64 files changed, 71758 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/33311-0.txt b/33311-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12e60d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20471 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles François L'Homond
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Selections from Viri Romae
+
+Author: Charles François L'Homond
+
+Editor: Robert Arrowsmith
+        Charles Knapp
+
+Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file
+encoding, mainly vowels with macron (“long” mark):
+
+  Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū
+  ā ē ī ō ū ȳ (long y is rare)
+
+If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if
+the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the
+apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage,
+make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set
+to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a
+last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead.
+
+There is no Greek in this book.
+
+Boldface text is shown with #marks#, sans-serif type (only in the
+Advertising) with =marks=, and italics with _lines_.
+
+The text as printed includes several hundred cross-references to
+footnotes, numbered from 1 on each page, and to lines of text, numbered
+continuously within each selection. Each selection is therefore given
+twice, in “stripped” and “as printed” forms.
+
+In the complete form, all page numbers and line breaks have been
+retained. Words split across line or page breaks may appear on either
+the first or second line, depending on space. Footnote anchors are shown
+in [brackets], page numbers in [[double brackets]] on separate lines,
+and line numbers in {braces} at the end of the line. The printed line
+numbers use multiples of five; in the e-text, some numbers have been
+moved up or down when required by line length.
+
+The stripped form gives the bare text, without macrons. Note that
+selections XXVIII-XXX were edited; see first footnote to XXVIII.
+
+The two large maps can be found in the “images” directory associated
+with the HTML version of this text, under the names frontis_large.jpg
+and foldout_large.jpg. Map thumbnails and the other illustrations--
+mainly line drawings-- are in the same place.]
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration {map of Italian peninsula}]
+
+
+
+
+  SELECTIONS
+
+  from
+
+  VIRI ROMAE
+
+
+  Edited By
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.
+
+  Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College
+
+  and
+
+  CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.
+
+  Instructor In Latin, Barnard College
+
+
+    [Decoration]
+
+
+  New York ·:· Cincinnati ·:· Chicago
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1896, by
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.
+
+  VIRI ROMAE.
+
+  W. P. 18
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has
+followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with
+all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics.
+Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit
+which regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical
+dissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical
+trinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as
+unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the
+study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that
+mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and
+that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a
+barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing
+that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of
+the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the
+character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost
+after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the
+principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of
+_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater
+worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice
+and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms
+of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a
+great people as revealed in its literature and art.
+
+This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some
+modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in
+use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and
+particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by
+which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the
+fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to
+destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,
+however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_
+offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,
+from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the
+literature.
+
+The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition
+of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It
+was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles François
+Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation
+as a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience
+taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story
+with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work
+is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of
+Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly
+Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and
+construction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of
+beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of
+Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore
+eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.
+
+The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties
+most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study.
+One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to
+discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered
+in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the
+footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a
+similar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence,
+explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in
+order that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical
+references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of
+helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation,
+subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the
+tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.
+
+Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the
+language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the
+book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It
+is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more
+difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later
+period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon
+matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common
+usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to
+one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of
+expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,
+means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as
+possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience
+of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a
+construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates
+a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have
+experienced none.
+
+The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full
+with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the
+pupil, under the teacher’s guidance, to discover for himself further
+details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern
+authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too
+strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:--
+
+  Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures
+  Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.
+
+All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this
+edition is, in the main, that of C. Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart,
+1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the
+vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to
+the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and
+their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been
+made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as
+subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important
+reading power.
+
+The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn
+Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coöperation in the work, and
+particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises.
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH.
+  CHARLES KNAPP.
+
+August, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+[Decoration]
+
+  PAGE
+
+  Suggestions to the Student                              ix
+  Plan of Rome                                        xxviii
+       I. Rōmānī Imperiī Exōrdium                          1
+      II. Rōmulus                                          4
+     III. Numa Pompilius                                   8
+      IV. Tullus Hostīlius                                10
+       V. Ancus Mārcius                                   15
+      VI. Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus                       17
+     VII. Servius Tullius                                 19
+    VIII. Tarquinius Superbus                             22
+      IX. Iūnius Brūtus                                   25
+       X. Mūcius Scaevola                                 26
+      XI. Fabiī Trecentī Sex                              27
+     XII. Lūcius Virgīnius                                29
+    XIII. Titus Mānlius Torquātus                         30
+     XIV. Pūblius Decius                                  35
+      XV. Mānius Curius                                   36
+     XVI. Gāius Duīlius                                   38
+    XVII. Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus                          39
+   XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher                         42
+     XIX. Quīntus Fabius Māximus                          43
+      XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō              48
+     XXI. Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpio Āfricānus              52
+    XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus             63
+   XXIII. Gāius Marius                                    68
+    XXIV. Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla                          74
+     XXV. Lūcius Lūcullus                                 77
+    XXVI. Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus                          80
+   XXVII. Gāius Iūlius Caesar                             86
+  XXVIII. Mārcus Tullius Cicerō                           96
+    XXIX. Mārcus Brūtus                                  102
+     XXX. Octāviānus Caesar Augustus                     103
+  Exercises for Translation                              112
+  Vocabulary                                             131
+
+
+
+
+SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT
+
+[Decoration]
+
+To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading
+properly, we must possess (1) a vocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin
+words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are
+thoroughly familiar; (2) a knowledge of the inflectional system of the
+language, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3) a knowledge of
+its syntax; and (4) a knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin
+sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome
+the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and
+clauses that form a Latin sentence.
+
+#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are
+constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The
+best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant
+reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they
+occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently
+used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with
+everyday life, such as _dīcō_, _eō_, _faciō_, _habeō_, _veniō_, _sum_,
+and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset.
+It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound
+verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force
+of the simple verb is mastered, a little practice will enable the
+student to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without
+reference to any dictionary.
+
+It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the
+same stem, _e.g._ _canō_, _cantus_; _certō_, _certāmen_; _dūcō_, _dux_;
+_regō_, _rēx_, _rēgius_; _caedō_, _caedēs_. A specially interesting
+study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin
+originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is
+borrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _dōnō_ and _dōnum_, _lucid_ with
+_lūx_, _regent_ with _rēx_ and _regō_.
+
+Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud,
+for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when
+_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far
+more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin
+words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures
+which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.
+
+#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar
+with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in
+mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of
+the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may
+be altered in form in order to express different relations to other
+words, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together
+into sentences. A knowledge of inflections and an understanding of
+syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a
+whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so
+one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his
+mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed
+that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner
+inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur
+in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are
+discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the
+grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi
+to xxvi. A very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly
+in mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be
+remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study
+enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.
+
+#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the
+student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a
+Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds
+in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes.
+(1) Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning
+is developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in
+the order of their importance_. (2) It is a principle of Latin to keep
+the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word
+completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both
+these principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I,
+page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is
+a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is
+especially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose
+his own successor. The phrase _rēx Albānōrum_ very properly follows, as
+defining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Amūlius_ are next
+mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The
+sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word,
+_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numitōrī_ is first, because now Numitor
+is more important, as being Proca’s successor. The relative clause _quī
+. . . erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca
+bequeathed his kingdom (_rēgnum relīquit_) to Numitor. So in the words
+_ut . . . fēcit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act
+indicated by the words _Rhēam Silviam . . . fēcit_, so that by the time
+we know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed.
+The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for
+the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that,
+however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always
+good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our
+pleasure, to determine just what this reason is.
+
+Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible
+by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system,
+whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin
+declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed
+above Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted
+upon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut . . . fēcit_ it is clear
+that Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the
+inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very
+difficulty which it creates.
+
+#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself
+familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice
+from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end
+before attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at
+once, a repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear,
+provided the student knows the force of the individual words and
+constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or
+the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and
+carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes
+until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first
+will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the
+manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more
+and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in
+this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after
+word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy
+1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the
+advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its
+fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow
+as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the
+resulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less
+intelligible. So the sentence _ut . . . fēcit_ discussed above may be
+translated almost exactly in the Latin order.
+
+
+LATIN COMPOSITION
+
+#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which
+may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of
+English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has
+already been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it
+calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired
+in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the
+measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from
+the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.
+
+#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which
+we found necessary in reading (page ix). The words and constructions
+required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are
+illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil
+should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or
+construction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar.
+In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than
+of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.
+
+#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the
+thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our
+chief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in
+proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English
+_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are
+called _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from
+one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English
+sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which
+it expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that
+thought.
+
+#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens
+that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ
+greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In
+English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one
+form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made
+consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight
+shade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it,
+but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one
+falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with
+no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers.
+Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we
+find them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these
+expressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently
+than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student
+must avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound
+form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds
+other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching
+out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by
+trying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by
+placing yourself as far as possible in the writer’s place, you will gain
+a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a
+single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.
+
+One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to
+render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority
+from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your
+grammar.
+
+Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of
+the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and
+try to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you
+will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes
+of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the
+grammar will give the reason for your choice.
+
+#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions
+necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below,
+pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon
+which the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or
+dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences
+based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.
+
+
+TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS
+
+The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the
+pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under
+appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually
+occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the
+student in two ways: (1) by supplementing and illustrating the notes,
+and (2) by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of
+Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head
+all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find
+it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he
+finds new instances in his own reading.
+
+
+_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
+
+1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH:
+
+  #Rōmae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarentī#, XV, 30; salūbriōra
+  #mīlitiae# quam #domī# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative:
+  chiefly used with names of towns);--#in siccō#, I, 10; #in iīs
+  locīs#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistrīs manibus#, II, 21; #in colle
+  Quirīnālī#, II, 54; #in ārā#, III, 4; #in mediā urbe#, V, 23; ponte
+  . . #in# (over) #Tiberī# factō, #in# (at) #ōre# Tiberis, V,
+  27;--#multīs locīs#, XXV, 17; #terrā marīque#, XXI, 125;--#apud
+  Tīcīnum# amnem . . #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #palūdem#,
+  II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad flūmen# Bagradam,
+  XVII, 18.
+
+
+_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION
+
+1. PLACE FROM WHICH:
+
+  #Curibus# . . accītus est, III, 2; #Tarquiniīs# . . profectus, VI, 1
+  (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--#ā portā# . .
+  pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #ā lūdīs# pūblicīs
+  revertēns, XVIII, 17;--dēlābitur #ē caelō scissō# scūtum, III, 15;
+  #ex eō locō# . . aufūgerat, IV, 20; dōnec novae cōpiae #ex Āfricā#
+  advenīrent, XVII, 3; #ex angustiīs# ēvāsit, XIX, 38.
+
+2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH:
+
+  #Albam# properāvit, I, 25; Quī cum #Rōmam# vēnisset, III, 3; #Rōmam#
+  also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Collātiam#, VIII,
+  21; Profectus #Delphōs#, IX, 4; #Carthāginem# rediit, XVII, 54;
+  #domum# dēdūcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugiēns, VII, 45; cum . .
+  #domum# redīret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of
+  towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvulōs# . . reverterētur, I, 16;
+  Remum . . #ad Amūlium# rēgem perdūxērunt, I, 27; #ad Gabīnōs# sē
+  contulit, VIII, 4;--#in Āfricam# . . trāiēcit, XVII, 15; #in
+  Ītaliam# vēnit, XIX, 15; abiēcit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sabīnōs #in
+  urbem# recēpit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subdūxit, IV, 58;
+  cum #in# (upon) #tribūnal# ēscendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against)
+  #eum# . . rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt sē #inter tēla# . . īnferre,
+  II, 36.
+
+3. WAY BY WHICH:
+
+  #portā# (abl. of means) #quā# profectī erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over)
+  #loca alta# āgmen dūcēbat, XIX, 23; Quī cum . . #per montēs, per
+  silvās# hūc illūc discurrerent, XIX, 35.
+
+
+_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]
+
+1. TIME AT WHICH:
+
+  #Posterō diē#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Prīmō impetū#, II, 29; #Kalendīs
+  Mārtiīs#, III, 20; #eā tempestāte#, VI, 17; #nocte mediā#, XIX, 68.
+
+2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH:
+
+  #Annō trecentēsimō# ab urbe conditā, XII, 1; #eōdem annō#, XIII, 11;
+  #bellō Latīnō#, XIV, 11; #hōc bellō#, XIV, 12; #in proeliō#, VI, 26;
+  #In proeliō quōdam, in quō#, VII, 8; #In quō bellō#, XV, 2.[I.2]
+
+3. AGE:
+
+  fīlium #tredecim annōrum#, VI, 25; Hannibal . . #novem annōs nātus#,
+  XIX, 1.
+
+    [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]
+
+    [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]
+
+
+_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE
+
+1. DURATION OF TIME:
+
+  Rōmulus #septem# et #trīgintā# rēgnāvit #annōs#, III, 38; rēgnāvit
+  #annōs duōs# et #trīgintā#, IV, 75; rēgnāvit #annōs quattuor# et
+  #quadrāgintā#, VII, 52; #per tōtum bīduum#, XIII, 87; #omnī deinde
+  vītā#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)
+
+2. EXTENT OF SPACE:
+
+  Iam #aliquantum# spatiī . . aufūgerat, IV, 20; centum et vīgintī
+  #pedēs# longum, XVII, 27; quīnque diērum #iter# . . abest, XXI, 163.
+
+
+_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE
+
+1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #nē# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #ut# eum subole #prīvāret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religiōne
+  #mītigāret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index pācis et bellī, III, 25;--#nē#
+  fūrtō auferrī #posset#, III, 16; #nē# duo violenta ingenia
+  mātrimōniō #iungerentur#, VII, 38.
+
+2. Relative clause:
+
+  mīsit #quī# societātem . . #peterent#, II, 5; Centum . . ēlēgit,
+  #quōrum# cōnsiliō omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerdōtēs lēgit, #quī#
+  ancīlia . . #cūstōdīrent# et . . #ferrent#, III, 19; Rōmam missus,
+  #ubi# (= ut ibi) . . #interesset#, XXVIII, 8.
+
+3. #Quō#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive:
+
+  #quō frequentius habitārētur#, IV, 66 (see note); #quō minor# turba
+  Rōmae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #quō diūtius# in magistrātū #esset#,
+  XIX, 46.
+
+4. Gerundive:
+
+  coniugī dedit #ēducandōs#, I, 19; īgnem . . perpetuō #alendum#
+  virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# locāvit, XVII, 36; #ad
+  exercitum lūstrandum#, II, 44; mīlitēs #ad vindicandum# facinus
+  accendit, XII, 26.
+
+5. Future participle:
+
+  quasi dē pāce #āctūrus#, rē vērā ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see
+  note).
+
+6. Supine:
+
+  aquam . . #petītum# ierat, II, 17; ē suīs ūnum . . mittit
+  #scīscitātum#, VIII, 8; Cum . . lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent #conquestum#,
+  XIII, 81; pecora . . quae #pāstum# prōpulsa essent, XIX, 63.
+
+7. Substantive clauses:
+
+  adfīrmāns . . Rōmulum . . praecipere #ut# sēditiōnibus #abstinērent#
+  et rem mīlitārem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Latīnōrum populīs suāsit
+  #ut# . . fānum Diānae . . in Aventīnō monte #aedificārent#, VII, 25;
+  optāvit #ut# frāter . . #revīvīsceret# atque iterum classem
+  #āmitteret#, XVIII, 19; ēdīxit #nē# quis . . in hostēs #pūgnāret#,
+  XIII, 42; Veritus autem #nē# . . poenās #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit ā
+  patribus cōnscrīptīs #nē# quid dē eā rē #statuerent#, XIII, 83.
+
+    [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its
+    importance entitles it to separate treatment.]
+
+
+_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT
+
+1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut nōn# with the subjunctive:
+
+  ita omnium animōs eā pietāte imbuit #ut# fidēs . . cīvēs
+  #continēret#, III, 33; adeō frāctī . . sunt spīritūs . . #ut# nūllī
+  reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita eōs adliciēns
+  #ut# apud omnēs plūrimum #posset#, VIII, 6.
+
+Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#,
+#adeō#, #tam#, #tālis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.
+
+2. Relative (characteristic):
+
+  invenīrī potuit nēmō, #quī . . peteret#, XXIII, 119; Ūnus adulēscēns
+  fuit, #quī audēret# querī, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #quīn# with
+  the subjunctive: haud procul erat #quīn . . āgnōsceret#, I, 33; nōn
+  esse dubium #quīn . . oportēret#, XVI, 27; Nēminī dubium est #quīn
+  . . restituerit#, XIX, 105.
+
+3. Substantive:
+
+  (Rōmulus dīxit) #futūrum ut# omnium gentium dominī #exsisterent#,
+  II, 53; #oportet# dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, . . #restituās#, XIII,
+  54; #concessum est ut# . . praecinente tībīcine ā cēnā #redīret#,
+  XVI, 16.
+
+
+_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]
+
+1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the
+perfect tense:
+
+  #Ubi# spectāculī tempus #vēnit#, II, 11; #Ut . . increpuēre# arma
+  micantēsque #fulsēre# gladiī, IV, 13; Is #postquam adolēvit#, VII,
+  7; Quī #postquam# frequentēs #convēnēre#, XIII, 52.
+
+2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally
+the present):
+
+  Ea rēs #dum# Numitōris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Albānus
+  exercitus #inclāmat# Cūriātiīs, IV, 23; Latīnus #dum# ad Tiberim
+  #dēscendit#, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit, VII, 34.
+
+3. #Dum#, #dōnec# (until) with the subjunctive:
+
+  #dum convalēsceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus
+  extrāheret, #dōnec# novae cōpiae ex Āfricā #advenīrent#, XVII,
+  3 (partly purpose).
+
+4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive:
+
+  Alterum . . #priusquam# tertius #posset# cōnsequī, interfēcit, IV,
+  24; #priusquam# eīs bellum #indīceret#, lēgātum mīsit quī rēs
+  repeteret, V, 7; petiit . . nē quid . . statuerent #antequam# ipse
+  #īnspexisset# Macedonum . . causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).
+
+5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:
+
+  #cum# iīs #īnsidiātī essent# latrōnēs, I, 22; #cum# Numitor . .
+  #comparāret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) Rōmae #appropinquārent#, II, 15; cum
+  (while) . . cōntiōnem . . #habēret#, II, 44; Quī #cum# Rōmam
+  #vēnisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely
+  common.
+
+    [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]
+
+
+_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]
+
+1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:
+
+  quīppe #quī cerneret# ferrum ante oculōs micāns, accūsātiōnem
+  dīmīsit, XIII, 8; cum in eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset
+  #quae# (= cum ea) sibi #adversāta fuisset#, XXVII, 37.
+
+2. #Cum# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #Cum# vērō uxōrēs . . nōn #habērent#, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs
+  mīsit, II, 3; #cum# sē invidiōsum . . #vidēret#, Vēientēs . .
+  adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit, IV, 55; #Cum# . . facinora clandestīna
+  #fierent#, Ancus carcerem . . aedificāvit, V, 21-25.
+
+3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quandō#, with the indicative:
+
+  #quia# tribus impār #erat#, . . fugam capessīvit, IV, 18;
+  #quandōquidem . . pūgnāvistī#, XIII, 53; #quia# nōn #pāruistī#,
+  XIII, 77.
+
+4. #Quod# with the subjunctive:
+
+  cum sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret, #quod# bellum ūnō paucōrum
+  certāmine #fīnīsset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius fīlium . .
+  #quod# in proeliō hostem #percussisset#, praetextā . . dōnāvit, VI,
+  25-27.
+
+5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason):
+
+  eum accūsantēs, #quasi# Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre #solitus esset#,
+  I, 28; Is cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, #quasi#
+  (because, as was supposed,) #interfēcisset# commīlitōnem, XIII, 65.
+
+NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed
+to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is
+fictitious, and invented by the person who advances it.
+
+    [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.]
+
+    [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the
+    indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the
+    writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]
+
+
+_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES
+
+1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive:
+
+  #cum retinērētur# ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen Carthāginem rediit,
+  XVII, 53.
+
+2. #Quamquam# with the indicative:
+
+  #quamquam . . pellēbātur#, XXI, 242.
+
+3. #Quamvīs# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #quamvīs sīs# molestus, XXVI, 158.
+
+
+_J._ CUM CLAUSES
+
+The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been
+given separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the
+temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_
+frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession
+combined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and
+concessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as
+well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not
+impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent: cf.
+
+  #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvulōs . .
+  #reverterētur#, I, 16; Hīs artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_)
+  Hannibalem Fabius . . #clausisset#, ille . . sē expedīvit, XIX, 31.
+
+
+_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
+
+1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a
+participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #Eō
+rēgnante#, IV, 3; #relābente flūmine#, I, 9.
+
+2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and
+adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there
+is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#:
+
+  #māgnā glōriā# bellī, IV, 75; #parī# ferē #ōrnātū#, X, 6; #Appiō
+  iūdice#, XII, 15; #Valeriō# et #Cossō cōnsulibus#, XIV, 1.
+
+3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote
+
+  TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and 5.
+
+  #pulsō frātre#, rēgnāvit, I, 3; #Eā rē cōgnitā#, parvulōs . .
+  abiēcit in Tiberim, I, 5; #armātīs pāstōribus#, Albam properāvit,
+  I, 25.
+
+NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative
+absolute.
+
+4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3.
+
+  #ortā# inter eōs #contentiōne#, I, 40; dūrissimā squāmārum #lōrīcā#
+  omnia tēla facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in cōnfertā multitūdine
+  aegrē #prōcēdente carpentō#, XVIII, 17.
+
+5. CONCESSION:
+
+  agrum ēius, #omnibus# circā #vāstātīs#, intāctum relīquit, XIX, 39.
+
+6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_.
+Examples are:
+
+  #mīlitibus# sēgnius #dīmicantibus#, raptum sīgnum in hostem mīsit,
+  VII, 9; #occīsō Tatiō#, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit, II, 40.
+
+7. CONDITION:
+
+  #rē# male #gestā# (if he fails), XVI, 31; nē, #dēsertō# agrō, nōn
+  esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII, 34.
+
+8. MEANS:
+
+  #advectīs ballistīs# et #catapultīs# (by bringing up, etc.) . .
+  dēiciendus hostis fuit, XVII, 23.
+
+9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE:
+
+  #crīnibus passīs#, II, 36; #māgnā glōriā# bellī rēgnāvit, IV, 75;
+  scrībā cum rēge #parī ferē ōrnātū# sedēbat, X, 6.
+
+10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English
+perfect active participle with an object: #armātīs pāstōribus#, I, 25,
+_having armed_ the shepherds. A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite
+verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense:
+#interēmptō Amūliō#, Numitōrem in rēgnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_
+Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne.
+
+
+_L._ PARTICIPLES
+
+In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are
+used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety
+of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of
+expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent to
+
+1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE:
+
+  #raptae# mulierēs, II, 35; Rōmānus . . male #sustinentem# (= quī
+  male sustinēbat) arma Cūriātium cōnficit, IV, 29; ab laniō cultrō
+  #adreptō# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher’s
+  stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= eīs quī volēbant) cōnsulere sē dē
+  iūre praebuit, XIII, 97.
+
+2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE:
+
+  necessitāte #compulsus# indicāvit, I, 24; nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit
+  #dēterritus# . . Nāviī auctōritāte, VI, 16; Hōc terrōre cēterī
+  #adāctī# nōmina prōmptius dedērunt, XV, 25.
+
+3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE:
+
+  #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effūgit, XVI, 30.
+
+4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a
+noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a
+limiting genitive:
+
+  ob #virginēs# raptās (on account of the _seizure of_ the maidens),
+  II, 14; Annō trecentēsimō ab #urbe conditā# (from the _founding of_
+  the city), XII, 1.
+
+5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the
+same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ ‘They took the ass and
+saddled him.’ Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers
+to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,
+_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two
+classes of sentences:
+
+(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #īctum cōnflagrāsse#, IV, 74, which =
+fulmine #īctum esse et cōnflagrāsse#, _i.e._ ‘he _was struck_ by
+lightning _and burned_,’ etc.
+
+(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvulōs alveō #impositōs
+abiēcit#, I, 6 = parvulōs alveō #imposuit et abiēcit#; #ēlatam# secūrim
+in ēius caput #dēiēcit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secūrim #et# in ēius caput
+#dēiēcit#; cōniugem ē Cūriā #ēvocātum# . . rēgem #salūtāvit#, VII, 47 =
+cōniugem ē Cūriā #ēvocāvit et# eum rēgem #salūtāvit#.
+
+
+_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE
+
+1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and
+_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may
+quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the
+writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in
+which the thought was formulated (if put into words at all), he is said
+to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely
+the substance or the gist of his own or another’s statements or
+thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in
+English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.
+
+2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous
+changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under
+two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those
+which occur in subordinate clauses.
+
+3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,
+interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a
+question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider
+three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,
+(_c_) Commands.
+
+4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of
+saying:
+
+  adfīrmāns #vīsum# (sc. #esse#) ā sē Rōmulum . . eundemque
+  #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #vīsus est# ā mē Rōmulus . .
+  īdemque #praecipit#); prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre #caesam esse#,
+  IV, 43 (direct form, fīlia mea iūre #caesa est#); minātur sē vī
+  #abstrāctūrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) vī tē #abstraham#).
+
+5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on
+a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse
+occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions
+(cf. p. 3, n. 2), however, fall under this general head as giving some
+one’s thoughts without quoting his exact words.
+
+6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall
+into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb
+like _imperāvit_, to be supplied in thought:
+
+  proinde #nē gravārētur# sē spectandum praebēre, XXI, 289 (direct
+  form, #Nōlī gravārī# tē spectandum praebēre); satis cōnstat Sullam
+  . . prōclāmāsse, #vincerent#, dummodo scīrent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct
+  form, #Vincite#, dummodo sciātis).
+
+7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in
+the subjunctive mood:
+
+  Tatius . . Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris dedit, #sī . . perdūxisset#,
+  II, 19-21 (direct form, dō or dabō optiōnem mūneris, #sī . .
+  perdūxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct
+  form, Petō quod . . #geritis#).
+
+
+
+
+The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in
+most common use; H = Harkness’ Complete Latin Grammar, references to
+Harkness’ Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M = Lane &
+Morgan; A = Allen & Greenough; G = Gildersleeve; B = Bennett.
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME]
+
+The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion
+of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,
+and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the
+Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which
+was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the
+Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built
+a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and
+Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,
+of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the
+Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The
+only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its
+population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow
+strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet
+wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut
+away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the
+excavations stands the well-known ‘Trajan’s Column,’ 140 feet high,
+‘erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the
+Emperor.’ The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus
+Martius, its main artery, the famous ‘Corso,’ following the line of the
+ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 86.
+
+
+
+
+URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS
+
+
+#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]
+
+Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui
+natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit
+et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae
+sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re
+cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos
+abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,
+relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis
+solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,
+infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.
+
+Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus,
+pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae
+coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris
+certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a
+rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent
+latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus,
+necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae
+mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.
+
+Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,
+quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege
+Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum
+considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul
+erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri
+simillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum
+Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem
+liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.
+
+Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique
+educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen
+novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.
+Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,
+victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere
+vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id
+traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: “Sic
+deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!” Ita solus potitus est
+imperio Romulus.
+
+
+    [[1]]
+
+  #I. Rōmānī imperiī exōrdium# [[as printed]]
+
+  Proca,[1] rēx Albānōrum, Numitōrem et Amūlium fīliōs habuit.
+  Numitōrī, quī nātū[2] māior erat, rēgnum relīquit;[3] sed Amūlius,
+  pulsō[4] frātre, rēgnāvit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] prīvāret,[5] Rhēam
+    [[2]]
+  Silviam, ēius fīliam, Vestae[1] sacerdōtem fēcit, quae[2] tamen    {4}
+  Rōmulum et Remum geminōs ēdidit.[3] Eā[4] rē cōgnitā Amūlius ipsam[5]
+  in vincula coniēcit,[6] parvulōs
+  alveō[7] impositōs[8] abiēcit in
+  Tiberim, quī tunc forte super
+  rīpās erat effūsus[9]; sed, relābente
+  flūmine, eōs aqua in siccō                                        {10}
+  relīquit. Vāstae tum in iīs
+  locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Lupa,
+  ut fāmā[10] trāditum est, ad vāgītum[11] accurrit,
+  īnfantēs linguā[10] lambit, ūbera eōrum ōrī[7]
+  mātremque[12] sē gessit.                                          {15}
+
+    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_]
+
+    [Illustration: A VESTAL]
+
+  Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvulōs velutī ad
+  catulōs reverterētur,[13] Faustulus, pāstor
+  rēgius,[15] rē[16] animadversā eōs tulit in casam et              {18}
+  Accae Lārentiae coniugī dedit[17] ēducandōs.[18] Adultī[19] deinde
+  hī inter pāstōrēs prīmō lūdicrīs[20] certāminibus vīrēs auxēre,[21]
+  deinde vēnandō[22] saltūs peragrāre et latrōnēs ā rapīnā[23] pecorum
+  arcēre coepērunt. Quārē cum[13] iīs īnsidiātī essent[13] latrōnēs,
+  Remus captus est, Rōmulus[24] vī sē dēfendit. Tum Faustulus,      {23}
+    [[3]]
+  necessitāte compulsus,[1] indicāvit Rōmulō quis esset[2] eōrum
+  avus, quae māter. Rōmulus statim armātīs[3] pāstōribus Albam[4]   {25}
+  properāvit.
