eum id[8] temporis in Capitōlium + ingredientem canēs, semper in aliōs saevientēs, {195} + nōn lātrārent. Hās vulgī dē Scīpiōne + opīniōnēs cōnfīrmāre atque approbāre vidēbantur + dicta factaque ēius plēraque admīranda, ex + quibus est ūnum hūiuscemodī. Adsidēbat oppūgnābatque oppidum + [[60]] + in Hispāniā, sitū moenibusque ac dēfēnsōribus validum et {200} + mūnītum, rē etiam cibāriā cōpiōsum, neque ūlla ēius potiundī + spēs erat. Quōdam diē iūs in castrīs sedēns dīcēbat Scīpiō atque + ex eō locō id oppidum procul vidēbātur. Tum ē[1] mīlitibus, quī + in iūre apud eum stābant, interrogāvit quispiam ex mōre in[2] + quem diem locumque vadēs sistī iubēret. Et Scīpiō manum ad {205} + ipsam oppidī, quod obsidēbātur, arcem prōtendēns, “Perendiē” + inquit “sēsē[3] sistant illō in locō,” atque ita factum. Diē[4] +tertiā, + in quam vadēs sistī iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eōdem diē + in arce ēius oppidī iūs dīxit. + + Hannibal, ā Scīpiōne victus suīsque invīsus, ad Antiochum, {210} + Syriae rēgem, cōnfūgit eumque hostem Rōmānīs fēcit. Missī + sunt Rōmā lēgātī ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scīpiō Āfricānus, + quī cum Hannibale Ephesī[5] conlocūtus ab eō quaesīvit, quem + fuisse māximum imperātōrem crēderet. Respondit Hannibal + Alexandrum, Macedonum rēgem, māximum sibi vidērī, quod {215} + parvā manū innumerābilēs exercitūs fūdisset. Quaerentī deinde, + quem secundum pōneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod prīmus castra[6] + mētārī docuit nēmōque illō[7] ēlegantius loca[8] cēpit et praesidia + dēposuit.” Scīscitantī dēnique quem tertium dūceret, sēmet ipsum + dīxit. Tum rīdēns Scīpiō “Quidnam tū dīcerēs[9]” inquit “sī mē {220} + vīcissēs[9]?” “Tum[10] mē vērō” respondit Hannibal “et ante + Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnēs aliōs imperātōrēs + posuissem.[9]” Ita imprōvīsō adsentātiōnis genere Scīpiōnem ē + grege imperātōrum velut inaestimābilem sēcernēbat. + + [[61]] + Scīpiō ipse fertur quondam dīxisse, cum eum quīdam parum {225} + pūgnācem dīcerent, “Imperātōrem mē māter, nōn bellātōrem[1] + peperit.[2]” Īdem dīcere solitus est nōn sōlum dandam esse viam + fugientibus, sed etiam mūniendam. + + Dēcrētō adversus Antiochum bellō[3] cum Syria prōvincia {229} + obvēnisset Lūciō Scīpiōnī, quia parum in eō putābātur esse animī,[4] + parum rōboris,[4] senātus gerendī hūius bellī cūram mandārī volēbat + conlēgae ēius C. Laeliō. Surgēns tunc Scīpiō Āfricānus, + frāter māior Lūciī Scīpiōnis, illam familiae īgnōminiam + dēprecātus est: dīxit in frātre suō summam esse virtūtem, summum + cōnsilium sēque eī lēgātum fore prōmīsit. Quod cum ab eō esset {235} + dictum, nihil[5] est dē Lūciī Scīpiōnis prōvinciā commūtātum: + itaque frāter nātū māior minōrī lēgātus in Asiam profectus est + et tam diū eum cōnsiliō operāque adiūvit, dōnec triumphum ille + et cōgnōmen Asiāticī peperisset. + + Eōdem bellō fīlius Scīpiōnis Āfricānī captus est et ad Antiochum + dēductus. Benīgnē et līberāliter adulēscentem rēx habuit,[6] {241} + quamquam ab ēius patre tum[7] māximē fīnibus imperiī pellēbātur. + Cum deinde pācem Antiochus ā Rōmānīs peteret, lēgātus ēius + Pūblium Scīpiōnem adiit eīque fīlium sine pretiō redditūrum + rēgem dīxit, sī per eum pācem impetrāsset.[8] Cuī Scīpiō respondit + “Abī, nūntiā rēgī, mē prō tantō mūnere grātiās[9] agere; sed {246} + nunc aliam grātiam nōn possum referre, quam ut eī suādeam[10] ut + bellō absistat et pācis condiciōnem nūllam recūset.” Pāx nōn + convēnit[11]; tamen Antiochus Scīpiōnī fīlium remīsit tantīque virī + māiestātem venerārī quam dolōrem suum ulcīscī māluit. {250} + + Victō Antiochō cum praedae ratiō ā L. Scīpiōne repōscerētur, + [[62]] + Āfricānus prōlātum[1] ab eō librum, quō[2] acceptae et expēnsae + summae continēbantur et refellī inimīcōrum accūsātiō poterat, + discerpsit, indīgnātus[3] dē eā rē dubitārī, quae sub ipsō lēgātō + administrāta esset. Quīn etiam hunc[4] in modum verba fēcit: {255} + “Nōn[5] est quod quaerātis, patrēs cōnscrīptī, num parvam pecūniam + in aerārium rettulerim, quī anteā illud Pūnicō aurō replēverim, + neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocārī. Cum + Āfricam tōtam potestātī vestrae subiēcerim, nihil ex eā praeter + cōgnōmen rettulī. Nōn igitur mē Pūnicae, nōn frātrem meum {260} + Asiāticae gazae avārum reddidērunt; sed uterque nostrum[6] + invidiā quam pecūniā est locuplētior.” Tam cōnstantem dēfēnsiōnem + Scīpiōnis ūniversus senātus comprobāvit. + + [Illustration: CORŌNA TRIUMPHĀLIS] + + Deinde Scīpiōnī Āfricānō duo tribūnī plēbis diem dīxērunt, + quod praedā ex Antiochō captā aerārium fraudāsset. Ubi causae {265} + dīcendae diēs vēnit, Scīpiō māgnā hominum frequentiā in Forum + est dēductus. Iussus causam dīcere rōstra cōnscendit et, corōnā[7] + triumphālī capitī suō impositā, “Hōc ego diē” + inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperiō nostrō + inimīcissimum, māgnō proeliō vīcī in terrā {270} + Āfricā pācemque nōbīs et victōriam peperī + īnspērābilem. Nē[8] igitur sīmus adversus deōs + ingrātī, sed cēnseō relinquāmus[9] nebulōnēs hōs + eāmusque nunc prōtinus in Capitōlium Iovī + optimō māximō supplicātum.” Ā rōstrīs in Capitōlium āscendit; {275} + simul sē ūniversa cōntiō ab accūsātōribus āvertit et secūta Scīpiōnem + [[63]] + est, nec quisquam praeter praecōnem, quī reum citābat, cum + tribūnīs remānsit. Celebrātior is diēs favōre[1] hominum fuit, quam + quō[2] triumphāns dē Syphāce rēge et Carthāginiēnsibus urbem est + ingressus. Inde, nē amplius tribūnīciīs iniūriīs vexārētur, in {280} + Līternīnum concessit, ubi reliquam ēgit aetātem sine urbis dēsīderiō. + + Cum in Līternīnā vīllā sē continēret, complūrēs praedōnum + ducēs ad eum videndum forte cōnfluxērunt. Quōs cum ad vim + faciendam venīre exīstimāsset, praesidium servōrum in tēctō + conlocāvit aliaque parābat, quae[3] ad eōs repellendōs opus erant. + Quod ubi praedōnēs animadvertērunt, abiectīs armīs iānuae {286} + appropinquant et clārā vōce nūntiant Scīpiōnī sē nōn vītae ēius +hostēs, + sed virtūtis admīrātōrēs vēnisse, cōnspectum[4] tantī virī, quasi + caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentēs; proinde nē[5] gravārētur + sē spectandum praebēre. Haec postquam audīvit Scīpiō, forēs {290} + reserārī eōsque intrōdūcī iussit. Illī postēs iānuae tamquam + religiōsissimam āram venerātī, cupidē Scīpiōnis dextram + apprehendērunt ac diū deōsculātī sunt; deinde positīs ante vēstibulum + dōnīs laetī, quod sibi Scīpiōnem ut vidērent contigisset, domum + revertērunt. Paulō post mortuus est Scīpiō moriēnsque ab uxōre {295} + petiit nē corpus suum Rōmam referrētur. + + [Footnotes: XXI (pages 52-63) + + 52.2: See Vocab., _Āfricānus_ and _Scīpiō_. + 52.3: #quī cum#: ‘for when he.’ Cf. p. 4, n. 3. + 52.4: ‘in (the course of) the battle.’ _pūgna_, like _bellum_ and + _proelium_, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep. + 52.5: Cf. XIX, 16. + 52.6: #iam iam . . . esset#: ‘was on the very point of falling.’ + 52.7: #interiectō corpore#: ‘by interposing his body.’ See p. + xxiii, K 8. + 52.8: #Quae pietās#: ‘this act of devotion.’ + 52.9: #negantēs . . . habendam#: ‘by saying that no account should + be taken of him.’ For #negantēs#, see p. 41, n. 15. _ratiōnem + habēre_ is a phrase of mercantile life. + 52.10: Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times + no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth + year. + 52.11: impersonal pass. from _eō_: ‘they proceeded.’ + 52.12: #admodum adulēscentem#: ‘though but,’ etc. + 53.1: #adlātum erat#: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been + brought.’ + 53.2: _patior_. + 53.3: #quī . . . iūrāverit# (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional + clause, _sī quis nōn iūrāverit_. Cf. _quī . . . crēderent_, l. 35, + below. + 53.4: Cf. p. 31, n. 9. + 53.5: #Haud . . . sī#: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’ + 53.6: Cf. p. 47, n. 12. + 53.7: P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively + father and uncle of Africanus. + 53.8: Sc. _senātuī_ or _populō_. + 53.9: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. + 53.10: Subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10. + 53.11: #inops cōnsiliī#: ‘at its wit’s end.’ + 53.12: The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting + fullness or the opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a: + G 374: B 204, 1. + 53.13: = ‘to be a candidate.’ + 53.14: #unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset#; cf. p. 5, n. 3. + 53.15: #animōrum impetus#: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’ + 53.16: #populum . . . paenitēre#: cf. _Vēientēs . . . + paenituisset_, XI, 13, and note. + 54.1: Cf. p. 42, n. 5. + 54.2: = _in eum locum_. + 54.3: _congerō_. + 54.4: #satis# often = our ‘tolerably.’ + 54.5: A brother of Hannibal. + 54.6: #victum . . . expulit# = _vīcit et expulit_. + 54.7: = ‘_but_ the captives,’ etc. Cf. p. 2, n. 24, and p. 5, + n. 13. + 54.8: We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of + characteristic. For the difference between them, see H 473, 2, N. + 1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215, N.: G 400, R. 1. + 54.9: #id aetātis#: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. + The accus. #id# is variously explained: see H 416, 2 (378, 2): + M 507: A 240, _b_: G 336, N. 2; B 185. #aetātis# is partitive gen. + (p. 30, n. 2) with #id#. + 55.1: Why is #vellet# subjunctive? + 55.2: #effūsīs# (_effundō_) . . . #lacrimīs#: ‘with tears of joy.’ + How literally? + 55.3: #quī . . . dēdūcerent#: ‘to escort him.’ + 55.4: #quō . . . appellārunt#: Roman soldiers, after a victory, + hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the + leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he + had assumed on beginning the campaign. + 55.5: ‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference. + 55.6: #rēgium nōmen# = _rēgis nōmen_, ‘the title of king.’ Cf. + _nōmen imperātōris_, l. 80, and _rēgis appellātiōne_, l. 84. + 55.7: Sc. _esse_. + 55.8: #quem . . . spērāret#: causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1). + 55.9: For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6. + 55.10: future infinitive of _sum_. + 56.1: Son of Gisco (so also in l. 148); to be carefully + distinguished from the Hasdrubal of l. 61. + 56.2: Sc. _nāvem_; ‘was sailing.’ + 56.3: _= ut peteret_. Cf. p. xviii, E 5. + 56.4: #Cēnātum . . . est# (_ab iīs_): impers. pass.; ‘they dined.’ + 56.5: #lectō . . . accubuērunt# (_accumbō_): the writer has in + mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, + supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more + occupied the same couch. + 56.6: #iam dūdum cupiēbat#: ‘had long desired.’ _Iam diū_, _iam + dūdum_, and _iam prīdem_ give to the _present_ the force of the + English _perfect_, to the _imperfect_ the force of the English + _pluperfect_. + 56.7: Sc. _ēius_: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to + face.’ + 56.8: #cultus# (_colō_) #munditiīs#: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’ + How literally? + 56.9: #dē . . . remissō#: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the + construction, see p. 5, n. 15. + 56.10: _quaerō_. + 56.11: #oblātam# (_offerō_): ‘now that it was at last offered.’ + 56.12: ‘the legal time’; _lēgitima aetās_, l. 11. In later days + forty-three was the legal age. + 57.1: See p. 5, n. 3. + 57.2: Sc. _diē_, for the gender of which, as in _diēs, quae dicta + erat_, l. 127, see Vocab., _diēs_. + 57.3: For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say? + 57.4: ‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid + out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully + fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night. + 57.5: The participles = rel. clauses: see p. xxiv, L 1. + 57.6: #interrogātōs# (sc. _eōs_) #. . . dīmīsit# = _interrogāvit + (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit_, or _cum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset, + . . . dīmīsit_. + 58.1: = Syphax. For _ipse_ referring to the principal personage, + see also I, 5, and II, 4 [[notes 2.5 and 5.1]]. + 58.2: ‘misfortune.’ So _fāma_ = both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’ + _valētūdō_ = both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’ + 58.3: dat. of indir. object with #temperāns#. + 58.4: #quod . . . dūxisset.# What does the subjunctive show? + 58.5: #ab . . . dūxisset#: cf. p. 50, n. 4. + 58.6: acc. of extent of space: cf. p. xvii, D 2. + 58.7: ‘motionless.’ + 58.8: #armīs . . . esse#: ‘that the issue must be decided by + arms.’ Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive + here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to #pūgnārī#, + l. 173. + 58.9: #Cēterum cōnstat#: ‘it is, however, well known.’ + 59.1: _percellō_. + 59.2: Cf. _negantēs_, l. 10, and p. 6, n. 20. + 59.3: #pacta# (_pacīscor_) #essent#: subjunctive by attraction: + see p. 13, n. 10. + 59.4: _pariō_. + 59.5: i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome. + 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _mē_; ‘I am not ashamed.’ _piget_ is + construed exactly like _paenitet_: see p. 28, n. 7. + 59.7: Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. + 59.8: #id temporis# = _eō tempore_. Cf. note on _id aetātis_, + l. 66. + 60.1: Join #ē mīlitibus# with #quispiam#, l. 204. + 60.2: #in . . . iubēret#: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) + appear for trial.’ #vadēs sistī# is the passive of _vadēs + sistere_, a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to + make it effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’ _Sistere_ often means + ‘to produce in court,’ as in l. 207. + 60.3: #sēsē sistant#: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear + for trial. + 60.4: #Diē tertiā# = _perendiē_, l. 206. In counting days, the + Romans usually included the day from which they started. + 60.5: locative. + 60.6: Cf. n. on _castra mētātus est_, l. 140. + 60.7: #illō ēlegantius#: ‘more judiciously than he.’ For #illō#, + see p. 10, n. 18. + 60.8: Sc. _castrīs_. + 60.9: See p. 47, n. 12. #dīcerēs# is imperfect, as referring to + present time; the other verbs denote past time. + 60.10: ‘in that event’; = _sī tē vīcissem_. + 61.1: ‘a (mere) fighter.’ + 61.2: _pariō_. + 61.3: This war lasted from 192 to 190. + 61.4: partitive gen. with #parum#, which is here a noun. In l. 225 + it was an adverb. + 61.5: #nihil . . . commūtātum#: ‘no change was made.’ Note that + #nihil# is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that #commūtātum est# + is impersonal. + 61.6: ‘treated.’ + 61.7: #tum māximē#: ‘at that very moment.’ + 61.8: Explain mood and tense. + 61.9: Distinguish between _grātiās agere_ and _grātiam referre_. + 61.10: Notice that _suādeō_ = merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ is + _persuādeō_. + 61.11: ‘was not arranged.’ + 62.1: = _quī prōlātus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1. + 62.2: abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both with + #continēbantur# and #refellī poterat#. + 62.3: #indīgnātus . . . dubitārī#: ‘angry because doubts were + raised.’ For the infin. see p. 19, n. 6. + 62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba fēcit#: ‘he delivered a speech.’ + 62.5: #Nōn . . . quaerātis#: ‘there is no reason why you should + ask’; lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4 + (503, 1, N. 2): M 836: A 320, _a_: G 631, 2: B 283, 2. + 62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a + partitive gen. + 62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph. + 62.8: #Nē . . . sīmus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9. + 62.9: (_ut_) #relinquāmus . . . eāmus# is a substantive clause of + purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781: + A 331, _f_, R.: G 546, R. 2: B 295, 8. + 63.1: abl. of specification. + 63.2: #quō# (sc. _diē_) = _eō diē quō_. + 63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which + were a necessity.’ For a very different construction with _opus_, + cf. _nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve_, XV, 22, and note. + 63.4: #cōnspectum . . . expetentēs#: ‘craving a chance to see so + great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’ + 63.5: #nē . . . gravārētur#: the subjunctive is used here in + indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, + 4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.] + + +#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]] + +Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant. +Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad +egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia +Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum +matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater +illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta +sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia +traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos +hospitae ostendens, “Haec” inquit “mea ornamenta sunt.” Nihil quidem his +adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem +publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt. + +Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi +favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat; +provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem +sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per +plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum +convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius +Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo +commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret, +segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus +Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra +proclamavit: “Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!” Dein +optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum +inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii +ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit. +Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est. + +Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum +enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae +potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones +fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit: +civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant +contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir +consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen +lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi +animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente +populo Romano: “Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas, +quam dissuasisti?” Cui Piso “Nolim quidem, Gracche” inquit, “mea bona +tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.” Quo responso +aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, +patrimonium publicum dissipari. + +Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res +publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat. +Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad +arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam +comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum +super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii +mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a +Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur. +Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius +efficeretur, explesse. + +Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, qui +cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii +amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam +adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi +faciendum putaret. Tum consul “Quid?” inquit “si te Gracchus templo +Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati +illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?” “Numquam” +inquit Blosius “voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem.” +Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa +peccaveris. + +Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia tum +haec de se narrat: “Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro +existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo +possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea +causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas +argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas +vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt.” + + + #XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus# [[as printed]] + + Tiberius et Gāius Gracchī[6] Scīpiōnis Āfricānī[7] ex fīliā[8] + nepōtēs erant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spē + [[64]] + exācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō. + Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā[1] puerīs doctī et Graecīs + lītterīs[2] ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōs {5} + bene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. Cum + Campāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,[3] ōrnāmenta sua, illō + saeculō[4] pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,[5] Cornēlia trāxit + eam sermōne quoūsque[6] ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs + hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil[7] {10} + quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque[7] ā nātūrā neque[7] ā doctrīnā + dēfuit; sed[8] ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāre + māluērunt. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 134.] + + Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit: + populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit; {15} + agrōs[9] plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs[10] + replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī[11] vellet + [[65]] + et palam dictitāsset,[1] interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agī + dēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī + patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius {20} + Capitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtem + suam populō commendābat. Hōc[2] nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasi + diadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca, + cum[3] esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam cōgnātiōnī + praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvam {25} + esse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atque + equestris[4] ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī fugiēns + dēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam, + quam glōriōsissimē dēgere[5] potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit. + Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est. {30} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 123.] + + Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit. + Tribūnātum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae frāternae necis, + seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīre + cōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium[7] effūdit: lēgem dē + frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem[8] omnibus Ītalicīs + dabat.[9] {35} + Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā[10] poterant contentiōne obsistēbant + [[66]] + omnēs[1] bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,[2] vir cōnsulāris. Is + cum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātā + ad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi + animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvit {40} + audiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī[3] tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēge + frūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim[4] quidem, + Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi[5] virītim dīvidere liceat; + sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir {44} + gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicum + dissipārī. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 121.] + + Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut[6] vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quid + dētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximō + discrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā + familiā,[7] Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma populō, {50} + Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam[8] + comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmet + ipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteā + corpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum + est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmium {55} + relātum aurō[9] repēnsum fertur. Sunt[10] quī trādunt īnfūsō[11] + plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.[12] + + Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, ut + [[67]] + in[1] eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur, Blosius + quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum[2] vēnit, hanc, ut[3] sibi + īgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī[4] Gracchum fēcisset, {61} + ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul + “Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēs + subdere iussisset,[5] obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs[5] + propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquit {65} + Blosius “voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed sī voluisset,[5] + pāruissem.[5]” + Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī + causā peccāveris. + + [Illustration: AMPHORAE] + + Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā {69} + cum[7] alia tum[7] haec dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā, + quōmodo ex[8] ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnī + meae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem[9] + aut eō plūs in mūneribus mē + accēpisse aut meā causā quemquam + sūmptum[10] fēcisse. Zōnās, quās {75} + Rōmā proficīscēns plēnās + argentī[11] extulī, eās ex prōvinciā + inānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās, + quās vīnī[11] plēnās extulērunt, eās + argentō[11] replētās domum {80} + reportārunt.” + + [Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67) + + 63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, + the cognomen is usually put in the plural. + 63.7: Africanus Maior. + 63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio + Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most + distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian. + 64.1: #ā puerīs#: we say, ‘from _childhood_.’ + 64.2: ‘literature’; abl. of means. + 64.3: ‘guest.’ + 64.4: #illō saeculō#: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The + writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury + and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome. + 64.5: ‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches to + _mulier_ and its derivatives. + 64.6: construed here like _dōnec_, p. 39, n. 9. + 64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3. + 64.8: #sed . . . māluērunt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was + manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or + aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their + interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi. + 64.9: The reference is to the _ager pūblicus_, or land gained in + conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part + of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, + though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as + their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their + occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was + constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers + of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal + employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the + poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these + evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which + might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus + redeemed among the poorer classes. + 64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the + distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying + such persons with lands. + 64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the + same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be + reëlected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first + term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented + himself for reëlection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule. + Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside + under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct + seems to have been unconstitutional. + 65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of + the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the + aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman + historians. + 65.2: #Hōc . . . pōsceret#: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean + that he was demanding a kingly crown.’ #pōsceret# is subjunctive + as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf. + p. 3, n. 6. + 65.3: ‘although.’ + 65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_. + 65.5: #dēgere potuerat#: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf. _tuērī + poterant_, l. 12. + 65.6: _adipīscor_. + 65.7: #aerārium effūdit#: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ + The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. + This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure + of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution + was thus a constant drain upon the treasury. + 65.8: ‘citizenship.’ + 65.9: ‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, + often denotes attempted action; cf. _dīvidēbat_, l. 16, and + _commendābat_, l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the + citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the + franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C. + 65.10: #quantā . . . contentiōne#: ‘with the greatest possible + energy.’ Cf. _quantō potuit apparātū_, IX, 39, and note. + 66.1: #omnēs bonī#: ‘all loyal citizens.’ _bonī_, like + _optimātēs_, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation + of _aristocracy_. + 66.2: Sc. _obsistēbat_. + 66.3: #Quī . . . cōnstās#: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How + literally? See (4) _quī_ in vocabulary. + 66.4: #Nōlim#: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be + unwilling.’ The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest + assertion: H 556 (486, N. 1): M 719: A 311, _b_: G 257, 2: B 280, + 1. Cf. _possit_, l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed + ironically. + 66.5: Join with #liceat#. + 66.6: #ut . . . caperet#: this was the formula by which the senate + conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the + subjunctives #vidēret# and #caperet#, and give the words of the + decree as passed by the senate. + 66.7: here ‘household.’ + 66.8: #iam comprehenderētur#: ‘was on the point of being + arrested.’ + 66.9: #aurō . . . fertur#: ‘is said to have been paid for with + gold.’ + 66.10: #Sunt quī trādunt#: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. + ‘some say.’ + 66.11: #infūsō plumbō#: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf. p. xxiii, K 8. + It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for + the head of Gaius. + 66.12: = _explēvisse_. + 67.1: #in eōs . . . animadverterētur#: ‘punishment should be + visited upon those.’ + 67.2: Cf. p. xviii, E 6. + 67.3: #ut . . . īgnōscerētur#: a result clause, dependent on + #causam#: ‘a reason as a result of which he _ought to be + pardoned_.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or + obligation and propriety. + 67.4: #tantī . . . fēcisset#: ‘he had so highly esteemed + Gracchus.’ #tantī# is a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1 + (405): M 576: A 252, _a_: G 380: B 203, 3. For _fēcisset_, cf. + p. 14, n. 1. + 67.5: Cf. p. 47, n. 12. + 67.6: #quidem# emphasizes #id#. This emphasis in English would be + indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have + dreamed of _that_.’ Cf. _Nōlim quidem_ above, l. 42. + 67.7: #cum . . . tum#: ‘not only . . . but also.’ + 67.8: #ex ūsū vestrō#: ‘to your interests.’ + 67.9: ‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say. + 67.10: _sūmptum facere_ = ‘to be put to expense.’ + 67.11: Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are + construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality + expressing means.] + + +#XXIII. Gaius Marius# [[stripped text]] + +C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce +Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et +impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam +Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res +publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso +leniter Marii umero, “Fortasse hunc” inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius +dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit. + +Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, cum +ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum +ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum +Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est +consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum +confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum +adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus +fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non +sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium +misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho +persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad +Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in +carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste +ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque +desipienti exclamasse fertur: “Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!” +Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est. + +Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei contra +Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae +finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et Hispania +cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae darent +petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere constituunt. +Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes fugati, +exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius fuisset. Hic +primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit. +Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum nulla copia. +Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam flagitante aquam +exercitu Marius “Viri” inquit “estis, en illic aquam habetis.” Itaque +tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Romani victores +de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum. +Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse +Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne spectaculum triumphi +fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat. + +Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex alia +parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed +iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis C. +Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi et +fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente Mario +quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius +“Omittite” inquit “fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram +aeternumque tenebunt.” Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem +Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. “Atqui adsunt” +inquit Marius “nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis +discedere.” Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio +capti erant. + +His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad +vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam +provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit +consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora +hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum +multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum +uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris, +desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum +missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis +elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo +e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere, +Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui +offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu +ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo +rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes, +mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat. +Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter +armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse. + +Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello +dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti, +missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum tulit ut +Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur Mithridaticum. +Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam armis occupavit, +Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes persequentes fugiens +aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post repertus extractusque, ut +erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Minturnas +raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum occidendum +servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus auctoritate +deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem vidisset +“Tune, homo,” inquit “C. Marium audebis occidere?” Quo audito attonitus +ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse occidere +clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere voluerant, +e carcere emissus est. + +Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem +pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit ad eum lictor +Sextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam +laesisset, Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at +lictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet: +torveque intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem +ecquid renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius “Abi” inquit, “nuntia vidisse +te Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem.” Duobus clarissimis +exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis +maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret. + +Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in +Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu +Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae +factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies +continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc +tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius +occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit +nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors +continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit. +Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et +ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum +virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace +perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam +primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit. + +Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium +contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, spreta +peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam +vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas +litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem +profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum +ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse +doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti, +noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem iudicaret. + + + [[68]] + + #XXIII. Gāius Marius# [[as printed]] + + C. Marius, humilī locō nātus,[1] mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniā + duce Scīpiōne[2] posuit.[3] Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus ob + singulārem virtūtem et impigram[4] ad perīcula et labōrēs alacritātem. + Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī + quid illī[5] accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnum {5} + habitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō, + “Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōs + rēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 107.] + + Q. Metellum[6] in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,[7] cūius + lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populum {10} + Rōmānum crīminātus[8] est bellum dūcere[9]: sī[10] sē cōnsulem + fēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē in + potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus est + cōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.[11] Bellum ab illō + prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerat {15} + eōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. Marius + Gaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum[12] in excelsā rīpā + positum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit. + Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem {19} + ōrantēs.[13] Sulla[14] quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem remissus, Bocchō + [[69]] + persuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igitur + vinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns ante + currum ēgit et in carcerem[1] caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum Iugurtha + dētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis[2] in modum dīdūxisse + et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quam {25} + frīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcere + necātus est. + + [Illustration {foldout map of Mediterranean}] + + [Illustration: TRIUMPH] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 104.] + + Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumque + eī contrā Cimbrōs[3] et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī + hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēs {30} + quaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum[4] in Ītaliam + remigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt. + Repulsī, quod nequīverant[5] precibus, armīs petere cōnstituunt. + Trēs[6] ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt. + [[70]] + Omnēs fugātī,[1] exūtī[1] castrīs. Āctum[2] erat dē imperiō Rōmānō, + nisi[3] Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs Alpium {36} + rādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō[4] oppressit. Vallem fluviumque + medium[5] hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs[6] aquārum nūlla cōpia. Aucta + necessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam + exercitū Marius “Virī[7]” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.” + Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, ut {41} + Rōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūs + aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum. + Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta + nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximō {45} + saltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphī + fuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiae + super tropaea ipsa ēminēbat. + + [Illustration: TROPAEUM] + + Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī + cum ex[8] aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn ponte {50} + nec nāvibus, sed iniectīs[9] arborum truncīs, velut aggere, + trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulem + mīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,[10] Teutonum + enim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente[11] Mariō quōs illī frātrēs + dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite[12]” {55} + inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumque + [[71]] + tenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō[1] habērī sentientēs ultiōnem + Mariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquī + adsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs + nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonum {60} + ducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant. + + Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīs + suōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrum + dux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum + imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciem {65} + ita īnstituisset, ut pulvis[2] in oculōs et ōra hostium ferrētur, + incrēdibilī strāge[3] prōstrāta[4] est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō: caesa + trāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cum + uxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs, + dēsuper,[5] quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent. {70} + Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem[6] nōn + impetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque[7] īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs[8] + concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab[9] + arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs, + eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur, {75} + ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut[10] + novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō[11] invīderant, cōnservātam[12] + ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertium + cohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs[13] contrā + lēgem[14] cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē et {80} + [[72]] + ēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verba + sē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 88.] + + Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est. + Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla[1] cōnsul + contrā Mithridātem,[2] rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius, {85} + tribūnus plēbis, lēgem[3] ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium + abrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rē + Sulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit, + Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs + fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.[4] Sed paulō post {90} + repertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,[5] + iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectus + est. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus[6] pūblicus, nātiōne + Cimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim + hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,” {95} + inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus ille + ac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdere + clāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant, + ē carcere ēmissus est. {99} + + Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsem + pervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs[7] sedēret, vēnit ad eum + līctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc, + quem[8] numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen[9] aliquod + [[73]] + officium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit, {104} + nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllam + ēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrī + vellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē Gāium + Marium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīs + exemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat, + cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum ante {110} + oculōs pōneret. + + Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus ā + Cinnā[1] in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam domitus. + Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs {114} + vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs[2] suppliciōrum + generibus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illa + scelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.[3] Hōc tempore admīranda sānē + populī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrum {118} + domōs multitūdinī dīripiendās[4] obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō, + quī[5] cīvīlī[6] lūctū praedam peteret[5]: quae quidem tam misericors + continentia plēbis tacita[7] quaedam crūdēlium victōrum vituperātiō + fuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbum {122} + incidit et ingentī[8] omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sī + exāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū[9] utrum + bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem {125} + pūblicam armātus[10] servāvit, eam prīmō togātus[10] omnī genere + fraudis, + postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit. + + [[74]] + Erat Marius dūrior[1] ad hūmānitātis[2] studia et ingenuārum[3] + artium contemptor. Cum aedem Honōris dē manubiīs hostium {129} + vōvisset, sprētā[4] peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumque + Graecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide[5] per artificem Rōmānum + cūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod[6] + doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis, + validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre + secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsum + ipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluit {136} + praebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem + iūdicāret. + + [Footnotes: XXIII (pages 68-74) + + 68.1: In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in Latium. + 68.2: Sc. _Āfricānō Minōre_. + 68.3: = _dēposuit_: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’ + 68.4: #impigram . . . alacritātem#: ‘his energetic eagerness in + the direction of (#ad#),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to + face,’ etc. + 68.5: i.e. Scipio. + 68.6: Subject of #dūcere#, l. 11. + 68.7: = _quī missus erat_. Cf. _coeptum_, l. 15, and p. xxiv, L1. + 68.8: #crīminātus . . . dūcere#: ‘charged him with prolonging.’ + _crīminārī_ is treated here as a verb of saying. + 68.9: = _prōdūcere_, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have + the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their + compounds. Cf. n. 3 above. + 68.10: #sī . . . redāctūrum#: the words of Marius, reported in + indir. disc. Cf. p. xxv, M 4, 7. + 68.11: #in . . . suffectus#: ‘he was appointed to supersede + Metellus.’ How literally? + 68.12: This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river + Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus. + 68.13: #ōrantēs# may be explained (1) as = _quī pācem ōrābant_ + (cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so = _quī + pācem ōrārent_. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part. + active is commonly employed, not the present. + 68.14: See next selection. + 69.1: The Tullianum: see illustration on p. 16. + 69.2: ‘of one smiling.’ Join with #modum#. + 69.3: The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as + early as 113 B.C. Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the + northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the + way (cf. l. 34 below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, + but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the + natives. + 69.4: For the position of #cum#, see p. 19, n. 8. + 69.5: Sc. _petere_, or better _adipīscī_, ‘to secure.’ + 69.6: Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; + Q. Servilius Caepio, 105. + 70.1: Sc. _sunt_. + 70.2: #Āctum . . . fuisset#: ‘it was all up with the Romans had + there not been a Marius.’ For #erat# we should have expected + _esset_, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the + mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually + was inevitable but for one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308, + _b_: G 597, 2: B 304, 3. + 70.3: #nisi . . . fuisset#: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if + it hadn’t been for Marius.’ + 70.4: in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles. + 70.5: ‘that ran through (the valley).’ + 70.6: dat. of possession with _erat_ (to be supplied). On the + whole sentence #Vallem . . . cōpia#, see p. 5, n. 13. + 70.7: #Virī . . . habētis#: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of + saying _Sī virī_ (‘true men’) _estis_, etc., i.e. the getting of + water depends wholly on your own courage. + 70.8: ‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had + sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass + at the eastern side of the Italian Alps. + 70.9: Sc. _in flūmen_. + 70.10: Cf. p. 68, n. 13. + 70.11: #Quaerente . . . nōmināssent# = two temporal clauses: ‘when + Marius had asked . . . and they had named.’ + 70.12: ‘Never mind.’ + 71.1: #sē . . . habērī#: ‘that they were being mocked.’ #lūdibriō# + is a dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. + 71.2: #pulvis . . . ferrētur#: cf. XX, lines 7 and 8. + 71.3: at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan. + 71.4: _prōsternō_. + 71.5: ‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons. + 71.6: Captives were either killed or sold into slavery. + 71.7: _ēlīdō_. + 71.8: #mūtuīs . . . vulneribus#: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’ + 71.9: #ab . . . pependērunt#: ‘hung _from_ trees’ = ‘hanged + themselves _to_ trees.’ + 71.10: #ut . . . hominī#: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ + i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a + man was not necessarily of plebeian birth. + 71.11: #ēvectō#: ‘when he had been elevated.’ #eī . . . ēvectō# + may also be rendered ‘his elevation.’ + 71.12: Sc. _esse_. + 71.13: The part. gives the cause of _dōnāverat_. + 71.14: In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of + the _comitia tribūta_, or assembly in which the people met by + tribes. + 72.1: See next selection. + 72.2: Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, + 88-84 B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the + Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia + Minor and had entered Greece. + 72.3: #lēgem . . . tulit#: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ + i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was + carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the + aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party. + 72.4: _dēlitēscō_. + 72.5: _oblinō_. + 72.6: #servus pūblicus#: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the + phrase _ager pūblicus_, p. 64, n. 9. + 72.7: Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 B.C. + 72.8: #quem . . . laesisset# (_laedō_): a causal rel. clause = + ‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320, _e_: G 633: + B 283, 3. + 72.9: #tamen# looks back to #quī . . . obtinēbat#, l. 102. The + thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration + (#hūmānitātis aliquod officium#) from Sextilius, though his + official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to + an outlaw. + 73.1: L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party + and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own + troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who + was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic + War. + 73.2: #variīs . . . adfēcit#: ‘he punished in various ways.’ + 73.3: ‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’ + 73.4: Cf. p. 2, n. 18. + 73.5: #quī . . . peteret#: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 + (503, I): M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283. + 73.6: #cīvīlī lūctū#: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to + his fellow-citizens.’ + 73.7: #tacita . . . fuit#: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense + (#quaedam#) a criticism,’ etc. + 73.8: #ingentī . . . laetitiā#: ‘to the great joy of every one’; + cf. p. 27, n. 3. + 73.9: Join with #facile#, and see p. 19, n. 15. + 73.10: #armātus# = _bellō_; #togātus# = _pāce_. Cf. l. 125. The + toga was the regular dress of civilians. + 74.1: #Erat dūrior ad#: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he + had no liking for.’ + 74.2: ‘culture.’ + 74.3: #ingenuārum artium#: ‘polite accomplishments.’ + 74.4: _spernō_. + 74.5: abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244, _d_: + G 396, and 3. + 74.6: #quod . . . prōfuissent#: ‘because (so he declared) it had + been of little service to its teachers in the direction of + (attaining) virtue.’ Cf. _quod . . . iūdicāret_, l. 137, and see + p. 14, n. 1.] + + +#XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla# [[stripped text]] + +138-78 B.C. + +Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia “Salve” +inquit “puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix,” et statim quaesita quae +haec dixisset, nōn potuit inveniri. + +Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae +comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam +perduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi +gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset. +Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello +Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde +factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est. +Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius, +odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea +omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes +civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere +videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia +profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et +oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans +qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia +multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere +paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit. + +Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; eos, +qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit +crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui +se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum +inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest +computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec +admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus +imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit, +qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium +orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens +caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se +dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae +magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui +fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque +videret ascriptum, “Vae” inquit “misero mihi! me fundus Albanus +persequitur.” Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat, +confossus est. + +Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto +appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum +Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post +repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis +lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum +privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non +minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas +constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui +auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere. +Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec +effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti +animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: “Hic adulescens efficiet ne +quis posthac tale imperium deponat.” + +Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere +coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus +voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis +eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali +cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in +eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit, +sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis +vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et +Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos +saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi +postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen +proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit. + + + #XXIV. Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla# [[as printed]] + + 138-78 B.C. + + Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier[7] obvia + “Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statim + quaesīta[8] quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.[9] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 107.] + + Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō[10] quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī[11] cum[12] ūsque + ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae[13] artis {5} + amōre inquinātam perdūxisset,[12] C. Marius cōnsul molestē + tulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātus + quaestor sorte[14] obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam in + [[75]] + Āfricam vēnit, virtūs[1] ēnituit. Bellō[2] Cimbricō, lēgātus {9} + cōnsulis[3] bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus, pulsō + in exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem[4] profectus est. Mithridātēs + enim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius, + odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,[5] occupātā Asiā necātīsque + in eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,[6] quōs quidem eādem diē + atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoque {15} + Ītaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōs + duōbus proeliīs[7] in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus in + Asiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,[8] nisi ad bellum + cīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque[9] pācem compōnere + māluisset.[8] Mithridātem tamen pecūniā[10] multāvit; Asiā[11] {20} + aliīsque prōvinciīs,[11] quās occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsque + fīnibus contentum esse coēgit. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 82.] + + Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs[12] cum victōre exercitū Rōmam + properāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil + autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et {25} + dictātor[13] creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussit + animadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīvium + in Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōs + in urbe passim, quisquis[14] voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret Fūfidius + quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut[15] essent, quibus[15] imperāret. + [[76]] + Novō[1] et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis[2] prōposuit, {31} + quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumque + omnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina. + Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in[3] eōs saevīvit, quī + armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēs {35} + propter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit. + Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cum + legēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum, + “Vae” inquit “miserō mihi[4]! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.” + Neque[5] longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat, {40} + cōnfossus[6] est. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 78.] + + Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque[7] inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem[8] sē + ēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partū + ēdidisset, puerum Faustum[8] puellamque Faustam[8] nōminārī voluit. + Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnem {45} + dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cum + amīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns, + cūius modo[9] tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōn + minus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās + cōnstitit,[10] quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēns {50} + fuit, quī[11] audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūs + maledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virī + māximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīus + adulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in[12] + [[77]] + līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet[1] nē quis[2] posthāc + tāle imperium dēpōnat.” {56} + + Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō[3] vītam + agere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī, + cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs[4] Graecīs atque + Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,[5] ut {60} + sēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam dūxerit: + nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,[6] + Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,[7] nē quid[2] + posteā {63} + scrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,[8] in iīs vērō, quae secūta + sunt, numquam[9] satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlis + sanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit, {66} + sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit[10]: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsī + posteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs in + flūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam + corrūpit. {70} + + [Footnotes: XXIV (pages 74-77) + + 74.7: #mulier obvia . . . inquit#: ‘a woman met them and said.’ + 74.8: #quaesīta . . . dīxisset#: ‘though inquiries were made as to + who had said this.’ How literally? #dīxisset# is a subjunctive of + indir. question dependent on #quaesīta#: cf. p. 3, n. 2. + 74.9: Cf. VIII, 43. + 74.10: Cf. XXIII, 20. + 74.11: i.e. Sulla. + 74.12: Cf. p. 13, n. 20. + 74.13: #lūdicrae artis#: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would + call ‘the stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome + looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was + allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or + freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at + will. + 74.14: After the election of the quaestors their posts were + assigned to them by lot. + 75.1: ‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that + Jugurtha was captured. + 75.2: Cf. XXIII, 49. + 75.3: Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101. + 75.4: Cf. 72, n. 2. + 75.5: abl. of comparison with #īnferior#: cf. p. 10, n. 18. + 75.6: This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is + variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000. + 75.7: At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were + fought in 86. + 75.8: Cf. p. 47, n. 12. + 75.9: #quālemcumque pācem#: ‘peace on any terms.’ + 75.10: abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220, + _b_: G 378, R. 3: B 208, 2, _b_. + 75.11: Cf. p. 1, n. 6. + 75.12: Cf. XXIII, 113-122. + 75.13: Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former + times (1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old + dictators held office for six months only; (2) his power extended + to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had + been created to accomplish some _one_ object. + 75.14: #quisquis voluit# contains the subject of #occīdit#. + 75.15: #ut . . . imperāret#: ‘that there might be people for him + (Sulla) to rule over.’ For #quibus . . . imperāret#, see p. 5, + n. 3. + 76.1: #Novō . . . prōposuit#: ‘He exposed to public view (in the + Forum) a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’ + #exemplō#: abl. of manner. + 76.2: #prōscrīptiōnis#: Latin often uses a gen. where English + employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value. + 76.3: #in eōs saevīvit#: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’ + 76.4: ethical dat.: H 432 (389, N. 2): M 541: A 235, _e_: G 351: + B 188, 2, _b_. + 76.5: #Neque# = _et nōn_, as often at the beginning of clauses. + 76.6: _cōnfodiō_. + 76.7: _prōsternō_. + 76.8: These words all = ‘Lucky.’ + 76.9: ‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’ + 76.10: ‘remained intact.’ + 76.11: #quī audēret# is a rel. clause of result = _tālis ut + audēret_. It characterizes or describes the antecedent + #adulēscēns#. See p. 73, n. 5. + 76.12: #in līmine iam#: ‘when he was already at (on) his own + threshold,’ i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make + was not uttered till the last moment. + 77.3: #vēnandō . . . coepit#: cf. I, 21, _vēnandō . . . + coepērunt_, and note. + 77.4: Cf. p. 64, n. 2. + 77.5: #amāns# is treated here as an adj., and so construed with + the gen. Cf. _cupidus voluptātum_, l. 59. + 77.6: ‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal + in the Forum. + 77.7: Cf. p. 11, n. 9. + 77.8: Sc. _erat_. + 77.9: #numquam . . . vituperandus# (_est_): ‘can never be blamed + enough.’ In _negative_ sentences the gerundive often conveys this + idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see p. 39, n. 11. + 77.10: _parcō._] + + +#XXV. Lucius Lucullus# [[stripped text]] + +Lucius Lucullus ingeniō, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam +quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude +provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor, +inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam +admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus +a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum +ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum +exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum +tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii +magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et +navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in +rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma +profectus rei militaris rudis. + +Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe +multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit, +ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed +alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini +nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam +effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium +rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere: +magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare +ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis, +suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete +Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat. + +Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo cum +venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem +aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus +“Putasne” inquit “me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae adveniente hieme +sedem commutant?” Villarum magnificentiae respondebat epularum sumptus. +Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset posita, coquum graviter +obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non debuisse lautum parare +convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, “Quid ais?” inquit iratus +Lucullus. “Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?” + +Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et +optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus +bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant +maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis +liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum +virorum turbam ambulabat. + + + #XXV. Lūcius Lūcullus# [[as printed]] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 74.] + + Lūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. In + Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam[11] + laude[12] prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus[13] aedīlis, + continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum[14] prōmōtus est, quem + ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingenium {5} + [[78]] + āgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum[1] bellum missus ā senātū + nōn modo opīniōnem vīcit[2] omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrum + ducum. Idque eō[3] fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus[4] imperātōria + nōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī[5] operā, + quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in[6] Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sed {10} + incrēdibilis quaedam[7] ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs[8] + dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter[9] et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsisset + partim in percontandō ā perītīs,[10] partim in rēbus[11] gestīs + legendīs, in Asiam factus[12] imperātor vēnit, cum esset Rōmā + profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.[13] {15} + + Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātem + saepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,[14] rēgum māximum, in + Armeniā vīcit, ultimamque[15] bellō manum magis nōluit impōnere, + quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis[16] et bellō paene + invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamen {20} + ideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam + dē Mithridāte triumphāvit,[17] abiectā omnium rērum cūrā coepit + dēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē et + immēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum[18] mare + [[79]] + ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs[1] marī iniēcit; in {25} + aliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haud + īnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum[2] vocāre adsuēverat.[3] + + [Illustration: VĪLLA] + + Habēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū[4] et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam. + Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod + ea habitātiō esset[5] quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minus {30} + commoda vidērētur[5]; cuī Lūcullus “Putāsne” inquit “mē minus + sapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?” + Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus. + Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote[6] sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum + graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisse {35} + lautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset[5] ad cēnam invītātus, + [[80]] + “Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullum + hodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?” + + Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et {39} + multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit[1] ūtendōs. + Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut ad + Mūsārum[2] aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi iūcundē + inter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīs + versābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam + ambulābat. {45} + + [Footnotes: XXV (pages 77-80) + + 77.1: #efficiet nē . . . dēpōnat#: ‘will prevent any one from + resigning.’ For the subjunctive #dēpōnat#, see p. 9, n. 6. + 77.2: The indefinite pronoun _quis_ occurs chiefly after _sī_, + _nisi_, _nē_, and _num_. Elsewhere _aliquis_ is used. + 77.11: Cf. p. 76, n. 1. + 77.12: ‘ability.’ + 77.13: Sc. _est_. + 77.14: The offices mentioned here formed the _cursus honōrum_, or + official career, through which all desirous of political + distinction were required to pass. The aedileship, however, might + be omitted. + 78.1: Cf. p. 72, n. 2. Lucullus assumed command against + Mithridates in 74 B.C. + 78.2: ‘surpassed,’ ‘outstripped.’ + 78.3: causal abl., explained by #quod . . . exspectābātur#. + 78.4: ‘ability.’ + 78.5: #forēnsī operā#: ‘legal business,’ i.e. the practice of law. + In or near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business + places in general. + 78.6: #in Asiae pāce#: ‘in Asia, which was then at peace.’ + 78.7: #quīdam# is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which + the writer fears may seem exaggerated. + 78.8: #ūsūs dīsciplīnam#: ‘the training of experience.’ + 78.9: #iter et nāvigātiōnem#: ‘voyage.’ + 78.10: ‘experts.’ Sc. #reī mīlitāris#. + 78.11: #rēbus gestīs#: ‘history’; here, of course, military + history especially. + 78.12: Cf. our use of the word ‘finished.’ + 78.13: The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had + served with distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War. + 78.14: King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom + he had formed alliance. + 78.15: #ultimam . . . potuit#: ‘his failure to put the finishing + touches (#ultimam manum#) to the war was due more to unwillingness + than to inability.’ How literally? Here too the biographer shows + his prejudice. Lucullus’ failure to end the war was due to the + mutiny of his soldiers, who were weary of their incessant + exertions, and angry because L. did not permit them to gratify + their greed for plunder. + 78.16: ‘(though) praiseworthy.’ #invictus# must be similarly + translated. + 78.17: Cf. p. 18, n. 7. + 78.18: ‘convenience.’ + 79.1: #mōlēs . . . iniēcit#: ‘he built huge structures out into + the sea.’ + 79.2: Cf. p. 73, n. 10. Xerxes, king of Persia, made an expedition + against Greece in 480 B.C., in the course of which he executed + certain important engineering works. + 79.3: _adsuēscō_. + 79.4: #prōspectū . . . pulcherrimam#: ‘with a very beautiful view + and promenade.’ #prōspectū# and #ambulātiōne# are abl. of + specification. + 79.5: Why subjunctive? + 79.6: #utpote sōlī# = _quod sōlus erat_. In phrases like this + Latin suffers from the lack of a present part. to _sum_. + 80.1: #dedit ūtendōs#: i.e. loaned them. For #ūtendōs#, see p. 2, + n. 18. + 80.2: The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.] + + +#XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus# [[stripped text]] + +Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem consilio +servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset +invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei +filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabernaculum +patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset, +nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua +antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se +tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. Terentius tum destricto +ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit. +Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque +tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci reconciliavit. + +Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo maxime +diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, +paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. +Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus +ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique +temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus +saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam +iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi +adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis +iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem +et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo +descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. + +Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae +inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus +est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et +flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe +moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis +principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae +sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob +unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus +esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “qui cives meos ad id induxi.” Tam libera +voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. + +Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus +favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam +subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a +Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una legione +successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat, +tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum +multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni +cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit: +neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere +plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae +potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia +adulescentis perculsus, “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclamavit. + +Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus +Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in +proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine +impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum +concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus +in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum +eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam +inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero +proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius +recedere coactus dixisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc +puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.” Metellum anum +appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam +deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. + +Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam +Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio +extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant +quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione +dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni +omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: “Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius +locum substituetis?” summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, “Te, +Quinte Catule.” Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e +contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus +navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis +locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris +procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra +quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. + +Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in +Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, +neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu +castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in +locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus +esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a tergo +haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium +ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in +propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum +profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a patre +fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum +sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea +medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se +petierat, interfectus est. + +Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat, +Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum +procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum +diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse +iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum +primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure +victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad +urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, +et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis +inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam +quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant: +Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex +Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, +quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset +expertus iam senex. + +Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi +dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum +civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius, +relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules +senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit. +Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus +erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis +uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in +Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo +viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus +cremandum curavit. + +Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus. +Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda +frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum ederet, +negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse reperiri, +nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum +inde peti, medicoque dixit: “Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis +esset, non viveret Pompeius?” Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi +iussit apponi. + +Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens, +confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit +audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer +eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos +erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret, +admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris +causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod +eum non posset audire. At ille “Tu vero” inquit “potes, nec committam ut +dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.” Itaque +cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi +quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum +vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! +quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.” + + + #XXVI. Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: POMPEY] + + Gnaeus Pompēius,[3] stirpis senātōriae, bellō[4] + cīvīlī sē et patrem cōnsiliō servāvit. Cum enim + Pompēī pater exercituī suō ob avāritiam esset + invīsus, factā in eum cōnspīrātiōne, Terentius + quīdam, Gnaeī Pompēī fīliī[5] contubernālis, hunc[6] {5} + occīdendum suscēpit, dum[7] aliī tabernāculum + patris incenderent.[7] Quae rēs cum iuvenī Pompēiō + cēnantī nūntiāta esset, nihil perīculō mōtus + solitō[8] hilarius bibit et cum Terentiō eādem, + quā[9] anteā, cōmitāte ūsus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam {10} + subdūxit sē tentōriō et fīrmam patrī circumdedit cūstōdiam. + Terentius tum dēstrictō ēnse ad lectum Pompēī accessit multīsque + īctibus strāgula percussit.[10] Ortā mox sēditiōne Pompēius sē in + [[81]] + media coniēcit āgmina, mīlitēsque tumultuantēs precibus et lacrimīs + plācāvit ac ducī reconciliāvit. {15} + + Eōdem bellō Pompēius partēs Sullae secūtus ita sē gessit ut ab + eō māximē dīligerētur. Annōs trēs et vīgintī nātus, ut Sullae + auxiliō venīret, paternī exercitūs reliquiās conlēgit, statimque + dux perītus exstitit.[1] Māgnus illīus apud mīlitem amor, māgna + apud omnēs admīrātiō fuit; nūllus eī[2] labor taediō,[2] nūlla + dēfatīgātiō {20} + molestiae[2] erat. Cibī[3] vīnīque[3] temperāns, somnī parcus[4]; + inter mīlitēs corpus exercēns cum alacribus saltū,[5] cum vēlōcibus + cursū,[5] cum validīs luctandō[5] certābat. Tum ad Sullam iter + intendit et in eō itinere trēs hostium exercitūs aut fūdit aut sibi + adiūnxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad sē accēdere audīvit ēgregiamque {25} + sub sīgnīs iuventūtem āspexit, dēsiliit ex equō Pompēiumque + salūtāvit imperātōrem et posteā eī[6] venientī solēbat sellā + adsurgere et caput aperīre et equō dēscendere, quem honōrem nēminī + nisi Pompēiō tribuēbat. + + Posteā Pompēius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam ā Carbōne, {30} + Sullae inimīcō, occupātam reciperet. Carbō comprehēnsus et ad + Pompēium ductus est: quem Pompēius, etsi Carbō[7] muliebriter + mortem extimēscēns dēmissē et flēbiliter mortem dēprecābātur, + ad supplicium dūcī iussit. Longē moderātior fuit Pompēius ergā + Sthenium, Siciliae cūiusdam cīvitātis prīncipem. Cum enim in {35} + eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset, quae[8] sibi adversāta + fuisset, inīquē eum factūrum Sthenius exclāmāvit,[9] sī ob ūnīus + culpam omnēs pūnīret. Interrogantī Pompēiō quisnam ille ūnus + esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “quī cīvēs meōs ad id indūxī.” + [[82]] + Tam līberā vōce dēlectātus Pompēius omnibus et Stheniō ipsī {40} + pepercit.[1] + + Trānsgressus inde in Āfricam Iarbam, Numidiae rēgem, quī + Mariī partibus favēbat, bellō persecūtus intrā diēs quadrāgintā + oppressit et Āfricam subēgit adulēscēns[2] quattuor et vīgintī + annōrum. Deinde cum litterae eī ā Sullā redditae essent, quibus {45} + exercitū[3] dīmissō cum ūnā legiōne successōrem exspectāre + iubēbātur, Pompēius, quamquam aegrē id ferēbat, tamen pāruit et + Rōmam revertit. Revertentī incrēdibilis hominum multitūdō + obviam īvit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excēpit et Māgnī + cōgnōmine cōnsalūtāvit. Nihilō minus Pompēiō triumphum petentī {50} + restitit: neque vērō eā rē ā prōpositō dēterritus est Pompēius + aususque[4] dīcere plūrēs adōrāre sōlem orientem quam occidentem: + quō dictō innuēbat Sullae potentiam minuī, suam crēscere. + Eā vōce audītā Sulla, cōnfīdentiā adulēscentis perculsus,[5] + “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclāmāvit. {55} + + Metellō[6] iam senī[7] et bellum in Hispāniā sēgnius gerentī + conlēga datus Pompēius adversus Sertōrium variō ēventū dīmicāvit. + Māximum ibi in proeliō quōdam perīculum subiit: cum enim vir + vāstā corporis māgnitūdine impetum in eum fēcisset, Pompēius + manum amputāvit; sed multīs[8] in eum concurrentibus vulnus in {60} + femore accēpit et ā suīs fugientibus dēsertus in[9] hostium potestāte + erat. At praeter spem ēvāsit: barbarī enim equum ēius aurō + phalerīsque eximiīs īnstrūctum cēperant. Dum igitur praedam + inter sē altercantēs[10] partiuntur, Pompēius eōrum manūs effūgit. + Alterō proeliō cum Metellus Pompēiō labōrantī auxiliō vēnisset, {65} + Sertōrius recēdere coāctus dīxisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa + [[83]] + supervēnisset,[1] ego hunc puerum verberibus castīgātum Rōmam + dīmīsissem.”[1] Metellum anum appellābat, quia is, iam senex,[2] ad + mollem et effēminātam vītam dēflexerat. Sertōriō interfectō + Pompēius Hispāniam recēpit. {70} + + [Sidenote: B.C. 67.] + + Cum[3] pīrātae illā tempestāte + maria omnia īnfēstārent[3] et quāsdam + etiam Ītaliae urbēs dīripuissent,[3] + ad eōs opprimendōs + cum imperiō extraōrdināriō {75} + missus est Pompēius. Nimiae + virī potentiae obsistēbant quīdam + ex optimātibus et imprīmīs Quīntus Catulus. Quī cum in cōntiōne + dīxisset esse quidem[4] praeclārum virum Cn. Pompēium, sed[4] nōn + esse ūnī omnia tribuenda, adiēcissetque: “Sī quid huīc acciderit, + quem in ēius locum substituētis?” summō cōnsēnsū succlāmāvit {81} + ūniversa cōntiō, “Tē, Quīnte Catule.” Tam honōrificō cīvium + tēstimōniō victus Catulus ē cōntiōne discessit. Pompēius, + dispositīs[5] per omnēs maris recessūs nāvibus, brevī terrārum orbem + illā pēste līberāvit; praedōnēs multīs locīs victōs fūdit; eōsdem + in dēditiōnem acceptōs in urbibus et agrīs procul ā marī {86} + conlocāvit. Nihil hāc victōriā celerius, nam intrā quadrāgēsimum + diem pīrātās tōtō marī expulit. + + [Illustration: NĀVIS PĪRĀTA] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 66.] + + Cōnfectō bellō pīrāticō, Gnaeus Pompēius contrā Mithridātem + profectus in Asiam māgnā celeritāte contendit. Proelium {90} + cum rēge cōnserere cupiēbat, neque[6] opportūna dabātur + pūgnandī facultās, quia Mithridātēs interdiū castrīs sē continēbat, + noctū vērō haud tūtum erat congredī cum hoste in locīs īgnōtīs. + Nocte tamen aliquandō cum Pompēius Mithridātem aggressus + esset, lūna māgnō fuit Rōmānīs adiūmentō. Quam cum Rōmānī {95} + [[84]] + ā[1] tergō habērent, umbrae corporum longius prōiectae ad prīmōs + ūsque hostium ōrdinēs pertinēbant, unde dēceptī rēgiī mīlitēs in + umbrās, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tēla mittēbant. Victus + Mithridātēs in Pontum profūgit. Pharnacēs fīlius bellum eī {99} + intulit, quī, occīsīs ā patre frātribus, vītae suae ipse timēbat. + Mithridātēs ā fīliō obsessus[2] venēnum sūmpsit; quod cum tardius + subīret, quia adversus venēna multīs anteā medicāmentīs corpus + fīrmāverat, ā mīlite Gallō, ā[3] quō ut adiuvāret sē petierat, + interfectus est. + + [Illustration: DIADĒMA] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 63.] + + Tigrānī deinde, Armeniae rēgī, quī Mithridātis partēs secūtus {105} + erat, Pompēius bellum intulit eumque ad dēditiōnem compulit. + Quī cum prōcubuisset ad genua Pompēī, eum + ērēxit,[4] et benīgnīs verbīs recreātum diadēma, + quod abiēcerat, capitī repōnere iussit, aequē[5] + pulchrum esse iūdicāns et vincere rēgēs et {110} + facere. Inde in Iūdaeam profectus Rōmānōrum + prīmus[6] Iūdaeōs domuit, Hierosolyma, + caput gentis, cēpit, templumque iūre[7] + victōriae ingressus est. Rēbus Asiae {114} + compositīs, in Italiam versus[8] ad urbem[9] vēnit, nōn, ut plērīque + timuerant, armātus, sed dīmissō exercitū, et tertium triumphum + bīduō[10] dūxit. Īnsīgnis fuit multīs novīs inūsitātīsque ōrnāmentīs + hīc triumphus; sed nihil inlūstrius vīsum, quam quod[11] tribus + triumphīs trēs orbis partēs dēvictae causam praebuerant: Pompēius + [[85]] + enim, quod[1] anteā contigerat nēminī, prīmum ex Āfricā, {120} + iterum ex Eurōpā, tertiō ex Asiā triumphāvit, fēlīx opīniōne + hominum futūrus, sī, quem[2] glōriae, eundem vītae fīnem habuisset + neque adversam fortūnam esset expertus iam senex. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 49.] + + Posteriōre enim tempore ortā inter Pompēium et Caesarem[3] + gravī dissēnsiōne, quod[4] hīc[5] superiōrem, ille[5] parem ferre + nōn posset, bellum cīvīle exārsit. Caesar īnfēstō[6] exercitū {126} + in Ītaliam vēnit. Pompēius, relīctā urbe ac deinde Ītaliā ipsā, + Thessaliam petit et cum eō cōnsulēs senātusque omnis: quem + īnsecūtus Caesar apud Pharsālum aciē fūdit. Victus Pompēius + ad Ptolemaeum, Aegyptī rēgem, cuī tūtor ā senātū datus erat, {130} + profūgit, quī Pompēium interficī iussit. Latus Pompēī sub oculīs + uxōris et līberōrum mūcrōne cōnfossum est, caput praecīsum, + truncus in Nīlum coniectus. Deinde caput cum ānulō ad Caesarem + dēlātum est, quī eō vīsō lacrimās nōn continēns illud + multīs pretiōsissimīsque odōribus cremandum cūrāvit. {135} + + Is fuit Pompēī post trēs cōnsulātūs et totidem triumphōs vītae + exitus. Erant in Pompēiō multae et māgnae virtūtēs ac praecipuē + admīranda frūgālitās. Cum eī aegrōtantī praecēpisset + medicus ut turdum ederet, negārent autem[7] servī eam avem + ūsquam aestīvō tempore posse reperīrī, nisi apud Lūcullum, quī {140} + turdōs domī sagīnāret, vetuit Pompēius turdum inde petī, medicōque + dīxit: “Ergō,[8] nisi Lūcullus perditus dēliciīs esset, nōn + vīveret Pompēius?” Aliam avem, quae parābilis esset, sibi iussit + appōnī. + + [[86]] + Virīs[1] doctīs māgnum honōrem habēbat Pompēius. Ex Syriā {145} + dēcēdēns, cōnfectō bellō Mithridāticō, cum Rhodum vēnisset, + Posīdōnium cupiit audīre[2]; sed cum audīvisset eum graviter esse + aegrum, quod[3] vehementer ēius artūs labōrārent, voluit tamen + nōbilissimum philosophum vīsere. Mōs erat ut, cōnsule[4] aedēs {149} + aliquās ingressūrō, līctor forēs percuteret,[5] admonēns cōnsulem + adesse, at Pompēius forēs Posīdōniī percutī honōris causā vetuit. + Quem ut vīdit et salūtāvit, molestē sē dīxit ferre, quod eum nōn + posset audīre. At ille “Tū vērō” inquit “potes, nec committam + ut dolor corporis efficiat[5] ut frūstrā tantus vir ad mē vēnerit.[5]” + Itaque cubāns graviter et cōpiōsē dē hōc ipsō disputāvit: nihil {155} + esse[6] bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum dīcī posse, + quod turpe nōn esset. Cum vērō dolōrēs ācriter eum pungerent, + saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! quamvīs[7] sīs molestus, numquam + tē esse malum cōnfitēbor.” + + [Footnotes: XXVI (pages 80-86) + + 80.3: See Vocab., _Pompēius_. + 80.4: The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See + selections XXIV and XXV. + 80.5: Cf. _iuvenī_, l. 7. We should say ‘the younger.’ He was at + this time but nineteen years of age. + 80.6: #hunc . . . suscēpit#: ‘undertook to kill him.’ How + literally? For #occīdendum#, see p. 2, n. 18. + 80.7: #dum#, though meaning ‘while’ (cf. p. xx, G 2), takes the + subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. Terenti + said: _fīlium . . . suscipiam dum aliī incenditis_. + 80.8: #solitō hilarius#: ‘with (even) more gaiety than usual.’ + #solitō# is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used. + For its case, see p. 10, n. 18. + 80.9: #quā anteā#: sc. _ūsus erat_. + 80.10: _percutiō_. + 81.1: ‘proved himself.’ + 81.2: See p. 25, n. 6. + 81.3: objective gen. (p. 14, n. 15) with the part. #temperāns#, + which here = a simple adj. So #somnī# is obj. gen. with #parcus#. + 81.4: Sc. _erat_. + 81.5: abl. of specification. + 81.6: #eī venientī#: ‘(as a mark of respect) to him when + approaching.’ #eī# is a dat. of advantage with #adsurgere#. + 81.7: After #quem#, whose antecedent is #Carbō#, l. 31, this word + might have been omitted without loss of clearness. In fact, such + omission is the more usual construction. + 81.8: #quae . . . fuisset#: causal. Note that in forming the + pluperfect subjunctive certain writers often use _fuisset_ for + _esset_. + 81.9: What were the exact words of Sthenius? + 82.1: _parcō_. + 82.2: ‘(being then) a young man.’ Cf. p. 44, n. 12. + 82.3: #exercitū dīmissō . . . exspectāre# = _exercitum dīmittere + et . . . exspectāre_. + 82.4: Cf. p. 13, n. 12. + 82.5: _percellō_. + 82.6: Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C. + 82.7: #senī#: ‘because he was old.’ + 82.8: #multīs . . . concurrentibus#: the abl. abs. here denotes + both time and cause; see p. xxiii, K 6. The prefix in + #concurrentibus# conveys the idea of ‘from every side.’ + 82.9: #in . . . erat# = _ab hostibus captus est_. + 82.10: #altercantēs partiuntur#: lit., ‘wrangling they divided’ = + ‘they wrangled about the division.’ + 83.1: Why subjunctive? + 83.2: ‘_though_ already old.’ The thought is that luxury and + effeminacy are especially unbecoming to old age. + 83.3: See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense + in #dīripuissent#? + 83.4: Cf. p. 10, n. 10. + 83.5: See p. xxiii, K 10. + 83.6: #neque . . . facultās#: ‘but no opportunity,’ etc. + 84.1: #ā tergō#: ‘in the rear.’ See p. 11, n. 10. + 84.2: _obsideō_. + 84.3: #ā quō . . . petierat#: ‘whom he had asked to help him.’ How + literally? #ut adiuvāret sē# is a substantive clause of purpose + and object of _petierat_. See p. 7, n. 20. + 84.4: _ērigō_. + 84.5: #aequē . . . facere#: lit., ‘because he thought it an + equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.’ The + expression is somewhat careless. We would say: ‘as glorious to + create kings as to conquer them.’ #aequē pulchrum# is predicate, + #et vincere . . . et facere# subject to #esse#. + 84.6: #prīmus . . . domuit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1. + 84.7: #iūre victōriae#: ‘by right of (i.e. on the strength of) his + victory.’ + 84.8: ‘turning’; lit., ‘having turned himself.’ Cf. n. on + _cingitur_, XIII, l. 29. + 84.9: ‘the City,’ i.e. Rome. + 84.10: Cf. p. xvii, D 1. + 84.11: #quod . . . praebuerant#: ‘the fact that the conquest of + (the) three parts,’ etc. Cf. p. 5, n. 15, and p. xxiv, L 4. + 85.1: ‘something which’; its antecedent is the clause #prīmum + . . . triumphāvit# below. + 85.2: With #quem glōriae#, sc. _fīnem habuit_. + 85.3: The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection. + 85.4: #quod . . . posset#: ‘because (as men said) the one,’ etc. + For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H 4. + 85.5: #hīc . . . ille#: ‘the one (Caesar) . . . the other + (Pompey).’ + 85.6: #īnfēstō exercitū#: abl. of accompaniment: H 474, 2, N. 1 + (419, III, 1, 1): M 634: A 243, _a_, N.: G 392, R. 1: B 222, 1. + 85.7: #autem# contrasts #negārent# with #praecēpisset#. There is a + contrast also between #servī# and #medicus#. + 85.8: #Ergō . . . Pompēius#? The force of this sentence can be + given only by a free rendering, thus: ‘Shall it be said, then, + that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by + his luxury?’ + 86.1: #Virīs . . . habēbat#: ‘he highly honored learned men.’ + 86.2: _audiō_, like our ‘hear,’ is often used of listening to + lectures or to teachers. + 86.3: #quod . . . labōrārent#: i.e. because he had the gout. + 86.4: #cōnsule . . . ingressūrō#: ‘whenever the consul,’ etc.; + a temporal abl. abs. + 86.5: Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see p. xix, + F 3. + 86.6: infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in + apposition to #hōc#. This use of the infin. is common. + 86.7: #quamvīs sīs#: concessive subjunctive: H 586, II (515, III): + M 875: A 313, _a_: G 606: B 308.] + + +#XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar# [[stripped text]] + +C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens +sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem; +cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit +compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar +bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe +elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per +singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae +liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo +per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam, +cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu +denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem +proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere +cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent, +exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse. + +Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica +donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium +Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc +dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope +quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis +pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad +expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta +piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus +numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs +proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum +locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem +mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo +supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique +suffixit. + +Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes transiret +et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se +disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar +malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus +a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos +Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus: + + Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia + Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas. + +Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud +Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus +ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate, +qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo +efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe. + +Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus. +Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit: +quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His +autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse +diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil. + +Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et +Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod +displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi +divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit. +Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum +commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus +effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro +expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus +Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad +arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia +signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, ‘consulibus Caesare et +Bibulo’ actum scriberent, sed ‘Iulio et Caesare,’ unum consulem nomine +et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. + +Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem +annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam +redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte +fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos, +ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa +Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium ipsius +Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu scuto +in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis +aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus comprehensum in +contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens “Quorsum tu” +inquit “abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus.” Qua adhortatione omnium +legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit. + +Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris +filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim +aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari +Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem. +Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello +discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum +consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum +ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et +bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis +erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans +quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredi +possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.” +Postremo autem “Iacta alea esto!” exclamans exercitum traici iussit +plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius +consulesque confugerant. + +Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio, +Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit; +copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas +arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim +impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto +capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat, +in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore +trepidante, “Quid times?” inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius +gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus +esset fluctibus. + +Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, et +fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii +interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit; +quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, +rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu +diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie, +more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit. +Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam +visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: “Veni, +vidi, vici.” Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias +Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit. + +Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod +Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile +conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudinem +sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam +comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo +initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo +consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans fortunam, quod se +in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non +recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi +essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius +victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem +omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquies triumphavit. + +Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae +statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut +trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense +sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime +ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio +movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue +sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo +ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius +civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima +quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas +Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas +paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque: +Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre +per Armeniam. + +Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in +perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem +sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit. +Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus +conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema, +insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus +videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio +et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in +senatu confodere. + +Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor +Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret +orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi +fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar +Spurinnae “Ecquid scis” inquit “Idus Martias iam venisse?” et is “Ecquid +scis illas nondum praeterisse?” Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum +venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque +unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque +umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem “Ista quidem vis est!” Casca, +unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae +bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere +tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, +toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum +Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse +fertur: “Tu quoque, mi fili!” + +Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia +obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima +valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis +genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in +sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus, +repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio +quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes +alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet +eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt. + +Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis +est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; cum enim +scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui +videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere +noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum +darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci +soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens +deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se +epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam +non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione +consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat. + +Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque +oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe +obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus +decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut +usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini +parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est +unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse. +Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in +agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu +sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate +conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur +flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat. + + + #XXVII. Gāius Iūlius Caesar# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: CAESAR] + + C. Iūlius Caesar,[8] nōbilissimā Iūliōrum genitus + familiā,[9] annum agēns sextum et decimum patrem + āmīsit. Cornēliam, Cinnae[10] fīliam, dūxit uxōrem; + cūius pater cum esset Sullae inimīcissimus, is[11] + Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiāret; {5} + neque[12] id potuit efficere. Quā rē Caesar bonīs + spoliātus cum etiam ad necem quaererētur, mūtātā + veste nocte urbe ēlāpsus[13] est et quamquam tunc + [[87]] + quārtānae[1] morbō labōrābat, prope[2] per singulās noctēs latebrās + commūtāre cōgēbātur; et comprehēnsus ā Sullae lībērtō, nē[3] ad {10} + Sullam perdūcerētur, vix datā[4] pecūniā ēvāsit. Postrēmō per + propinquōs et adfīnēs suōs veniam impetrāvit. Satis cōnstat + Sullam, cum dēprecantibus[5] amīcissimīs et ōrnātissimīs virīs + aliquamdiū dēnegāsset atque illī pertināciter contenderent, + expūgnātum tandem prōclāmāsse, vincerent,[6] dummodo scīrent[7] eum, + quem incolumem tantō opere cuperent, aliquandō optimātium {16} + partibus, quās sēcum simul dēfendissent, exitiō futūrum; nam + Caesarī multōs Mariōs inesse. + + Stīpendia prīma in Asiā fēcit. In expūgnātiōne Mitylēnārum + corōnā cīvicā dōnātus est. Mortuō Sullā, Rhodum sēcēdere {20} + statuit, ut per otium Apollōniō Molōnī, tunc clārissimō dīcendī[8] + magistrō, operam daret. Hūc dum trāicit, ā praedōnibus captus + est mānsitque apud eōs prope quadrāgintā diēs. Per omne autem + illud spatium ita sē gessit, ut pīrātīs pariter terrōrī venerātiōnīque + esset. Comitēs interim servōsque ad expediendās pecūniās, quibus {25} + redimerētur, dīmīsit. Vīgintī talenta pīrātae pōstulāverant: ille + quīnquāgintā datūrum sē spopondit. Quibus numerātīs cum {27} + expositus esset in lītore, cōnfēstim Mīlētum, quae urbs proximē[9] + aberat, properāvit ibique contrāctā classe invectus in eum locum, + in quō ipsī praedōnēs erant, partem classis fugāvit, partem mersit, + aliquot nāvēs cēpit pīrātāsque in potestātem redāctōs eō suppliciō, + quod illīs saepe minātus inter iocum erat, adfēcit crucīque suffīxit. + + [[88]] + Quaestōrī ūlterior[1] Hispānia obvēnit. Quō profectus cum Alpēs + trānsīret et ad cōnspectum pauperis cūiusdam vīcī comitēs per {35} + iocum inter sē disputārent num illīc[2] etiam esset ambitiōnī locus, + sēriō dīxit Caesar mālle sē ibi prīmum esse, quam Rōmae secundum. + Dominātiōnis avidus[3] ā prīmā aetāte rēgnum concupīscēbat + semperque in ōre habēbat hōs Eurīpidis, Graecī poētae, versūs: + + Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā {40} + Violandum est. Aliīs[4] rēbus pietātem colās.[5] + + Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversā + apud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuit + et quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile + āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārum {45} + subēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmum + māiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe. + + Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvit + porticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque[6] et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō + et sēparātim ēdidit: quō[7] factum est ut commūnium quoque {50} + impēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōnium + effūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi[8] opus + esse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 60.] + + Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem[9] cum Gnaeō + Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur in {55} + rē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgem + [[89]] + tulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātus + repūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forum + vēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut + in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eī {60} + frangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rē + cum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret, + ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitrium + administrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī[1] quid tēstandī grātiā + sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus[2] Caesare et {65} + Bibulō’ āctum[3] scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulem + nōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs. + + Fūnctus[4] cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. Gessit + autem novem[5] annīs, quibus[5] in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam + in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnum {70} + incolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīs + adfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā, + superātīsque[6] pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc[7] cum[8] multa + Rōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum[8] illud[9] ēgregium ipsīus + Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manū + scūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliō {76} + proeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam[10] conversum + faucibus comprehēnsum[11] in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramque + [[90]] + ad hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt, + cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnum {80} + trepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 53.] + + [Sidenote: B.C. 49.] + + Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā, + Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiam + tenēbat,[1] statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō + sūspectae[2] Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās gravis, {85} + nec hīc[3] ferēbat parem, nec ille[3] superiōrem. Itaque cum + Caesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet, + pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,[4] alterum cōnsulātum + petere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī + est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus[5] in Ītaliam rediit et {90} + bellandum[6] ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī[7] + prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulum + cōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus ad + proximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum + trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem {95} + “Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsque + urbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsque + cōnfūgerant. + + Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā {99} + Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter[8] oppositās classēs gravissimā hieme + trānsmīsit; cōpiīsque[9] quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus, + cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinus + [[91]] + ēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clam + nāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam + mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinus {105} + dīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?” + inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius[1] gubernātōrem cēdere + adversae tempestātī passus est, quam[1] paene obrutus esset[1] + fluctibus. + + [Sidenote: B.C. 48.] + + Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicō {110} + proeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit, + Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoque + īnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontum + trānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et {114} + multiplicī successū[2] praeferōcem intrā[3] quīntum ab adventū diem, + quattuor, quibus[4] in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs[4] ūnā prōflīgāvit + aciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit, + abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris ante + victum hostem esse quam vīsum.[5] Ponticō[6] posteā triumphō + trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” Deinde {120} + Scīpiōnem[7] et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārum + partium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.[8] + + Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit Hispāniēnse, + quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī[9] fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus, + ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs[10] {125} + paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium[11] ex tōtō orbe + cōnfluentibus. + [[92]] + Sua[1] Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sed + nūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium, + adeō ut, plūs[2] quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque + ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē in {130} + eum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōn + recessūrum; proinde vidērent,[3] quem[4] et quō locō imperātōrem + dēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est. + Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, + regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvit + et quīnquiēs triumphāvit. {136} + + Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reī + pūblicae statum fāstōs[5] corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlis + accommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset + et, intercalāriō[5] mēnse sublātō, ūnus diēs quārtō quōque[6] annō + intercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit. {141} + Repetundārum[7] convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. Peregrīnārum + mercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem[8] praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit. + Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque + imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūs {145} + cīvīle ad certum modum redigere[9] atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiā + [[93]] + optima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs; + bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās[1] māximās posset, pūblicāre; + siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī + dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant, {150} + coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam. + + Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātor + enim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum ad + sē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, {154} + īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,[2] Caesaris in omnibus bellīs + comes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā sedentis + prō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eō + est repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum in + eum est ā[3] sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus {159} + cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere. + + [Sidenote: March 15, B.C. 44.] + + Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. Uxor + Calpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteret + ōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat[4] ut proximōs diēs + trīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae. + Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “Īdūs {165} + Mārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?” + Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentem + cōnspīrātī speciē[5] officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasi + aliquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque[6] ab[7] utrōque + umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidem {170} + vīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum[8] vulnerat paulum + [[94]] + īnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcit + cōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein ut + animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,[1] togā caput + obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. Cum {175} + Mārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset, + dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!” + + [Illustration: THE DEATH OF CAESAR] + + Illud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene ex + sententiā obtigisse.[2] Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem + lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūnere {180} + suō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque + [[95]] + optāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō super + cēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnum + inopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō + quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā[1] morte dēfūnctus est. {185} + Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, pars + proeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem violāverant, + interēmērunt. + + Quō[2] rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, hōc + laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī[3] {190} + clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārum + ad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī[4] vidēbantur aut in dīversīs + aut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē[5] + forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc {194} + laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisi + iniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit. + Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sē + epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius[6] versiculīs fāmam suam + lacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor + in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sē {200} + ōrātiōnēs sciēbat. + + Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,[7] ōre[7] paulō[8] plēniōre, nigrīs + vegetīsque oculīs,[7] capite[7] calvō; quam calvitiī dēfōrmitātem, + quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō + ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn alium {205} + aut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae[9] perpetuō + [[96]] + gestandae. Vīnī[1] parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidem + negāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesarem + ad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et + equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgmine {210} + nōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seu + sōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritāte + cōnficiēbat, ut[2] persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eum + morābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus + trāiciēbat. {215} + + [Footnotes: XXVII (pages 86-96) + + 86.8: See Vocab., _Iūlius_. + 86.9: ablative of source. + 86.10: Cf. p. 73, n. 1. + 86.11: i.e. Sulla. + 86.12: #neque potuit#: ‘_but_ he was not able.’ + 86.13: _ēlābor_. + 87.1: #quārtānae# (sc. _febris_) #. . . labōrābat#: ‘he was + suffering from intermittent fever.’ #morbō# is abl. of cause. + 87.2: #prope . . . noctēs#: ‘almost every night.’ + 87.3: #nē . . . ēvāsit#: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped + being surrendered to Sulla.’ #nē . . . perdūcerētur# expresses the + purpose of #datā pecūniā#. + 87.4: Cf. p. xxiii, K 8. + 87.5: = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, L 1): ‘who pleaded (for + Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’ + 87.6: For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said: _Vincite, + dummodo sciātis_, etc. Translate #prōclāmāsse . . . scīrent# thus: + ‘cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to + (lit. provided they) realize.’ + 87.7: See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310. + 87.8: ‘oratory.’ + 87.9: _prope abesse_ = ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom. + 88.1: See Vocab., _Hispānia_. + 88.2: i.e. even in so insignificant a place. + 88.3: = _quod avidus erat_. + 88.4: #aliīs rēbus#: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For + the case, see p. 27, n. 3. + 88.5: The subjunctive here = an imperative: see p. 31, n. 9. Note + also that #colās# is an example of the indefinite or universal + second person, since the command is addressed, not to any + particular individual, but to any one and every one. + 88.6: #lūdōs ēdidit#: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence + of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their + chance of promotion to the higher offices. + 88.7: ‘whereby’; abl. of means. + 88.8: #sibi . . . sēstertium#: with #mīlliēs# sc. _centēna mīlia_, + and take #sēstertium# as gen. plural from _sēstertius_, and + dependent on _mīlia_. Translate: ‘that he needed 100,000,000 + sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., _sēstertius_. + 88.9: #societātem . . . iūnxit#: this combination is called ‘The + First Triumvirate.’ + 89.1: #sī . . . sīgnārent#: an instance of the iterative + subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ‘whenever they affixed their seals as + witnesses.’ + 89.2: #cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō#: for this way of dating events, + see XIV, 1. + 89.3: Sc. _esse_. + 89.4: #fūnctus# (_fungor_) = _postquam fūnctus est_. + 89.5: Cf. p. xvii, C 2. + 89.6: Sc. _eīs_, as dat. of indirect object with #imperāvit#. + Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great + Britain. + 89.7: = _Hōc tempore_, i.e. during this campaign. The language of + this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he + were going to say: _Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum + ēgregium fēcisse nārrant_, but changes the construction at #tum#. + 89.8: #cum . . . tum#: cf. p. 67, n. 7. + 89.9: #illud# is explained by the clause #quod . . . restituit#. + The episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as + here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of + Caesar’s _Gallic War_. Cf. also Longfellow’s _Courtship of Miles + Standish_, II. + 89.10: #iam conversum# = _quī iam conversus erat_. + 89.11: #comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit# = _comprehendit et . . . + dētrāxit_. + 90.1: ‘preserved.’ + 90.2: Sc. _erant_; also _erat_ with #gravis#. Through the + influence of #iam prīdem# both verbs have the force of Eng. + pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277, _b_: G 234: + B 260, 4. + 90.3: Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in #Caesaris . . . + superiōrem#. + 90.4: The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy + in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar + desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C. + 90.5: Cf. p. xviii, E 5. + 90.6: #bellandum# (sc. _esse_): an impersonal passive: ‘that war + was necessary.’ + 90.7: #quī . . . erat#: this river also formed the boundary + between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it + Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the + government. + 90.8: = _per_, ‘through the midst of.’ + 90.9: #cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus#: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because + his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc. + 91.1: Cf. p. xx, G 4. + 91.2: abl. both of cause and means. Join with #praeferōcem#. + 91.3: #intrā . . . vēnit#: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) + within four hours after he caught sight of him.’ + 91.4: See p. xvii, C 2. + 91.5: Strictly, we ought to have _ante victum esse quam vīsus + esset_, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. + Caesar said: _ante victus est quam vīsus_ (_est_). The infinitive + #vīsum# (_esse_) is due to attraction of the neighboring + infinitive #victum esse#. + 91.6: #Ponticō . . . triumphō#: i.e. the procession in which he + celebrated his victory in Pontus. #triumphō# is dat. with + #praetulit#. + 91.7: Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey. + 91.8: at Thapsus, 46 B.C. + 91.9: Cf. XXVI, 49. + 91.10: #auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus#: the abl. abs. denotes both + cause and attendant circumstance. + 91.11: = _eōrum quī sequēbantur_. Cf. _volentibus_, XIII, 97. + 92.1: ‘His own,’ i.e. his usual. + 92.2: #plūs . . . Mārte#: ‘since the battle was more than + doubtful.’ The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C. + 92.3: Cf. p. 63, n. 5. + 92.4: = _quālem_. So #quō# = _quālī_. + 92.5: #fāstōs corrēxit#: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa + divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the + moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to + make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong, + Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a _mēnsis + intercalāris_, should be added. These intercalary months were + inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23 + days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4 + days. A further cause of confusion was the fact that the + Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political + reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the error + amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is + almost identical with that in use to-day. + 92.6: from _quisque_: ‘each,’ ‘every.’ + 92.7: Sc. _rērum_. _rēs repetundae_ was a technical term for + ‘extortion.’ For the gen., see p. 36, n. 8. + 92.8: A _lēx sumptuāria_ was a law regulating the sums of money + which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted + especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets. + 92.9: The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the + clauses in which they stand are in apposition to _plūra ac + māiōra_, l. 144. See p. 86, n. 5. + 93.1: #quās . . . pūblicāre#: ‘to throw open to the public as + large libraries as possible.’ + 93.2: The celebrated Mark Antony. + 93.3: #ā . . . virīs#: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case of + #virīs#, see p. 10, n. 18. + 93.4: ‘had warned him,’ _not_ ‘had predicted’: hence it may be + construed with a substantive clause of purpose (#ut . . . + cavēret#) as its object. + 93.5: #speciē officiī#: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf. + _per speciem vēnandī_, XIX, 60. + 93.6: Sc. _eī_: dat. of interest. + 93.7: ‘by’; cf. p. 11, n. 10. + 93.8: #adversum# (sc. _eum_) #vulnerat#: ‘wounds him in front.’ + The wound was in the shoulder. For #adversum# as = an adverbial + phrase, cf. p. 4, n. 4. + 94.1: ‘assailed.’ + 94.2: _obtingō_. + 95.1: #suā morte#: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner. + 95.2: #Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis#: ‘The rarer . . . the + more praiseworthy.’ #Quō# and #hōc# are ablative of the degree of + difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf. p. 39, n. 12. + 95.3: i.e. over his fellow-citizens. + 95.4: #quī . . . partibus#: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. + How literally? With #dīversīs# sc. _Pompēiō_. + 95.5: #nē . . . darent#: ‘that they might not by any chance give + occasion to vigorous measures,’ etc. + 95.6: #cūius . . . īgnōrābat#: ‘by whose verses, as he very well + knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.’ + 95.7: ablatives of characteristic. + 95.8: #paulō plēniōre#: ‘somewhat full.’ + 95.9: Sc. _corōnae_, and cf. the frequent omission of _manus_ with + _dextra_ and _sinistra_. + 96.1: #Vīnī parcissimum#: cf. _Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī + parcus_, XXVI, 21, and note. + 96.2: #ut . . . praevenīret# expresses result, not purpose.] + + +#XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero# [[stripped text]] + +Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum +oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam +habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. +Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, “Dabo operam” inquit “ut +istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat.” Cum a patre +Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas +artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari, +tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum +admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad +alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas +adirent, reperti esse dicantur. + +Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse +intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium +incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro +et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque +diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus +Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob +Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo +defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum +in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus +Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose +audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum +rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem +audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude +privaretur. + +Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut +gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas, +initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; +postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores +quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia +reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum +patronos et esset et haberetur princeps. + +Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari +virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium, +incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit +secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit: +stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra manu, +neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles +erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti +mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra +manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis. +Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione +exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit. +Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit +etiam fortunam. + +Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. Hic +enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum +conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus +indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset, +coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem +incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo +imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules +incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit. +Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina, +incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad +exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed +socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. +A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma +inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam secutum +inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis +adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae +adversus Catilinam genuisse. + +Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Romam +petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus +docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando ceperat +locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium +cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset! +Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero +ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae +fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus eam. +“O dii immortales,” inquit “vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum +cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus +omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique +praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et +inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum +tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate illa +turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu.” + +Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod +cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in +publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset +armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem +fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius +edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius +domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus +fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare +coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. +Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit +iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica +pecunia restituta est. + +Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt +inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem +summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis +calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere +posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore +veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem, +fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur. + +Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi +inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in +villam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in +Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo +venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset, +taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam +“Moriar” inquit “in patria saepe servata.” Satis constat, adventantibus +percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad +dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua +cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti +caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad +Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum. + +Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat, +in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus +operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius +C. Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nec +indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque +rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil +agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias +posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum +temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scribendum: +atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut +doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re +publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae +et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium +praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, sed +etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni. + +Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae +staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, “Quis” inquit +“generum meum ad gladium adligavit?”--Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, quam +erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero +“Verum est,” inquit “nam hoc viginti annos audio.”--Caesar, altero +consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora septima in +reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent salutatum de +more, “Festinemus” inquit Cicero “priusquam abeat magistratu.” De eodem +Caninio scripsit Cicero: “Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto +suo consulatu somnum non viderit.” + + + #XXVIII. Mārcus Tullius Cicerō# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: CICERŌ] + + Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī, + quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēius + avīs[3] ūnus verrūcam[4] in extrēmō nāsō[5] sitam + habuit, ciceris[6] grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen + Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdam {5} + ut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam” + inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrum + nōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patre + Rōmam missus, ubi[7] celeberrimōrum magistrōrum + scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis ad {10} + hūmānitātem[8] solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cum + praeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut, + cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,[9] + nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent, + repertī esse dīcantur. {15} + + Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viam + mūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtō + [[97]] + animō in ēius studium incubuit,[1] in quō quidem ita versātus[2] est, + ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs[3] causās perōrārent,[4] + studiōsē sectārētur,[5] sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sē {20} + exercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem[6] adversus Sullānōs + ostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, ob + Chrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,[7] quī in ēius adversāriīs erat, potentiam + nēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō, + ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quō {25} + invidiam veritus[8] Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochum + philosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodum + sē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,[9] + magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset, + flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laude {30} + prīvārētur.[10] + + Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūra + aut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae[11] + difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in + urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem[12] + ēius expertī,[13] māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllī {36} + umquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīs + dīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs[14] et esset + et habērētur prīnceps. + + Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārī {40} + virtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.[15] Catilīnae proavum,[16] + M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert. + Stīpendia[17] + is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō[18] dextram {43} + manum perdidit: stīpendiīs[18] duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est: + ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque[19] posteā + [[98]] + stīpendiīs dēbilis[1] mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis[2] + vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō[3] nōn diē in + catēnīs[4] aut compedibus[5] cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā quater + pūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.[6] Dextram sibi + ferream fēcit eāque religātā[7] proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōne {50} + exēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliā + cēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre, + Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam. + + Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis[8] + scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiā {55} + multōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandī + cupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūs + repulsam[9] passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum cōnfodere, + cōnsulēs trucīdāre,[10] urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium + cōnstituerat. + Āctum[11] erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa coniūrātiō {60} + in[12] Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum alter[13] + indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū[14] oppressit. Cum Cicerō, + habitō senātū, in praesentem reum[15] perōrāsset, Catilīna, incendium + suum ruīnā[16] sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit + et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrus {65} + urbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī in + carcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium, + iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,[17] prāvō + cōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem, + ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus[18] + nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus {71} + Catilīnam genuisse.[19] + + [[99]] + Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīs + Rōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter + dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit; {75} + quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā[1] + tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera[2] repertus + est: pulcherrimā morte,[3] sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātus + populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō + ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriae {80} + servandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāsset + adversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectō + incendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōs + āvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad + salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meae {85} + clārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae. + Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantum + dare ingeniō meō, ut[4] dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illā + turbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.” + + Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis, {90} + quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā[5] causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,[6] + tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste[7] mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur. + Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbe + cēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī + flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut Mārcō {95} + Tulliō[8] īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et vīllās + incendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē populus + Rōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit et + māximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est. + [[100]] + Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit, {100} + accidit iūcundius. Obviam[1] eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est: domus + ēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est. + + Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortae + sunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs[2] nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse vidērētur. + Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur[3] ut eōs inter sē reconciliāret + et ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrum {106} + ad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est. + Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quō + interfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,[4] Antōnium + impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur. {110} + + Sed Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,[5] Cicerōnem iam + diū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs[6] + itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indeque + nāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns + in altum prōvectum cum modo[7] ventī adversī rettulissent, modo {115} + ipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium[8] tandem eum + et fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit + “in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus percussōribus, + servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum, + ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam[9] et quiētōs patī, quod {120} + sors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī[10] + ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem[11] praebentī[10] + caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae; + caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque + iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum. {125} + + [Illustration: LECTĪCA.] + + Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsa + commīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbat + [[101]] + Cicerō et plūs[1] operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō. + Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur, + nōn sē angōribus[2] dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus. + Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatque {131} + sē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cum + animus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās posse + dēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum + temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad scrībendum: + atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus[3] aliquid prōdesse[4] posset, {136} + ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevī + tempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stante + scrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae[5] et Latīnārum litterārum parēns {139} + ēvāsit[6] pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent nōn + sōlum ex[7] malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere[8] ex + hīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī. + + Multa exstant facētē[9] ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum[10] + suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum, + “Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”--Mātrōna {145} + quaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sē + trīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit + “nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”--Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuō + diē[11] Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā in + reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrent {150} + salūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeat + magistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā[12] + vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōn + vīderit.[13]” + + [Footnote: The following selections have been edited for rapid + reading or reading at sight:] + + [Footnotes: XXVIII (pages 96-101) + + 96.3: ‘ancestors.’ + 96.4: ‘wart.’ + 96.5: ‘nose’; cf. _nasal_. + 96.6: #ciceris grānō#: ‘a tiny chickpea.’ + 96.7: = _ut_. + 96.8: ‘culture.’ + 96.9: ‘had spread.’ + 97.1: ‘applied himself.’ + 97.2: ‘engaged.’ + 97.3: ‘courts.’ + 97.4: ‘pleaded.’ + 97.5: ‘followed,’ ‘courted’ (cf. _sequor_). + 97.6: ‘independence.’ + 97.7: ‘freedman.’ + 97.8: ‘fearing.’ + 97.9: ‘most eloquent.’ + 97.10: ‘was being deprived.’ + 97.11: #annōnae difficultās#: ‘a lack of corn.’ + 97.12: ‘courtesy.’ + 97.13: ‘having had proof of.’ + 97.14: ‘lawyers.’ + 97.15: ‘crushed.’ + 97.16: ‘great-grandfather.’ + 97.17: Cf. XXVII, 19. + 97.18: ‘campaign.’ + 97.19: #que# here = ‘but.’ + 98.1: ‘_though_ disabled.’ + 98.2: #bis . . . profugus# = _bis vincula ēius profūgit_. + 98.3: #nūllō nōn#: ‘every.’ + 98.4: ‘chains.’ + 98.5: ‘shackles.’ + 98.6: ‘slain’; lit., ‘stabbed from below.’ + 98.7: ‘fastened’ (to the stump of his arm). + 98.8: ‘great-grandson.’ + 98.9: ‘defeat’; a technical term of Roman politics. + 98.10: ‘butcher.’ + 98.11: #Āctum erat dē#: ‘it would have been all up with.’ + 98.12: #in . . . incidisset#: ‘happened in the days of.’ + 98.13: Cicero. + 98.14: ‘prowess.’ + 98.15: ‘culprit.’ + 98.16: ‘by a general downfall.’ + 98.17: ‘conspicuous’; lit., ‘shining.’ + 98.18: ‘having first said.’ + 98.19: from _gīgnō_, ‘to beget.’ + 99.1: ‘life.’ + 99.2: ‘corpses.’ + 99.3: Sc. _concidisset_. + 99.4: #ut . . . dīspexerim#: ‘(as to say) that I should have of my + own accord clearly perceived.’ + 99.5: #indictā causā#: ‘with their cause unpleaded,’ i.e. without + giving them a trial. + 99.6: ‘mourning.’ + 99.7: #veste mūtātā#: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which + was white, for darker robes of mourning. + 99.8: #Tulliō . . . interdīcerētur#: lit., ‘that a ban should be + laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,’ i.e. that he should + be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the + necessaries of life. + 100.1: #Obviam . . . est#: ‘all went to meet him.’ + 100.2: ‘trouble.’ + 100.3: ‘strove.’ + 100.4: ‘cherished,’ ‘supported.’ + 100.5: The reference is to the Second Triumvirate. + 100.6: #trānsversīs itineribus#: i.e. by out of the way paths. + 100.7: #modo . . . modo#: ‘now . . . now.’ + 100.8: ‘disgust.’ + 100.9: ‘litter,’ ‘sedan chair.’ + 100.10: ‘leaning out’; sc. _eī_, dat. of disadvantage with + #praecīsum est#. + 100.11: ‘neck.’ + 101.1: #plūs . . . scrībendō#: ‘he devoted more of his time to + practical affairs than to literature.’ + 101.2: ‘sorrow.’ + 101.3: #etiam ōtiōsus#: ‘even though at ease,’ i.e. not burdened + with official duties. #ōtiōsus# here, as often = _prīvātus_. + 101.4: ‘benefit.’ + 101.5: ‘eloquence.’ Sc. #Latīnae#, to be derived from #Latīnārum#. + 101.6: ‘became.’ + 101.7: #ex . . . oportēre#: we should say, ‘of two evils choose + the less.’ + 101.8: ‘extract’; lit., ‘pluck.’ + 101.9: ‘wittily.’ + 101.10: ‘son-in-law.’ + 101.11: On this day the consuls went out of office. + 101.12: ‘wondrous.’ + 101.13: causal subjunctive.] + + +#XXIX. Marcus Brutus# [[stripped text]] + +M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus, +Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae +partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo +graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod +iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati +posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam +factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et +regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus, +vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti statuae: +“Utinam viveres!” Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: “Brutus, quia reges +eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, postremo +rex factus est.” Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali: +“Dormis, Brute!” + +Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit. +Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia, +consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium quasi +unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se +vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare +eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia +“Non est” inquit “hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro +mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi +propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem +interemptura.” Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos +sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: “Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus +videri possem!” + +Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans +populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in +Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et +Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset, +audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus +transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum +tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum +iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque +interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus +in eum animadvertit, praefatus: “Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri +sepulturam commisissem?” Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio, +is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae +subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset, +quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris +exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere. + + + [[102]] + + #XXIX. Mārcus Brūtus# [[as printed]] + + [Illustration: BRŪTUS] + + M. Brūtus, ex illā gente, quae Rōmā Tarquiniōs + ēiēcerat, oriundus,[1] Athēnīs philosophiam, + Rhodī ēloquentiam didicit. Ēius pater, quī Sullae + partibus adversābātur, iussū Pompēī interfectus + erat, unde Brūtus cum eō gravēs gesserat[2] {5} + simultātēs. Bellō tamen cīvīlī Pompēī causam, + quod iūstior vidērētur, secūtus dolōrem suum reī + pūblicae ūtilitātī posthabuit. Victō Pompēiō + Brūtus ā Caesare servātus est et praetor etiam + factus. Posteā vērō, cum Caesar superbiā ēlātus senātum {10} + contemnere et rēgnum adfectāre[3] coepisset, populus, praesentī statū + haud laetus, vindicem[4] lībērtātis requīrēbat. Subscrīpsēre quīdam + L. Brūtī[5] statuae: “Utinam[6] vīverēs!” Item ipsīus Caesaris + statuae: “Brūtus, quia rēgēs ēiēcit, prīmus cōnsul factus {14} + est; hīc, quia cōnsulēs ēiēcit, postrēmō rēx factus est.” Īnscrīptum + quoque est M. Brūtī praetōris tribūnālī: “Dormīs,[7] Brūte!” + + Cōgnitā populī Rōmānī voluntāte, Brūtus adversus Caesarem + cōnspīrāvit. Prīdiē quam Caesar est occīsus, Porcia, Brūtī uxor, + Catōnis fīlia, cōnsiliī[8] cōnscia, ēgressō cubiculum[9] Brūtō, {19} + cultellum[10] tōnsōrium quasi unguium[11] resecandōrum causā popōscit + eōque velut forte ēlāpsō sē vulnerāvit. Clāmōre deinde ancillārum[12] + in cubiculum revocātus obiūrgāre[13] eam coepit, quod tōnsōris + praeripuisset officium. Cuī sēcrētō Porcia “Nōn est” inquit + “hōc temerārium[14] factum meum, sed in tālī statū nostrō meī + ergā tē amōris certissimum indicium. Experīrī enim voluī, sī[15] {25} + [[103]] + tibi prōpositum ex sententiā parum cessisset, quam aequō animō + mē ferrō essem interēmptūra.” Quibus verbīs audītīs Brūtus ad + caelum manūs et oculōs sustulisse dīcitur et exclāmāvisse: “Utinam + dīgnus tālī cōniuge marītus vidērī possem!” + + Interfectō Caesare, cum Antōnius vestem ēius sanguinolentam[1] {30} + ostentāns populum velutī furōre quōdam adversus coniūrātōs + īnflammāsset, Brūtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem + Philippōs adversus Antōnium et Octāviānum dīmicāvit. Victus + aciē, cum in tumulum[2] sē nocte recēpisset, audītā Cassiī morte, + nē in hostium manūs venīret, ūnī ex comitibus latus trānsfodiendum + praebuit. Antōnius Brūtī corpus lībertō suō sepeliendum[3] {36} + trādidit, quōque[4] honōrātius cremārētur, inicī eī suum + palūdāmentum[5] iussit, iacentem[6] nōn hostem, sed cīvem dēpositō + exīstimāns odiō. Cumque interceptum ā lībertō palūdāmentum + comperisset, īrā percitus[7] prōtinus in eum animadvertit, praefātus: + “Quid? tū īgnōrāstī cūius tibi virī sepultūram commīsissem?” {41} + Nōn eadem fuit Octāviānī ergā Brūtum moderātiō, is + enim āvulsum[8] Brūtī caput Rōmam mīsit, ut Gāī Caesaris + statuae subicerētur. Porcia cum victum et interēmptum virum suum + cōgnōvisset, quia ferrum nōn dabātur, ārdentēs ōre carbōnes[9] {45} + hausit, virīlem patris[10] exitum mulier[11] imitāta novō mortis + genere. + + [Footnotes: XXIX (pages 102-103) + + 102.1: = _ortus, nātus_. + 102.2: _simultātēs gerere_ = ‘to carry on a feud.’ + 102.3: ‘to aim at.’ + 102.4: ‘champion.’ + 102.5: The Brutus of selection IX. + 102.6: #Utinam vīverēs!# ‘O that you were yet alive.’ The + subjunctive here expresses a wish or prayer; cf. l. 29. + 102.7: ‘you’re fast asleep.’ + 102.8: #cōnsiliī cōnscia#: ‘who was aware of,’ etc. + 102.9: ‘sleeping-room.’ + 102.10: #cultellum tōnsōrium#: ‘a barber’s knife.’ + 102.11: ‘nails.’ + 102.12: ‘maids.’ + 102.13: ‘scold.’ + 102.14: ‘heedless,’ ‘random.’ + 102.15: #sī . . . cessisset#: ‘if your plan did not turn out + according to your expectations.’ Join with what follows. + 103.1: ‘bloody.’ + 103.2: ‘hill.’ + 103.3: _sepelīre_ = ‘to dispose of a body,’ whether by burial or + by cremation. + 103.4: #quōque# = ‘and in order that.’ + 103.5: ‘cloak.’ + 103.6: ‘the dead man.’ + 103.7: ‘thoroughly aroused.’ + 103.8: ‘torn (from the body).’ + 103.9: ‘coals.’ + 103.10: See Vocab., _Catō_. + 103.11: ‘woman though she was.’] + + +#XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus# [[stripped text]] + +Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens +patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus +Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis +vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem +regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque +veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae +obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus +rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis +inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem +transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur. +Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum +religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique +avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto, +qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito +quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat. + +Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero +non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media +dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris +subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio +gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad +urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum +deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto +sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: “Hic +faciet, si vos non feceritis.” + +Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem +fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae +per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque +inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit. +Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac +constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus, +proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem +notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum +persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem +suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis +occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit. + +Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione Salernitana +lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, negabant se +scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque +boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in medium +iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad +dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata +cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem +in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est. +“Quanti viri est” addit Seneca, “cum praemia proditionis ingentia +ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!” + +Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id +bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit; +quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se +gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia +saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam +istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita +rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum, +patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset +nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se +conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam +trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus +Martiis hostiarum more mactatos. + +Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore, +Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum +Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium +absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri +posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed +cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non +potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri +unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque +margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura, +margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam +absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt. + +Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali +proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et +Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in +ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset, +mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in +potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque +servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit. +Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. + +Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se +exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis. +Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in +Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis +Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae +fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc +omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis +otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati +sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis +eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis +esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu +detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis: +“Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod +deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae +finem mihi perferre liceat!” + +Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini +appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de +restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum +non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri, +summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status +paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et +sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit; +cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste +tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, “Hic vir,” inquit +“fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.” + +Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes excipiebat. +Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius +periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e +comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum +veteranus exclamavit: “At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco, +vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi,” simulque detexit +cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem. + +Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit ei +inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec +dicere: “Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!” Miratus Caesar officiosam avem +viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa +liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium +corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae +didicerat, expressit: “Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!” Nihil +exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum +contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit. + +Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem +salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem +dicere solebat “Opera et impensa periit!” Aliquando tamen corvus coepit +dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit: +“Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo.” Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et +illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: “Opera et +impensa periit.” Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam +ante emerat. + +Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum +aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen +rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta +exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille +inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde +cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem +crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se +plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu, +dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari +Graeculo iussit. + +Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena +satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: “Non putabam +me tibi esse tam familiarem.” Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam +cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem +Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e +manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petiturus quam +ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis +genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se +frangi iussit complerique piscinam. + +Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente +somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se +vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam +prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii. +Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium +existimans dicere ausus est: “Malo ut vivat,” et avem dimisit. +Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas: +hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum +abire passus est. + +Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit. +Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud +principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus, +quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos +capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium +turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum +frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: “Surge tandem, +carnifex!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim +surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus. + +Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu +conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et +aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro +veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque. +Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam +invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere, +quam latericiam accepisset. + +Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima. +Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam +incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut +legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet. + +Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem, +tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus caesis. +Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et +magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum +vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses +barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans: +“Quintili Vare, legiones redde!” diemque cladis quotannis maestum +habuerit ac lugubrem. + +Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium +animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito +speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus +ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam +clausulam: “Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite.” Obiit +Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens. + + + #XXX. Octāviānus Caesar Augustus# [[as printed]] + + Octāviānus, Iūliae, Gāī Caesaris sorōris, nepōs, quārtum annum + agēns patrem āmīsit. Ab avunculō adoptātus profectum eum in + Hispāniās[12] adversus Gnaeī Pompēī līberōs secūtus est. Deinde + ab eō Apollōniam missus studiīs[13] vacāvit. Utque prīmum occīsum + [[104]] + Caesarem hērēdemque sē comperit, in urbem regressus {5} + hērēditātem adiit, nōmen Caesaris sūmpsit conlēctōque veterānōrum + exercitū opem Decimō[1] Brūtō tulit, quī ab + Antōniō Mutinae obsidēbātur. Cum autem + urbis aditū prohibērētur, ut Brūtum dē omnibus + rēbus certiōrem faceret, prīmō lītterās {10} + mīsit plumbeīs[2] lāminīs īnscrīptās, quās ad + bracchium[3] religātās ūrīnātōrēs[4] Scultennam + amnem trānsnantēs[5] ad Brūtum dēferēbant. + Quīn et avibus internūntiīs ūtēbātur. Columbīs[6] + enim, quās inclūsās ante famē[7] adfēcerat, {15} + epistulās ad collum religābat eāsque ā proximō moenibus locō + ēmittēbat. Illae, lūcis cibīque avidae, altissima aedificiōrum + petentēs excipiēbantur ā Decimō Brūtō, quī eō modō dē omnibus + rēbus certior fīēbat, utique[8] postquam dispositō quibusdam locīs + cibō columbās illūc dēvolāre īnstituerat. {20} + + [Illustration: YOUNG AUGUSTUS] + + Bellum Mutinēnse Octāviānus duōbus proeliīs cōnfēcit, quōrum + in alterō nōn ducis modo, sed mīlitis etiam fūnctus est officiō + atque in mediā dīmicātiōne, aquiliferō legiōnis suae graviter + sauciō,[9] aquilam umerīs subīsse diūque fertur portāsse. Posteā + reconciliātā cum Antōniō grātiā[10]iūnctīsque cum eō cōpiīs, ut {25} + Gāī Caesaris necem ulcīscerētur, ad urbem hostīliter accessit + mīsitque quī nōmine exercitūs sibi cōnsulātum dēpōscerent. + Cunctante senātū centuriō, prīnceps lēgātiōnis, rēiectō sagulō,[11] + ostendēns gladiī capulum[12] nōn dubitāvit[13] in Cūriā dīcere: “Hīc + faciet, sī vōs nōn fēceritis.” {30} + + Ita cum Octāviānus vīcēsimō aetātis annō cōnsulātum invāsisset, + pācem fēcit cum Antōniō et Lepidō, ita ut triumvirī reī + [[105]] + pūblicae cōnstituendae per quīnquennium essent ipse et Lepidus + et Antōnius, et ut suōs quisque inimīcōs prōscrīberent. Quae + prōscrīptiō Sullānā longē crūdēlior fuit. Exstant autem ex eā {35} + multa vel extrēmae impietātis vel mīrae fideī āc cōnstantiae + exempla. T. Tōranius, triumvirōrum partēs secūtus, prōscrīptī + patris suī, praetōriī et ōrnātī virī, latebrās, aetātem notāsque[1] + corporis, quibus āgnōscī posset, centuriōnibus ēdidit, quī eum + persecūtī sunt. Alius quīdam cum prōscrīptum sē cōgnōvisset, {40} + ad clientem suum cōnfūgit; sed fīlius ēius per ipsa vēstīgia + patris mīlitibus ductīs occīdendum eum in cōnspectū suō obiēcit. + + Cum C. Plōtius Plancus ā triumvirīs prōscrīptus in regiōne + Salernitānā[2] latēret, servī ēius, comprehēnsī multumque āc diū + tortī,[3] negābant sē scīre ubi dominus esset. Nōn sustinuit deinde + Plancus tam fidēlēs tamque bonī exemplī servōs ulterius cruciārī; + sed prōcessit in medium iugulumque gladiīs mīlitum obiēcit. {47} + Senātōris cūiusdam servus cum ad dominum prōscrīptum occīdendum + mīlitēs advēnisse cōgnōsset, commūtātā cum eō veste, + permūtātō etiam ānulō, illum postīcō[4] clam ēmīsit, sē autem in {50} + cubiculum ad lectulum[5] recēpit et ut dominum occīdī passus est. + “Quantī[6] virī est” addit Seneca,[7] “cum praemia prōditiōnis + ingentia ostendantur, praemium fideī mortem concupīscere!” + + Octāviānus deinde M. Brūtum, interfectōrem Caesaris, bellō + persecūtus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplicī {55} + proeliō trānsēgit; quōrum priōre castrīs exūtus[8] vix fugā ēvāsit. + Victor acerbissimē sē gessit: in nōbilissimum quemque captīvum + nōn sine verbōrum contumēliā saeviit. Ūnī suppliciter sepultūram + precantī respondisse dīcitur iam istam in volucrum fore + potestāte. Aliōs, patrem et fīlium, prō vītā rogantēs sortīrī {60} + fertur iussisse ut alterutrī[9] concēderētur, ac cum, patre quia + [[106]] + sē obtulerat occīsō, fīlius quoque voluntāriā occubuisset nece, + spectāsse utrumque morientem. Ōrāre veniam vel excūsāre sē + cōnantibus, ūnā vōce occurrēbat[1] moriendum esse. Scrībunt + quīdam trecentōs ex dēditīciīs[2] ēlēctōs ad āram dīvō[3] Iūliō {65} + exstrūctam Īdibus Mārtiīs hostiārum[4] mōre mactātōs.[5] + + Abaliēnātus posteā est ab Antōniō, quod is, repudiātā Octāviā + sorōre, Cleopatram, Aegyptī rēgīnam, dūxisset uxōrem: quae quidem + mulier cum Antōniō lūxū et dēliciīs[6] certābat. Ūnā sē cēnā + centiēs[7] sēstertium absūmptūram aliquandō dīxerat. Cupiēbat {70} + dīscere Antōnius, sed fierī posse nōn arbitrābātur. Posterō igitur + diē māgnificam[8] aliās cēnam, sed cottīdiānam Antōniō apposuit + inrīdentī, quod prōmissō stāre nōn potuisset. At illa īnferrī + mēnsam[9] secundam iussit. Ex praeceptō ministrī ūnum tantum {74} + vās ante eam posuēre acētī,[10] cūius asperitās vīsque margarītās[11] + resolvit.[12] Exspectante igitur Antōniō quidnam esset āctūra, + margarītam, quam auribus gerēbat, dētrāxit et acētō liquefactam + absorbuit. Victum Antōnium omnēs, quī aderant, prōnūntiāvērunt. {78} + + Octāviānus cum Antōniō apud Actium, quī locus est in Ēpīrō, {80} + nāvālī proeliō dīmicāvit. Victum et fugientem persecūtus Aegyptum + petiit, et Alexandrēam, quō Antōnius cum Cleopatrā cōnfūgerat, + obsēdit. Antōnius in ultimā rērum dēspērātiōne, cum + habitū rēgis in soliō[13] rēgālī sēdisset, mortem sibi ipse cōnscīvit. + Cleopatra, quam Octāviānus, Alexandrēā in potestātem redāctā, {85} + māgnō opere cupiēbat vīvam comprehendī triumphōque servārī, + aspidem[14] sibi adferendam cūrāvit ēiusque morsū periit. Cleopatrae + mortuae commūnem cum Antōniō sepultūram tribuit. + + [[107]] + Tandem Octāviānus, hostibus victīs sōlus imperiō potītus, + clēmentem sē exhibuit.[1] Omnia deinceps in eō plēna mānsuētūdinis[2] + et hūmānitātis. Multīs īgnōvit vel iīs quī saepe graviter {91} + eum offenderant. Reversus in Ītaliam triumphāns Rōmam + ingressus est. Tum bellīs tōtō orbe compositīs Iānī geminī portās + suā manū clausit, quae bis tantum anteā clausae fuerant, prīmum + sub Numā rēge, iterum post prīmum Pūnicum bellum. Tunc {95} + omnēs praeteritōrum malōrum oblīviō cēpit populusque Rōmānus + praesentis ōtiī laetitiā perfruēbātur. Octāviānō māximī honōrēs + ā senātū dēlātī sunt. Ipse Augustus cōgnōminātus et in honōrem + ēius mēnsis Sextīlis[3] eōdem nōmine appellātus est, quod illō + mēnse bellīs cīvīlibus fīnis esset impositus. Patris patriae {100} + cōgnōmen ūniversī māximō cōnsēnsū dētulērunt eī. Dēferentibus + lacrimāns respondit Augustus hīs verbīs: “Compos[4] factus + vōtōrum meōrum, patrēs conscrīptī, quid habeō aliud, quod deōs + immortālēs precer, quam ut hunc cōnsēnsum vestrum ad ultimum + vītae fīnem mihi perferre liceat!” {105} + + Dictātūram māgnā vī offerente populō dēprecātus est. Dominī + appellātiōnem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribuī ēdictō vetuit. + Immō[5] dē restituendā rē pūblicā nōn semel cōgitāvit, sed + reputāns et sē prīvātum nōn sine perīculō fore, et rem pūblicam + plūrium arbitriō commissum[6] īrī, summam retinuit potestātem, {110} + id vērō studuit nē quem novī statūs paenitēret. Bene dē iīs + etiam, quōs adversāriōs expertus erat, et sentiēbat et loquēbātur. + Legentem aliquandō ūnum ē nepōtibus invēnit; cumque puer + territus volūmen Cicerōnis, quod manū tenēbat, veste tegeret, + Augustus librum cēpit eōque statim redditō, “Hīc vir,” inquit {115} + “fīlī mī, doctus fuit et patriae amāns.” + + [[108]] + Pedibus saepe per urbem incēdēbat summāque cōmitāte adeuntēs + excipiēbat. Convēnit[1] aliquandō eum veterānus mīles, quī + vocātus in iūs perīclitābātur rogāvitque ut sibi adesset. Statim + Augustus ūnum ē comitātū[2] suō ēlēgit advocātum, quī lītigātōrem + commendāret. Tum veterānus exclāmāvit: “At nōn ego, {121} + tē perīclitante bellō Actiacō, vicārium[3] quaesīvī, sed ipse prō tē + pūgnāvī,” simulque dētēxit cicātrīcēs.[4] Ērubuit[5] Augustus + atque ipse vēnit in advocātiōnem. + + Cum post Actiacam victōriam Octāviānus Rōmam reverterētur, {125} + occurrit eī inter grātulantēs opifex[6] quīdam corvum[7] tenēns, + quem īnstituerat haec dīcere: “Avē,[8] Caesar, victor, imperātor!” + Mīrātus Caesar officiōsam avem vīgintī mīlibus nummōrum[9] ēmit. + Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illā līberālitāte pervēnerat, + adfīrmāvit Caesarī habēre illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre + cōgerētur rogāvit. Adlātus verba, quae didicerat, expressit: {131} + “Avē, Antōnī, victor, imperātor!” Nihil exasperātus Caesar + satis dūxit iubēre illum dīvidere dōnātīvum[10] cum contubernālī. + Salūtātus similiter ā psittacō[11] emī eum iussit. + + Exemplum sūtōrem[12] pauperem sollicitāvit ut corvum īnstitueret + ad parem salūtātiōnem. Quī impendiō[13] exhaustus saepe ad {136} + avem nōn respondentem dīcere solēbat “Opera et impēnsa[13] + periit[14]!” Aliquandō tamen corvus coepit dīcere dictam + salūtātiōnem. Hāc audītā, dum trānsit, Augustus respondit: “Satis + domī tālium salūtātōrum habeō.” Superfuit corvō memoria, ut {140} + et illa, quibus dominum querentem solēbat audīre, subtexeret[15]: + “Opera et impēnsa periit.” Ad quod Caesar rīsit emīque avem + iussit, quantī[16] nūllam ante ēmerat. + + Solēbat Graeculus quīdam dēscendentī ē palātiō Caesarī honōrificum + aliquod epigramma porrigere.[17] Id cum frūstrā saepe fēcisset {145} + [[109]] + et tamen rūrsus eum idem factūrum dūxisset Augustus, breve + suā manū in chartā[1] exarāvit[2] Graecum epigramma et Graeculō + advenientī obviam mīsit. Ille inter legendum laudāre[3] mīrārīque[3] + tam[4] vōce quam[4] vultū gestūque. Deinde cum accessisset {149} + ad sellam, quā Caesar vehēbātur, dēmissā in pauperem crumēnam[5] + manū paucōs dēnāriōs[6] prōtulit, quōs prīncipī daret, dīxitque + sē plūs datūrum fuisse, sī plūs habuisset. Secūtō omnium + rīsū, dispēnsātōrem[7] Caesar vocāvit et satis grandem pecūniae + summam numerārī Graeculō iussit. + + Augustus ferē nūllī sē invītantī negābat. Exceptus igitur ā {155} + quōdam cēnā satis parcā et paene cottīdiānā, hōc tantum + īnsusurrāvit[8]: “Nōn putābam mē tibi esse tam familiārem.” Cum + aliquandō apud Pōlliōnem quendam cēnāret frēgissetque ūnus ē + servīs vās crystallinum, rapī eum ad mortem Pōlliō iussit et {159} + obicī mūraenīs[9] quās ingēns piscīna[10] continēbat. Ēvāsit ē manibus + puer et ad pedēs Caesaris cōnfūgit, nihil aliud petītūrus quam + ut aliter perīret nec ēsca[11] piscium fieret. Mōtus est novō + crūdēlitātis + genere Caesar et illum quidem mittī,[12] crystallina autem + omnia cōram sē frangī iussit complērīque piscīnam. + + Augustus in quādam vīllā aegrōtāns noctēs inquiētās agēbat, {165} + rumpente somnum ēius crēbrō noctuae[13] cantū. Quā molestiā cum + līberārī sē vehementer cupere sīgnificāsset, mīles quīdam, aucupiī + perītus, noctuam prehendendam cūrāvit, vīvamque Augustō attulit, + spē ingentis praemiī. Cuī cum Augustus mīlle nummōs[14] darī {169} + iussisset, ille minus dīgnum praemium exīstimāns dīcere ausus est: + “Mālō ut vīvat,” et avem dīmīsit. Imperātōrī nec ad īrāscendum + causa deerat nec ad ulcīscendum potestās: hanc tamen iniūriam + aequō animō tulit Augustus hominemque impūnītum abīre passus est. + + [[110]] + Augustus amīcitiās neque facile admīsit et cōnstantissimē retinuit. + Imprīmīs familiārem habuit Maecēnātem, equitem Rōmānum; {175} + quī eā, quā apud prīncipem valēbat, grātiā ita semper ūsus + est, ut prōdesset omnibus, quibus posset, nocēret nēminī. Iūs + aliquandō dīcēbat Augustus et multōs capite damnātūrus vidēbātur. + Aderat tum Maecēnās, quī per + circumstantium turbam perrumpere et {180} + ad tribūnal propius accēdere cōnābātur. + Quod cum frūstrā tentāsset, haec verba + in tabellā scrīpsit: “Surge tandem, + carnifex[1]!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum + prōiēcit. Quā lēctā is statim surrēxit {185} + neque quisquam est morte multātus. + + [Illustration: AUGUSTUS] + + Habitāvit Augustus in aedibus modicīs, + neque laxitāte[2] neque cultū[3] cōnspicuīs, + ac per annōs amplius quadrāgintā + in eōdem cubiculō hieme et aestāte {190} + mānsit. Suppellex[4] quoque ēius vix + prīvātae ēlegantiae erat. Rārō veste + aliā ūsus est quam cōnfectā ab uxōre, + sorōre, fīliā neptibusque.[5] Item tamen + Rōmam, quam prō māiestāte imperiī nōn {195} + satis ōrnātam invēnerat, adeō excoluit, ut iūre glōriārētur + marmoream sē relinquere, quam laterīciam[6] accēpisset. + + Fōrmā fuit Augustus eximiā et per omnēs aetātis gradūs + venustissimā. Erat tamen omnis lēnōciniī[7] neglegēns et in capite + cōmendō tam incūriōsus, ut eō ipsō tempore, quō illud tōnsōribus + committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrīberet. {201} + + Paucīs annīs antequam morerētur, gravissimam in Germāniā + accēpit clādem, tribus legiōnibus cum duce Vārō lēgātīsque et + [[111]] + auxiliīs omnibus caesīs. Hāc nūntiātā excubiās[1] per urbem {204} + indīxit, nē quis tumultus exsisteret, et māgnōs lūdōs Iovī optimō + māximō vōvit, sī rēs pūblica in meliōrem statum vertisset. Adeō + dēnique[2] cōnsternātum ferunt, ut, per continuōs mēnsēs barbā + capillōque submissō,[3] caput interdum foribus inlīderet, vōciferāns: + “Quīntilī Vāre, legiōnēs redde!” diemque clādis quotannīs + maestum habuerit ac lūgubrem. {210} + + Tandem adflīctā valētūdine in Campāniam concessit, ubi, remissō + ad ōtium animō, nūllō hilaritātis genere abstinuit. Suprēmō vītae + diē petītō speculō[4] capillum sibi cōmī iussit et amīcōs + circumstantēs percontātus ecquid iīs vidērētur mīmum[5] vītae commodē + trānsēgisse, adiēcit solitam clausulam[6]: “Ēdite strepitum {215} + vōsque omnēs cum gaudiō applaudite.” Obiit Nōlae sextum et + septuāgēsimum annum agēns. + + [Footnotes: XXX (pages 103-111) + + 103.12: See Vocab., _Hispānia_. + 103.13: #studiīs vacābat#: ‘had time for (i.e. devoted himself to) + study.’ + 104.1: At Caesar’s death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony + carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then + undertook to expel Brutus. + 104.2: #plumbeīs lāminīs#: ‘leaden plates.’ + 104.3: ‘arm.’ + 104.4: ‘divers.’ + 104.5: ‘by swimming across.’ + 104.6: ‘doves.’ + 104.7: ‘hunger.’ + 104.8: ‘especially.’ + 104.9: ‘(being) wounded.’ + 104.10: = _amīcitiā_. + 104.11: ‘cloak.’ + 104.12: ‘hilt.’ + 104.13: ‘hesitate.’ + 105.1: ‘marks.’ + 105.2: ‘of Salernum,’ a town in Campania; the modern Salerno. + 105.3: ‘though tortured.’ + 105.4: ‘by a back door.’ + 105.5: ‘couch.’ + 105.6: #Quantī . . . est#: ‘What marvelous manhood it shows.’ + 105.7: A philosopher of the first century A.D. + 105.8: ‘stripped of.’ + 105.9: ‘to one or the other,’ i.e. to one, but not to both. + 106.1: ‘he met,’ i.e. he answered. + 106.2: ‘prisoners of war.’ Cf. _dēdere_, ‘to surrender.’ + 106.3: Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after + his death. + 106.4: ‘sacrificial victims.’ + 106.5: ‘slaughtered.’ + 106.6: ‘pleasure.’ + 106.7: #centiēs# (sc. _centēna mīlia_) #sēstertium# = ‘ten million + sesterces,’ or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p. 88, + n. 8. + 106.8: #māgnificam . . . Antōniō#: ‘under other circumstances + truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.’ + 106.9: ‘course.’ + 106.10: ‘vinegar.’ + 106.11: ‘pearls.’ + 106.12: ‘melts,’ ‘dissolves.’ + 106.13: ‘throne.’ + 106.14: ‘asp.’ + 107.1: = _ostendit_. + 107.2: ‘gentleness.’ + 107.3: ‘the sixth,’ counting from March, with which, it is said, + the Roman year originally began. + 107.4: #Compos . . . meōrum#: ‘Now that I have gained my heart’s + desire,’ which had been to avenge his uncle’s death. + 107.5: ‘Nay.’ + 107.6: #commissum īrī# is fut. infin. pass. of _committō_, and = + ‘was sure to be (lit. was going to be) handed over,’ i.e. if he + resigned. + 108.1: ‘met.’ + 108.2: ‘retinue.’ + 108.3: ‘substitute.’ + 108.4: ‘wounds.’ + 108.5: ‘blushed.’ + 108.6: ‘artisan.’ + 108.7: ‘raven.’ + 108.8: ‘Hail!’ + 108.9: = _sēstertiōrum_. + 108.10: = _dōnum_. + 108.11: ‘parrot.’ + 108.12: ‘cobbler.’ + 108.13: ‘outlay.’ + 108.14: ‘have come to naught.’ + 108.15: ‘added’: lit., ‘wove in.’ + 108.16: #quantī . . . ēmerat#: ‘at a higher price than he had paid + before.’ + 108.17: ‘offer.’ + 109.1: ‘paper.’ + 109.2: ‘scratched off,’ ‘wrote.’ + 109.3: Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it + is especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated + by an imperfect or perfect indicative. + 109.4: = _et . . . et_. + 109.5: ‘purse.’ + 109.6: ‘francs.’ + 109.7: ‘steward.’ + 109.8: ‘whispered.’ + 109.9: ‘eels.’ + 109.10: ‘fish-pond.’ + 109.11: ‘food.’ + 109.12: ‘freed.’ + 109.13: ‘night-owl.’ + 109.14: = _sēstertiōs_. + 110.1: ‘executioner,’ ‘butcher.’ + 110.2: ‘size.’ + 110.3: ‘style.’ + 110.4: ‘furniture.’ + 110.5: ‘granddaughters.’ + 110.6: ‘made of brick.’ + 110.7: ‘finery.’ + 111.1: #excubiās . . . indīxit#: ‘ordered watches to be set.’ + 111.2: Often used like our ‘to cut a long story short,’ ‘in + short.’ + 111.3: #barbā . . . submissō#: ‘letting his beard grow.’ + 111.4: ‘mirror’ (of metal, generally bronze or silver). + 111.5: ‘comedy.’ + 111.6: ‘conclusion.’ Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of + the actors to the spectators to grant them ‘loud and prolonged + applause.’] + + + [Illustration {SPQR}] + + + + +EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN + +Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square +brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the ‘Caution’ on p. xxv. The +section numbers refer to the selections. + + +I. + +#Apposition.# + +1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and +Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a priestess of Vesta. 3. The boys +were thrown into the river. 4. A shepherd of the king[1] carried them to +his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, when +grown,[2] was caught by (some) robbers.[3] 7. They thus accused him: +“You have trespassed on the king’s lands.” 8. A dispute arose between +the brothers. 9. Romulus said: “I shall give my name to the new city.” +10. Which of them leaped over the wall? + + [Footnotes: + 1: Use adj. + 2: See p. 2, n. 19. + 3: H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.] + + +II. + +#Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.# + +1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in[1] the city which Romulus had +founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the +king sent were nowhere kindly received. 4. The tribes to which he sent +did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen +Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines, +who now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans +carried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed +Hostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Romans fell +fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor[2] of Romulus and +worshiped him as a god. + + [Footnotes: + 1: _ad_ with acc. + 2: See p. 8, n. 1.] + + +III. + +#Expressions of place; extent of time.# + +1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come? +From Cures, [from] a city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome? 4. +He established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed. +5. A shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in +Rome[1] who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had +peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of +Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus. + + [Footnote: + 1: Locative case.] + + +IV. + +#Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.# + +1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more +warlike king. 2. War[1] having broken[1] out between the Romans and the +Sabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii +and the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been +taken up][1] advanced to battle. 4. At a given[2] signal,[2] with drawn +swords, they rushed together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans +falling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius +began to weep when she saw her lover’s cloak. 7. He drew his sword and +stabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her +country. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general, +in anger[3] he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared +against the Sabines.[4] 10. Very many young men were in military +service, a few were at home. 11. Tullus[5] Hostilius, who succeeded +Numa, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace. + + [Footnotes: + 1: See p. 1, n. 4. + 2: See p. 5, l. 12. [[in selection II]] + 3: Use participle. + 4: H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III. + 5: H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II.] + + +V. + +#Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.# + +1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa[1] in justice and +piety, but was more warlike. 2. During[2] his reign[2] a raid was made +on the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this +[which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having +defeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the +citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this +wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished +in war, two in peace. + + [Footnotes: + 1: H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1. + 2: Abl. abs.] + + +VI. + +#Direct and indirect questions.# + +1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus +died,[2] Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained +the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a celebrated augur. 5. The king once +asked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. Can[1] you cut +a whetstone with a razor? 7. You cannot[2] cut a whetstone with a razor, +can you? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could +commit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered[3] +the palace and[3] began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king +with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime? + + [Footnotes: + 1: H. 378, 2 (351, 1, N. 1); M. 698; A. 210, _a_; G. 454; + B. 162, _c_. + 2: H. 378 (351, 1, N. 3); M. 701; A. 210, _c_; G. 456; + B. 162, _b_. + 3: See p. 2, n. 8.] + + +VII. + +#Ablative of source; ablative of quality.# + +1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2. +He was born of a woman[1] of rank, who, however, was a slave in +Tarquin’s house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil advising] he was +brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of +great bravery,[1] and became the king’s son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius’s +daughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin’s sons were of like +character. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8. +Tullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The +people asked Tullia what she had done.[2] + + [Footnotes: + 1: Abl. Why? + 2: See p. 3, n. 2.] + + +VIII. + +#Temporal clauses with _cum_; ablative of price.# + +1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus +had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he +learned of the silence[1] and act of his father, he killed the chief men +of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was +decided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her +husband[1] and father,[1] she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old +woman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an +enormous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had +burned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price. + + [Footnote: + 1: Abl. abs.] + + +IX. + +#Causal clauses with _cum_; purpose clauses with _ut_.# + +1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for +he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with +Tarquin’s sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to +Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister +of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors, +they were put to death. 6. In order to regain[1] his throne, Tarquin +undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to[2] +reconnoitre,[2] met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first +charge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the +city alone. + + [Footnotes: + 1: See p. 1, l. 3 and n. 5. + 2: Express in two ways; cf. l. 30, and #ageret#, l. 26.] + + +X. + +#Causal clauses with _quod_.# + +1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy, +because (as he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because he did not +know which was[1] the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand +which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After +this he was called Scaevola. + + [Footnote: + 1: See p. 3, n. 2.] + + +XI. + +#Dative of possessor; construction with _paenitet_.# + +1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian +gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war at its own expense. 3. +The senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4. +When they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified +post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Veientes soon repented of +the peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed +about in order to lay waste the enemy’s territory. 7. They were +entrapped in an ambush and all slain. + + +XII. + +#Relative clauses of purpose.# + +1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the Decemvir. +2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he +could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for +slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry[1] +her off by force. 4. The girl’s friends sent a messenger to carry the +news[1] to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5. +Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people. +6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and +killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime. + + [Footnote: + 1: See p. 5, n. 3.] + + +XIII. + +#Complementary infinitive; genitive with _oblivīscor_; hortatory +subjunctive.# + +1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius, +because with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2. +When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to +Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial +devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father +repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying +on war with the Romans, a Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the +bravest Roman. 5. “Let him come on,” said Titus Manlius, who was now +tribune of the soldiers, “that I may show him which of us is the +braver.” 6. Between the two lines they joined[1] in close[1] combat,[1] +and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his +gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was +afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without +the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a +single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be +put to death because he had disobeyed[2] his commander. 10. The young +man’s companions did not forget the father’s cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso +was also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be +put to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had +not been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to +Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the +centurion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to +death. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward +his son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain[3] about his +son Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was +granted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he +forbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day[4] the young man +committed[5] suicide.[5] + + [Footnotes: + 1: See p. 11, l. 14. [[in selection IV]] + 2: The reason is that of the father, not the writer. + 3: Cf. #conquestum#, l. 82, with #quī dēpōsceret#, XII, l. 7, and + express in two ways. + 4: H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230. + 5: See XII, l. 30.] + + +XIV. + +#Construction of _medius_, _summus_, etc.# + +1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of a +hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army in safety through +the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself +in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man. + + +XV. + +#Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with _opus_.# + +1. “The Samnites are our enemies,” said Curius; “let us set out against +them.” 2. Immediately he set out, and, having[1] conquered[1] the +Samnites,[1] he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3. +He swore (that there) was[2] none [nothing] of the booty in his house. +4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] a great +weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned[1] their gold[1] (and) said +that he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented +with seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young +man who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young +man saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for +an aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he +returned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus +was slain by a woman of Argos.[3] 11. So the Romans[4] did not need the +aid[5] of Curius again. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Abl. abs. + 2: See p. 7, n. 16. + 3: Use adj. + 4: Dat. of poss. + 5: Cf. #cīve#, l. 22.] + + +XVI. + +#_Nē_ with verbs of fearing; ablative with _ūtor_.# + +1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians in +a naval battle. 2. He used grappling[1] irons[1] to seize and hold the +enemy’s ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans +would have an easy victory [victory to be about to be easy to the +Romans]. 4. He now set[2] out boldly into the midst[3] of the enemy’s +fleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with +this victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be +supreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians, +by a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Cf. #quō#, p. 36, l. 4 and n. 10. + 2: Use participle. + 3: See Ex. XIV, sentence 2.] + + +XVII. + +#Gerundive with _esse_; ablative of separation; ablative with +comparatives.# + +1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to +negotiate[1] [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that[2] he had +come[2] treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did +not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that[3] he would be +arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear[4] and +told him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa, +Regulus[5] had[6] to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous +serpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was +compelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed. +8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the +next year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once.[7] 9. He +said that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife +and children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and +children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this +anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles, +Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was +sent from Carthage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about +exchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his +opinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be +returned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the +Romans.[8] 15. As[9] he had given[9] his oath,[9] he returned to +Carthage and was put to death with terrible torture. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text. + Express this in as many ways as you can. + 2: See p. 7, n. 16. + 3: See p. 38, n. 12. + 4: Abl. Why? + 5: H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189, 1. + 6: See p. 39, n. 11. + 7: #statim.# + 8: See #Āfrīs#, l. 10, and note. + 9: Abl. abs.] + + +XVIII. + +#Ablative of time.# + +1. Appius Claudius was no[1] better than the preceding generals, who did +not boast that they would sink the enemy’s fleet (on) the first day[2] +of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would +not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. “Let[3] them drink then,” said Appius, +and ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he +was defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards +committed suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the +people. 6. Upon his sister, too, a heavy fine had[4] to be imposed. + + [Footnotes: + 1: See XVII, l. 10, and note. + 2: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 19. + 3: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 5. + 4: Cf. Ex. XVII, sent. 5.] + + +XIX. + +#Purpose clauses with _quō_; ablative with _potior_; unreal conditions; +_quīn_ clauses; ablative with _dīgnus_.# + +1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of +undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he +stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said +that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. “Give which you please,” +replied the Carthaginians. 5. “I give war,” said Fabius. [“War,” said +Fabius, “I give.”] 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by +Hannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing[1] the policy[1] of +the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engagement +with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling successes, his +soldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune, +he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could +not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how[2] cautious Fabius was,[3] and got +out (of the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,[4] the master of +horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against +the dictator in order to obtain greater authority[5] himself. 13. When +he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14. +Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his +own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum to +Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the +young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with his +army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same[6] year[6] it was lost. +18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When +an old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse +which he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul. +20. “If you were not consul,” said he, “I should not dismount.” 21. No +one doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name _Maximus_. 22. At that +time the Romans needed[7] a cautious general. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Abl. abs. + 2: #quam.# + 3: See p. 3, n. 2. + 4: Cf. l. 43. + 5: Cf. #Tarentō#, l. 58, and note. + 6: See l. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4. + 7: See Ex. XV, sent. 11.] + + +XX. + +#Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive genitive.# + +1. Varro was so rash that,[1] although he was opposed by his colleague, +he formed[1] his army in line and gave[1] the signal for battle. 2. In +the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged[2] Paulus to +take[2] his horse and flee.[2] 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to +perish with his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal’s +victory, they sent messengers to congratulate him.[3] 5. Maharbal[4] did +not like[4] the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew +(how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7. +Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The +terror at Rome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No +one doubted that[5] Hannibal would come[5] with his victorious army. 10. +If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been captured. +11. Though Varro survived the battle,[6] he thought that he was not +worthy of office[7] again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough +weapons,[8] they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the +enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,[9] whom Hannibal had sent to Rome to +offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The +senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound]. +15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed. + + [Footnotes: + 1: See p. 10, n. 9. + 2: Cf. lines 26 and 27. + 3: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_. + 4: Cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11. + 5: See p. 39, n. 4. + 6: See p. 2, n. 7. + 7: See Ex. XIX, sent. 21. + 8: H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201. + 9: Cf. with n. 7 ūnus ex ēius praefectīs, l. 27.] + + +XXI. + +#Concessive clauses with _cum_; genitive of characteristic; causal +relative clauses; gerundive with _ad_; accusative of extent.# + +1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if +his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet +twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of +years] to be a candidate for[1] the aedileship. 3. After the battle of +Cannae, some young men of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy. +4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although[2] he was +alone, he forced them to give[3] up their conspiracy.[3] 5. After the +Romans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul +and sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and +bravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he +was worthy of the honor? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of +money and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He +did not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Romans the favor +of the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the +captive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty,[4] who said that +his grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over +into Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11. +Scipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12. +When the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain +from that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio, +who had[5] long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent +Laelius, whose[6] friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of +the African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself, +and it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to +have been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those +chiefs were eager to form an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan, +therefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily +shrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to +furnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not +(men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Romans fought with such +determination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal +from Italy to defend his country. 20. A battle was fought [it was +fought] at Zama, a town five days’ march from Carthage. 21. The +Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for +peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On[7] +his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24. +Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was +also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.[8] 25. The old +writers say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to +consult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephesus he[9] +afterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that +Hannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders. +28. When the senate seemed on the point[10] of transferring the conduct +of the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because +(as was thought) the former[11] had too little courage and too little +wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother’s +lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After +Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio +an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he +had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought +not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus himself was afterwards +summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle +of Zama had been fought.[12] 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he +mounted the rostrum and said: “Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose +aid we obtained[13] so great a victory.” 34. As the whole assembly +followed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon +afterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Rome. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Use #ad# with gerundive or gerund. + 2: H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3. + 3: Cf. _inceptō dēsisterent_, l. 14. + 4: Cf. lines 51 and 64. + 5: See p. 56, n. 6. + 6: See p. 55, n. 8. + 7: See XIII, l. 59. + 8: _religiō._ + 9: Use dat. of poss. with #esse#. + 10: Use future participle. + 11: _ille._ + 12: See sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4. + 13: See p. 55, n. 8.] + + +XXII. + +#Future conditions.# + +1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio +Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was +able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a +guest at her house, that she[1] too had some very beautiful jewels. 4. +Everybody knows that Cornelia’s jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly +been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons +were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that +they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more +of [preferred] their country’s safety than [to] their own lives. 8. +Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that +he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged[2] +all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the +senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece +of a bench. 11. Caius had the same[3] love for the common people as[3] +his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans +because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. “If the law about +distributing grain to the common people is[4] passed,” said Piso, +“I shall come with the others to get the grain.” 14. Finally this was +decreed by the senate: “Let the consul see that the republic receive no +harm.” 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his household and took +possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his +slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate +of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman +republic. + + [Footnotes: + 1: Use dat. of poss. + 2: Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note. + 3: Cf. #īdem quī#, l. 31. + 4: See XVII, l. 10, and note.] + + +XXIII. + +#Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.# + +1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this (question) +of Scipio. 2. If anything happens[1] to you, what equally great +commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be +a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he +made charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander +himself. 5. If you make me consul, I will shortly bring Jugurtha under +the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make[2] him +consul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the +Cimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them +against the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the +Alps. 10. As the Romans[3] had no water, Marius told his soldiers that, +if they conquered[4] the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11. +It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than +water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12. +The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask +him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them[5] with the same +fate[5] which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle +was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness[6] followed. 15. When the +women saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed +themselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war +against Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what +Marius had done, he returned to Rome with his army and drove him into +exile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught and thrown +into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether +he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia, +Marius, who was a few days’ journey from the city, returned and renewed +the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state, +he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death +afforded the Romans[7] more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae. + + [Footnotes: + 1: See p. 40, n. 1. + 2: Cf. #ut trāderet#, l. 21. + 3: Dat. Why? + 4: Cf. #sī fēcissent#, etc., l. 11. + 5: Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and 58. + 6: Cf. #dictū#, l. 124, and p. 19, n. 15. + 7: #Dative.#] + + +XXIV. + +#Relative clause of characteristic.# + +1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing +to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books +to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen +quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was +soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and +would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6. +When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death +all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to +advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he had killed +all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He +wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10. +When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed +that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men +and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a +wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he +should write nothing thereafter. + + +XXV. + +#Genitive with adjectives.# + +1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated +by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice +and was untrained in the art[1] of war. 3. But in the war with +Mithridates he surpassed even[2] experts in this art.[1] 4. All say that +he was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for +the reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not +the only one of the Romans to[3] squander his money in building villas. +7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8. +Though fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great +library, which was always open to the public. + + [Footnotes: + 1: H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204, 1. + 2: Cf. #mare ipsum#, l. 25. + 3: See p. 76, n. 11.] + + + + +ABBREVIATIONS + + + abl. = ablative. + abs. = absolute. + acc. = accusative. + act. = active. + adj. = adjective. + adv. = adverb. + cf. = compare. + comp. = comparative. + conj. = conjunction. + dat. = dative. + def. = defective. + dem. = demonstrative. + desid. = desiderative. + dim. = diminutive. + disc. = discourse. + e.g. = for example. + encl. = enclitic. + esp. = especially. + f. = feminine, following. + freq. = frequentative. + gen. = genitive. + i.e. = that is. + imperf. = imperfect. + impers. = impersonal. + indef. = indefinite. + indir. = indirect. + insep. = inseparable. + interj. = interjection. + interr. = interrogative. + intrans. = intransitive. + l. = line. + m. = masculine. + n. = neuter, note. + nom. = nominative. + num. = numeral. + obj. = objective. + orig. = originally. + p. = page. + part. = participle, partitive. + pass. = passive. + perf. = perfect. + pers. = personal. + pl. = plural. + poss. = possessive. + prep. = preposition. + pres. = present. + pron. = pronoun, pronominal. + rel. = relative. + sc. = supply. + sup. = superlative. + trans. = transitive. + +The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. #flīgō# and #speciō#, indicates +that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are +defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this +practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple +verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and +(2) in the case of certain verbs like #sūmō# and #surgō#, which, though +themselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and +served as the base of further compounds. + +The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself +when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary. +This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and +render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all. + + + + +VOCABULARY + + +#A.#, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen _Aulus_. + +#ā, ab, abs#, prep. with abl.; (1) of place, _from, away from, out of_; +(2) of time, _from, since, after_; (3) of agency, _by_; (4) of +separation, source, cause, _from, through, because of_; in composition, +_off, away_. + +#abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ab# + #aliēnus#], _to remove, alienate, +estrange_. + +#abdicō#, see #dicō#. + +#abditus# [orig. part. of #abdō#], adj., _hidden, concealed_. + +#abdō#, see #dō#. + +#abdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#abeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#abiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#abluō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#ab# + #luō#, _to wash_], _to wash, cleanse, +purify_. + +#abnuō#, see #*nuō#. + +#abripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#abrogō#, see #rogō#. + +#abs#, see #ā#. + +#abscēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#abscindō#, see #scindō#. + +#absēns, entis# [orig. part. of #absum#], adj., _absent, away_. + +#absistō#, see #sistō#. + +#absolvō#, see #solvō#. + +#absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus# [#ab# + #sorbeō#, _to swallow_], _to +swallow_. + +#abstinentia, ae# [#abstineō#], f., _abstinence, self-restraint, +integrity_. + +#abstineō#, see #teneō#. + +#abstrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#absum#, see #sum#. + +#absūmō#, see #sūmō#. + +#ac#, see #atque#. + +#Acca, ae#, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and +Remus. + +#accēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#accendō#, see #candeō#. + +#accidō#, see #cadō#. + +#accingō#, see #cingō#. + +#acciō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#ad# + #cieō#, _to set in motion_], _to summon, +invite_. + +#accipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#acclāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #commodus#], _to fit to, adjust, +regulate_. + +#accumbō#, see #*cumbō#. + +#accurrō#, see #currō#. + +#accūsātiō, ōnis# [#accūsō#], f., _accusation, prosecution_. + +#accūsātor, ōris# [#accūsō#], m., _accuser, prosecutor_. + +#accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #causa#], _to call to trial, accuse, +blame_. + +#ācer, ācris, ācre#, comp. #ācrior#, sup. #ācerrimus#, adj., _sharp, +bitter, piercing_; _keen, eager, vigorous, fierce_. + +#acerbē# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], adv., _bitterly, cruelly, severely_. + +#acerbitās, ātis# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], f., _harshness, severity, +unkindness_. + +#acētum, ī# [cf. #ācer#], n., _vinegar_. + +#aciēs, ēī# [cf. #ācer#], f., _a sharp point_ of a sword or dagger; _a +battle line_ (conceived of as a sword point); _battle_. + +#ācriter#, comp. #ācrius#, sup. #ācerrimē# [#ācer#], adv., _sharply, +spiritedly, fiercely, grievously_. + +#Actiacus#, adj., _of_ or _at Actium_. + +#Actium, ī#, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31 +B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle. + +#ad#, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, _to, towards, to the house of, +at, near_; (2) of time, _up to, towards, until, at_; (3) of purpose, +_to, in order to, for, for the sake of_; (4) of other relations, +_according to, at_. In composition, it = _to, towards_, and also denotes +_addition_ and _intensity_. + +#adamō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #amō#, _to love_], _to love earnestly_. + +#addīcō#, see #dīcō#. + +#addō#, see #dō#. + +#addūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +(1) #adeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +(2) #adeō# [#ad# + (2) #eō#], adv., _to this point, so very, so, to such +a degree, actually_; #atque adeō#, _and in fact_. + +#adequitō#, see #equitō#. + +#adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #faciō#], _to strive after, +aspire to_. + +#adferō#, see #ferō#. + +#adficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#adfīnis, is# [#ad# + #fīnis#], m., _a relative_ (by marriage). + +#adfīrmō#, see #fīrmō#. + +#adflātus, ūs# [#adflō#], m., _a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation_. + +#adflīctus# [orig. part. of #adflīgō#], adj., _shattered, weakened, +wretched_. + +#adflīgō#, see #*flīgō#. + +#adflō#, see #flō#. + +#adhibeō#, see #habeō#. + +#adhortātiō, ōnis# [#adhortor#, _to encourage_], f., _encouragement, +exhortation_. + +#adiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#adigō#, see #agō#. + +#adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum# [#ad# + #apīscor#, _to reach_], _to gain by +effort, get, acquire_. + +#aditus, ūs# [(1) #adeō#], m., _approach, access_. + +#adiūmentum# [orig. #adiuvāmentum#, from #adiuvō#], n., _help, aid, +service_. + +#adiungō#, see #iungō#. + +#adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus# [#ad# + #iuvō#, _to help_], _to aid, help_. + +#adliciō#, see #*laciō#. + +#adligō#, see #ligō#. + +#adloquor#, see #loquor#. + +#administrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #ministrō#, _to manage_], _to +manage, direct, govern, regulate_. + +#admīrābilis, e# [#admīror#], adj., _admirable, wonderful_. + +#admīrandus# [#admīror#], adj., _marvelous, wonderful, strange_. + +#admīrātiō, ōnis# [#admīror#], f., _wonder, admiration_; _surprise_. + +#admīrātor, ōris# [#admīror#], m., _admirer_. + +#admīror, ārī, ātus sum# [#ad# + #mīror#, _to marvel at_], _to marvel +at, admire_. + +#admittō#, see #mittō#. + +#admodum# [#ad# + #modus#], adv., _up to the full limit, very, +exceedingly_. + +#admoneō#, see #moneō#. + +#admoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#adnuō#, see #*nuō#. + +#adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus# [#ad# + #olēscō#, _to grow_], _to grow +up, become mature, reach manhood_. + +#adoperiō#, see #pariō#. + +#adoptō#, see #optō#. + +#adōrnō#, see #ōrnō#. + +#adōrō#, see #ōrō#. + +#adquīrō#, see #quaerō#. + +#adripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#adscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#adsentātiō, ōnis# [#adsentor#, _to agree with, to flatter_], f., +_flattery_. + +#adsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#adsideō#, see #sedeō#. + +#adsīdō#, see #sīdō#. + +#adsiduus# [#adsideō#], adj., _incessant, repeated, continued_. + +#adsīgnō#, see #sīgnō#. + +#adspiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#adsuēscō#, see #suēscō#. + +#adsum#, see #sum#. + +#adsūmō#, see #sūmō#. + +#adsurgō#, see #surgō#. + +#adulēscēns, entis# [#adolēscō#], m. and f., _a young man_ or _woman_ +(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty). + +#adulēscentia, ae# [#adulēscēns#], f., _youth_. + +#adulēscentulus, ī# [dim. of #adulēscēns#], m., _a very young man, +stripling_. + +#adūlor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to flatter_. + +#adultus# [orig. part. of #adolēscō#], adj., _grown up, mature, adult_. + +#advehō#, see #vehō#. + +#adveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#adventō, āre, āvī#, -- [freq. of #adveniō#], _to advance, approach_. + +#adventus, ūs# [#adveniō#], m., _coming, approach, arrival_. + +#adversārius, ī# [#adversor#], m., _opponent, enemy_. + +#adversor, ārī, ātus sum# [#adversus#], _to oppose, withstand, resist_. + +#adversus# [#ad# + #vertō#], adj., _turned towards, facing, in front_; +_opposed, adverse, unfavorable_. As noun, #adversum, ī#, n., +_misfortune, calamity_. + +#adversus# and #adversum#, prep. with acc., _in opposition to, against, +towards_. + +#advocātiō, ōnis# [#advocō#], f., _advocacy, legal assistance_; #in +advocātiōnem venīre#, _to come to one’s aid in court_. + +#advocātus, ī# [#advocō#], m., _adviser, advocate_. + +#advocō#, see #vocō#. + +#aedēs#, see #aedis#. + +#aedificium, ī# [#aedificō#], n., _a building_. + +#aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#aedis# + #faciō#], _to build_. + +#aedīlis, is# [#aedis#], m., _aedile, commissioner of public works_, the +name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care +of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and +the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor. +They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents, +and superintended the performance of certain public games. + +#aedīlitās, ātis# [#aedīlis#], f., _aedileship_. + +#aedis# or #aedēs, is#, f., in sing., _temple_; in pl., _house, +dwelling_. + +#aedituus, ī# [#aedis# + #tueor#], m., _keeper of a temple, sexton_. + +#aeger, aegra, aegrum#, adj., _sick, ill, feeble_. + +#aegrē# [#aeger#], adv., _painfully, with difficulty, scarcely_; #aegrē +ferre#, _to be vexed at, take amiss_. + +#aegritūdō, inis# [#aeger#], f., _sickness_; _grief, vexation, +mortification_. + +#aegrōtō, āre, āvī#, -- [#aeger#], _to be ill_ or _feeble, lie sick_. + +#Aegyptus, ī#, m., _Egypt_. + +#Aemilius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Paulus#. + +#aemulātiō, ōnis# [#aemulor#, _to rival_], f., _rivalry, competition_. + +#aequālis, e# [#aequus#], adj., _equal, like_ (esp. in age). As noun, +m., _comrade, companion_. + +#aequē# [#aequus#], adv., _equally_. + +#aequitās, ātis# [#aequus#], f., _evenness, fairness, justice_. + +#aequō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#aequus#], _to make even, place on an +equality_. + +#aequus#, adj., _even, level_; _fair, just_; #aequō animō#, _patiently_. + +#aerārium, ī# [#aes#], n., _state treasury_; _public money_. + +#aes, aeris#, n., _copper, bronze_; _money_ (first coined of bronze); +#aes aliēnum#, _debt_. + +#aestās, ātis#, f., _summer_. + +#aestīvus# [#aestās#], adj., _of summer, summer_. + +#aetās, ātis#, f., _time of life, life, age, youth, old age_; _period, +time_. + +#aeternum# [acc. sing. neut. of #aeternus#, _eternal_], adv., +_eternally, forever_. + +#Āfer, Āfrī#, m., _an African_, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage. + +#Āfrica, ae#, f., _Africa_, esp. that part of it which lay near +Carthage. + +#Āfricānus#, adj., _African_. As noun, #Āfricānus, ī#, m., the cognomen +bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See +#Scīpiō#. + +#agedum#, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive, +_come on! come! quick!_ + +#agellus, ī# [dim. of #ager#], m., _a little field, small estate_. + +#ager, agrī#, m., _field, farm, estate_; _territory, land, district_; +_the country_. + +#agger, eris# [#ad# + #gerō#], m., _mass_ (esp. of earth and brushwood), +_mound, rampart_. + +#aggredior#, see #gradior#. + +#agitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #agō#], _drive violently hither and +thither_; _discuss, consider, meditate_. + + #con--cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think, reflect, consider_; + _plan_. + + #ex# + #con--excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think out, devise_. + +#āgmen, inis# [#agō#], n., _an army_ (on the march), _marching column_; +_troop, array_. + +#āgnōscō#, see #nōscō#. + +#agō, agere, ēgī, āctus#, _to set in motion, drive, lead_; _act, do, +perform_; _treat, deal, arrange_; _spend, pass_ (of time); #āctum est +dē#, _it was all up with_; #augurium agere#, _to perform the augural +ceremonies_; #cōnsulem agere#, _to act the consul_, #dēlēctum agere#, +_to hold a levy_; #grātiās agere#, _to feel thankful_; #triumphum +agere#, _to celebrate a triumph_. + + #ad--adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _drive, urge, compel, constrain_. + + #con--cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus#, _drive together, collect_; + _compel, force_. + + #dē--dēgō, ere, dēgī, ----#, _pass, spend_ (of time). + + #ex--exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive out_; _finish_; _pass, + spend_. + + #per--peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to finish, accomplish, play_ + (a part); _set forth, relate, describe_. + + #re--redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive back, force, reduce, + bring_. + + #sub--subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive under, conquer, subdue_. + + #trāns--trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to finish, settle, perform_. + +#agrestis, e# [#ager#], adj., _of the fields_; _rustic_; _countrified, +rude, uncouth_. + +#āiō, ais, ait, āiunt# [def. verb], _to say_. + +#alacer, cris, cre#, adj., _lively, nimble, quick_; often = an adv., +_eagerly_. + +#alacritās, ātis# [#alacer#], f., _liveliness, eagerness, spirit_. + +#Alba# or #Alba Longa# (sc. #urbs#), f., an ancient town of the Latins. + +#Albānus#, adj., _pertaining to Alba, Alban_. As noun, #Albānus, ī#, m., +_an inhabitant of Alba_. + +#ālea, ae#, f., _game of dice_; _die_. + +#Alexander, drī#, m., _Alexander the Great_, king of Macedonia from 336 +to 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia. + +#Alexandrēa, ae#, f., _Alexandria_, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the +Nile, founded by Alexander the Great. + +#aliās# [#alius#], adv., _at another time, under other circumstances_. + +#alibī# [#alius# + #ibi#], adv., _elsewhere, in other places_. + +#aliēnus# [#alius#], adj., _belonging to another, another’s_; #aes +aliēnum#, _debt_. + +#alimentum, ī# [#alō#], n., _nourishment_; in plur., _food, provisions_. + +#aliōquī#, adv., _in other respects, otherwise_. + +#aliquamdiū# [#aliquis# + #diū#], adv., _for a while, for some time_. + +#aliquandō# [#aliquis#], adv., _at some time or other, once, on a +certain occasion_; _at length, at last_. + +#aliquantus#, adj., _some, considerable_. As noun, #aliquantum, ī#, n., +_a little, something_. + +#aliquī, aliqua, aliquod# [#alius# + #quī#], indef. pron. adj., _some +one or other, some, any_. + +#aliquis, qua, quid# [#alius# + #quis#], indef. pron., _some one, +something_; _any one, anything_; _some, any_. As noun, #aliquid#, n., +_something, anything_. + +#aliquot# [#alius# + #quot#], indef. indecl. adj., _some, several_. + +#aliquotiēns# [#aliquot#], adv., _several times_. + +#aliter# [#alius#], adv., _otherwise, differently_. + +#alius, a, ud# (gen. #alīus#, dat. #aliī#), pron. adj., _another, other, +different_; #alius . . . alius#, _one . . . one, one . . . another_; +#aliī . . . aliī#, _some . . . others_. + +#alō, ere, uī, tus#, _to feed, nourish, support, keep_. + +#Alpēs, ium#, f., _the Alps_. + +#altāria, ium#, pl. n., _an altar_. + +#alter, altera, alterum# (gen. #alterīus#, dat. #alterī#), pron. adj., +_one of two, the other, the second_; #alter . . . alter#, _the one . . . +the other_. + +#altercor, ārī, ātus sum# [#alter#], _to dispute, wrangle_. + +#alteruter, utra, utrum# (gen. #alterutrīus#, dat. #alterutrī#), pron. +adj., _one or the other of two, one_ (only) _of two_. + +#altus# [#alō#], adj., _high, lofty_; _deep_. As noun, #altum, ī#, n., +_the deep sea, the deep_; sup. #altissimum, ī#, n., _top_. + +#alveus, ī#, m., _a basket, trough_. + +#am, amb, ambi#, insep. prefix (seen in #amputō#), _around, on both +sides_. + +#amāns, antis# [part. of #amō#, _to love_], adj., _loving, fond_; with +gen., _fond of, devoted to_. + +#ambitiō, ōnis# [#ambiō#, _to go around_], f., _canvassing for public +office, ambition_. + +#ambō, ae, ō#, adj., _both_. + +#ambulātiō, ōnis# [#ambulō#], f., _a walk, promenade_. + +#ambulō, āre, āvī, --#, _to walk, stroll_. + + #dē--deambulō, āre, --, --#, _to walk, stroll, promenade_. + + #in--inambulō, āre, --, --#, _to walk up and down, stroll_. + +#amīcitia, ae# [#amīcus#], f., _friendship_. + +#amictus# [orig. part. of #amiciō#, _to wrap about_], adj., _clothed in, +clad in_. + +#amīcus# [#amō#, _to love_], adj., _friendly_. + +#amīcus, ī# [#amō#, _to love_], m., _a friend_. + +#āmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#amnis, is#, m., _river, torrent, stream_. + +#amor, ōris# [#amō#, _to love_], m., _love, passion_. + +#āmoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#amphora, ae#, f., _a two-handled jar_. It held about six gallons. + +#amplector, ī, amplexus sum#, _to twine around, embrace_. + +#ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#amplus#], _to enlarge, widen, extend_. + +#amplius# [comp. of #amplus#], indecl. adj. and adv., _further, more, +besides_. + +#amplus#, adj., _great, large_; _noble, distinguished_. + +#amputō#, see #putō#. + +#Amūlius, ī#, m., _Amūlius_, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba +Longa. + +#anceps, ancipitis# [#ambi# + #caput#], adj., _two-headed_; _doubtful, +hazardous_. + +#ancīle, is#, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a +guitar. + +#ancilla, ae#, f., _a maid-servant, maid_. + +#Ancus, ī#, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. + +#angō, ere, --, --#, _squeeze, choke_; _vex, annoy_. + +#angor, ōris# [#angō#], m., _vexation, sorrow, anguish_. + +#anguis, is# [#angō#], m. and f., _a snake_. + +#angulus, ī# [#angō#], m., _corner, nook_. + +#angustiae, ārum# [#angustus#], f., _narrowness, narrow place, narrow +pass_. + +#angustus# [#angō#], adj., _narrow_. + +#anima, ae#, f., _air, breath, soul, life_. + +#animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus# [#animus# + #advertō#], _to turn the +mind to, perceive, notice_; #in aliquem animadvertere#, _to punish_. + +#animal, ālis# [#anima#], n., _a living thing, an animal_. + +#animus, ī#, m., _mind, soul, reason_; _courage, spirit_; _temper, +disposition_; in plur., _affections, allegiance_. + +#Aniō, Aniēnis#, m., a tributary of the Tiber. + +#annālis, is# [#annus#], adj., _yearly, annual_. As noun, #Annālēs# +(sc. _librī_), _year-books, records_; strictly brief abstracts of +contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and +exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official +residence. #Annālēs# is a frequent title of Latin historical works. + +#annōna, ae# [#annus#], f., _the year’s crop_, esp. of grain; _corn +supply_. + +#annus, ī#, m., _a year_. + +#ante# (1) adv.; of space, _before, in front of_; of time, _before, +previously, ago_; (2) prep. with acc., both of space and time, _in front +of, before_. + +#anteā# [#ante#], adv., _before, formerly_. + +#antecēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#anteeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#antequam# or #ante . . . quam#, conj., _before, until_. + +#Antiochus, ī#, m., _Antiochus_. + + 1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by + Scipio Asiaticus in 190. + + 2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures + Cicero heard at Athens in 79 B.C. + +#antīquus#, adj., _ancient_. + +#Antōnius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name. + + 1. _M. Antōnius_, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the + second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31 + B.C., and killed himself the following year. + + 2. _C. Antōnius Hybrida_, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with + Cicero, B.C. 63. + +#ānulus, ī# [dim. of #ānus#, _a circle_], m., _a finger ring_. + +#anus, ūs#, f., _an old woman_. + +#anxius# [#angō#], adj., _anxious, troubled_. + +#aper, aprī#, m., _a wild boar_. + +#aperiō#, see #pariō#. + +#apertē# [#apertus#], adv., _openly, plainly_. + +#apertus# [orig. part. of #aperiō#], adj., _open, manifest_. + +#Apollō, inis#, m., _Apollo_, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans +also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was +at Delphi, in Greece. + +#Apollōnia, ae#, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the +Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century B.C. it was a famous +seat of learning. + +#Apollōnius, ī#, m., _Apollōnius_, surnamed _Molō_, under whom Cicero +studied rhetoric at Rhodes. + +#apparātus, ūs#, m., _equipment, preparation_; _splendor, pomp_. + +#appāreō#, see #pāreō#. + +#appellātiō, ōnis# [(2) #appellō#], f., _name, title_. + +(1) #appellō#, see #pellō#. + +(2) #appellō#, see #pellō#. + +#Appennīnus, ī#, m., _the Apennines_, a range of mountains in Italy. + +#Appius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens. + +#applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus# [#ad# + #plaudō#, _to clap the hands_], +_to applaud_. + +#appōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#apprehendō#, see #prehendō#. + +#approbō#, see #probō#. + +#appropinquō, āre, āvī, --# [#ad# + #propinquus#], _to draw near, +approach_. + +#aptē# [#aptus#], adv., _fitly, neatly_. + +#aptus#, adj., _fitted, suited for, adapted to_. + +#apud#, prep. with acc.; of place, _near_; of persons, _with, among, in +the presence of, at the house of_; with the name of an author, _in the +works of_. + +#Āpūlia, ae#, f., _Apulia_, a district in the southeastern part of +Italy. + +#aqua, ae#, f., _water_. + +#aquila, ae#, f., _an eagle_; _standard_ (a metal eagle, elevated upon a +pole). + +#aquilifer, ferī# [#aquila# + #ferō#], m., _standard bearer_. + +#āra, ae#, f., _an altar_. + +#arbiter, trī#, m., _witness, judge, umpire_. + +#arbitrium, ī# [#arbiter#], n., _judgment, decision_; _will, caprice_. + +#arbitror, ārī, ātus sum# [#arbiter#], _to think, believe, consider_. + +#arbor, oris#, f., _a tree_. + +#arca, ae# [#arceō#], f., _chest, box_. + +#arceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shut up, inclose_; _hinder, prevent_. + + #con--coerceō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to confine closely, shut in_; + _restrain, check_. + + #ex--exerceō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to exercise, drill, employ_; #lēgem + exercēre#, _to enforce a law_. + +#arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to cause to come, summon, send for_. + +#Ardea, ae#, f., _Ardea_, a town in Latium, about eighteen miles south +of Rome. + +#ārdēns, entis# [orig. part. of #ārdeō#, _to burn, glow_], adj., +_glowing, fiery, bright_. + +#ārdor, ōris# [#ārdeō#, _to burn, glow_], m., _heat, glow_; _zeal, +enthusiasm, fire_. + +#argentum, ī#, n., _silver_; _money_. + +#Argī, ōrum#, m., _Argos_, a city in the northeastern part of the +Peloponnesus. + +#Argīvus#, adj., of _Argos, Argive_. + +#arguō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to show, prove_; _charge, accuse, blame_. + +#āridus# [#āreō#, _to be dry_], adj., _dry, arid_. + +#arma, ōrum#, n. pl., _arms, weapons_ (esp. for defense); _warfare_. + +#armātus# [orig. part. of #armō#], adj., _armed, in full armor_. As +noun, #armātī, ōrum#, m. pl., _armed men, soldiers_. + +#Armenia, ae#, f., _Armenia_, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black +Sea. + +#armilla, ae# [#armus#, _shoulder, arm_], f., _a bracelet, armlet_. + +#armō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#arma#], _to arm, equip_. + +#Arpīnum, ī#, n., _Arpinum_, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast +of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero. + +#ars, artis#, f., _skill, art, knowledge_; _accomplishment_, esp. in +pl.; _device, stratagem_. + +#artifex, icis# [#ars# + #faciō#], m., _workman, artist, builder_. + +#artūs, uum#, m. pl., _joints, limbs_. + +#Ārūns, untis#, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus. + +#arx, arcis# [#arceō#], f., _citadel, stronghold_. + +#ās, assis#, m., _an as_, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of +copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a +cent. + +#āscendō#, see #scandō#. + +#Asia, ae#, f., _Asia_, esp. Asia Minor. + + #Asiāticus#, adj., _Asiatic_. As noun, #Asiāticus, ī#, m., (cognomen + of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus. + +#asper, aspera, asperum#, adj., _rough, bitter, sharp_; _harsh, violent, +severe_. + +#asperitās, ātis# [#asper#], f., _roughness, harshness_; _acidity_ +(of vinegar). + +#āspernor#, see #spernō#. + +#aspis, idis#, f., _an asp, viper_. + +#āstūtia, ae# [#āstūtus#], f., _shrewdness, smartness, cleverness_. + +#āstūtus# [#āstū#, _cunning_], adj., _smart, clever, shrewd, cunning_. + +#asȳlum, ī#, n., _place of refuge, asylum_. + +#at#, conj., _but, but yet, nevertheless_. + +#Athēnae, ārum#, f. plur., _Athens_, the chief city of Greece, situated +in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece. + +#Athesis, is#, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated +the Cimbri in 101 B.C. + +#Atīlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Rēgulus#. + +#atque, ac#, conj., _and, and also_. + +#atquī#, conj., _and yet, but yet, yet_. + +#atrōciter# [#atrōx#], adv., _fiercely, cruelly_. + +#atrōx, ōcis#, adj., _savage, fierce, cruel, horrible_. + +#attentus#, adj., _attentive_. + +#attonitus# [#attonō#, _to thunder at_], adj., _thunder-struck, +awe-struck, overwhelmed_. + +#Attus, ī#, m., _Attus Nāvius_, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus. + +#auctor, ōris# [#augeō#], m., _producer, originator, cause_. + +#auctōritās, ātis# [#auctor#], f., _authority, power_; _influence, +weight, dignity_. + +#aucupium, ī# [#avis# + #capiō#], n., _bird-catching, fowling_. + +#audācia, ae# [#audāx#, _bold_], f., _boldness, daring_; _rashness, +presumption_. + +#audeō, ēre, ausus sum#, _to venture, dare_. + +#audiō, īre, īvī, ītus#, _to hear, listen to_; #dictō audiēns esse#, _to +obey_. + + #ex--exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus#, _to hear clearly, distinguish_. + +#auferō#, see #ferō#. + +#aufugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus#, _to increase, enlarge_. + +#augur, uris# [#avis#], m., _an augur, soothsayer_, a priest whose +business it was to take the _auspicia_. See #auspicium#. + +#augurium, ī# [#augur#], n., _observance of omens, divination_; +#augurium agere#, _to perform the augural ceremonies_. + +#augustus# [#augeō#], adj., _majestic, venerable, imposing_. + +#Augustus, ī# [#augustus#], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in +B.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman emperors. + +#aureus# [#aurum#], adj., _golden_. + +#auris, is#, f., _ear_. + +#aurum, ī#, n., _gold_. + +#auspicium, ī# [#avis# + #*speciō#], n., _divination_ by noting the +flight or cries of birds. In taking the #auspicia#, _auspices_, the +augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed +course of conduct. + +#aut#, conj., _or_; #aut . . . aut#, _either . . . or_. + +#autem#, conj., always postpositive, _but, however, moreover_. + +#auxilium, ī# [#augeō#], n., _help, aid_; plur., _auxiliary troops_ +(usually foreign and light-armed troops). + +#avāritia, ae# [#avārus#], f., _greed, avarice_. + +#avārus#, adj., _greedy, grasping, covetous_. + +#āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus# [#ab# + #vellō#, _to pluck_], _to tear off_ +or _away, sever_. + +#Aventīnus, ī#, m. (sc. #mōns#), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills +of Rome. + +#Aventīnus#, adj., _of_ or _on the Aventine_. + +#aveō, ēre, --, --#, _to fare well_, used only in the imperative #avē!# +_hail! welcome! greetings!_ + +#āversor, ārī, ātus sum# [#āvertō#], _to scorn, repulse_. + +#āvertō#, see #vertō#. + +#avidē# [#avidus#], adv., _eagerly, greedily_. + +#avidus#, adj., _desirous, eager, greedy_. + +#avis, is#, f., _bird_; _sign, omen_. + +#avītus# [#avus#], adj., _ancestral_. + +#āvocō#, see #vocō#. + +#āvolō#, see (2) #volō#. + +#avunculus# [dim. of #avus#], m., _uncle, mother’s brother_. + +#avus, ī#, m., _grandfather, ancestor_. + + +#B# + +#baculum, ī#, n., _a staff, stick_. + +#Bagrada(s), ae#, m., a river near Carthage. + +#ballista, ae#, f., _the ballista_, a military engine for hurling +stones. + +#balneum, ī#, n., _bath, bathing-place_. + +#barba, ae#, f., _beard_. + +#barbarus#, adj., _foreign, uncivilized, barbarous_. As noun, #barbarī, +ōrum#, pl. m., _foreigners, barbarians_. + +#bellātor, ōris# [#bellō#], m., _fighter, brawler_; _warrior, soldier_. + +#bellicōsus# [#bellicus#, _warlike_], adj., _warlike_. + +#bellō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#bellum#], _to wage war, fight_. + + #re--rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to wage war again, rebel_. + +#bellum, ī# (orig. #duellum#, from #duo#), n., _war, warfare_. + +#bēlua, ae#, f., _a wild beast_; of a person, _beast, brute, monster_. + +#bene# [#bonus#], adv., _well, successfully_; comp. #melius#, sup. +#optimē#. + +#beneficium, ī# [#bene# + #faciō#], n., _favor, kindness, service_. + +#benevolentia, ae# [#bene# + (1) #volō#], f., _good will, kindly +feeling_; _favor_. + +#benīgnē# [#benīgnus#], adv., _kindly, courteously_. + +#benīgnus#, adj., _kind, favorable_. + +#bibliothēca, ae#, f., _library_. + +#bibō, ere, ī, --#, _to drink_. + +#Bibulus, ī#, m., _L. Calpurnius_, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C. + +#bīduum, ī# [#bis# + #diēs#], n., _a period of two days, two days’ +time_. + +#bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_. + +#blanditia, ae#, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments, allurements_. + +#Blosius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Blosius Cūmānus_, a friend of +C. Gracchus. + +#Bocchus, ī#, m., _Bocchus_, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha. + +#Boiorix, icis#, m., _Boiorix_, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius, +101 B.C. + +#bonus#, comp. #melior#, sup. #optimus#, adj., _good_; as noun, #bonī, +ōrum#, m. pl., _good men, loyal citizens_; #bona, ōrum#, n. pl., _goods, +possessions_. + +#bōs, bovis#, m. and f., _ox, cow_; pl., _cattle_. + +#bracchium, ī#, n., _forearm, arm_. + +#brevī#, see #brevis#. + +#brevis, e#, adj., _short_; #brevī# (sc. #tempore#), adv., _in a little +while, soon_. + +#Britannī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the inhabitants of England, the Britons_. + +#Brundisium, ī#, n., _Brundisium_, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the +regular point of embarkation for Greece. + +#Brūtus, ī#, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens. + + 1. _L. Iūnius Brūtus_, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, + and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C. + + 2. _M. Iūnius Brūtus_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44 + B.C. + + 3. _D. Iūnius Brūtus_, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but + afterwards one of his murderers. + +#bulla, ae#, f., an _amulet_ or _charm_ for the neck, commonly of gold, +though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid +aside with the _toga praetexta_ (see #praetextus#), and consecrated to +the _Larēs_, or gods of the hearth. + + +#C# + +#C#, orig. = English _G_, later = both _C_ and _G_, finally = _C_ alone; +with proper names = _Gāius_, a Roman praenomen. + +#cadāver, eris# [#cadō#], n., _a corpse_. + +#cadō, ere, cecidī, cāsūrus#, _to fall_; _fall dead, be killed, die_; +_happen_. + + #ad--accidō, ere, cidī, --#, _to happen, befall, come to pass_. + + #con--concidō, ere, cidī,--#, _to fall, be slain, perish_. + + #in--incidō, ere, cidī,--#, _fall, fall into_ or _on, meet_; + _happen, occur_; #incidere in aliquem#, _to happen in the time of + anybody_. + + #ob--occidō, ere, cidī, --#, _fall down, fall, perish_; _set_ + (of the sun). + + #re--recidō, ere, cidī, --#, _to fall back, return_; _fall_. + +#caedēs, is# [#caedō#], f., _slaughter, massacre_. + +#caedō, ere, cecīdī, caesus#, _to cut, cut to pieces_; _kill, conquer, +rout_; #virgīs caedere#, _to flog_. + + #ob--occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus#, _to cut down, kill, slay_. + + #prae--praecīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus#, _to cut short, cut off_. + +#caelestis, e# [#caelum#], adj., _from heaven, heavenly, celestial_. + +#Caelius, ī#, m. (sc. #mōns#), _the Caelian hill_, one of the seven +hills of Rome. + +#caelum, ī#, n., _the sky, heavens_. + +#caenōsus# [#caenum#], adj., _foul, filthy_. + +#caenum, ī#, n., _mud, filth, mire_. + +#Caesar, aris#, m., _Caesar_, a family name in the Julian gens. + + 1. _C. Iūlius Caesar_, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor + in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, consul in 59; conquered Gaul, + 58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46; + created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15, 44. + + 2. The grandson of Caesar’s sister, _C. Octāvius_, was adopted by + Caesar, and henceforth known as _C. Iūlius Caesar Octāviānus_. He + was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvirate with Antony and + Lepidus in 44; with Antony’s help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the + murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium, + in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled + till his death in 14 A.D. See also #Augustus#. + +#caesariēs, --#, acc. #em#, f., _hair_ (of the head), _locks_ (only in +sing.). + +#calamitās, ātis#, f., _calamity, disaster_. + +#calcar, āris#, n., _a spur_. + +#callidus#, adj., _shrewd, cunning, sly_. + +#Calpurnia, ae#, f., _Calpurnia_, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and +wife of Julius Caesar. + +#Calpurnius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Bibulus#. + +#calvitium, ī# [#calvus#], n., _baldness_. + +#calvus#, adj., _bald_. + +#Calvus, ī# [#calvus#], m., cognomen of _C. Licinius Macer Calvus_, poet +and orator, 82-47 B.C. + +#Camers, ertis#, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria, +a district in Central Italy. + +#Campānia, ae#, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of +Latium. + +#Campānus#, adj., _Campanian_. + +#campus, ī#, m., _a field_, especially the #Campus Mārtius#, a plain +lying between the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside +the walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and +place for reviews. Later, elections were held there. + +#candeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine, glow_. + + #ad--accendō, ere, ī, cēnsus#, _to set fire to, kindle, burn_; + _arouse, fire, anger_. + + #in--incendō, ere, ī, cēnsus#, _to set on fire_; _arouse, excite_. + +#candidus# [#candeō#], adj., _white_. + +#Canīnius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Canīnius Rēbilus_, consul for a +few hours on December 31, 45 B.C. + +#canis, is#, m. and f., _a dog_. + +#Cannae, ārum#, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy. + +#Cannēnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Cannae_. + +#canō, ere, cecinī, --#, _to sing, chant, play_; _sound, give signal_. + + #prae--praecinō, ere, uī, --#, _to play before_ (one). + +#cantus, ūs# [#canō#], m., _song_; _note, cry_. + +#Canusium, ī#, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae. + +#capesso, ere, īvī, ītus# [desid. of #capiō#], _to take eagerly, seize, +resort to_. + +#capillus, ī# [#caput#], m., _the hair_. + +#capiō, ere, cēpī, captus#, _to take, seize, capture_; #cōnsilium +capere#, _to form a plan_. + + #ad--accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take to one’s self, receive, + adopt_; _meet with, welcome_; _understand, interpret_. + + #con--concipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take in, imagine, conceive_. + + #dē--dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take in, catch, deceive, + cheat_. + + #ex--excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take out, appropriate, + overhear_; _receive, greet_; _await, confront_. + + #in--incipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take up, begin, undertake_. + + #inter--intercipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to seize in passing, steal, + usurp_. + + #prae--praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptum#, _direct, bid, order_. + + #re--recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take back, recover_; _take, + receive_; #sē recipere#, _to retreat, withdraw_. + + #sub--suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take up, undertake, assume, + succeed to_. + +#Capitōlīnus#, adj., _pertaining to the Capitol_. + +#Capitōlium, ī#, n., _the Capitol_, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; +often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the _Mōns +Capitōlīnus_, the citadel of Rome. + +#capra, ae#, f., _a she-goat_; #Caprae palūs#, _Goat Swamp_, in the +Campus Martius. + +#captīvus# [#capiō#], adj., _captive_; as noun, #captīvus, ī#, m., _a +prisoner, captive_. + +#captō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #capiō#], _to seize eagerly, strive to +seize, strive for_; _take in, deceive, trap_. + +#Capua, ae#, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury. + +#capulus, ī# [#capiō#], m., _hilt, handle_. + +#caput, itis#, n., _the head, life_; _head_ or _capital_ of a nation; +#capite damnāre#, _to condemn to death_. + +#carbō, inis#, m., _a coal, charcoal_. + +#Carbō, inis#, m., _C. Papīrius_, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey. + +#carcer, eris#, n., _a prison_, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by +Ancus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the ‘Mamertine +Prison.’ It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards +the Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: “In the prison there +is a place called the _Tulliānum_, about twelve feet below the surface +of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it there is a +room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible +place on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench.” + +#carnifex, ficis# [#carō#, _flesh_ + #faciō#], m., _executioner, +butcher_. + +#carpentum, ī#, n., _a two-wheeled carriage_. + +#carpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck, tear_. + + #dis--discerpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck_ or _tear in pieces_. + + #ex--excerpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck out, choose, select_. + +#Carthāginiēnsis, e#, adj., _Carthaginian_. + +#Carthāgō, inis#, f., _Carthage_, a city on the northern coast of +Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre. + +#Carthāgō Nova#, f., _New Carthage_, a city on the east coast of Spain, +founded by the Carthaginians. + +#cārus#, adj., _dear, beloved_; _costly_. + +#casa, ae#, f., _a hut, cottage_. + +#Casca, ae#, m., _C. Servīlius_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar. + +#Cassius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Cassius Longīnus_, one of the +foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C. + +#castellum, ī# [dim. of #castrum#], n., _a stronghold, castle, fort_. + +#castīgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#castus#, _pure_ + #agō#], _to correct, +punish, chastise_. + +#castrum, ī#, n., _a fortified place_; pl., #castra, ōrum#, _a camp_. + +#cāsus, ūs# [#cadō#], m., _that which befalls, accident, chance_; +_misfortune, calamity_. + +#catapulta, ae#, f., _an engine for hurling arrows, catapult_. + +#catēna, ae#, f., _a chain, fetter_. + +#Catilīna, ae#, m., _L. Sergius_, who conspired against the state during +Cicero’s consulship, 63 B.C. + +#catīllus, ī#, m., _a small dish, plate_. + +#Catō, ōnis#, m., _M. Porcius_, called _Uticēnsis_, because he committed +suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C. + +#Catullus, ī#, m., _C. Valerius_, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C. + +#catulus, ī#, m., _a young animal, cub_. + +#Catulus, ī#, m., _Q. Lutātius_, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of +extraordinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates. + +#cauda, ae#, f., _tail_. + +#causa, ae#, f., _cause, reason, occasion_; _case at law_; #causā# (with +preceding gen.), _for the sake of_, a common expression of purpose; +#causam dīcere#, _to plead a case_ in court. + +#cautus# [orig. part. of #caveō#], adj., _careful, wary, cautious_. + +#cavea, ae# [#cavus#, _hollow_], f., _a cage_. + +#caveō, ēre, cāvī, cautus#, _to be on one’s guard, beware, guard +against_. + +#cēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go, move_; _to go from, retire_; _yield, +submit_; #ex sententiā cēdere#, _to turn out to one’s satisfaction_. + + #ab--abscēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_. + + #ad--accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go_ or _come to, move + towards, approach_; _be added_. + + #ante--antecēdō, ere, cessī, --#, _to go before, precede._ + + #con--concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus#, _to withdraw, retire, depart_; + _yield, submit_; _allow, grant, concede_. + + #dē--dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_; + _to die_ (sc. #vītā#). + + #dis--discēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go away, depart_; _come + off_. + + #in--incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to advance, approach_; _march_; + _move slowly_. + + #prae--praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go before_. + + #prō--prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to move forward, advance, make + progress_. + + #re--recēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to move back, withdraw, retire, + retreat_. + + #sē--sēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to retire, withdraw_. + + #sub--succēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to follow, succeed_; _be + successful_. + +#celeber, bris, bre#, adj., _famous_. + +#celebrātus# [part. of #celebrō#, _to throng_], adj., of a place, +_thronged, frequented_; of persons, places, or things, _famous, +brilliant_. + +#celer, eris, ere#, adj., _swift, quick, lively_. + +#celeritās, ātis# [#celer#], f., _swiftness, speed, alertness_. + +#celeriter# [#celer#], adv., _quickly, soon_. + +#cella, ae#, f., _chamber, sanctuary, shrine_. + +#cēlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to hide, conceal_. + +#Celtibērī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the Celtiberi_, a tribe in Spain. + +#cēna, ae#, f., _dinner_, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about +three o’clock. + +#cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cēna#], _to dine, eat_. + +#cēnseō, ēre, uī, us#, _to rate, value_; _be of the opinion, think_; +_determine, decide_. + +#cēnsus, ūs# [#cēnseō#], m., _an enumeration_ and _classification of the +people_ according to wealth, _a census_. + +#centiēs# [#centum#], adv., _a hundred times_. + +#centum#, indecl. num. adj., _a hundred_. + +#centuria, ae# [#centum#], f., _a division of the army or the people_, +containing a hundred persons, _a century_. + +#centuriō, ōnis# [#centuria#], m., _a commander of a century, centurion, +captain_. + +#cernō, ere, crēvī, certus# [#crētus#], _to separate_; _see, perceive_; +_decide, determine_. + + #dē--dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to decide, determine_; _decree, + vote, entrust_ (by a decree); _contend, fight_. + + #sē--sēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to separate, divide_. + +#certāmen, inis# [#certō#], n., _match, trial_ of skill or strength; +_contest, battle_. + +#certātim# [#certō#], adv., _in rivalry, zealously_. + +#certē# [#certus#], adv., _certainly, surely_. + +#certō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#certus#], _to vie with, contend_. + +#certus# [orig. part. of #cernō#], adj., _determined, fixed_; _certain, +definite, specified, assured_; #certiōrem facere#, _to inform_; #certior +fierī#, _to be informed_. + +#cervīx, īcis#, f., _neck, throat_. + +#cessō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #cēdō#], _to be inactive, loiter, +delay_. + +#cēterum# [#cēterus#], adv. and conj., _for the rest, but, moreover, +besides_. + +#cēterī, ae, a#, adj., _the rest, the other, the others_. + +#charta, ae#, f., _writing material, paper, sheet_ (of Egyptian +papyrus). + +#Chrȳsogonus, ī#, m., _L. Cornēlius_, a freedman of Sulla. + +#cibārius# [#cibus#], adj., _pertaining to food_; #rēs cibāria#, +_provisions_. + +#cibus, ī#, m., _food, victuals_. + +#cicātrīx, īcis#, f., _a scar_. + +#cicer, ciceris#, n., _a pea, chickpea_. + +#Cicerō, ōnis# [#cicer#], m., cognomen of _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the +famous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C.; quaestor in Sicily, 75; +praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony’s order in 43. + +#Cimber, brī#, m., _a Cimbrian_, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe +which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by +Marius in 101 B.C. + +#Cimbricus#, adj., _Cimbrian_. + +#cingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to encircle, surround_; _gird, gird on, +equip_; #obsidiōne cingere#, _to blockade, besiege_. + + #ad--accingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to gird, gird on, equip, arm_. + + #sub--succingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to gird, arm, equip_. + +#cinis, eris#, m., _ashes_. + +#Cinna, ae#, m., _L. Cornēlius_, leader with Marius of the popular +party. + +#circā#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, round about, throughout_. + +#circum#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, about_. + +#circumdō#, see #dō#. + +#circumfundō#, see #fundō#. + +#circumstō#, see #stō#. + +#circumveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#circus, ī#, m., _a circle, enclosure_ for athletic sports, esp. +chariot-races; #Circus Māximus#: see p. 18, n. 6. + +#citerior, ōris#, adj., _on this side, hither, nearer_. + +#citō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #cieō#, _to set in motion_], _to rouse, +urge on_; _summon_. + + #con--concitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to rouse, excite_; _move, + instigate_. + + #ex--excitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call or bring forth_; _rouse, + excite_. + + #in--incitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _urge on, arouse, incite_. + +#cīvicus# [#cīvis#], adj., _of citizens, civic_; #cīvica corōna#, _the +civic crown_, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in +battle. + +#cīvīlis, e# [#cīvis#], adj., _of citizens, civil, civic_; _courteous, +polite_. + +#cīvis, is#, m., _citizen, fellow-citizen_. + +#cīvitās, ātis# [#cīvis#], f., _citizenship_; _state, body of citizens_. + +#clādēs, is#, f., _disaster, overthrow, defeat_; #clādem accipere#, _to +sustain a defeat_; #clāde adficere#, _to defeat_. + +#clam# [#cēlō#], adv., _secretly_. + +#clāmitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #clāmō#], _to cry aloud, shout +loudly_. + +#clāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to shout_. + + #ad--acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to shout loudly, exclaim_. + + #con--conclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _cry out together, shout_. + + #ex--exclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim_. + + #in--inclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _shout loudly_; _cry out to, call + upon, appeal to_. + + #prō--prōclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to call, cry out, proclaim_. + + #sub--succlāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to shout in answer, to answer + loudly_. + +#clāmor, ōris# [#clāmō#], m., _shout, cry, noise_. + +#clandestīnus# [#clam#], adj., _secret_. + +#clangor, ōris#, m., _noise, clash, clang_. + +#clārus#, adj., _bright_; _famous, renowned_; of sound, _clear, loud_. + +#classicum, ī# [#classis#], n. (sc. #sīgnum#), _battle signal_ on the +trumpet. + +#classis, is#, f., _a class_ or _division of citizens_; _a fleet_. + +#Claudia, ae#, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher. + +#Claudius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. + + 1. _Appius Claudius_, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C. + + 2. _Appius Claudius Pulcher_, consul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a + naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily. + +#claudō, ere, clausī, clausus#, _to shut, close_; _shut in, imprison_. + +#ex--exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus#, _to shut out, exclude_. + +#in--inclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus#, _to shut in, enclose_; _imprison_. + +#clausula, ae# [#claudō#], f., _conclusion_. + +#clāvus, ī#, m., _a nail_. + +#clēmēns, entis#, adj., _gentle, kindly, merciful_. + +#clēmenter# [#clēmēns#], adv., _quietly, mercifully, mildly_. + +#clēmentia, ae# [#clēmēns#], f., _mercifulness, forbearance, kindness_. + +#Cleopatra, ae#, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and +beauty. She lived 69-30 B.C. + +#cliēns, entis# [orig. #cluēns#, from #clueō#, _to hear_], m., _a +vassal, dependent, client_. The #clientēs# attached themselves to some +patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was +practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to +respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in +ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his +daughters. + +#clīvus, ī#, m., _ascent, slope, hill_; #Clīvus Capitōlīnus#, a street +running up from the Forum to the Capitol. + +#Clōdius, ī#, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of +_P. Clōdius Pulcher_, Cicero’s enemy, who, as tribune of the people, +brought about his banishment. + +#Clypea, ae#, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage. + +#Cn.