+
+  Intereā Remum latrōnēs ad Amūlium rēgem perdūxērunt,[5]
+  eum accūsantēs, quasi[6] Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre solitus[7] esset;
+  itaque Remus ā rēge Numitōrī ad[8] supplicium
+  trāditus est; at cum Numitor,                                     {30}
+  adulēscentis vultum cōnsīderāns, aetātem[9]
+  minimēque servīlem indolem comparāret,
+  haud[10] procul erat quīn nepōtem āgnōsceret.
+  Nam Remus ōris līneāmentīs[11] erat mātrī[12]
+  simillimus[13] aetāsque expositiōnis temporibus                   {35}
+  congruēbat. Ea rēs dum Numitōris animum anxium tenet,[14]
+  repente Rōmulus supervenit,[15] frātrem līberat,[15] interēmptō Amūliō
+  avum Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit.[15]
+
+    [Illustration: CASA]
+
+    [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 754.]
+
+  Deinde Rōmulus et Remus urbem in iīsdem locīs, ubi expositī[16]
+  ubique ēducātī erant, condidērunt[17]; sed ortā[18] inter eōs     {40}
+  contentiōne, uter nōmen novae urbī daret[19] eamque imperiō
+  regeret, auspicia[20] dēcrēvērunt[21] adhibēre. Remus prior[22] sex
+    [[4]]
+  vulturēs, Rōmulus posteā duodecim vīdit. Sīc Rōmulus, victor
+  auguriō,[1] urbem Rōmam vocāvit. Ad[2] novae urbis tūtēlam sufficere
+  vāllum vidēbātur. Cūius[3] angustiās inrīdēns cum Remus           {45}
+  saltū id trāiēcisset, eum īrātus[4] Rōmulus interfēcit, hīs increpāns
+  verbīs: “Sīc[5] deinde, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea!”
+  Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō[6] Rōmulus.
+
+    Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was
+    Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many
+    wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the
+    daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called
+    Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son
+    Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and
+    transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally
+    assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear
+    that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the
+    foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen
+    Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman
+    writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described
+    in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little
+    faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome’s early
+    history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers
+    tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack
+    of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written
+    by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after
+    the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously
+    invented to account for institutions which existed in the later
+    times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies
+    and contradictions.
+
+    [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4)
+
+    1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.
+    1.2: #nātū māior#: ‘greater by birth’ = ‘elder.’
+    1.3: from _relinquō_.
+    1.4: #pulsō# (_pellō_) #frātre#: abl. abs.; ‘his brother having
+    been driven out’ (pass.) = ‘having driven out,’ _or_ ‘when he had
+    driven out his brother’ (act.): H 489 (431): M 638: A 255: G 409:
+    B 227.
+    1.5: #ut prīvāret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
+    G 545: B 282.
+    1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G 405:
+    B 214, 1, c.
+    2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_.
+    2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_.
+    2.3: _ēdō_.
+    2.4: #eā rē cōgnitā# (_cōgnōscō_): cf. p. 1, n. 4.
+    2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia.
+    2.6: _coniciō_.
+    2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A 228: G 347:
+    B 187, III.
+    2.8: #impositōs# (_impōnō_) #abiēcit# (_abiciō_) = _imposuit et
+    abiēcit_. English is fond of coördination of clauses; Latin
+    prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin
+    avoids two coördinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L 5, and H 639
+    (549, 5): A 292, R.: G 664, R. 1, 2: B 337, 2.
+    2.9: _effundō_.
+    2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G 401:
+    B 218.
+    2.11: #ad vāgītum#: ‘to (their) squalling,’ i.e. to them as they
+    were crying.
+    2.12: #mātrem sē gessit# (_gerō_): ‘conducted herself, acted like
+    a mother.’
+    2.13: not only ‘_when_,’ but also ‘_because_ the wolf kept coming
+    back.’ See p. xxii, J.
+    2.14: ‘very often.’ The comparative often has this intensive
+    force.
+    2.15: adj. = the genitive of _rēx_.
+    2.16: #rē . . . tulit# (_ferō_) = _rem animadvertit et eōs tulit_;
+    cf. p. xxiii, K 10.
+    2.17: _dō_.
+    2.18: = _ut ēducārentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as
+    often. See p. xviii, E 4, H 622 (544, N. 2): M 994: A 294, _d_:
+    G 430: B 337, 7, 2.
+    2.19: #adultī# (_adolēscō_): ‘having grown’ = ‘when grown.’
+    2.20: #lūdicrīs certāminibus#: ‘with playful contests,’--such as
+    running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n. 10.
+    2.21: = _auxērunt_ (_augeō_).
+    2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.
+    2.23: ‘from the seizure of’ = ‘from stealing.’
+    2.24: = ‘_but_ Romulus.’
+    3.1: _compellō_.
+    3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G 467:
+    B 300.
+    3.3: See p. 1, n. 4.
+    3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380, II): M 515:
+    A 258, _b_: G 337: B 182, 1, _a_; cf. English ‘to go _home_.’
+    3.5: _perdūcō_.
+    3.6: ‘because, as they said’; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or
+    thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi,
+    H 5.
+    3.7: _soleō_.
+    3.8: #ad supplicium#: ‘to be punished’; _ad_ with its noun often
+    denotes purpose.
+    3.9: #aetātem . . . comparāret#: ‘compared his age with his
+    nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave’; i.e. his
+    appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher
+    station than the shepherds.
+    3.10: #haud . . . āgnōsceret#: ‘he came very near to recognizing
+    him’; how literally? In this construction _quīn_ = _ut nōn_, and
+    the subjunctive is one of result: H 595 (504): M 913: A 319, _d_:
+    G 555: B 284, 3.
+    3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397:
+    B 226, 1.
+    3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat.
+    3.13: ‘very like’; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l. 16.
+    3.14: _dum_, ‘while,’ regularly takes the pres. indic. where
+    English uses the imperfect: H 533, 4 (467, 4): M 917: A 276, _e_:
+    G 570, R.: B 293.
+    3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A 276, _d_:
+    G 229: B 259, 3.
+    3.16: _expōnō_.
+    3.17: _condō_.
+    3.18: #ortā# (_orior_) . . . #contentiōne# = ‘_because_ a strife
+    arose’; see p. xxiii, K 4.
+    3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contentiōne_; cf. n. 2. The
+    strife centered in the question, “Which of us shall rule?”
+    3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the
+    Aventine.
+    3.21: _dēcernō_.
+    3.22: ‘first.’
+    4.1: ‘by virtue of the augury’; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M 612:
+    A 245: G 408: B 219.
+    4.2: #Ad . . . tūtēlam#: ‘to guard the new city.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 8.
+    4.3: Render ‘its.’ Latin is fond of closely connecting successive
+    clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun,
+    where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or
+    personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_
+    or _for_: cf. p. 2, n. 2.
+    4.4: ‘in anger.’ An adjective may often be best rendered by an
+    adverb or adverbial phrase.
+    4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish).
+    4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.]
+
+
+#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]
+
+753-715 B.C.
+
+Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat
+in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum
+pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
+legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo
+populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam
+additum: “Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret
+conubium.” Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici
+deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam
+videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi
+spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum
+signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.
+
+Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum
+adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam
+virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius
+pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae
+optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.
+Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos
+anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem
+perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis
+habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.
+
+Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum
+Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,
+nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu
+consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: “Vicimus
+perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse
+virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.” Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum
+tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus
+restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus
+passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc
+viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.
+
+Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum
+cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum
+potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum
+consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres
+equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His
+ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae
+paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore
+tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse
+vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis.
+Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit,
+iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque
+praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent;
+futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali
+Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.
+
+
+  #II. Rōmulus, Rōmānōrum rēx prīmus# [[as printed]]
+
+  753-715 B.C.
+
+  Rōmulus[7] imāginem urbis magis quam urbem fēcerat; incolae
+  deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proximō lūcus[10]; hunc asȳlum fēcit. Et
+  statim eō mīra vīs[11] latrōnum pāstōrumque cōnfūgit. Cum[12] vērō
+    [[5]]
+  uxōrēs ipse[1] populusque nōn habērent, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās
+  gentēs mīsit,[2] quī[3] societātem cōnūbiumque[4] novō populō      {5}
+  peterent.[3] Nūsquam benīgnē audīta lēgātiō est; lūdibrium etiam
+  additum[5]: “Cūr nōn fēminīs quoque asȳlum aperuistis? Id
+  enim compār foret[6] cōnūbium.” Rōmulus, aegritūdinem animī
+  dissimulāns, lūdōs parat; indīcī[7] deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum
+  iubet. Multī convēnēre[8] studiō etiam[9] videndae novae urbis,   {10}
+  māximē Sabīnī cum līberīs et coniugibus. Ubi spectāculī tempus
+  vēnit eōque[10] conversae[11] mentēs[12] cum oculīs erant, tum sīgnō
+  datō iuvenēs Rōmānī discurrunt, virginēs rapiunt.[13]
+
+    [Illustration: ARMILLA]
+
+  Haec[14] fuit statim causa bellī. Sabīnī enim ob[15] virginēs raptās
+  bellum adversus Rōmānōs sūmpsērunt,[16] et cum                    {15}
+  Rōmae[17] appropinquārent, Tarpēiam virginem nactī
+  sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extrā moenia petītum[20]
+  ierat. Hūius pater Rōmānae praeerat arcī. Titus
+  Tatius, Sabīnōrum dux, Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris
+  dedit, sī exercitum suum in Capitōlium                            {20}
+    [[6]]
+  perdūxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sabīnī in sinistrīs manibus[3]
+      gererent,[4]                                                  {21}
+  vidēlicet aureōs ānulōs et armillās. Quibus dolōsē prōmissīs,
+  Tarpēia Sabīnōs in arcem perdūxit, ubi Tatius
+  scūtīs[5] eam obruī iussit; nam et[6] ea in laevīs[7]
+  habuerant.[8] Sīc impia prōditiō celerī poenā[5] vindicāta        {25}
+  est.
+
+    [Illustration: DEATH OF TARPĒIA]
+
+  Deinde Rōmulus ad certāmen prōcessit, et in
+  eō locō, ubi nunc Rōmānum Forum[9] est, pūgnam
+  cōnseruit. Prīmō[10] impetū vir inter[11] Rōmānōs īnsīgnis, nōmine[12]
+  Hostīlius, fortissimē dīmicāns cecidit; cūius interitū[13] cōnsternātī
+  Rōmānī fugere coepērunt. Iam Sabīnī clāmitābant: “Vīcimus         {31}
+  perfidōs hospites,[14] imbellēs hostēs. Nunc sciunt longē[15] aliud
+  esse virginēs rapere,[16] aliud pūgnāre[16] cum virīs.” Tunc Rōmulus,
+  arma ad caelum tollēns, Iovī aedem[17] vōvit, et exercitus seu forte
+  seu dīvīnitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegrātur; sed raptae
+  mulierēs crīnibus[19] passīs ausae sunt sē inter tēla volantia īnferre
+  et hinc patrēs, hinc virōs ōrantēs,[20] pācem conciliārunt.       {37}
+
+    [Illustration: RŌMULUS AS QUIRĪNUS / _From a coin_]
+
+  Rōmulus, foedere[21] cum Tatiō īctō, et Sabīnōs in urbem recēpit
+    [[7]]
+  et rēgnum[1] cum Tatiō sociāvit. Vērum haud ita multō post,
+  occīsō[2] Tatiō, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit.[3] Centum   {40}
+  deinde ex seniōribus ēlēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō[4] omnia ageret,[5] quōs
+  senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Trēs equitum[6] centuriās
+  cōnstituit, populum in trīgintā cūriās distribuit. Hīs ita
+  ōrdinātīs, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum lūstrandum cōntiōnem in campō[9] ad
+  Caprae[10] palūdem habēret, subitō coorta est                     {45}
+  tempestās cum māgnō fragōre tonitribusque et
+  Rōmulus ē cōnspectū ablātus[11] est. Ad deōs
+  trānsīsse vulgō crēditus[12] est; cuī[13] reī fidem
+  fēcit Iūlius Proculus, vir nōbilis. Ortā[14] enim
+  inter patrēs et plēbem sēditiōne, in cōntiōnem                    {50}
+  prōcessit,[15] iūreiūrandō adfīrmāns vīsum[16] ā sē
+  Rōmulum augustiōre[17] fōrmā, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut
+      sēditiōnibus
+  abstinērent[20] et rem mīlitārem colerent[20]; futūrum[21] ut
+    [[8]]
+  omnium gentium dominī exsisterent. Aedēs in colle Quirīnālī
+  Rōmulō[1] cōnstitūta,[2] ipse[3] prō deō cultus[2] et Quirīnus est
+  appellātus.                                                       {56}
+
+    [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8)
+
+    4.7: It has been suggested that the name _Rōmulus_ is derived from
+    _Rōma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word
+    _Rumon_, ‘river.’ _Rōma_ would then be ‘the town by the river,’
+    ‘Rivertown’ (cf. English ‘Watertown,’ etc.), and _Rōmulus_ would
+    be ‘the man from Rivertown.’
+    4.8: _dēsum_.
+    4.9: #in proximō#: ‘near by.’ Phrases consisting of a preposition
+    and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of
+    adjectives or adverbs.
+    4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline
+    Hill.
+    4.11: #vīs# often means ‘number,’ as here, or ‘quantity’; ‘power’
+    is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.
+    4.12: #cum#: ‘since’: H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G 586: B 286, 2.
+    5.1: = _Rōmulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5.
+    5.2: _mittō_.
+    5.3: #quī . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii,
+    E 2, and H 590 (497, I): M 835: A 317, 2: G 630: B 282, 2.
+    5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist
+    between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.
+    5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the
+    passive, especially in rapid narrative.
+    5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G 116, N. 1,
+    _c_: B 100, N. 2.
+    5.7: #indīcī . . . iubet#: ‘he bids a show to be announced.’ Such
+    an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.
+    5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21.
+    5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they
+    were also curious to see the new city.
+    5.10: = _in spectāculum_.
+    5.11: _convertō_.
+    5.12: #mentēs cum oculīs#: ‘minds and eyes alike.’ The emphasis is
+    on _mentēs_; they were thinking only of the show.
+    5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by
+    side without a connective. See also n. 5 above.
+    5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding
+    paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because
+    the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the
+    rule in Latin. H 396, 2 (445, 4): A 195, _d_: G 211, 5: B 246, 5.
+    5.15: #ob virginēs raptās#: ‘on account of the stolen maidens’ =
+    ‘on account of the seizure of the maidens.’ A participle agreeing
+    with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a
+    dependent genitive.
+    5.16: _sūmō_.
+    5.17: dat.; why?
+    5.18: ‘they happened upon’ (_nancīscor_).
+    5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: ‘had gone by chance’ = ‘happened to
+    have gone.’ _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: ‘as it
+    happened,’ or ‘it so happened.’
+    5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H 633 (546):
+    M 1005: A 302: G 435: B 340, 1.
+    6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied
+    indirect discourse; #sī perdūxisset# represents the fut. perf.
+    indic. of direct discourse _sī perdūxeris_, ‘if you shall have
+    led’ = ‘if you (shall) lead’; H 646 (527, I): M 1034, 1038: A 337:
+    G 656-7: B 319, B.
+    6.2: ‘that which.’
+    6.3: _manus_ often = ‘arm,’ just as _pēs_ = ‘leg.’
+    6.4: #gererent#: either ‘wore’ or ‘bore.’ Tarpeia meant it in the
+    former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.
+    6.5: Why abl.?
+    6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: ‘these too,’ as well as the _armillae_
+    and _ānulī_.
+    6.7: Sc. _manibus_.
+    6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when
+    the bargain was struck.
+    6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_.
+    6.10: #Prīmō impetū#: ‘in the very first charge.’ The ablative
+    fixes the time of #cecidit#.
+    6.11: #inter . . . īnsīgnis#: ‘the most conspicuous of the
+    Romans.’ How literally?
+    6.12: abl. of specification.
+    6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.
+    6.14: ‘hosts.’ The relation of host and guest was regarded by the
+    Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.
+    6.15: #longē aliud . . . aliud#: ‘one thing . . . quite another.’
+    Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.
+    6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are
+    subjects of #esse#; H 615 (538): M 972: A 270: G 422: B 377.
+    6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e.
+    the ‘Stayer,’ the god who had _stayed_ the army’s flight.
+    6.18: _resistō_: ‘maintained its ground,’ ‘held its own,’ as
+    contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coepērunt_).
+    6.19: #crīnibus passīs# (_pandō_): ‘with streaming hair.’
+    6.20: ‘_by_ beseeching’; the abl. of the gerund (_ōrandō_) might
+    have been used.
+    6.21: #foedere . . . īctō# (_īcō_): ‘having struck a treaty.’ How
+    literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in
+    Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase
+    _foedus īcere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in
+    the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.
+    7.1: #rēgnum . . . sociāvit#: i.e. henceforth there were two
+    kings.
+    7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had
+    insulted.
+    7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty ‘came _back_,’
+    or ‘devolved _again_’ upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared
+    it with Tatius.
+    7.4: abl. of means.
+    7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    7.6: See Vocab., _eques_.
+    7.7: ‘When’: H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B 288.
+    7.8: #ad . . . lūstrandum# = _ut . . . lūstrāret_. What does the
+    gerundive construction express?
+    7.9: Sc. _Mārtiō_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii.
+    7.10: #Caprae palūdem#: ‘Goat Swamp.’
+    7.11: _auferō_.
+    7.12: #crēditus est#: we would say: ‘it was believed that he,’
+    etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: ‘he was
+    believed to have,’ etc.
+    7.13: #cuī . . . fēcit#: literally ‘for which thing he made (i.e.
+    secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).’
+    7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K 6.
+    7.15: _prōcēdō_.
+    7.16: Sc. _esse_. #vīsum esse# and #praecipere# depend on
+    #adfīrmāns#: see H 642 (523, I): M 1023: A 336, 2: G 650: B 314:
+    and p. xxv, M 4.
+    7.17: #augustiōre fōrmā#: ‘of more imposing presence’ (than he was
+    while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H 473, 2 (419, II):
+    M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.
+    7.18: i.e. _Rōmulum_.
+    7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _vīsum_ (_esse_)
+    above. Proculus actually said: (_Rōmulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he
+    used the historical present. Above _vīsum_ (_esse_) represents
+    _vīsus est_ of the direct discourse.
+    7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M 892: A 331:
+    G 546: B 295, 4.
+    7.21: #futūrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of
+    Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #futūrum# (_esse_)
+    depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said
+    _exsistētis_. Since, however, _exsistō_ has no supine and so no
+    future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from
+    it. Hence the phrase _futūrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes
+    necessary: ‘it would happen that they would become,’ etc.
+    8.1: ‘in honor of Romulus’; dat. of advantage.
+    8.2: With #cōnstitūta# and #cultus# (_colō_) sc. _est_.
+    8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p. 5,
+    n. 13.]
+
+
+#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]
+
+716-673 B.C.
+
+Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is
+Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut
+populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae
+consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem
+Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.
+Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus
+fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam
+docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii
+certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem
+populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt
+silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e
+caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri
+posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.
+Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa
+imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et
+rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae
+descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino
+aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse
+civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.
+
+Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis
+suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse
+conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus
+erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris
+se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate
+imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus
+cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati
+profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est.
+Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt.
+Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.
+
+
+  #III. Numa Pompilius, Rōmānōrum rēx secundus# [[as printed]]
+
+  716-673 B.C.
+
+    [Illustration: SELLA CURŪLIS / _From a coin_]
+
+  Successit Rōmulō Numa Pompilius, vir inclitā iūstitiā[4] et
+  religiōne.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppidō Sabīnōrum, accītus est. Quī
+  cum Rōmam vēnisset, ut[6] populum ferum religiōne mītigāret, sacra
+  plūrima īnstituit. Āram Vestae cōnsecrāvit, et īgnem[7] in ārā
+  perpetuō alendum virginibus dedit. Flāminem[8]                     {5}
+  Iovis sacerdōtem creāvit eumque īnsīgnī veste[9]
+  et curūlī[10] sellā adōrnāvit. Dīcitur[11] quondam
+  ipsum Iovem ē caelō ēlicuisse.[12] Hīc, ingentibus
+  fulminibus in urbem dēmissīs, dēscendit in nemus
+  Aventīnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrīs                         {10}
+  fulmina[13] essent prōcūranda,[13] et praetereā imperiī
+    [[9]]
+  certa[1] pīgnora populō Rōmānō datūrum sē esse prōmīsit. Numa
+  laetus rem populō nūntiāvit. Postrīdiē omnēs ad aedēs[2] rēgiās
+  convēnērunt silentēsque exspectābant[3] quid futūrum esset.[4] Atque
+  sōle ortō dēlābitur ē caelō scissō[5] scūtum, quod                {15}
+  ancīle appellāvit Numa. Id nē[6] fūrtō auferrī
+  posset,[6] Māmurium fabrum ūndecim scūta eādem
+  fōrmā fabricāre iussit. Duodecim autem Saliōs[7]
+  Mārtis sacerdōtēs lēgit, quī ancīlia, sēcrēta
+  illa imperiī pīgnora, cūstōdīrent[8] et Kalendīs                  {20}
+  Mārtiīs per urbem canentēs et rīte saltantēs
+  ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] mēnsēs ad
+  cursum lūnae dēscrīpsit; nefāstōs[10] fāstōsque
+  diēs fēcit; portās Iānō[11] geminō[12] aedificāvit
+  ut esset index pācis et bellī; nam apertus,[13] in                {25}
+  armīs esse cīvitātem, clausus,[13] pācātōs circā
+  omnēs populōs, sīgnificābat.
+
+    [Illustration: ANCĪLIA / _From a coin_]
+
+    [Illustration: IĀNUS]
+
+  Lēgēs[14] quoque plūrimās et ūtilēs tulit                         {28}
+  Numa. Ut vērō māiōrem īnstitūtīs[15] suīs auctōritātem conciliāret,
+    [[10]]
+  simulāvit[1] sibi[2] cum deā Ēgeriā esse conloquia nocturna ēiusque[3]
+  monitū sē omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lūcus erat, quem[4] medium
+  fōns perennī rigābat aquā; eō saepe Numa sine arbitrīs[5] sē      {32}
+  īnferēbat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium animōs eā[7]
+  pietāte imbuit, ut fidēs[8] ac iūsiūrandum nōn minus quam lēgum
+  et poenārum metus cīvēs continēret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] nūllum   {35}
+  gessit, sed[10] nōn minus cīvitātī prōfuit quam Rōmulus.[11] Morbō[12]
+  exstīnctus in Iāniculō monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps
+  rēgēs, ille bellō, hīc pāce, cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem
+  et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs,[15] Numa trēs et quadrāgintā.         {39}
+
+    [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10)
+
+    8.4: See p. 7, n. 17.
+    8.5: #Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum#: ‘from Cures, a town of the
+    Sabines.’ H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258, _a_: G 391: B 229, 1.
+    ‘_At_ Cures, a town of the Sabines,’ would be _Curibus, in oppidō
+    Sabīnōrum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between
+    the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in
+    expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a
+    given point.
+    8.6: #ut . . . mītigāret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what
+    follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which
+    they modify.
+    8.7: #īgnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p. 2,
+    n. 18.
+    8.8: #Flāminem . . . creāvit#: ‘he appointed a priest to be
+    Jupiter’s Flamen.’ See Vocab., _flāmen_.
+    8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Flāminēs_
+    were (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick
+    of olive wood, called _apex_; (2) the _toga praetexta_ (see
+    Vocab., _toga_); and (3) a laurel crown.
+    8.10: See Vocab., _sella_.
+    8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12.
+    8.12: _ēliciō_.
+    8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Prōcūrāre_ is
+    the technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all
+    harmful effects by sacrifices.
+    9.1: ‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase
+    ‘a certain man.’ In that sense _quīdam_ is used.
+    9.2: #aedēs rēgiās#: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings does _aedēs_
+    bear?
+    9.3: ‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.
+    9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2.
+    9.5: _scindō_. #dēlābitur . . . scūtum#: ‘the heavens were opened
+    and a shield descended.’
+    9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
+    G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of this _ancīle_ Rome’s power
+    was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in guarding it.
+    9.7: #Saliōs . . . fēcit#: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of
+    Mars.’
+    9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained
+    only ten months, a statement hardly credible.
+    9.10: #nefāstōs . . . fēcit#: ‘he made a distinction between _diēs
+    nefāstī_ and _diēs fāstī_.’ See Vocab., _fāstus_ and _nefāstus_.
+    9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1.
+    9.12: ‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the
+    Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole
+    structure resembled an arch.
+    9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively
+    ‘when open,’ ‘when shut.’ They agree with _Iānus_ understood,
+    which means the temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple
+    remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year,
+    and not closed till 29 B.C.
+    9.14: #Lēgēs quoque#: ‘_Laws_ too,’ i.e. laws as well as religious
+    ceremonies and priestly orders.
+    9.15: #īnstitūtīs#: dative with #conciliāret#.
+    10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimulāns_, II, 9?
+    10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: ‘that he had conversations.’
+    #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349:
+    B 190.
+    10.3: #ēius monitū#: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf. _quōrum cōnsiliō_,
+    II, 41.
+    10.4: #quem medium#: ‘the middle of which.’
+    10.5: Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’
+    10.6: #velut . . . deae#: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet
+    the goddess’; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See
+    note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p. 3, n. 8.
+    #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H 429 (386):
+    M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III.
+    10.7: #ita# and #eā# reinforce each other. ‘To such a degree
+    (#ita#), and with such (#eā#) piety,’ etc.
+    10.8: Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’ #fidēs
+    ac iūsiūrandum# together = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to
+    the restraints of the law.
+    10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1:
+    G 552, 2: B 284.
+    10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’
+    Hence #quidem . . . sed# = _quamquam . . . sed tamen_.
+    10.11: Sc. _prōfuerat_.
+    10.12: #Morbō exstīnctus# (_exstinguō_) means that he died a
+    natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous
+    disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7.
+    10.13: _sepeliō_.
+    10.14: #duo deinceps rēgēs#: ‘two _successive_ kings.’ When an
+    adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it
+    has the value of an adjective.
+    10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2:
+    G 336: B 181. See also p. xvii, D 1.]
+
+
+#IV. Tullus Hostīlius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]
+
+673-641 B.C.
+
+Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi
+dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter
+Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem
+paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii,
+tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque
+patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi
+imperium esset.
+
+Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies
+procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique
+armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut
+primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens
+spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani
+alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad
+casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes
+tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is
+integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam
+capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum
+spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt
+unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,
+et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam
+Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset
+consequi, interfecit.
+
+Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat
+intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum
+cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male
+sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac
+gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat
+Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,
+quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris
+paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere
+coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio
+publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis
+increpans: “Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,
+oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.”
+
+Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius
+Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque
+laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex
+proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque
+Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia
+stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris
+lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure
+causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam
+sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite
+adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.
+
+Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se
+invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine
+finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos
+concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem
+subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus
+intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a
+tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero
+die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis
+religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter
+ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.
+
+Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons
+Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus
+regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus
+bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis
+quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam
+domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est
+implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi
+feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum
+fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit
+annos duos et triginta.
+
+
+  #IV. Tullus Hostīlius, Rōmānōrum rēx tertius# [[as printed]]
+
+  673-641 B.C.
+
+  Mortuō[16] Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōn
+  sōlum proximō[17] rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō[18] fuit.
+    [[11]]
+  Eō rēgnante[1] bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum[2] est.
+  Ducibus[3] Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem[4] paucōrum certāmine[5]
+  fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apud    {5}
+  Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum[6] eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque
+  patriā dīmicent[7] ferrō. Foedus[8] īctum est eā[9] lēge, ut, unde[10]
+  victōria, ibi imperium esset.
+
+  Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās
+  aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datur        {10}
+  sīgnum, īnfēstīque[11] armīs ternī[12] iuvenēs, māgnōrum[13]
+      exercituum
+  animōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre[14]
+  arma micantēsque fulsēre[15] gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs[16]
+  perstringit. Cōnsertīs[17] deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius
+  super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt[18]; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad[19]
+  cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōs     {16}
+  iam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiī
+  circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impār
+  erat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,[22] singulōs[23] per
+      intervālla
+    [[12]]
+  secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spatiī ex eō locō,        {20}
+  ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīs
+  haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In[2] eum māgnō impetū redit,
+  et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat[3] Cūriātiīs ut opem ferant
+  frātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5]
+  tertius posset[5] cōnsequī, interfēcit.                           {25}
+
+  Iam singulī[6] supererant,[7] sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.[8]
+      Alter[9]
+  erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx[10]; alter fessum[11]
+      vulnere,
+  fessum cursū trahēbat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.