#, abbreviation of the name #Gnaeus#. + +#coepī, coepisse, coeptus#, _to begin_. + +#coerceō#, see #arceō#. + +#cōgitātiō, ōnis# [#cōgitō#], f., _thought, consideration, plan_. + +#cōgitō#, see #agitō#. + +#cōgnātiō, ōnis# [#cōgnātus#], f., _blood relationship, ties of blood_. + +#cōgnātus# [#con# + #(g)nāscor#], adj., _related by blood_; as noun, _a +kinsman, blood relation_. + +#cōgnitiō, ōnis# [#cōgnōscō#], f., _a legal investigation, judicial +hearing_; #cōgnitiōnem īnstituere#, _to hold a hearing_. + +#cōgnōmen, inis# [#con# + #(g)nōmen#], n., a name added to the +individual and clan names of a person; _a surname_, either as a title of +honor, as #Āfricānus, Māgnus, Torquātus#, or as a nickname, as #Cicerō#. +_Cōgnōmina_ served to distinguish different families of the same gens. + +#cōgnōminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cōgnōmen#], _to surname, call_. + +#cōgnōscō#, see #nōscō#. + +#cōgō#, see #agō#. + +#cohors, ortis#, f., _cohort, company_ (the tenth part of a legion). See +#legiō#. + +#Collātia, ae#, f., a Sabine town near Rome. + +#Collātīnus, ī#, m., _L. Tarquinius_, the husband of Lucretia, and one +of the first two consuls, 509 B.C. + +#collis, is#, m., _a hill_. + +#collum, ī#, n., _neck_. + +#colō, ere, uī, cultus#, to _till, cultivate_; _dwell in_; _practice, +cherish_; _clothe, adorn_; _honor, esteem_. + + #ex--excolō, ere, uī, cultus#, _to cultivate, improve, adorn_; + _refine_. + + #in--incolō, ere, uī, --#, _to dwell, dwell in, live_. + +#colōnia, ae# [#colō#], f., _a colony, settlement_. + +#columba, ae#, f., _a dove, pigeon_. + +#com, con, co#, forms of the prep. #cum#, found only in compound words. +See #cum#. + +#combūrō#, see #ūrō#. + +#comes, itis# [#con# + (1) #eō#], m., _companion, comrade_; _attendant, +follower_. + +#cōmitās, ātis# [#cōmis#, _courteous_], f., _courtesy, kindness_. + +#comitātus, ūs# [#comitor#], m., _escort, train_. + +#comitium, ī# [#con# + (1) #eō#], n., _the Comitium_, a place adjoining +the Forum Romanum, where the voters assembled; #comitia, ōrum#, _the +comitia_, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); _election_; +#comitia indīcere#, _to set a date for an election_. + +#comitor, ārī, ātus sum# [#comes#], _to accompany_. + +#commeātus, ūs#, m., _a furlough_. + +#commendō#, see #mandō#. + +#commigrō#, see #migrō#. + +#commīlitō, ōnis# [#con# + #mīles#], m., _fellow-soldier, comrade_. + +#comminus# [#con# + #manus#], adv., _hand to hand, at close quarters_. + +#committō#, see #mittō#. + +#commodē# [#commodus#], adv., _properly, fittingly, rightly_. + +#commodus# [#con# + #modus#], adj., _in due measure, suitable, fit, +convenient_. + +#commoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#commūniō#, see #mūniō#. + +#commūnis, e# [#con# + #mūnus#], adj., _common, joint, general_. + +#commūniter# [#commūnis#], adv., _in common, together_. + +#commūtō#, see #mūtō#. + +#cōmō#, see #emō#. + +#compār, paris# [#con# + #pār#], adj., _equal to, like_; _fitting, +suitable_. + +#comparō#, see #parō#. + +#compellō#, see #pellō#. + +#comperiō#, see #pariō#. + +#compēs, edis# [#con# + #pēs#], f., usually in the pl., _shackles, +fetters_. + +#complector, ī, plexus sum#, _to embrace_. + +#compleō#, see #*pleō#. + +#complōrātiō, ōnis# [#complōrō#, _to bewail_], f., _lamentation, +wailing_. + +#complūrēs, a# or #ia# [#con# + #plūs#], adj., _several, many, very +many_. + +#compōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#compos, potis# [#con# + #potis#, _able_], adj., _master of_; #vōtī +compos fierī#, _to gain one’s heart’s desire_. + +#compositum, ī# [#compōnō#], n., _agreement_. + +#comprehendō#, see #prehendō#. + +#comprimō#, see #premō#. + +#comprobō#, see #probō#. + +#computō#, see #putō#. + +#con#, see #com#. + +#concēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#concidō#, see #cadō#. + +#conciliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#concilium#], _to bring together, +conciliate_; _win over, secure_. + + #re--reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to reunite, reconcile_. + +#concilium, ī# [#con# + #calō#, _to call_], n., _assembly, gathering_. + +#concipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#concitō#, see #citō#. + +#conclāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#concordia, ae# [#con# + #cor#, _heart_], f., _union, harmony, concord_. + +#concupīscō, ere, cupīvī, cupītus# [#con# + #cupiō#], _to desire +greatly, crave_. + +#concurrō#, see #currō#. + +#concursus, ūs# [#concurrō#], m., _a concourse, throng_; _attack, +charge, onset_. + +#condemnō#, see #damnō#. + +#condiciō, ōnis# [#condīcō#, _to agree_], f., _agreement, stipulation, +terms_. + +#condō#, see #dō#. + +#condūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#cōnferō#, see #ferō#. + +#cōnfertus# [part. of #cōnferciō#, _to stuff together_], adj., _crowded, +dense_. + +#cōnfessiō, ōnis# [#cōnfiteor#], f., _confession, acknowledgment_. + +#cōnfēstim#, adv., _immediately, at once_. + +#cōnficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#cōnfīdentia, ae# [#cōnfīdō#, _to trust_], f., _boldness, assurance, +confidence_. + +#cōnfīrmātus# [orig. part. of #cōnfīrmō#], adj., _courageous, resolute_. + +#cōnfīrmō#, see #fīrmō#. + +#cōnfiteor#, see #fateor#. + +#cōnflagrō, āre, āvī, --# [#con# + #flagrō#, _to burn_], _to burn, be +destroyed_ (by fire). + +#cōnflīgō#, see #*flīgō#. + +#cōnflō#, see #flō#. + +#cōnfluō#, see #fluō#. + +#cōnfodiō#, see #fodiō#. + +#cōnfugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#congerō#, see #gerō#. + +#congredior#, see #gradior#. + +#congressus, ūs# [#congredior#], m., _meeting, interview, encounter, +fight_. + +#congruō, ere, ī, --#, _to agree, tally_. + +#coniciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#coniungō#, see #iungō#. + +#coniunx# or #coniux# [#coniungō#], m. and f., _married person, husband, +wife_. + +#coniūrātiō, ōnis# [#coniūrō#], f., _a conspiracy, plot_. + +#coniūrātī, ōrum# [orig. part. of #coniūrō#], m. pl., _conspirators_. + +#coniūrō#, see #iūrō#. + +#coniux#, see #coniunx#. + +#conlaudō#, see #laudō#. + +#conlēga, ae# [#con# + #legō#], m., _one chosen at the same time, +a colleague_. + +#conligō#, see #legō#. + +#conlocō#, see #locō#. + +#conloquium, ī# [#conloquor#], n., _an interview, conference_. + +#conloquor#, see #loquor#. + +#cōnor, ārī, ātus sum#, to _attempt, try_. + +#conqueror#, see #queror#. + +#conquīrō#, see #quaerō#. + +#cōnsalūtō#, see #salūtō#. + +#cōnscendō#, see #scandō#. + +#cōnscientia, ae# [#con# + #sciō#], f., _consciousness, knowledge_. + +#cōnscīscō#, see #scīscō#. + +#cōnscius# [#con# + #sciō#], adj., _acquainted with, aware of_. + +#cōnscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#cōnscrīptus# [orig. part. of #cōnscrībō#], adj., _enrolled_; #patrēs +cōnscrīptī#, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this +phrase as = #patrēs et cōnscrīptī#, explaining #patrēs# as _patricians_, +of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and #cōnscrīptī# as +denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after +the expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = _enrolled patricians_, to +distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in +the senate. + +#cōnsecrō#, see #sacrō#. + +#cōnsēnsus, ūs# [#cōnsentiō#], m., _united opinion, consent, agreement_. + +#cōnsentiō#, see #sentiō#. + +#cōnsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#cōnserō#, see #serō#. + +#cōnservō#, see #servō#. + +#cōnsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to look at closely, examine, reflect, +consider_. + +#cōnsīdō#, see #sīdō#. + +#cōnsilium, ī# [cf. #cōnsulō#], n., _plan, scheme_; _judgment, wit, +sense, shrewdness_; #cōnsilium capere# or #inīre#, _to plan_. + +#cōnsistō#, see #sistō#. + +#cōnsobrīnus, ī# [#con# + #soror#], m., _first-cousin, cousin_. + +#cōnsōlor, ārī, ātus sum# [#con# + #sōlor#, _to comfort_], _to comfort, +cheer_. + +#cōnspectus, ūs# [#cōnspiciō#], m., _sight, view_. + +#cōnspiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#cōnspicuus# [#cōnspiciō#], adj., _in plain sight, conspicuous, +remarkable_. + +#cōnspīrātiō, ōnis# [#cōnspīrō#, _to breathe together, plot_], f., _a +plot_. + +#cōnspīrātī, ōrum# [#cōnspīrō#, _to plot_], m. pl., _conspirators_. + +#cōnstāns, antis# [orig. part. of #cōnstō#], adj., _of strong character, +firm, resolute_; _steadfast, consistent_. + +#cōnstanter# [#cōnstāns#], adv., _firmly, resolutely, steadfastly_. + +#cōnstantia, ae# [#cōnstāns#], f., a typical Roman virtue, _strength of +character, steadiness of purpose, firmness_; _courage, faithfulness_. + +#cōnsternō#, see #sternō#. + +#cōnstituō#, see #statuō#. + +#cōnstō#, see #stō#. + +#cōnsuēscō#, see #suēscō#. + +#cōnsuētūdō, inis# [#cōnsuētus#, part. of #cōnsuēscō#], f., _habit, +custom_. + +#cōnsul, ulis#, m., _a consul_, the title given to the two highest +officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C. At +first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious +matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other +magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were +used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls +usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls. + +#cōnsulāris, e# [#cōnsul#], adj., _of consular rank_; as noun, _an +ex-consul_. + +#cōnsulātus, ūs# [#cōnsul#], m., _consulship_. + +#cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus#, _to take counsel, deliberate_; _to take counsel +with, to consult_; #graviter cōnsulere#, _to take vigorous measures_. + +#cōnsultō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #cōnsulō#], _to take counsel, +deliberate_. + +#cōnsūmō#, see #sūmō#. + +#contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus#, _to despise, scorn_. + +#contemptor, ōris# [#contemnō#], m., _one who despises, scorner_. + +#contendō#, see #tendō#. + +#contentiō, ōnis# [#contendō#], f., _straining, effort, energy_; +_dispute, strife_. + +#contentus# [orig. part. of #contineō#], adj., _content, satisfied +with_. + +#continentia, ae# [#contineō#], f., _self-restraint, moderation_. + +#contineō#, see #teneō#. + +#contingō#, see #tangō#. + +#continuō# [#continuus#], adv., _forthwith, straightway_. + +#continuus# [#contineō#], adj., _uninterrupted, continuous, successive, +incessant_. + +#cōntiō, ōnis# [orig. #co(n)ventiō#, from #conveniō#], f., _an assembly, +meeting_. + +#contrā#, prep. with acc., _against, contrary to_. + +#contrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#contrārius# [#contrā#], adj., _opposite, contrary_. + +#contubernālis, is# [#con# + #taberna#, _a tent_], m., _tent-companion, +comrade_. + +#contumēlia, ae#, f., _insult, reproach, abuse_. + +#contundō# [#con# + #tundō#, _to beat, strike_], _to crush, destroy_. + +#contus, ī#, m., _a pole, pike_. + +#cōnūbium, ī# [#con# + #nūbō#], n., _marriage, right of intermarriage_. + +#convalēscō, ere, valuī, --# [#con# + #valeō#], _to begin to be well, +recover_. + +#conveniēns, entis# [#conveniō#], adj., _agreeing or consistent with, +befitting_. + +#conveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#convertō#, see #vertō#. + +#convincō#, see #vincō#. + +#convīvium, ī# [#con# + #vīvō#], n., _a feast_. + +#convocō#, see #vocō#. + +#coorior#, see #orior#. + +#cophinus, ī#, m., _a basket_. + +#cōpia, ae# [#co(n)# + #ops#], f., _abundance, supply_; _opportunity_; +in pl., _resources, forces, troops_. + +#cōpiōsē# [#cōpiōsus#], adv., _abundantly_; _of speech, fluently, +eloquently_. + +#cōpiōsus# [#cōpia#], adj., _abounding in, well supplied_. + +#coquus, ī#, m., _a cook_. + +#cōram# [#co(n)# + #ōs#], adv., _before one’s eyes, in person_; prep. +with abl., _before, in the presence of_. + +#corium, ī#, n., _skin, hide_. + +#Cornēlia, ae#, f., _Cornelia_. + + 1. A daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the + Gracchi. + + 2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar. + +#Cornēlius, ī#, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See #Cinna, +Cossus, Lentulus, Scīpiō#, and #Sulla#. + +#cornū, ūs#, n., _horn_; _wing_ (of an army). + +#corōna, ae#, f., _a crown, garland_. See #cīvicus#. + +#corpus, oris#, n., _a body_. + +#corrigō#, see #regō#. + +#corripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#corrumpō#, see #rumpō#. + +#corruō#, see #ruō#. + +#corvus, ī#, m., _a raven_. In XVI. 3 it may be translated +_grappling-iron_, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding +bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In +battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there +by a sharp iron spike in its under side. + +#cōs, cōtis#, f., _flint stone, whetstone_. + +#Cossus, ī#, m., _A. Cornēlius_, consul in 343 B.C. + +#cottīdiānus# [#cottīdiē#, _daily_], adj., _daily_; _usual, customary_; +_everyday, commonplace_. + +#Crassus, ī#, m., _M. Licinius_, called _Dīves_ because of his enormous +wealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60; +defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C. + +#crēber, bra, brum#, adj., _crowded, numerous, incessant_. + +#crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus#, _to lend, entrust to_; _believe in, +trust_; _believe, think_. + +#Cremera, ae#, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii. + +#cremō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to burn_. + +#Cremōna, ae#, f., a town on the river Po. + +#creō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make, create_; _to choose, elect_. + + #re--recreō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to renew, revive, encourage_. + +#crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to grow, increase_. + +#in--incrēscō, ere, crēvī, --#, _to grow upon_; _grow, increase_. + +#crīminor, ārī, ātus sum# [#crīmen#, _a charge_], _to complain of, +denounce_; with infin., _to charge_. + +#crīnis, is#, m., _hair_. + +#cruciātus, ūs# [#cruciō#], m., _torture, torment_. + +#cruciō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#crux#], _to crucify, torture, torment_. + +#crūdēlis, e#, adj., _cruel, unfeeling_. + +#crūdēlitās, ātis# [#crūdēlis#], f., _cruelty_. + +#cruentus# [cf. #cruor#], adj., _blood-stained_. + +#crumēna, ae#, f., _a purse, money bag_. + +#cruor, ōris#, m., _running blood, gore_. + +#crūs#, #crūris#, n., _a leg_. + +#crux#, #crucis#, f., _cross, gallows_. + +#crystallinus# [#crystallum#, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_; as noun, +#crystallinum, ī# (sc. #vās#), n., _a vase of crystal_. + +#cubiculum, ī# [#cubō#], n., _a bedchamber_. + +#cubō, āre, uī, itum#, _to lie down, recline_; _to lie sick_. + + #re--recubō, āre, --, --#, _to lie on one’s back, lie, recline_. + +#cūiās, ātis#, interr. pron., _of what country? whence?_ + +#culpa, ae#, ī., _fault, guilt_. + +#cultellus, ī# [dim. of #culter#], m., _a small knife_. + +#culter, trī#, m., _knife, dagger_. + +#cultus, ūs# [#colō#], m., _cultivation; refinement, luxury_; _mode of +living, style_. + +#cum#, prep. with abl., _with, together with, at the same time with_. In +composition the forms #com, con#, and #co# are used, and denote +(1) accompaniment, (2) intensity. + +#cum#, conj.; of time, _when, while, whenever_; of cause, _since_; of +concession, _although_; #cum . . . tum#, _both . . . and, not only . . . +but also_. + +#*cumbō#, an old verb, same root as #cubō#. + + #ad--accumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to lie or recline_ (esp. at + table). + + #in--incumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to lie or lean upon_; _devote + one’s self_. + + #ob--occumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to fall_ (in death), _die_. + + #prō--prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to fall forward, fall + prostrate_. + +#cunctātiō, ōnis# [#cunctor#], f., _delay_. + +#Cunctātor, ōris# [#cunctor#], m., _Delayer_, a name given to Q. Fabius +Maximus. + +#cunctor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to delay, linger_. + +#cupidē# [#cupidus#], adv., _eagerly_. + +#cupiditās, ātis# [#cupidus#], f., _craving, desire, eagerness_. + +#cupīdō, inis# [cf. #cupidus#], f., _desire, craving, greed_. + +#cupidus# [#cupiō#], adj., _desirous, fond_; _greedy, covetous_. + +#cupiō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to crave, desire, covet_. + +#cūr#, adv., _why? for what reason?_ + +#cūra, ae#, f., _care, anxiety_. + +#Curēs, īum#, f. pl., a Sabine town. + +#Cūria, ae#, f., _a curia, ward_, one of the ten divisions into which +each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; _council chamber_, +esp. the Roman _Senate-house_, either the _Cūria Hostīlia_, adjoining +the Forum on the north side, or the _Cūria Pompēia_, built by Pompey in +the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered. + +#Cūriātius, ī#, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the +Horatii. + +#Curius, ī#, m., gentile name of _Mānius Curius Dentātus_, a famous +Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died +in 270 B.C. + +#cūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cūra#], _to care for, attend to_; with +gerundive and infin., _see to it that, take care that_. + + #prō--prōcūrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, to _care for, attend to_; of omens, + _to avert by sacrifices_. + +#currō, ere, cucurrī, cursum#, _to run_. + + #ad--accurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run, to, hasten towards_. + + #con--concurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run together_; _to rush + together_ (in battle), _charge, fight_. + + #dē--dēcurrō, ere, (cu)curri, cursum#, _to run down, hasten down_. + + #dis--discurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run in different + directions_; _wander, roam_. + + #ob--occurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run to meet, meet_; + _withstand, oppose_. + + #sub--succurrō, ere, ī, --#, _to run to, help, aid_. + +#currus, ūs# [#currō#], m., _a chariot_. + +#cursus, ūs# [#currō#], m., _running_; _journey, passage, course_; +_speed_. + +#curūlis, e# [#currus#], adj., _of a chariot_. #Sella curūlis#, see +#sella#. + +#cūstōdia, ae# [#cūstōs#], f., _watching_; _guard-house, prison_; pl., +_pickets, watchmen_. + +#cūstōdiō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#cūstōs#], _to watch, guard, defend_. + +#cūstōs, ōdis#, m. and f., _guardian, protector_. + +#Cȳrus, ī#, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian +empire. + + +#D# + +#D.#, abbreviation of the name #Decimus#. + +#Dācī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the Dacians_, a people living on the north of the +Danube. + +#damnātiō, ōnis# [#damnō#], f., _condemnation_. + +#damnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to judge guilty, condemn_; #capite damnāre#, +_to condemn to death_. + + #con--condemnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to find guilty, condemn, + sentence_. + +#dē#, prep, with abl.; of place, _from, down from, out of_; of time, +_after, during_; of cause, _in consequence of, through_; of relation, +_concerning, in respect to_. In compounds it generally denotes +thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force. + +#dea, ae#, f., _a goddess_. + +#deambulō#, see #ambulō#. + +#dēbeō#, see #habeō#. + +#dēbilis# [#dē# + #habilis#], adj., _weak, disabled, helpless_. + +#dēcēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#decem#, indecl. num. adj., _ten_. + +#december, bris, bre#, adj., _tenth_; as noun, #December# +(sc. #mēnsis#), m., _December, the tenth month_ (counting from March, +with which the Roman year originally began). + +#decemvir, ī# [#decem# + #vir#], m., _a member of a commission of ten +men, a decemvir_. + +#dēcernō#, see #cernō#. + +#decet, ēre, uit#, impers., _it is fitting_. + +#decimus# [#decem#], num. adj., _tenth_. + +#Decimus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#dēcipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#Decius, ī#, m., the gentile name of _P. Decius Mūs_, consul B.C. 340. + +#dēclārō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# + #clārus#], _to make clear, disclose_; +_show, declare_. + +#decorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#decus#], _to adorn, deck_. + +#dēcurrō#, see #currō#. + +#decus, oris#, n., _grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament_. + +#dēcutiō#, see #quatiō#. + +#dēditīcius, ī# [#dēditus#], m., _a captive_. + +#dēditiō, ōnis# [#dēdō#], f., _a surrender_. + +#dēditus# [orig. part. of #dēdō#], adj., _surrendered_; #devoted to, +addicted to#. As noun, #dēditus, ī#, m., _a captive_. + +#dēdō#, see #dō#. + +#dēdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#dēfatīgātiō, ōnis#, f., _weariness_. + +#dēfendō#, see #*fendō#. + +#dēfēnsiō, ōnis# [#dēfendō#], f., _a defense_. + +#dēfēnsor, ōris# [#dēfendō#], m., _a defender_. + +#dēferō#, see #ferō#. + +#dēfessus#, adj., _worn out, weary_. + +#dēficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#dēfīgō#, see #fīgō#. + +#deflectō#, see #flectō#. + +#dēfōrmitās, ātis# [#dēfōrmis#, _ugly_], f., _ugliness, disfigurement_. + +#dēfungor#, see #fungor#. + +#dēgō#, see #agō#. + +#dēhonestō, āre, --, --# [#dē# + #honestō# (cf. #honōs#), _to honor_], +_to disgrace, dishonor_. + +#dēiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#dein#, see #deinde#. + +#deinceps#, adv., _one after the other, in succession_; _next_; +_thereafter, in the future_. + +#deinde# or #dein# [#dē# + #inde#], adv., _subsequently_; _then, next_; +_thereafter, from that time on_. + +#dēlābor#, see #lābor#. + +#dēlēctō, āre, āvi, ātus# [#dē# + #laciō#], to _delight, please, +entertain_. + +#dēlēctus# [orig. part. of (1) #dēligō#], adj., _picked, choice_. + +#dēlēctus, ūs# [(1) #dēligō#], m., _a picking out, a levy, draft_; +#dēlēctum agere# or #habēre#, _to hold a levy_. + +#dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to blot out, destroy_. + +#dēlīberābundus# [#dēlīberō#], adj., _pondering, reflecting_. + +#dēlīberō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# + #lībra#, _a balance_], _to weigh_ +(consider) _well, deliberate, ponder_. + +#dēlicātē# [#dēlicātus#], adv., _luxuriously, effeminately_. + +#dēlicātus# [cf. #dēliciae#], adj., _devoted to pleasure, luxurious, +effeminate_. + +#dēliciae, ārum#, pl. f., _delights, pleasure, luxury_. + +(1) #dēligō#, see #legō#. + +(2) #dēligō, āre#, see #ligō#. + +#delīrō, āre, --, --# [#dē# + #līra#, _a furrow_], _to be crazy_. + +#dēlitēscō, ere, lituī, --# [#dē# + #lateō#, _to hide_], _lie hid, be +concealed_. + +#Delphi, ōrum#, pl. m., _Delphi_, a town of Phocis in Central Greece, +renowned for its oracle of Apollo. + +#dēmissē# [#dēmissus#, _modest_], adv., _modestly, humbly, abjectly_. + +#dēmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#dēmoror#, see #moror#. + +#dēmum#, adv., _at last, finally_; #tum dēmum#, _then at last, not till +then_. + +#dēnārius, ī#, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to +16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents. + +#dēnegō#, see #negō#. + +#dēnique#, adv., _thereafter, thereupon_; _at last, finally_; _briefly, +in short_. + +#dēnūntiō#, see #nūntiō#. + +#dēnuō# [#dē# + #novō#], adv., _anew, again_. + +#deōsculor#, see #ōsculor#. + +#dēpellō#, see #pellō#. + +#dēpereō#, see #pereō#. + +#dēpōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#dēpōscō#, see #pōscō#. + +#dēprecor#, see #precor#. + +#dēprehendō#, see #prehendō#. + +#dērīdeō#, see #rīdeō#. + +#dēscendō#, see #scandō#. + +#dēscīscō#, see #scīscō#. + +#dēscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#dēserō#, see #serō#. + +#dēsīderium, ī# [#dēsīderō#], n., _longing, yearning_; _regret_. + +#dēsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to long for_; _require, need_. + +#dēsiliō#, see #saliō#. + +#dēsipiēns, entis# [orig. part. of #dēsipiō#], adj., _foolish, silly_. +As noun, #dēsipiēns, entis#, m., _a fool, madman_. + +#dēsipiō#, see #sapiō#. + +#dēsistō#, see #sistō#. + +#dēspērātiō, ōnis# [#dēspērō#], f., _despair, desperation_. + +#dēspērō#, see #spērō#. + +#dēspiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#dēspondeō#, see #spondeō#. + +#dēstinō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make fast, fix_; _resolve, design, plan_. + +#dēstringō#, see #stringō#. + +#dēsum#, see #sum#. + +#dēsuper# [#dē# + #super#], adv., _from above_. + +#dētegō#, see #tegō#. + +#dēterreō#, see #terreō#. + +#dētineō#, see #teneō#. + +#dētrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#dētrēctō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# neg. + #trāctō#, _to handle, manage_], +_to decline, shirk_. + +#dētrīmentum, ī# [#dēterō#, _to rub away_], n., _loss, damage_. + +#deūrō#, see #ūrō#. + +#deus, ī#, m., _a god, divinity_. + +#dēvincō#, see #vincō#. + +#dēvolō#, see (2) #volō#. + +#dēvoveō#, see #voveō#. + +#dexter, era, erum#, and #tra, trum#, adj., _right_. As noun, #dextra# +(sc. #manus#), f., _the right hand_. + +#diadēma, atis#, n., _a royal crown, diadem_. + +#Diāna, ae#, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans +with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase. + +#dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to say, speak_; _call, name_; _appoint_; +#causam dīcere#, _to plead a case_; #diem dīcere alicuī#, _to bring a +complaint against some one_; #iūs dīcere#, _to administer justice, hold +court_; #multam dīcere#, _to impose a fine_. + + #ad--addīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to be propitious to, assent_; + with acc., _to adjudge, award_. + + #ē--ēdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to make known, proclaim_; _order, + command_; #diem ēdīcere#, _to set a day_ (by public proclamation). + + #in--indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to proclaim, announce_; _appoint_; + _impose, inflict_. + + #inter--interdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictum#, _to forbid, prohibit, + exclude_. + + #prae--praedīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to foretell, prophesy_; _warn, + admonish_. + +#dicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to declare_; _dedicate, consecrate_. + + #ab--abdicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to disown, reject_; #sē abdicāre#, + _to resign_. + + #in--indicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make known, reveal_. + + #prae--praedicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say openly, assert, declare_. + +#dictātor, ōris# [#dictō#, _to order_], m., _a dictator_, a magistrate +usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of +the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator +necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was +limited to six months. + +#dictātūra, ae# [#dictātor#], f., _dictatorship_. + +#dictitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #dīcō#], _to say often, assert, +insist_. + +#dictum, ī# [#dīcō#], n., _saying, word, remark_; _command_. + +#dīdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#diēs, ēī#, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., _a day_; #in diēs#, _from +day to day_. + +#diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum# [#dis# neg. + #fīdō#, _to trust_], _to +distrust, doubt_. + +#diffluō#, see #fluō#. + +#dīgnitās, ātis# [#dīgnus#], f., _worth, high character_; _eminence, +rank, reputation_. + +#dīgnus#, adj., _worthy, deserving of_. + +#dīgredior#, see #gradior#. + +#dīligenter# [#dīligō#], adv., _industriously, diligently_. + +#dīligentia, ae# [#dīligō#], f., _carefulness, diligence, industry_. + +#dīligō#, see #legō#. + +#dīlūcēscō, ere, lūxī, --# [cf. #lūx#], _to grow light, dawn_. + +#dīmicātiō, ōnis# [#dīmicō#], f., _a fight_. + +#dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to fight_. + +#dīmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#dīrigō#, see #regō#. + +#dīrimō#, see #emō#. + +#dīripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#dīruō#, see #ruō#. + +#dīs, dītis#, comp. #dītior#, sup. #dītissimus#, adj., _rich, wealthy_. + +#dis# or #dī#, inseparable prefix, _apart, asunder_; sometimes negative, +_not_. + +#discēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#discerpō#, see #carpō#. + +#dīsciplīna, ae# [#dīscō#], f., _teaching, training, discipline_. + +#dīscipulus, ī# [#dīscō#], m., _a pupil_. + +#dīscō, ere, didicī, --#, _to learn_. + +#dīscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#discrīmen, inis# [#discernō#, _to divide_], n., _difference_; +_turning-point, decision_; _peril, crisis_. + +#discurrō#, see #currō#. + +#disertus# [#disserō#], adj., _eloquent_. + +#dispēnsātor, ōris# [#dispēnsō#, _to manage_], m., _manager, steward, +treasurer_. + +#dīspiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#displiceō#, see #placeō#. + +#dispōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#disputō#, see #putō#. + +#dissēnsiō, ōnis# [#dissentiō#, _to disagree_], f., _disagreement, +strife_. + +#disserō#, see #serō#. + +#dissimilis, e# [#dis# neg. + #similis#], adj., _unlike_. + +#dissimulō#, see #simulō#. + +#dissipō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to scatter, squander, dissipate_. + +#dissuādeō#, see #suādeō#. + +#distrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#distribuō#, see #tribuō#. + +#dītior, dītissimus#, see #dīs#. + +#dītō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dīs#], _to enrich_. + +#diū#, adv., _for a long time, long_. + +#diuturnus# [#diū#], adj., _prolonged, long_. + +#dīversus# [#dīvertō#], adj., _turned different ways, opposite, +contrary_; #in dīversa#, _apart, asunder_. + +#dīvertō#, see #vertō#. + +#dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus#, _to divide, separate, distribute_. + +#dīvīnitus# [#dīvīnus#], adv., _by divine agency, providentially_. + +#dīvīnus# [#dīvus#], adj., _godlike, divine_. + +#dīvitiae, ārum# [#dives#, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_. + +#dīvus#, adj., _godlike, deified_; often applied to the Roman emperors +after death. + +#dō, dare, dedī, datus#, _to put, place_; _give, present, entrust_; +#operam dare#, _to pay attention_; #poenās dare#, _to suffer +punishment_. + + #ab--abdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put away, hide, conceal_. + + #ad--addō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put or join to, add_. + + #circumdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to place around, surround, enclose_. + + #con--condō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put together, found, build_; + _put away, hide_; _sheathe_ (a sword). + + #dē--dēdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give up, surrender_. + + #ex--ēdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give out, give_; _give birth to, + bear_; _publish, announce, reveal_; _perform_; #lūdōs ēdere#, _to + celebrate games_. + + #in--indō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put in or on, give, confer_. + + #per--perdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to lose, destroy, ruin, waste_. + + #prō--prōdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give_ or _put forth, make + known_; _hand down, record_; _betray_. + + #re--reddō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give back, restore, return_; + _deliver_ (a letter); _render_. + + #sub--subdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put under, apply_. + + #trāns--trādō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give over, give up, + surrender_; _hand down, report, relate_; _hand over, entrust_. + +#doceō, ēre, uī, tus#, _to teach, point out_. + + #ē--ēdoceō, ēre, uī, tus#, _to teach thoroughly_. + +#doctor, ōris# [#doceō#], m., _teacher_. + +#doctrīna, ae# [#doceō#], f., _instruction_; _learning, training_. + +#doctus# [orig. part. of #doceō#], adj., _educated, learned, skilled_. + +#dolor, ōris# [#doleō#, _to feel pain_], m., _pain, grief, resentment_. + +#dolōsē# [#dolus#], adv., _craftily_. + +#dolus, ī#, m., _craft, trickery_. + +#domicilium, ī# [#domus#], n., _dwelling_. + +#dominātiō, ōnis# [#dominor#], f., _rule, supremacy, dominion_. + +#dominātus, ūs# [#dominor#, _to rule_], m., _rule, sway, mastery, +command_. + +#dominus, ī#, m., #master# (esp. of slaves), _ruler, lord_. + +#domō, āre, uī, itus#, _to tame, subdue_. + +#domus, ūs#, f., _a house, home_; loc. #domī#, _at home_; acc. #domum#, +_homewards, home_. + +#dōnātīvum, ī# [#dōnō#], n., _a gift_. + +#dōnec#, conj., _while, until, as long as_. + +#dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dōnum#], _to give, present_. + +#dōnum, ī# [#dō#], n., _a gift, present_. + +#dormiō, īre, īvī, --#, _to sleep_. + +#dorsum, ī#, n., _back_ (of an animal); _range_ or _ridge_ (of a +mountain). + +#dōs, dōtis# [#dō#], f., _dowry_. + +#dōtālis, e# [#dōs#], adj., of a dowry; #dōtālia dōna#, _wedding +presents_. + +#dubitō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#dubius#], _to doubt, waver, hesitate_. + +#dubius#, adj., _doubtful, uncertain_; #in dubium vocāre#, _to call in +question_. + +#ducentī, ae, a# [#duo# + #centum#], num. adj., _two hundred_. + +#dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_; _prolong_; _consider, reckon_; +#fossam dūcere#, _to build a ditch_; #fūnus dūcere#, _to celebrate a +funeral_; #uxōrem dūcere#, _to marry_. + + #ab--abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead off_ or _away, drag off, + remove_. + + #ad--addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead to, bring_; _induce, + influence_. + + #con--condūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to bring together_; _contribute + to, serve_. + + #dē--dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ (away); _attend, escort_. + + #dis--dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw apart, + separate, open_. + + #ē--ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead forth_ or _out_; _bring up, + rear_. + + #in--indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, introduce_; + _lead, induce, influence_. + + #intrō--intrōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, usher + in, admit_. + + #per--perdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead, conduct, escort_; + _pursue_; _spend, pass_. + + #re--redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _escort back, + accompany_. + + #sē--sēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead apart_ or _aside_. + + #sub--subdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw away_ + (secretly), _withdraw, remove_; _hide_. + + #trāns--trādūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _carry across, + transport_; _spend, pass_ (time). + +#dūdum#, adv., _a while ago_. See #iam#. + +#Duīlius, ī#, m., _C._, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians +in a naval battle, 260 B.C. + +(1) #dum#, adverbial particle found only in compounds, _a while_; with +negatives, _yet_. + +(2) #dum#, conj., _while, until_. + +#dummodo# [#dum# + #modo#], conj., _provided_. + +#duo, ae, o#, num. adj., _two_. + +#duodecim# [#duo# + #decem#], num. adj., _twelve_. + +#duodēnī, ae, a#, adj., _twelve each, twelve_. + +#duplex, icis# [#duo# + #plicō#, _to fold_], adj., _twofold, double_. + +#duplicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#duplex#], _to double, repeat_. + +#dūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dūrus#], _to harden_; _endure, hold out, last_. + +#dūrus#, adj., _hard, rough_; _rude, uncultivated_; _unfeeling_. + +#dux, ducis# [#dūcō#], m., _leader, guide_; _commander, general_. + +#Dȳrrachium, ī#, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the +Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium. + + +#E# + +#ē#, see #ex#. + +#ecquid#, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, _at +all?_ (2) in indir. question, _whether_. + +#ēdīcō#, see #dīcō#. + +#ēdictum, ī# [#ēdīcō#], n., _proclamation, edict_. + +#ēditus# [orig. part. of #ēdō#], adj., _high_. + +#edō, ere (ēsse), ēsī, ēsus#, _to eat, consume_. + +#ēdō#, see #dō#. + +#ēdoceō#, see #doceō#. + +#ēducātiō, ōnis# [#ēducō#], f., _training, education_. + +#ēdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#ēducō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ēdūcō#], _to bring up, rear, train, educate_. + +#effēminātus# [orig. part. of #effēminō#, _to make womanish_], adj., +_womanish_. + +(1) #efferō#, see #ferō#. + +(2) #efferō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #ferus#], _to render wild_ or +_savage_; _madden_. + +#efficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#efflāgitō#, see #flāgitō#. + +#effugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#effundō#, see #fundō#. + +#egeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be lacking_; _to be poor_ or _in need_. + +#Egeria, ae#, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations. + +#ego, meī#, pers. pron., _I_; pl., #nōs#, _we_. + +#ēgredior#, see #gradior#. + +#ēgregiē# [#ēgregius#], adv., _excellently, exceedingly, strikingly_. + +#ēgregius# [#ē# + #grex#], adj., _select, distinguished, excellent_. + +#ēiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#ēlābor#, see #lābor#. + +#ēlabōrō#, see #labōrō#. + +#ēlanguēscō, ere, ēlanguī, --#, _to grow faint_ or _feeble_; _slacken, +abate_. + +#ēlātus# [orig. part. of (1) #efferō#], adj., _high_; _elated, exalted, +puffed up_. + +#ēleganter# [#ēlegāns#, _choice_], adv., _with good judgment, +judiciously_. + +#ēlegantia, ae# [#ēlegāns#, _choice_], f., _taste, refinement, elegance, +grace_. + +#elephantus, ī#, m., _the elephant_. + +#ēliciō#, see #*laciō#. + +#ēlīdō#, see #laedō#. + +#ēligō#, see #legō#. + +#ēloquentia, ae# [#ēloquor#, _to speak_], f., _eloquence_. + +#ēmineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stand out, tower up_. + +#ēmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take_; _buy, purchase_; _gain, acquire_. + + #con--cōmō, ere, cōmpsī, cōmptus#, _to bring together, arrange, + dress_ (the hair), _comb_. + + #dis--dīrimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take apart, separate_; #rēs + dīrimere#, _to adjust matters_. + + #ex--eximo, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take out, remove_; _free, + release_. + + #inter--interimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take from the midst_ + (of men), _kill_. + + #re--redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to buy back, ransom_; _replace_. + +#ēn#, interj., _lo! behold! see!_ + +#enim#, conj., always postpositive, _namely, in fact, you know_; _for, +because_. + +#ēniteō#, see #niteō#. + +#ēnītor#, see #nītor#. + +#ēnsis, is#, m., _a sword_. + +(1) #eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come, walk, march_. + +#ab--abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go away, depart_; #abīre in#, +_pass into, change into_. + +#ad--adeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go_ or _come to, approach, visit_. + +#ante--anteeō, īre, īvī (iī), --#, _to go before_. + +#dē# + #per--dēpereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to die, perish_. + +#ex--exeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come forth_; _retire_. + +#in--ineō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to enter, begin_; #cōnsilium inīre#, +_to form a plan_. + +#inter--intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to perish, die_. + +#intrō--introeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to enter_. + +#ob--obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go to meet_; _perform_; _perish, +die_. + +#per--pereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to perish, disappear, die_. + +#praeter--praetereō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go_ or _pass by_; _omit_. + +#re--redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come back, return_. + +#sub--subeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to come_ or _go up to, go under, +encounter, face_ (danger); #venēnum subit#, _the poison spreads_. + +#trāns--transeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to cross_ (over); _pass by_. + +(2) #eō# [#is#], adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _to that place, +thither_; _to that degree, so far_. + +#Ephesius#, adj., _Ephesian_. + +#Ephesus, ī#, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor. + +#epigramma, atis#, n., _epigram, poem_. + +#Ēpīrus, ī#, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece +proper. + +#epistula, ae#, f., _a letter_. + +#epulor, ārī, ātus sum# [#epulum#], _to feast_. + +#epulum, ī#, n. (pl., #epulae, ārum#, f.), _a feast, banquet_. + +#eques, itis# [#equus#], m., _a horseman, cavalryman_; _knight_, or +member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights +established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the +number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by +the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term +_equitēs_ included not only those who actually served in the army, but +also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of +Augustus was set at about $15,000. + +#equester, tris, tre# [#equus#], adj., _of the knights, knightly_. + +#equitō, āre, āvī, --# [#equus#], _to ride_. + + #ad--adequitō, āre, āvī, --#, _to ride to, ride up_. + +#equus, ī#, m., _a horse_. + +#ērēctus# [orig. part. of #ērigō#], adj., _upright, erect_. + +#ergā#, prep. with acc., _towards, to, with respect to_. + +#ergō#, adv., expressing an inference, like _now, well, then, +therefore_. + +#ērigō#, see #regō#. + +#error, ōris# [#errō#, _to wander_], m., _wandering, error, mistake_. + +#ērubēscō, ere, ērubuī, --#, _to grow red, blush_; _feel ashamed_. + +#ērudiō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#ē# + #rudis#], _to polish, educate, train_. + +#ērumpō#, see #rumpō#. + +#ēruō#, see #ruō#. + +#ēsca, ae# [#edō#], f., _food, bait_. + +#ēscendō#, see #scandō#. + +#Ēsquilīnus, ī#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Esquiline Hill_, the largest of +the seven hills of Rome. + +#et#, (1) adv., _also, too, even_; (2) conj., _and, and yet, but_; #et +. . . et#, _both . . . and_. + +#etiam# [#et# + #iam#], adv. and conj., _and also, also, even_. + +#Etrūria, ae#, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium. + +#Etrūscī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria. + +#etsī# [#et# + #sī#], conj., _even if, although_. + +#Eurīpidēs, is#, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C. + +#Eurōpa, ae#, f., _Europe_. + +#ēvādō#, see #vādō#. + +#ēvehō#, see #vehō#. + +#ēventus, ūs# [#ēveniō#, _to come out_], m., _outcome, result_; +_occurrence, event_. + +#ēvertō#, see #vertō#. + +#ēvocō#, see #vocō#. + +#ex#, before consonants often #ē#, prep. with abl.; of place, _out of_ +(the midst of), _from_; of cause, _in consequence of, because of_; +_according to_; in compounds, _forth, out_; _thoroughly_; _not_. + +#exāctor, ōris# [#exigō#, _to exact_], m., _exactor, enforcer_. + +#exāminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#exāmen#, _means of weighing_], _to weigh, +examine, compare_. + +#exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #anima#], _to put out of breath, +kill_. + +#exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, --# [#ex# + #ārdēscō#, intens. of #ārdeō#, _to +burn, glow_], _to blaze forth_. + +#exarō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #arō#, _to plow_], _to scratch off, +compose_. + +#exasperō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #asper#], _to roughen, irritate, +provoke_. + +#exaudiō#, see #audiō#. + +#excelsus#, adj., _lofty, high_; as noun, #excelsum, ī#, n., _elevated +station_. + +#excerpō#, see #carpō#. + +#excidium, ī#, n., _downfall, ruin_. + +#excipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#excitō#, see #citō#. + +#exclāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#exclūdō#, see #claudō#. + +#excōgitō#, see #agitō#. + +#excolō#, see #colō#. + +#excubiae, ārum# [#ex# + #cubō#], pl. f., _a lying out on guard_; _the +watch, watchmen_. + +#excūsātiō, ōnis# [#excūsō#], f., _excuse_. + +#excūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #causa#], _to free from trial, excuse_. + +#excutiō#, see #quatiō#. + +#exemplum, ī# [#eximō#], n., _specimen, example, precedent, warning_. + +#exeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#exerceō#, see #arceō#. + +#exercitus, ūs# [#exerceō#], m., _an army_. + +#exhauriō#, see #hauriō#. + +#exhibeō#, see #habeō#. + +#exhorrēscō, ere, horruī, --#, _to shudder at, shrink from_. + +#exigō#, see #agō#. + +#exiguus# [#exigō#, _to weigh exactly_], adj., _scanty, short, brief_. + +#eximius# [#eximō#], adj., _choice, distinguished, remarkable, +excellent_. + +#eximō#, see #emō#. + +#exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #aestimō#, _to value_], _to value_; +_think, believe_. + +#exitium, ī# [#exeō#], n., _destruction, ruin, death_. + +#exitus, ūs# [#exeō#], m., _outcome, close_; _departure_; _end of life, +death_. + +#exorior#, see #orior#. + +#expediō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus# [#ex# + #pēs#], _to set free, extricate_; +_procure, obtain_. + +#expellō#, see #pellō#. + +#expendō#, see #pendō#. + +#experīmentum, ī# [#experior#], n., _proof, test, trial_. + +#experior, īrī, tus sum#, _to test, try_; _find out, learn, experience_. + +#expetō#, see #petō#. + +#expīlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to plunder, rob_. + +#expiō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #piō#, _to appease_], _to make amends +for, atone for_. + +#expleō#, see #*pleō#. + +#explōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to reconnoiter_. + +#expōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#expōscō#, see #pōscō#. + +#expositiō, ōnis# [#expōnō#], f., _exposure_. + +#exprimō#, see #premō#. + +#expūgnātiō, ōnis# [#expūgnō#], f., #a taking by storm, storming, +capture#. + +#expūgnō#, see #pūgnō#. + +#exquīsītus# [#exquīrō#, _to seek out_], adj., _carefully sought out, +special_. + +#exsecrō#, see #sacrō#. + +#exsequiae, ārum# [#ex# + #sequor#], pl. f., _funeral procession, +funeral_. + +#exserō#, see #serō#. + +#exsilium, ī#, n., _banishment, exile_. + +#exsistō#, see #sistō#. + +#exspectātiō, ōnis# [#exspectō#], f., _expectation, anticipation_. + +#exspectō#, see #spectō#. + +#exspīrō#, see #spīrō#. + +#exstinguō#, see #stinguō#. + +#exstō#, see #stō#. + +#exstruō#, see #struō#. + +#exsultō#, see #saltō#. + +#extemplō# [#ex# + dim. of #tempus#], adv., _on the instant, at once, +forthwith_. + +#exter# or #exterus, tera, terum#, adj., _outer, foreign_; comp. +#exterior#; sup. #extrēmus#, _outermost, extreme_; _last, furthermost_; +_last part of_. + +#extimēscō, ere, timuī, --# [#ex# + #*timēscō#, inceptive of #timeō#], +_to fear_ or _dread greatly_. + +#extrā# [#exter#], (1) adv., _on the outside, without_; (2) prep, with +acc., _outside of, beyond_. + +#extrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#extraōrdinārius# [#extrā# + #ōrdō#], adj., _out of the common run, +uncommon_. + +#extrēmus#, see #exter#. + +#exuō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to draw or pull off, lay aside_; _strip, +despoil_. + +#exūrō#, see #ūrō#. + + +#F# + +#faber, fabrī#, m., _a workman_ (in hard materials), _smith, carpenter_. + +#Fabius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Māximus#. + +#fabricō, āre, āvī, ātus# [cf. #faber#], _to make, build, construct_. + +#fābula, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _story, play_. + +#facētē# [#facētus#, _witty_], adv., #wittily#. + +#facile# [#facilis#], adv., _easily_; _readily, willingly_. + +#facilis, e# [#faciō#], adj., _easy_. + +#facinus, oris# [#faciō#], n., _a deed_; _crime_. + +#faciō, facere, fēcī, factus#, _to make, do, perform_; _choose, +appoint_; #stīpendia facere#, _to serve a campaign_; #sūmptum facere#, +_to spend_; #verba facere#, _to speak_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_; +pass., #fīō, fierī, factus sum#, _to be done, occur, take place, +happen_. + + #ad--adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do something to, affect_; + _treat, visit with_. + + #con--cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do thoroughly_; _complete, + prepare_; _accomplish, make_; _exhaust, kill_. + + #dē--dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectum#, _withdraw, revolt_; _fail, + disappear, give out_. + + #ex--efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to work out, bring to pass, + accomplish_; _make, render, cause, effect_. + + #in--īnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to stain, dye_; _pollute, taint_. + + #inter--interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to kill_; _murder_. + + #per--perficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do thoroughly, execute, + accomplish_. + + #sub--sufficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to put under_, or _in place of, + appoint as successor, substitute_; intrans., _suffice, be + sufficient_. + +#factiō, ōnis# [#faciō#], f., _party, faction_. + +#factum, ī# [#faciō#], n., _a deed, act_. + +#facultās, ātis# [#facilis#], f., _means, opportunity_; _ability, +skill_. + +#fācundia, ae# [#fācundus#, _eloquent_], f., _eloquence, oratory_. + +#Falernus#, adj., _Falernian_; #ager Falernus#, _a famous wine-growing +district in Campania_. + +#fāma, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _talk, report, rumor_; _tradition_; +_fame, reputation_. + +#famēs, is#, f., #hunger#. + +#familia, ae# [#famulus#, _a slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_; +_family, house, race_. + +#familiāris, e# [#familia#], adj., _belonging to a household, private, +intimate, friendly_; _well-known_; #rēs familiāris#, _private property_. +As noun, m., _an intimate friend_. + +#familiāritās, ātis# [#familiāris#], f., _friendship, intimacy_. + +#fāmōsus# [#fāma#], adj., _famous_; _notorious_; _scurrilous, +slanderous_. + +#famula, ae#, f., _a slave-woman_. + +#fānum, ī#, n., _a shrine, temple_. + +#fascis, is#, m., _a bundle_; pl., _the fasces_, a bundle of rods +carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an +axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the +magistrate’s power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death +penalty. See #līctor#. + +#fāstī, ōrum# [#fāstus#], pl. m., _a register_, esp. of business days, +also of officers, triumphs, etc.; _the calendar_. + +#fāstus# [#fās#, _right_], adj., _not forbidden, legal_; #diēs fāstus#, +a day on which it was legal to hold court, a business day. + +#fātālis, e# [#fātum#, _fate_], adj., _fateful, fatal_. + +#fateor, ērī, fassus sum#, _to confess_. + + #con--cōnfiteor, ērī, fessus sum#, _to confess freely, acknowledge, + avow_. + + #prō--profiteor, ērī, fessus sum#, _to declare publicly, avow_; + #nōmen profitērī#, _to avow one’s self a candidate_. + +#faucēs, ium#, pl. f., _throat_. + +#Faustulus, ī#, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus. + +#Faustus, ī# [#faveō#], m., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his +son. + +#Fausta, ae# [#faveō#], f., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his +daughter. + +#faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus#, _to favor, support_. + +#favor, ōris# [#faveō#], m., _favor, good will_. + +#fax, facis#, f., _torch, firebrand_. + +#fēlīcitās, ātis# [#fēlīx#], f., _good fortune, luck, happiness_. + +#fēlīx, īcis#, adj., _lucky, fortunate, happy_. As noun, m., cognomen of +#Sulla#. + +#fēmina, ae#, f., _a woman, female_. + +#femur, femoris#, n., _the thigh_. + +#*fendō, ere#, _to strike_. + + #dē--dēfendō, ere, ī, fēnsus#, _to ward off, repel_; _defend, + protect_. + + #ob--offendō, ere, ī, fēnsus#, _to strike against, displease, vex_. + +#ferē#, adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with numbers). + +#feriō, īre, percussī, percussus#, _to strike_. + +#fermē# [for #ferimē#, sup. of #ferē#], adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with +numbers). + +#ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear, carry, take_; _bear, endure, +suffer_; _say, report, tell_; pass., _to be borne, rush_; #aegrē, +indīgnē# or #molestē ferre#, _to take amiss_; #lēgem ferre#, _to propose +a law_. + + #ab--auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus#, _to take_ or _carry away, + remove_; _steal_. + + #ad--adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus#, _to bring to, offer, give_; + _announce, report_. + + #con--cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring together, collect_; + _devote, apply_; _bestow_; #sē cōnferre#, _betake one’s self, go_. + + #dē--dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring_ or _carry down_ or _to, + carry off, remove_; _give, offer_; _report_; #rem dēferre ad + populum#, _to submit a matter to the people_. + + #ex--efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus#, _to carry out, take away_; + _lift up, puff up, elate, exalt_. + + #in--īnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring in, upon_, or _against_; + #bellum īnferre#, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; #sīgna īnferre#, _to + advance against_; #sē īnferre#, _to betake one’s self_. + + #ob--offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus#, _to bring before, offer, + present_; _expose_. + + #per--perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear or carry through, + carry_; _retain_. + + #prae--praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to carry_ or _put before_; + _set before, prefer, rate higher_. + + #prō--prōferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to carry_ or _bring forth, + produce_; _cite, quote_; _make known, mention_. + + #re--referō, ferre, rettulī, relātus#, _to bear_ or _bring back_; + _give back, return, repay_; _lift, raise_; _count, reckon_; #sē + referre#, _to betake one’s self_. + + #trāns--trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear_ or _take over_ or + _across_, _transport_; _transfer, shift_. + +#ferōx, ōcis# [#ferus#], adj., _bold, confident_; _high-strung, +warlike_; _fierce, cruel_. + +#ferreus# [#ferrum#], adj., _of iron, iron_. + +#ferrum, ī#, n., _iron_; _an iron tool_, as a _sword, axe, dagger_. + +#ferus#, adj., _wild, barbarous, cruel_. + +#fessus#, adj., _tired, weary_; _weak, feeble_. + +#fēstīnō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to hasten, hurry_. + +#Fētiālis, is# (sc. #sacerdōs#), m., _an ambassador, treaty priest_, who +negotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war. + +#Fētiālis, e#, adj., _pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial_ (see preceding +word). + +#fīdēliter# [#fīdēlis#, _faithful_], adv., _faithfully_. + +#Fīdēnātēs, ium#, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the +Tiber, five miles north of Rome. + +#fidēs, fideī#, f., _good faith, integrity_; _trust, belief, credence_; +_pledge_. + +#fīdūcia, ae# [#fīdus#, _faithful_], f., _trust, confidence, reliance_; +_courage_. + +#fīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fix, fasten_. + + #dē--dēfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fasten_, esp. _to fasten_ + (to the ground) _with amazement, astonish_. + + #sub--suffīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fasten beneath_ or _on_; + #crucī suffīgere#, _to crucify_. + + #trāns--trānsfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to pierce through, transfix, + stab_. + +#fīlia, ae#, f., _daughter_. + +#fīlius, ī#, m., _son_. + +#fingō, ere, finxī, fīctus#, _to form, invent_; _feign, pretend_. + +#fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#fīnis#], _to limit, bound_; _finish, end, +settle_. + +#fīnis, is#, m., _boundary, limit, end_; pl. m., _territory_. + +#fīnitimus# [#fīnis#], adj., _neighboring_; as noun, #fīnitimī, ōrum#, +pl. m., _neighbors_. + +#fīō, fierī, factus sum#, see #faciō#. + +#fīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fīrmus#], _to make firm, strengthen_. + + #ad--adfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to strengthen_; _assert, declare_. + + #con--cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to strengthen, ratify, confirm_; + _assert_. + +#fīrmus#, adj., _strong, powerful_; _trusty_. + +#flāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to demand_. + + #ex--efflāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to demand vigorously_ or + _earnestly_. + +#flāmen, inis#, m., _a Flamen_, a priest devoted to the service of a +particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make +sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god. + +#flamma, ae#, f., _flame, fire_. + +#flēbiliter# [#flēbilis#, _mournful_], adv., _mournfully, tearfully_. + +#flectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend, turn_. + + #dē--dēflectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend_ or _turn aside_ or + _away, turn_. + + #in--īnflectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend, curb, relax_. + +#fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus#, _to weep_; _bewail_. + +#*flīgō, ere#, _to strike_. + + #ad--adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus#, _to dash against_ or _down_; + _afflict, ruin_. + + #con--cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus#, _to dash together, contend, + fight_. + + #prō--prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to dash down, overcome_ + (in battle). + +#flō, flāre, flāvī, --#, _to blow_. + + #ad--adflō, flāre, flāvī, --#, _to blow towards, blow_. + + #con--cōnflō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blow up, kindle, cause_; #aes + aliēnum cōnflāre#, _to contract debt_. + + #in--īnflō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blow up, inflate_. + +#flōrēns, entis# [#flōreō#], adj., _blooming, flourishing_; #flōrēns +iuventa#, _youthful beauty_. + +#flōreō, ēre, uī#, -- [#flōs#, _a flower_], _to bloom, flourish, +prosper_. + +#fluctus, ūs# [#fluō#], m., _wave, billow, flood_. + +#flūmen, inis# [#fluō#], n., _stream, river_. + +#fluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow_. + + #con--cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow_ or _stream together, + assemble_. + + #dis--diffluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow in different directions, + melt away, disappear_; #ōtiō et lūxū diffluere#, _to abandon one’s + self to ease and luxury_. + +#fluvius, ī# [#fluō#], m., _a stream, river_. + +#foculus, ī# [dim. of #focus#], m., _a fire-pan, brazier_. + +#focus, ī#, m., _fireplace, hearth_. + +#fodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to dig_. + + #con--cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to stab, pierce_. + + #sub--suffodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to dig beneath, undermine, + tunnel_; _stab beneath_. + + #trāns--trānsfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to pierce, stab, slash_. + +#foedē# [#foedus#, _foul_], adv., _foully, basely_. + +#foederātus# [#foedus#], adj., _leagued_ or _allied with_. + +#foedus, eris#, n., _a treaty, alliance_. + +#fōns, fontis#, m., _a spring, fountain_. + +#forās# [#*fora#, _a door_; cf. #foris#], adv., _out of doors, forth, +out_. + +#fore#, fut. infin. of #sum#. + +#forēnsis, e# [#forum#], adj., _of_ or _in the forum, forensic_. + +#foris, is#, f., _a door_; usually in pl. + +#fōrma, ae#, f., _form, figure, beauty_. + +#formīdolōsus# [#formīdō#, _dread_], adj., _dreadful, terrible_. + +#fors, fortis# (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., _chance, accident, good +fortune_. + +#fortāsse# [#fors#], adv., _perhaps, possibly_. + +#forte# [abl. of #fors#], adv., _by chance_. + +#fortis, e#, adj., _strong, brave_. + +#fortiter# [#fortis#], adv., _bravely_. + +#fortitūdō, inis# [#fortis#], f., _bravery, resolution_. + +#fortūna, ae# [#fors#], f., _luck, fortune_ (whether good or ill); +personified, _the goddess of fortune_. + +#Forum, ī# [cf. #forīs#, _out of doors_], n., _an out-of-door place, +market, Forum_; esp. the _Forum Rōmānum_ between the Capitoline and +Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and +business life of Rome. + +#fossa, ae# [#fodiō#], f., _a ditch_. + +#foveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus#, _to warm, cherish, favor_. + +#re--refoveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus#, _to restore, refresh, revive_. + +#frāgmentum, ī# [#frangō#], n., _fragment, bit_. + +#fragor, ōris# [#frangō#], m., _noise_, esp. _thunder peal_. + +#frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus#, _to break in pieces, break_; _subdue, +overcome_. + + #re--refringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus#, _to break up_ or _open_. + +#frāter, tris#, m., _brother_. + +#frāternus# [#frāter#], adj., _brother’s, brotherly_. + +#fraudō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fraus#], _to cheat, rob_. + +#fraus, fraudis#, f., _foul play, treachery_. + +#frendō, ere, --, --#, _to gnash the teeth_. + +#frēnum, ī#, n., _bridle, curb, rein_. + +#frequēns, entis#, adj., _crowded, frequent_; _in great numbers_. + +#frequenter# [#frequēns#], adv., _often_. + +#frequentia, ae# [#frequēns#], f., _crowd, throng_. + +#frīgidus# [#frīgeō#, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_. + +#frūgālitās, ātis# [#frūgālis#, _thrifty_], f., _thrift, economy, +frugality_. + +#frūmentārius# [#frūmentum#], adj., _concerning corn_; #rēs +frūmentāria#, _the corn supply_. + +#frūmentum, ī# [#fruor#], n., _grain, corn_. + +#fruor, fruī, frūctus sum#, _to use, enjoy_. + + #per--perfruor, fruī, frūctus sum#, _to enjoy thoroughly_. + +#frūstrā#, adv., _in vain, fruitlessly_. + +#Fūfetius, ī#, m., _Mettius Fūfetius_, leader of the Albans against +Tullius Hostilius. + +#Fūfidius, ī#, m., a follower of Sulla. + +#fuga, ae#, f., _flight_. + +#fugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee, flee from_. + + #ab--aufugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee from, run away, escape_. + + #con--cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee for refuge_; _resort to_. + + #ex--effugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to escape_. + + #prō--profugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee, escape_. + + #re--refugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee back, escape_. + + #trāns--trānsfugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee to the other side, go + over to the enemy, desert_. + +#fugō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fugiō#], _to put to flight, rout_. + +#fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, --#, _to flash, gleam_. + +#fulmen, inis# [#fulgeō#], n., _lightning flash, thunderbolt_. + +#Fulvius, ī#, m., _A. Fulvius_, who put his son to death because he +joined Catiline’s conspiracy. + +#fūnāle, is# [#fūnis#, _a cord_], n., _a torch_. + +#fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour, pour out, shed_; _rout, scatter_. + + #circum--circumfundo, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour about_; pass., _to + surround_. + + #ex--effundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour out_; _scatter, squander, + lavish_. + + #prō--profundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour forth or out, squander, + waste_. + +#fundus, ī#, m., _farm, estate_. + +#fungor, ī, fūnctus sum#, _to perform, discharge, serve through_ +(an office). + + #dē--dēfungor, ī, fūnctus sum#, _to perform, finish_; _to die_ + (sc. #vītā#). + +#fūnus, eris#, n., _burial, funeral rites_. + +#furēns, entis# [orig. part, of #furō#, _to rave_], adj., _furious, +raging_. + +#Fūrius, ī#, m., _P. Fūrius Philus_, who revealed the plan of certain +nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae. + +#furor, ōris# [#furō#, _to rave_], m., _rage, madness, fury_. + +#fūrtō# [abl. of #fūrtum#, _theft_], adv., _stealthily, secretly_. + +#futūrus# [orig. fut. part, of #sum#], adj., _coming, future_. + + +#G# + +#Gabiī, ōrum#, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome. + +#Gabīnī, ōrum#, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii. + +#Gadēs, ium#, pl. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain (modern +Cadiz). + +#Gaetulī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Gaetuli_, a tribe of northern Africa. + +#Gāius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#Gallia, ae#, f., _Gaul_, which included modern France, Belgium and +Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine. + +#Gallus, ī#, m., _a Gaul_. + +#gaudium, ī#, n., _joy, gladness_. + +#Gaurus, ī#, m., _a mountain of Campania_. + +#gaza, ae#, f., _treasure, riches_. + +#geminātus#, adj., _doubled, twofold_; _consecutive_. + +#geminus#, adj., _twin, twofold_. As noun, #geminī, ōrum#, pl. m., +_twins_. + +#gemō, ere, uī, --#, _to sigh, groan_. + +#gener, generī#, m., _a son-in-law_. + +#genitus#, see #gīgnō#. + +#gēns, gentis#, f., _a gens_ or _clan_, consisting of a number of +families claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites +in common; _tribe, people, nation_. + +#genū, ūs#, n., _knee_. + +#genus, eris#, n., _race, family, stock, birth_; _kind, class, sort_. + +#Germānī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Germans_. + +#Germānia, ae#, f., _Germany_. + +#gerō, ere, gessī, gestus#, _to bear, carry_; _wear_; _carry on, wage, +manage_; _perform, do_; #sē gerere#, _to conduct one’s self, behave_; +#rem pūblicam gerere#, _to administer the state_; #rēs gestae#, +_exploits, history_. + + #con--congerō, ere, gessī, gestus#, _to bring_ or _heap together, + collect_. + +#gestō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #gerō#], _to bear, carry, wear_. + +#gestus, ūs# [#gerō#], m., _bearing_; _gesture_. + +#gīgnō, ere, genuī, genitus#, _to produce, beget_; #genitus#, _born of_. + +#gladius, ī#, m., _a sword_. + +#glōria, ae#, f., _glory, fame, renown_. + +#glōrior, ārī, ātus sum#, _to boast, brag, pride one’s self_. + +#glōriōsē# [#glōria#], adv., _gloriously_. + +#Gnaeus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#Gracchus, ī#, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens. + + 1. _Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus_, tribune of the people in 133 B.C. + + 2. _C. Semprōnius Gracchus_, brother of (1), and tribune in 123 + B.C.; killed in 121. + +#gradior, gradī, gressus sum#, _to walk, step_. + + #ad--aggredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to approach, attack, assail_. + + #con--congredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to meet_; _join battle, fight_. + + #dis--dīgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go apart or away, depart_. + + #ex--ēgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go_ or _march out_ or _away_; + _disembark_. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with + #ex#, or the acc.). + + #in--ingredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to enter, advance, proceed_. + + #prō--prōgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go forth_ or _on, advance_. + + #re--regredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go back, return, retreat_. + + #trāns--trānsgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to step over_ or _across, + cross_. + +#gradus, ūs#, m., _a step_; _stage, period, degree_; pl., _steps, +stairs_. + +#Graecia, ae#, f., _Greece_. + +#Graeculus, ī# [dim. of #Graecus#], m., _a poor_ or _paltry Greek_. + +#Graecus#, adj., _Greek, Grecian_. As noun, #Graecus, ī#, m., _a Greek_. + +#grānum, ī#, n., _a grain, seed_. + +#graphium, ī#, n., _stylus_ (of metal) for writing, _pen_. + +#grātia, ae# [#grātus#], f., _favor, regard, credit_; _influence_; +_return, thanks, gratitude_; #grātiam habēre#, _to feel thankful_; +#grātiās agere#, _to show gratitude, thank_; #grātiam referre#, _to +repay a favor_; #grātiā#, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions +of purpose, _for the sake of_. + +#grātulor, ārī, ātus sum# [#grātus#], _to show joy, congratulate_. + +#grātus#, adj., _pleasing, dear, acceptable_. + +#gravis, e#, adj., _heavy, severe, difficult_; _weighty, important_. + +#gravitās, ātis# [#gravis#], f., _weight_; _dignity, influence, +importance_. + +#graviter# [#gravis#], adv., _weightily_; _vigorously, seriously, with +dignity_. + +#gravor, ārī, ātus sum# [#gravis#], _to be burdened_; _take amiss, +grudge_. + +#grex, gregis#, f., _herd, common herd_; _band, company_. + +#gubernātor, ōris# [#gubernō#, _to steer_], m., _helmsman, pilot_. + + +#H# + +#habeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to have, hold, keep_; _consider, regard, treat, +use_; _render_ (honor, etc.); #ōrātiōnem habēre#, _to deliver a speech_; +#lūdibriō habēre#, _to mock_. + + #ad--adhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold to_ or _toward, apply, + employ_; _employ as counsel, consult_; _summon, invite_. + + #dē--dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to withhold, owe_; #dēbet, dēbuit# + + inf., _ought, must, should_. + + #ex--exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold forth, show, display, + exhibit_. + + #in--inhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold_ or _draw in, restrain_. + + #post--posthabeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to place after_ (i.e. lower + than), _rate lower, esteem less_. + + #prae--praebeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold forth, offer, grant, + supply, furnish_; #aurēs praebēre#, _to listen_. + + #prō--prohibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to check, keep off_; _hinder, + prevent_. + +#habilis, e# [#habeō#], adj., _handy, easily wielded_. + +#habitātiō, ōnis# [#habitō#], f., _dwelling-place_. + +#habitō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #habeō#], _to inhabit_; _dwell, +live_. + +#habitus, ūs# [#habeō#], m., _state, condition_; _habit, dress, attire_. + +#hālitus, ūs#, m., _breath_. + +#Hamilcar, aris#, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of +Hannibal (2). + +#Hannibal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name. + + 1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 B.C. + + 2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but + was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and + died in 183. + +#Hannō, ōnis#, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus. + +#haruspex, icis#, m., _a soothsayer_. + +#Hasdrubal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name. + + 1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against + Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the + Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C. + + 2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and + Africa. + +#hasta, ae#, f., _a spear_. + +#haud#, adv., _by no means, not, not at all_. + +#hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus#, _to drink, swallow_. + + #ex--exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus#, _to empty, exhaust_; _ruin, + impoverish_. + +#Herculēs, is#, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and +marvelous deeds in many parts of the world. + +#hērēs, ēdis#, m., _an heir_. + +#hīc, haec, hōc#, dem. pron., _this, the following, the latter_; _he, +she, it_. + +#hīc# [#hīc#], adv., _here, hereupon, at this point_. + +#hiems, hiemis#, f., _winter, storm_. + +#Hierosolyma, ōrum#, pl. n., _Jerusalem_. + +#hilarē# [#hilarus#, _merry_], adv., _merrily, cheerfully, gaily_. + +#hilaritās, ātis# [#hilaris#, _merry_], f., _merriment, gaiety_. + +#hinc# [#hīc#], adv., _from this place_ or _time, hence_; #hinc--hinc#, +_on this side . . . on that, on the one side . . . on the other_. + +#hirundō, inis#, f., _a swallow_. + +#Hispānia, ae#, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided into +two provinces, _Hispānia Citerior_ and _Hispānia Ūlterior_. + +#Hispāniēnsis, e#, adj., _Spanish, in Spain_. + +#Hispānus#, adj., _Spanish_. As noun, #Hispānus, ī#, m., _a Spaniard_. + +#hodiē# [#hō(c)# + #diē#], adv., _to-day_. + +#homō, inis#, m. and f., _a human being, man_; #hominēs#, _mankind, the +world_. + +#honestē# [#honestus#], adv., _honorably_. + +#honestus# [#honōs#], adj., _honored, respected_; _honorable, right, +virtuous_. + +#honōrātē# [#honōrātus#, _honored_], adv., _honorably, with respect_. + +#honōrificus# [#honōs# + #faciō#], adj., _that does honor, +complimentary_. + +#honorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#honōs#], _to honor, do honor to_. + +#honōs# or #honor, ōris#, m., _honor, respect, esteem_; _public office_; +personified, _Honor_ (a deity). + +#hōra, ae#, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) +or night. + +#Horātius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. + +#horreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stand on end, bristle_; _shudder at, shrink +from_. + +#horror, ōris# [#horreō#], m., _dread, terror, horror_. + +#hortātiō, ōnis# [#hortor#], f., _encouragement, exhortation_. + +#hortor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to exhort, urge_. + +#hortus, ī#, m., _a garden_. + +#hospes, itis#, m., _entertainer, host_; _guest, friend_; _stranger_. + +#hospita, ae# [#hospes#], f., _a stranger_; _guest_. + +#hospitium, ī# [#hospes#], n., _entertainment, hospitality_; _lodgings, +inn_. + +#hostia, ae#, f., _an animal for sacrifice, victim_. + +#hostīlis, e# [#hostis#], adj., _of_ or _from the enemy, hostile_. + +#hostīliter# [#hostīlis#], adv., _in hostile manner_. + +#Hostīlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. + + 1. _Hostus Hostīlius_, a general of the time of Romulus. + + 2. _Tullus Hostīlius_, third king of Rome. + +#hostis, is#, m., _an enemy_. + +#hūc# [#hīc#], adv., _to this place, hither_; #hūc . . . illūc#, _hither +. . . thither_. + +#hūiuscemodī# [#hīc# + #modus#], adv., _of this_ (i.e. the following) +_kind_. + +#hūmānitās, ātis# [#hūmānus#], f., _humanity, kindliness_; _refinement, +culture_. + +#hūmānus# [#homō#], adj., _human, of man_; _kind, refined, cultured_. + +#humilis, e# [#humus#, _the ground_], adj., _low_; _lowly, humble, +common_. + + +#I# + +#iaceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to lie, lie prostrate_ or _dead_. + +#iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus#, _to throw, cast, hurl_. + + #ab--abiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw down, away_, or _aside, + lay aside_. + + #ad--adiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw to, add_ or _join to, + add_ (in speech). + + #con--coniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus#, _to throw together, + unite_; _hurl, throw_. + + #dē--dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _hurl down, bring + down_; _lay low, dislodge, destroy_. + + #ex--ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to cast_ or _drive out, expel_. + + #in--iniciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw in_; _put in_ or _on, + lay_; _inspire, suggest_. + + #inter--intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place + between, interpose; intervene_ (in pass.). + + #ob--obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw before, put in the + way_; _put in the hands of, turn over_. + + #prō--prōiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw forth, fling out, + throw_. + + #re--rēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw back, repel_. + + #sub--subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place under_; + _hand up_; _present, submit_; _subdue_. + + #super--superiaciō, ere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw across, let down_. + + #trāns--trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _carry across, + transport_; _pierce, penetrate, transfix_; _go_ or _pass over, + cross_. + +#iactātiō, ōnis# [#iactō#], f., _tossing, motion_. + +#iactitō, āre, --, --# [freq. of #iactō#], _to boast, brag_. + +#iactō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to push_ or _toss about_; _boast of, take +pride in_. + +#iam#, adv., _already, by this time, now_; _soon, presently_; #iam iam#, +_already, at that very moment_; #iam dūdum# or #iam prīdem#, _long ago, +long since_. + +#iam dūdum#, see #iam#. + +#Iāniculum, ī#, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber. + +#iānua, ae#, f., _a door, entrance_. + +#Iānus, ī#, m., #Janus#, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all +beginnings; commonly represented with two faces. + +#Iarbās, ae#, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco). + +#ibi#, adv., _there, on that side_; _then, thereupon_. + +#ibīdem# [#ibi#], adv., _in the same place, on the spot_. + +#īcō, ere, īcī, īctus#, _to strike_; #foedus īcere#, _to strike_ +(conclude) _a treaty_. + +#īctus, ūs# [#īcō#], m., _blow, stroke, wound_. + +#īdem, eadem, idem#, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by +adv., _also, too, besides_. + +#ideō#, adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _with this_ (that) +_purpose_. + +#Īdūs, uum#, pl. f., _the Ides_, or middle of the month; the fifteenth +of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months. + +#igitur#, adv., _then, therefore, accordingly_. + +#īgnāvia, ae# [#īgnāvus#, _idle_], f., _idleness, sloth_; +_worthlessness_. + +#īgnis, is#, m., _fire_. + +#īgnōminia, ae# [#in# neg. + #(g)nōmen#], f., _dishonor, disgrace, +degradation_. + +#īgnōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _not to know_; _to be ignorant of, be +unacquainted with_. + +#īgnōscō#, see #nōscō#. + +#īgnōtus# [#in# neg. + #(g)nōtus#], adj., _unknown, unfamiliar, +strange_. + +#īlicō# [#in# + #locō#], adv., _on the spot, at once, immediately_. + +#ille, illa, illud#, dem. pron., _that, yonder_; _he, she, it_; _the +famous, the_. + +#illīc# [#ille#], adv., _there, yonder_. + +#illūc# [#ille#], adv., _to that place, thither_. + +#imāgō, inis#, f., _likeness, semblance, image_; _statue_. + +#imbellis, e# [#in# neg. + #bellum#], adj., _unfit for war, unwarlike, +cowardly_. + +#imber, bris#, m., _rain, shower_. + +#imbuō, ere, ī, būtus#, _to wet, moisten_; _inspire, imbue_. + +#imitor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to imitate, copy_. + +#immātūrus# [#in# neg. + #mātūrus#, _ripe_], adj., _unripe_; _untimely, +premature_. + +#immēnsus# [#in# neg. + #mētior#, _to measure_], adj., _immeasurable, +vast, immense_. + +#immineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to overhang, threaten_. + +#immittō#, see #mittō#. + +#immō#, adv., _by no means, nay_. + +#immolō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #mola#, _meal_], _to sprinkle_ +(a victim) _with sacrificial meal, sacrifice_. + +#immortālis, e# [#in# neg. + #mortālis#], adj., _immortal_. + +#immōtus# [#in# neg. + #mōtus#, part of #moveō#], adj., _unmoved, +motionless_. + +#impār, paris# [#in# neg. + #pār#], adj., _unequal_. + +#impatiēns, entis# [#in# neg. + #patiēns#], adj., _impatient, +intolerant_. + +#impendium, ī# [#impendō#, _to expend_], n., _outlay, cost, expense_. + +#impēnsa, ae# [#impendō#, _to expend_], f., _outlay, cost, expense_. + +#imperātor, ōris# [#imperō#], m., _commander-in-chief, general_; +_emperor_. + +#imperātōrius# [#imperātor#], adj., _of a general_. + +#imperfectus# [#in# neg. + #perfectus#, part. of #perficiō#], adj., +_unfinished_. + +#imperium, ī# [#imperō#], n., _a command, order_; _military authority_; +_sovereignty, supremacy_; _the state_. + +#imperō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to command, order_; _rule, govern_; _levy, +demand_. + +#impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to gain by asking, obtain, procure_. + +#impetus, ūs# [#in# + #petō#], m., _an attack, onset_; _impulse, +excitement_; _violence, energy, fury_. + +#impietās, ātis# [#impius#], f., _irreverence, impiety_. + +#impiger, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + #piger#, _lazy_], adj., _active, +energetic_. + +#impius# [#in# + #pius#], adj., _irreverent, wicked, undutiful_. + +#impleō#, see #*pleō#. + +#implicō, āre, āvī# or #uī, ātus# or #itus# [#in# + #plicō#, _to fold_], +_to fold in, envelop_; _involve, attack_. + +#implōrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #plōrō#, _to wail, lament_], _to beg, +beseech, implore_. + +#impōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#imprīmīs# [= #in prīmīs#], adv., _especially_. + +#imprōvīsus# [#in# neg. + #prōvideō#], adj., _unforeseen, unexpected_. + +#impūbēs, eris# [#in# neg. + #pūbēs#, _full grown_], adj., _youthful_. + +#impūgnō#, see #pūgnō#. + +#impūnītus# [#in# neg. + #pūniō#], adj., _unpunished_. + +#in#, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, _into, to, on, upon, towards, +against_; of purpose, _for, with a view to_; of other relations, +_respecting, according to_; #in diēs#, _day by day_; (2) with abl.; of +place, _in, on, upon, in the midst of, among_; of time, _in, in the +course of, during_; of other relations, _in the case of, respecting, +according to_. + +#in#, _not_, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles, +negatives or reverses their meaning. + +#inaestimābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #aestimō#, _to reckon_], _inestimable_. + +#inambulō#, see #ambulō#. + +#inānis, e#, adj., _empty_; _vain, idle_. + +#inaudītus# [#in# neg. + #audītus#, part. of #audiō#], adj., _unheard +of, strange_. + +#incautus# [#in# neg. + #cautus#, _wary_], adj., _unsuspecting, off +one’s guard_. + +#incēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#incendium, ī# [#incendō#], n., _fire, conflagration_. + +#incendō#, see #candeō#· + +#inceptum, ī# [#incipiō#], n., _beginning, attempt_; _undertaking, +purpose_. + +#incertus# [#in# neg. + #certus#], adj., _uncertain, doubtful_. + +#incēssō, ere, --, --# [freq. of #incēdō#], _to assail, attack_; +_rail at_. + +#incidō#, see #cadō#. + +#incipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#incitō#, see #citō#. + +#inclāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#inclīnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #*clīnō#, _to lean_], (1) trans., _to +cause to lean, bend, turn_; (2) intrans., _lean, incline_; _yield, give +way_. + +#inclitus#, adj., _famous_. + +#inclūdō#, see #claudō#. + +#incōgnitus# [#in# neg. + #cōgnitus#, part. of #cōgnōscō#], adj., +_unknown_. + +#incola, ae# [#incolō#], m., _inhabitant_. + +#incolō#, see #colō#. + +#incolumis, e#, adj., _safe, unharmed_. + +#incōnstantia, ae# [#in# neg. + #cōnstantia#], f., _changeableness, +fickleness_. + +#incrēdibilis, e# [#in# neg. + #crēdō#], adj., _beyond belief, +incredible_. + +#increpō, āre, uī, itus#, _to sound, resound_; _scold, upbraid_; +_exclaim_. + +#incrēscō#, see #crēscō#. + +#incumbō#, see #*cumbō#. + +#incūriōsus# [#in# neg. + #cūriōsus#, _careful_], adj., _careless, +negligent_. + +#incursiō, ōnis# [#incurrō#, _to attack_], f., _onset, attack, raid_. + +#inde#, adv., _from that place_ or _time, thence_; _thereupon_; _from +that circumstance, therefore_. + +#index, icis# [#indicō#], m., _mark, sign_. + +#indicium, ī# [#indicō#], n., _sign, indication, evidence_. + +#indīcō# see #dīcō#. + +#indicō#, see #dicō#. + +#indictus# [#in# neg. + #dictus#, part of #dīcō#], adj., _unsaid_; +_unplead_. + +#indīgnātiō, ōnis# [#indīgnor#, _to be angry_], f., _displeasure, +anger_. + +#indīgnē# [#indīgnus#], adv., _unworthily_; _angrily_; #indīgnē ferre# +_to take_ (_it_) _amiss_. + +#indīgnor, ārī, ātus sum# [#indīgnus#], _to think unworthy_; _be angry_. + +#indīgnus# [#in# neg. + #dīgnus#], adj., _unworthy of, unfit for_ (with +abl.). + +#indō#, see #dō#. + +#indolēs, is#, f., _inborn quality, natural gifts_; _character, nature, +spirit_. + +#indūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#indūstria, ae# [#indūstrius#, _active_], f., _diligence, activity, +industry_. + +#ineō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#inermis, e# [#in# neg. + #arma#], adj., _unarmed, defenseless_. + +#īnfacētē# [#in# neg. + #facētē#], adv., _without wit_. + +#īnfāns, antis# [#in# neg. + #fāns#, part. of #fārī#, _to speak_], adj., +_not speaking, speechless_; as noun, m. and f., _an infant_. + +#īnfēlīx, īcis# [#in# neg. + #fēlīx#], adj., _unfortunate, disastrous_. + +#īnferior, ōris# [comp. of #īnferus#, _low_], adj., _lower, inferior_. + +#īnferō#, see #ferō#. + +#īnfēstō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#īnfēstus#], _to annoy, disturb_. + +#īnfēstus#, adj., _hostile, threatening_. + +#īnficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#īnflammō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #flamma#], _to kindle, arouse, +excite_. + +#īnflātus# [#īnflō#], adj., _blown up, inflated_. + +#īnflectō#, see #flectō#. + +#īnflō#, see #flō#. + +#īnfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #fōrma#], _to shape, mould, fashion_; +_train, instruct_. + +#īnfrā#, adv. and prep. with acc., _below, beneath_. + +#ingemīscō, ere, gemuī, --# [#in# + #gemīscō#, incep. of #gemō#], _to +groan over, groan_. + +#ingenium, ī# [#in# + #gīgnō#], n., _natural gifts, nature_; _ability, +intellect, wit_; _character, disposition_. + +#ingēns, entis#, adj., _large, huge, great_. + +#ingenuus#, adj., _free-born_; _noble, liberal_. + +#ingrātus# [#in# neg. + #grātus#], adj., _unpleasant, thankless, +ungrateful_. + +#ingredior#, see #gradior#. + +#inhibeō#, see #habeō#. + +#iniciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#inimīcitia, ae# [#inimīcus#], f., _enmity_. + +#inimīcus# [#in# neg. + #amīcus#], adj., _unfriendly, hostile_; as noun, +_a personal enemy, foe_, as distinguished from #hostis#, _a public +enemy_. + +#inīquē# [#inīquus#, _unjust_], adv., _unjustly_. + +#initium, ī# [#ineō#], n., _beginning_; #initiō#, abl. as adv., _at the +outset, at first_. + +#iniūria, ae# [#in# neg. + #iūs#], f., _wrong, injustice_; _insult, +injury_. + +(#iniussus, ūs#) [#in# neg. + #iubeō#], m., found in abl. only, _without +orders_. + +#inlīdō#, see #laedō#. + +#inlūstris, e#, adj., _bright, clear_; _famous, renowned_ +(cf. #clārus#). + +#innītor#, see #nītor#. + +#innocentia, ae# [#in# neg. + #noceō#], f., _harmlessness, innocence, +integrity_. + +#innōtēscō, ere, nōtuī, --# [#in# + #nōtēscō#, _to become known_], _to +become known_. + +#innoxius# [#in# neg. + #noxius#, _harmful_], adj., _harmless, +blameless, innocent_. + +#innumerābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #numerō#, _to count_], adj., _beyond +number, countless_. + +#innumerus# [#in# neg. + #numerus#], adj., _countless_. + +#innuō#, see #*nuō#. + +#inopia, ae# [#inops#], f., _want, scarcity, need, poverty_. + +#inopīnātus# [#in# neg. + #opīnor#, _to think_], adj., _unexpected_. + +#inops, opis# [#in# neg. + #ops#], adj., _without resources, helpless, +poor, needy_. + +#inquam#, def. verb, _I say_. See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_, 2. + +#inquiētus# [#in# neg. + #quiētus#], adj., _restless_. + +#inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to stain, defile_. + +#inrīdeō#, see #rīdeō#. + +#inrīsus, ūs# [#inrīdeō#], m., _derision, mockery_. + +#inruō#, see #ruō#. + +#īnscientia, ae# [#īnsciēns#, _ignorant_], adj., _ignorance_. + +#īnscius# [#in# neg. + #sciō#], adj., _ignorant, unaware_. + +#īnscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#īnsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#īnsideō#, see #sedeō#. + +#īnsidiae, ārum# [#īnsideō#], pl. f., _ambush_; _trap_; _artifice, +plot_. + +#īnsidior, ārī, ātus sum# [#īnsidiae#], _to lie in wait for, plot +against_. + +#īnsīgne, is# [#īnsīgnis#], n., _a mark, badge_. + +#īnsīgnis, e# [#in# + #sīgnum#], adj., _marked, conspicuous, noted, +famous_. + +#īnsiliō#, see #saliō#. + +#īnsinuō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #sinus#, _fold, coil_], _to push or +thrust in_. + +#īnsitus# [#inserō#, _to implant_], adj., _inborn, innate, ingrafted_. + +#īnsolēns, entis# [#in# neg. + #solēns#, part. of #soleō#], adj., +_unusual, haughty, insolent_. + +#īnsolenter# [#īnsolēns#], adv., _haughtily_. + +#īnsolentia, ae# [#īnsolēns#], f., _unusual_ or _extravagant conduct, +insolence_. + +#īnspērābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #spērō#], adj., _unhoped for, +unexpected_. + +#īnspiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#īnstituō#, see #statuō#. + +#īnstitūtum, ī# [#īnstituō#], n., _institution_; _habit, custom_. + +#īnstrūmentum, ī# [#īnstruō#], n., _tool_; _collectively, stock of +tools, plant_. + +#īnstruō#, see #struō#. + +#īnsusurrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #susurrus#, _a whisper_], _to +whisper to, suggest_. + +#īnsum#, see #sum#. + +#intāctus# [#in# neg. + #tāctus#, part. of #tangō#], adj., _untouched, +uninjured_. + +#integer, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + root #tag# in #tangō#], adj., +_untouched, uninjured_; #integer, ā#, _free from, untouched by_. + +#intellegō#, see #legō#. + +#intempestus#, adj., _stormy_. + +#intendō#, see #tendō#. + +#intentus# [orig. part. of #intendō#], adj., _attentive, intent_. + +#inter#, prep. with acc.; of place, _between, among_; of time, _during_. + +#intercalārius# [#intercalō#], adj., _intercalary, inserted in the +calendar_. + +#intercalō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to intercalate, insert in the calendar_. + +#intercipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#interdīcō#, see #dīcō#. + +#interdiū# [#inter# + #diū#], adv., _by day_. + +#interdum# [#inter# + (1) #dum#], adv., _between whiles, now and then, +sometimes_. + +#intereā# [#inter# + #is#], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_. + +#intereō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#interfector, ōris# [#interficiō#], m., _slayer, assassin, murderer_. + +#interficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#intericiō#, see #iaciō#. + +#interim#, adv., _meanwhile_. + +#interimō#, see #emō#. + +#interitus, ūs# [#intereō#], m., _overthrow, death, destruction_. + +#internūntius, ī# [#inter# + #nūntius#], m., _go-between, messenger_. + +#interpretor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to explain, interpret_; _maintain_. + +#interrogō#, see #rogō#. + +#intersum#, see #sum#. + +#intervāllum, ī# [#inter# + #vāllum#], n., _interval_ (of time or +space), _distance_. + +#intervertō#, see #vertō#. + +#intimus#, adj., _inmost, deepest_; _close, intimate_. + +#intolerābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #tolerō#, _to bear_], adj., +_unendurable_. + +#intrā#, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of, within, during_. + +#intrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#intrō#, adv., _within_], _to enter_. + +#intrōdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#introeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#intueor#, see #tueor#. + +#intumēscō, ere, tumuī, --# [#in# + #tumēscō#, incep. of #tumeō#, _to be +swollen_], _to swell, rise_. + +#inundō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #undō#, _to rise in waves_], _to +deluge, flood_. + +#inūsitātus# [#in# neg. + #ūsitātus#, _usual_], adj., _unusual, +unfamiliar, novel_. + +#invādō#, see #vādō#. + +#invalidus# [#in# neg. + #validus#], adj., _weak, feeble_. + +#invehō#, see #vehō#. + +#inveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#invicem, in vicem#, see #vicis#. + +#invictus# [#in# neg. + #victus#, part. of #vincō#], adj., +_unconquerable_. + +#invideō#, see #videō#. + +#invidia, ae# [#invideō#], f., _envy_; _ill-will, odium, unpopularity_. + +#invidiōsus# [#invidia#], adj., _envious_; _exciting envy, unpopular, +hateful_. + +#inviolātus# [#in# neg. + #violō#], adj., _unhurt_. + +#invīsus# [orig. part. of #invideō#], adj., _hated, hateful_. + +#invītō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to invite, ask, summon_; _feast, entertain_. + +#invītus#, adj., _unwilling, on compulsion_. + +#iocus, ī# (pl. also #ioca#), m., _a jest, joke_. + +#ipse, a, um#, _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; often best +rendered by _very, mere, in person, even, actually_. + +#īra, ae#, f., _anger, passion_. + +#īrāscor, ī, īrātus sum# [#īra#], _to be_ or _become angry_. + +#īrātus# [orig. part. of #īrāscor#], adj., _angered, enraged_; _in +anger, angrily_. + +#is, ea, id#, dem. pron., _this_ or _that_; _he, she, it_; _such_ (esp. +before #ut# with #subj.#). + +#iste, a, ud#, gen. #istīus#, dat. #istī#, _that of yours, your_; _that, +this_. + +#ita# [#is#], adv., _in this way, so, thus, as follows_. + +#Ītalia, ae#, f., _Italy_. The name did not include the basin of the Po +(Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus. + +#Ītalicus, ī#, m., _an Italian_. + +#itaque# [#ita# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and so, therefore, as a +consequence, accordingly_. + +#item#, adv., _besides, likewise, also_. + +#iter, itineris# [#eō, īre#], n., _a journey, march_; _road, highway_. + +#iterum#, adv., _a second time, again_. + +#Iuba, ae#, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by +Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46. + +#iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus#, _to order, command_. + +#iūcundē# [#iūcundus#], adv., _agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully_. + +#iūcundus#, adj., _pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful_. + +#Iudaea, ae#, f., _Judaea_. + +#Iudaeus, ī#, m., _a Jew_. + +#iūdex, icis# [#iūs# + #dīcō#], m., _a judge, juror_. + +#iūdicium, ī# [#iūdex#], n., _judgment, decision_. + +#iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#iūdex#], _to examine judicially, judge, +adjudge_; _think, consider_; _declare, resolve_. + +#iūgerum, ī#, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre; +_an acre_. + +#iugulum, ī# [dim. of #iugum#], n., _throat, neck_. + +#iugum, ī# [#iungō#], n., _a yoke, collar_; _mountain summit, range of +mountains_; _a military yoke_, formed by fixing two spears upright in +the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath +such a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of +complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors. + +#Iugurtha, ae#, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111 +to 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius. + +#Iugurthīnus#, adj., _of_ or _with Jugurtha, Jugurthine_. + +#Iūlia, ae#, f., _Julia_. + + 1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey. + + 2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus. + +#Iūlius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Caesar#. + +#iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to join together, unite, bind, fasten, +yoke_. + + #ad--adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to join_ or _add to, attach_. + + #con--coniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to fasten together, join, + unite_. + +#iūnior#, see #iuvenis#. + +#Iūnius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Brūtus#. + +#Iuppiter, Iovis#, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig. +a personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain, +and storms. + +#iūre#, see #iūs#. + +#iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#iūs#], _to take an oath, swear_; _swear to_. + + #con--cōniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take an oath together, conspire, + plot_. + +#iūs, iūris#, n., _right, justice, law_; _court of justice, trial in +court_; abl. #iūre# as adv., _rightly, justly_; #in iūs vocāre#, _to +summon into court, bring to trial_. + +#iūsiūrandum, ī# [#iūs# + #iūrō#], n., _an oath_. + +(#iussus, ūs#) [#iubeō#], m., _order, command_ (found only in abl. +sing.). + +#iūstitia, ae# [#iūs#], f., _justice, uprightness_. + +#iuvenis, is#, comp. #iūnior#, sup. #minimus nātū#, adj., _young_. As +noun, #iuvenis, is#, m., _young person, youth_ (between 17 and 45); +#iuvenēs# or #iūniōrēs#, _the fighting men_. + +#iuventa, ae# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_. + +#iuventūs, ūtis# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_; collectively, _young people_, +esp. _fighting men_. Cf. #iuvenis#. + + +#K# + +#Kalendae, ārum#, pl. f., _the Kalends_, or the first day of the month. + + +#L# + +#labor, ōris#, m., _labor, toil_; _hardship, distress_. + +#lābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip_. + + #dē--dēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to glide down_; _slip_ or _fall down, + fall_. + + #ex--ēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip away, glide off, escape_. + + #prō--prōlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to fall down_; _slip, stumble_. + + #re--relābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip_ or _sink back_; _flow back, + subside_. + +#labōriōsē# [#labōriōsus#, _toilsome_], adv., _laboriously, carefully_. + +#labōrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to labor, toil_; _be hard pressed, suffer, be +afflicted_. + + #ex--ēlabōrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to labor, toil, endeavor_. + +#Lacedaemonius, ī#, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief +city of Laconia, a district of Southern Greece. + +#lacerō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound_. + +#*laciō, ere#, _to entice_. + + #ad--adliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#, _to entice, win over, attract_. + + #ex--ēliciō, ere, uī, itus#, _to draw forth, call down_. + + #per--perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#, _to entice, allure, win over_. + +#lacrima, ae#, f., _a tear_. + +#lacrimābundus# [#lacrimō#, _to weep_], adj., _weeping_. + +#laedō, ere, laesī, laesus#, _to hurt, injure_. + + #ex--ēlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus#, _to dash out_; _shatter, crush_. + + #in--inlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus#, _to dash against_. + +#Laelius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Laelius_, a friend of Scipio +Africanus. + +#laetitia, ae# [#laetus#], f., _joy, exultation_. + +#laetus#, adj., _joyful, glad, cheerful_. + +#laevus#, adj., _left_. + +#lambō, ere, --, --#, _to lick, lap_. + +#lāmenta, ōrum#, pl. n., _lamentations_. + +#lāmina, ae#, f., _a thin plate_. + +#lāna, ae#, f., _wool_. + +#lancea, ae#, f., _a spear, lance, dart_. + +#lānificium, ī# [#lānā# + #faciō#], n., _spinning, weaving_. + +#lanius, ī#, m., _a butcher_. + +#lapideus# [#lapis#], adj., _of stone, stone_. + +#lapis, idis#, m., _a stone_; _milestone_. + +#laqueus, ī#, m., _noose, halter_. + +#Lārentia, ae#, f., see #Acca#. + +#largītiō, ōnis# [#largior#, _to bribe_], f., _liberality_; _bribery_. + +#latebra, ae#, [#lateō#, _to lie hid_], f., _hiding place_ (usually only +in pl.). + +#laterīcius# [#later#, _a brick_], adj., _made of brick, brick_. + +#Latīnus#, adj., _pertaining to Latium, Latin_; as noun, #Latīnus, ī#, +m., _an inhabitant of Latium, a Latin_. + +#lātrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bark at_. + +#latrō, ōnis#, m., _robber, brigand_. + +#latus, eris#, n., _side_; _flank_. + +#laudābilis, e# [#laudō#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_. + +#laudandus# [gerundive of #laudō#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_. + +#laudō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to praise, extol_. + + #con--conlaudō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to praise very highly, extol_. + +#laurea, ae# (sc. #corōna#), f., _a laurel wreath_ or _crown_. + +#laus, laudis#, f., _praise, fame, glory_; _ability_ (as that which +excites praise). #laudibus ferre#, _to extol_. + +#lautus# [part. of #lavō#, _to wash_], adj., _well-washed, neat_; +_elegant, splendid_. + +#laxitās, ātis# [#laxus#, _roomy_], f., _spaciousness, roominess, size_. + +#lectīca, ae# [#lectus#], f., _a litter, sedan chair, palanquin_. + +#lectulus, ī# [dim. of #lectus#], m., _a small couch, bed_. + +#lectus, ī#, m., _a couch, bed_. + +#lēgātiō, ōnis# [#lēgō#, to commission], f., _embassy, legation_. + +#lēgātus, ī# [#lēgō#, _to commission_], m., _one specially commissioned, +ambassador, envoy_; _a deputy, lieutenant_, an officer next in command +to the #imperātor#, who selected him subject to the approval of the +senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as +his counsellors, and commanding in his absence. + +#legiō, ōnis# [#legō#], f., _a legion_, containing from four to six +thousand men; #legiōnēs#, _the infantry_, as distinct from the cavalry. + +#lēgitimus# [#lēx#], adj., _fixed by law, legal_. + +#legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to gather, collect_; _select, appoint, +choose_; _read_. + + #con--conligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to collect, gather_. + + #dē--dēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to choose, select_; _levy_. + + #dis--dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus#, _to single out, esteem, love, + prize_. + + #ex--ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to pick out, choose, select_. + + #inter--intellegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus#, _learn_; _perceive, + understand_. + +#lēniter# [#lēnis#, _soft, gentle_], adv., _softly, mildly, lightly_. + +#lēnōcinium, ī#, n., _excessive finery_ or _nicety in dress_. + +#Lentulus, ī#, m., _P. Cornēlius Lentulus Dolābella_, a son-in-law of +Cicero. + +#lentus#, adj., _pliant, tough_; _slow, sluggish_. + +#Lepidus, ī#, m., _M. Aemilius_, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; a member, +with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate. + +#lētālis, e# [#lētum#, _death_], adj., _deadly, fatal_. + +#levis, e#, adj., _light, slight, trivial_. + +#leviter# [#levis#], adv., _lightly, slightly_. + +#lēx, lēgis#, f., _law, decree_; _term, condition_. + +#libēns, entis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], adj., _willing_; _with good +will_ or _pleasure, gladly_. + +#libenter# [#libēns#], adv., _gladly, willingly_. + +#līber, lībera, līberum#, adj., _free_; _generous_; _outspoken, frank_. + +#liber, librī#, m., _a book_. + +#līberālitās, ātis# [#līberālis#, _generous_], f., _generosity, +kindness_; _a gift_. + +#līberāliter# [#līberālis#, _generous_], adv., _kindly, generously, +graciously_. + +#līberī, ōrum# [#līber#], pl. m., _children_; properly the free persons +of the family as distinct from the slaves. + +#līberō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#līber#], _to set free, free_; _acquit, +absolve_. + +#lībertās, ātis# [#līber#], f., _freedom, independence_. + +#lībertus, ī# [#līber#], m., _a freedman_. + +#libīdō, inis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust, +wantonness, passion_. + +#lībrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#lībra#, _a balance_], _to balance, poise, +brandish_. + +#licentia, ae# [#licet#], f., _freedom, license_. + +#licet, ēre, uit# or #itum est#, impers., _it is allowed_ or +_permitted_. + +#līctor, ōris#, m., _a lictor_, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig. +attendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls, +and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared +in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the +fasces, and executed criminal sentences. + +#līgneus# [#līgnum#, _wood_], adj., _wooden_. + +#ligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind_. + + #ad--adligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind to, bind fast, bind_. + + #dē--dēligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind to, tie, fasten_. + + #re--religō, āre, avī, ātus#, _to bind, fasten_. + +#līmen, inis#, n., _threshold, doorstep_. + +#līneāmentum, ī# [#līnea#, _a line_], n., _a line_; _feature, +lineament_. + +#lingua, ae#, f., _tongue_; _language_. + +#liquefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus# [#liqueō#, _to be liquid_ + #faciō#], +_to melt, dissolve_. + +#Līternīnus#, adj., _at Literum_, a town of Campania. As noun, +#Līternīnum, ī# (sc. #praedium#, _an estate_), n., an estate of Scipio +Africanus Maior at Liternum. + +#lītigātor, ōris# [#līs#, _lawsuit_ + #agō#], m., _a party to a lawsuit, +litigant_. + +#littera, ae#, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); in pl., _a letter, +epistle_; _literature_. + +#litterātus# [#littera#], adj., _lettered, educated, learned_. + +#lītus, oris#, n., (sea)_shore, beach, strand_. + +#Līvius, ī#, m., gentile name of _M. Līvius Salīnātor_, who commanded +the garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War. + +#locō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#locus#], _to place, put_; _contract for, let, +lease_. + + #con--conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to place, arrange, station, + establish_. + +#locuplēs, ētis# [#locus# + #plēnus#], adj., _rich in lands, rich_. + +#locus, ī#, m. (pl., #locī# and #loca#), _a place, spot_; _locality, +region_; _position, station, post_; _room, opportunity_. + +#longē# [#longus#], adv., _a long way_ or _distance, at a distance_; +_far, by far_. + +#longinquus# [#longus#], adj., _remote, distant_. + +#longus#, adj., _long_; _distant_. + +#loquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to speak, talk, say_. + + #ad--adloquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to speak to, address_. + + #con--conloquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to talk with, converse, confer_. + +#lōrīca, ae# [#lōrum#], f., _a corselet_ of leather, _coat of mail_; +#squāmārum lōrīca#, _armor-like covering of scales_. + +#lōrum, ī#, n., _a leather thong_ or _strap_. + +#Lūcius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#Lucrētia, ae#, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron +of the olden time. + +#luctor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to wrestle, struggle_. + +#lūctus, ūs# [#lūgeō#], m., _grief, sorrow, mourning_. + +#Lūcullus, ī#, m., _L. Licinius_, born about 110 B.C., consul 74; +conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself +to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or 56. + +#lūcus, ī#, m., _a sacred grove, grove_. + +#lūdibrium, ī# [#lūdus#], n., _laughing-stock, jest_; _mockery, +derision_. + +#lūdicer, cra, crum# [#lūdus#], adj., _playful, sportive_. + +#lūdus, ī#, m., _play, sport_; _a game_, esp. (in pl.) _the public +games_, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and +theatrical performances. + +#lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus#, _to grieve_; _grieve for, mourn, lament_. + +#lūgubris, e# [#lūgeō#], adj., _mournful_. + +#lūmen, inis# [cf. #lux#], n., _light_. + +#lūna, ae# [cf. #lūx#], f., _the moon_. + +#lupa, ae#, f., _a she-wolf_. + +#lūstrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to purify, cleanse_; _to review, inspect_. + +#lūx, lūcis#, f., _light, daylight, day_; #prīmā lūce#, _at dawn_. + +#lūxuria, ae# [#lūxus#], f., _luxury, excess_. + +#lūxus, ūs#, m., _excess, luxury, self-indulgence_. + + +#M# + +#Macedō, onis#, m., _a Macedonian_. + +#Macedonia, ae#, f., _Macedonia_, an extensive country north of Greece. +Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander +the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world. + +#māchina, ae#, f., _machine_ or _engine of war_; _a contrivance, trick_. + +#mactō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter_. + +#mactus#, adj., _worshiped, glorified_. + +#Maecēnās, ātis#, m., _C. Cilnius_, the close friend of Augustus and his +chief adviser in civil affairs. + +#maestus#, adj., _sad, gloomy, mournful_. + +#magis#, comp., adv., _in a greater degree_; _more, rather_; sup. +#māximē# [#māximus#], _in the highest degree, particularly_; +_exceedingly, very_. + +#magister, trī#, m., _master, chief_; _teacher_; #magister equitum#, +_Master of the Horse_, an officer appointed by a dictator as his +lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of +the cavalry. + +#magistrātus, ūs# [#magister#], m., _civil office, magistracy_. + +#māgnificē# [#māgnificus#], adv., in good sense, _grandly_; in bad +sense, _in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly_. + +#māgnificentia, ae# [#māgnificus#], f., _splendor, grandeur_. + +#māgnificus# [#māgnus# + #faciō#], adj., _splendid, magnificent_. + +#māgnitūdō, inis# [#māgnus#], f., _greatness, size_. + +#māgnus#, comp. #māior#, sup. #māximus#, adj., _great, large_; #māior# +or #māximus# (sc. #nātū#), _elder, eldest_. As noun, #Māgnus, ī#, m., +_the Great_, cognomen of Pompey; #māiōrēs# (sc. #nātū#), pl. m., +_ancestors_. + +#Maharbal, alis#, m., _a Carthaginian general_. + +#māiestās, ātis# [cf. #māior#], f., _greatness, dignity_. + +#māior, māius#, gen. #māiōris#, see #māgnus#. + +#male# [#malus#], comp. #pēius#, sup. #pessimē#, adv., _badly, ill, +unsuccessfully_; _feebly, barely, scarcely_. + +#maledictum, ī# [#male# + #dīcō#], n., _a curse_. + +#mālō, mālle, māluī# [#magis# + (1) #volō#], _to prefer_. + +#malus#, comp. #pēior#, sup. #pessimus#, adj., _bad, wicked_; _evil, +unfortunate_. As noun, #malum, ī#, n., _evil, misfortune, trouble_. + +#Māmurius, ī#, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa. + +#mandātum, ī# [#mandō#], n., _an order, command_. + +#mandō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#manus# + #dō#], _to hand over, commit, +entrust_; _order, command_; #lītterīs mandāre#, _to write_. + + #con--commendō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to commit, entrust_; _assist, + defend_. + +#māne#, adv., _early in the morning_. + +#maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus#, _to remain, stay, tarry_. + + #re--remaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus#, _to stay behind, remain_. + +#Mānēs, ium#, pl. m., _the deified spirits of the dead_, to whom +sacrifice was regularly made. + +#manifēstus# [#manus# + #*fendō#], adj., _clear, manifest, evident_; +_exposed_. + +#manipulus, ī# [#manus# + #*pleō#] m., _a company of soldiers, maniple_ +(one third of a cohort). The standard of the maniple orig. bore (it is +said) a _handful_ of hay. + +#Mānius, ī#, m., abbreviated #M’.#, a Roman praenomen. + +#Mānliānus#, adj., _Manlian_. + +#Mānlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Torquātus#. + +#mānō, āre, āvī, --#, _to flow, trickle_; _to flow_ or _stream abroad, +spread_. + +#mānsuētūdō, inis# [#mānsuētus#, _tame_], f., _mildness, gentleness_. + +#manubiae, ārum# [#manus#], pl. f., _prize-money, booty, plunder_. + +#manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus# [#manus# + #mittō#], _to set free, +emancipate_. + +#manus, ūs#, f., _hand, arm_; #ferreae manūs#, _grappling irons_ (see +#corvus#); _force, strength, prowess_; _band, troop_; #manūs cōnserere#, +_to join battle_. + +#Mārcus, ī#, m., a common praenomen. + +#Mārcius, ī#, m., see #Ancus#. + +#mare, is#, n., _the sea_; #Mare Superum#, _the Upper_ or _Adriatic +Sea_. + +#margarīta, ae#, f., _a pearl_. + +#maritimus# [#mare#], adj., _pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime_. + +#marītus, ī#, m., _husband_. + +#Marius, ī#, m., _C._, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered +Jugurtha, 106; was seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri +in 101; died in 86. + +#marmor, oris#, n., _marble_. + +#marmoreus# [#marmor#], adj., _marble, of marble_. + +#Mārs, Mārtis#, m., _Mars_, the Roman god of war; _war, battle_. + +#Mārtius# [#Mārs#], adj., _of March_. + +#Masinissa, ae#, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus Maior, in +Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148. + +#Massīva, ae#, m., nephew of Masinissa. + +#māter, mātris#, f., _mother_. + +#māternus# [#māter#], adj., _of a mother, mother’s_; _maternal, on the +mother’s side_. + +#mātrimōnium, ī# [#māter#], n., _marriage_. + +#mātrōna, ae# [#māter#], f., _a married woman, wife, matron_. + +#Maurī, ōrum#, pl. m., _Moors_, inhabitants of Mauretania, the modern +Morocco. + +#māximē# [#māximus#], adv., see #magis#. + +#māximus#, adj., see #māgnus#. + +#Māximus, ī#, m., a Roman cognomen. + + 1. _M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus_, consul 343 B.C. + + 2. _Q. Fabius Māximus_, a famous general opposed to Hannibal, + surnamed _Cunctātor_, from his caution. He was five times consul, + and died in 203. + +#medicāmentum, ī# [#medicō#, _to heal_], n., _drug, potion_; _antidote, +cure_. + +#medicus, ī# [#medeor#, _to heal_], m., _a physician, surgeon, doctor_. + +#meditor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to reflect upon, consider_; _plan, devise_. + +#medius#, adj., _in the middle, middle, midst of_. As noun, #medium, ī#, +n., _the middle, midst, intervening space_; #in mediō#, _in the midst +of, between_; #in medium prōferre#, _to bring out, produce_. + +#melior, ius#, gen. #ōris#, adj., see #bonus#. + +#melius#, adv., see #bene#. + +#Memmius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Memmius Gemellus_, an opponent of +Julius Caesar. + +#memorābilis, e# [#memorō#], adj., _worth telling, remarkable_. + +#memoria, ae# [#memor#, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _record, account_. + +#memorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#memor#, _mindful_], _to bring to mind, +relate_; _say, tell_. + +#mēns, mentis#, f., _the mind, intellectual faculties_; _thought, +purpose_. + +#mēnsa, ae#, f., _table_; _course_ (at dinner). + +#mēnsis, is#, m., _a month_. + +#mentiō, ōnis#, f., _mention_. + +#mercor, ārī, ātus sum# [#merx#], _to buy, purchase_. + +#mereō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to earn, deserve, merit_. + +#mergō, ere, mersī, mersus#, _to dip, plunge in_; _sink_. + +#meritō# [#meritum#, _desert_], adv., _deservedly, justly_. + +#merx, mercis#, f., _goods, wares, merchandise_. + +#Metellus, ī#, m., a Roman cognomen. + + 1. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, one of the young nobles who, after the + battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy. + + 2. _Q. Caecilius Metellus_, called _Numidicus_, because of the + success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded + by Marius. + + 3. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius_, consul B.C. 80. He fought against + Sertorius. + +#mētor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to measure off, mark out_. + +#Mettius, ī#, m., see #Fūfetius#. + +#metus, ūs#, m., _fear, dread, terror_. + +#meus#, adj., _my, mine_. As noun, #meī, meōrum#, pl. m., _my friends, +my followers_. + +#mī#, vocative sing. of #meus#. + +#micō, āre, uī, --#, _to quiver, flash, gleam_. + +#migrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to remove, migrate_. + + #con--commigrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to change one’s home, move, + migrate_. + + #re--remigrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to journey_ (back), _return_. + +#mīles, itis#, m., _a soldier, fellow-soldier_; as collective noun, +_soldiery_. + +#Mīlētus, ī#, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus. + +#mīlitāris, e# [#mīles#], adj., _soldierly, military_; #rēs mīlitāris#, +_the art of war, military tactics_. + +#mīlitia, ae# [#mīles#], f., _military service, war_; #mīlitiae#, loc., +_in the field, abroad_, opposed to #domī#, _at home_. + +#mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to be a soldier, serve in war, fight_. + +#mīlle#, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; as noun, #mīlia#, pl. n., +_thousands_. + +#mīlliēs# [#mīlle#], adv., _a thousand times_. + +#mīmus, ī#, m., _farce, comedy_. + +#minimē# [#minimus#], adv., see #parum#. + +#minister, trī#, m., _attendant, servant_. + +#minitor, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #minor#], _to threaten_. + +#minor, us#, gen. #ōris#, see #parvus#. + +#minor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to threaten_. + +#Minucius, ī#, m., _M. Minucius Rūfus, magister equitum_ under Q. Fabius +Maximus. + +#Minturnae, ārum#, pl. f., a town between Campania and Latium. + +#minuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#minus#], _to diminish, lessen_; _weaken_. + +#minus#, adv., see #parum#. + +#mīrābilis, e# [#mīror#], adj., _wonderful, strange, amazing_. + +#mīrāculum, ī# [#mīror#], n., _a wonder, marvel, miracle_. + +#mīrificus# [#mīrus# + #faciō#], adj., _wonderful_. + +#mīror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to wonder, marvel at_. + +#mīrus#, adj., _wonderful, marvelous_. + +#miser, era, erum#, adj., _wretched, unfortunate_. + +#misericordia, ae# [#misericors#], f., _pity, compassion, mercy_. + +#misericors, cordis# [#misereō#, _to pity_ + #cor#, _heart_], adj., +_tender-hearted, merciful_. + +#missiō, ōnis# [#mittō#], f., _release from service, discharge_. + +#Mithridātēs#, is, m., surnamed _the Great_, king of Pontus, B.C. +120-63. + +#Mithridāticus#, adj., _Mithridatic_. + +#mītigō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#mītis# + #agō#], _to make gentle, soften, +civilize_. + +#mītis, e#, adj., _mild, gentle, kind_. + +#mittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _send, despatch, dismiss_; _throw, hurl, +shoot_. + + #ab--āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send away, let go, lose_. + + #ad--admittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to admit, receive_. + + #con--committō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _bring together, + join_; _entrust, commit, bring_ (it) _about, cause, allow_; #pūgnam# + or #proelium committere#, _to begin battle_. + + #dē--dēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _let down, cast down, + let fall_; _put_. + + #dis--dīmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ (away), _dismiss_; + _give up, abandon_. + + #ex--ēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send forth_ or _out_; _hurl, + cast_; _utter_; _let loose_. + + #in--immittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send in, admit_; _send, hurl_. + + #ob--omittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to lay aside_; _neglect, omit_; + _pass over, say nothing of_; _lose sight of, let slip_. + + #per--permittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to let pass_; _permit, allow_. + + #prō--prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to put forward_; _promise_. + + #re--remittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send back_; _yield, give up_; + _remit, grant exemption from_. + + #re + prō--reprōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to promise in return_. + + #sub--submittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _let down_; _let + grow_. + + #trāns--trānsmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _put across_, + _make to cross_; _despatch_; intrans., _to go across, cross_. + +#Mitylēnae, ārum#, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean +Sea. + +#moderātiō, ōnis# [#moderor#, _to set bounds to_], f., _self-control, +moderation_. + +#moderātus# [#moderor#, _to check_], adj., _within bounds, moderate, +merciful_. + +#modicus# [#modus#], adj., _moderate, modest_. + +#modius, ī# [#modus#], m., _a measure_; _a peck_. + +#modo# [#modus#], adv., _only_; _just now, lately_; #modo . . . modo#, +_at one time . . . at another, now . . . now_; #nōn; modo . . . sed +etiam#, _not only . . . but also_. + +#modus, ī#, m., _measure, limit, end_; _way, manner_; _measure, strains_ +(of music). + +#moenia, ium#, pl. n., _defensive walls, city walls, fortifications_. + +#mōlēs, is#, f., _mass, weight, bulk_; _massive structure_. + +#molestē# [#molestus#], adv., _with difficulty_ or _vexation_; #aegrē# +or #molestē ferre#, _to take amiss, be vexed_ (at). + +#molestia, ae# [#molestus#], f., _trouble, annoyance, burden_. + +#molestus# [#mōlēs#], adj., _troublesome, annoying, vexatious_. + +#mōlior, īrī, ītus sum# [#mōlēs#], _to struggle, toil_; _undertake, +attempt_. + +#mollis, e#, adj., _soft, tender_; _effeminate, unmanly_. + +#molliter# [#mollis#], adv., _effeminately, luxuriously_. + +#Molō, ōnis#, m., see #Apollōnius#. + +#mōmentum, ī# [#moveō#], n., _movement_; _cause, circumstance_; +(sc. #temporis#), _moment, instant_. + +#moneō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to remind, admonish_; _advise, warn_. + + #ad--admoneō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to remind, admonish, warn_. + +#monitus, ūs# [#moneō#], m., _warning, counsel_. + +#mōns, montis#, m., _a mountain, height, hill_. + +#mōnstrum, ī# [#moneō#], n., _a warning, omen_; _strange being, +monster_. + +#mora, ae#, f., _delay, policy of delay_. + +#morbus, ī#, m., _sickness, disease_. + +#morior, morī, mortuus sum#, _to die_. + +#moror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to delay, linger, tarry_; with acc., _to +hinder, impede_. + + #dē--dēmoror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to linger, tarry, remain_. + +#mors, mortis#, f., _death_. + +#morsus, ūs# [#mordeō#, _to bite_], m., _bite_; _pain, sting, agony_. + +#mortālis, e# [#mors#], adj., _mortal, human_; as noun, _mortālis, is_, +m., _a man, mortal_. + +#mortuus# [part. of #morior#], adj., _dead_. + +#mōs, mōris#, m., _a habit, custom_; _manner, fashion_; pl., _customs, +character_. + +#mōtus, ūs# [#moveō#], m., _movement, agitation, tumult, insurrection_. + +#moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to stir, move, remove_; _affect, arouse_. + + #ab--āmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to take away, remove_. + + #ad--admoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move towards_; _bring near_; + _offer_. + + #con--commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move thoroughly_; _agitate, + excite_. + + #per--permoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move deeply, excite, + influence_. + + #prō--prōmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move forward, promote, + advance_. + + #sub--submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to thrust aside, remove, + dislodge_. + +#mox#, adv., _soon, presently_; _thereupon, next_. + +#mūcrō, ōnis#, m., _sword-point, sword_. + +#muliebriter# [#muliebris#, _womanish_], adv., _like a woman, in +womanish fashion_. + +#mulier, ieris#, f., _a woman, wife_. + +#muliercula, ae# [dim. of #mulier#], f., a (little, i.e.) _young woman, +girl_. + +#mūliō, ōnis# [#mūlus#, _a mule_], m., _a mule-driver_. + +#multa, ae#, f., _a fine, penalty_. + +#multiplex, icis# [#multus# + #plicō#, _to fold_], adj., _manifold, +many_. + +#multitūdō, inis# [#multus#], f., _a multitude, throng_. + +#multō# [#multus#], adv., _by far, much_. + +#multō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_. + +#multum# [#multus#], adv., _much_; _greatly, severely_. + +#multus#, comp. #plūs#, sup. #plūrimus#, adj., _much, many a_; in pl., +_many_; #plūrēs#, _several_; often used as noun in all three degrees. + +#munditia, ae# [#mundus#, _neat_], f., _neatness, elegance, niceness_. + +#mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to fortify, protect_; _open up, build_ +(a road). + + #con--commūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to fortify strongly, + intrench_. + +#mūnus, eris#, n., _service_; _present, gift_. + +#muraena, ae#, f., _an eel_. + +#mūrus, ī#, m., _city wall, wall_. + +#Mūsae, ārum#, pl. f., _the Muses_, the goddesses of the liberal arts, +esp. music and poetry. + +#Mutina, ae#, f., _Mutina_ (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south +of the Po. + +#Mutinēnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Mutina_. + +#mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to change, alter_. + + #con--commūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to alter, change_; _exchange_. + + #per--permūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to change throughout, exchange, + interchange_. + +#mūtuus# [#mūtō#], adj., _mutual_. + + +#N# + +#nam#, conj. (1) causal, _for, because, inasmuch as_; (2) explanatory, +_you know, indeed_. + +#nancīscor, ī, nactus sum#, _to get_ (by accident), _happen upon, find, +meet with_. + +#nārrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to narrate, tell_. + +#nāscor, ī, nātus sum#, _to be born_; _spring from, arise_. + +#Nāsīca, ae#, m., cognomen of _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō_, +opponent of Tiberius Gracchus. + +#nāsus, ī#, m., _the nose_. + +#nātiō, ōnis# [#nāscor#], f., _birth, race_; _tribe, nation, people_. + +#nātūra, ae# [#nāscor#], f., _nature, character, disposition_; +personified, _Nature_. + +#nātus# [orig. part. of #nāscor#], adj., lit. _born_; with #annōs#, +_old_. + +(#nātus, ūs#) [#nāscor#], m., _birth, age_ (found only in abl. sing.). + +#naufragium, ī# [#nāvis# + #frangō#], n., _shipwreck_. + +#nāvālis, e# [#nāvis#], adj., _naval_. + +#nāvicula, ae# [dim. of #nāvis#], f., _a small vessel, boat, skiff_. + +#nāvigātiō, ōnis# [#nāvigō#, _to sail_], f., _voyage_. + +#nāvigium, ī# [#nāvigō#, _to sail_], n., _ship, boat_. + +#nāvis, is#, f., _a ship_. + +#Nāvius, ī#, m., see #Attus#. + +#nāvō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#(g)nāvus#, _busy_], _to do with zeal_; #operam +nāvāre#, _to render vigorous aid, act with vigor_. + +#nē#, (1) adv., _not_; #nē . . . quidem#, _not even, not at all_; +(2) conj., _in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest_. + +#ne#, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and +then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as conj. with +indirect questions, _whether_. + +#nebulō, ōnis# [#nebula#, _mist_], m., _a worthless fellow, +good-for-naught, scamp_. + +#nec#, see #neque#. + +#necessārius# [#necesse#, _necessary_], adj., _necessary, +indispensable_. + +#necessitās, ātis# [#necesse#, _necessary_], f., _necessity_. + +#necō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nex#], _to kill, slay_. + +#nefārius# [#nefās#, _a crime_], adj., _wicked, impious, nefarious_. + +#nefāstus# [#nefās#, _a crime_], adj., _unhallowed_; #diēs nefāstus#, +a day on which no public business could be transacted. + +#neglegēns, entis# [orig. part. of #neglegō#], adj., _heedless, +careless_. + +#neglegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus# [#nec# + #legō#], _to disregard, despise, +neglect_. + +#negō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say no_; _deny, refuse_. + + #dē--dēnegō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say no, deny_; _refuse, reject_. + +#nēmō#, gen. #nūllīus#, dat. #nēminī#, acc. #nēminem#, abl. #nūllō#; pl. +not found [#nē# + #homō#], m. and f., _no one, nobody_. + +#nemus, oris#, n., _a grove_. + +#nepōs, ōtis#, m., _grandson, descendant_. + +#neptis, is#, f., _granddaughter_. + +#neque# or #nec# [#nē# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and not, but not, nor, +nor yet_; #neque# or #nec . . . neque# or #nec#, _neither . . . nor_. + +#nequeō, īre, īvī, --# [#nē# + #queō#, _to be able_], _to be unable_. + +#nē . . . quidem#, see #nē#. + +#nesciō, īre, īvī (iī), --# [#nē# + #sciō#], _not know, to be ignorant_. + +#neuter, tra, trum# [#nē# + #uter#], adj., _neither_. + +#nex, necis#, f., _death_; _murder, slaughter_. + +#nī#, conj., _if not, unless_. + +#niger, gra, grum#, adj., _black_. + +#nihil# or #nīl# [#nē# + #hīlum#, _a trifle_], n. indecl., _nothing_; +acc. often as adv., _in no wise, not at all, not_. + +#nihilum, ī# [older form of #nihil#], n., _nothing_; abl. #nihilō#, as +adv., _not at all_; #nihilō minus#, _none the less_. + +#nihildum# [#nihil# + (1) #dum#], n. indecl., _nothing as yet_. + +#Nīlus, ī#, m., _the river Nile_. + +#nīmīrum#, adv., _without doubt, surely, truly, plainly_. + +#nimium# [#nimius#], adv., _excessively_. + +#nimius#, adj., _beyond measure, excessive, too much, too great_. + +#nisi# [#nē# + #sī#], conj., _if not, unless, except_. + +#niteō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine, glitter_; _be conspicuous, flourish_. + + #ex--ēniteō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine forth_; _be distinguished_. + +#nītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _lean_ or _rest upon_; _to exert one’s +self, strive_. + +#ex--ēnītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _to strive, struggle_. + +#in--innītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _to lean upon, support one’s +self by_. + +#nō, nāre, nāvī, --#, _to swim_. + +#trāns--trānō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to swim across_. + +#nōbilis, e# [#nōscō#], adj., _known, noted, famous_; _high-born, +noble_. + +#nōbilitās, ātis# [#nōbilis#], f., _fame, renown_; _high birth_; _the +nobility, nobles_. + +#nōbilitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nōbilis#], _to make known_ or _famous, +glorify, dignify_. + +#noceo, ēre, uī, itūrus#, _to hurt, injure_. + +#noctū# [abl. of #*noctus# = #nox#], adv., _by night_. + +#noctua, ae# [#nox#], f., _night-owl, owl_. + +#nocturnus# [#nox#], adj., _of_ or _by night, nocturnal_. + +#Nōla, ae#, f., a town of Campania. + +#nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, --# [#nōn# + (1) #volō#], _to be unwilling, not +wish_. + +#nōmen, inis# [#nōscō#], n., _a name_, esp. the gentile name; #nōmina +dare# or #profitērī#, _to volunteer_. + +#nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nōmen#], _to name, designate_. + +#nōn# [#nē# + #oenum# = #ūnum#], adv., _not, not at all_. + +#nōnāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_. + +#nōndum# [#nōn# + (1) #dum#], adv., _not yet_. + +#nōnnūllus# [#nōn# + #nūllus#], adj., _some, several_. + +#nōnnumquam# [#nōn# + #numquam#], adv., _sometimes, at times_. + +#nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus#, _to come to know, become acquainted with_; in +perf., plup.; and fut. perf., _to know_. + + #ad--āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus#, _to recognize_. + + #con--cōgnōscō, ere, cognōvī, cōgnitus#, _to learn, perceive, + understand_. + + #in--īgnōscō, ere, īgnōvī, īgnōtus#, _to overlook, pardon, forgive_. + +#nota, ae# [cf. #nōscō#], f., _a mark, sign_. + +#nōtus# [orig. part. of #nōscō#], adj., _well-known, familiar_. + +#novācula, ae#, f., _a razor_. + +#novem#, indecl. num. adj., _nine_. + +#novus#, adj., _new, fresh, young, recent_. + +#nox, noctis#, f., _night_. + +#nūbēs, is#, f., _a cloud_. + +#nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptum#, _to veil one’s self, be married, wed_. + +#nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nūdus#], _to strip, bare_. + +#nūdus#, adj., _naked, lightly clad_. + +#nūllus#, gen. #nūllīus#, dat. #nūllī# [#nē# + #ūllus#], adj., _none, +no_; as noun, _no one_. + +#num#, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a +negative answer, _not so . . . is it?_ (2) in indir. questions, +_whether, if_. + +#Numa, ae#, m., see #Pompilius#. + +#numerō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#numerus#], _to count out_ (money), _pay_. + +#numerus, ī#, m., _number, quantity_. + +#Numida, ae#, m., _a Numidian_. + +#Numidia, ae#, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now +Algiers. + +#Numidicus#, adj., _Numidian_. + +#Numitor, ōris#, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus. + +#nummus, ī#, m., _a piece of money, coin_, esp. the #sēstertius#. See +#sēstertius#. + +#numquam# [#nē# + #umquam#, _ever_], adv., _never_. + +#nunc#, adv., _at the present moment, now_. + +#nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nūntius#], _to announce, inform, report_; +_bid, urge, direct_. + + #dē--dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to announce, declare, proclaim_. + + #prō--prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to announce, declare_. + + #re--renūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to send_ or _bring back word, + report, announce_; with dat., _to refuse, decline_. + +#nūntius, ī#, m., _a messenger_; _message tidings_. + +#*nuō, nuere#, _to nod_. + + #ab--abnuō, ere, ī, --#, _to refuse_. + + #ad--adnuō, ere, ī, --#, _to nod assent to, agree to_; _agree, + promise_. + + #in--innuō, ere, ī, --#, _to signal by a nod, hint, intimate_. + + #re--renuō, ere, ī, --#, _to nod refusal, refuse_. + +#nūper#, adv., _lately, recently_. + +#nurus, ūs#, f., _a daughter-in-law_. + +#nūsquam# [#nē# + #ūsquam#], adv., _nowhere, in no place_. + +#nūtō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #*nuō#], _to nod_; of an army, _to +waver, be ready to give way_. + +#nūtrīx, īcis# [#nūtriō#, _to nourish_], f., _a nurse_. + + +#O# + +#ob#, prep. with acc., _to, towards_; _for, on account of, by reason +of_; in composition, _towards, against, at, before_. + +#obeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#obiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#obiūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to berate, scold_. + +#oblinō, ere, lēvī, litus# [#ob# + #linō#, _to smear_], _to daub, smear, +defile_. + +#oblitus#, see #oblinō#. + +#oblītus#, see #oblīvīscor#. + +#oblīviō, ōnis# [cf. #oblīvīscor#], f., _forgetfulness_. + +#oblīvīscor, ī, oblītus sum#, _to forget_. + +#obnoxius# [#ob# + #noxa#, _harm_], adj., _liable to punishment_; +_liable, exposed_. + +#obruō#, see #ruō#. + +#obsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#obses, idis#, m., _a hostage, surety_. + +#obsideō#, see #sedeō#. + +#obsidiō, ōnis# [#obsideō#], f., _a siege_. + +#obsistō#, see #sistō#. + +#obstrepō, ere, uī, --# [#ob# + #strepō#, _to make a noise_], _to rail +at, roar at_. + +#obstupēscō, ere, stupuī, --#, _to become amazed, be struck dumb_. + +#obtineō#, see #teneō#. + +#obtingō#, see #tangō#. + +#obtrēctātor, ōris# [#obtrēctō#, _to under-rate_], m., _detractor, +traducer_. + +#obtruncō, āre, --, ātus# [#ob# + #truncō#, _to maim_; cf. #truncus#], +_to lop off_; _kill, slay_. + +#obveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#obviam# [#ob# + #via#], adv., _across one’s path, in the way, towards_; +#obviam īre, prōgredī# or #venīre#, _to go to meet_; #obviam esse# or +#fierī#, _to meet_. + +#obvius# [#ob# + #via#], adj., _in the way, meeting_; with #esse, +fierī#, or #venīre#, _to meet_. + +#obvolvō, ere, ī, volūtus# [#ob# + #volvō#, _to roll_], _to wrap round, +envelop, cover_. + +#occāsiō, ōnis# [#occidō#], f., _fitting time, opportunity, chance_. + +#occāsus, ūs# [#occidō#], m., _downfall_. + +#occidō#, see #cadō#. + +#occīdō#, see #caedō#. + +#occumbō#, see #*cumbō#. + +#occupō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ob# + #capiō#], _to take possession of, +seize_; _attack_. + +#occurrō#, see #currō#. + +#Octāvia, ae#, f., _sister of Octavianus_. + +#Octāviānus, ī#, m., see #Augustus# and #Caesar#. + +#octō#, indecl. num. adj., _eight_. + +#octōgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _eighty_. + +#oculus, ī#, m., _the eye_. + +#odium, ī#, n., _hatred, grudge, aversion_. + +#odor, ōris#, m., _smell, perfume_. + +#offendō#, see #*fendō#. + +#offēnsus# [orig. part. of #offendō#], adj., _vexed, displeased, +offended_. + +#offerō#, see #ferō#. + +#officiōsus# [#officium#], adj., _courteous, obliging_. + +#officium, ī# [#opus# + #faciō#], n., _service, kindness, favor_; _duty, +office_. + +#ōlim# [#ole#, old form of #ille#], adv., _formerly_. + +#omittō#, see #mittō#. + +#omnīnō# [#omnis#], adv., _in all, altogether_. + +#omnis, e#, adj., _each, every, all, the whole_; #omnēs ad ūnum#, _all +to a man_. + +#opera, ae# [#opus#], f., _work, labor, pains, aid_; #operam dare#, _to +devote pains to_; #operam nāvāre#, see #nāvō#. + +#opifex, ficis# [#opus# + #faciō#], m., _workman, artisan_. + +#Opīmius, ī#, m., _Lūcius_, consul 121 B.C., and opponent of +C. Gracchus. + +#opīniō, ōnis# [#opīnor#, _to think_], f., _opinion, fancy, belief_. + +#oportet, ēre, uit#, impers., _it is necessary_ or _proper, it befits_. + +#oppidum, ī#, n., _a walled town, city_. + +#oppleō#, see #*pleō#. + +#oppōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#opportūnus#, adj., _fit, suitable, convenient_. + +#opprimō#, see #premō#. + +#oppūgnātiō, ōnis# [#oppūgnō#], f., _assault, attack, siege, storming_. + +#oppūgnō#, see #pūgnō#. + +#(ops), opīs#, f., _aid, help_; in pl., _power, influence_; _means, +wealth_. + +#optimātēs, um# or #ium# [#optimus#], pl. m., _the aristocrats, the +nobles_. + +#optimus#, see #bonus#. + +#optiō, ōnis# [#optō#], f., _choice, option_. + +#optō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to choose, select_; _wish_ or _pray for, +desire_. + + #ad--adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take to one’s self by choice, + adopt_. + +#opulentus# [#ops#], adj., _rich, wealthy_. + +#opus, eris#, n., _work, labor_; _need, necessity_; #opus est# with +abl., _there is need of_; #māgnō opere#, _greatly_; #tantō opere#, _so +greatly_. + +#ōrāculum, ī# [#ōrō#], n., _an oracle_; _a prophecy_. + +#ōrātiō, ōnis# [#ōrō#], f., _a speech, oration, discourse_. + +#ōrātor, ōris# [#ōrō#], m., _speaker, pleader, ambassador_. + +#orbis, is#, m., _ring, circle, orbit_; #orbis terrārum# (or #orbis# +alone), _the world_. + +#orbus#, adj., _bereft_ (of parents or children), _parentless, +childless_. As noun, #orbus, ī#, m., _an orphan_. + +#ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ōrdō#], _to set in order, arrange, adjust, +regulate_. + +#ōrdior, īrī, ōrsus sum#, _to begin_. + +#ōrdō, inis#, f., _row, series, arrangement, order_; _bank_ or _tier of +oars_; _class, rank_. + +#oriēns, entis# [part. of #orior#], m. (sc. #sōl#), _the rising sun_; +_the East, Orient_. + +#orior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise, begin_; _to spring from, be descended +from_. + + #con--coorior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise_. + + #ex--exorior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise, rise, begin_. + +#oriundus# [#orior#], adj., _descended, sprung from_. + +#ōrnāmentum, ī# [#ōrnō#], n., _preparation_; _decoration, ornament, +jewel_. + +#ōrnātus# [#ōrnō#], adj., _fitted out, equipped_; of men, +_distinguished, illustrious_. + +#ōrnātus, ūs# [#ōrnō#], m., _dress, fine attire_; _decoration, +ornament_. + +#ōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fit out, equip_; _adorn, decorate, +beautify_. + + #ad--adōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to equip, provide_; _adorn, + beautify_. + + #sub--subōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to incite secretly, bribe_. + +#ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to speak, plead, treat_; _entreat, beseech, +pray_. + + #ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to supplicate_; _worship, reverence_. + + #per--perōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to speak, plead_. + +#ōs, ōris#, n., _mouth, face_. + +#ōsculor, ārī, ātus sum# [#ōsculum#, _a kiss_], _to kiss_. + + #dē--deōsculor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to kiss_. + +#ostendō#, see #tendō#. + +#ostentō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #ostendō#], _to show, exhibit_. + +#Ōstia, ae# [#ōs#], f., _Ostia_, a town at the Tiber’s mouth, the +sea-port of Rome. + +#ōtiōsē# [#ōtiōsus#], adv., _leisurely, idly_. + +#ōtiōsus# [#ōtium#], adj., _at leisure, idle_; _in retirement_ (_i.e._, +not in office). + +#ōtium, ī#, n., _leisure, ease, idleness_. + +#ovō, āre, --, --#, _to exult, rejoice_. + + +#P# + +#P.