+  Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,[13]
+  iacentem[14] spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs[15] ac grātulantēs Horātium  {30}
+  accipiunt et domum[16] dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium frātrum
+  spolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī[17] obvia fuit soror, quae dēspōnsa
+  fuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque[18] super umerōs frātris palūdāmentō
+  spōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs[19] solvere coepit.
+      Movet                                                         {34}
+  ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō;
+  itaque strictō[20] gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs[21]
+      increpāns:                                                    {36}
+  “Abī[22] hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta[23]
+    [[13]]
+  frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,[1] quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbit
+  hostem.”
+
+  Atrōx id vīsum est facinus[2] patribus[3] plēbīque; quārē raptus  {40}
+  est in iūs[4] Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam accesserat
+  līctor[5] iniciēbatque[6] laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum prōvocāvit.
+  Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre
+  caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque Cūriātiōrum
+  ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē[9] sē, quem paulō                    {45}
+  ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,[10] orbum
+  līberīs[11] faceret.[9] Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimās
+  iuvenemque[12] absolvit admīrātiōne[13] magis
+  virtūtis quam iūre[13] causae. Ut tamen caedēs
+  manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrificiīs             {50}
+  perāctīs trānsmīsit per viam[15] tigillum et fīlium
+  capite adopertō velut sub iugum[16] mīsit; quod
+  tigillum _Sorōrium_[17] appellātum est.
+
+    [Illustration: FASCĒS]
+
+  Nōn diū pāx[18] Albāna mānsit[19]; nam Mettius                    {54}
+  Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum[20] sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret,[20]
+    [[14]]
+  quod[1] bellum ūnō[2] paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut[3] rem
+      corrigeret,
+  Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse,
+  ā Tullō in[4] auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut
+      fortūnam
+  bellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā[5] rē Tullus intellēctā      {59}
+  māgnā vōce ait[6] suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergō
+  circumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterō
+  diē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīus
+  quadrīgīs[7] religātus et in[8] dīversa distrāctus[9] est. Deinde
+      Tullus Albam
+  propter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.[10]
+
+  Rōma interim crēvit[11] Albae ruīnīs[12]; duplicātus est cīvium   {65}
+  numerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō[13] frequentius
+  habitārētur,[13] eam[14] sēdem Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde
+      habitāvit.
+  Auctārum[15] vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus[16] bellum Sabīnīs indīxit.
+      Pēstilentia
+    [[15]]
+  īnsecūta[1] est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat
+  enim rēx bellicōsus[2] salūbriōra mīlitiae[3] quam domī esse      {70}
+  iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturnō morbō est implicitus.
+  Tunc vērō adeō[6] frāctī[7] simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs[8]
+  illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret. Memorant
+  Tullum fulmine[9] īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus
+  māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.               {75}
+
+    [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15)
+
+    10.16: #Mortuō Numā#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_.
+    10.17: #proximō rēgī#: ‘his predecessor.’ Join with #dissimilis#,
+    which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p. 3, n. 12).
+    _Proximus_ may mean ‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest
+    (in the future)’ = ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.
+    10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398:
+    B 217.
+    11.1: #Eō rēgnante#: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs.
+    differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii,
+    K 1.
+    11.2: _exorior_.
+    11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The
+    subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem . . . fīnīrī#.
+    11.4: The meanings of _rēs_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may
+    be translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically = _bellum_ above. For
+    the mood of _fīnīrī_, see p. 6, n. 16.
+    11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner
+    in which the quarrel was to be ended.
+    11.6: #Cum . . . rēgēs#: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?
+    11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
+    11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
+    11.9: #eā lēge ut#: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the
+    proviso (#lēge#) that.’ The clause #ut . . . esset# expresses the
+    purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.
+    11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _quā ex parte_. We would rather
+    say, ‘_on_ which side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea
+    as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather
+    as that of _rest at_ a point. Why?
+    11.11: #īnfēstī armīs#: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with
+    hostile arms.’
+    11.12: ‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the
+    adjective?
+    11.13: #māgnōrum . . . gerentēs#: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty
+    armies.’ So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’
+    11.14: #increpuēre# describes the sound made by the spears as they
+    struck the shields.
+    11.15: _fulgeō_.
+    11.16: = _spectātōrēs_.
+    11.17: _cōnserō_.
+    11.18: _cadō_.
+    11.19: #Ad cāsum#: we say ‘_at_ the fall,’ but the Latin thinks of
+    the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall.
+    11.20: _circumstō_.
+    11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
+    11.22: #fugam capessīvit#: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to
+    one’s heels.’
+    11.23: #singulōs per intervālla#: ‘one by one, at intervals.’
+    12.1: #aliquantum spatiī#: ‘some distance.’ #spatiī# is a
+    partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space:
+    H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.
+    12.2: #In . . . redit# (_redeō_): ‘he turned and made a furious
+    attack upon him.’ How literally?
+    12.3: #inclāmat . . . ferant#: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them)
+    to bear aid.’ For #inclāmat#, see p. 3, n. 14.
+    12.4: = _secundum_, as often.
+    12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.
+    12.6: ‘one on each side.’ Cf. _ternī_, l. 11, and note there.
+    12.7: _supersum_.
+    12.8: ‘equally matched.’
+    12.9: #alter . . . alter#: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’
+    With #intāctus# cf. _integer_, l. 18.
+    12.10: ‘inspirited, emboldened.’
+    12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon
+    the fact.
+    12.12: ‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor.
+    We would rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we
+    would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as ‘barely able to
+    endure (the weight of) his armor.’
+    12.13: = _occidit_.
+    12.14: ‘as he lay prostrate.’
+    12.15: #ovantēs ac grātulantēs#: ‘with rejoicing and
+    congratulations.’ Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial
+    force.
+    12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    12.18: #vīsō . . . spōnsī#: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc.
+    Cf. p. 1, n. 4.
+    12.19: #crīnēs solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans.
+    Cf. _crinibus passīs_, II, 36.
+    12.20: _stringō_.
+    12.21: #verbīs increpāns#: cf. _hīs increpāns verbīs_, I, 46.
+    12.22: _abeō_.
+    12.23: #oblīta# (_oblivīscor_) #frātrum#: ‘you who have
+    forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitives
+    #frātrum# and #patriae#, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376:
+    B 206, 1. Cf. the English ‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition of
+    #oblīta# see n. 11.
+    13.1: ‘fare, perish.’ The subject is _fēmina_, or _illa fēmina_,
+    as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf.
+    _Sīc . . . mea_, I, 47, and see note there.
+    13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faciō_, properly =
+    ‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’
+    13.3: = _senātōribus_, who were officially styled _Patrēs
+    Cōnscrīptī_. #patribus plēbīque# virtually = _omnibus_.
+    13.4: ‘court.’
+    13.5: See Vocab., _līctor_.
+    13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually)
+    putting on.’
+    13.7: _caedō_.
+    13.8: _amplector_.
+    13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6.
+    13.10: _cōnspiciō_. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused
+    by attraction to #faceret#, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342:
+    G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc.
+    13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with
+    #orbum faceret#, which = _orbāret_.
+    13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_,
+    where the English idiom requires _but_.
+    13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1.
+    13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
+    13.15: ‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the
+    slope of the Esquiline Hill.
+    13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him
+    pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the
+    sentence of death passed by the judges.
+    13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from
+    time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another
+    memorial of this fight was the _Pīla_ (‘Column’) _Horātia_,
+    adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the
+    spoils taken from the Curiatii.
+    13.18: #pāx Albāna# = _pāx cum Albā īcta_.
+    13.19: _maneō_.
+    13.20: #cum . . . vidēret#: subjunctive of cause. See p. 2, n. 13;
+    p. 4, n. 12; and p. xx, H 2.
+    14.1: #quod . . . fīnīsset#: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The
+    subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and
+    expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’
+    subjects. See p. xxi, H 4.
+    14.2: #ūnō . . . certāmine#: ‘by one contest (only), and that a
+    contest in which but few fought.’ Cf. l. 4.
+    14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to
+    regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what
+    follows.
+    14.4: #in auxilium#: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose.
+    Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius
+    in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the
+    Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7).
+    14.5: #Quā rē . . . intellēctā# (_intellegō_): ‘when he noticed
+    this state of things.’ For #quā#, see p. 4, n. 3.
+    14.6: #ait . . . circumvenīrentur#: Tullus’ purpose in making this
+    statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his
+    own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces
+    against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The
+    withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack
+    from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as
+    proof of treachery.
+    14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _ligāre_ and its
+    compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or
+    (2) the ablative with _ab_, _dē_, or _ex_.
+    14.8: #in . . . est#: ‘was torn limb from limb.’
+    14.9: _distrahō_.
+    14.10: _iubeō_.
+    14.11: _crēscō_.
+    14.12: abl. of means.
+    14.13: #quō . . . habitārētur#: ‘that it might be more densely
+    inhabited,’ i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced
+    to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _quō_
+    is used instead of _ut_: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317, _b_:
+    G 545, 2; B 282, _a_. This _quō_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the
+    relative pronoun, and = _ut eō_, ‘that thereby.’
+    14.14: #eam . . . cēpit# (_capiō_): ‘Tullus chose it (the
+    mountain) as the site of his palace,’ Why is #eam# feminine,
+    although referring to _mōns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf.
+    p. 5, n. 14.
+    14.15: #Auctārum . . . fīdūciā#: ‘because of the confidence
+    (begotten) of his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in
+    his increased strength.’ In the former case the gen. is
+    subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II
+    and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.
+    14.16: _efferō_.
+    15.1: _īnsequor_.
+    15.2: #bellicōsus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellicōsus erat_.
+    15.3: #mīlitiae quam domī#: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2
+    (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.
+    15.4: = ‘the fighting men,’ because _iuvenēs_ (men under 45) were
+    eligible for military duty.
+    15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he
+    too.’
+    15.6: ‘so completely.’
+    15.7: _frangō_.
+    15.8: #spīritūs illī ferōcēs#: ‘that high spirit of his’; #illī# =
+    ‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf. l. 2.
+    15.9: #fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse# = _fulmine īctum esse et
+    cōnflagrāsse_. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a
+    common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a
+    perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in
+    agreement with that common subject. Cf. p. 2, n. 8, and p. xxiv,
+    L 5.]
+
+
+#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]
+
+641-616 B.C.
+
+Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos
+Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum
+quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et
+incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum
+indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri
+acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit
+a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato “Audi, Iuppiter,” inquit “audite,
+fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis
+fides sit.” Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit,
+hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea
+de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_
+appellatur.
+
+Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare
+bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus
+Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum
+autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus
+carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit.
+Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in
+Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit.
+Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte
+praereptus obiit.
+
+
+  #V. Ancus Mārcius, Rōmānōrum rēx quārtus# [[as printed]]
+
+  641-616 B.C.
+
+    [Illustration: NUMA AND ANCUS MĀRCIUS]
+
+  Tullō mortuō[10] Ancum Mārcium rēgem[11]
+  populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōs
+  Ancus Mārcius erat, aequitāte[12] et
+  religiōne[12] avō similis. Tunc Latīnī, cum quibus
+  Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat,                                  {5}
+  sustulerant[13] animōs, et incursiōnem in agrum
+  Rōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] eīs
+  bellum indīceret,[14] lēgātum mīsit, quī[15] rēs
+    [[16]]
+  repeteret, eumque[1] mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc
+  modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēs       {10}
+  repetuntur, capite[2] vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit[3] “audīte,
+  fīnēs hūius[4] populī. Ego sum pūblicus[5] nūntius populī Rōmānī;
+  verbīs[6] meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn dēduntur
+  rēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque
+  ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur, _Fētiālis_[7] rītusque
+      bellī                                                         {15}
+  indīcendī _Iūs Fētiāle_ appellātur.
+
+    [Illustration: CARCER MAMERTĪNUS]
+
+  Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum[8] est ā Latīnīs;
+  quārē bellum hōc[9] modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitū
+  cōnscrīptō, profectus[10] Latīnōs fūdit et
+  complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmam                           {20}
+  trādūxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tantā hominum
+  multitūdine facinora clandestīna
+  fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in mediā urbe
+  ad[14] terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit.
+  Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit,                                {25}
+  Iāniculum montem ponte[15] subliciō
+    [[17]]
+  in Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre[1] Tiberis Ōstiam urbem
+  condidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs;
+  immātūrā morte praereptus obiit.                                  {29}
+
+    [Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)
+
+    15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.?
+    15.11: #rēgem populus creāvit#: This phrase, as it stands, is
+    somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither
+    hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interrēx_, or
+    regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred
+    from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was
+    then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the
+    Senate.
+    15.12: abl. of specification.
+    15.13: #sustulerant# (_tollō_) #animōs#: ‘had plucked up courage.’
+    15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note.
+    15.15: #quī . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _Rēs
+    repetere_ = ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase
+    of war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The
+    opposite is _rēs reddere_, or _rēs dēdere_, as in l. 13.
+    16.1: #eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt#: ‘that custom posterity (the
+    Romans of later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as
+    late as the reign of Augustus.
+    16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of
+    the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions.
+    The _lēgātus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to
+    Jupiter and to the #fīnēs#, which are personified.
+    16.3: This word, rather than _dīxit_, is used with direct
+    discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation.
+    16.4: The _lēgātus_, of course, said _fīnēs Albānōrum_, or
+    _Vēientium_, as the case might be.
+    16.5: ‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.
+    16.6: #verbīs . . . sit# = _verbīs meīs crēdite_. Cf. II, 48, _cuī
+    reī fidem fēcit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1
+    (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.
+    16.7: See Vocab., _fētiālis_.
+    16.8: #respōnsum . . . Latīnīs# = _Latīnī respondērunt_. The
+    impersonal passive is common.
+    16.9: #hōc#: ‘described _above_,’ in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _hōc_ =
+    ‘described _below_.’ _Hīc_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e.
+    it refers to what follows.
+    16.10: #profectus . . . fūdit# (_fundō_): cf. p. 15, n. 9.
+    16.11: ‘transferred, removed.’
+    16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p. 13, n. 20.
+    16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_.
+    16.14: #ad . . . audāciae# = _ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret_.
+    Cf. p. 3, n. 8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #audāciae# is
+    objective genitive: cf. p. 14, n. 15.
+    16.15: #ponte subliciō#: abl. abs., with #factō#, expressing
+    means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges
+    over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was
+    always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is
+    this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient
+    Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.
+    17.1: #in ōre#: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from
+    its position _in ōre Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus
+    attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the
+    days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the
+    warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are
+    still visible.]
+
+
+#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]
+
+616-578 B.C.
+
+Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe,
+profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur
+haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui
+Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte
+reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum
+perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa
+et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes
+urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et
+industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus
+est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita
+administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.
+
+Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de
+Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias
+duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii
+auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse
+negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum
+interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio
+acto fieri posse respondit. “Atqui hoc” inquit rex “agitabam, num cotem
+illam secare novacula possem.” “Potes ergo” inquit augur, et rex
+secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio
+hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum
+puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.
+
+Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno
+fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos
+ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in
+vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam
+pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et
+certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere,
+unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus
+avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in
+vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.
+
+
+  #VI. Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus, Rōmānōrum rēx quīntus# [[as printed]]
+
+  616-578 B.C.
+
+  Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,[2] ex Etrūriae urbe,
+  profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit.
+  Additur haec fābula: advenientī[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super
+  carpentum,[6] cuī[7] Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre volitāns
+  rūrsus[8] capitī[9] aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis[10] abiit. Tanaquil
+  coniux, caelestium[11] prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum[12] eī portendī  {6}
+  intellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] spērāre
+    [[18]]
+  eum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbem
+  ingressī[1] sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā et
+  indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātem        {10}
+  cōnsecūtus[2] est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus[3] rēgnum intercēpit
+      et ita
+  administrāvit, quasi[4] iūre adeptus[5] esset.
+
+    [Illustration: AUGUR]
+
+  Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum[6] Māximum
+  aedificāvit; dē[7] Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum[8] lapideum urbī
+  circumdedit. Equitum centuriās[9] duplicāvit,                     {15}
+  nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt,
+  Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eā
+  tempestāte[10] augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat,
+  nisi[11] avēs addīxissent[11]; īrātus rēx in[12]
+  experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset[13]           {20}
+  quod ipse mente concēpisset[14]; Attus auguriō
+  āctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”[15] inquit
+  rēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secāre
+  novāculā possem.”[13] “Potes[16] ergō” inquit
+  augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecim        {25}
+  annōrum,[17] quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,[18] praetextā[19]
+    [[19]]
+  bullāque[1] dōnāvit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia esse
+  coepērunt.
+
+  Supererant[4] duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō[5]
+  rēgnō fraudātōs esse,[6] rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribus  {30}
+  duōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātā
+  rixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum[7] clāmor cum[8]
+  penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmō
+  uterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim[9] alter alterī obstrepere.
+  Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex[10] compositō rem  {35}
+  ōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alter
+  ēlātam[11] secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō[12] in vulnere
+  tēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt.
+
+    [Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)
+
+    17.2: #Tarquiniīs . . . urbe#: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of
+    Etruria.’ Cf. p. 8, n. 5.
+    17.3: _proficīscor_.
+    17.4: Sc. _Rōmam_: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle
+    agrees with _eī_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or
+    disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229:
+    G 345, R. 1: B 188, 2, _d_.
+    17.5: _tollō_.
+    17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.
+    17.7: #cuī#: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?
+    17.8: #rūrsus . . . reposuit#: since _repōnō_ = ‘to put _back_,’
+    or ‘to place _again_,’ #rūrsus# is unnecessary.
+    17.9: More often _repōnō_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or
+    the acc.
+    17.10: #sublīmis abiit#: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’
+    17.11: #caelestium . . . perīta#: ‘skilled in (interpreting)
+    portents from heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as
+    exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1
+    (399, I, 2). M 573: A 218, _a_: G 374: B 204, 1.
+    17.12: #rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit#: ‘perceived that the sign
+    indicated that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to
+    Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came
+    from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the
+    east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being;
+    hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter,
+    ‘king of gods and men,’ and its restoration, implied that his
+    _cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_.
+    17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted
+    destiny.’
+    18.1: _ingredior_.
+    18.2: _cōnsequor_.
+    18.3: _relinquō_.
+    18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G 602 and R.:
+    B 307.
+    18.5: _adipīscor_.
+    18.6: #Circum Māximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it
+    could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the
+    Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the
+    circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew
+    Wallace’s _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII.
+    18.7: #dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit#: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got
+    a triumph out of.’ See Vocab., _triumphus_.
+    18.8: #mūrum . . . circumdedit#: ‘he built a stone wall round the
+    city.’ According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and
+    finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.
+    18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three
+    centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramnēs_, after his own name,
+    another _Titiēnsēs_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name
+    the new centuries after himself.
+    18.10: = _tempore_.
+    18.11: #nisi . . . addīxissent#: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’
+    i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf.
+    I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the
+    tense, see p. 6, n. 1.
+    18.12: #in experīmentum artis#: ‘to test his art.’ Cf. p. 14,
+    n. 4.
+    18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2.
+    18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said ‘_Potestne fierī quod in
+    mente concēpī?_’
+    18.15: #hōc# is emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.’
+    18.16: #Potes ergō#: ‘well, you can.’
+    18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365:
+    B 203.
+    18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    18.19: Sc. _togā_.
+    19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_.
+    19.2: = _ex quō_: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’
+    19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9.
+    19.4: ‘were still alive.’
+    19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _rēgius_, I, 17.
+    19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegrē ferentēs#. Phrases
+    expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often
+    followed by the infinitive with subject accus.
+    19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded
+    by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.
+    19.9: #certātim . . . obstrepere#: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s
+    voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_)
+    the other.’ Why is _alterī_ dative?
+    19.10: #ex compositō#: ‘according to previous agreement.’
+    19.11: #ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit# = _extulit_ (‘raised’) _et
+    dēiēcit_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    19.12: #relīctō . . . tēlō#: we say, ‘leaving the weapon--they
+    flee,’ i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans
+    say more exactly: ‘having left--they flee,’ i.e. the act of
+    leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.]
+
+
+#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]]
+
+578-534 B.C.
+
+Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina,
+captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur,
+ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species
+pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei
+dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac
+suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio
+insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos
+conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem
+misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et
+signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et
+cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius
+celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave
+quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum
+convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius
+regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit;
+montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas
+circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et
+centurias distribuit.
+
+Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat
+Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama
+ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum
+populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae
+magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum
+populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae
+immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti
+Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus
+abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem
+immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.
+
+Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum
+Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in
+matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed
+mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo
+coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum
+paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit,
+iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est.
+Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum
+prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset
+domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem
+inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille
+Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et
+quadraginta.
+
+
+  #VII. Servius Tullius, Rōmānōrum rēx sextus# [[as printed]]
+
+  578-534 B.C.
+
+  Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī
+  fēminā,[13] captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō Tarquiniī
+  Prīscī ēducārētur, ferunt[14] prōdigium[15] vīsū ēventūque mīrābile
+    [[20]]
+  accidisse. Flammae[1] speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est.
+  Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam[2] eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxit      {5}
+  coniugīque suāsit ut[3] eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs[4]
+  ēducāret.[3] Is postquam adolēvit, et fortitūdine et cōnsiliō
+  īnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,[5] in quō rēx Tarquinius
+  adversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus[6] sēgnius
+  dīmicantibus, raptum[7] sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius[8]          {10}
+  recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut et
+  sīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō gener
+  adsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil,
+  Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque
+  ex superiōre[9] parte aedium adlocūta[10] ait rēgem grave         {15}
+  quidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, ut
+  interim dum convalēsceret,[11] Serviō Tulliō[12] dictō audientēs
+      essent.
+  Sīc[13] Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium
+      administrāvit.
+  Sabīnōs subēgit[14]; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum
+  urbī adiūnxit; fossās[15] circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum[16]      {20}
+  ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs[17] et centuriās[18] distribuit.
+
+    [Illustration: SIGNUM]
+
+    [[21]]
+  Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam[1] tum
+  inclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.[2] Id commūniter[3] ā cīvitātibus
+  Asiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum
+  populīs suāsit ut et[4] ipsī fānum Diānae                         {25}
+  cum[5] populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monte
+  aedificārent. Quō[6] factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis[7]
+  cuīdam Latīnō nāta[8] dīcitur, et respōnsum somniō
+  datum[8] eum populum summam imperiī habitūrum,[8]
+  cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.[9]                     {30}
+  Latīnus[10] bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causam
+  sacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus[11] dīxit
+  prius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre.
+  Latīnus dum ad Tiberim[12] dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit.
+  Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit.                  {35}
+
+    [Illustration: DIANA OF EPHESUS]
+
+    [Illustration: SACRIFICE]
+
+  Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,[13]
+  cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō[14] vidēret, ferōcem[15] mītī,
+  mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingenia
+    [[22]]
+  mātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt;
+  ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquinius             {40}
+  ā Tulliā[1] incitātus advocātō[2] senātū rēgnum
+  paternum repetere coepit. Quā[3] rē
+  audītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit,
+  iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs[4] dēiectus et
+  domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tullia                           {45}
+  carpentō vecta in Forum properāvit et
+  cōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgem
+  salūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā ac
+  tumultū dēcessisset[5] domumque redīret,
+  vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentem      {50}
+  super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] vīcus ille
+  Scelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et
+  quadrāgintā.
+
+    [Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22)
+
+    19.13: Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town
+    Corniculum, Servius’ father was killed and his mother taken
+    prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free
+    and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was
+    brought up in Tarquin’s household.
+    19.14: #ferunt . . . accidisse#: in English, the verb
+    corresponding to #ferunt# would be parenthetical, thus:
+    ‘a prodigy, _they say_, happened.’
+    19.15: #prōdigium . . . mīrābile#: ‘a prodigy, strange to look
+    upon, and marvelously fulfilled.’ #vīsū# and #ēventū# are
+    ablatives of specification to #mīrābile#: H 480 (424): M 650:
+    A 253: G 397: B 226, 1.
+    20.1: #Flammae speciēs#: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render
+    the whole sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.
+    20.2: #summam . . . intellēxit#: cf. p. 17, n. 12.
+    20.3: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
+    20.4: governed by _ēducābat_ understood.
+    20.5: _quīdam_ and _ūnus_ often have no more force than the
+    English indefinite article.
+    20.6: #mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus#: causal.
+    20.7: #raptum . . . mīsit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard
+    was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.
+    20.8: #Cūius . . . grātiā#: an expression of purpose = _quod ut
+    reciperet_.
+    20.9: Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.
+    20.10: Cf. p. 19, n. 12.
+    20.11: H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and
+    p. xx, G 3.
+    20.12: dat. with #dictō audientēs essent#, which together =
+    _pārērent_: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 and N. 2: G 346 and N. 5:
+    B 187, II. #dictō# is dat. with #audientēs#, which here itself =
+    ‘obeying.’
+    20.13: i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate
+    and people (p. 15, n. 11).
+    20.14: _subigō_.
+    20.15: #fossās . . . dūxit#: this statement harmonizes with VI,
+    14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant,
+    especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and
+    Quirinal hills.
+    20.16: The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the
+    inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them
+    according to property for purposes of taxation and military
+    service. Hence the clause #in . . . distribuit# is in part an
+    explanation of #cēnsum ōrdināvit#.
+    20.17: These classes were six in number.
+    20.18: According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections
+    each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of
+    its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The
+    first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled
+    98 votes, more than a majority.
+    21.1: #Iam tum#: ‘even in those early days.’
+    21.2: This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient
+    world. See Acts xix, 24 f.
+    21.3: #commūniter . . . factum# (_esse_): ‘that the states of Asia
+    had united in building it.’ How literally?
+    21.4: #et ipsī# = _etiam ipsī_, or _ipsī quoque_: ‘they too,’ i.e.
+    as well as the _cīvitātēs Asiae_.
+    21.5: ‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed
+    thus: _ut illī_ (i.e. the _Latīnī_) _et populus Rōmānus . . .
+    aedificārent_. Cf. lines 23, 24.
+    21.6: #Quō factō# = _postquam hōc_ (i.e. the building of the
+    temple) _factum est_.
+    21.7: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
+    21.8: Sc. _esse_. For the personal construction #dīcitur#, see
+    H 611, 1 (534, I and N. 1): M 962: A 330, _b_, 1: G 528, 1: B 332.
+    21.9: Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc.
+    For the tense, cf. p. 6, n. 1.
+    21.10: ‘_The_ (aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned in l. 28. This is one
+    of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite
+    article.
+    21.11: ‘cunningly.’ Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
+    21.12: The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on
+    which (l. 26) the temple of Diana stood.
+    21.13: = _cum habēret_, ‘since he had.’ #cum . . . vidēret# is
+    also causal.
+    21.14: abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400:
+    B 224.
+    21.15: #ferōcem . . . ferōcī#: note that the order in the second
+    of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first.
+    Cf. l. 36, _alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram_. This arrangement is
+    called _Chiasmus_: H 666, 2 (562): M 1150: A 344, _f_, and N.:
+    G 682, and R.: B 350, II, _c_).
+    22.1: The daughter of Tullius.
+    22.2: #advocātō . . . coepit# = _senātum advocāvit et . . .
+    coepit_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    22.3: #quā rē . . . contendit#: ‘while Servius, after he had heard
+    of this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense of #contendit#,
+    see p. 3, n. 14.
+    22.4: Sc. _Cūriae_.
+    22.5: #dēcessisset . . . redīret#: ‘had departed . . . and _was_
+    returning.’
+    22.6: #super ipsum corpus#: ‘over the _very_ body’; #ipsum#
+    emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually
+    required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the
+    dead.
+    22.7: Used here as in VI, 27.]
+
+
+#VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus#
+[[stripped text]]
+
+534-510 B.C.
+
+Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus
+Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude
+Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non
+posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.
+Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur,
+fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et
+ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit
+sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil
+respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans
+sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius,
+fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et
+facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit
+patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.
+
+Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius
+Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum
+iuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque
+laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias
+nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam;
+Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea
+ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus
+Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die,
+advocatispatre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste
+abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum
+coniurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et
+exsilium indictum.
+
+In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque
+incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros
+ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare.
+Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum
+poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum
+cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex
+eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo
+risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem
+statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut
+tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque
+attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam
+intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod
+erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam
+postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi
+Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt,
+cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.
+
+
+  #VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Rōmānōrum rēx septimus et ūltimus#
+  [[as printed]]
+
+  534-510 B.C.