#, abbreviation of the name _Pūblius_. + +#pācātus# [#pācō#, _to subdue_], adj., _pacified, subdued, at peace_. + +#pacīscor, ī, pactus sum#, _to agree together, bargain, stipulate_. + +#paene#, adv., _almost, nearly_. + +#paenitet, ēre, uit, --#, impers., _it grieves, it repents_. + +#palam#, adv., _openly, publicly_. + +#Palātium, ī#, n., _the Palatine Hill_. Since Augustus had his palace +there, #palātium# came to mean _palace_. + +#pālor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to roam abroad, scatter, straggle_. + +#palpebrae, ārum#, pl. f., _the eyelids_. + +#palūdāmentum, ī#, n., _a military cloak, cloak_. + +#pālus, ī#, m., _a stake, post_. + +#palūs, ūdis#, f., _swamp, marsh, pool_. + +#pandō, ere, ī, passus#, _to spread out, unfold_. + +#papāver, eris#, n., _poppy_. + +#pār, paris#, adj., _equal, like, similar_; _well-matched_. As noun, _an +equal, mate_. + +#parābilis, e# [#parō#], adj., _easily obtainable, readily procured_. + +#parcō, ere, pepercī#, and #parsī, --#, _to spare_. + +#parcus# [#parcō#], adj., _sparing, frugal, temperate_. + +#parēns, entis# [part. of #pariō#], m. and f., _a parent, a father_ or +_mother_. + +#pāreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to appear_ (esp. in answer to a command), _obey_. + + #ad--appāreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to become visible, appear_; _be plain_ + or _evident_. + +#pariō, ere, peperī, partus#, _to give birth to, bring forth, produce_; +_acquire, obtain, procure_. + +#ab--aperiō, īre, uī, tus#, _to uncover, bare_; _open, disclose_. + + #ad# + #op--adoperiō, īre, uī, tus#, _to cover, veil_. + + #con--comperiō, īre, ī, tus#, _to find out, learn_. + + #re--reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus#, _to find_ (again), _meet + with, discover_. + +#pariter# [#pār#], adv., _equally, alike_; _likewise_. + +#parō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make ready, prepare_; _resolve, plan_; _get, +acquire_. + + #con--comparō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to prepare, make ready_; _obtain, + procure_. + +#parricīdium, ī# [#pater# + #caedō#], n., _murder of a father, +parricide_. + +#pars, partis#, f., _a part, portion_; _direction_; _a side, faction, +political party_ (both sing. and pl.); _a character, role_ (esp. +in pl.). + +#Parthī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Parthians_, a people in Asia, southeast of +the Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to +the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful +archers, and successfully resisted the Roman power. + +#partim# [#pars#], adv., _partly_. + +#partior, īrī, ītus sum# [#pars#], _to distribute, divide_. + +#partus, ūs# [#pariō#], m., _a bringing forth, delivery, birth_. + +#parum#, adv., _too little, not enough_; comp. #minus#, _less, by no +means, not_; sup. #minimē#, _least of all, by no means, not at all_. As +noun, #parum#, indecl. n., _too little, not enough_. + +#parvulus# [dim. of #parvus#], adj., _very small, tiny_. As noun, +#parvulus, ī#, m., _a small child, infant_. + +#parvus#, adj., _little, small_; comp. #minor#, _smaller, less_; +_younger_ (sc. #nātū#); sup. #minimus#, _smallest, least_. + +#pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus#, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze, browse_ +(esp. in pass. and supine). + +#passim# [#passus#, part. of #pandō#], adv., _in every direction, +everywhere_. + +#pāstor, ōris# [#pāscō#], m., _herdsman, shepherd_. + +#patefaciō# [#pateō# + #faciō#], _to lay open, disclose, bring to +light_. + +#pateō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be open_. + +#pater, patris#, m., _father_; pl., #patrēs# or #patrēs cōnscrīptī#, +_the senators_. See #cōnscrīptus#. + +#paternus# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, fatherly, father’s_. + +#patiēns, entis# [#patior#], adj., _able to endure, long suffering, +patient_. + +#patior, ī, passus sum#, _to suffer, bear, endure_; _experience_; +_allow, permit_. + +#patria, ae# [#pater#], f., _fatherland, native land_. + +#patricius# [#pater#], adj., _of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble_. As +noun, #patriciī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the nobles, patricians_, the +descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome. + +#patrimōnium, ī# [#pater#], n., _inheritance, patrimony, property_. + +#patrius# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, father’s_. + +#patrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to carry out, perform, execute_. + +#patrōnus, ī# [#pater#], m., _defender, patron_; _pleader, advocate, +lawyer_. + +#paucus#, adj., _few, little_ (chiefly in pl.). + +#paulātim# [#paulum#], adv., _little by little, by degrees, gradually_. + +#paulō# and #paulum# [#paulus#, _little_], adv., _by a little, +somewhat_. + +#Paulus, ī#, m., _L. Aemilius_, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216 +B.C. In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a +national hero. + +#pauper, eris#, adj., _poor_; _scanty, small_. + +#pauperculus# [dim. of #pauper#], adj., _quite poor_. + +#pavidus# [#paveō#, _to be afraid_], adj., _trembling, fearful, +frightened_. + +#pavor, ōris# [#paveō#, _to be afraid_], m., _terror, fear, dread_. + +#pāx, pācis#, f., _peace_; _treaty_. + +#peccātum, ī# [#peccō#], n., _an error, fault, sin_. + +#peccō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin_. + +#pectus, oris#, n., _breast, bosom, heart_. + +#pecūnia, ae# [#pecus#], f., _money, property_. + +#pecus, oris#, n., _cattle, flock, herd_. + +#pedes, itis# [#pēs#], m., _a foot-soldier_; collectively, +_foot-soldiers, infantry_. + +#pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel_; _defeat, +rout_. + + #ad--#(1) #appellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive towards, steer + for, direct_. + + #ad--#(2) #appellō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call_ (by name), _address_; + _appeal to, call upon_; _name, term, mention_. + + #con--#(1) #compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive together_; + _force, compel_. + + #con--#(2) #compellō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to address_. + + #dē--dēpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel, + dislodge_. + + #ex--expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive out, expel, banish_. + + #per--perpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive, force, induce_. + + #prō--prōpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive forward_ or _away_; + _incite_. + + #re--repellō, ere, reppulī, repulsus#, _to drive back, shake off, + repulse, reject_. + +#pendeō, ēre, pependī, --#, _to hang, be suspended_; _hang one’s self_. + +#pendō, ere, pependī, pēnsus#, _to weigh, pay_. + + #ex--expendō, ere, ī, pēnsus#, _to weigh_ or _pay out_. + + #re--rependō, ere, ī, pēnsus#, _to pay for, purchase_; used esp. of + buying a thing with its weight in money. + +#penitus#, adv., _inwardly, within_; _deeply, completely_. + +#per#, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, _through, across, over, +throughout_; (2) of time, _through, during_; (3) of means or agency, _by +means of, by the agency of, through_; (4) often in adv. phrases, #per +iocum#, _jokingly_, #per ōtium#, _quietly_, #per intervālla#, _at +intervals_; in composition, _thoroughly, very_. + +#peragō#, see #agō#. + +#peragrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #ager#], _to wander through, roam +over, traverse, scour_. + +#peramoenus# [#per# + #amoenus#, _lovely_], adj., _very lovely, +charming_. + +#percellō, ere, culī, culsus#, _to smite, strike_; _overturn, upset_; +_dishearten, discourage_. + +#percieō, ciēre, cīvī, citus# [#per# + #cieō#, _to stir up_], _to arouse +thoroughly, excite_. + +#percitus#, see #percieō#. + +#percontor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to ask, question_. + +#percussor, ōris# [#percutiō#], m., _murderer, assassin_. + +#percutiō#, see #quatiō#. + +#perdō#, see #dō#. + +#perdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#peregrīnus# [#per# + #ager#], adj., _from foreign parts, foreign_. + +#perendiē#, adv., _on the day after tomorrow_. + +#perennis, e# [#per# + #annus#], adj., _perennial_; _perpetual, +never-failing_. + +#pereō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#perferō#, see #ferō#. + +#perficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#perfidia, ae# [#perfidus#], f., _treachery_. + +#perfidus#, adj., _faithless, treacherous_. + +#perforō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #forō#, _to bore_], _to bore through, +pierce_. + +#perfruor#, see #fruor#. + +#perfuga, ae# [#perfugiō#], m., _a fugitive, deserter, refugee_. + +#perfugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#pergō#, see #regō#. + +#perīclitor, āri, ātus sum# [#perīculum#], _to try, test_; intrans., _to +be in danger, incur risk_. + +#perīculōsus# [#perīculum#], adj., _perilous, dangerous_. + +#perīculum, ī#, n., _trial_; _danger, peril_. + +#perītus#, adj., _experienced, skilled, expert_. As noun, #perītus, ī#, +m., _an expert_. + +#perliciō#, see #*laciō#. + +#permittō#, see #mittō#. + +#permoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#permultus# [#per# + #multus#], adj., _very much, very many_. As noun, +#permultum, ī#, n., _a great deal_; #permultī, ōrum#, pl. m., _very +many_ (persons). + +#permūtō#, see #mūtō#. + +#perniciēs, ēī#, f., _destruction, ruin, overthrow_. + +#perniciōsus# [#perniciēs#], adj., _dangerous, destructive_. + +#perōrō#, see #ōrō#. + +#perpellō#, see #pellō#. + +#perpetuō# [abl. of #perpetuus#], adv., _continually, forever_. + +#perpetuus#, adj., _continuous, uninterrupted_; #in perpetuum#, +_forever_. + +#perrumpō#, see #rumpō#. + +#persaepe# [#per# + #saepe#], adv., _very often_. + +#perscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#persequor#, see #sequor#. + +#perstringō#, see #stringō#. + +#persuādeō#, see #suādeō#. + +#pertaesus# [orig. part. of #pertaedet#, _it wearies, disgusts_], adj., +_disgusted with, sick of_. + +#pertināciter# [#pertināx#, _persistent_], adv., _persistently, +stubbornly_. + +#pertineō#, see #teneō#. + +#pertrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#perturbō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #turbō#, _to disturb_], _to confuse, +disturb, upset_. + +#perveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#pēs, pedis#, m., _the foot_; _a foot_ (in measurements). + +#pessimus#, see #malus#. + +#pēstifer, fera, ferum# [#pēstis# + #ferō#], adj., _baneful, +destructive_. + +#pēstilēns, entis# [#pēstis#], adj., _baneful_. + +#pēstilentia, ae# [#pēstilēns#], f., _pest, plague, disease_. + +#pēstis, is#, f., _plague, pest_; _curse, bane_. + +#petītiō, ōnis# [#petō#], f., _candidacy_. + +#petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to strive for, seek_; _beg, ask, request_; +_assail, attack_; intrans., _to be a candidate_. + + #ex--expetō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to seek, desire, crave_. + + #re--repetō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to seek again, try to get back, + demand back_. + +#phalerae, ārum#, pl. f., _a metal breastplate_ (esp. for horses), +_trappings_. + +#Pharnacēs, is#, m., _a son of Mithridates_. + +#Pharsālicus#, adj., _of_ or _at Pharsalus_. + +#Pharsālus, ī#, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated +Pompey, 48 B.C. + +#Philippī, ōrum#, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and +Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C. 42. + +#philosophia, ae#, f., _philosophy_. + +#philosophus, ī#, m., _a philosopher_. + +#Philus, ī#, m., see #Fūrius#. + +#pietās, ātis# [#pius#, _dutiful_], f., _conscientiousness, dutiful +conduct, devotion, piety_; _filial affection, loyalty_. + +#piget, ēre, uit# and #itum est#, impers., _it pains, grieves, +disgusts_. + +#pīgnus, oris#, n., _pledge, security_; _assurance, proof_. + +#pilleus, ī#, m., _a_ (close-fitting) _cap_. + +#pinguis, e#, adj., _fat, sleek_. + +#pīrāta, ae#, m., _a sea-robber, pirate_. + +#pīrāticus# [#pīrāta#], adj., _of_ or _with_ (against) _the pirates_. + +#piscīna, ae# [#piscis#], f., _a fish-pond_. + +#piscis, is#, m., _a fish_. + +#Pīsō, ōnis#, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens. + + 1. _Cn._ (_Calpurnius_) _Pīsō_, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of + excessive rigor and severity. + + 2. _L. Calpurnius Pīsō Frūgī_, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of + C. Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called _Annālēs_. + +#Placentia, ae#, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po. + +#placeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to please, be agreeable to_; _seem best to_; +impers., #placet, uit# or #placitum est#, with dat., _to be +resolved by_. + + #dis--displiceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to displease_. + +#placidē# [#placidus#, _calm_], adv., _calmly, quietly_. + +#plācō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to soothe, appease_; _conciliate, reconcile_. + +#plāga, ae#, f., _a stroke, blow_. + +#Plancus, ī#, m., _C. Plōtius Plancus_, proscribed by the Second +Triumvirate. + +#plaustrum, ī#, n., _a wagon, cart_. + +#plausus, ūs# [#plaudō#, _to clap the hands_] m., _applause, +acclamations_. + +#plēbēius# [#plēbs#], adj., _plebeian_. As noun, #plēbēī, ōrum#, pl. m., +_the plebeians_. See #plēbs#. + +#plēbs, plēbis#, f., _the common people, rabble_; _the plebeians_, or +the population that grew up round the patricians (see #patricius#) from +such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation +of slaves. + +#plectō, ere, --, --#, _to beat, punish_ (usually in pass.). + +#plēnus# [cf. #*pleō#], adj., _full, full of_. + +#*pleō, plēre, plēvī, plētus#, _to fill_. + + #com--compleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill_ (to the brim): _complete_. + + #ex--expleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill up, fill_. + + #in--impleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill up_. + + #ob--oppleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill_; _cover_. + + #re--repleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill again, refill, fill up_. + +#plērīque, aeque, aque#, adj., _very many, most_. + +#Plīnius, ī#, m., _C. Plīnius Secundus_, commonly known as _Pliny the +Elder_, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called _Historia +Nātūrālis_. + +#Plōtius, ī#, m., see #Plancus#. + +#plumbeus# [#plumbum#], adj., _leaden_. + +#plumbum, ī#, n., _lead_. + +#plūrimus#, see #multus#. + +#plūs, plūris#, adj., see #multus#. + +#poena, ae#, f., _compensation, punishment, penalty_. + +#Poenī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Phoenicians, Carthaginians_ (see +#Carthāgō#). + +#poēta, ae#, m., _a poet_. + +#Pōlliō, ōnis#, m., _Vedius Pōlliō_, punished by Augustus for cruelty to +a slave. + +#Pompēiānus#, adj., _Pompey’s, Pompeian_. + +#Pompēius, ī#, m., _Cn. Pompēius_, surnamed _Māgnus_; born B.C. 106, he +was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the +pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with +Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus +in Thessaly, and soon after murdered. + +#Pompilius, ī#, m., #Numa Pompilius#, second king of Rome. + +#Pompōnius, ī#, m., _M. Pompōnius_, tribune of the people in 362 B.C. + +#Pomptīnus#, adj., _Pomptine_; #palūdēs Pomptīnae#, _the Pomptine +Marshes_ in Latium, southeast of Rome. + +#pondus, eris# [#pendō#,], n., _weight_. + +#pōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put down, place, set, deposit_; _serve_ +(at meals); _spend_; _set up, build_; #castra pōnere#, _to pitch a +camp_; #rudīmentum pōnere#, _to lay aside_ (i.e. get through) _the first +steps, to learn_. + + #ad--appōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set before, serve_ + (at table). + + #con--compōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to arrange, settle_; + _conclude, finish_. + + #dē--dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to lay down_ or _aside, put + down_; _stop_; _arrange, establish_. + + #dis--dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to arrange, array, dispose_. + + #ex--expōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set_ or _put forth_; _land, + disembark_; _expose, abandon_; _relate, explain_. + + #in--impōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_; + #lēgēs impōnere#, _to dictate terms_. + + #ob--oppōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put in the way, set against, + oppose_. + + #prae--praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set over, put in + charge of_. + + #prō--prōpōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put_ or _set forth_; + _expose to view, submit_; _propose, offer_; _resolve, determine_. + + #re--repōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put back, replace, restore_. + +#pōns, pontis#, m., _a bridge_. + +#ponticulus, ī# [dim. of #pōns#], m., _a little bridge_. + +#Ponticus#, adj., _pertaining to Pontus, Pontic_. + +#Pontus, ī#, m., _Pontus_, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black +Sea. + +#populāris, is# [#populus#], m., _a fellow-countryman_. + +#populor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to lay waste, ravage, plunder_. + +#populus, ī#, m., _a people, nation_; collectively, _the people, the +citizens_. + +#Porcia, ae#, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see #Catō#), and wife of +M. Brutus. + +#porrigō#, see #regō#. + +#Porsena, ae#, m., _Porsena_, a king of Clusium in Etruria. + +#porta, ae#, f., _a city gate, gate_. + +#portendō#, see #tendō#. + +#porticus, ūs# [#porta#], f., _a colonnade, arcade, portico_. + +#portō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bear, carry, bring_. + + #re--reportō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bring back_; _carry off or away_. + +#portōrium, ī# [#portus#], n., _a tax, duty, tariff_. + +#portus, ūs#, m., _a harbor, haven_. + +#pōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to ask, demand_. + + #dē--dēpōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to demand urgently, claim_. + + #ex--expōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to demand, claim_. + + #re--repōscō, ere, --, --#, _to demand_ (back), _claim_. + +#Posīdōnius, ī#, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and +Pompey. + +#possum, posse, potuī, --# [#potis#, _able_ + #sum#], _to be able, can_; +_have influence, be strong_. + +#post#, (1) adv., _after, later, afterwards_; (2) prep, with acc., +_after, behind_. + +#posteā# [#post# + #is#], adv., _afterwards_. + +#posterus# [#post#], adj., _following, next_; comp. #posterior, us#, +gen. #ōris#, _later_; sup. #postrēmus#, _last, lowest_; #in posterum#, +_for the future_; #ad postrēmum#, _finally_; #postrēmō#, _at last, +finally_. As noun, #posterī, ōrum#, pl. m., _descendants, posterity_. + +#posthabeō#, see #habeō#. + +#posthāc# [#post# + #hīc#], adv., _hereafter, thereafter, in the +future_. + +#postīcum, ī# [#postīcus#, _in the rear_], n., _a back door_. + +#postis, is#, m., _a door-post, post_. + +#postquam# or #post . . . quam# [#post# + #quam#], conj., _after, when_. + +#postrēmō#, see #posterus#. + +#postrēmus#, see #posterus#. + +#postrīdiē# [#posterus# + #diēs#], adv., _on the following day, next +day_. + +#pōstulātum, ī# [#pōstulō#], n., _a demand, request_. + +#pōstulō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to request, demand_. + +#potēns, entis# [orig. part. of #possum#], adj., _able, mighty, +influential_. + +#potentātus, ūs# [#potēns#], m., _power, authority, dominion_. + +#potentia, ae# [#potēns#], f., _power, might_. + +#potestās, ātis# [#potis#, _able_], f., _might, power_ (esp. that of a +magistrate); _dominion, rule_; _opportunity_. + +#potior, īrī, ītus sum#, _to become master of, obtain, acquire, get_. + +#prae#, prep, with abl., _before, in front of_; _in comparison with_; in +composition, _before, very_. + +#praeacūtus# [#prae# + #acūtus#, _sharp_], adj., _sharp at the end, +pointed_. + +#praebeō#, see #habeō#. + +#praecēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#praeceptor, ōris# [#praecipiō#], m., _teacher_. + +#praeceptum, ī# [#praecipiō#], n., _teaching, maxim, rule_; _command, +order_. + +#praecīdō#, see #caedō#. + +#praecinō#, see #canō#. + +#praecipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#praecipuē# [#praecipuus#, _special_], adv., _chiefly, principally, +especially_. + +#praeclārē# [#praeclārus#], adv., _gloriously, excellently_. + +#praeclārus# [#prae# + #clārus#], adj., _very bright_ or _brilliant, +excellent, distinguished_. + +#praecō, ōnis#, m., _a crier, herald_. + +#praeda, ae#, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_. + +#praedicātiō, ōnis# [#praedicō#], f., _a public proclamation, +statement_. + +#praedicō#, see #dicō#. + +#praedīcō#, see #dīcō#. + +#praedō, ōnis# [#praeda#], m., _one that makes_ (gains) _booty, robber_. + +#praefectus, ī# [#praeficiō#, _to place in command_], m., _a leader, +commander_. + +#praeferō#, see #ferō#. + +#praeferōx, ōcis# [#prae# + #ferōx#], adj., _insolent, full of +confidence_. + +#praefor, fārī, fātus sum# [#prae# + #for#, _to speak_], _to say by way +of preface_. + +#praelūceō, ēre, lūxī, --# [#prae# + #lūceō#, _to shine_], _to shine +before, light the way before_. + +#praemium, ī# [#prae# + #emō#], n., _reward, prize_. + +#praepōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#praeripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#praesēns, entis# [orig. part. of #praesum#], adj., _present, at hand_; +_face to face_. + +#praesidium, ī# [#praesideō#, _to defend_], n., _help, aid, defense_; +_defensive force, garrison_; _fort, post, station_. + +#praestō#, see #stō#. + +#praesum#, see #sum#. + +#praeter#, prep, with acc., _past, beyond_; _contrary to, against_; +_besides, except_; in composition, _past, beyond_. + +#praetereā# [#praeter# + #is#], adv., _in addition to this, besides, +moreover_. + +#praetereō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#praeteritus# [orig. part. of #praetereō#], adj., _past_. + +#praetextus# [orig. part. of #praetexō#, _to edge, border_], adj., +_bordered, edged_. As noun, #praetexta, ae# (sc. #toga#), f., _the toga +praetexta_, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by +free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they +became of age and assumed the _toga virīlis_, which was wholly white. + +#praetor, ōris# [orig. #praeitor#, from #prae# + (1) #eō#], m., _a +leader, commander_; among the Romans, _a praetor_ or magistrate, whose +especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla’s time +eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in +command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in +Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of +_prōpraetor_. + +#praetōrius# [#praetor#], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the general, the +general’s_; _praetorian_. As noun, #praetōrius, ī#, m., _a man of +praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_. + +#praeveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#prandium, ī#, n., _lunch_. + +#prātum, ī#, n., _a field, meadow_. + +#prāvus#, adj., _crooked, wrong_; _perverse, wicked_. + +#precor, ārī, ātus sum# [#prex#], _to ask, beg, beseech_. + + #dē--dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to plead against, plead, avert by + prayer_; _decline_. + +#prehendō, ere, ī, prehēnsus#, _to grasp, seize, catch_. + + #ad--apprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to lay hold of, seize, grasp_. + + #con--comprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to seize, catch, arrest_; + _understand_. + + #dē--dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to seize, catch_; _surprise, + detect, discover_. + + #re--reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to hold back, check_; _blame, + criticise, reprove_. + +#premō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_; _press hard, crush_. + +#con--comprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to restrain, check, crush_. + +#ex--exprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_ or _force out_; _utter, +express_. + +#ob--opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to crush utterly, overpower, +overwhelm, master_. + +#re--reprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_ or _keep back, check, +restrain_. + +#pretiōsus# [#pretium#], adj., _of great value, costly, precious_. + +#pretium, ī#, n., _money value, price_; _money_; _recompense, reward_; +#operae pretium est#, _it is worth while_. + +#prex, precis#, f., _a prayer, entreaty_ (chiefly in pl.). + +#prīdem#, adv., _long since, long ago_. + +#prīdiē# [#pri(or)# + #diē#], adv., _the day before_. + +#prīmō#, see #prior#. + +#prīmōrēs, um# [#prīmus#], pl. m., _first men, chiefs, nobles_. + +#prīmum#, see #prior#. + +#prīmus#, see #prior#. + +#prīnceps, ipis# [#prīmus# + #capiō#], adj., _first, foremost_. As noun, +m., _leading man, chief, leader_. + +#prīncipium, ī# [#prīnceps#], n., _beginning_. + +#prior, us#, gen. #priōris#, comp. adj., _foremost, first, prior_; sup. +#prīmus#, _first, foremost_; #prīmō, prīmum#, _at first, first_. + +#Prīscus, ī#, m., cognomen of _Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of +Rome. + +#prius# [neuter of #prior#], adv., _before, sooner, previously, first of +all_. + +#priusquam# or #prius . . . quam# [#prius# + #quam#], conj., _earlier +than, before_. + +#prīvātim# [#prīvātus#], adv., _individually_; _by one’s self, +privately_. + +#prīvātus# [#prīvō#], adj., _personal, private, individual_. As noun, +#prīvātus, ī#, m., _a man in private life, a private citizen_. + +#prīvō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bereave, deprive, rob_. + +#prō#, prep. with abl., _in front of, before_; _in behalf of, for_; +_instead of_; _in comparison with, in accordance with_; in composition, +_forth, for_. + +#prō#, interj., _O! ah! alas! Heavens!_ + +#proavus, ī# [#prō# + #avus#], m., _great-grandfather_. + +#probō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#probus#, _good_], _to test_ (and find good), +_approve, commend_; _show, prove_. + + #ad--approbō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to approve fully, favor_; _show, + demonstrate_. + + #con--comprobō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to approve, sanction_; _confirm_. + +#Proca, ae#, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius. + +#prōcēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#procella, ae#, f., _a strong wind_; _storm_. + +#prōcēritās, ātis# [#prōcērus#, _tall_], f., _height, tallness_. + +#prōclāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#prōcōnsul, is# [#prō#, _in place of_ + #cōnsul#], m., _a proconsul, +governor of a province_. See #cōnsul# (end). + +#procul#, adv., _in the distance, afar_; with abl., _far from_. + +#Proculus, ī#, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to +him after his death. + +#prōcumbō#, see #*cumbō#. + +#prōcūrō#, see #cūrō#. + +#prōdigium, ī#, n., _an omen, portent_; _strange being, prodigy, +monster_. + +#prōditiō, ōnis# [#prōdō#], f., _treason_. + +#prōditor, ōris# [#prōdō#], m., _a traitor_. + +#prōdō#, see #dō#. + +#proelior, ārī, ātus sum# [#proelium#], _to fight, wage war_. + +#proelium, ī#, n., _a battle, combat_. + +#profectō# [#prō# + #factum#], adv., _indeed, in truth, certainly, to be +sure_. + +#prōferō#, see #ferō#. + +#proficīscor, ī, profectus sum#, _to set out, proceed_; _depart_. + +#profiteor#, see #fateor#. + +#prōflīgō#, see #*flīgō#. + +#profugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#profugus, ī# [#profugiō#], m., _a fugitive, exile_. + +#profundō#, see #fundō#. + +#profūsus# [orig. part. of #profundō#], adj., _lavish, extravagant, +profuse_. + +#prōgredior#, see #gradior#. + +#prohibeō#, see #habeō#. + +#prōiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#proinde# [#prō# + #inde#], adv., _hence, therefore_. + +#prōlābor#, see #lābor#. + +#prōmineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to project, extend, lean out_. + +#prōmissus# [orig. part. of #prōmittō#], adj., _hanging down, long, +flowing_. + +#prōmissum, ī# [#prōmittō#], n., _a promise_. + +#prōmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#prōmoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#prōmptē# [#prōmptus#], adv., _quickly, readily_. + +#prōmptus# [#prōmō#, _to put forth_], adj., _visible, at hand_; _ready, +alert, prompt_. + +#pronepōs, ōtis# [#prō# + #nepōs#], m., _great-grandson_. + +#prōnūntiō#, see #nūntiō#. + +#propāgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to propagate, increase, prolong_. + +#prope#, adv., _near by_; _nearly, almost_ (esp. with numbers): comp. +#propius#; sup. #proximē#, _nearest, next_. + +#prōpellō#, see #pellō#. + +#properō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#properus#, _quick_], _to speed, hasten_. + +#propinquus# [#prope#], adj., _neighboring, near_; as noun, _a +relative_. + +#propior# [#prope#], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. #proximus#, _nearest, +next_; _latest, last_; _next, following_; #in proximō#, _near by_. As +noun, #proximī, ōrum#, pl. m., _bystanders_. + +#prōpōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#prōpositum, ī# [#prōpōnō#], n., _plan, purpose_. + +#propriē# [#proprius#], adv., _peculiarly, especially_. + +#proprius#, adj., _own, one’s own_; with gen. or dat., _peculiar to, +characteristic of_. + +#propter#, prep. with acc., _on account of_. + +#prōripiō#, see #rapiō#. + +#prōrogō#, see #rogō#. + +#prōscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#prōscrīptiō, ōnis# [#prōscrībō#], f., _a notice of sale_; +_proscription, confiscation_. + +#prōsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#prōsiliō#, see #saliō#. + +#prōspectus, ūs# [#prōspiciō#, _to look forward_], m., _view, prospect_. + +#prōsperē# [#prōsperus#], adv., _propitiously, successfully_. + +#prōsperus# [#prō# + #spēs#], adj., _according to one’s hopes, +favorable_. + +#prōsternō#, see #sternō#. + +#prōsum#, see #sum#. + +#prōtendō#, see #tendō#. + +#prōtinus#, adv., _right on, continuously_; _at once, immediately_. + +#prōvehō#, see #vehō#. + +#prōvincia, ae#, f., _a province_ (i.e. a territory outside of Italy +under Roman government); _sphere of operations_. + +#prōvocō#, see #vocō#. + +#proximē#, see #prope#. + +#proximus#, see #propior#. + +#prūdēns, entis# [orig. #prōvidēns#, part. of #prōvideō#, _to see +ahead_], adj., _fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent_. + +#prūdentia, ae# [#prūdēns#], f., _foresight, practical wisdom, good +sense_. + +#psittacus, ī#, m., _a parrot_. + +#Ptolemaeus, ī#, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time +of Alexander the Great. + +#pūblicē# [#pūblicus#], adv., _in the name of_ (by order of) _the state, +publicly, officially_. + +#pūblicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#pūblicus#], _to open to the public, make +public_. + +#pūblicus# [orig. #populicus#: cf. #populus#], adj., _belonging to the +people_ (state), _public_; _official_. As noun, #pūblicum, ī#, n., _the +state treasury_. + +#Pūblius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#pudor, ōris#, m., _modesty, shame, hesitancy_. + +#puella, ae# [dim. of #puer#], f., _a girl_. + +#puer, puerī#, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_. + +#puerīlis, e# [#puer#], adj., _boyish, youthful_. + +#pueritia, ae# [#puer#], f., _childhood_; _boyhood, youth_ (extending +usually to the 17th year). + +#pugiō, ōnis#, m., _a dagger, dirk_. + +#pūgna, ae#, f., _a combat, fight, battle_. + +#pūgnāx, ācis# [#pūgna#], adj., _fond of fighting, combative_. + +#pūgnō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to fight_; _oppose, resist_. + + #ex--expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take by storm, capture_; + _overpower, prevail upon_. + + #in--impūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight against, oppose, attack_. + + #ob--oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight against, assault, besiege_. + + #re--repūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight back, oppose, resist_. + +#pulcher, chra, chrum#, adj., _beautiful_; _excellent, illustrious_. + +#Pulcher, chrī#, m., _P. Claudius_, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul +249 B.C. + +#pullārius, ī# [#pullus#], m., _keeper of the sacred chickens_. + +#pullus, ī#, m., _a young animal_; _chicken_. + +#pulvis, eris#, m., _dust_. + +#pungō, ere, pupugī, punctus#, _to strike, prick, puncture_; _sting, +torment_. + +#Pūnicus#, adj., _Phoenician, Punic_; _Carthaginian_ (see #Carthāgō#). + +#pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#poena#], _to punish_. + +#pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#pūrus#, _clean_ + #agō#], _to make clean_; +_clear away, excuse_. + +#putō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cleanse_ (vines by cutting); _consider, +think, suppose_. + + #am--amputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cut all round, cut away, lop off_. + + #con--computō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to sum up, reckon, compute_. + + #dis--disputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to weigh, examine_; _discuss_; + _argue_. + + #re--reputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think over, reflect on, reflect_. + +#Pȳrēnaeus, ī# (sc. #mōns#), m., _the Pyrenees_. + +#Pyrrhus, ī#, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum, +and invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C. + + +#Q# + +#Q.#, abbreviation of the name #Quīntus#. + +#quadrāgēsimus# [#quadrāgintā#], num. adj., _fortieth_. + +#quadrāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _forty_. + +#quadrīgae, ārum#, pl. f., a _four-horse team_. + +#quadringentī, ae, a# [#quattuor# + #centum#], num. adj., _four +hundred_. + +#quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus#, _to seek_; _ask_; _get, gain_. + + #ad--adquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus#, _to acquire, get, gain_. + + #con--conquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus#, _to seek_ or _search fo_; + _hunt up_. + + #re--requīrō, ere, quīsīvī (iī), quīsītus#, _to seek_ or _search + for_. + +#quaesō, ere, īvī, --#, _to seek_; _beg, pray_. + +#quaestor, ōris# [orig. #quaesītor#; cf. #quaerō, quaesō#], m., +_quaestor, quartermaster_, a name given to certain magistrates who had +the care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the +provinces. + +#quaestūra, ae# [#quaestor#], f., _the quaestorship_. + +#quālis, e#, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind? what sort of?_ +(2) rel., _of such a kind, such as, as_. + +#quāliscumque, quālecumque#, adj., _of whatsoever kind, of any kind_. + +#quam# [(1) #quis#], adv., _how, how much_; after a comp., _than_; with +a sup., _as possible_; #quam prīmum#, _as soon as possible_; #quamdiū#, +_as long as_; #tam . . . quam#, _as . . . so, not only . . . but also_. + +#quamquam#, conj., _although, even if_. + +#quamvīs# [#quam# + #vīs#, from #volō#], adv. and conj., _howevermuch, +although_. + +#quandōquidem# [#quandō#, _since_ + #quidem#], conj., _since indeed_. + +#quantus# [#quam#], adj., (1) interr., _how great? how much?_ (2) rel., +correl. to #tantus#, _as great as, as_. + +#quantum#, adv., _how much? how far?_ + +#quāpropter# [(1) #quis# + #propter#], adv.; (1) interr., _why? +wherefore?_ (2) rel., _for which reason, wherefore_. + +#quāre# [#quā# + #rē#], adv., (1) interr., _why?_ (2) rel., _for which +reason, wherefore, therefore_. + +#quārtāna, ae# [#quārtus#], f. (sc. #febris#, _fever_), a fever or ague +recurring every fourth day. + +#quārtus# [#quattuor#], num. adj., _fourth_. + +#quasī#, adv. and conj., _as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly_; _on +the ground that_. + +#quater#, adv., _four times_. + +#quatiō, ere, --, quassus#, _to shake, strike_. + + #dē--dēcutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to shake off_ or _down, strike + off_. + + #ex--excutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to shake off, fling off_. + + #per--percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to strike through, pierce_; + _smite, strike_; _kill, slay_; _overwhelm, shock_. + +#quattuor#, indecl. num. adj., _four_. + +#que#, conj., enclitic, _and, and yet, but_. + +#queror, ī, questus sum#, _to complain_. + + #con--conqueror, ī, questus sum#, _to complain bitterly, lament, + deplore_. + +#questus, ūs# [#queror#], m., _complaint, lament_. + +(1) #quī, quae, quod#, interr. pron., used adjectively, _which? what? +what kind of?_ See (1) #quis#. + +(2) #quī, quae, quod#, rel. pron., _who, which, what, that_; _whoever, +whatever_. + +(3) #quī, quae#, or #qua, quod#, indef. pron., used adjectively, _any, +some_. + +(4) #quī# [old abl. of (1) #quī#], adv., _how?_ + +#quia#, conj., _because, since_. + +#quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque#, indef. rel. pron., _whoever, +whichever, whatever_. + +#quīdam, quaedam, quiddam#, and as adj., #quoddam#, indef. pron., _a +certain one, somebody_; _a certain_. + +#quidem#, adv., _indeed, in fact, to be sure_; #nē . . . quidem#, _not +even, not at all_. + +#quiēs, ētis#, f., _rest, sleep, quiet, respite_. + +#quiētus# [orig. part, of #quiēscō#, _to be at rest_], _quiet, +peaceful_. + +#quīn# [(4) #quī# + #nē#], conj., _how not? why not_; _that, that not, +but that_; #quīn et# or #etiam#, _nay more_. + +#Quīntilius, ī#, m., gentile name of _P. Quīntilius Vārus_, an officer +of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans, +B.C. 9. + +#Quīntīlis, is# [#Quīntus#], m. (sc. #mēnsis#), _July_, the fifth month +(counting from March. See #December#). + +#quīndecemvir, ī# [#quīndecem#, _fifteen_ + #vir#], m., _a member of a +board of fifteen men_. + +#quīngentī, ae, a# [#quīnque# + #centum#], num. adj., _five hundred_. + +#quīnquāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_. + +#quīnque#, indecl. num. adj., _five_. + +#quīnquennium, ī# [#quīnque# + #annus#], n., _a period of five years_. + +#quīnquiēs# [#quīnque#], adv., _five times_. + +#quīntus# [#quīnque#], num. adj., _fifth_. + +#Quīntus, ī#, m., a praenomen. + +#quīppe#, adv., _indeed, as you see, surely_. + +#Quirīnālis, is# (sc. #collis#), m., _the Quirinal_, one of the hills of +Rome. + +#Quirīnus, ī#, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and +deification. + +#Quirītēs, ium# [#Curēs#], pl. m., orig. _the people of Cures_; later, +the name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence: +_citizens, Romans_. See #Rōmānī#. + +(1) #quis, quid#, interr. pron. used substantively, _who? which? what?_ +See (1) #quī#. + +(2) #quis, qua, quid#, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one, any +one_; _something, anything_. See (3) #quī#. + +#quisnam, quaenam, quidnam# [(1) #quis# + #nam#], interr. pron., _who_ +or _what in the world? who? which? what?_ + +#quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam# and #quidpiam#, indef. pron., _some, any, +some one_. + +#quisquam, quaequam, quicquam#, indef. pron., adj. or noun, _any one, +anything, any_. + +#quisque, quaeque, quidque# or #quodque#, indef. pron., noun or adj., +_each, every, each one, every one_. + +#quisquis, quicquid#, indef. pron., _whoever, whatever, every one who, +everything which_. + +#quō# [#quī#], adv. and conj. As adv., (1) interr., _whither_? (2) rel., +_whither_; as conj., _in order that, that, that thereby_. + +#quōcumque#, adv., _whithersoever_. + +#quod#, conj., _because, that, in that_; _as to the fact that, so far +as_; #quod sī#, _but if_. + +#quōmodo# [(1) #quī# + #modus#], adv., (1) interr., _how?_ (2) rel., _in +the manner that, as_. + +#quondam#, adv., _once, formerly_. + +#quoniam# [#quom# (= #cum#, _since_) + #iam#], conj., _since, because, +seeing that_. + +#quoque#, conj., _also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes). + +#quōrsum# or #quōrsus# [orig. #quōversus#; #quō# + #vertō#], adv., +_whither?_ + +#quotannīs# [#quot# + #annus#], adv., _each year, yearly_. + +#quoūsque# [#quō# + #ūsque#, _until_], adv., (1) interr., _until what +time?_ (2) rel., _until_. + + +#R# + +#radius, ī#, m., _a staff, rod_; _beam, ray_. + +#radīx, īcis#, f., _a root_; _foot, base_. + +#rapīna, ae# [#rapiō#], f., _robbery, pillage_. + +#rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus#, _to seize_ and _carry off, drag off_; +_plunder, destroy_; _hasten, hurry_. + + #ab--abripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to take away forcibly, drag off_. + + #ad--adripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to snatch quickly, seize_. + + #con--corripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to seize, catch up_; #morbō + corripī#, _to fall sick_. + + #dis--dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to tear apart_; _ravage, plunder_. + + #prae--praeripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to snatch away, carry off_ or + _away_. + + #prō--prōripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to fling forth_; with #sē#, + _rush_. + +#rārō# [#rārus#], adv., _seldom, rarely_. + +#rārus#, adj., _thin_; _scattered, rare_. + +#ratiō, ōnis# [#reor#], f., _reckoning, calculation, account_; _method, +plan_. + +#ratis, is#, f., _a raft, boat, vessel_. + +#re# or #red#, insep. prefix, _again, back_. + +#rebellō#, see #bellō#. + +#recēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#receptus, ūs# [#recipiō#], m., _a retreat_. + +#recessus, ūs# [#recēdō#], m., _nook, corner_. + +#recidō#, see #cadō#. + +#reciperō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to regain, recover_. + +#recipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#reconciliō#, see #conciliō#. + +#recreō#, see #creō#. + +#rēctē# [#rēctus# (part. of #regō#), _straight, right_], adv., _rightly, +duly, well_. + +#recubō#, see #cubō#. + +#recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #causa#], _to decline, refuse_. + +#reddō#, see #dō#. + +#redeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#redigō#, see #agō#. + +#redimō#, see #emō#. + +#redintegrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#red# + #integer#], _to make whole again, +renew_. + +#reditus, ūs# [#redeō#], m., _a going_ (or coming) _back, return_. + +#redūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#refellō, ere, ī, --# [#re# + #fallō#, _to deceive_], _to prove false, +refute, disprove_. + +#referō#, see #ferō#. + +#refoveō#, see #foveō#. + +#refringō#, see #frangō#. + +#refugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#rēgālis, e# [#rēx#], adj., _kinglike, royal_. + +#rēgia, ae# [#rēgius#], f. (sc. #domus#), _a palace_. + +#rēgīna, ae# [#rēx#], f., _a queen_. + +#regiō, ōnis# [#regō#], f., _district, region_. + +#rēgius# [#rēx#], adj., _kingly, royal, king’s_. + +#rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#rēgnum#], _to be king_; _rule, govern_. + +#rēgnum, ī# [#rēx#], n., _kingly government, sovereignty, sway_; _a +kingdom_. + +#regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule_. + + #con--corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to straighten, correct, + improve_. + + #dis--dīrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to guide, steer, direct_. + + #ex--ērigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to raise_ or _lift up_; _stir up, + arouse_. + + #per--pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus#, _to go straight on, proceed, + hasten_; with acc., _pursue with vigor, perform_; #partēs pergere#, + _to play the rōle_. + + #por# (= #prō#)#--porrigō, ere, porrēxī, porrēctus#, _to spread_ or + _stretch out_; _hold forth, offer, present_. + +#regredior#, see #gradior#. + +#Rēgulus, ī#, m., _M. Atīlius_, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa +and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255. + +#rēiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#relābor#, see #lābor#. + +#relēgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #lēgō#, _to send_], _to send out of the +way, remove_. + +#religiō, ōnis#, f., _sense of duty_; _religion, devotion to the gods_; +_scruple_. + +#religiōsus# [#religiō#], adj., _careful, scrupulous_; _sacred, holy_. + +#religō#, see #ligō#. + +#relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus# [#re# + #linquō#, _to leave_], _to leave +behind, leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_. + +#reliquiae, ārum# [#relinquō#], pl. f., _remainder, remnant, residue_. + +#reliquus# [cf. #relinquō#], adj., _remaining, rest_. + +#remaneō#, see #maneō#. + +#remedium, ī# [#re# + #medeor#, _to cure_], n., _a cure, remedy_. + +#remigrō#, see #migrō#. + +#remittō#, see #mittō#. + +#remūneror, ārī, ātus sum# [#re# + #mūnerō#, _to reward_], _to reward, +repay_. + +#Remus, ī#, m., the brother of Romulus. + +#renovō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #novus#], _to renew, restore, revive_. + +#renūntiō#, see #nūntiō#. + +#renuō#, see #*nuō#. + +#reor, rērī, ratus sum#, _to reckon_; _think, suppose_; #ratus#, +_thinking_. + +#repellō#, see #pellō#. + +#rependō#, see #pendō#. + +#repente# [#repēns#, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_. + +#repentīnus# [#repēns#, _sudden_], adj., _sudden, unexpected_. + +#reperiō#, see #pariō#. + +#repetō#, see #petō#. + +#repleō#, see #*pleō#. + +#repōnō#, see #pōnō#. + +#reportō#, see #portō#. + +#repōscō#, see #pōscō#. + +#reprehendō#, see #prehendō#. + +#reprimō#, see #premō#. + +#reprōmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cast off, divorce_; _reject, scorn_. + +#repūgnō#, see #pūgnō#. + +#repulsa, ae# [#repellō#], f., _rejection, repulse_; _a defeat at the +polls_. + +#reputō#, see #putō#. + +#requīrō#, see #quaerō#. + +#rēs, reī#, f., _thing, matter_; _affair, deed, exploit, event_; +_circumstance_; _a story_; _property, fortune_; _trouble_; #rēs +familiāris#, _private property_; #rēs pūblica#, _the commonwealth, +state_; #rēs gestae#, _exploits_; #rēs repetundae#, _extortion_; #rē +vērā#, _in reality, in truth_. + +#resecō#, see #secō#. + +#reserō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #sērō#, _to bolt_], _to unlock, open_. + +#resīdō#, see #sīdō#. + +#resistō#, see #sistō#. + +#resolvō#, see #solvō#. + +#respergō, ere, spersī, spersus# [#re# + #spargō#, _to strew, +sprinkle_], _to besprinkle, bespatter_. + +#respiciō#, see #*speciō#. + +#respīrō#, see #spīrō#. + +#respondeō#, see #spondeō#. + +#respōnsum, ī# [#respondeō#], n., _answer, reply_, esp. of an oracle; +_warning_. + +#rēs pūblica#, see #rēs#. + +#restinguō#, see #stinguō#. + +#restituō#, see #statuō#. + +#retineō#, see #teneō#. + +#retrahō#, see #trahō#. + +#reus, ī#, m., _defendant, accused person, prisoner_. + +#revertor#, see #vertō#. + +#revīvīscō, ere, --, --# [#re# + #vīvēscō#, inceptive of #vīvō#], _to +come to life again_. + +#revocō#, see #vocō#, + +#rēx, rēgis# [cf. #regō#], m., _king, monarch_. + +#Rhēa, ae#, f., _Rhēa_, also called _Rhēa Silvia_, mother of Romulus and +Remus. + +#Rhēnus, ī#, m., the river Rhine. + +#rhētor, oris#, m., _a teacher of oratory, rhetorician_; _orator_. + +#Rhodus, ī#, f., _Rhodes_, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor, +famous for its schools of rhetoric (see #Apollōnius#), its colossal +statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation. + +#rīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to smile, laugh_; _laugh at, mock_. + + #dē--dērīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to laugh at, mock, deride_. + + #in--inrīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to jeer at, mock, ridicule_. + +#rigō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to wet, moisten_. + +#rigor, ōris#, m., _severity, rigor_. + +#rīpa, ae#, f., _a bank_ (of a river). + +#rīsus, ūs# [#rīdeō#], m., _laughter_. + +#rītē# [cf. #rītus#], adv., _with due ceremonies, duly, fitly, +properly_. + +#rītus, ūs#, m., _religious ceremony, rite_. + +#rixa, ae#, f., _a quarrel_ (of blows), _brawl_. + +#rōbur, oris#, n., _hard wood, oak_; _strength, vigor, power_. + +#rogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to ask, inquire_; _request, implore_. + + #ab--abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to repeal, annul_. + + #inter--interrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to ask, question_. + + #prō--prōrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to prolong, extend_. + +#Rōma, ae#, f., _Rome_. + +#Rōmānus#, adj., _Roman_; as noun, #Rōmānus, ī#, m., _a Roman_; #Rōmānī, +ōrum#, pl. m., _the Romans_, the name given to the Romans in their +military capacity. + +#Rōmulus, ī#, m., _Romulus_, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea +and Mars. + +#Rōscius, ī#, m., _Sextus Rōscius_, defended by Cicero on a capital +charge. + +#rōstrum, ī# [#rōdō#, _to gnaw_], n., _the beak_ or _ram of a ship_; +pl., _the Rostra_, or speaker’s platform in the Forum (adorned with +beaks of captured ships). + +#Rubicō, ōnis#, m., _the Rubicon_, a river in the northeastern part of +Italy. + +#rudīmentum, ī# [#rudis#], n., _first attempt, beginning_. See #pōnō#. + +#rudis, e#, adj., _uncouth, unpolished_; _ignorant, rude_. + +#ruīna, ae# [#ruō#], f., _downfall, ruin, destruction_; pl., _a fallen +building, ruins_. + +#rūmor, ōris#, m., _a story, report, rumor_. + +#rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to break, destroy_. + + #con--corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to destroy_; _seduce, bribe, + corrupt_. + + #ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum#, _to break forth_ or _out, burst + forth_. + + #per--perrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to break through, force a way + through, get across_. + +#ruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to fall_; _rush, hasten_; with acc., _to cause to +fall, overthrow_. + + #con--corruō, ere, ī, --#, _to fall_ (in battle). + + #dis--dīruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to tear apart, overthrow, destroy_. + + #ex--ēruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to cast out_; _dig up, destroy utterly_. + + #in--inruō, ēre, ī, --#, _to rush in, make an attack_. + + #ob--obruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to overwhelm, hide, bury_. + +#rūpēs, is# [#rumpō#], f., _a rock, cliff_. + +#rūrsus# or #rūrsum# [orig. #revorsus#; cf. #revertō#], adv., _back_; +_again_. + +#rūs, rūris#, n., _the country_; pl., _the fields_; #rūrī#, _in the +country_. + +#rūsticor, āri, ātus sum# [#rūs#], _to live in the country_; _take a +vacation_. + +#rūsticus# [#rūs#], adj., _rural, rustic_. + + +#S# + +#Sabīnī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy, +adjoining Latium on the north. + +#sacer, cra, crum#, adj., _holy, sacred_; as noun, #sacrum, ī#, n., _a +holy thing, sacred vessel_; pl., _religious rites, sacrifices_. + +#sacerdōs, ōtis# [#sacer#], m. and f., _priest, priestess_. + +#sacrārium, ī# [#sacer#], n., _sanctuary, shrine_. + +#sacrificium, ī# [#sacer# + #faciō#], n., _a sacrifice_. + +#sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_. + + #con--cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to dedicate, consecrate, devote_. + + #ex--exsecror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to curse, abhor_. + +#saeculum, ī#, n., _a race_; _generation, age, time_. + +#saepe#, adv., _frequently, often_. + +#saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītum# [#saevus#], _to be fierce_ or _cruel, +rage_; #saevīre in aliquem#, _to treat any one cruelly_. + +#saevitia, ae# [#saevus#], f., _fury, cruelty_. + +#saevus#, adj., _raging, fierce, cruel_. + +#sagīnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sagīna#, _stuffing_], _to fatten_. + +#sagulum, ī#, n., _a short military cloak_. + +#Saguntus, ī#, f., and #Saguntum, ī#, n., _Saguntum_, a town on the east +coast of Spain. + +#Salernitānus#, adj., _of_ or _near Salernum_ (modern Salerno), a town +in Campania. + +#Saliī, ōrum# [#saliō#], pl. m., _the Salii_ or _Leapers_, the dancing +priests of Mars. + +#Salīnātor, ōris#, m., see #Līvius#. + +#saliō, īre, uī, tus#, _to leap_. + + #dē--dēsiliō, īre, uī, sultum#, _to leap down_. + + #in--īnsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap up_ or _on, mount_. + + #prō--prōsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap_ or _spring forward_. + + #trāns--trānsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap across, jump over_. + +#saltem#, adv., _at least, at all events_. + +#saltō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #saliō#], _to dance, leap_. + + #ex--exsultō, āre, āvī, --#, _to leap, dance_ (esp. with joy), + _exult, rejoice_. + +#saltus, ūs# [#saliō#], m., _a leap, bound_; _leaping, jumping_. + +#saltus, ūs#, m., _a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass_. + +#salūbris, e# [#salūs#], adj., _health-giving, wholesome, healthy_; +_beneficial_. + +#salūs, ūtis#, f., _health, vigor_; _safety_. + +#salūtātiō, ōnis# [#salūtō#], f., _greeting, salutation_. + +#salūtātor, ōris# [#salūtō#], m., _saluter, visitor_. + +#salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#salūs#], _to wish one health, greet, salute, +visit_. + + #con--cōnsalūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to greet_ or _salute warmly_. + +#salveō, ēre, --, --# [#salvus#], _to be well_; imperative, #salvē, +salvēte#, _hail! greetings!_ + +#salvus#, adj., _well, sound, safe_. + +#sambūceus# [#sambūcus#, _an elder-tree_], adj., _of elder, elder_. + +#Samnītēs, ium#, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a branch of the Sabine race +inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium. + +#sānē# [#sānus#, _sound_], adv., _indeed, truly, by all means_; +_certainly_. + +#sanguinolentus# [#sanguis#], adj., _bloody_. + +#sanguis, inis#, m., _blood_. + +#sapiō, ere, īvī, --#, _to taste_; _to have taste_ or _understanding_; +_be wise_. + + #dē--dēsipiō, ere, --, --#, _to be foolish_ or _crazy_. + +#sapiēns, entis# [orig. part. of #sapiō#], adj., _wise, sensible, +discreet_. + +#sapientia, ae# [#sapiēns#], f., _wisdom_. + +#Sardinia, ae#, f., an island between Italy and Spain. + +#sarmentum, ī# [#sarpō#, _to prune_], n., _a twig_; pl., _brushwood, +fagots_. + +#satis#, adv., _enough_; _tolerably, quite_; as noun, n., _enough, +sufficiency_. + +#satisfaciō, ere, fēcī, factum# [#satis# + #faciō#], _to satisfy, make +reparation_. + +#saucius#, adj., _wounded, hurt_. + +#saxum, ī#, n., _a stone, rock, boulder_. + +#scamnum, ī#, n., _a bench, stool_. + +#scandō, ere, --, --#, _to climb, mount_. + + #ad--āscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to climb up, mount, ascend_. + + #con--cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to mount, ascend_; _go on + board_. + + #dē--dēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsum#, _to climb_ or _come down, descend_; + _dismount_. + + #ex--ēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to mount, ascend_. + + #trāns--trānscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to climb_ or _pass over, + cross_. + +#scapha, ae#, f., _a light boat, skiff_. + +#scelerātus# [#scelus#], adj., _wicked, impious, accursed_. + +#scelestē# [#scelestus#, _impious_], adv., _wickedly, impiously_. + +#scelus, eris#, n., _wicked deed, sin, crime_. + +#schola, ae#, f., _leisure, leisure for learning_; _place of learning, +school_. + +#scīlicet# [#scīre# + #licet#], adv., _plainly, of course, doubtless_. + +#scindō, ere, scidī, scissus#, _to cut, tear, rend, split_. + + #ab--abscindō, ere, scidī, scissus#, _to cut_ or _tear off, hew + off_. + +#sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus#, _to know, understand_; with infin., _to know +how_. + +#Scīpiō, ōnis#, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of +Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens. + + 1. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at + the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain, + in 212. + + 2. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Māior_, son of (1), born B.C. 237; + commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama + in 202. He died about 183 B.C. + + 3. _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After + defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen + _Asiāticus_. + + 4. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Minor_, captured Carthage, B.C. + 146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129. + + 5. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō_, see #Nāsīca#. + + 6. _Q. Metellus Pius Scīpiō_, father-in-law of Pompey. + +#scīscitor, ārī, ātus sum# [#scīscō#], _to ask, inquire_. + +#scīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus# [#sciō#], _to seek to know_; _approve, +enact, decree_. + + #con--cōnscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus#, _to approve of, decree_; + #mortem sibi cōnscīscere#, _to commit suicide_. + + #dē--dēscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītum#, _to withdraw, desert, revolt_. + +#scrība, ae# [#scrībō#], m., _a clerk, secretary_. + +#scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write_. + + #ad--adscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to add, include, enroll_. + + #con--cōnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to enroll, enlist_. + + #dē--dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to copy off, sketch, + describe_. + + #dis--dīscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to mark off, divide_. + + #īn--īnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write on, inscribe on_. + + #per--perscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write out_ (in full). + + #prō--prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to offer for sale_; + _proscribe, outlaw_. + + #sub--subscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write beneath_. + +#scrīnium, ī#, n., _a case, box_ (esp. for books or papers). + +#scrīptor, ōris# [#scrībō#], m., _a writer, author_; _narrator_. + +#Scultenna, ae#, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina. + +#scūtum, ī#, n., _a shield_. + +(1) #sē#, see #suī#. + +(2) #sē# or #sēd#, insep. prefix, _apart, away from_. + +#sēcēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#sēcernō#, see #cernō#. + +#secō, āre, uī, tus#, _to cut_. + + #re--resecō, āre, uī, tus#, _to cut loose_ or _off_. + +#sēcrētus# [part. of #sēcernō#], adj., _separate_; _hidden, concealed_; +_secret_; abl. #sēcrētō# as adv., _secretly_. + +#sector, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #sequor#], _to follow eagerly, pursue, +seek the society of_. + +#secundus# [#sequor#], adj., _following, second_; _favorable, +fortunate_. + +#secūris, is# [#secō#], f., _an axe, hatchet_. + +#secus#, comp. #sētius#, adv., _otherwise, differently_. + +#sed#, conj., _but, on the contrary_. + +#sēdecim# [#sex# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_. + +#sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessum#, _to sit_. + + #ad--adsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, _to sit at_ or _beside, besiege_. + + #in--īnsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, with dat., _to sit in, on_, or + _upon_; with acc., _to settle on, occupy_. + + #ob--obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, _block, besiege, beset_. + +#sēdēs, is# [cf. #sedeō#], f., _seat, chair_; _residence, abode_. + +#sēditiō, ōnis# [#sēd# + #itiō#, from #eō, īre#], f., _dissension, +rebellion, revolt_. + +#sēdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#sēdulitās, ātis# [#sēdulus#, _earnest_], f., _earnestness, +persistency_. + +#sēdulō# [abl. of #sēdulus#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, busily_; +_purposely, deliberately_. + +#sēgnis, ē#, adj., _slow, tardy, sluggish_. + +#sēgniter# [#sēgnis#], adv., _without spirit_ or _vigor, lazily_. + +#sella, ae# [#sedeō#], f., _a seat, chair_; #sella curūlis#, a portable +stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such +chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with +ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this +chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles, +praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines. + +#semel#, adv., _once, once for all_. + +#sēmet#, see #suī#. + +#semper#, adv., _always, continually_. + +#sempiternus# [#semper#], adj., _eternal_. + +#Semprōnius, ī#, m., _Ti. Semprōnius Longus_, defeated by Hannibal at +the Trebia B.C. 218. + +#senātor, ōris# [#senātus#], m., _a senator_. + +#senātōrius# [#senātor#], adj., _senatorial_. + +#senātus, ūs# [cf. #senex#], m., _council of elders, senate_, in the +time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when +he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state. + +#Seneca, ae#, m., _L. Annaeus Seneca_, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of +the Emperor Nero. + +#senecta, ae# [#senex#], f., _old age_. + +#senectūs, ūtis# [#senex#], f., _old age_. + +#senex#, gen. #senis#, adj., _old_; comp. #senior#, _elder_; sup. +#māximus# (#nātū#), _eldest_. As noun, #senex, senis#, m., _an old man_; +#seniōrēs, um#, pl. m., _the elders_ (men over 45). + +#senior#, see #senex#. + +#senium, ī# [#senex#], n., _old age, decay_. + +#sententia, ae# [#sentiō#], f., _opinion, thought_; _wish, inclination_. + +#sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus#, _to discern by sense, feel_; _see, +perceive_; #bene sentīre dē#, _to think well of_. + + #con--cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsum#, _to agree_; _conspire, plot_. + +#sēparātim# [(2) #sē# + #parō#], adv., _separately, apart_. + +#sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus#, _to bury, inter_. + +#septem#, indecl. num. adj., _seven_. + +#septēnī, ae, a# [#septem#], num. adj., _seven each, seven apiece_. + +#Septimulēius, ī#, m., _L. Septimulēius_ of Anagnia in Latium, a friend +of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold. + +#septimus# [#septem#], num. adj., _seventh_. + +#septirēmis, e# [#septem# + #rēmus#, _oar_], f. (sc. #nāvis#), _a ship +with seven banks_ or _tiers of oars_. + +#septuāgēsimus# [#septuāgintā#, _seventy_], num. adj., _seventieth_. + +#sepultūra, ae# [#sepeliō#], f., _burial, funeral_. + +#sequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow_; _favor_. + + #ad--adsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow up, overtake_; _gain, + attain_. + + #con--cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow, overtake_; _attain, + acquire_. + + #in--īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to pursue, overtake_. + + #ob--obsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to comply with, yield to, + submit to_. + + #per--persequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow persistently, pursue, + hound_. + + #prō--prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow, accompany, escort_. + + #sub--subsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow after, follow_. + +#Sergius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name. + + 1. _L. Sergius Catilīna_, see #Catilīna#. + + 2. _M. Sergius Catilīna_, grandfather of (1). + +#sēriō# [abl. of #sērius#], adv., _in earnest, seriously, in good +faith_. + +#sērius#, adj., _grave, serious, earnest_. + +#sermō, ōnis# [#serō#], m., _talk, conversation_; _speech_. + +#serō, ere, --, tus#, _to bind together_. + + #con--cōnserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to join_; #manūs# or #pūgnam + cōnserere#, _to join battle, fight_. + + #dē--dēserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to leave, abandon_; _forsake, neglect_. + + #dis--disserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to speak, discourse, harangue_. + + #ex--exserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to thrust out_. + +#sērō# [abl. of #sērus#, _late_], adv., _late, too late_. + +#Sertōrius, ī#, m., _Quīntus_, an officer in the army of Marius. He went +to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of +an independent force till his death in 72. + +#serva, ae# [#servus#], f., _a slave woman_. + +#servīlis, e# [#servus#], adj., _of a slave_; _slavish, servile_. + +#servitūs, ūtis# [#servus#], f., _slavery_. + +#Servius, ī#, m., see #Tullius#. + +#servō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to save, preserve, watch_. + + #con--cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to keep safe, preserve_. + +#servus, ī#, m., _a slave_. + +#sēse#, see #suī#. + +#sēstertius, ī# [#sēmis#, _half_ + #tertius#], m. (sc. #nummus#), _a +sesterce_, a small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half +asses, but later worth about four cents. See #ās#. In naming large sums +of money the Romans speak of ‘so many times a hundred thousand +_sēstertiī_’ (_centēna mīlia sēstertium_). + +#sētius#, see #secus#. + +#seu#, see #sīve#. + +#sevērē# [#sevērus#], adv., _gravely, severely, sternly, strictly_. + +#sevēritās, ātis# [#sevērus#], f., _sternness, strictness_. + +#sevērus#, adj., _stern, strict, severe_. + +#sex#, indecl. num. adj., _six_. + +#sexāgintā#, num. adj., _sixty_. + +#Sextīlis, e#, adj., _of the sixth month_. As noun, #Sextīlis, is#, m. +(sc. #mēnsis#), _August_. See #December#. + +#Sextīlius, ī#, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88. + +#sextus# [#sex#], num. adj., _sixth_. + +#Sextus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#sī#, conj., _if, whether_; #quod sī#, _but if_. + +#sibi#, see #suī#. + +#sībilus, ī#, m., _a hissing, whistling_. + +#Sibyllīnus# [#Sibylla#, _a Sibyl, prophetess_], adj., _pertaining to +the Sibyls, Sibylline_. + +#sīc#, adv., _in this way, thus, so_. + +#siccō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#siccus#], _to drain_. + +#siccus#, adj., _dry_. As noun, #siccum, ī#, n., _the dry ground_. + +#Sicilia, ae#, f., _Sicily_. + +#Siculus#, adj., _Sicilian_. + +#sīdō, sīdere, --, --#, _to seat one’s self, sit down_. + + #ad--adsīdō, ere, sēdī, --#, _to seat one’s self, sit down_. + + #con--cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessum#, _to sit down_; _settle, encamp_; + _take a position_. + + #re--resīdō, ere, sēdī, --#, _to settle down, sink, subside_; + _abate, grow calm_. + +#sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sīgnum# + #faciō#], _to make signs, show_; +_point out, indicate_. + +#sīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sīgnum#], _to set a mark on_; _sign, seal_ +(a document). + + #ad--adsīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to allot, award, assign_. + +#sīgnum, ī#, n., _sign, signal_; _military standard, ensign_; _statue, +image_; #sīgna īnferre alicuī#, _to advance against_ or _attack any +one_. + +#Sīlānus, ī#, m., _D. Iūnius Sīlānus Mānliānus_, praetor in Macedonia +B.C. 142. + +#silēns, entis# [orig. part. of #sileō#, _to be still_], adj., _still, +quiet, silent_. + +#silentium, ī# [#silēns#], n., _stillness, quiet, silence_. + +#silva, ae#, f., _a wood, forest_. + +#Silvia, ae#, f., see #Rhēa#. + +#similis, e#, adj., _like, similar_. + +#similiter# [#similis#], adv., _in like manner, similarly_. + +#similitūdō, inis# [#similis#], f., _likeness, resemblance, similarity_. + +#simul#, adv., _at the same time_; #simul atque# or #āc#, _as soon as_. + +#simulō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#similis#], _to make like, copy_; _feign, +pretend_. + + #dis--dissimulō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to disguise, conceal, dissemble_. + +#simultās, ātis# [#simul#], f., _enmity, hatred_; #simultātēs gerere#, +_to carry on a feud_. + +#sine#, prep, with abl., _without_. + +#singulāris, e# [#singulī#], adj., _one by one, single, individual_; +_remarkable, singular, unparalleled_. + +#singulī, ae, a#, adj., _one at a time, one apiece, single_. + +#sinister, tra, trum#, adj., _left_. + +#sinō, ere, sīvī, situs#, _to put, place_; _permit, let_. + +#sinus, ūs#, m., _a curve, hollow, fold_; _fold of the toga_ (as it +crosses the breast), _pocket_; _bosom_. + +#sistō, ere, stitī, status#, trans., _to cause to stand, place, set_; +intrans., _stand_. + + #ab--absistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to withdraw, cease, desist_. + + #con--cōnsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand, take position_ (of an + army); _stop, halt_; _be firm, endure, continue_. + + #dē--dēsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand off from, cease, desist_. + + #ex--exsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to step forth_; _come to be, become, + arise_. + + #ob--obsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand in the way of, resist, + oppose_. + + #re--resistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to oppose, withstand, resist_. + + #sub--subsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to take a stand, remain, tarry_. + +#situs# [orig. part. of #sinō#], adj., _placed, situate, lying_. + +#situs, ūs# [#sinō#], m., _location, site_. + +#sīve# or #seu#, conj., _or, or if, whether_; #sīve . . . sīve# or #seu +. . . seu#, _whether . . . or, if . . . or if_. + +#sōbrius#, adj., _sober, temperate_. + +#socer, socerī#, m., _a father-in-law_. + +#societās, ātis# [#socius#], f., _fellowship, association_; _alliance_. + +#sociō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#socius#], _to join, unite_; _hold in common, +share, divide_. + +#socius, ī#, m., _fellow, comrade, ally_. + +#sodālis, is#, m., _companion, associate_. + +#sōl, sōlis#, m., _the sun_. + +#soleō, ēre, itus sum#, _to be wont, be accustomed, use_. + +#sōlitārius# [#sōlus#], adj., _lonely, isolated_. + +#sōlitūdō, inis# [#solus#], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place, +wilderness_. + +#solitus# [#soleō#], adj., _wonted, usual, accustomed_; as noun, +#solitum, ī#, n., _the customary, the usual_. + +#solium, ī#, n., _chair of state, throne_. + +#sollemnis, e#, adj., _religiously fixed, holy, sacred_. + +#sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sollicitus#, _troubled_], _to stir up, +arouse, excite_. + +#sōlum# [#sōlus#], adv., _only_; #nōn . . . sōlum . . . sed . . . +etiam#, _not only . . . but also_. + +#sōlus#, adj., _alone, single-handed, single, only_; _lonely, solitary_. + +#solvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to loosen, unbind_; _let down_; _impair, +destroy_. + + #ab--absolvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to set free, release_; _acquit_. + + #re--resolvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to loosen_; _dissolve, melt_. + +#somnium, ī# [#somnus#], n., _a dream, vision_. + +#somnus, ī#, m., _sleep_. + +#sonitus, ūs# [#sonō#, _to resound_], m., _sound, crash, noise_. + +#sōpiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus# [cf. #sopor#, _a deep sleep_], _to put to +sleep_; pass., _to sleep_; #sōpītī#, _buried in slumber_. + +#soror, ōris#, f., _a sister_. + +#sorōrius# [#soror#], adj., _of a sister, sister’s_. + +#sors, sortis#, f., _lot, fate, destiny_; _decision by lot_. + +#sortior, īrī, ītus sum# [#sors#], _to cast lots_; _obtain by lot_. + +#spatium, ī#, n., _space, room_; _distance_; _period of time_. + +#speciēs, --#, acc. em, abl. #ē# [#*speciō#], f., _sight, appearance_; +_semblance, pretense_. + +#*speciō, ere, spexī, --#, _to look_. + + #ad--adspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look at, examine, inspect_. + + #con--cōnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to catch sight of, spy_; + _see_. + + #dē--dēspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look down upon, despise_. + + #dīs--dīspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to descry, perceive_. + + #in--īnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look into, examine, + consider_. + + #re--respiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look back_ (_at_), _gaze + at, consider_; _regard, respect_. + +#spectāculum, ī# [#spectō#], n., _show, sight, spectacle_. + +#spectātor, ōris# [#spectō#], m., _spectator_. + +#spectō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #*speciō#], _to look at, watch, +behold_. + + #ex--exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus#, trans., _to look out for, await, + expect_; intrans., _wait, wait to see_. + +#speculātor, ōris# [#speculor#], m., _a lookout, spy, scout_. + +#speculor, ārī, ātus sum# [#specula#, _a watch-tower_], _to spy