+
+  Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē[8] occupāvit.[9] Tamen bellō
+  strēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātem
+  redēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbem
+  ā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,[10] ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris
+      saevitiam
+  in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātim              {5}
+  eōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs adliciēns,
+    [[23]]
+  ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,[1] et ad postrēmum dux bellī
+  ēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum[2]
+  quidnam sē[3] facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit, sed
+  velut dēlīberābundus[4] in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulāns      {10}
+  sequente nūntiō altissima[5] papāverum capita baculō dēcussit.
+  Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitō
+  silentiō patris et factō,[6] intellēxit[7] quid vellet pater.
+  Prīmōrēs cīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne
+  trādidit.                                                         {15}
+
+  Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent,
+  Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre[8] rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apud
+  Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus[9] rēgiīs. Incidit[10] dē uxōribus
+  mentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī.
+  Itaque citātīs[11] equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās[12] nurūs in
+      convīviō[13]                                                  {20}
+  et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam[14]; Lucrētiam,
+  Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae[15] dēditam inveniunt. Ea
+  ergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sextus
+  Collātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim[16] attulit. Illa posterō diē,
+      advocātīs
+  patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub veste       {25}
+    [[24]]
+  abditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in[1] exitium
+  rēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō[2] Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunt
+  urbis portae et exsilium indictum.[3]
+
+  In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.[4] Anus
+  hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgem      {30}
+  adiit,[5] novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula: eōs
+  sē velle[6] vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est: mulier
+  nimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi[7] anus aetāte dēsiperet,
+  dērīsit.[8] Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs
+  ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō[9] emere    {35}
+  vellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis,
+  dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statim
+  trēs aliōs librōs exūssit[10]; atque id[11] ipsum dēnuō placidē rogat,
+  ut[12] trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius ōre[13] iam
+  sēriō atque attentiōre animō[13] fit; eam[14] cōnstantiam
+      cōnfīdentiamque                                               {40}
+  nōn neglegendam[15] intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercātur
+  nihilō minōre pretiō[9] quam quod erat petītum prō omnibus. Sed
+  eam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam[16] posteā nūsquam locī
+  vīsam[15] cōnstitit. Librī[17] trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque
+  appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cum   {45}
+  diī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.
+
+    [Footnotes: VIII (pages 22-24)
+
+    22.8: Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.
+    22.9: not ‘occupied.’
+    22.10: The infinitive depends on #indīgnē ferret#, an expression
+    of emotion. Cf. p. 19, n. 6.
+    23.1: #plūrimum posset#: ‘he possessed great influence.’
+    #plūrimum# is an accusative of extent.
+    23.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 20.
+    23.3: #sē# refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the
+    messenger: _Quidnam mē facere vīs?_
+    23.4: Adjectives ending in -_bundus_ generally have the force of
+    the English present participle active.
+    23.5: #altissima . . . capita# = ‘the heads of the tallest
+    poppies.’ How literally?
+    23.6: #factō# is here a noun.
+    23.7: It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived
+    from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text
+    is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation.
+    23.8: H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.
+    23.9: #iuvenibus rēgiīs#: ‘the princes.’
+    23.10: #Incidit . . . mentiō#: ‘the conversation happened to turn
+    on (the merits of) their (respective) wives.’ How literally?
+    23.11: #citātīs equīs#: ‘at top speed.’ How literally?
+    23.12: #rēgiās nurūs#: ‘the king’s daughters-in-law,’ i.e. the
+    princes’ wives.
+    23.13: #convīviō et lūxū#: ‘a banquet and luxury’ = ‘a luxurious
+    banquet.’
+    23.14: The home of Collatinus.
+    23.15: #lānae dēditam#: ‘wholly intent on spinning.’ In the
+    oldest times the Roman housewife made all the garments of the
+    household. Hence a frequent laudatory inscription on the
+    tombstones of Roman ladies is _lānam fēcit_. Macaulay had this
+    feature of Roman life in mind when (_Horatius_, stanza LXX) he
+    wrote:
+        “When the goodwife’s shuttle merrily
+          Goes flashing through the loom.”
+    23.16: #vim attulit# (_adferō_): ‘outraged.’
+    24.1: #in exitium rēgum#: ‘to kill the royal family (#rēgum#).’
+    For #in exitium# cf. p. 14, n. 4.
+    24.2: dat. of disadvantage. Translate: ‘against T., on his return
+    to Rome.’
+    24.3: Sc. _est_.
+    24.4: _prōdō_.
+    24.5: _adeō_.
+    24.6: infin. because dependent on _dīxit_ understood, to be
+    supplied from #dīcēbat#.
+    24.7: #quasi . . . dēsiperet#: ‘thinking that the old woman’s mind
+    was failing through age.’ See p. 3, n. 6.
+    24.8: _dērīdeō_.
+    24.9: abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B 225.
+    24.10: _exūrō_.
+    24.11: explained by the clause #ut . . . emat#.
+    24.12: #ut . . . emat#: a substantive clause of purpose depending
+    on #rogat#: H 565 (498, I): M 894: A 331: G 546: B 295, 4.
+    24.13: abl. of quality with #fit#.
+    24.14: = _tālem_, as often.
+    24.15: sc. _esse_.
+    24.16: #dīgressam# (_dīgredior_) = _postquam dīgressa est_.
+    24.17: #Librī . . . appellātī#: the _Sibyllae_ were inspired
+    maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from
+    whom Tarquin was believed to have received the Sibylline books,
+    lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were
+    placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When
+    this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to
+    Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also
+    were deposited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its
+    restoration.]
+
+
+#IX. Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam
+timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab
+avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est.
+Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem
+muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit
+deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt
+quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam
+potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus,
+velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod
+ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.
+
+Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et Tarquinius
+Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per dolum et
+proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana adulescentes
+aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad
+bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur,
+ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Sermonem
+eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae ad
+Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula
+coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes
+nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos
+avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos
+virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et
+exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret.
+
+Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. Equitibus
+praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur.
+Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu
+antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira “Ille est
+vir” inquit “qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris decoratus
+insignibus magnifice incedit.” Tum concitat calcaribus equum atque in
+ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo infestis
+animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus tamen
+proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. Bruti
+conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut
+parentem, annum luxerunt.
+
+
+    [[25]]
+
+  #IX. Iūnius Brūtus, Rōmānōrum cōnsul prīmus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Iūnius Brūtus, sorōre[1] Tarquiniī Superbī nātus, cum[2] eandem
+  fortūnam timēret, in quam frāter inciderat, quī ob dīvitiās et
+  prūdentiam ab avunculō erat occīsus, stultitiam finxit, unde
+  Brūtus dictus est. Profectus[3] Delphōs[4] cum Tarquiniī fīliīs,
+  quōs pater ad Apollinem mūneribus honōrandum mīserat, baculō[5]    {5}
+  sambūceō aurum inclūsum dōnō[6] tulit deō. Perāctīs deinde
+  mandātīs patris, iuvenēs Apollinem cōnsulunt quisnam ex ipsīs
+  Rōmae[7] rēgnātūrus esset.[8] Respōnsum est eum Rōmae[7] summam
+  potestātem habitūrum, quī prīmus mātrem ōsculātus esset.[9] Tunc
+  Brūtus, velut sī cāsū prōlāpsus[10] cecidisset, terram ōsculātus est,
+  scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium esset.           {11}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 509.]
+
+  Expulsīs rēgibus duo cōnsulēs[11] creātī sunt, Iūnius Brūtus et
+  Tarquinius Collātīnus[12] Lucrētiae marītus. At lībertās
+  modo parta[13] per dolum et prōditiōnem paene āmissa est.
+  Erant in iuventūte Rōmānā adulēscentēs aliquot, sodālēs           {15}
+  adulēscentium Tarquiniōrum.[14] Hī cum lēgātīs, quōs rēx ad bona sua
+  repetenda Rōmam mīserat, dē restituendīs rēgibus conloquuntur,
+  ipsōs Brūtī cōnsulis fīliōs in societātem cōnsiliī adsūmunt. Sermōnem
+  eōrum ex servīs ūnus excēpit; rem ad cōnsulēs dētulit.
+  Datae[15] ad Tarquinium lītterae manifēstum facinus fēcērunt.     {20}
+  Prōditōrēs in vincula coniectī sunt, deinde damnātī. Stābant ad
+  pālum dēligātī iuvenēs nōbilissimī; sed ā cēterīs līberī cōnsulis
+  omnium in sē oculōs āvertēbant. Cōnsulēs in sēdem prōcessēre[16]
+    [[26]]
+  suam, missīque līctōrēs nūdātōs[1] virgīs caedunt secūrīque feriunt.
+  Suppliciī nōn spectātor modo, sed et[2] exāctor erat Brūtus,      {25}
+  quī tunc patrem exuit, ut cōnsulem ageret.[3]
+
+    [Illustration {BRVTVS}]
+
+  Tarquinius deinde bellō apertō rēgnum reciperāre cōnātus[4] est.
+  Equitibus praeerat Ārūns, Tarquiniī fīlius: rēx ipse cum legiōnibus
+  sequēbātur. Obviam hostī[5] cōnsulēs
+  eunt; Brūtus ad explōrandum cum equitātū                          {30}
+  antecessit. Ārūns, ubi procul Brūtum
+  āgnōvit,[6] īnflammātus īrā “Ille est vir” inquit
+  “quī nōs patriā expulit; ipse[7] ēn ille nostrīs
+  decorātus īnsīgnibus māgnificē incēdit.” Tum
+  concitat calcāribus equum atque in ipsum cōnsulem                 {35}
+  dīrigit; Brūtus avidē sē certāminī offert. Adeō[8] īnfēstīs
+  animīs concurrērunt, ut ambō hastā trānsfīxī caderent; fugātus
+  tamen proeliō est Tarquinius. Alter[9] cōnsul Rōmam triumphāns
+  rediit. Brūtī conlēgae fūnus, quantō[10] potuit apparātū, fēcit.
+  Brūtum mātrōnae, ut parentem, annum lūxērunt.[11]                 {40}
+
+    [Footnotes: IX (pages 25-26)
+
+    25.1: Cf. p. 23, n. 8.
+    25.2: #cum#: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H 2.
+    25.3: _proficīscor_.
+    25.4: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    25.5: Join with #inclūsum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7.
+    25.6: dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A 233, _a_:
+    G 356: B 191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection with
+    another dat., as #deō# here (dat. of advantage).
+    25.7: locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, _c_, 2: G 411:
+    B 228, 1.
+    25.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of
+    #cōnsulunt#, ‘consult (by asking).’
+    25.9: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: _Is . . . habēbit, quī
+    . . . erit_.
+    25.10: #prōlāpsus# (_prōlābor_) #cecidisset# (_cadō_) = _prōlāpsus
+    esset et cecidisset_.
+    25.11: See Vocab., _cōnsul_.
+    25.12: Cf. VIII, 17.
+    25.13: _pariō_.
+    25.14: The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, l. 4.
+    25.15: = _quae datae erant_. _datae_ = _missae_, and so is
+    construed with _ad_ and the accusative.
+    25.16: = _prōcessērunt._
+    26.1: #nūdātōs virgīs caedunt# = _nūdant (eōs) et virgīs caedunt_.
+    26.2: = _etiam._
+    26.3: What does the subjunctive express?
+    26.4: _cōnor_.
+    26.5: dat. after _ob_ in #obviam#. The rule regarding compound
+    verbs (p. 2, n. 7) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and
+    adverbs.
+    26.6: _āgnōscō_.
+    26.7: #ipse . . . incēdit#: the _spirit_ of this dramatic sentence
+    may be reproduced thus: ‘Look at him (#ēn ille#)! He is actually
+    adorned with _our_ insignia! See in what a lordly way he
+    advances!’
+    26.8: #Adeō#, ‘such,’ in part qualifies #īnfēstīs#, in part paves
+    the way for the result clause #ut . . . caderent#.
+    26.9: #Alter#: ‘the remaining.’ Why may it be so translated?
+    26.10: #quantō . . . apparātū#: ‘with the greatest possible
+    splendor.’
+    26.11: _lūgeō._]
+
+
+#X. Mucius Scaevola# [[stripped text]]
+
+Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum
+adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta
+potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba
+prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et
+scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex
+esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus
+dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod
+in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus
+iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus
+eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis
+obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia
+appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.
+
+
+  #X. Mūcius Scaevola# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 507]
+
+  Cum Porsena[12] Rōmam obsidēret, Mūcius, vir Rōmānae[13]
+  cōnstantiae, senātum adiit et veniam[14] trānsfugiendī petiit, necem
+    [[27]]
+  rēgis reprōmittēns. Acceptā[1] potestāte cum in castra Porsenae
+  vēnisset, ibi in cōnfertissimā turbā prope tribūnal cōnstitit.
+  Stīpendium tunc forte[2] mīlitibus dabātur et scrība cum           {5}
+  rēge parī[3] ferē ōrnātū sedēbat. Mūcius, īgnōrāns uter rēx esset,
+  illum prō rēge occīdit. Apprehēnsus et ad rēgem pertrāctus[4]
+  dextram accēnsō[5] ad sacrificium foculō iniēcit, velut manum
+  pūniēns, quod[6] in caede peccāsset. Attonitus mīrāculō rēx        {9}
+  iuvenem āmovērī ab altāribus iussit. Tum Mūcius, quasi beneficium
+  remūnerāns, ait trecentōs adversus eum[7] suī similēs coniūrāsse.
+  Quā rē ille territus[8] bellum acceptīs obsidibus dēposuit.[9]
+  Mūciō prāta trāns Tiberim data,[10] ab eō Mūcia appellāta. Statua
+  quoque eī[11] honōris grātiā cōnstitūta est.                      {14}
+
+    [Footnotes: X (pages 26-27)
+
+    26.12: Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the
+    Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne.
+    Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this
+    story, see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius_. Modern
+    authorities on Roman history maintain that Porsena was so
+    successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to
+    submit to a very humiliating treaty.
+    26.13: We would say, ‘truly Roman.’
+    26.14: #veniam trānsfugiendī#: ‘permission to go over (to the
+    enemy).’
+    27.1: #Acceptā# (_accipiō_) #. . . vēnisset# = _Cum potestātem
+    accēpisset et . . . vēnisset_.
+    27.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
+    27.3: #parī . . . ōrnātū#: abl. abs. to denote an attendant
+    circumstance: H 489, 1 (431, 1): M 640: A 255, _d_, 5: G 409, N.:
+    B 227.
+    27.4: _pertrahō_.
+    27.5: _accendō_.
+    27.6: #quod . . . peccāsset# expresses Scaevola’s thought: see
+    H 588, II (516, II): M 851: A 321: G 541: B 286, 1, and cf. p. 14,
+    n. 1, and p. xxi, H 4.
+    27.7: #eum# refers to the king, #suī# to Scaevola. Scaevola’s
+    speech was: _Trecentī adversus tē meī similēs coniūrāvērunt._
+    27.8: _terreō_.
+    27.9: _dēpōnō_.
+    27.10: Sc. _sunt_.
+    27.11: dat. of advantage with #cōnstitūta est#.]
+
+
+#XI. Fabii trecenti sex# [[stripped text]]
+
+479-477 B.C.
+
+Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens
+senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: “Vos alia bella curate;
+Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in
+animo est.” Gratiae ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia egressus,
+comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium
+ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. Numquam
+exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum
+per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes
+unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est
+locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices
+petunt.
+
+Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello
+inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu
+Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur,
+pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in
+insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter
+nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est
+appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem
+impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium
+Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.
+
+
+  #XI. Fabiī trecentī sex# [[as printed]]
+
+  479-477 B.C.
+
+  Cum[12] adsiduīs Vēientium[13] incursiōnibus vexārentur[12] Rōmānī,
+  Fabia gēns senātum adit; cōnsul Fabius prō gente loquitur:
+  “Vōs alia bella cūrāte; Fabiōs[14] hostēs Vēientibus date: id
+  bellum prīvātō sūmptū[15] gerere nōbīs[16] in animō est.” Grātiae eī
+    [[28]]
+  ingentēs āctae sunt. Cōnsul ē Cūriā ēgressus, comitante[1]         {5}
+  Fabiōrum āgmine, domum rediit. Mānat tōtā urbe rūmor; Fabium
+  ad[2] caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabiī posterō diē arma capiunt.
+  Numquam[3] exercitus neque minor numerō neque clārior fāmā et
+  admīrātiōne hominum per urbem incessit. Ībant sex et trecentī
+  mīlitēs, omnēs patriciī, omnēs ūnīus gentis. Ad Cremeram flūmen   {10}
+  perveniunt. Is opportūnus vīsus est locus commūniendō praesidiō.[4]
+  Hostēs nōn[5] semel fūsī pācem supplicēs[6] petunt.
+
+  Vēientēs[7] pācis impetrātae cum brevī paenituisset,[8] redintegrātō
+  bellō iniērunt cōnsilium īnsidiīs ferōcem hostem captandī.
+  Multō successū Fabiīs[9] audācia crēscēbat. Cum igitur pālātī     {15}
+  passim agrōs populārentur, pecora ā Vēientibus obviam[10] ācta
+  sunt; ad quae prōgressī Fabiī in īnsidiās dēlāpsī[11] omnēs ad
+  ūnum periērunt. Diēs, quō id factum est, inter nefāstōs relātus[12]
+  est; porta, quā profectī erant, Scelerāta est appellāta. Ūnus
+  omnīnō superfuit ex eā gente, quī propter aetātem impūberem       {20}
+  domī[13] relīctus[14] erat. Is[15] genus propāgāvit ad Quīntum[16]
+      Fabium
+  Māximum, quī Hannibalem morā[17] frēgit.[18]
+
+    [Footnotes: XI (pages 27-28)
+
+    27.12: The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p. 2,
+    n. 13, and p. xxii, J.
+    27.13: The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a
+    very early time (cf. IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by
+    Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 B.C.
+    27.14: #Fabiōs . . . date#: ‘give the Veientes the Fabii as their
+    enemies,’ i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special
+    business of the Fabii.
+    27.15: Cf. p. 24, n. 9.
+    27.16: #nōbīs . . . est#: since #nōbīs# is a dat. of possession
+    (H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190) with #est#, the phrase
+    exactly = ‘we have it in mind.’ The subject of #est# is the clause
+    #id . . . gerere#. #Fabiōs# is strongly opposed to #vōs#.
+    28.1: #comitante . . . āgmine#: ‘the Fabii accompanying him in a
+    body.’ How literally?
+    28.2: #ad . . . ferunt#: so we ‘laud a person to the skies.’
+    28.3: #Numquam . . . neque . . . neque#: in Latin, as in English,
+    two negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To
+    this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general
+    negative like _nōn_, _numquam_, or _nēmō_ is followed (1) by
+    _neque . . . neque_ or (2) by the emphatic _nē . . . quidem_. In
+    the former case the negation is distributed by the _neque . . .
+    neque_ into two (or more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the
+    full weight of the negation is concentrated upon a single word or
+    phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed.
+    28.4: dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is
+    especially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a
+    noun.
+    28.5: #nōn semel#: ‘not once (only),’ i.e. repeatedly.
+    28.6: Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
+    28.7: #Vēientēs . . . paenituisset#: lit., ‘when it had repented
+    the V. of the peace which they had secured.’ What is our idiom?
+    #paenituisset# is wholly impersonal; #Vēientēs# is acc., though
+    logically its subject, and #pācis# is gen., though logically its
+    object. H 457 (409, III): M 585: A 221, _b_: G 377: B 209.
+    28.8: See p. 2, n. 13.
+    28.9: dat. of reference: H 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N. 2): M 537:
+    A 235, _a_: G 346: B 187, II.
+    28.10: Sc. _eīs_: ‘to meet them.’
+    28.11: _dēlābor_.
+    28.12: _refero_.
+    28.13: locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G 411, R.
+    2: B 232, 2.
+    28.14: _relinquō_.
+    28.15: #Is . . . Māximum#: freely ‘he saved the family from
+    extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.’
+    28.16: See Selection XIX.
+    28.17: Fabius, by his ‘policy of masterly inactivity,’ gained the
+    title of _Cunctātor_, ‘the Delayer.’
+    28.18: _frangō_.]
+
+
+#XII. Lucius Virginius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creati
+sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis
+eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia in
+exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam
+adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e
+clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum
+se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius,
+puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini
+venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit
+manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni faciat,
+minatur se vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis
+fit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat
+in ius, ipso Appio iudice.
+
+Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a
+castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro
+exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et
+civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum
+in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi
+nihil usquam auxilii vidit, “Quaeso,” inquit “Appi, ignosce patrio
+dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui.” Data venia pater cum filiam
+seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero
+sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad
+vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum
+insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se
+abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius
+Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.
+
+
+    [[29]]
+
+  #XII. Lūcius Virgīnius# [[as printed]]
+
+  Annō trecentēsimō[1] ab urbe[2] conditā prō duōbus cōnsulibus
+  decemvirī creātī sunt, quī[3] adlātās ē Graeciā lēgēs populō
+  prōpōnerent.[4] Duodecim[5] tabulīs[6] eae sunt perscrīptae. Cēterum
+  decemvirī[7] suā[8] ipsōrum īnsolentiā in exitium āctī sunt. Nam
+  ūnus ex iīs Appius Claudius virginem plēbēiam adamāvit. Quam[9]    {5}
+  cum Appius nōn posset pretiō ac spē perlicere, ūnum ē
+  clientibus[10] subōrnāvit, quī eam in[11] servitūtem dēpōsceret,[12]
+      facile
+  victūrum[13] sē spērāns, cum ipse esset et accūsātor et iūdex. Lūcius
+  Virgīnius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mīlitiae causā. Cliēns igitur
+  virginī[14] venientī in Forum (namque ibi in tabernīs litterārum[15]
+  lūdī erant) iniēcit manum, adfīrmāns suam esse servam. Eam        {11}
+  sequī sē iubet; nī faciat,[16] minātur sē vī abstrāctūrum. Pavidā
+  puellā[17] stupente,[17] ad clāmōrem nūtrīcis fit concursus. Itaque
+      cum
+  ille puellam vī nōn posset abdūcere, eam vocat in iūs, ipsō
+  Appiō[17] iūdice.[17]                                             {15}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 449.]
+
+  Intereā missī nūntiī ad Virgīnium properant. Is commeātū
+  sūmptō ā castrīs profectus prīmā lūce Rōmam advēnit, cum iam
+  cīvitās in Forō exspectātiōne ērēcta stābat. Virgīnius statim in
+  Forum lacrimābundus et cīvium opem implōrāns fīliam suam
+    [[30]]
+  dēdūcit. Neque[1] eō sētius Appius, cum in tribūnal ēscendisset,  {20}
+  Virgīniam clientī suō addīxit. Tum pater, ubi nihil ūsquam
+  auxiliī[2] vīdit, “Quaesō,” inquit “Appī, īgnōsce patriō dolōrī[3];
+  sine mē fīliam ultimum adloquī.” Datā veniā pater cum fīliam
+  sēdūxisset, ab laniō cultrō[4] adreptō pectus puellae trānsfīgit.
+  Tum vērō sibi viam facit et respersus cruōre ad exercitum profugit
+  et mīlitēs ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitātus            {26}
+  exercitus montem Aventīnum īnsēdit; decem tribūnōs[5] mīlitum
+  creāvit; decemvirōs magistrātū sē abdicāre coēgit[6] eōsque omnēs
+  aut morte aut exiliō multāvit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem
+  coniectus mortem sibi cōnscīvit.[7]                               {30}
+
+    [Footnotes: XII (pages 29-30)
+
+    29.1: The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in
+    451 B.C.
+    29.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 15.
+    29.3: #quī . . . prōpōnerent#: i.e. after studying the laws of
+    Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.
+    29.4: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    29.5: From this circumstance the code was known as the _Lēgēs XII
+    Tabulārum_.
+    29.6: abl. of means; we say ‘_on_ tablets.’ The tablets were of
+    bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these
+    laws to memory.
+    29.7: The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of
+    which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second
+    board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second
+    board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in
+    all respects just.
+    29.8: #suā ipsōrum#: a strong expression for ‘their own.’
+    29.9: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    29.10: See Vocab., _cliēns_.
+    29.11: #in servitūtem# expresses purpose (cf. p. 14, n. 4), and so
+    = _ut serva esset_.
+    29.12: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    29.13: _vincō_.
+    29.14: Join with #iniēcit manum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7.
+    29.15: #litterārum lūdī#: schools where children were taught their
+    A B C’s, i.e. what we should call ‘primary schools.’
+    29.16: subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect
+    quotation, which depends on #minātur#. The threat was: _Nī (id)
+    fēceris, vī (tē) abstraham_.
+    29.17: abl. abs.
+    30.1: #Neque eō sētius#: ‘nevertheless.’ How literally? #eō# =
+    ‘for that reason.’
+    30.2: partitive gen. with #nihil#: H 441 (397, 1): M 564: A 216,
+    _a_, 3: G 369: B 201, 2.
+    30.3: dat. with #īgnōsce#: H 426, 2 (385, II): M 531: A 227:
+    G 346: B 187, II, _a_.
+    30.4: #cultrō . . . trānsfīgit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    30.5: #tribūnōs#: two armies were in the field against the Sabines
+    and Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed,
+    and ten tribunes, or ‘captains,’ were chosen in their place.
+    30.6: _cōgō_.
+    30.7: _cōnscīscō_. With this whole story cf. Macaulay’s _Lays_,
+    _Virginia_.]
+
+
+#XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rūs relegatus
+erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno
+plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate
+laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad
+Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii
+stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat.
+Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans,
+accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod
+animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem
+anno tribunus militum factus est.
+
+Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra
+posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii
+constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine
+in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit “Quem nunc” inquit
+“Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus
+certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior.” Diu inter
+primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione
+ad imperatorem pergit: “Iniussu tuo,” inquit, “imperator, extra ordinem
+numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis,
+volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae
+Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit.” Cui imperator “Macte virtute,”
+inquit “Tite Manli, esto: perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta.”
+
+Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur gladio,
+ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et
+linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus
+ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter
+corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem
+transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem
+detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor
+cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur
+et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde
+Torquati cognomen accepit.
+
+Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam
+militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret.
+T. Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium
+accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium
+agnovit, “Visne” inquit “congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu
+cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?” Movit ferocem animum
+iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii
+paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit
+spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus
+consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere,
+“Quandoquidem” inquit “tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti,
+oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste
+exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad
+palum.” Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est
+cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores
+tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita
+exsecrata est.
+
+Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum
+proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et
+furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et
+cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci
+iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus
+erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad
+conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est
+et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui
+occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium
+carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti
+concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille
+conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et
+centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: “Te morte
+plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis
+commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non
+paruisti.”
+
+Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios
+acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit.
+Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii
+Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae
+severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re
+statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id
+a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari
+iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae,
+solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die
+pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales
+eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam
+tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et
+proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et
+religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat
+ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne
+exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et
+eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus
+consulere se de iure praebuit.
+
+
+  #XIII. Titus Mānlius Torquātus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Titus Mānlius ob ingeniī et linguae tarditātem ā patre rūs[8]
+  relēgātus erat. Quī cum audīvisset patrī[9] diem dictam esse ā
+  Pompōniō, tribūnō plēbis, cēpit cōnsilium rudis quidem et agrestis
+  animī,[10] sed pietāte laudābile. Cultrō succinctus māne in
+  urbem atque ā portā cōnfēstim ad[11] Pompōnium pergit:             {5}
+  intrōductus[12] cultrum stringit et super lectum Pompōniī stāns sē eum
+  trānsfīxūrum minātur, nisi ab inceptā accūsātiōne dēsistat.[13]
+      Pavidus
+    [[31]]
+  tribūnus, quīppe[1] quī cerneret ferrum ante oculōs micāns,
+      accūsātiōnem
+  dīmīsit. Ea rēs adulēscentī[2] eō[3] māiōrī[4] fuit honōrī
+  quod animum ēius acerbitās paterna ā pietāte nōn āvertisset,      {10}
+  ideōque eōdem annō tribūnus mīlitum factus est.
+
+    [Illustration: MĪLIĀRIUM]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 361.]
+
+  Cum posteā Gallī[5] ad tertium[6] lapidem trāns Aniēnem fluvium
+  castra posuissent, exercitus Rōmānus ab urbe profectus in citeriōre
+  rīpā fluviī cōnstitit. Pōns in mediō[7] erat: tunc Gallus
+  eximiā corporis māgnitūdine in vacuum pontem                      {15}
+  prōcessit et quam[8] māximā vōce potuit “Quem
+  nunc” inquit “Rōma fortissimum habet, is prōcēdat[9]
+  agedum ad pūgnam, ut ēventus certāminis nostrī
+  ostendat utra gēns bellō sit melior.” Diū inter
+  prīmōrēs iuvenum Rōmānōrum silentium fuit. Tum                    {20}
+  Titus Mānlius ex statiōne ad imperātōrem pergit:
+  “Iniussū[10] tuō,” inquit, “imperātor, extrā ōrdinem
+  numquam pūgnāverim,[11] nōn sī certam victōriam                   {23}
+  videam[11]; sī tū permittis, volō ego illī bēluae ostendere mē ex eā
+  familiā ortum esse, quae Gallōrum āgmen ex rūpe Tarpēiā dēiēcit.”[12]
+    [[32]]
+  Cuī imperātor “Macte[1] virtūte,” inquit “Tite Mānlī, estō: perge
+  et nōmen Rōmānum invictum praestā.”                               {27}
+
+  Armant deinde iuvenem aequālēs: scūtum capit, Hispānō[2]
+  cingitur[3] gladiō, ad propiōrem[4] pūgnam habilī. Exspectābat eum
+  Gallus stolidē laetus et linguam ab inrīsū exserēns.              {30}
+  Ubi cōnstitēre[5] inter duās aciēs, Gallus ēnsem cum
+  ingentī sonitū in arma Mānliī dēiēcit. Mānlius vērō
+  inter corpus et arma Gallī sēsē īnsinuāns ūnō[6] alterōque
+  īctū ventrem trānsfōdit et in spatium ingēns
+  ruentem porrēxit hostem; iacentī[7] torquem dētrāxit,             {35}
+  quem cruōre respersum[8] collō[9] circumdedit[10] suō.
+  Dēfīxerat pavor[11] cum admīrātiōne Gallōs; Rōmānī
+  alacrēs obviam mīlitī suō prōgrediuntur et grātulantēs
+  laudantēsque ad imperātōrem perdūcunt. Mānlius
+  inde Torquātī cōgnōmen accēpit.                                   {40}
+
+    [Illustration: GLADIUS]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]
+
+  Īdem Mānlius, posteā cōnsul factus bellō Latīnō,
+  ut dīsciplīnam mīlitārem restitueret, ēdīxit nē[12] quis
+  extrā ōrdinem in hostēs pūgnāret. T. Mānlius,[13]
+  cōnsulis fīlius, cum propius forte ad statiōnem hostium           {44}
+  accessisset, is, quī Latīnō equitātuī praeerat, ubi cōnsulis fīlium
+  āgnōvit,[14] “Vīsne” inquit “congredī mēcum, ut singulāris certāminis
+  ēventū cernātur, quantum eques Latīnus Rōmānō praestet?”
+  Mōvit ferōcem animum iuvenis seu īra seu dētrēctandī[15]
+    [[33]]
+  certāminis pudor. Itaque oblītus[1] imperiī[2] paternī in certāmen
+  ruit et Latīnum[3] ex equō excussum trānsfīxit spoliīsque lēctīs  {50}
+  in castra ad patrem vēnit. Extemplō fīlium āversātus
+  cōnsul mīlitēs classicō advocat. Quī postquam
+  frequentēs convēnēre, “Quandōquidem” inquit “tū,
+  fīlī, contrā imperium cōnsulis pūgnāstī, oportet[4]
+  dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, poenā[5] tuā restituās.               {55}
+  Trīste exemplum, sed in[6] posterum salūbre iuventūtī
+  eris. Ī,[7] līctor, dēligā[8] ad pālum.” Metū omnēs
+  obstupuēre; sed postquam cervīce caesā fūsus est cruor, in questūs
+  et lāmenta ērūpēre.[9] Mānliō Rōmam redeuntī seniōrēs tantum
+  obviam exiērunt: iuventūs et tunc eum et omnī[10] deinde vītā     {60}
+  exsecrāta est.
+
+    [Illustration: LĪCTOR]
+
+  Operae pretium erit aliud sevēritātis dīsciplīnae Rōmānae
+  exemplum prōferre, simul ut appāreat quam facile sevēritās in[11]
+  crūdēlitātem et furōrem abeat. Cn. Pīsō fuit[12] vir ā multīs vitiīs
+  integer, sed prāvus et cuī[13] placēbat prō cōnstantiā rigor. Is  {65}
+  cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, quasi[14] interfēcisset
+  commīlitōnem, cum quō ēgressus erat ē castrīs et sine quō redierat,
+  rogantī[15] tempus aliquod ad conquīrendum[16] nōn dedit.
+  Damnātus mīles extrā castrōrum vāllum ductus est et iam cervīcem
+  porrigēbat, cum subitō appāruit ille commīlitō, quī occīsus[17]   {70}
+    [[34]]
+  dīcēbātur. Tunc centuriō suppliciō praepositus condere gladium
+  carnificem iubet. Ambō commīlitōnēs alter alterum complexī
+  ingentī concursū et māgnō gaudiō exercitūs dēdūcuntur ad Pīsōnem.
+  Ille cōnscendit tribūnal furēns et utrumque ad mortem             {74}
+  dūcī iubet, adicit et centuriōnem, quī damnātum mīlitem redūxerat,
+  haec praefātus[1]: “Tē morte plectī iubeō, quia iam damnātus
+  es; tē, quia causa damnātiōnis commīlitōnī fuistī; tē, quia
+  iussus occīdere mīlitem imperātōrī[2] nōn pāruistī.”
+
+  Cēterum Mānliānae gentis[3] propriam ferē fuisse[4] illam in
+  fīliōs acerbitātem alius Mānlius, illīus dē quō suprā dīximus     {80}
+  nepōs, ostendit. Cum Macedonum lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent
+  conquestum[5] dē Sīlānō, Mānliī Torquātī fīliō, quod praetor[6]
+      prōvinciam
+  expīlāsset,[7] pater, avītae sevēritātis hērēs, petiit ā patribus[8]
+  cōnscrīptīs nē quid dē eā rē statuerent, antequam ipse īnspexisset
+  Macedonum et fīliī suī causam. Id ā senātū libenter concessum     {85}
+  est virō summae[9] dīgnitātis, cōnsulārī iūrisque cīvīlis perītissimō.
+  Itaque, īnstitūtā domī cōgnitiōne causae, sōlus per tōtum bīduum
+  utramque partem audiēbat ac tertiō diē prōnūntiāvit fīlium suum
+  vidērī nōn tālem fuisse in prōvinciā, quālēs ēius māiōrēs fuissent,
+  et in cōnspectum suum deinceps venīre vetuit. Tam trīstī patris   {90}
+  iūdiciō perculsus[10] lūcem[11] ulterius intuērī nōn sustinuit et
+  proximā[12] nocte vītam suspendiō fīnīvit. Perēgerat[13] Torquātus
+      sevērī
+  et religiōsī iūdicis partēs,[14] satisfactum erat reī pūblicae,
+      habēbat
+  ultiōnem Macedonia, at nōndum erat īnflexus patris rigor. Igitur  {94}
+  nē[15] exsequiīs quidem fīliī interfuit, ut patribus mōs erat apud
+    [[35]]
+  Rōmānōs, et eō ipsō diē, quō fūnus ēius dūcēbātur, aurēs, ut
+  solēbat, volentibus cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIII (pages 30-34)
+
+    30.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    30.9: #patrī . . . esse#: ‘that a day had been set against his
+    father (for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to
+    appear for trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was
+    that of cruelty to his son. #patrī# is a dat. of disadvantage.
+    30.10: #cēpit . . . laudābile#: ‘he formed a plan (which, though
+    it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless
+    commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’
+    For #quidem . . . sed#, cf. p. 10, n. 10. #animī# is a genitive of
+    quality or description with #cōnsilium#.
+    30.11: #ad Pompōnium# = ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’
+    30.12: = a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’
+    30.13: For the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16.
+    31.1: #quīppe quī#: ‘since indeed he,’ etc. #quī# = _cum is_
+    (cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the
+    subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, 3, 1)):
+    M 840: A 320, _e_, N. 1: G 633: B 283, 3, _a_.
+    31.2: dat. of advantage.
+    31.3: #eō# = ‘for this reason,’ explained by #quod . . .
+    āvertisset#.
+    31.4: #māiōrī fuit honōrī#: ‘was all the more credit’; cf. p. 25,
+    n. 6.
+    31.5: In the fifth century B.C. the Gauls left their homes in
+    northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the
+    fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula
+    was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands
+    to the south.
+    31.6: With #tertium# sc. _ab urbe Rōmā_. On all the roads leading
+    from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the
+    gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road
+    issued from the capital.
+    31.7: Sc. _duōrum exercituum_, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’
+    31.8: #quam . . . potuit#: cf. p. 26, n. 10.
+    31.9: subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II):
+    M 713: A 266: G 263, 3: B 274.
+    31.10: #Iniussū tuō#: ‘without your consent.’
+    31.11: subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936:
+    A 307, _b_: G 596: B 303.
+    31.12: In 388 B.C. the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of
+    Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the
+    father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the
+    sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path,
+    and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled
+    the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the
+    Capitol.
+    32.1: #macte virtūte . . . estō#: lit., ‘be glorified in
+    (respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of
+    commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success
+    attend thee!’
+    32.2: A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long,
+    used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was
+    long and without point.
+    32.3: = _cingit sē_, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’
+    32.4: ‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.
+    32.5: _cōnsistō_. What tense?
+    32.6: #ūnō alterōque īctū#: ‘with one stroke after the other’;
+    i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.
+    32.7: Sc. _eī_, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ See p. 17,
+    n. 4.
+    32.8: _respergō_.
+    32.9: What case?
+    32.10: In its compounds, _dare_ more often = ‘to put’ than ‘to
+    give.’
+    32.11: #pavor cum admīrātiōne# = _pavor et admīrātiō_; cf. _mentēs
+    cum oculīs_, II, 12.
+    32.12: #nē quis . . . pūgnāret#: ‘that no one should fight.’ For
+    the subjunctive, see p. 9, n. 6.
+    32.13: Subject of #accessisset#. For its position, see p. 19,
+    n. 7.
+    32.14: _āgnōscō_.
+    32.15: #dētrēctandī . . . pudor#: ‘his unwillingness to decline
+    the fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible. _Pudor_
+    implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be
+    attributed to cowardice.
+    33.1: _oblivīscor_.
+    33.2: dependent on #oblītus#: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1:
+    G 376: B 206, 1.
+    33.3: #excussum trānsfīxit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    33.4: #oportet restituās#: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’
+    _Oportet_ is construed either with the infinitive or with the
+    subjunctive of result with _ut_ omitted.
+    33.5: Why abl.?
+    33.6: #in posterum# (cf. p. 4, n. 9) = ‘for the future.’
+    33.7: Imperative of _eō_.
+    33.8: Cf. _Stābant ad pālum dēligāti_, IX, 21.
+    33.9: _ērumpō_.
+    33.10: #omnī . . . vītā#: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’
+    In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. with _per_ is far more
+    common. #deinde#, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be
+    rendered by an adj.: cf. p. 10, n. 14.
+    33.11: #in . . . abeat#: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’
+    33.12: #fuit . . . sed#: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . .
+    but, after all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sense
+    _quidem . . . sed_ is commonly used: cf. p. 10, n. 10.
+    33.13: H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
+    33.14: Cf. p. 3, n. 6.
+    33.15: Sc. _mīlitī_, and join with _dedit_.
+    33.16: Sc. _commīlitōnem_.
+    33.17: Sc. _esse_.
+    34.1: _praefor_.
+    34.2: H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
+    34.3: Join with _propriam_. _Proprius_, like _similis_, is
+    construed with both the gen. and the dat.
+    34.4: dependent on #ostendit#, l. 81.
+    34.5: supine of _conqueror_, expressing purpose. Cf. p. 5, n. 20.
+    34.6: ‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’
+    34.7: Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched
+    themselves by extortion.
+    34.8: See Vocab., _cōnscrīptus_.
+    34.9: #summae . . . perītissimō#: these words contain the reasons
+    why #Id . . . concessum est#.
+    34.10: _percellō_.
+    34.11: #lūcem . . . sustinuit#: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How
+    literally?
+    34.12: The context must determine whether #proximā nocte# = ‘the
+    next night’ or ‘last night.’
+    34.13: _pergō_.
+    34.14: ‘role.’ This meaning of _partēs_ is borrowed from the
+    theater.
+    34.15: #nē . . . quidem# is a very strong negative, and generally
+    emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the _nē_ and the
+    _quidem_.]
+
+
+#XIV. Publius Decius# [[stripped text]]
+
+P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus militum
+fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius editum
+collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio verticem
+occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in
+aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis
+circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno
+oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona
+civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello
+Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio
+obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset,
+convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se
+Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus
+devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit:
+corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.
+
+
+  #XIV. Pūblius Decius# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 343.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]
+
+    [Illustration: CORŌNA CĪVICA]
+
+  P. Decius,[1] Valeriō[2] Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō cōnsulibus,
+  tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurī
+  montis clausō[3] Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentem
+  hostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem[4] occupāvit, hostēs
+  terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōrem   {5}
+  locum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,[5] undique
+  armātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocte
+  per[6] mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās[7]
+  incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū
+  dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī,                       {10}
+  quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellō
+  Latīnō cum Mānliō[8] Torquātō. Hōc
+  bellō cum[9] utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset
+  eōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset,
+  convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs[10]
+  sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēs    {16}
+  diīs Mānibus dēvōvit.[11] Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōs
+  hostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIV (page 35)
+
+    35.1: His full name was P. Decius Mus.
+    35.2: #Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus#: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For
+    the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): M 639:
+    A 255, _a_: G 409: B 227, 1. For another method of dating events,
+    cf. XII, 1.
+    35.3: _claudō_.
+    35.4: Sc. _collis_.
+    35.5: _īnsideō_.
+    35.6: #per . . . cūstōdiās#: ‘through the _midst of_ the enemy’s
+    pickets.’ Cf. l. 17, #in mediōs hostēs#, ‘against the enemy’s
+    center.’ Note the difference between the Latin and the English
+    idioms. H 497, 4 (440, N. 1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291, R. 2:
+    B 241, 1.
+    35.7: _opprimō_.
+    35.8: Cf. XIII, 41.
+    35.9: #cum . . . obvēnisset#: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’
+    How literally? The subject of #obvēnisset# is #eōs . . .
+    cecidisset#. So the subject of #convēnit# is #utī . . .
+    dēvovēret#.
+    35.10: See Vocab., _Mānēs_.
+    35.11: Decius’ act was called #dēvōtiō#, and proceeded from the
+    idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming
+    another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this
+    formula: “As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the
+    legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes
+    myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.”]
+
+
+#XV. Manius Curius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis vicit.
+In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse
+inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,
+catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato
+iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse.
+Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti
+cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt
+dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent
+aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie
+vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo
+viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret,
+plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque
+perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non
+esset.
+
+Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in Capitolio
+delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, coniectis
+in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum citari
+iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae subiecit,
+deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis appellasset,
+ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo cive, qui
+nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti auxilio
+fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui
+militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri
+adacti nomina promptius dederunt.
+
+His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit.
+Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum
+primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum
+revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum
+consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit.
+Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam
+Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus
+paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae
+cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri,
+periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu
+libratam in caput regis deiecit.
+
+
+    [[36]]
+
+  #XV. Mānius Curius# [[as printed]]
+
+  Mānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus[1] eōs ingentibus proeliīs
+  vīcit.[2] In quō bellō cum permultum agrī[3] hominumque[3]
+  māximam vim[4] cēpisset,[5] ipse inde[6] dītārī adeō[7] nōluit, ut,
+      cum                                                            {3}
+  interversae[8] pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō[9] līgneō, quō[10] ūtī ad
+  sacrificia cōnsuēverat,[11] in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil amplius
+  dē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō[12] ad focum    {6}
+  sedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnum
+  aurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,[13] repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitque
+  nōn[14] aurum habēre[15] sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs quī habērent
+  aurum imperāre.[15] Quō respōnsō Curius Samnītibus ostendit sē    {10}
+  neque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēna
+  iūgera populō virītim dīvīsit[16]; cumque ipsī senātus iūgera
+  quīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibus
+  erat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,[17] quī eō,[18] quod
+  reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.[19]                    {15}
+
+  Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque
+  in Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō[20] bellī nōmina[21]
+  nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibus
+  prīmum[22] nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns nōn
+  respondēret, bona[23] ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum is         {20}
+    [[37]]
+  questus[1] dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs[2] plēbis appellāsset, ipsum
+      quoque
+  vēndidit, nihil[3] opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,[4] quī nescīret
+  pārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī[5] auxiliō[5]
+      fuērunt;
+  posteāque rēs[6] in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō,    {24}
+  quī[7] mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc[8] terrōre
+  cēterī adāctī[9] nōmina prōmptius dedērunt.
+
+    [Illustration: ELEPHANT]
+
+  Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit[10] dēque eō rēge
+  triumphāvit. Īnsīgnem[11] triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantī
+  cum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae[12]
+  vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī[12] praesidiō                    {30}
+  in Ēpīrum revertit. Cum[13] autem
+  bellum renovātūrus putārētur, Mānium
+  Curium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.[14]
+  Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū
+  līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōs                                {35}
+  oppūgnat,[15] urbem iam ingressus ā iuvene
+  quōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātus
+  est. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula,
+  cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium
+  spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulneris         {40}
+  suī māgnō impetū ferrī,[16] perīculō fīliī suī commōta prōtinus
+      tēgulam
+  corripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam[17] in caput rēgis dēiēcit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XV (pages 36-37)
+
+    36.1: _proficīscor_.
+    36.2: _vincō_.
+    36.3: partitive gen.: cf. p. 30, n. 2.
+    36.4: Cf. p. 4, n. 11.
+    36.5: _capiō_.
+    36.6: i.e. from the _ager_, or the money derived from the sale of
+    the _hominēs_.
+    36.7: Cf. p. 26, n. 8.
+    36.8: See p. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A 220:
+    G 378: B 208, 1.
+    36.9: #catīllō . . . prōlātō# (_prōferō_) #iūrāret# = _catīllum
+    prōferret et iūrāret_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    36.10: H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.
+    36.11: _cōnsuēscō_.
+    36.12: Join with #attulissent#.
+    36.13: _adferō_.
+    36.14: #nōn . . . imperāre#: ‘it was not the having gold that
+    seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’
+    Give Curius’ exact words.
+    36.15: subjects of #vidērī#: cf. p. 6, n. 16.
+    36.16: = _distribuit_.
+    36.17: We would say, ‘_that_ citizen.’
+    36.18: H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, _b_, 2: G 401, N. 6:
+    B 219.
+    36.19: Why subjunctive?
+    36.20: abl. of cause.
+    36.21: _nōmina dare_ = to hand in one’s name to a recruiting
+    officer, i.e. ‘to volunteer.’
+    36.22: #prīmum nōmen#: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.
+    36.23: #bona . . . subiēcit#: i.e. he sold his goods at auction.
+    At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was
+    set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.
+    37.1: _queror_.
+    37.2: The _tribūnī plēbis_ had been created for the express
+    purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the
+    patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the
+    acts of any magistrate.
+    37.3: #nihil# (adv. acc.) #. . . cīve#: ‘the state had no need of
+    that citizen.’
+    37.4: abl. with #opus#: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243, _e_:
+    G 406: B 218, 2.
+    37.5: For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6.
+    37.6: #rēs . . . ābiit#: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.
+    _sevēritās . . . abeat_, XIII, 63.
+    37.7: ‘whoever.’
+    37.8: #Hōc terrōre#: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this
+    (act).’
+    37.9: _adigō_.
+    37.10: At Beneventum, 275 B.C.
+    37.11: #Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī#: ‘this triumph was made notable
+    by the presence of four elephants.’ How literally?
+    37.12: Cf. p. 25, n. 7.
+    37.13: #Cum . . . putārētur#: with #renovātūrus# sc. _esse_. For
+    the personal construction, see p. 7, n. 12.
+    37.14: Sc. _populō Rōmānō_. Its subject is the clause #Mānium
+    . . . fierī#; hence the infin. #fierī#.
+    37.15: ‘_was_ besieging.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 14.
+    37.16: ‘rushing.’ How literally?
+    37.17: #lībrātam . . . dēiēcit# = _lībrāvit et dēiēcit_.]
+
+
+#XVI. Gaius Duilius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret naves
+Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos,
+machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem,
+excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto
+ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus
+dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit.
+Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam
+praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.
+
+Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla
+victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari
+plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam
+praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.
+
+Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham
+saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria
+classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa
+infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex
+amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, “Consulit”
+inquit “vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis
+instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?” Acclamavit
+universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille
+“Conflixit” inquit “et superatus est.” Ita non potuerunt factum damnare,
+quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis
+supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos
+adficiebatur.
+
+
+    [[38]]
+
+  #XVI. Gāius Duīlius# [[as printed]]
+
+  Gāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus[1] dēvīcit.
+  Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīs
+  vēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs,
+  māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs
+  tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae[2] manūs ubi                 {5}
+  hostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō ponte
+  trānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus[3] et in ipsōrum[4] ratibus
+  comminus dīmicābant, unde[5] Rōmānīs, quī rōbore
+  praestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt
+  expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiam                {10}
+  praetōria[6] septirēmis[7] capta est, mersae[8] tredecim.
+
+    [Illustration: COLUMNA RŌSTRĀTA OF DUĪLIUS]
+
+  Duīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmus
+  nāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōria
+  Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod[9] invictī terrā
+  iam etiam marī plūrimum[10] possent.[9] Itaque                    {15}
+  Duīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītam
+  praelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ā
+  cēnā redīret.[11]
+
+    [Illustration: TĪBĪCEN]
+
+  Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī
+  quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrum      {20}
+  manūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē[12] in patriā classis[13] āmissae
+    [[39]]
+  poenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcī
+  pūgnā priusquam[1] clādis nūntius domum[2] pervenīret[1] quendam
+  ex amīcīs Carthāginem[2] mīsit. Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit,
+  “Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum[3] dux Rōmānōrum māgnīs      {25}
+  cōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,[3] num cum eō cōnflīgere
+  dēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn[4]
+  cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātus
+  est.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse
+  iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit:      {30}
+  nam eō[5] poenae genere dux rē[6] male gestā apud Poenōs
+  adficiēbātur.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVI (pages 38-39)
+
+    38.1: #prīmus dēvīcit#: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf.
+    _prīmus ēgit_, l. 12. H 497, and 1 (443 and 1): A 191: G 325, R.
+    6: B 239. Such a phrase as _prīmus fuit dēvincere_ is never used
+    by good writers.
+    38.2: ‘These’; cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    38.3: a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’
+    38.4: Sc. _hostium_.
+    38.5: = ‘and as a consequence.’
+    38.6: Cf. _rēgius_, I, 17. The Romans applied the term _praetor_
+    to the commander of any foreign force.
+    38.7: Sc. _nāvis_. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had
+    five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius,
+    the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel
+    which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.
+    38.8: _mergō_; sc. _sunt_.
+    38.9: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    38.10: ‘were supreme’; cf. p. 23, n. 1.
+    38.11: In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta
+    was erected in the Forum.
+    38.12: #nē . . . daret#: a clause of purpose, dependent on
+    #veritus#: H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331, _f_: G 550: B 296, 2.
+    38.13: #classis āmissae#: ‘for losing the fleet’; see p. 5, n. 15.
+    39.1: Cf. p. 12, n. 5.
+    39.2: Why accusative?
+    39.3: causal subjunctive.
+    39.4: _quīn_ with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after
+    negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2): M 913: A 332,
+    _g_, R.: G 555, 2: B 298.
+    39.5: #eō . . . adficiēbātur#: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’
+    How literally?
+    39.6: #rē male gestā#: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?]
+
+
+#XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno Carthaginiensis
+ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donec
+novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus
+est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum esse, quod paucis
+ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. Cornelius enim, velut
+in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis comprehensus erat et in
+vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed periculum astuto
+responso avertit: “Hoc vero” inquit “si feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris
+meliores.” Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et
+conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: “Isto te metu, Hanno,
+fides Romana liberat.” De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul
+victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.
+
+Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam urbem
+et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam
+cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet,
+anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites
+ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso
+pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari
+poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente.
+Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut
+arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere
+oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu
+vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium
+beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.
+
+Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. Quod
+ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem
+septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum,
+aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor
+in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi
+alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica
+pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac
+liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes
+contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi
+durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium petierunt.
+
+Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus
+miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia
+hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in
+carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis captivis missus est
+dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui
+cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne
+diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse
+senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos
+Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam
+confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti
+sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem
+rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad
+exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit.
+Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim
+resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset
+ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in
+arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut
+erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
+quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore
+continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita
+clarior et inlustrior.
+
+
+  #XVII. Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 256.]
+
+  Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde[7] adfēcisset, Hannō
+  Carthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,[8] rē
+  vērā ut[8] tempus extraheret,[8] dōnec[9] novae cōpiae ex Āfricā
+  advenīrent.[9] Is ubi ad cōnsulem accessit, exortus[10] est mīlitum
+  clāmor audītaque vōx, idem[11] huīc faciendum esse, quod paucīs    {5}
+  ante annīs[12] Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset. Cornēlius
+  enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīs
+  comprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēre
+  incipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit
+    [[40]]
+  “sī fēceritis,[1] nihilō[2] eritis Āfrīs[3] meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēre
+  iussit eōs, quī pār[4] parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns[5]
+      gravitātī                                                     {11}
+  Rōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmāna
+  līberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsul
+  victōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit.
+
+  Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus[6] Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit.     {15}
+  Clypeam urbem et trecenta[7] castella expūgnāvit, neque[8]
+  cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Nam
+  cum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdine
+  exercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit;
+  plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit[9]; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentis       {20}
+  hālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārī
+  poterat, dūrissimā[10] squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile repellente.
+  Cōnfugiendum[11] fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs[12]       {23}
+  et catapultīs, velut[13] arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis fuit.
+  Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus[14] iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmen
+  corporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castra
+  inde submovēre coēgit.[15] Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs[16]
+  longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus.
+
+  Huīc ob rēs[17] bene gestās imperium in annum proximum prōrogātum
+    [[41]]
+  est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicum          {30}
+  suum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum[1] habēbat, mortuum esse et
+  servum, occāsiōnem nactum,[2] aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō[3]
+  rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi[4] successor in Āfricam mitterētur,
+  nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde[5] uxor et līberī alerentur.[6]  {34}
+  Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā pecūniā
+  redimī iussit, agellum colendum[7] locāvit, alimenta[8] coniugī ac
+  līberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsium
+  opēs contudit[9] eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cum
+  Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus[10] dare, ā
+  Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt.                            {40}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 255]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 251]
+
+  Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum, Carthāginiēnsibus
+  mīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē[10]:
+  nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānō
+  exercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carcerem
+  coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs captīvīs missus          {45}
+  est datō iūreiūrandō. ut,[11] sī nōn impetrāsset,[12] redīret ipse
+  Carthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātum
+  mandāta exposuit; sententiam[13] nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū[14]
+  iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus
+  tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit[15] esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōs   {50}
+    [[42]]
+  reddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iam
+  cōnfectum[1] senectūte. Cūius cum[2] valuisset auctōritās, captīvī
+  retentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen
+  Carthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum
+  hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandum      {55}
+  cōnservandum[3] putāvit. Reversum[4] Carthāginiēnsēs omnī
+  cruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locō
+  tenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repente
+  ēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam,
+  undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctus   {60}
+  perpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
+  quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et dolōre
+  continuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītā
+  clārior et inlūstrior.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVII (pages 39-42)
+
+    39.7: #clāde adfēcisset# = ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf. _eō
+    genere . . . adficiēbātur_, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval
+    victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.
+    39.8: Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the
+    future participle being exactly equivalent to _ut_ with the
+    subjunctive. See p. xviii, E 5; #quasi# = ‘as if,’ and is
+    contrasted with #rē vērā#, ‘in reality.’
+    39.9: The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p.
+    xx, G 3.
+    39.10: _exorior_.
+    39.11: #idem . . . esse#: ‘the same thing _ought to be done_ to
+    him.’ The gerundive with _esse_ denotes either physical necessity
+    (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).
+    39.12: abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655:
+    A 250: G 403: B 223. #paucīs annīs# is a sort of temporal adverb
+    with _ante_.
+    40.1: Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two
+    _past_ actions the prior is expressed by the _pluperfect_ tense;
+    of two _future_ actions the prior is expressed by the _future
+    perfect_ tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if
+    you do.’
+    40.2: Join with #meliōrēs#, and cf. p. 39, n. 12.
+    40.3: i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind _Pūnica fidēs_ was
+    a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great
+    Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic
+    treachery.’ For #Āfrīs#, see p. 10, n. 18.
+    40.4: #pār . . . referrī# = ‘retaliation.’ How literally?
+    40.5: ‘consistent with.’
+    40.6: #prīmus . . . trāiēcit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
+    40.7: indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’ _Sēscentī_ and _mīlle_
+    are often used in the same way.
+    40.8: = _et nōn_ (cf. l. 13).
+    40.9: _ēlīdō_.
+    40.10: #dūrissimā . . . repellente#: what does the abl. abs.
+    express?
+    40.11: #Cōnfugiendum . . . ad#: impersonal passive: ‘they had to
+    resort to.’ Cf. p. 39, n. 11.