out, +examine_. + +#speculum, ī# [#*speciō#], n., _a looking-glass, mirror_ (usually of +metal). + +#spernō, ere, sprēvī, sprētus#, _to set aside, despise, scorn_. + + #ab--āspernor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to disdain, despise, scorn_. + +#spērō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#spēs#], _to hope_ (for), _look for, expect_. + + #dē--dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to lose hope, despair, despair of_. + +#spēs, speī#, f., _hope, expectation_; _promise_. + +#spīritus, ūs# [#spīrō#], m., _breath_; _disposition, lofty spirit, +ambition, pride_. + +#spīrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to breathe_. + + #ex--exspīrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to breathe out_; _die, expire_ + (sc. #animam#). + + #re--respīrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to breathe back_ or _out, breathe_ + (again); intrans., _to recover breath, revive_. + +#splendor, ōris# [#splendeō#, _to shine_], m., _brightness, splendor, +magnificence_. + +#spoliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#spolium#], _to strip, rob, plunder_. + +#spolium, ī#, n., _booty, spoil_. + +#spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus#, _to promise_ (sacredly), _agree_. + + #dē--dēspondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus#, _to promise in marriage, betroth_. + + #re--respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus#, _to answer, reply_; _correspond + to, agree with_. + +#spōnsus, ī# [#spondeō#], m., _a lover, betrothed man_. + +#sponte# [abl. of #*spōns#, _free will_], f., _voluntarily_; with #meā, +tuā#, or #suā#, _of my, your_, or _his own free will_. + +#Spūrinna, ae#, m., _Vestritius Spūrinna_, an augur of the time of +Julius Caesar. + +#squāma, ae#, f., _scale_ (of fish or snake). + +#statim# [cf. #stō#], adv., _instantly, at once_. + +#statiō, ōnis# [#stō#], f., _station, post_; _picket line, guard_. + +#statua, ae# [#statuō#], f., _a statue, image_. + +#statuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#stō#], _to cause to stand, set up, place_; +_determine_; _determine on, appoint, arrange_. + + #con--cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set up, erect_; _set in order, + organize_; _arrange, appoint_; _resolve_. + + #in--īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set in place, arrange_; _found, + establish_; _determine, undertake, begin_; _train, teach_. + + #re--restituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set up again, replace, restore, + reinstate_; _repair, remedy, save_. + + #sub--substituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to put in place of, substitute_; + _put_. + +#statūra, ae# [#stō#], f., _size, height, stature_. + +#status, ūs# [#stō#], m., _state, condition, rank_. + +#stercus, oris#, n., _dung, manure_. + +#Sthenius, ī#, m., _a Sicilian chief_. + +#sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus#, _to spread out, scatter_; _lay low_. + + #con--cōnsternō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to terrify, frighten, confound_; + _move deeply, affect powerfully_. + + #prō--prōsternō, ere, strāvī, strātus#, _to overthrow, destroy_. + +#stimulus, ī#, m., _goad_; _sharp point, prick_. + +#stinguō, ere, --, --#, _to quench_. + + #ex--exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus#, _to extinguish_; _destroy, + kill_. + + #re--restinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus#, _to quench, extinguish, + destroy_. + +#stīpendium, ī# [#stips#, _gift_ + #pendō#], n., _a payment_; _salary, +pay_; _campaign_; #stīpendia facere# or #merēre#, _to serve a campaign_. + +#stirps, stirpis#, f., _stock, race_; _offspring, progeny_. + +#stō, stāre, stetī, statum#, _to stand_; _stand firm, abide_; #stāre +prōmissō#, _to stand by_ (lit., _on_) _one’s promise_. + + #circum--circumstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to stand about, surround_. + + #con--cōnstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to agree_; _stand firm, be fixed_; + _consist of_; #cōnstat#, _it is agreed, it is well known, it is + certain_; #sibi cōnstāre#, _to be consistent_. + + #ex--exstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to be extant, remain, exist_. + + #prae--praestō, āre, stitī, stitus#, intrans., _to stand before, + surpass, excel_; trans., _to show, make, render_. + +#stolidē# [#stolidus#, _stupid_], adv., _stupidly_. + +#strāgēs, is# [#sternō#], f., _overthrow, ruin, defeat_; _massacre_. + +#strāgulum, ī# [#sternō#], n., _coverlet, bedspread_. + +#strēnuus#, adj., _brisk, active, vigorous_. + +#strepitus, ūs# [#strepō#, _to make a noise_], m., _noise, din, crash_; +_applause_. + +#stringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to draw_ or _bind tight_, _press +together, graze_; _draw, unsheathe_ (a sword or dagger). + + #dē--dēstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to draw, unsheathe_. + + #per--perstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to touch, graze_; + _thrill, run through_. + +#struō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to pile up, arrange_; _build, erect_. + + #ex--exstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to pile_ or _heap up, build_. + + #in--īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to build_; _arrange, draw up_ + or _array_ (troops); _make ready, equip, fit out_. + +#studiōsē# [#studiōsus#, _eager_], adv., _eagerly, zealously_. + +#studium, ī# [#studeō#, _to be eager_], n., _zeal, enthusiasm_; _desire, +pursuit, study_; _good-will, affection_. + +#stultitia, ae# [#stultus#], f., _folly_. + +#stultus#, adj., _foolish, silly_. + +#stupēns, entis# [orig. part. of #stupeō#], adj., _dazed, confused, +dumbfounded_. + +#stupeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be struck senseless, be amazed_ or +_astounded_. + +#suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus#, _to advise, urge, exhort_. + + #dis--dissuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus#, _to advise against, oppose_ + (by argument). + + #per--persuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus#, _to persuade, induce_; + _convince_. + +#sub#, prep. with (1) acc., _under, towards, until, after_; (2) with +abl., _under, beneath, at the foot of, close to_; _in the reign of_; in +composition, _under, somewhat_; _in place of_; _underhandedly_. + +#subdō#, see #dō#. + +#subdūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#subeō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#subiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#subigō#, see #agō#. + +#subitus# [#subeō#], adj., _sudden, unexpected_; abl. #subitō# as adv., +_on short notice, suddenly_. + +#sublātus#, see #tollō#. + +#sublicius# [#sublica#, _a pile_], adj., _consisting of_ or _resting on +piles_. + +#sublīmis, e#, adj., _uplifted, lofty_; _on high, through the sky_. + +#submittō#, see #mittō#. + +#submoveō#, see #moveō#. + +#subolēs, is#, f., _a sprout, shoot_; _offspring, issue_; _race_. + +#subōrnō#, see #ōrnō#. + +#subscrībō#, see #scrībō#. + +#subsellium, ī# [#sub# + #sella#], n., _a low bench, seat_. + +#subsequor#, see #sequor#. + +#subsidium, ī# [cf. #subsīdō#, _to lie in wait_], n., _reserve troops_; +_aid, help_. + +#subsistō#, see #sistō#. + +#substituō#, see #statuō#. + +#subtexō, ere, uī, tus# [#sub# + #texō#, _to weave_], _to weave under, +join_; _subjoin, add_ (in speech). + +#succēdō#, see #cēdō#. + +#succēssor, ōris# [#succēdō#], m., _follower, successor_. + +#succēssus, ūs# [#succēdō#], m., _favorable outcome, success_. + +#succingō#, see #cingō#. + +#succlāmō#, see #clāmō#. + +#succurrō#, see #currō#. + +#suēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to become accustomed to_. + + #ad--adsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to accustom one’s self to, be + wont_. + + #con--cōnsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to become accustomed_. + +#sufficiō#, see #faciō#. + +#suffīgō#, see #fīgō#. + +#suffōcō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sub# + #fauces#, _the throat_], _to choke, +strangle_. + +#suffodiō#, see #fodiō#. + +#suffrāgātor, ōris# [#suffrāgor#, _to vote for_], m., _supporter, +partisan, follower_. + +#suffrāgium, ī#, n., _a voting tablet, vote, ballot_. + +#suī# gen., #sibi# dat., #sē# acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron., +sing. and pl., _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; #sēse, sēmet#, +strengthened forms of #sē#. + +#Sulla, ae#, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens. + + 1. _L. Cornēlius Sulla_, surnamed Fēlīx, born B.C. 138; consul in + 88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and + again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen + perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He + resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year. + + 2. _P. Cornēlius Sulla_, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by + Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline’s conspiracy. + +#Sullānus#, adj., _of_ or _by Sulla, Sullan_; as noun, #Sullānī, ōrum#, +pl. m., _the followers of Sulla_. + +#Sulpicius, ī#, m., _Ser. Sulpicius Rūfus_, tribune of the people in 88 +B.C., and a supporter of Marius. + +#sum, esse, fuī, futūrus#, _to be, exist, live_; with gen., _belong to, +be the part of_; _be true, be so_; _happen, take place_; with dat., +_have, possess_. + + #ab--absum, esse, āfuī#, _to be away_ or _absent, be far from_; + #prope abesse#, _to be at no great distance, be near_. + + #ad--adsum, esse, adfuī#, _to be present_ or _near_; _to aid_ (esp. + in court). + + #dē--dēsum, deesse, dēfuī#, _to be away_ or _absent_; _be wanting_; + _fail_; _to miss, let slip_. + + #in--īnsum, inesse, īnfuī#, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong to_. + + #inter--intersum, esse, fuī#, _to be present at, take part in_. + + #prae--praesum, praeesse, fuī#, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule, + govern, be in command of_. + + #prō--prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī#, _to benefit, profit, aid_. + + #super--supersum, esse, fuī#, _to be over_ and _above, remain_; + _survive, outlive_. + +#summa, ae# [#summus#], f., _top, summit_; _chief point_ or _place, +supremacy_; _total, amount, sum_. + +#summus#, see #superus#. + +#sūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus# [#sub# + #emō#], _to take up, take, +choose_; _enter upon, begin_; _spend_. + + #ab--absūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to use up, consume_; _spend_. + + #ad--adsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to take to one’s self, + receive_. + + #con--cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to use up, spend_. + +#sūmptuārius# [#sūmptus#], adj., _relating to expense, sumptuary_. + +#sūmptus, ūs# [#sūmō#], m., _outlay, expense_. + +#supellex, supellectilis#, f., _household stuff, furniture_. + +#super#, prep. (1) with acc., _over, above, upon, in addition to_; +_during_; (2) with abl., _over, upon, beyond, in addition to_. + +#superbē# [#superbus#], adv., _haughtily, proudly, arrogantly_. + +#superbia, ae# [#superbus#], f., _pride, arrogance_. + +#superbus# [#super#], adj., _haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent_. + +#Superbus, ī#, m., see #Tarquinius#. + +#superiaciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#superior#, see #superus#. + +#superō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#superus#], _to pass over, cross_; _overcome, +subdue, conquer_; _excel, surpass_. + +#supersum#, see #sum#. + +#superus# [#super#], adj., _above, upper, higher_; comp. #superior#, +_higher, superior, earlier_; as noun, _a superior_; sup. #suprēmus#, +_highest, topmost, last_, or #summus#, _highest, greatest, extreme, most +distinguished_; _often the highest part of, top of_; #Mare Superum#, +_the Upper_ or _Adriatic Sea_. + +#superveniō#, see #veniō#. + +#supervīvō#, see #vīvō#. + +#supplex, icis# [#sub# + #plicō#, _to fold, bend_], adj., bending the +knees in entreaty, _begging, suppliant_; as noun, _a suppliant_. + +#suppliciter# [#supplex#], adv., _suppliantly, humbly_. + +#supplicium, ī# [#supplex#], n., _a kneeling down_ (as suppliant, or to +receive punishment); _punishment, execution_. + +#supplicō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#supplex#], _to kneel down_; _entreat, +beseech_; _pray, worship_; _thank_. + +#suprā# [#super#], adv., _above_. + +#surgō, ere, surrēxī, surrēctum# [#sub# + #regō#], _to stand up, rise, +arise_. + + #ad--adsurgō, ere, surrēxī, --#, _to rise up, arise_. + +#suscipiō#, see #capiō#. + +#sūspectus# [orig. part. of #sūspiciō#, _to suspect_], adj., +_mistrusted, suspected_. + +#suspendium, ī#, n., _hanging_. + +#sustineō#, see #teneō#. + +#sūtor, ōris# [#suō#, _to sew, stitch_], m., _a shoemaker, cobbler_. + +#suus# [#suī#], adj., _his own, her own, its own, their own_; _his, her, +its, their_; as noun, #suī, ōrum#, pl. m., _his_ (their) _friends, +followers, soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_. + +#Syphāx, ācis#, m., a prince of Numidia. + +#Syria, ae#, f., _Syria_, a country on the eastern coast of the +Mediterranean. + + +#T# + +#T.#, abbreviation of the name #Titus#. + +#tabella, ae# [dim. of #tabula#], f., _a small board, writing tablet_. + +#taberna, ae#, f., _stall, shop_ (of boards); _hut, tent_. + +#tabernāculum, ī# [#taberna#], n., _a tent_. + +#tabula, ae#, f., _a board, plank_; _picture_ (sc. #picta#, _painted_); +_writing tablet_; _record, list_. + +#taceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be silent, say nothing_. + +#tacitus# [#taceō#], adj., _silent, secret_. + +#taedium, ī# [#taedet#, _it wearies_], n., _weariness, disgust, +loathing_. + +#talentum, ī#, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100. + +#tālis, e#, adj., such, _of such a kind_; #tālis . . . quālis#, _such +. . . as_. + +#tam#, adv., _to such a degree, so much, as much, so_; #tam . . . quam#, +_as . . . so, not only . . . but also_. + +#tamdiū#, adv., _so long_. + +#tamen#, adv., _yet, still, for all that, all the same, however, +nevertheless_. + +#tamquam#, conj., _as if_. + +#Tanaquil, īlis#, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. + +#tandem#, adv., _at length, at last, finally_. + +#tangō, ere, tetigī tāctus#, _to touch_. + + #con--contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus#, with acc., _to touch_; with + dat., _to occur to, fall to lot of, befall_; _happen_. + + #ob--obtingō, ere, tigī, --#, _to fall to the lot of, befall_; + _occur_. + +#tantum# [#tantus#], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only, merely_. + +#tantummodō# [#tantum# + #modō#], adv., _only, merely_. + +#tantus#, adj., _so great, such_; as noun, #tantum, ī#, n., _so much_. + +#tardē# [#tardus#, _slow_], adv., _slowly_. + +#tarditās, ātis# [#tardus#, _slow_], f., _slowness, sluggishness_. + +#tardō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#tardus#, _slow_], _to delay, hinder, impede_. + +#Tarentīnus#, adj., of _Tarentum, Tarentine_; as noun, #Tarentīnī, +ōrum#, pl. m., _the people of Tarentum_. + +#Tarentum, ī#, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of +Italy; modern _Taranto_. + +#Tarpēia, ae#, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus. + +#Tarpēius#, adj., _of Tarpeia, Tarpeian_; #rūpēs Tarpēia#, _the +Tarpeian_ rock, a part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the +Forum. + +(1) #Tarquiniī, ōrum#, pl. m., a city in Etruria. + +(2) #Tarquiniī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Tarquin family, the Tarquins_. + +#Tarquinius, ī#, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come +from Etruria. + + 1. _Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of Rome. + + 2. _Tarquinius Superbus_, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509. + + 3. _Sextus Tarquinius_, son of (2). + + 4. _L. Tarquinius Collātinus_, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia. + +#Tatius, ī#, m., #Titus Tatius#, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with +Romulus. + +#tēctum, ī# [#tegō#], n., _a covering, roof_; _covered structure, +house_. + +#tegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus#, _to cover_; _hide, conceal_; _defend, guard_. + + #dē--dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus#, _to uncover, expose_; _betray_. + +#tēgula, ae# [#tego#], f., _roof tile, tile_. + +#tēlum, ī#, n., _missile_; _spear, javelin_. + +#temerārius# [#temerē#], adj., _heedless, rash, reckless_. + +#temerē#, adv., _blindly, rashly, heedlessly_. + +#temeritās, ātis# [#temerē#], f., _rashness, heedlessness, temerity_. + +#temperāns, antis# [orig. part. of #temperō#], adj., _moderate, +temperate, sober_. + +#temperō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#tempus#], _to set bounds to, restrain_. + +#tempestās, ātis# [#tempus#], f., _point_ or _period of time; storm, +tempest_. + +#templum, ī#, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_. + +#tempus, oris#, n., _time, period, season_; _opportunity, occasion_. + +#tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus# and #tēnsus#, _to spread out, stretch_; +#īnsidiās tendere#, _to lay a trap for, plot against_. + + #con--contendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch_; _exert one’s self, + strive, insist_; _hasten, march quickly_. + + #in--intendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch, stretch, towards_; _aim, + direct_. + + #ob(s)--ostendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch out, show_; _produce, + furnish_; _disclose, make known_. + + #por (= prō)--portendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to point out, indicate_; + _foreshadow, portend_. + + #prō--prōtendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch out, extend_. + +#tenebrae, ārum#, pl. f., _darkness, gloom_; _a hiding place_. + +#tenebricōsus# [#tenebrae#], adj., _dark, gloomy_. + +#teneō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold, keep_; _possess_; _maintain, guard, +defend_; _seize_. + + #ab--abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _from_; _keep + aloof from_; _refrain from, abstain_. + + #con--contineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to keep, hold, contain_; + _restrain, rule, curb_. + + #dē--dētineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _off_; _detain, + hinder_. + + #ob--obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold, possess_; _rule, govern_. + + #per--pertineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stretch out, extend_; _reach_. + + #re--retineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to keep_ or _hold_ (back), _retain, + detain_. + + #sub(s)--sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold up, support, sustain_; + _bear, endure_; _hold in check, restrain_. + +#tentō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #tendō#], _to touch, handle_; _try, +attempt_; _sound, try to win over_. + +#tentōrium, ī# [#tendō#], n., _a tent_. + +#ter#, num. adv., _thrice, three times_. + +#Terentius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name. See #Varrō#. + +#Terentius, ī#, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great. + +#tergiversor, ārī, --# [#tergum# + #vertō#], _to twist and turn, +shuffle, evade_. + +#tergum, ī#, n., _back, rear_. + +#ternī, ae, a# [cf. #trēs#], num. adj., _three on each side, by threes, +three_. + +#terō, ere, trīvī, trītus#, _to rub, wear away_; _waste, kill_. + +#terra, ae#, f., _the earth, ground_; _land_. + +#terreō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to frighten, alarm, terrify_; _deter_. + + #dē--dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to frighten off, deter, keep from_. + +#terribilis, e# [#terreō#], adj., _frightful, dreadful_. + +#terror, ōris# [#terreō#], m., _fear, panic_. + +#tertius# [cf. #trēs#], adj., _third_; abl. n. #tertiō# as adv., _the +third time_. + +#tēstimōnium, ī# [#tēstis#, _a witness_], n., _evidence, testimony, +proof_. + +#tēstor, ārī, ātus sum# [#tēstis#, _a witness_], _to bear witness, be a +witness_. + +#Teutobochus, ī#, m., a chief of the Teutones. + +#Teutonēs, um#, pl. m., _the Teutones_, a Germanic people which invaded +Italy, but was defeated by Marius. + +#thēsaurus, ī#, m., _a treasure, hoard_. + +#Thessalia, ae#, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern +part of Greece. + +#Ti.#, abbreviation of the name #Tiberius#. + +#Tiberis, is#, m., _the river Tiber_. + +#Tiberius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#Tīcinus, ī#, m., _the Ticinus_, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to +the Po. + +#tigillum, ī# [dim. of #tīgnum#, _beam_], n., _a little beam_. + +#Tigrānēs, is#, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates. + +#timeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be afraid, fear_. + +#timidus# [#timeō#], adj., _fearful, timid_. + +#tīrōcinium, ī# [#tīrō#, _a raw recruit_], n., _a soldier’s first +campaign_; _military inexperience_. + +#titulus, ī#, m., _inscription, placard, notice_. + +#Titus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen. + +#toga, ae#, f., _the toga_, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. +See also #praetextus#. + +#togātus# [#toga#], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful garb, +unarmed_. + +#tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus#, _to lift, raise, take up_; _remove, +abolish_. + +#tonitrus, ūs# [#tonō#, _to thunder_], m., _thunder, peal of thunder_. + +#tōnsor, ōris# [#tondeō#, _to shear_], m., _a barber_. + +#tōnsōrius# [#tōnsor#], adj., _of a barber, barber’s_. + +#Tōranius, ī#, m., _Titus_, who betrayed his father to the second +triumvirate. + +#Torquātus, ī# [#torquis#], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens. + + 1. _T. Mānlius Torquātus_, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347, + 344, and 340. + + 2. _T. Mānlius Torquātus_, son of (1), put to death by his father + for disobedience of orders. + +#torqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus#, _to turn, twist_; _torture, torment_. + +#torquis, is# [#torqueō#], m., _a twisted collar, necklace_. + +#torvē# [#torvus#, _grim_], adv., _sternly, grimly_. + +#tot#, indecl. adj., _so many_. + +#totidem# [#tot#], indecl. adj., _just as many, the same number of_. + +#totiēns# [#tot#], adv., _so many times, so often_. + +#tōtus#, gen. #tōtīus#, dat. #tōtī#, adj., _all, all the, the whole, +entire_. + +#trādō#, see #dō#. + +#trādūcō#, see #dūcō#. + +#trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw, drag_; _detain_. + + #ab--abstrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to drag off_ or _away_; _carry + off_. + + #con--contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw together, collect, + assemble_. + + #dē--dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _strip off, + remove_; _drag_. + + #dis--distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to pull asunder, part, + separate_. + + #ex--extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _pull out_; + _prolong, waste_. + + #per--pertrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw along, drag_; _lead_. + + #re--retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _drag back_. + +#trāiciō#, see #iaciō#. + +#trānō#, see #nō#. + +#trāns#, prep. with acc., _across, beyond, over_. + +#trānscendō#, see #scandō#. + +#trānseō#, see (1) #eō#. + +#transferō#, see #ferō#. + +#trānsfīgō#, see #fīgō#. + +#trānsfodiō#, see #fodiō#. + +#trānsfugiō#, see #fugiō#. + +#trānsgredior#, see #gradior#. + +#trānsigō#, see #agō#. + +#trānsiliō#, see #saliō#. + +#trānsmittō#, see #mittō#. + +#trānsversus# [#trāns# + #vertō#], adj., _turned across, crosswise_; +_out of the way_. + +#Trasumēnus, ī#, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of +Hannibal’s victory over the Romans in B.C. 217. + +#Trebia, ae#, f., _the Trebia_, a small tributary of the Po, near +Placentia. + +#trecentēsimus# [#trecentī#], num. adj., _three hundredth_. + +#trecentī, ae, a# [#trēs# + #centum#], num. adj., _three hundred_. + +#tredecim# [#trēs# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _thirteen_. + +#tremō, ere, uī, --#, _to quake, tremble_. + +#trepidātiō, ōnis# [#trepidō#], f., _alarm, confusion_. + +#trepidō, āre, āvī, --#, _to be in alarm_ or _confusion_; _tremble, +waver_. + +#trēs, tria#, num. adj., _three_. + +#tribūnal, ālis# [#tribūnus#], n., _a judgment seat, tribunal_. + +#tribūnātus, ūs# [#tribūnus#], m., _the tribuneship, office of tribune_. + +#tribūnīcius# [#tribūnus#], adj., _of a tribune, tribunitial_. + +#tribūnus, ī# [#tribus#], m., _chief of a tribe, tribune_; #tribūnus +mīlitum# or #mīlitāris#, _military tribune, captain_, one of the minor +officers of a legion, six in number; #tribūnus plēbis#, _tribune of the +people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C. +to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten _tribūnī plēbis_ +were elected annually. Their persons were sacred. + +#tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#tribus#], _to assign, grant, give_. + + #dis--distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to divide, distribute, apportion_. + +#tribus, ūs# [cf. #trēs#], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the +people). + +#tribūtum, ī# [#tribuō#], n., _tax, tribute_. + +#triennium, ī# [#trēs# + #annus#], n., _the space of three years, three +years_. + +#trigeminī, ae, a# [#trēs# + #geminus#], adj., _born three at a birth_; +as noun, pl. m., _triplets_. + +#trīgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_. + +#trīstis, e#, adj., _sad, sorrowful_; _stern, severe_. + +#triumphālis, e# [#triumphus#], adj., _pertaining to a triumph, +triumphal_. + +#triumphō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#triumphus#], _to celebrate a triumph, +triumph_. + +#triumphus, ī#, m., _a triumph_, the splendid procession in which the +victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the +spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the +Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to +the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. + +#triumvir, virī# [#trēs# + #vir#], m., _a triumvir_, one of a board of +three commissioners. + +#tropaeum, ī#, n., _a trophy, sign of victory_, made usually by +fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree. + +#trucīdō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher_. + +#truncus, ī#, m., _stem, trunk_ (of a tree); _trunk, body_. + +#tū, tuī#, pl. #vōs, vestrum# or #vestrī#, pers. pron., _thou, you_. + +#tueor, ērī, itus sum#, _to look at, watch_; _defend, protect_. + + #in--intueor, ērī, itus sum#, _to look closely at or upon, gaze at_. + +#Tullius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. + + 1. _Servius Tullius_, sixth king of Rome. + + 2. _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the orator. See #Cicerō#. + +#Tullus, ī#, m., praenomen of _Tullus Hostīlius_, third king of Rome. + +#tum#, adv., _then, at that time_; _thereupon_. + +#tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum# [#tumultus#], _to make a disturbance, riot_. + +#tumultus, ūs#, m., _a disturbance, uproar_; _rebellion, riot_. + +#tumulus, ī# [#tumeō#, _to swell_], m., _a hillock, mound, hill_. + +#tunc#, adv., _then, at that time_; _accordingly, thereupon_. + +#turba, ae#, f., _a hubbub, crowd, throng_. + +#turbulentus# [#turba#], adj., _stormy, confused, troubled_. + +#turdus, ī#, m., _a thrush, fieldfare_. + +#turma, ae#, f., _a troop_ or _squadron_ (of cavalry). + +#turpis, e#, adj., _ugly_; _base, dishonorable_. + +#turris, is#, m., _tower, castle_; _howdah_. + +#tūs, tūris#, n., _incense_. + +#tūtēla, ae# [#tueor#], f., _protection, guardianship_. + +(1) #tūtor, ōris# [#tueor#], m., _protector, guardian_. + +(2) #tūtor, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #tueor#], _to guard, protect_. + +#tūtus# [orig. part. of #tueor#], adj., _safe_; #tūtō#, abl. as adv., +_safely_. + + +#U# + +#ūber, eris#, n., _teat, dug, udder_. + +#ubi#, interr. adv., _where? when?_ As conj. interr. and rel., _where, +when_. + +#ulcīscor, ī, ultus sum#, _to punish, avenge_. + +#ūllus#, gen. #ūllīus#, adj., _any, any one_. + +#ulterior, ius#, gen. #ōrīs# [#ultrā#], adj., _farther, remoter_; sup. +#ultimus#, _farthest, last, utmost, greatest_; #ultima manus#, +_finishing touches_; #ulterius#, adv., _beyond, farther, more, longer_; +#ultimum#, adv., _for the last time_. + +#ultimum, ultimus#, see #ulterior#. + +#ultiō, ōnis# [#ulcīscor#], f., _revenge_. + +#ultrā#, adv., and prep. with acc., _on the other side, beyond_; #ultrā +fidem#, _incredibly_. + +#ultrō#, adv., _of one’s own accord, voluntarily_. + +#umbra, ae#, f., _shadow, shade_. + +#umerus, ī#, m., _the shoulder_. + +#umquam#, adv., _at any time, ever_. + +#unde#, adv. (1) interr., _whence? from whom, from which?_ (2) rel., +_whence, from whom, from which_; _wherefore_. + +#ūndecim# [#ūnus# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _eleven_. + +#undique#, adv., _from all sides_; _on all sides, everywhere_. + +#unguis, is#, m., _a_ (finger) _nail_. + +#ūniversus# [#ūnus# + #vertō#], adj., _all in one, whole, entire_. + +#ūnus#, gen. #unīus#, adj., _one, only, sole, alone_; #ūnus quisque#, +_each one_. + +#urbānus# [#urbs#], adj., _of_ or _in the city_, esp. _in Rome_; +_refined, witty_; as noun, #urbānī, ōrum#, pl. m., _city people_; _town +wits_. + +#urbs, urbis#, f., _a city_; The City (Rome). + +#ūrīnātor, ōris#, m., _a diver_. + +#ūrna, ae# [#ūrō#], f., _a vessel, urn_ (of baked clay). + +#ūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn_. + + #co# + #amb(i)--combūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_. + + #dē--deūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_. + + #ex--exūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_. + +#ūsquam#, adv., _anywhere_. + +#ūsque#, adv., _all the way, right on, continuously, even_. + +#ūsūrpō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ūsus# + #rapiō#], _to make use of, enjoy_. + +#ūsus, ūs# [#ūtor#], m., _use, employment_; _experience, training_; +_profit, advantage, convenience_. + +#ut#, adv., interr., _how? in what way?_ rel., _as, just as_; _since, +seeing that_; #ut . . . ita#, _just as . . . so_. + +#ut#, conj., (1) with indic., _when_; #ut prīmum#, _as soon as_; +(2) with subj. of purpose, _in order that, that_; of result, _so that, +that_. + +(1) #uter, utris#, m., _leather bag, skin_. + +(2) #uter, utra, utrum#, adj., (1) interr., _which of (the) two?_ +(2) rel., _whichever one_ (of the two). + +#uterque, traque, trumque# [#uter# + #que#], adj., _each_ (of the two), +_both_. + +#ūtilis, e# [#ūtor#], adj., _useful, helpful_; _profitable, expedient_. + +#ūtilitās, ātis# [#ūtilis#], f., _profit, advantage_. + +#utinam#, adv., _oh that! would that!_ + +#utique#, adv., _at any rate, surely_; _especially_. + +#ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum#, _make use of, employ_; _enjoy, take advantage +of_; #aliquid ūtendum dare#, _to lend_. + +#utpote#, adv., _seeing that, inasmuch as, since_. + +#utrimque# [#uterque#], adv., _from_ or _on both sides, on either hand_. + +#uxor, ōris#, f., _a wife_. + + +#V# + +#vacō, āre, āvī, --#, _to be empty, be free_ (e.g. from labor), _have +leisure_. + +#vacuus# [#vacō#], adj., _empty, unoccupied_. + +#vādō, ere, --, --#, _to go, rush_. + + #ex--ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus#, _to go forth_ or _away_; _get away, + escape_; _get to be, become_. + + #in--invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsum#, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize, take + possession of_. + +#vae#, interj., _oh! alas! woe!_ + +#vāgītus, ūs# [#vāgiō#, _to cry_], m., _squalling, crying_. + +#valeō, ēre, uī, itūrus#, _to be well_ or _strong_; _have power_ or +_influence, prevail_. + +#Valerius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. + + 1. _M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus_. See #Māximus# (1). + + 2. _C. Valerius Catullus_. See #Catullus#. + +#valētūdō, inis# [#valeō#], f., _health_ (good or bad); _good health_; +_sickness_. + +#validus# [#valeō#], adj., _strong, stout; powerful_. + +#vallēs#, or #vallis, is#, f., _valley, vale_. + +#vāllum, ī#, n., _stockade, rampart, wall_. + +#vānus#, adj., _empty, idle_; _ostentatious, vain_. + +#varius#, adj., _various, different, diverse_. + +#varix, icis#, m., _a dilated vein_. + +#Varrō, ōnis#, m., _C. Terentius Varrō_, consul in 219 and 216; defeated +at Cannae, with his colleague Paulus. + +#Vārus, ī#, m., see #Quīntilius#. + +#vas, vadis#, m., _bail, security_; _surety_. + +#vās, vāsis# (pl. #vāsa, ōrum#), n., _a vessel, dish_. + +#vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vāstus#], _to lay waste, devastate, destroy_. + +#vāstus#, adj., _empty, waste_; _immense, huge_. + +#vegetus# [#vegeō#, _to quicken_], adj., _lively, animated_. + +#vehementer# [#vehemēns#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, seriously, +severely_; _exceedingly_. + +#vehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to bear, carry, convey_; in pass., with +#nāvī# or #equō#, _to sail, ride_. + + #ad--advehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry_ or _bring to, bring_. + + #ex--ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to lift, raise, elevate_. + + #in--invehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry in_ or _to_; in pass., + _ride into, sail to_. + + #prō--prōvehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry forward_; in pass., _to + sail, proceed_. + +#Vēientēs, um#, pl. m., _the people of Veii_, a town in Etruria, about +twelve miles from Rome. + +#vel# [old imperative of (1) #volō#], adv. and conj., _even_; _or, or +else_; #vel . . . vel#, _either . . . or_. + +#vēlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cover up, veil_. + +#vēlōcitās, ātis# [#vēlōx#], f., _speed, swiftness_. + +#vēlōx, ōcis#, adj., _swift, fleet, quick_. + +#velut# or #velutī#, adv., _just as if, as if_; _ostensibly_. + +#vēnābulum, ī# [#vēnor#], n., _a hunting spear_. + +#vēnātiō, ōnis# [#vēnor#], f., _hunting_; _a hunting spectacle_, in +which wild beasts fought against men, or against one another. + +#vēndō, ere, didī, ditus# [contr. from vēnumdō], _to sell_. + +#venēnum, ī#, n., _poison_. + +#venerātiō, ōnis# [#veneror#], f., _respect, reverence_; _an object of +reverence_ or _awe_. + +#veneror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to reverence, worship, revere, respect, +honor_. + +#venia, ae#, f., _indulgence, favor, pardon_. + +#veniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come, go_. + + #ad--adveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to, reach, arrive at, + arrive_. + + #circum--circumveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to surround, beset_. + + #con--conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come together, assemble_; + with acc., _to meet_; #convenit#, impers., _it is agreed, an + arrangement is made_. + + #in--inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come upon, find, discover_. + + #ob--obveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come_ or _go to meet_; + _befall, occur to_; _fall to the lot of_. + + #per--perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to, reach_; _penetrate, + attain to_. + + #prae--praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come before, get start of, + anticipate, outstrip_. + + #super--superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to the rescue, + arrive_. + +#vēnor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to hunt, chase_. + +#venter, tris#, m., _the stomach_. + +#ventitō, āre, āvī, --# [freq. of #veniō#], _to come_ or _go often, +resort_. + +#ventus, ī#, m., _wind_. + +#vēnumdō, dare, dedī, datus# [#vēnum#, _sale_ + #dō#], _to sell_. + +#Venusia, ae#, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania. + +#venustus# [#venus#, _grace_], adj., _charming, graceful_. + +#verber, eris#, n., _a lash, whip_; _blow_. + +#verbum, ī#, n., _a word_; _saying, phrase_. + +#vērē# [#vērus#], adv., _truthfully, truly_. + +#verēcundia, ae# [#vereor#], f., _modesty, shame_; _respect, reverence_. + +#vereor, ērī, itus sum#, _to feel awe of, respect_; _fear, be afraid_. + +#vērō# [abl. of #vērus#], adv., _truly, heartily_; _in truth, indeed, +however, but_. + +#verrūca, ae#, f., _a wart, pimple_. + +#versiculus# [dim. of #versus#], m., _a little verse_; _a line_. + +#versō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vertō#], _to twist, turn_; pass., _to +dwell, abide, be_; _employ one’s self, conduct one’s self_. + +#versus, ūs# [#vertō#], m., _a verse, line_. + +#vertex, icis# [#vertō#], m., _summit, peak, crest_. + +#vertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn, change_; in pass., _turn about, +return_. + + #ab--āvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside, avert, + divert_. + + #con--convertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn round, change_; _turn, + direct_; _divert, misuse_; #conversus#, _turning_. + + #dis--dīvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside_. + + #ex--ēvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to overturn, destroy, ruin_. + + #inter--intervertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn aside_; _embezzle, + misappropriate_. + + #re--revertor, ī, revertī# or (less often) #reversus sum#, _to + return_; _revert, recur_. + +#vērum# [#vērus#], adv., _truly, certainly_; _but_. + +#vērus#, adj., _true, real, genuine_. For #rē vērā#, see #rēs#. + +#vescor, ī, --#, _to eat_. + +#vesper, erī#, m., _evening_. + +#Vesta, ae#, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the +state. A fire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum, +which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans +believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with +the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry +during their term of office. + +#vester, tra, trum# [orig. #voster#; cf. #vōs#], poss. pron. adj., +_your, yours_. + +#vēstibulum, ī#, n., _vestibule, entrance_. + +#vēstīgium, ī#, n., _footstep, footprint_. + +#vestis, is#, f., _clothing, garments_; _a robe_. + +#veterānus# [#vetus#], adj., _old, veteran_. As noun, #veterānī, ōrum#, +pl. m., _veteran soldiers, veterans_. + +#vetō, āre, uī, itus#, _not allow, forbid_. + +#vetus, eris#, adj., _old, aged_; _of a former time, ancient_. + +#vexō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vehō#], _to shake_; _trouble, +disturb_. + +#via, ae#, f., _highway, road_; _passage, march, journey_. + +#vicārius, ī# [#vicis#], m., _a substitute, proxy_. + +#vīcēsimus# [cf. #vīgintī#], num. adj., _twentieth_. + +#vīciēs# [cf. #vīgintī#], num. adv., _twenty times_. + +#vīcīnus# [#vīcus#], adj., _neighboring, near_. + +(#vicis#), #is# (nom. wanting), f., _alternation, change, succession_; +#in vicem#, _in turn_. + +#victor, ōris# [#vincō#], m., _conqueror, victor_; as adj., +_victorious_. + +#victōria, ae# [#victor#], f., _victory_. + +#vīcus, ī#, m., _a street_; _village, town_. + +#vidēlicet# [#vidēre# + #licet#], adv., _you see, clearly_; _of course, +that is_. + +#videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus#, _to see, perceive, understand_; in pass., +_seem_. + + #in--invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus#, _to look askance at, to envy_. + +#vigil, vigilis#, adj., _wakeful, alert_; as noun, _a watchman, +sentinel_. + +#vigilantia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness_. + +#vigilia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness_; _a watch_ (a fourth part of +the night). + +#vīgintī#, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_. + +#vīlicus, ī# [#vīlla#], m., _overseer, steward_. + +#vīlla, ae#, f., _a country house, villa_. + +#vīminālis, e# [#vīmen#, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as noun, +#Vīminālis, is#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the seven +hills of Rome. + +#vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus#, _to bind, fetter_. + +#vincō, ere, vīcī, victus#, _to conquer, defeat_; _surpass_; intrans., +_prevail_. + + #dē--dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus#, _to conquer completely, subdue_. + +#vinculum, ī# [#vinciō#], n., _a bond_; in pl., _bonds, chains, jail_. + +#vindex, icis#, m., _champion, protector_. + +#vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vīs# + #dīcō#], _to claim_; _protect_; +_avenge_; _punish_. + +#vīnum, ī#, n., _wine_. + +#violentus# [#vīs#], adj., _violent, impetuous_. + +#violō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vīs#], _to injure_; _dishonor, outrage_. + +#vir, virī#, m., _a man, hero_; _husband_. + +#vīrēs#, see #vīs#. + +#virga, ae#, f., _a rod, scourge_. + +#Virgīnia, ae#, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius +Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, B.C. 449. + +#Virgīnius, ī#, m., _L._, the father of Virginia, consul in B.C. 449. + +#virgō, inis#, f., _young girl, maiden, virgin_. + +#virīlis, e# [#vir#], adj., _manly_. + +#virītim# [#vir#], adv., _man by man, singly, individually_. + +#virtūs, ūtis# [#vir#], f., _manliness, strength, bravery_; _ability_. + +#vīs#, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. #vim#, abl. #vī#, f., _strength, +force_; _hostile force, violence_; _quantity, number_; pl., #vīrēs#, +_energy, vigor, resources_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_. + +#vīsō, ere, ī, us# [freq. of #videō#], _to go to see, visit_. + +#vīsus, ūs# [#videō#], m., _appearance, vision_. + +#vīta, ae# [cf. #vīvō#], f., _life_. + +#vitium, ī# [#vieō#, _to twist_], n., _a fault, failing, vice_. + +#vituperandus# [gerundive of #vituperō#], adj., _blameworthy_. + +#vituperātiō, ōnis# [#vituperō#], f., _censure, criticism_. + +#vituperō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blame, censure_. + +#vīvō, ere, vīxī, vīctum#, _to live_. + + #super--supervīvō, ere, vīxī, --#, _to live beyond, outlive, + survive_. + +#vīvus# [#vīvō#], adj., _living, alive_; of water, _running_. + +#vix#, adv., _with difficulty, hardly, scarcely_. + +#vōciferor, ārī, ātus sum# [#vōx# + #ferō#], _to cry out, shout, +exclaim_. + +#vocitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vocō#], _to call repeatedly_ or +_loudly_. + +#vocō, āre, āvī, ātus# [cf. #vōx#], _to call, summon, name_. + + #ab--āvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call off_, or _away_. + + #ad--advocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call to_ (one), _summon_; _call + together_. + + #con--convocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call together, summon_. + + #ex--ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call forth_ or _out, summon_. + + #prō--prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call forth, challenge_; + _appeal to_. + + #re--revocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call back, call again, recall_. + +#volitō, āre, āvī, --# [freq. of (2) #volō#], _flit about_; _fly, +hasten_. + +(1) #volō, velle, voluī, --#, _to wish_; _be willing_; _be minded, +determine_. + +(2) #volō, āre, āvī, ātūrus#, _to fly_. + + #ab--āvolō, āre, āvī, --#, _to fly_ or _hasten away_. + + #dē--dēvolō, āre, --, --#, _to fly down, fly_. + +#Volscī, ōrum#, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of +Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338. + +#volucer, cris, cre# [(2) #volō#], adj., _flying, winged_; as noun, f. +(sc. #avis#), _a bird_. + +#volūmen, inis# [#volvō#, _to roll_], n., _roll of writing, scroll, +volume, book_. + +#voluntārius# [#voluntās#], adj., _of free will, voluntary_. + +#voluntās, ātis# [(1) #volō#], f., _will, wish, desire, inclination_. + +#voluptās, ātis#, f., _pleasure, enjoyment_. + +#vōs#, see #tū#. + +#vōtum, ī# [#voveō#], n., _a vow, wish, prayer_. + +#voveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus#, _to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate_. + + #dē--dēvoveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus#, _to consecrate, doom, devote_. + +#vōx, vōcis#, f., _voice, sound, tone_; _cry, call_; _saying, speech_. + +#vulgāris, e# [#vulgus#], adj., _commonplace, ordinary, vulgar_. + +#vulgō# [#vulgus#], adv., _commonly, popularly, generally_. + +#vulgus, ī#, n., _the masses, multitude, the common people_. + +#vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vulnus#], _to wound, hurt, injure_. + +#vulnus, eris#, n., _a wound_; _blow, misfortune_. + +#vultur, uris#, m., _a vulture_. + +#vultus, ūs#, m., _the expression of the face, features, countenance_. + + +#X# + +#Xanthippus, ī#, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians +defeated Regulus in B.C. 255. + +#Xenophōn, ōntis#, m., _Xenophon_, an Athenian general and author, who +lived about B.C. 440-350. + +#Xerxēs, is#, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis +B.C. 480. + + +#Z# + +#Zama, ae#, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage. + +#zōna, ae#, f., _a girdle, belt_; _money belt_. + + + + +REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR + +To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp’s Viri Romae + + +Page Note + + 1 4 489 + 5 568 + 6 446, 2 + + 2 7 429 + 8 639 + 10 476 + 18 622 + + 3 2 649, II. + 4 418 + 10 595 + 11 480 + 14 533, 4 + 15 532, 3 + + 4 1 475 + 6 477, I. + 12 598 + + 5 3 590 + 6 205, 2 + 14 396, 2 + 20 633 + + 6 1 646 + 16 615 + + 7 7 600, II. + 16 642 + 17 473, 2 + 20 565 + + 8 5 462 + + 9 6 568 + + 10 2 430 + 6 429 + 9 570 + 15 417 + 18 471 + + 12 1 417 + 5 605, I. + 23 454 + + 13 10 652, 1 + + 14 13 568, 7 + 15 440, 1 and 2 + + 15 3 484, 2 + + 16 6 559, 1 + + 17 4 427 + 11 451, 1 + + 18 4 584 + 17 440, 3 + + 19 15 424 + + 20 11 603, 2 + 12 426 + + 21 8 611, 1 + 14 473, 2 + 15 666, 2 + + 23 8 467 + + 24 9 478 + 12 565 + + 25 6 433 + 7 483 + + 27 3 489, 1 + 6 588, II. + 16 430 + + 28 7 457 + 9 425, 4, N. + 13 484, 2 + + 30 2 441 + 3 426, 2 + + 31 1 592, 1 + 9 559, 1 + 11 576 + + 33 2 454 + 13 426 + + 34 2 426 + + 35 2 489 + 6 497, 4 + + 36 8 456 + 10 477, I. + 18 476, 1 + + 37 4 477, III. + + 38 1 497 and 1 + 12 567 + + 39 4 595, 1 + 12 479 + + 41 10 473, 3 + + 42 5 399, 5 + + 44 2 428, 3 + + 47 12 579 and N. + + 48 4 481 + 5 499 + + 49 4 83, 5 + 7 561, 2 + + 51 6 626, 3 + + 53 12 451, 2 + + 54 8 473, 2, N. 1 + 9 416, 2 + + 62 5 591, 4 + 9 565, 4 + + 63 5 642, 4 + + 66 4 556 + + 67 4 448, 1 + + 70 2 581, 1 + + 72 8 592 + + 73 5 591, 1 + + 74 5 470, 1 + + 75 10 456, 3 + + 76 4 432 + + 85 6 474, 2, N. 1 + + 86 7 586, II. + + 87 7 587 + + 90 2 535, 1 + +112 3 468 + +114 2 429 + 3 426, 1 + 4 434 + 6 378, 2 + +115 1 378 + +118 4 486 + +120 7 431 + +123 2 426, 2 + 7 440, 5 + +124 1 598 + +129 1 451, 1 + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +Harkness’s New Latin Grammars + + +=A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR= + + Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages =$1.25= + +=A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR= + + Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 254 pages =.80= + + By ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor Emeritus in + Brown University. + +These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which has +made the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and +teachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological +science, and embody the results of the author’s large experience in +teaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the +suggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of +Historical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of +simplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical +needs of the student and of the class room,--qualities that have always +characterized the Harkness Grammars,--have been preserved and even +intensified in these new books. + +The Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the +class room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to +present systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts +and laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the +needs of the advanced student. + +The Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who prefer +to begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not contemplate +a collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the convenience and +interest of the student have been carefully consulted. The paradigms, +rules, and discussions have in general been introduced in the exact form +and language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it may at any time +be supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the two books is also +alike. + + +_Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of +the price by the Publishers_: + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +LATIN PROSE WRITING + + =With Full Introductory Notes On Idiom= + + By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D. + Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University + + and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D. + Instructor in Latin in Yale University + + =Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages Price $1.00= + + +The present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing of +average passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to +write isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the +book assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is +ready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The +authors have based their exercises on Caesar’s Gallic War Books III and +IV, Nepos’s Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero’s Manilian Law and +Archias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are +usually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the +individual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or +two constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at +any time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for +instance, being taken up at the very beginning. + +While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any exercise +are supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is based, yet +enough variation from the language of the model is required to give the +pupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions. By this +means the pupil’s power of observation is increased, his interest is +quickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember the word +much better than if he found it ready at hand in a dictionary. + +A number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been +inserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests +and occasional examinations. The notes accompanying some of the papers +belong to the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes +of words and constructions, and of English words and phrases with +references to sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part I. + + +_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +PEARSON’S ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR BEGINNERS + + BY + HENRY C. PEARSON + Horace Mann School, Teachers’ College, Columbia University + + Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages + Price, 90 Cents + + +This book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read +Caesar’s Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are +devoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first +seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before +he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and +satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain +principles of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their +pupils during the first year’s work. They are independent of one another +and of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order +that the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted. + +The work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which will +commend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various +simplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest +care has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating +principles in the simplest forms. + + + + + AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + NEW YORK · CINCINNATI · CHICAGO + + + + +_Revised Edition_ + +VIRGIL’S AENEID + + With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by #HENRY S. FRIEZE#, late + Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by #WALTER + DENNISON#, Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. + + First Six Books $1.30 + Complete $1.50 + Complete Text Edition $0.50 + +#This Work# differs in many respects from the former edition. Such +changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to make +the book conform to modern demands, and many important additions have +also been made. + +#The Introduction# has been enlarged by the addition of sections on the +life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter, +manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference. + +#The Text# has been corrected to conform to the readings that have +become established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of +inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early +assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first +two books are fully indicated. + +#The Notes# have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The old +grammar references are corrected and new ones (to Harkness’s Complete, +Lane & Morgan’s, and Bennett’s Grammars) added. The literary +appreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations from +English literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book are also +given with sufficient explanations. + +#The Vocabulary# has been made as simple as possible and includes only +those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound words are not +indicated separately when they appear unmodified in the compound form. +The principal parts of verbs are given which are understood to be in +actual use. + +#The Illustrations# for the most part are new and fresh, and have been +selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the +interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wanderings +of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and a full-page +facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the Codex Palatinus. + + #American Book Company, Publishers# + + + + +#CICERO’S ORATIONS# + +AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS + + Edited By + + WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. + President of the University of Chicago + + and + + FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M. + Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy + + =Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and Illustrations. + Price, $1.30= + + +This edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all the +orations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is +intended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of +secondary and preparatory schools. + + =The Orations= have been arranged in the order in which it is + thought they can be read to the best advantage and include, besides + the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo, Marcellus, and + Ligarius, Pompey’s Commission, and the Fourteenth Philippic. + + =The Letters= have been selected with special reference to their + fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose they have no equal + in Roman literature. + + =The Introduction= includes a well balanced life of Cicero with a + just estimate of his standing and character and many helpful + features which will give the student a comprehensive knowledge of + Roman life and politics. + + =The Notes= suggest rather than tell the student and help him to + get, instead of getting for him, that acquaintance with the orator + and with the language which is the result of true study. + + =The Vocabulary= shows great care and thoroughness and meets the + requirements of the average student. + + =The Maps= are accurate and drawn especially for this work and the + Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate both text and time. + + + _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EMPIRE + + =Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions= + + By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D. + Associate Professor of Classical Philology, + University of Pennsylvania + + =In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo. Per Volume, $1.80= + + VOL. I--PROSE. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca + Rhetor, Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including + Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the + Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius--Ammianus + Marcellinus, and Boethius. + + VOL. II--POETRY. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius, + Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca, + the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial, + Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus. + + +The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have hitherto, +with a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from the +classical curricula of colleges and universities. + +The present collection has been made primarily for the use of students +in higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found useful as +collateral reading in connection with lectures on classical literature, +and will also furnish suitable material for sight reading. + +The selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently worthy +of perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give a +continuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the +author at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the +deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical +appendices. + + + _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS + + By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D. + Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University + + =Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and + exact reproductions of inscriptions Price, $3 50= + +This work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in +Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch +of archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the +belief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the +equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has +become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form +at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies. + +A distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its +illustrations,--there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of +inscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice +in reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions, +showing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the +inscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography +and valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc. + + +_Copies of Egbert’s Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any +address on receipt of the price by the Publishers:_ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +FIRST LATIN READINGS + +An Equivalent for Caesar + + by + + ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. + + and + + G. M. WHICHER, M.A. + + Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y. + + =Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages. Price, $1.25= + +This work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new +first reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting +material for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar’s +Commentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin +course. + +It is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student’s first +reading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes +first; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead +of a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a +narrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other +departments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than +Caesar’s Commentaries. + +The selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen with +reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, as far +as possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not with +reference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal +classical construction. + +Exercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each author +represented, have been prepared, and are included in the book. + +_Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address on +receipt of the price by the Publishers:_ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +LATIN DICTIONARIES + + +=HARPER’S LATIN DICTIONARY= + + Founded on the translation of “Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon.” + Edited by E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great + part Rewritten by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHARLES SHORT, LL.D. + +Royal Octavo, 2030 pages Sheep, =$6.50=; Full Russia, =$10.00= + +The translation of Dr. Freund’s great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by +the late Dr. E. A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from that +time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and America. +Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which +lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in +philological study and research, and is in every respect the most +complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published. + + +=LEWIS’S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS= + + By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D. + + Large Octavo, 1200 pages Cloth, =$4 50=; Half Leather, =$5.00= + +This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and +independent work, designed to include all of the student’s needs, after +acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin +authors commonly read in school. + + +=LEWIS’S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY= + + By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D. + + Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather =$2.00= + +This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in +secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second +years’ work in colleges. + + +=SMITH’S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY= + + A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By WILLIAM SMITH, + LL.D., and THEOPHILUS D. HALL, M.A., Fellow of University College, + London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names. + + Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep =$4.00= + + +_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + + +GREEK DICTIONARIES + + +=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON= + + Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, D.D., and + ROBERT SCOTT, D.D., assisted by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. Large Quarto, + 1794 pages. Sheep =$10.00= + +The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, and +large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the +co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been +entirely rewritten. + + +=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Intermediate= + + Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages. + + Cloth, =$3.50=; Half Leather, =$4.00= + +This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the ordinary +requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller abridged +edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large Lexicon, +and contains a large amount of new matter. + + +=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Abridged= + + Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather =$1.25= + +This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary and +College Preparatory Schools. + + +=THAYER’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT= + + Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised, + and Enlarged by JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D., LL.D. Royal Quarto, + 727 pages Cloth, =$5.00=; Half Leather, =$6.50= + +This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest +researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces +historically the signification and use of all words used in the New +Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and +sacred usage. + + +=YONGE’S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON= + + By C. D. YONGE. Edited by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. + + Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep =$4.50= + + +=AUTENRIETH’S HOMERIC DICTIONARY= + + Translated and Edited by ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. New Edition. + Revised by ISAAC FLAGG, Ph.D. + + 12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth =$1.10= + + +_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._ + + =American Book Company= + =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago= + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber): + +_Main Text_ + + page 3: Rōmulus statim armātīs[3] pāstōribus [armātis] + Footnote 2.18 ... See p. xviii, E 4, H 622 ... B 337, 7, 2. + [E 4. H 622 ... B 337, 7, 2).] + Footnote 3.4 ... B 182, 1, _a_; [B 182, 1, _a_);] + Footnote 10.13: _sepeliō_ [_final . missing_] + Footnote 18.13: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. [cf.] + Footnote 18.14 ... quod in mente concēpī?_’ [_close quote missing_] + page 23: Incidit[10] dē uxōribus mentiō [de] + Footnote 28.9: dat. of reference [dat of] + page 29: nī faciat,[16] [faciāt] + Footnote 29.16 ... vī (tē) abstraham [te] + Footnote 39.4 ... H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2) [(504, 3, 2))] + page 41 Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs captīvīs [captīvis] + page 48: nē Rōma opprimī posset [ne] + Footnote 44.2 ... Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3): [(385, 4, 3))] + page 63: deinde positīs ante vēstibulum dōnīs [vēstibulūm] + Footnote 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _mē_ [sc. _me_] + page 72: vēnit ad eum līctor [ād] + page 74: Cum aedem Honōris [aēdem] + Footnote 85.1 ... #prīmum . . . triumphāvit# [primum] + Footnote 85.6 ... (419, III, 1, 1) [(419, III, 1, 1))] + page 88: sēriō dīxit Caesar mālle [māllē] + page 96: [Illustration: CICERŌ] [CICERO] + page 100 Sed Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,[5] [Sēd] + Footnote 98.17: ‘conspicuous’; lit., ‘shining.’ + [_first open quote missing_] + page 106: aspidem[14] sibi adferendam cūrāvit [13] + +_Glossary_ + + #ad#, prep. with accus. ... (3) of purpose [_missing (3)_] + #cōnfodiō#, see #fodiō#. [#cōnfodiō#.] + #ad--addīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus# [addīcō, ēre] + #bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_. + [_close parenthesis for bracket_] + #Falernus# ... _a famous wine-growing district in Campania_. + [_printed as shown, with anomalous italics_] + #implōrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [āvī ātus] + #integer, gra, grum# ... #integer, ā# [integer ā] + #īrātus# [orig. part. of #īrāscor#] [orig part.] + #per--perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#, [_missing , after “lectus”_] + #inquam# ... See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_, 2. + [_reference printed as shown_] + #introeō#, see (1) #eō#. [_final . missing_] + #latebra, ae#, [_missing , after “ae”_] + #multō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_. [āre āvī] + #per--permūtō, āre, āvī, ātus# [āre, āvi] + #ōrdior, īrī, ōrsus sum#, _to begin_. [īrī ōrsus] + #ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [ad adōrō] + #persuādeō#, see #suādeō#. [#persuādeō# see] + #dē--dēcutiō, ere, cussī, cussus# [dē dēcutiō] + #ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum#, [_missing , after “ruptum”_] + #sōpiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus# [īro, īvī] + #spernō, ere, sprēvī, sprētus# [spernō, ēre] + #superō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#superus#] [āre, āvi] + #re--retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, [trāctus#.] + #vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [āre, āvi] + +_References to Harkness_ + + 90 2 535, 1 [_missing 1_] + +_Advertising_ + +Format of prices (usually $4.50, sometimes $4 50) is unchanged. + + sight tests and occasional examinations. [_final . missing_] + VOL. I--PROSE. ... Seneca Rhetor, Justinus [Rhetor. Justinus] + [last page] + _Copies sent ... on receipt of the price_. [_final . missing_] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Selections from Viri Romae, by +Charles François L'Homond + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE *** + +***** This file should be named 33311-0.txt or 33311-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/3/1/33311/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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