+    40.12: The _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ were the artillery of
+    antiquity. It is said that from the _ballistae_ stones weighing
+    one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.
+    40.13: #velut . . . mūnīta#: to be taken with what follows.
+    40.14: _opprimō_.
+    40.15: _cōgō_.
+    40.16: acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with #longum#.
+    40.17: #rēs bene gestās#: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast _rē
+    male gestā_, XVI, 31, and note.
+    41.1: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
+    41.2: #occāsiōnem nactum# (_nancīscor_): ‘seizing the
+    opportunity.’
+    41.3: #īnstrūmentō rūsticō#: ‘his farming implements.’
+    41.4: Join with #successor#, and cf. p. 26, n. 5.
+    41.5: #unde . . . alerentur#: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.
+    41.6: subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for
+    which see p. 13, n. 10.
+    41.7: #colendum#: ‘to be tilled’ (cf. p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’
+    benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally
+    between owner and tenant.
+    41.8: #alimenta . . . praebuit#: i.e. they were supported at
+    public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No
+    salary was given to Roman officials.
+    41.9: _contundō_.
+    41.10: abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399:
+    B 220, 1.
+    41.11: #ut . . . redīret# gives the purpose of the Carthaginians
+    in exacting the oath.
+    41.12: subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: _Sī nōn
+    impetrāverō, . . . redībō._
+    41.13: #sententiam . . . recūsāvit#: ‘he refused to express his
+    opinion.’ _recūsāre_ is construed (1) with the simple infinitive;
+    (2) with _nē_ and a subjunctive of purpose; (3) with _quīn_ or
+    _quōminus_ and a subjunctive of result.
+    41.14: #quamdiū . . . senātōrem#: indirect discourse = ‘(saying
+    that) as long as,’ etc.
+    41.15: #negāvit esse ūtile#: ‘he _said_ that it was _not_
+    expedient.’ In such sentences _negāre_ rather than _nōn dīcere_ is
+    used. The subject of #esse# is the clause #captīvōs . . . reddī#.
+    42.1: ‘exhausted.’
+    42.2: Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown
+    by #tamen#: see p. xxii, J.
+    42.3: Sc. _esse_, and cf. p. 39, n. 11.
+    42.4: Sc. _eum_: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer
+    earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view
+    the whole narrative as fictitious.]
+
+
+#XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[stripped text]]
+
+Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos
+profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die
+hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam
+navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei
+nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in
+aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi
+iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso
+proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt,
+viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est
+damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati
+fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens,
+in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut
+frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo
+minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata
+gravisque ei dicta est multa.
+
+
+  #XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: SACRED CHICKENS / _From the tomb of a Pullārius_]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 249.]
+
+  Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōs
+  profectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbat
+  sēque, quō[5] diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esse
+  iactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret,         {4}
+  auspicia[6] habēret pullāriusque[7] eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre ē
+    [[43]]
+  caveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltem
+  biberent, quoniam ēsse[1] nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi[2] īrātīs diīs,
+  mīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsque
+  fēcisset, commissō proeliō[3]
+  māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est:                               {10}
+  octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintī
+  mīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā ā
+  populō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque[4]
+  īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte
+  praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī[5] fuit                              {15}
+  etiam Claudiae,[5] cōnsulis sorōrī: quae
+  ā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in[6] cōnfertā
+  multitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō,
+  palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher
+  revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret,                      {20}
+  quō[7] minor turba Rōmae foret.[7] Ob vōcem illam impiam
+  Claudia quoque damnāta gravisque[8] eī[9] dicta est multa.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVIII (pages 42-43)
+
+    42.5: #quō diē#: we should expect _diē quō_, or _eōdem diē quō_,
+    but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative
+    clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9):
+    A 200, _b_: G 616: B 251, 4.
+    42.6: #auspicia habēret#: cf. _auspicia adhibēre_, I, 42.
+    42.7: #pullārius . . . vescī#: on setting out for the seat of war,
+    the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred
+    chickens, in charge of a special keeper (#pullārius#). If, when
+    food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that
+    portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was
+    considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in
+    the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of
+    very dire significance.
+    43.1: infinitive of _edō_.
+    43.2: #quasi . . . diīs#: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods
+    were angry.’ Cf. p. 3, n. 6. #īrātīs diīs# is an abl. abs.
+    43.3: The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost
+    93 out of 123 ships.
+    43.4: #que# here = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently
+    after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12).
+    43.5: Cf. p. 25, n. 6.
+    43.6: #in . . . carpentō#: an abl. abs., giving the cause of
+    #optāvit#.
+    43.7: Cf. p. 14, n. 13.
+    43.8: #gravis . . . multa#: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’
+    43.9: dat. of disadvantage.]
+
+
+#XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus
+odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse
+secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli
+quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit.
+Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali
+auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius,
+legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto “Hic” inquit “vobis bellum et
+pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite.” Poenis daret utrum vellet
+succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni
+accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se
+gesturos.
+
+Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium
+Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud
+Trasumenum profligavit.
+
+Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator
+Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus
+belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum
+insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam
+constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca
+alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum
+neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret,
+miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab
+hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus
+proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae
+aut fortunae paenitere.
+
+His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis
+clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque
+arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi
+bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis
+cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo
+attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra
+vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.
+
+Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius,
+omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto
+filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos
+Romanos redemit.
+
+Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto timidum,
+pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister
+equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo tempus
+terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu
+imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magistrum
+equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius
+exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere
+proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito
+adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se
+Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt
+tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum
+procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum
+Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.
+
+Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut
+Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant.
+Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud
+procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent,
+conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium,
+quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste
+factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac
+saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque
+noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc
+Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus
+est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum
+vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil
+incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est.
+Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum
+suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator,
+Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem
+confugit.
+
+Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione cinxit.
+Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. Praefectus
+praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater in
+exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit
+ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia
+prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat.
+Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem
+transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu
+intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam
+festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, “Et Romani” inquit “suum
+Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus.”
+
+Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem
+Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse,
+“Certe” inquit Fabius ridens, “nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam
+recepissem.”
+
+Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in eius
+castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim lictoribus
+pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante
+consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae
+maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset,
+proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet.
+Pater tum desiliens “Non ego, fili,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsi,
+sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse.” Ad summam senectutem
+vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam promptior
+habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, quod tum
+gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam
+cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando maxime
+civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua
+Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi
+posset.
+
+
+  #XIX. Quīntus Fabius Māximus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 236.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 219.]
+
+  Hannibal, Hamilcaris[10] fīlius, novem[11] annōs[12] nātus, ā
+  patre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit.
+  Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum[13] Pūnicum bellum.
+    [[44]]
+  Nam, mortuō[1] Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum,
+  cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs[2] foederātam ēvertit.                 {5}
+  Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginem
+  lēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent.
+  Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius,
+  lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc”
+  inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum[3]                  {10}
+  placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret[4] utrum vellet
+  succlāmantibus, Fabius, excussā[5] togā, bellum
+  sē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et,
+  quibus[6] acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.[7]
+
+    [Illustration: HANNIBAL]
+
+  Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit.     {15}
+  Pūblium[8] Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum[9] amnem, Semprōnium apud
+  Trebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit.
+
+  Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabius            {18}
+  dictātor[10] Hannibalis impetum morā[11] frēgit; namque, priōrum ducum
+  clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus[12] Hannibalem,
+  succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere[13] ab ancipitī discrīmine
+  et tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisque             {22}
+  nōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmen
+  dūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,[14] ut neque omitteret[15] eum
+    [[45]]
+  neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,[1] nisi[2] quantum necessitās
+  cōgeret,[2] mīles tenēbātur. Dux neque occāsiōnī[3] reī[4] bene   {26}
+  gerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostī
+  dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet,
+  mīlitem[5] minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae
+  paenitēre.                                                        {30}
+
+  Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrum
+  angustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē
+      expedīvit.
+  Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta[6] prīncipiō[7]
+  noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī
+  iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūc      {35}
+  illūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipse
+  Fabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,[8] mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī vetuit.
+  Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit.
+
+  Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum       {39}
+  ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missō
+  Rōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusque
+  pretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit.
+
+  Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prō
+  cautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem[9] vocitābant. Augēbat
+  invidiam Minucius, magister[10] equitum, dictātōrem crīminandō:   {45}
+  illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,[11] quō diūtius in
+  magistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperium
+  habēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī[12] magistrum
+    [[46]]
+  equitum imperiō[1] aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō[2] animō tulit
+  Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autem           {50}
+  Minucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī[3] perīclitantī auxiliō
+  vēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī[4]
+  cecinit, palam cōnfessus[5] ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse.
+  Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum[6] ferunt tandem[7] eam nūbem, quae
+  sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse.
+  Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit et      {56}
+  patrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit.
+
+  Posteā Hannibal Tarentō[8] per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hanc
+  urbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī
+  coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per[9] speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī,     {60}
+  ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuī
+  cum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitque
+  ut[10] redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum[11] prōpulsa
+  essent, ad urbem agerent[10] et velutī[12] praedam ex hoste
+  factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.[10] Id     {65}
+  iterum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque[13] cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēs
+  est, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent[14] sīgnum, porta
+  urbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decem
+  mīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt,
+    [[47]]
+  nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit.           {70}
+  Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dum
+  bēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressī
+  prōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs[1] obtruncant. Tum Hannibal
+  cum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius
+  Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt,
+  in arcem cōnfūgit.                                                {76}
+
+  Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōne
+  cinxit. Leve[2] dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam
+  eum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat[3]
+  amōre mulierculae,[4] cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīles  {80}
+  iussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrem
+  praefectum ad[5] trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā[6] prīmā
+  accessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat. Adiuvantibus
+  recipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt.
+  Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,[7] Fabius cum exercitū              {85}
+  intrāvit. Hannibal[8] nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opem
+  ferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī”
+  inquit “suum[9] Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arte
+  Tarentum āmīsimus.”
+
+  Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod[10]     {90}
+  arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,[10] dīxissetque eum[11] suā operā
+  Tarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tū
+  āmīsissēs,[12] ego numquam recēpissem.”[12]
+
+  Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque
+    [[48]]
+  in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est,       {95}
+  duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō[1] vehēbātur
+  senex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribus
+  ūndecim verēcundiā[2] paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant.
+  Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit
+  inclāmāre[3] Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tum       {100}
+  dēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sed
+  experīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtem
+  vīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.[4] Cautior[5]
+  quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita[6] ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī
+  bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī[7] dubium   {105}
+  est quīn[8] rem[9] Rōmānam cunctandō[10] restituerit. Ut Scīpiō
+  pūgnandō,[10] ita hīc nōn dīmicandō[10] māximē cīvitātī Rōmānae
+  succurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginem
+  oppressit, alter cunctātiōne id[11] ēgit, nē Rōma opprimī posset.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIX (pages 43-48)
+
+    43.10: In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had
+    successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily
+    against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian
+    empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had
+    sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with
+    the means for a renewal of the conflict.
+    43.11: #novem . . . nātus#: ‘when only nine years old.’
+    43.12: Cf. p. 10, n. 15.
+    43.13: This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C.
+    44.1: When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his
+    son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces
+    there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.
+    44.2: dat. with #foederātam#. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3): A 248,
+    _a_, R.: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the dat. used with _iungō_ and
+    _mīsceō_.
+    44.3: #utrum# is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative
+    #placet#, with which we must supply _vōbīs_. In #utrum vellet#,
+    however, #utrum# is interrogative: hence the subjunctive.
+    44.4: = a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original
+    imperative. See p. xxvi, M 6.
+    44.5: _excutiō_.
+    44.6: #quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem#: abl. of manner. See p. 42,
+    n. 5.
+    44.7: Sc. _bellum_.
+    44.8: P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius
+    Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.
+    44.9: The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.
+    44.10: See Vocab., _dictātor_.
+    44.11: Cf. p. 28, n. 17.
+    44.12: #adversus Hannibalem# = a causal clause: ‘since he was
+    facing H.’ Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to
+    _sum_.
+    44.13: #recēdere . . . discrīmine#: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous
+    risk.’ #recēdere# depends on #cōnstituit#, l. 22.
+    44.14: #modicō . . . intervāllō#: we say, ‘at a moderate
+    distance.’ For the abl., see p. 39, n. 12.
+    44.15: ‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’
+    45.1: apparently = _in castrīs_, but really an abl. of means.
+    45.2: #nisi . . . cōgeret#: ‘except as far as necessity forced
+    (Fabius to lead them forth).’ #cōgeret# is an example of the
+    iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of
+    an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense,
+    and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.
+    45.3: #neque . . . deerat#: ‘missed no chance of scoring a
+    success.’
+    45.4: #reī bene gerendae#: cf. p. 40, n. 17.
+    45.5: #mīlitem . . . paenitēre#: ‘the soldiers began to be less
+    discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the
+    construction, see p. 28, n. 7.
+    45.6: #dēligāta . . . incendī# = _dēligārī et incendī_.
+    45.7: Why abl.?
+    45.8: _reor_.
+    45.9: Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’
+    45.10: See Vocab., _magister_.
+    45.11: indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying
+    suggested by #crīminandō#.
+    45.12: Indirect object with #aequāvit#, which = _aequum fēcit_.
+    46.1: #abl.# of specification.
+    46.2: #aequō animō# is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10), and =
+    ‘patiently.’
+    46.3: #eī . . . auxiliō#: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf. p. 25,
+    n. 6.
+    46.4: #receptuī cecinit#: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’
+    #receptuī# is a dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. _canere_ is used
+    of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as
+    of vocal.
+    46.5: _cōnfiteor_.
+    46.6: i.e. Hannibal.
+    46.7: #tandem . . . dedisse#: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought
+    wind and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the
+    Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.
+    46.8: Cf. p. 4, n. 6.
+    46.9: #per . . . vēnandī#: ‘under pretense of hunting.’
+    46.10: a substantive clause of purpose, object of #monuit#.
+    46.11: supine of _pāscō_, denoting the purpose of #prōpulsa
+    essent#: cf. p. 5, n. 20.
+    46.12: _veluti . . . factam_: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were
+    plunder captured from the foe.’ #praedam# is accus. by attraction
+    to _ea pecora_, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.
+    46.13: #eō . . . est#: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the
+    matter brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’
+    #cōnsuētūdinis# is a partitive gen. with #eō#, which strictly =
+    ‘thither, to that point.’
+    46.14: subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to #aperīrētur#,
+    which itself denotes result.
+    47.1: ‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as
+    often, = a relative clause.
+    47.2: #Leve . . . mōmentum#: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling
+    to mention.’ For #dictū#, see p. 19, n. 15.
+    47.3: #dēperībat amōre#: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’
+    i.e. was desperately in love with.
+    47.4: objective gen. with #amōre#: cf. p. 14, n. 15.
+    47.5: #ad . . . perpulit# (_perpellō_): ‘drove him to,’ i.e.
+    induced him to, etc.
+    47.6: ‘#watch.#’
+    47.7: _refringō_.
+    47.8: emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction
+    #cum#: cf. p. 19, n. 8.
+    47.9: #suum Hannibalem#: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’
+    47.10: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    47.11: i.e. Fabius. Livius said: _meā operā tū Tarentum
+    recēpistī_.
+    47.12: A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary
+    to the facts: H 579 and N. (510 and N. 1): M 938: A 308: G 597:
+    B 304.
+    48.1: #equō vehēbātur#: ‘was riding.’ #equō# is an abl. of means.
+    48.2: #verēcundiā . . . māiestātis#: ‘out of respect for his
+    dignity as a father.’ Explain the case of #verēcundiā#, also of
+    #māiestātis#. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their
+    children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in
+    official position took precedence of the honors due a father.
+    48.3: Cf. p. 12, n. 3.
+    48.4: abl. with #dīgnus#: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245, _a_:
+    G 397, N. 2: B 226, 2.
+    48.5: #Cautior . . . est#: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather
+    than alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: G 299: B 240, 4.
+    48.6: #īnsita . . . prūdentia#: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the
+    caution implanted in his nature. For _ingeniō_, see p. 2, n. 7.
+    48.7: possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’
+    48.8: Cf. p. 39, n. 4.
+    48.9: = _rem pūblicam_.
+    48.10: abl. of means. With #cunctandō# cf. _morā_, l. 19, and
+    _cunctātiōne_, l. 109.
+    48.11: #id . . . posset#: ‘accomplished this, that it should be
+    impossible to overthrow Rome.’ #nē . . . posset# is a clause of
+    purpose, in apposition with #id#.]
+
+
+#XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro# [[stripped text]]
+
+Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo
+consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio
+magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur
+consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
+communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et
+signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis
+et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent.
+Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere
+adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem
+cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam
+tribunus militum, “Cape” inquit “hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine
+tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est.” Ad ea consul: “Tu quidem
+macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi
+perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis
+victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum
+patere exspirare.” Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit.
+Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi
+triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria
+milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios
+aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum
+et senatorum detraxerat.
+
+Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam
+ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis,
+Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam
+pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal
+illud non probasset, Maharbal “Non omnia nimirum” inquit “eidem dii
+dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.” Mora huius diei
+satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria
+posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius
+deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam
+Hannibali Cannas fuisse.
+
+Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius
+advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo
+civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam irent
+et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si Poenorum
+dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae
+cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae
+tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et postea
+numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a
+populo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus
+esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim
+respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera
+hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat
+aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod
+in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum
+exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique
+vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in
+publicum deferrentur.
+
+Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex
+ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis
+postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse
+redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non
+esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Ūnus ex iis
+legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post
+in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is
+ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum
+esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus
+illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis
+audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis
+tam excelso esset animo.
+
+
+  #XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 216.]
+
+  Hannibal[12] in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmā
+  profectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius
+    [[49]]
+  Varrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō[1] autem, ferōx
+  et temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad
+  vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibi          {5}
+  deinde Varrō, invītō[2] conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnae
+  dedit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs[3] et
+  sōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversī
+  essent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre
+  vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutus   {10}
+  cecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōre
+  cōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “hunc
+  equum et fuge, Aemilī.[4] Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satis
+  lūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul[5]: “Tū[6] quidem macte virtūte
+  estō! Sed cavē[7] exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendī       {15}
+  perdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quam
+  hostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrum
+  mīlitum patere[8] exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibus
+  Venusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidērunt
+  vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēs             {20}
+  virī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitum
+  tria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in[9] tēstimōnium
+  victōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum[10]
+  Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus
+  equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat.                        {25}
+
+    [Illustration: ĀNULUS]
+
+    [[50]]
+  Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque ut
+  quiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēius
+  praefectīs, Maharbal, minimē[1] cessandum ratus, Hannibalem
+  hortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in
+  Capitōliō epulātūrus.[2] Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset,     {30}
+  Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem[3] diī dedēre.
+  Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satis
+  crēditur salūtī[4] fuisse urbī[4] et imperiō.[4] Hannibal cum victōriā
+  posset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit,
+  cūius[5] dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē dictum
+  sit Capuam[6] Hannibalī Cannās fuisse.                            {36}
+
+  Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum[7] ubi acceptae
+  clādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est;
+  quīn[8] etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex tantā  {39}
+  clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicā
+  nōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,[9] temeritātis poenās
+  omnī suppliciō dedisset.[9] Nōn autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reī
+  pūblicae amōre sē superfuisse[10] reliquō aetātis suae tempore
+  approbāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,[11] et posteā numquam
+  recubāns[12] cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur ā  {45}
+    [[51]]
+  populō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus[1] reī pūblicae
+  opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat.
+  Rōmānī interim respīrāre[2]
+  coepērunt. Arma nōn
+  erant: dētrācta sunt                                              {50}
+  templīs[3] vetera hostium
+  spolia. Deerat iuventūs:
+  servī manūmissī et armātī
+  sunt. Egēbat aerārium:
+  opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod in  {55}
+  bullīs singulīsque[4] ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt.
+  Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēs
+  tribūs. Dēnique vix[5] suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cum
+  omnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur.
+
+    [Illustration: CONVĪVIUM]
+
+  Cum Hannibal redimendī[6] suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset,   {60}
+  decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliud
+  fideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn impetrāssent,
+  in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuit
+  responditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī
+  essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrum   {65}
+  ēgressus, velutī[7] aliquid[8] oblītus, paulō post in castra erat
+  regressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rē
+  nōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātum
+  esse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.[9] Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus
+    [[52]]
+  illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēs           {70}
+  Hannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusque
+  Rōmānus rēbus[1] adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō.
+
+    [Footnotes: XX (pages 48-52)
+
+    48.12: Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had
+    been no general engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The
+    latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched into
+    southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome
+    and join him. When Fabius resigned the dictatorship at the end of
+    the legal period, C. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paulus were
+    elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their
+    instructions were to fight as speedily as possible.
+    49.1: A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact
+    that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.
+    49.2: #invītō conlēgā#: abl. abs.: ‘though opposed by his
+    colleague.’ How literally? The consuls held supreme command on
+    alternate days.
+    49.3: Construe with #adversī#.
+    49.4: H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, _c_: G 33, 2: B 25, 1.
+    49.5: sc. _inquit_.
+    49.6: #Tū . . . estō#: ‘God bless you!’ Cf. p. 32, n. 1.
+    49.7: #cavē . . . perdās# = _cavē nē . . . perdās_: ‘Take care
+    lest,’ etc. For this form see H 561, 2 (489, 2): M 715: A 269,
+    _a_, 3: G 271, 2: B 276, _c_. We really have two commands here
+    side by side, thus: ‘Take care’; ‘Don’t waste,’ etc.
+    49.8: imperative of _patior_.
+    49.9: #in . . . suae#: ‘to prove his victory.’
+    49.10: The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans,
+    having arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of
+    iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish
+    the higher classes.
+    50.1: #minimē . . . ratus#: ‘thinking that there ought to be no
+    delay.’ With #cessandum# sc. _esse_, and see p. 16, n. 8.
+    50.2: #victor . . . epulātūrus#: ‘for he would surely dine as
+    victor on the Capitol.’ The fut. part. is often thus used to
+    denote the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the
+    clause expresses the reason why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to
+    Rome. What were Maharbal’s exact words?
+    50.3: dat. sing.
+    50.4: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. Contrast the words of a modern historian:
+    “Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and
+    modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the
+    struggle by a march on the enemy’s capital.”
+    50.5: #cūius . . . fuisse#: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal
+    successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.
+    50.6: Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to
+    Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of
+    Cannae.
+    50.7: Sc. _fuit._
+    50.8: #quīn etiam#: ‘on the contrary.’
+    50.9: For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf.
+    XVI, 19 ff.
+    50.10: #superfuisse . . . approbāvit#: ‘he showed that he had
+    effected his escape (lit., had survived).’
+    50.11: ‘let grow.’ This manner of showing grief is often
+    mentioned.
+    50.12: The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro’s act
+    was a kind of penance, since it indicated that he denied himself
+    the pleasures of the table.
+    51.1: #magistrātibus . . . esse#: cf. p. 37, notes 3 and 4.
+    51.2: ‘to repair their losses’; lit., ‘to get their breath again.’
+    51.3: dat.; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as
+    well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in some
+    temple as a thank-offering to the gods.
+    51.4: #singulīs . . . ānulīs#: ‘a ring apiece.’
+    51.5: #vix . . . manūs#: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets
+    sufficient to keep the record of contributions.
+    51.6: #redimendī suī#: ‘of ransoming themselves.’ H 626, 3 (542,
+    #I#, N. 1): M 1000: A 298, _a_: G 428, R. 1: B 339, 5.
+    51.7: #velutī . . . oblītus#: ‘pretending to have forgotten
+    something.’ How literally?
+    51.8: A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of
+    remembering or forgetting. Contrast _oblīta frātrum_, IV, 37, and
+    note.
+    51.9: ‘maintained, held.’
+    52.1: abl. abs.: ‘though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.’]
+
+
+#XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem
+singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem
+commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset,
+filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem
+periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti
+favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes
+rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas
+esset, “Si me” inquit Scipio “omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt,
+satis annorum habeo.” Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut
+tribuni incepto desisterent.
+
+Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant;
+cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad
+Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii delata est.
+Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, consularis viri
+filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de
+Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui conspirationis
+erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de
+quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium
+gladio, “Iurate” inquit “vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Romani
+deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: qui non
+iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.” Haud secus pavidi,
+quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque
+semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.
+
+Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi
+imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri
+eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de
+re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto
+dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud
+imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii
+comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, quattuor
+et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde
+conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa
+sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At
+postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti
+paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit
+Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, quod
+gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque certissima
+impleret.
+
+Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die venit,
+expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes,
+ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus
+omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae
+formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos
+natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis
+parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam
+redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id
+a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad
+se virginis sponso, “Super dotem” inquit “quam accepturus a socero es,
+haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent” aurumque tollere ac sibi habere
+iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos
+Romanis conciliavit.
+
+Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium
+potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio
+domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus
+regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et
+cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit
+puer, “Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum
+maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui
+nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus
+propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo
+pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in
+aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis.” Scipio eum
+interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis,
+id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque
+ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.
+
+Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset,
+circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio,
+silentio per praeconem facto, “Nomen imperatoris” inquit, “quo me mei
+milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae
+intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis
+licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis
+appellatione abstineatis.” Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua
+Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt.
+
+Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre
+meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit.
+Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem
+magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum
+cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat.
+Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare nec
+accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in
+Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal pulsus
+Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter
+petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud
+regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tanta
+autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem
+infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foedere icto cum
+Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.
+
+Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat.
+Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio
+statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso
+tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et
+Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex
+fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio
+cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries
+habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac
+militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida
+gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam
+quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi
+et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in
+societatem recepit.
+
+Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia ei
+provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum
+vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum
+complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti
+consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos
+et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent,
+legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati
+adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores,
+magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes
+cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit,
+arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum
+horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma
+et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem
+acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos
+instruxit ornavitque equites.
+
+Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto
+militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae
+praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque
+brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus
+esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem
+adferebat, in hortationem convertens, “Africam oppressi” inquit,
+“milites!” Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi
+speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec
+supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est,
+sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein
+interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi,
+prandio dato incolumes dimisit.
+
+Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum
+turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum
+dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte
+perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem
+pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis
+velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse
+vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri,
+cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam
+misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea
+corona donavit.
+
+Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum
+terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam
+revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur
+legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae
+litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi
+pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum
+iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi
+secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies
+locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis
+duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero
+de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt,
+renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal
+victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero
+confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.
+
+Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt
+triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam
+civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem
+transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas
+condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta
+essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra
+marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem
+advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed
+etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium
+plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine
+victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.
+
+Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum est.
+Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt,
+Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in Capitolium ventitare
+ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi
+consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius templi saepe esse
+miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper
+in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones
+confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque
+admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. Adsidebat oppugnabatque
+oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et
+munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat.
+Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id
+oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant,
+interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem locumque vades sisti iuberet.
+Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens,
+“Perendie” inquit “sese sistant illo in loco,” atque ita factum. Die
+tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eodem die in
+arce eius oppidi ius dixit.
+
+Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem,
+confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad
+Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi
+conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet.
+Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri,
+quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem
+secundum poneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod primus castra metari docuit
+nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit.” Sciscitanti
+denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio
+“Quidnam tu diceres” inquit “si me vicisses?” “Tum me vero” respondit
+Hannibal “et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios
+imperatores posuissem.” Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e
+grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.
+
+Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem
+dicerent, “Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit.” Idem dicere
+solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muniendam.
+
+Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio
+Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus
+gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio.
+Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam
+familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse
+virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab
+eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum:
+itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam
+diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen
+Asiatici peperisset.
+
+Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum
+deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab
+eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem
+Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique
+filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset.
+Cui Scipio respondit “Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias
+agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut
+bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset.” Pax non convenit;
+tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem
+venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.
+
+Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, Africanus
+prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et
+refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus de ea re
+dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc in
+modum verba fecit: “Non est quod quaeratis, patres conscripti, num
+parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro
+repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam
+totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter cognomen
+rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum
+reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est locupletior.”
+Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit.
+
+Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod praeda
+ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit,
+Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam
+dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo imposita, “Hoc
+ego die” inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro inimicissimum, magno
+proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi
+insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo
+relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iovi
+optimo maximo supplicatum.” A rostris in Capitolium ascendit; simul se
+universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est, nec
+quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis remansit.
+Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace
+rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius
+tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum concessit, ubi reliquam
+egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.
+
+Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum
+videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire
+existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat,
+quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt,
+abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se
+non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum
+tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne
+gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores
+reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam
+religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt
+ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod
+sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post
+mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam
+referretur.
+
+
+  #XXI. Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: SCĪPIŌ]
+
+  Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō[2] nōndum annōs
+  pueritiae ēgressus patrem singulārī virtūte
+  servāvit; quī[3] cum pūgnā[4] apud Tīcīnum[5]
+  contrā Hannibalem commissā graviter vulnerātus
+  in hostium manūs iam iam[6] ventūrus                               {5}
+  esset, fīlius interiectō[7] corpore Poenīs inruentibus
+  sē opposuit et patrem perīculō līberāvit.
+  Quae[8] pietās Scīpiōnī posteā aedīlitātem
+  petentī favōrem populī conciliāvit. Cum obsisterent
+  tribūnī plēbis, negantēs[9] ratiōnem ēius esse habendam,          {10}
+  quod nōndum ad petendum lēgitima[10] aetās esset, “Sī mē” inquit
+  Scīpiō “omnēs Quirītēs aedīlem facere volunt, satis annōrum
+  habeō.” Tantō inde favōre ad suffrāgia itum[11] est, ut tribūnī
+  inceptō dēsisterent.
+
+  Post clādem Cannēnsem Rōmānī exercitūs reliquiae Canusium         {15}
+  perfūgerant; cumque ibi tribūnī mīlitum quattuor essent, tamen
+  omnium cōnsēnsū ad Pūblium Scīpiōnem, admodum[12] adulēscentem,
+  summa imperiī dēlāta est. Quibus cōnsultantibus nūntiat
+    [[53]]
+  Pūblius Fūrius Philus, cōnsulāris virī fīlius, nōbilēs quōsdam
+  iuvenēs propter dēspērātiōnem cōnsilium dē Italiā dēserendā       {20}
+  inīre. Statim in hospitium Metellī, quī cōnspīrātiōnis erat prīnceps,
+  sē contulit Scīpiō, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, dē quibus
+  adlātum[1] erat, invēnisset, strictō super cāpita cōnsultantium
+  gladiō, “Iūrāte” inquit “vōs neque ipsōs rem pūblicam populī
+  Rōmānī dēsertūrōs, neque alium cīvem Rōmānum dēserere             {25}
+  passūrōs[2]: quī[3] nōn iūrāverit, in sē hunc gladium strictum esse
+  sciat.”[4] Haud[5] secus pavidī, quam sī victōrem Hannibalem
+  cernerent,[6] iūrant omnēs cūstōdiendōsque sēmet ipsōs Scīpiōnī
+  trādunt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 212.]
+
+  Cum Rōmānī duās clādēs in Hispāniā accēpissent duoque ibi         {30}
+  summī imperātōrēs[7] intrā diēs trīgintā cecidissent, placuit[8]
+  exercitum augērī eōque prōcōnsulem mittī; nec tamen
+  quem mitterent[9] satis cōnstābat. Eā dē rē indicta sunt comitia.
+  Prīmō populus exspectābat ut, quī sē tantō dīgnōs imperiō         {34}
+  crēderent,[10] nōmina profitērentur; sed nēmō audēbat illud imperium
+  suscipere. Maesta igitur cīvitās ac prope inops[11] cōnsiliī[12]
+  comitiōrum diē in campum dēscendit. Subitō P. Cornēlius Scīpiō,
+  quattuor et vīgintī fermē annōs nātus, professus sē petere,[13] in
+  superiōre, unde[14] cōnspicī posset, locō cōnstitit. In quem
+  postquam omnium ōra conversa sunt, ad ūnum omnēs Scīpiōnem in     {40}
+  Hispāniā prōcōnsulem esse iussērunt. At postquam animōrum[15]
+  impetus resēdit, populum[16] Rōmānum coepit factī paenitēre:
+    [[54]]
+  aetātī Scīpiōnis māximē diffīdēbant. Quod ubi animadvertit
+  Scīpiō, advocātā cōntiōne ita māgnō ēlātōque animō dē bellō,
+  quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut hominēs cūrā līberāret spēque  {45}
+  certissimā implēret.
+
+  Profectus igitur in Hispāniam Scīpiō Carthāginem Novam,
+  quō[1] diē vēnit, expūgnāvit. Eō[2] congestae[3] erant omnēs paene
+  Āfricae et Hispāniae opēs, ibi arma, ibi pecūnia, ibi tōtīus Hispāniae
+  obsidēs erant: quibus omnibus potītus est Scīpiō. Inter           {50}
+  captīvōs ad eum adducta est eximiae fōrmae adulta virgō. Quam
+  ubi comperit inlūstrī locō inter Celtibērōs nātam prīncipīque ēius
+  gentis adulēscentī dēspōnsam esse, arcessītīs parentibus et spōnsō
+  eam reddidit. Parentēs virginis, quī ad eam redimendam satis[4]
+  māgnum aurī pondus attulerant, Scīpiōnem ōrābant ut id ā sē       {55}
+  dōnum acciperet. Scīpiō aurum ante pedēs pōnī iūssit vocātōque
+  ad sē virginis spōnsō, “Super dōtem” inquit “quam acceptūrus
+  ā socerō es, haec tibi ā mē dōtālia dōna accēdent” aurumque
+  tollere āc sibi habēre iūssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam
+  Scīpiōnī grātiam Celtibērōs Rōmānīs conciliāvit.                  {60}
+
+  Deinde Scīpiō Hasdrubalem[5] victum[6] ex Hispāniā expulit.
+  Castrīs hostium potītus omnem praedam mīlitibus concessit,
+  captīvōs[7] Hispānōs sine pretiō domum dīmīsit; Āfrōs vērō vēndī
+  iussit. Erat inter eōs puer adultus rēgiī generis,[8] fōrmā       {64}
+  īnsīgnī[8]: quem cum percontārētur Scīpiō quis et cūiās esset, et
+  cūr id[9] aetātis in castrīs fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit puer,
+  “Massīvam populārēs vocant: orbus ā patre relīctus, apud avum
+  māternum, Numidiae rēgem, ēducātus sum. Cum avunculō Masinissā,
+  quī nūper subsidiō Carthāginiēnsibus vēnit, in Hispāniam
+    [[55]]
+  trāiēcī; prohibitus propter aetātem ā Masinissā numquam ante      {70}
+  proelium iniī. Eō diē, quō pūgnātum est cum Rōmānīs, īnsciō
+  avunculō, clam armīs equōque sūmptō, in aciem exiī: ibi, prōlāpsō
+  equō, captus sum ā Rōmānīs.” Scīpiō eum interrogat velletne[1]
+  ad avunculum revertī. Cum, effūsīs[2] gaudiō lacrimīs, id
+  vērō sē cupere puer dīceret, tum Scīpiō puerō ānulum aureum       {75}
+  equumque ōrnātum dōnat datīsque quī[3] tūtō dēdūcerent equitibus
+  dīmīsit.
+
+  Cum Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō sē ergā Hispānōs clēmenter gessisset,
+  circumfūsa multitūdō eum rēgem ingentī cōnsēnsū appellāvit;
+  at Scīpiō, silentiō per praecōnem factō, “Nōmen imperātōris”      {80}
+  inquit, “quō[4] mē meī mīlitēs appellārunt, mihi[5] māximum est:
+  rēgium[6] nōmen, alibī māgnum, Rōmae intolerābile est. Sī id
+  amplissimum iūdicātis, quod rēgāle est, vōbīs licet exīstimāre rēgālem
+  in mē esse animum; sed ōrō vōs ut ā rēgis appellātiōne abstineātis.”
+  Sēnsēre etiam barbarī māgnitūdinem animī, quā Scīpiō id           {85}
+  āspernābātur, quod cēterī mortālēs admīrantur et concupīscunt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 206.]
+
+  Scīpiō receptā Hispāniā cum iam bellum in ipsam Āfricam
+  trānsferre meditārētur, conciliandōs[7] prius rēgum et gentium
+  animōs exīstimāvit. Syphācem, Maurōrum rēgem, opulentissimum
+  tōtīus Āfricae rēgem, quem[8] māgnō ūsuī[9] sibi[9] fore[10] spērāret,
+  prīmum tentāre statuit. Itaque lēgātum cum dōnīs ad eum mīsit     {91}
+  C. Laelium, quōcum intimā familiāritāte vīvēbat. Syphāx amīcitiam
+  Rōmānōrum sē accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare
+  nec accipere, nisi cum ipsō cōram duce Rōmānō, voluit.
+  Scīpiō igitur in Āfricam trāiēcit. Forte ita incidit, ut eō ipsō  {95}
+    [[56]]
+  tempore Hasdrubal[1] pulsus Hispāniā ad eundem portum appelleret,[2]
+  Syphācis amīcitiam pariter petītūrus.[3] Uterque ā rēge in
+  hospitium invītātus. Cēnātum[4] simul apud rēgem est; eōdem
+  etiam lectō[5] Scīpiō atque Hasdrubal accubuērunt. Tanta autem
+  inerat cōmitās in Scīpiōne, ut nōn Syphācem modo, sed etiam      {100}
+  hostem īnfēstissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliāret. Scīpiō, foedere
+  īctō cum Syphāce, in Hispāniam ad exercitum rediit.
+
+  Masinissa quoque amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne iungere iam dūdum[6]
+  cupiēbat. Quārē ad eum trēs Numidārum prīncipēs mīsit ad         {104}
+  tempus locumque conloquiō statuendum. Duōs prō obsidibus retinērī
+  ā Scīpiōne iubet; remissō tertiō, quī Masinissam ad locum
+  cōnstitūtum addūceret, Scīpiō et Masinissa cum paucīs in
+  conloquium vēnērunt. Cēperat iam ante Numidam ex fāmā rērum
+  gestārum admīrātiō virī, sed māior praesentis[7] venerātiō cēpit:
+  erat enim in vultū māiestās summa; accēdēbat prōmissa caesariēs  {110}
+  habitusque corporis, nōn cultus[8] munditiīs, sed virīlis vērē ac
+  mīlitāris, et flōrēns iuventa. Prope attonitus ipsō congressū
+  Numida grātiās dē[9] fīliō frātris remissō agit: adfīrmat sē ex eō
+  tempore eam quaesīvisse[10] occāsiōnem, quam tandem oblātam[11]
+  nōn omīserit; cupere sē illī et populō Rōmānō operam nāvāre.  {115|
+  Laetus eum Scīpiō audīvit atque in societātem recēpit.
+
+  Scīpiō deinde Rōmam rediit et ante annōs[12] cōnsul factus est.
+  Sicilia eī prōvincia dēcrēta est permissumque ut in Āfricam inde
+    [[57]]
+  trāiceret. Quī cum vellet ex fortissimīs peditibus Rōmānīs
+  trecentōrum equitum numerum complēre, nec posset illōs subitō    {120}
+  armīs et equīs īnstruere, id prūdentī cōnsiliō perfēcit. Namque
+  ex omnī Siciliā trecentōs iuvenēs nōbilissimōs et dītissimōs, quī
+  equīs mīlitārent[1] et sēcum in Āfricam trāicerent,[1] lēgit diemque
+  iīs ēdīxit, quā[2] equīs armīsque īnstrūctī atque ōrnātī adessent.[1]
+  Gravis ea mīlitia, procul domō, terrā marīque multōs labōrēs,    {125}
+  māgna perīcula adlātūra vidēbātur; neque ipsōs modo, sed parentēs
+  cōgnātōsque eōrum ea cūra angēbat. Ubi diēs quae dicta
+  erat advēnit, arma equōsque ostendērunt, sed omnēs ferē
+  longinquum et grave bellum horrēre appārēbat. Tunc Scīpiō mīlitiam
+  iīs sē remissūrum ait, sī arma et equōs mīlitibus Rōmānīs        {130}
+  voluissent[3] trādere. Laetī condiciōnem accēpērunt iuvenēs Siculī.
+  Ita Scīpiō sine pūblicā impēnsā suōs īnstrūxit ōrnāvitque equitēs.
+
+  Tunc Scīpiō ex Siciliā in Āfricam ventō secundō profectus est
+  tantō mīlitum ārdōre, ut nōn ad bellum dūcī vidērentur, sed ad
+  certa victōriae praemia. Celeriter nāvēs ē cōnspectū Siciliae    {135}
+  ablātae sunt cōnspectaque brevī Āfricae lītora. Scīpiō cum ēgrediēns
+  ad terram nāvī prōlāpsus esset et ob hōc attonitōs mīlitēs
+  cerneret, id, quod trepidātiōnem adferēbat, in hortātiōnem convertēns,
+  “Āfricam oppressī” inquit, “mīlitēs!” Expositīs cōpiīs in        {139}
+  proximīs tumulīs castra mētātus[4] est. Ibi speculātōrēs hostium
+  in castrīs dēprehēnsōs[5] et ad sē perductōs[5] nec suppliciō adfēcit
+  nec dē cōnsiliīs ac vīribus Poenōrum percontātus est, sed circā
+  omnēs Rōmānī exercitūs manipulōs cūrāvit dēdūcendōs; dein
+  interrogātōs[6] num ea satis cōnsīderāssent, quae speculārī erant
+  iūssī, prandiō datō incolumēs dīmīsit.                           {145}
+
+    [[58]]
+  Scīpiōnī in Āfricam advenientī Masinissa sē coniūnxit cum
+  parvā equitum turmā. Syphāx vērō ā Rōmānīs ad Poenōs dēfēcerat.
+  Hasdrubal, Poenōrum dux, Syphāxque Scīpiōnī sē opposuērunt,
+  quī utrīusque castra ūnā nocte perrūpit et incendit.
+  Syphāx ipse captus et vīvus ad Scīpiōnem pertrāctus est.         {150}
+  Syphācem in castra addūcī cum esset nūntiātum, omnis velut ad
+  spectāculum triumphī multitūdō effūsa est; praecēdēbat ipse[1]
+  vinctus, sequēbātur grex nōbilium Maurōrum. Movēbat omnēs
+  fortūna[2] virī, cūius amīcitiam ōlim Scīpiō petierat. Rēgem
+  aliōsque captīvōs Rōmam mīsit Scīpiō; Masinissam, quī ēgregiē rem
+  Rōmānam adiūverat, aureā corōnā dōnāvit.                         {156}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 203.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 202.]
+
+  Haec et aliae, quae sequēbantur, clādēs Carthāginiēnsibus
+  tantum terrōris intulērunt, ut Hannibalem ex Ītaliā ad
+  tuendam patriam revocārent. Frendēns gemēnsque ac vix
+  lacrimīs[3] temperāns is dīcitur lēgātōrum vērba audīsse         {160}
+  mandātīsque pāruisse. Respexit saepe Ītaliae lītora, sēmet accūsāns,
+  quod[4] nōn victōrem exercitum statim ab[5] Cannēnsī pūgnā Rōmam
+  dūxisset. Zamam vēnerat Hannibal, quae urbs quīnque diērum
+  iter[6] ā Carthāgine abest, et nūntium ad Scīpiōnem mīsit ut     {164}
+  conloquendī sēcum potestātem faceret. Scīpiō cum conloquium haud
+  abnuisset, diēs locusque cōnstituitur. Itaque congressī sunt duo
+  clārissimī suae aetātis ducēs. Stetērunt aliquamdiū tacitī mūtuāque
+  admīrātiōne dēfīxī.[7] Cum vērō dē condiciōnibus pācis inter
+  eōs nōn convēnisset, ad suōs sē recēpērunt, renūntiantēs armīs[8]
+  dēcernendum esse. Commissō deinde proeliō Hannibal               {170}
+  victus cum quattuor equitibus fūgit. Cēterum[9] cōnstat
+    [[59]]
+  utrumque dē alterō cōnfessum esse nec melius īnstruī aciem nec
+  ācrius potuisse pūgnārī.
+
+  Carthāginiēnsēs metū perculsī[1] ad petendam pācem ōrātōrēs
+  mittunt trīgintā cīvitātis prīncipēs. Quī ubi in castra Rōmāna   {175}
+  vēnērunt, veniam cīvitātī petēbant nōn culpam pūrgantēs,[2] sed
+  initium culpae in Hannibalem trānsferentēs.[2] Victīs lēgēs
+  imposuit Scīpiō. Lēgātī, cum nūllās condiciōnēs recūsārent, Rōmam
+  profectī sunt, ut, quae ā Scīpiōne pacta[3] essent, ea patrum ac
+  populī auctōritāte cōnfīrmārentur. Ita pāce terrā marīque        {180}
+  partā,[4] Scīpiō exercitū in nāvēs impositō Rōmam revertit. Ad
+  quem advenientem concursus ingēns factus est; effūsa nōn ex
+  urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agrīs multitūdō viam obsidēbat.
+  Scīpiō inter grātulantium plausūs triumphō omnium[5] clārissimō
+  urbem est invectus prīmusque nōmine victae ā sē gentis est       {185}
+  nōbilitātus Āfricānusque appellātus.
+
+    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPITŌLĪNUS]
+
+  Ex hīs rēbus gestīs virum eum esse virtūtis dīvīnae vulgō
+  crēditum est. Id etiam dīcere haud piget,[6] quod scrīptōrēs dē
+  eō litterīs mandāvērunt, Scīpiōnem cōnsuēvisse, priusquam
+  dīlūcēsceret, in Capitōlium[7] ventitāre ac iubēre               {190}
+  aperīrī cellam Iovis ibi sōlum diū dēmorārī,
+  quasi cōnsultantem dē rē pūblicā cum Iove:
+  aedituōsque ēius templī saepe esse mīrātōs,
+  quod eum id[8] temporis in Capitōlium
+  ingredientem canēs, semper in aliōs saevientēs,                  {195}
+  nōn lātrārent. Hās vulgī dē Scīpiōne
+  opīniōnēs cōnfīrmāre atque approbāre vidēbantur
+  dicta factaque ēius plēraque admīranda, ex
+  quibus est ūnum hūiuscemodī. Adsidēbat oppūgnābatque oppidum
+    [[60]]
+  in Hispāniā, sitū moenibusque ac dēfēnsōribus validum et         {200}
+  mūnītum, rē etiam cibāriā cōpiōsum, neque ūlla ēius potiundī
+  spēs erat. Quōdam diē iūs in castrīs sedēns dīcēbat Scīpiō atque
+  ex eō locō id oppidum procul vidēbātur. Tum ē[1] mīlitibus, quī
+  in iūre apud eum stābant, interrogāvit quispiam ex mōre in[2]
+  quem diem locumque vadēs sistī iubēret. Et Scīpiō manum ad       {205}
+  ipsam oppidī, quod obsidēbātur, arcem prōtendēns, “Perendiē”
+  inquit “sēsē[3] sistant illō in locō,” atque ita factum. Diē[4]
+tertiā,
+  in quam vadēs sistī iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eōdem diē
+  in arce ēius oppidī iūs dīxit.
+
+  Hannibal, ā Scīpiōne victus suīsque invīsus, ad Antiochum,       {210}
+  Syriae rēgem, cōnfūgit eumque hostem Rōmānīs fēcit. Missī
+  sunt Rōmā lēgātī ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scīpiō Āfricānus,
+  quī cum Hannibale Ephesī[5] conlocūtus ab eō quaesīvit, quem
+  fuisse māximum imperātōrem crēderet. Respondit Hannibal
+  Alexandrum, Macedonum rēgem, māximum sibi vidērī, quod           {215}
+  parvā manū innumerābilēs exercitūs fūdisset. Quaerentī deinde,
+  quem secundum pōneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod prīmus castra[6]
+  mētārī docuit nēmōque illō[7] ēlegantius loca[8] cēpit et praesidia
+  dēposuit.” Scīscitantī dēnique quem tertium dūceret, sēmet ipsum
+  dīxit. Tum rīdēns Scīpiō “Quidnam tū dīcerēs[9]” inquit “sī mē   {220}
+  vīcissēs[9]?” “Tum[10] mē vērō” respondit Hannibal “et ante
+  Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnēs aliōs imperātōrēs
+  posuissem.[9]” Ita imprōvīsō adsentātiōnis genere Scīpiōnem ē
+  grege imperātōrum velut inaestimābilem sēcernēbat.
+
+    [[61]]
+  Scīpiō ipse fertur quondam dīxisse, cum eum quīdam parum         {225}
+  pūgnācem dīcerent, “Imperātōrem mē māter, nōn bellātōrem[1]
+  peperit.[2]” Īdem dīcere solitus est nōn sōlum dandam esse viam
+  fugientibus, sed etiam mūniendam.
+
+  Dēcrētō adversus Antiochum bellō[3] cum Syria prōvincia          {229}
+  obvēnisset Lūciō Scīpiōnī, quia parum in eō putābātur esse animī,[4]
+  parum rōboris,[4] senātus gerendī hūius bellī cūram mandārī volēbat
+  conlēgae ēius C. Laeliō. Surgēns tunc Scīpiō Āfricānus,
+  frāter māior Lūciī Scīpiōnis, illam familiae īgnōminiam
+  dēprecātus est: dīxit in frātre suō summam esse virtūtem, summum
+  cōnsilium sēque eī lēgātum fore prōmīsit. Quod cum ab eō esset   {235}
+  dictum, nihil[5] est dē Lūciī Scīpiōnis prōvinciā commūtātum:
+  itaque frāter nātū māior minōrī lēgātus in Asiam profectus est
+  et tam diū eum cōnsiliō operāque adiūvit, dōnec triumphum ille
+  et cōgnōmen Asiāticī peperisset.
+
+  Eōdem bellō fīlius Scīpiōnis Āfricānī captus est et ad Antiochum
+  dēductus. Benīgnē et līberāliter adulēscentem rēx habuit,[6]     {241}
+  quamquam ab ēius patre tum[7] māximē fīnibus imperiī pellēbātur.
+  Cum deinde pācem Antiochus ā Rōmānīs peteret, lēgātus ēius
+  Pūblium Scīpiōnem adiit eīque fīlium sine pretiō redditūrum
+  rēgem dīxit, sī per eum pācem impetrāsset.[8] Cuī Scīpiō respondit
+  “Abī, nūntiā rēgī, mē prō tantō mūnere grātiās[9] agere; sed     {246}
+  nunc aliam grātiam nōn possum referre, quam ut eī suādeam[10] ut
+  bellō absistat et pācis condiciōnem nūllam recūset.” Pāx nōn
+  convēnit[11]; tamen Antiochus Scīpiōnī fīlium remīsit tantīque virī
+  māiestātem venerārī quam dolōrem suum ulcīscī māluit.            {250}
+
+  Victō Antiochō cum praedae ratiō ā L. Scīpiōne repōscerētur,
+    [[62]]
+  Āfricānus prōlātum[1] ab eō librum, quō[2] acceptae et expēnsae
+  summae continēbantur et refellī inimīcōrum accūsātiō poterat,
+  discerpsit, indīgnātus[3] dē eā rē dubitārī, quae sub ipsō lēgātō
+  administrāta esset. Quīn etiam hunc[4] in modum verba fēcit:     {255}
+  “Nōn[5] est quod quaerātis, patrēs cōnscrīptī, num parvam pecūniam
+  in aerārium rettulerim, quī anteā illud Pūnicō aurō replēverim,
+  neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocārī. Cum
+  Āfricam tōtam potestātī vestrae subiēcerim, nihil ex eā praeter
+  cōgnōmen rettulī. Nōn igitur mē Pūnicae, nōn frātrem meum        {260}
+  Asiāticae gazae avārum reddidērunt; sed uterque nostrum[6]
+  invidiā quam pecūniā est locuplētior.” Tam cōnstantem dēfēnsiōnem
+  Scīpiōnis ūniversus senātus comprobāvit.
+
+    [Illustration: CORŌNA TRIUMPHĀLIS]
+
+  Deinde Scīpiōnī Āfricānō duo tribūnī plēbis diem dīxērunt,
+  quod praedā ex Antiochō captā aerārium fraudāsset. Ubi causae    {265}
+  dīcendae diēs vēnit, Scīpiō māgnā hominum frequentiā in Forum
+  est dēductus. Iussus causam dīcere rōstra cōnscendit et, corōnā[7]
+  triumphālī capitī suō impositā, “Hōc ego diē”
+  inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperiō nostrō
+  inimīcissimum, māgnō proeliō vīcī in terrā                       {270}
+  Āfricā pācemque nōbīs et victōriam peperī
+  īnspērābilem. Nē[8] igitur sīmus adversus deōs
+  ingrātī, sed cēnseō relinquāmus[9] nebulōnēs hōs
+  eāmusque nunc prōtinus in Capitōlium Iovī
+  optimō māximō supplicātum.” Ā rōstrīs in Capitōlium āscendit;    {275}
+  simul sē ūniversa cōntiō ab accūsātōribus āvertit et secūta Scīpiōnem
+    [[63]]
+  est, nec quisquam praeter praecōnem, quī reum citābat, cum
+  tribūnīs remānsit. Celebrātior is diēs favōre[1] hominum fuit, quam
+  quō[2] triumphāns dē Syphāce rēge et Carthāginiēnsibus urbem est
+  ingressus. Inde, nē amplius tribūnīciīs iniūriīs vexārētur, in   {280}
+  Līternīnum concessit, ubi reliquam ēgit aetātem sine urbis dēsīderiō.
+
+  Cum in Līternīnā vīllā sē continēret, complūrēs praedōnum
+  ducēs ad eum videndum forte cōnfluxērunt. Quōs cum ad vim
+  faciendam venīre exīstimāsset, praesidium servōrum in tēctō
+  conlocāvit aliaque parābat, quae[3] ad eōs repellendōs opus erant.
+  Quod ubi praedōnēs animadvertērunt, abiectīs armīs iānuae        {286}
+  appropinquant et clārā vōce nūntiant Scīpiōnī sē nōn vītae ēius
+hostēs,
+  sed virtūtis admīrātōrēs vēnisse, cōnspectum[4] tantī virī, quasi
+  caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentēs; proinde nē[5] gravārētur
+  sē spectandum praebēre. Haec postquam audīvit Scīpiō, forēs      {290}
+  reserārī eōsque intrōdūcī iussit. Illī postēs iānuae tamquam
+  religiōsissimam āram venerātī, cupidē Scīpiōnis dextram
+  apprehendērunt ac diū deōsculātī sunt; deinde positīs ante vēstibulum
+  dōnīs laetī, quod sibi Scīpiōnem ut vidērent contigisset, domum
+  revertērunt. Paulō post mortuus est Scīpiō moriēnsque ab uxōre   {295}
+  petiit nē corpus suum Rōmam referrētur.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXI (pages 52-63)
+
+    52.2: See Vocab., _Āfricānus_ and _Scīpiō_.
+    52.3: #quī cum#: ‘for when he.’ Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    52.4: ‘in (the course of) the battle.’ _pūgna_, like _bellum_ and
+    _proelium_, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.
+    52.5: Cf. XIX, 16.
+    52.6: #iam iam . . . esset#: ‘was on the very point of falling.’
+    52.7: #interiectō corpore#: ‘by interposing his body.’ See p.
+    xxiii, K 8.
+    52.8: #Quae pietās#: ‘this act of devotion.’
+    52.9: #negantēs . . . habendam#: ‘by saying that no account should
+    be taken of him.’ For #negantēs#, see p. 41, n. 15. _ratiōnem
+    habēre_ is a phrase of mercantile life.
+    52.10: Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times
+    no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth
+    year.
+    52.11: impersonal pass. from _eō_: ‘they proceeded.’
+    52.12: #admodum adulēscentem#: ‘though but,’ etc.
+    53.1: #adlātum erat#: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been
+    brought.’
+    53.2: _patior_.
+    53.3: #quī . . . iūrāverit# (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional
+    clause, _sī quis nōn iūrāverit_. Cf. _quī . . . crēderent_, l. 35,
+    below.
+    53.4: Cf. p. 31, n. 9.
+    53.5: #Haud . . . sī#: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’
+    53.6: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    53.7: P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively
+    father and uncle of Africanus.
+    53.8: Sc. _senātuī_ or _populō_.
+    53.9: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.
+    53.10: Subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10.
+    53.11: #inops cōnsiliī#: ‘at its wit’s end.’
+    53.12: The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting
+    fullness or the opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a:
+    G 374: B 204, 1.
+    53.13: = ‘to be a candidate.’
+    53.14: #unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset#; cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    53.15: #animōrum impetus#: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’
+    53.16: #populum . . . paenitēre#: cf. _Vēientēs . . .
+    paenituisset_, XI, 13, and note.
+    54.1: Cf. p. 42, n. 5.
+    54.2: = _in eum locum_.
+    54.3: _congerō_.
+    54.4: #satis# often = our ‘tolerably.’
+    54.5: A brother of Hannibal.
+    54.6: #victum . . . expulit# = _vīcit et expulit_.
+    54.7: = ‘_but_ the captives,’ etc. Cf. p. 2, n. 24, and p. 5,
+    n. 13.
+    54.8: We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of
+    characteristic. For the difference between them, see H 473, 2, N.
+    1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215, N.: G 400, R. 1.
+    54.9: #id aetātis#: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young.
+    The accus. #id# is variously explained: see H 416, 2 (378, 2):
+    M 507: A 240, _b_: G 336, N. 2; B 185. #aetātis# is partitive gen.
+    (p. 30, n. 2) with #id#.
+    55.1: Why is #vellet# subjunctive?
+    55.2: #effūsīs# (_effundō_) . . . #lacrimīs#: ‘with tears of joy.’
+    How literally?
+    55.3: #quī . . . dēdūcerent#: ‘to escort him.’
+    55.4: #quō . . . appellārunt#: Roman soldiers, after a victory,
+    hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the
+    leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he
+    had assumed on beginning the campaign.
+    55.5: ‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.
+    55.6: #rēgium nōmen# = _rēgis nōmen_, ‘the title of king.’ Cf.
+    _nōmen imperātōris_, l. 80, and _rēgis appellātiōne_, l. 84.
+    55.7: Sc. _esse_.
+    55.8: #quem . . . spērāret#: causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1).
+    55.9: For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6.
+    55.10: future infinitive of _sum_.
+    56.1: Son of Gisco (so also in l. 148); to be carefully
+    distinguished from the Hasdrubal of l. 61.
+    56.2: Sc. _nāvem_; ‘was sailing.’
+    56.3: _= ut peteret_. Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
+    56.4: #Cēnātum . . . est# (_ab iīs_): impers. pass.; ‘they dined.’
+    56.5: #lectō . . . accubuērunt# (_accumbō_): the writer has in
+    mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals,
+    supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more
+    occupied the same couch.
+    56.6: #iam dūdum cupiēbat#: ‘had long desired.’ _Iam diū_, _iam
+    dūdum_, and _iam prīdem_ give to the _present_ the force of the
+    English _perfect_, to the _imperfect_ the force of the English
+    _pluperfect_.
+    56.7: Sc. _ēius_: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to
+    face.’
+    56.8: #cultus# (_colō_) #munditiīs#: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’
+    How literally?
+    56.9: #dē . . . remissō#: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the
+    construction, see p. 5, n. 15.
+    56.10: _quaerō_.
+    56.11: #oblātam# (_offerō_): ‘now that it was at last offered.’
+    56.12: ‘the legal time’; _lēgitima aetās_, l. 11. In later days
+    forty-three was the legal age.
+    57.1: See p. 5, n. 3.
+    57.2: Sc. _diē_, for the gender of which, as in _diēs, quae dicta
+    erat_, l. 127, see Vocab., _diēs_.
+    57.3: For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?
+    57.4: ‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid
+    out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully
+    fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.
+    57.5: The participles = rel. clauses: see p. xxiv, L 1.
+    57.6: #interrogātōs# (sc. _eōs_) #. . . dīmīsit# = _interrogāvit
+    (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit_, or _cum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset,
+    . . . dīmīsit_.
+    58.1: = Syphax. For _ipse_ referring to the principal personage,
+    see also I, 5, and II, 4 [[notes 2.5 and 5.1]].
+    58.2: ‘misfortune.’ So _fāma_ = both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’
+    _valētūdō_ = both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’
+    58.3: dat. of indir. object with #temperāns#.
+    58.4: #quod . . . dūxisset.# What does the subjunctive show?
+    58.5: #ab . . . dūxisset#: cf. p. 50, n. 4.
+    58.6: acc. of extent of space: cf. p. xvii, D 2.
+    58.7: ‘motionless.’
+    58.8: #armīs . . . esse#: ‘that the issue must be decided by
+    arms.’ Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive
+    here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to #pūgnārī#,
+    l. 173.
+    58.9: #Cēterum cōnstat#: ‘it is, however, well known.’
+    59.1: _percellō_.
+    59.2: Cf. _negantēs_, l. 10, and p. 6, n. 20.
+    59.3: #pacta# (_pacīscor_) #essent#: subjunctive by attraction:
+    see p. 13, n. 10.
+    59.4: _pariō_.
+    59.5: i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.
+    59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _mē_; ‘I am not ashamed.’ _piget_ is
+    construed exactly like _paenitet_: see p. 28, n. 7.
+    59.7: Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
+    59.8: #id temporis# = _eō tempore_. Cf. note on _id aetātis_,
+    l. 66.
+    60.1: Join #ē mīlitibus# with #quispiam#, l. 204.
+    60.2: #in . . . iubēret#: ‘when and where he bade (the accused)
+    appear for trial.’ #vadēs sistī# is the passive of _vadēs
+    sistere_, a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to
+    make it effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’ _Sistere_ often means
+    ‘to produce in court,’ as in l. 207.
+    60.3: #sēsē sistant#: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear
+    for trial.
+    60.4: #Diē tertiā# = _perendiē_, l. 206. In counting days, the
+    Romans usually included the day from which they started.
+    60.5: locative.
+    60.6: Cf. n. on _castra mētātus est_, l. 140.
+    60.7: #illō ēlegantius#: ‘more judiciously than he.’ For #illō#,
+    see p. 10, n. 18.
+    60.8: Sc. _castrīs_.
+    60.9: See p. 47, n. 12. #dīcerēs# is imperfect, as referring to
+    present time; the other verbs denote past time.
+    60.10: ‘in that event’; = _sī tē vīcissem_.
+    61.1: ‘a (mere) fighter.’
+    61.2: _pariō_.
+    61.3: This war lasted from 192 to 190.
+    61.4: partitive gen. with #parum#, which is here a noun. In l. 225
+    it was an adverb.
+    61.5: #nihil . . . commūtātum#: ‘no change was made.’ Note that
+    #nihil# is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that #commūtātum est#
+    is impersonal.
+    61.6: ‘treated.’
+    61.7: #tum māximē#: ‘at that very moment.’
+    61.8: Explain mood and tense.
+    61.9: Distinguish between _grātiās agere_ and _grātiam referre_.
+    61.10: Notice that _suādeō_ = merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ is
+    _persuādeō_.
+    61.11: ‘was not arranged.’
+    62.1: = _quī prōlātus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1.
+    62.2: abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both with
+    #continēbantur# and #refellī poterat#.
+    62.3: #indīgnātus . . . dubitārī#: ‘angry because doubts were
+    raised.’ For the infin. see p. 19, n. 6.
+    62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba fēcit#: ‘he delivered a speech.’
+    62.5: #Nōn . . . quaerātis#: ‘there is no reason why you should
+    ask’; lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4
+    (503, 1, N. 2): M 836: A 320, _a_: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.
+    62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a
+    partitive gen.
+    62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.
+    62.8: #Nē . . . sīmus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9.
+    62.9: (_ut_) #relinquāmus . . . eāmus# is a substantive clause of
+    purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781:
+    A 331, _f_, R.: G 546, R. 2: B 295, 8.
+    63.1: abl. of specification.
+    63.2: #quō# (sc. _diē_) = _eō diē quō_.
+    63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which
+    were a necessity.’ For a very different construction with _opus_,
+    cf. _nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve_, XV, 22, and note.
+    63.4: #cōnspectum . . . expetentēs#: ‘craving a chance to see so
+    great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’
+    63.5: #nē . . . gravārētur#: the subjunctive is used here in
+    indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642,
+    4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.]
+
+
+#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.
+Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad
+egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia
+Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum
+matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater
+illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta
+sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia
+traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos
+hospitae ostendens, “Haec” inquit “mea ornamenta sunt.” Nihil quidem his
+adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem
+publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.
+
+Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi
+favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat;
+provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem
+sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per
+plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum
+convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius
+Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo
+commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret,
+segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus
+Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra
+proclamavit: “Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!” Dein
+optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum
+inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii
+ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.
+Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.
+
+Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum
+enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae
+potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones
+fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit:
+civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant
+contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir
+consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen
+lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi
+animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente
+populo Romano: “Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas,
+quam dissuasisti?” Cui Piso “Nolim quidem, Gracche” inquit, “mea bona
+tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.” Quo responso
+aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus,
+patrimonium publicum dissipari.
+
+Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res
+publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.
+Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad
+arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam
+comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum
+super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii
+mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a
+Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.
+Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius
+efficeretur, explesse.
+
+Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, qui
+cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii
+amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam
+adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi
+faciendum putaret. Tum consul “Quid?” inquit “si te Gracchus templo
+Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati
+illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?” “Numquam”
+inquit Blosius “voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem.”
+Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa
+peccaveris.
+
+Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia tum
+haec de se narrat: “Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro
+existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo
+possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea
+causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas
+argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas
+vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt.”
+
+
+  #XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Tiberius et Gāius Gracchī[6] Scīpiōnis Āfricānī[7] ex fīliā[8]
+  nepōtēs erant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spē
+    [[64]]
+  exācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō.
+  Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā[1] puerīs doctī et Graecīs
+  lītterīs[2] ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōs      {5}
+  bene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. Cum
+  Campāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,[3] ōrnāmenta sua, illō
+  saeculō[4] pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,[5] Cornēlia trāxit
+  eam sermōne quoūsque[6] ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs
+  hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil[7]  {10}
+  quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque[7] ā nātūrā neque[7] ā doctrīnā
+  dēfuit; sed[8] ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāre
+  māluērunt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 134.]
+
+  Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit:
+  populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit;           {15}
+  agrōs[9] plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs[10]
+  replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī[11] vellet
+    [[65]]
+  et palam dictitāsset,[1] interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agī
+  dēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī
+  patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius      {20}
+  Capitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtem
+  suam populō commendābat. Hōc[2] nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasi
+  diadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca,
+  cum[3] esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam cōgnātiōnī
+  praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvam   {25}
+  esse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atque
+  equestris[4] ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī fugiēns
+  dēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam,
+  quam glōriōsissimē dēgere[5] potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit.
+  Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est.                    {30}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 123.]
+
+  Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit.
+  Tribūnātum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae frāternae necis,
+  seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīre
+  cōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium[7] effūdit: lēgem dē
+  frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem[8] omnibus Ītalicīs
+      dabat.[9]                                                     {35}
+  Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā[10] poterant contentiōne obsistēbant
+    [[66]]
+  omnēs[1] bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,[2] vir cōnsulāris. Is
+  cum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātā
+  ad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi
+  animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvit     {40}
+  audiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī[3] tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēge
+  frūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim[4] quidem,
+  Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi[5] virītim dīvidere liceat;
+  sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir  {44}
+  gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicum
+  dissipārī.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 121.]
+
+  Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut[6] vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quid
+  dētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximō
+  discrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā
+  familiā,[7] Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma populō,   {50}
+  Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam[8]
+  comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmet
+  ipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteā
+  corpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum
+  est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmium         {55}
+  relātum aurō[9] repēnsum fertur. Sunt[10] quī trādunt īnfūsō[11]
+  plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.[12]
+
+  Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, ut
+    [[67]]
+  in[1] eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur, Blosius
+  quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum[2] vēnit, hanc, ut[3] sibi
+  īgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī[4] Gracchum fēcisset,   {61}
+  ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul
+  “Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēs
+  subdere iussisset,[5] obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs[5]
+  propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquit     {65}
+  Blosius “voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed sī voluisset,[5]
+      pāruissem.[5]”
+  Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī
+  causā peccāveris.
+
+    [Illustration: AMPHORAE]
+
+  Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā       {69}
+  cum[7] alia tum[7] haec dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā,
+  quōmodo ex[8] ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnī
+  meae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem[9]
+  aut eō plūs in mūneribus mē
+  accēpisse aut meā causā quemquam
+  sūmptum[10] fēcisse. Zōnās, quās                                  {75}
+  Rōmā proficīscēns plēnās
+  argentī[11] extulī, eās ex prōvinciā
+  inānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās,
+  quās vīnī[11] plēnās extulērunt, eās
+  argentō[11] replētās domum                                        {80}
+  reportārunt.”
+
+    [Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67)
+
+    63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together,
+    the cognomen is usually put in the plural.
+    63.7: Africanus Maior.
+    63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio
+    Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most
+    distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.
+    64.1: #ā puerīs#: we say, ‘from _childhood_.’
+    64.2: ‘literature’; abl. of means.
+    64.3: ‘guest.’
+    64.4: #illō saeculō#: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The
+    writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury
+    and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.
+    64.5: ‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches to
+    _mulier_ and its derivatives.
+    64.6: construed here like _dōnec_, p. 39, n. 9.
+    64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3.
+    64.8: #sed . . . māluērunt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was
+    manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or
+    aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their
+    interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.
+    64.9: The reference is to the _ager pūblicus_, or land gained in
+    conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part
+    of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who,
+    though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as
+    their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their
+    occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was
+    constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers
+    of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal
+    employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the
+    poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these
+    evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which
+    might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus
+    redeemed among the poorer classes.
+    64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the
+    distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying
+    such persons with lands.
+    64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the
+    same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be
+    reëlected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first
+    term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented
+    himself for reëlection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule.
+    Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside
+    under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct
+    seems to have been unconstitutional.
+    65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of
+    the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the
+    aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman
+    historians.
+    65.2: #Hōc . . . pōsceret#: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean
+    that he was demanding a kingly crown.’ #pōsceret# is subjunctive
+    as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.
+    p. 3, n. 6.
+    65.3: ‘although.’
+    65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_.
+    65.5: #dēgere potuerat#: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf. _tuērī
+    poterant_, l. 12.
+    65.6: _adipīscor_.
+    65.7: #aerārium effūdit#: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’
+    The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence.
+    This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure
+    of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution
+    was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.
+    65.8: ‘citizenship.’
+    65.9: ‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present,
+    often denotes attempted action; cf. _dīvidēbat_, l. 16, and
+    _commendābat_, l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the
+    citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the
+    franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C.
+    65.10: #quantā . . . contentiōne#: ‘with the greatest possible
+    energy.’ Cf. _quantō potuit apparātū_, IX, 39, and note.
+    66.1: #omnēs bonī#: ‘all loyal citizens.’ _bonī_, like
+    _optimātēs_, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation
+    of _aristocracy_.
+    66.2: Sc. _obsistēbat_.
+    66.3: #Quī . . . cōnstās#: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How
+    literally? See (4) _quī_ in vocabulary.
+    66.4: #Nōlim#: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be
+    unwilling.’ The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest
+    assertion: H 556 (486, N. 1): M 719: A 311, _b_: G 257, 2: B 280,
+    1. Cf. _possit_, l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed
+    ironically.
+    66.5: Join with #liceat#.
+    66.6: #ut . . . caperet#: this was the formula by which the senate
+    conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the
+    subjunctives #vidēret# and #caperet#, and give the words of the
+    decree as passed by the senate.
+    66.7: here ‘household.’
+    66.8: #iam comprehenderētur#: ‘was on the point of being
+    arrested.’
+    66.9: #aurō . . . fertur#: ‘is said to have been paid for with
+    gold.’
+    66.10: #Sunt quī trādunt#: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e.
+    ‘some say.’
+    66.11: #infūsō plumbō#: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf. p. xxiii, K 8.
+    It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for
+    the head of Gaius.
+    66.12: = _explēvisse_.
+    67.1: #in eōs . . . animadverterētur#: ‘punishment should be
+    visited upon those.’
+    67.2: Cf. p. xviii, E 6.
+    67.3: #ut . . . īgnōscerētur#: a result clause, dependent on
+    #causam#: ‘a reason as a result of which he _ought to be
+    pardoned_.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or
+    obligation and propriety.
+    67.4: #tantī . . . fēcisset#: ‘he had so highly esteemed
+    Gracchus.’ #tantī# is a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1
+    (405): M 576: A 252, _a_: G 380: B 203, 3. For _fēcisset_, cf.
+    p. 14, n. 1.
+    67.5: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    67.6: #quidem# emphasizes #id#. This emphasis in English would be
+    indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have
+    dreamed of _that_.’ Cf. _Nōlim quidem_ above, l. 42.
+    67.7: #cum . . . tum#: ‘not only . . . but also.’
+    67.8: #ex ūsū vestrō#: ‘to your interests.’
+    67.9: ‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.
+    67.10: _sūmptum facere_ = ‘to be put to expense.’
+    67.11: Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are
+    construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality
+    expressing means.]
+
+
+#XXIII. Gaius Marius# [[stripped text]]
+
+C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce
+Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et
+impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam
+Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res
+publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso
+leniter Marii umero, “Fortasse hunc” inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius
+dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.
+
+Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, cum
+ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum
+ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum
+Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est
+consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum
+confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum
+adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus
+fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non
+sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium
+misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho
+persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad
+Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in
+carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste
+ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque
+desipienti exclamasse fertur: “Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!”
+Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.
+
+Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei contra
+Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae
+finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et Hispania
+cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae darent
+petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere constituunt.
+Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes fugati,
+exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius fuisset. Hic
+primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit.
+Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum nulla copia.
+Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam flagitante aquam
+exercitu Marius “Viri” inquit “estis, en illic aquam habetis.” Itaque
+tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Romani victores
+de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum.
+Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse
+Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne spectaculum triumphi
+fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat.
+
+Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex alia
+parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed
+iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis C.
+Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi et
+fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente Mario
+quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius
+“Omittite” inquit “fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram
+aeternumque tenebunt.” Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem
+Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. “Atqui adsunt”
+inquit Marius “nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis
+discedere.” Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio
+capti erant.
+
+His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad
+vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam
+provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit
+consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora
+hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum
+multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum
+uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris,
+desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum
+missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis
+elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo
+e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere,
+Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui
+offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu
+ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo
+rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes,
+mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat.
+Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter
+armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.
+
+Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello
+dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti,
+missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum tulit ut
+Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur Mithridaticum.
+Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam armis occupavit,
+Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes persequentes fugiens
+aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post repertus extractusque, ut
+erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Minturnas
+raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum occidendum
+servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus auctoritate
+deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem vidisset
+“Tune, homo,” inquit “C. Marium audebis occidere?” Quo audito attonitus
+ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse occidere
+clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere voluerant,
+e carcere emissus est.
+
+Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem
+pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit ad eum lictor
+Sextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam
+laesisset, Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at
+lictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet:
+torveque intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem
+ecquid renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius “Abi” inquit, “nuntia vidisse
+te Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem.” Duobus clarissimis
+exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis
+maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.
+
+Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in
+Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu
+Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae
+factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies
+continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc
+tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius
+occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit
+nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors
+continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit.
+Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et
+ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum
+virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace
+perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam
+primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit.
+
+Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium
+contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, spreta
+peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam
+vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas
+litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem
+profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum
+ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse
+doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti,
+noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem iudicaret.
+
+
+    [[68]]
+
+  #XXIII. Gāius Marius# [[as printed]]
+
+  C. Marius, humilī locō nātus,[1] mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniā
+  duce Scīpiōne[2] posuit.[3] Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus ob
+  singulārem virtūtem et impigram[4] ad perīcula et labōrēs alacritātem.
+  Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī
+  quid illī[5] accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnum          {5}
+  habitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō,
+  “Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōs
+  rēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]
+
+  Q. Metellum[6] in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,[7] cūius
+  lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populum          {10}
+  Rōmānum crīminātus[8] est bellum dūcere[9]: sī[10] sē cōnsulem
+  fēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē in
+  potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus est
+  cōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.[11] Bellum ab illō
+  prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerat        {15}
+  eōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. Marius
+  Gaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum[12] in excelsā rīpā
+  positum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit.
+  Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem           {19}
+  ōrantēs.[13] Sulla[14] quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem remissus, Bocchō
+    [[69]]
+  persuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igitur
+  vinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns ante
+  currum ēgit et in carcerem[1] caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum Iugurtha
+  dētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis[2] in modum dīdūxisse
+  et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quam    {25}
+  frīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcere
+  necātus est.
+
+    [Illustration {foldout map of Mediterranean}]
+
+    [Illustration: TRIUMPH]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 104.]
+
+  Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumque
+  eī contrā Cimbrōs[3] et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī
+  hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēs        {30}
+  quaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum[4] in Ītaliam
+  remigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt.
+  Repulsī, quod nequīverant[5] precibus, armīs petere cōnstituunt.
+  Trēs[6] ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt.
+    [[70]]
+  Omnēs fugātī,[1] exūtī[1] castrīs. Āctum[2] erat dē imperiō Rōmānō,
+  nisi[3] Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs Alpium       {36}
+  rādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō[4] oppressit. Vallem fluviumque
+  medium[5] hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs[6] aquārum nūlla cōpia. Aucta
+  necessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam
+  exercitū Marius “Virī[7]” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.”
+  Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, ut    {41}
+  Rōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūs
+  aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum.
+  Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta
+  nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximō                        {45}
+  saltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphī
+  fuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiae
+  super tropaea ipsa ēminēbat.
+
+    [Illustration: TROPAEUM]
+
+  Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī
+  cum ex[8] aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn ponte    {50}
+  nec nāvibus, sed iniectīs[9] arborum truncīs, velut aggere,
+  trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulem
+  mīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,[10] Teutonum
+  enim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente[11] Mariō quōs illī frātrēs
+  dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite[12]”  {55}
+  inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumque
+    [[71]]
+  tenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō[1] habērī sentientēs ultiōnem
+  Mariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquī
+  adsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs
+  nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonum      {60}
+  ducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant.
+
+  Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīs
+  suōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrum
+  dux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum
+  imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciem         {65}
+  ita īnstituisset, ut pulvis[2] in oculōs et ōra hostium ferrētur,
+  incrēdibilī strāge[3] prōstrāta[4] est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō: caesa
+  trāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cum
+  uxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs,
+  dēsuper,[5] quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent.        {70}
+  Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem[6] nōn
+  impetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque[7] īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs[8]
+  concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab[9]
+  arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs,
+  eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur,       {75}
+  ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut[10]
+  novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō[11] invīderant, cōnservātam[12]
+  ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertium
+  cohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs[13] contrā
+  lēgem[14] cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē et       {80}
+    [[72]]
+  ēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verba
+  sē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 88.]
+
+  Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est.
+  Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla[1] cōnsul
+  contrā Mithridātem,[2] rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,    {85}
+  tribūnus plēbis, lēgem[3] ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium
+  abrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rē
+  Sulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit,
+  Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs
+  fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.[4] Sed paulō post          {90}
+  repertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,[5]
+  iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectus
+  est. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus[6] pūblicus, nātiōne
+  Cimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim
+  hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,”     {95}
+  inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus ille
+  ac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdere
+  clāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant,
+  ē carcere ēmissus est.                                            {99}
+
+  Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsem
+  pervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs[7] sedēret, vēnit ad eum
+  līctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc,
+  quem[8] numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen[9] aliquod
+    [[73]]
+  officium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit,   {104}
+  nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllam
+  ēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrī
+  vellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē Gāium
+  Marium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīs
+  exemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat,
+  cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum ante      {110}
+  oculōs pōneret.
+
+  Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus ā
+  Cinnā[1] in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam domitus.
+  Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs             {114}
+  vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs[2] suppliciōrum
+  generibus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illa
+  scelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.[3] Hōc tempore admīranda sānē
+  populī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrum        {118}
+  domōs multitūdinī dīripiendās[4] obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō,
+  quī[5] cīvīlī[6] lūctū praedam peteret[5]: quae quidem tam misericors
+  continentia plēbis tacita[7] quaedam crūdēlium victōrum vituperātiō
+  fuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbum     {122}
+  incidit et ingentī[8] omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sī
+  exāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū[9] utrum
+  bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem       {125}
+  pūblicam armātus[10] servāvit, eam prīmō togātus[10] omnī genere
+      fraudis,
+  postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit.
+
+    [[74]]
+  Erat Marius dūrior[1] ad hūmānitātis[2] studia et ingenuārum[3]
+  artium contemptor. Cum aedem Honōris dē manubiīs hostium         {129}
+  vōvisset, sprētā[4] peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumque
+  Graecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide[5] per artificem Rōmānum
+  cūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod[6]
+  doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis,
+  validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre
+  secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsum
+  ipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluit       {136}
+  praebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem
+  iūdicāret.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIII (pages 68-74)
+
+    68.1: In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.
+    68.2: Sc. _Āfricānō Minōre_.
+    68.3: = _dēposuit_: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’
+    68.4: #impigram . . . alacritātem#: ‘his energetic eagerness in
+    the direction of (#ad#),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to
+    face,’ etc.
+    68.5: i.e. Scipio.
+    68.6: Subject of #dūcere#, l. 11.
+    68.7: = _quī missus erat_. Cf. _coeptum_, l. 15, and p. xxiv, L1.
+    68.8: #crīminātus . . . dūcere#: ‘charged him with prolonging.’
+    _crīminārī_ is treated here as a verb of saying.
+    68.9: = _prōdūcere_, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have
+    the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their
+    compounds. Cf. n. 3 above.
+    68.10: #sī . . . redāctūrum#: the words of Marius, reported in
+    indir. disc. Cf. p. xxv, M 4, 7.
+    68.11: #in . . . suffectus#: ‘he was appointed to supersede
+    Metellus.’ How literally?
+    68.12: This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river
+    Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.
+    68.13: #ōrantēs# may be explained (1) as = _quī pācem ōrābant_
+    (cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so = _quī
+    pācem ōrārent_. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part.
+    active is commonly employed, not the present.
+    68.14: See next selection.
+    69.1: The Tullianum: see illustration on p. 16.
+    69.2: ‘of one smiling.’ Join with #modum#.
+    69.3: The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as
+    early as 113 B.C. Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the
+    northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the
+    way (cf. l. 34 below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy,
+    but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the
+    natives.
+    69.4: For the position of #cum#, see p. 19, n. 8.
+    69.5: Sc. _petere_, or better _adipīscī_, ‘to secure.’
+    69.6: Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109;
+    Q. Servilius Caepio, 105.
+    70.1: Sc. _sunt_.
+    70.2: #Āctum . . . fuisset#: ‘it was all up with the Romans had
+    there not been a Marius.’ For #erat# we should have expected
+    _esset_, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the
+    mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually
+    was inevitable but for one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308,
+    _b_: G 597, 2: B 304, 3.
+    70.3: #nisi . . . fuisset#: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if
+    it hadn’t been for Marius.’
+    70.4: in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.
+    70.5: ‘that ran through (the valley).’
+    70.6: dat. of possession with _erat_ (to be supplied). On the
+    whole sentence #Vallem . . . cōpia#, see p. 5, n. 13.
+    70.7: #Virī . . . habētis#: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of
+    saying _Sī virī_ (‘true men’) _estis_, etc., i.e. the getting of
+    water depends wholly on your own courage.
+    70.8: ‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had
+    sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass
+    at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.
+    70.9: Sc. _in flūmen_.
+    70.10: Cf. p. 68, n. 13.
+    70.11: #Quaerente . . . nōmināssent# = two temporal clauses: ‘when
+    Marius had asked . . . and they had named.’
+    70.12: ‘Never mind.’
+    71.1: #sē . . . habērī#: ‘that they were being mocked.’ #lūdibriō#
+    is a dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6.
+    71.2: #pulvis . . . ferrētur#: cf. XX, lines 7 and 8.
+    71.3: at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.
+    71.4: _prōsternō_.
+    71.5: ‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.
+    71.6: Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.
+    71.7: _ēlīdō_.
+    71.8: #mūtuīs . . . vulneribus#: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’
+    71.9: #ab . . . pependērunt#: ‘hung _from_ trees’ = ‘hanged
+    themselves _to_ trees.’
+    71.10: #ut . . . hominī#: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’
+    i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a
+    man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.
+    71.11: #ēvectō#: ‘when he had been elevated.’ #eī . . . ēvectō#
+    may also be rendered ‘his elevation.’
+    71.12: Sc. _esse_.
+    71.13: The part. gives the cause of _dōnāverat_.
+    71.14: In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of
+    the _comitia tribūta_, or assembly in which the people met by
+    tribes.
+    72.1: See next selection.
+    72.2: Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans,
+    88-84 B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the
+    Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia
+    Minor and had entered Greece.
+    72.3: #lēgem . . . tulit#: ‘proposed a law before the people,’
+    i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was
+    carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the
+    aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.
+    72.4: _dēlitēscō_.
+    72.5: _oblinō_.
+    72.6: #servus pūblicus#: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the
+    phrase _ager pūblicus_, p. 64, n. 9.
+    72.7: Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 B.C.
+    72.8: #quem . . . laesisset# (_laedō_): a causal rel. clause =
+    ‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320, _e_: G 633:
+    B 283, 3.
+    72.9: #tamen# looks back to #quī . . . obtinēbat#, l. 102. The
+    thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration
+    (#hūmānitātis aliquod officium#) from Sextilius, though his
+    official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to
+    an outlaw.
+    73.1: L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party
+    and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own
+    troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who
+    was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic
+    War.
+    73.2: #variīs . . . adfēcit#: ‘he punished in various ways.’
+    73.3: ‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’
+    73.4: Cf. p. 2, n. 18.
+    73.5: #quī . . . peteret#: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1
+    (503, I): M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283.
+    73.6: #cīvīlī lūctū#: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to
+    his fellow-citizens.’
+    73.7: #tacita . . . fuit#: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense
+    (#quaedam#) a criticism,’ etc.
+    73.8: #ingentī . . . laetitiā#: ‘to the great joy of every one’;
+    cf. p. 27, n. 3.
+    73.9: Join with #facile#, and see p. 19, n. 15.
+    73.10: #armātus# = _bellō_; #togātus# = _pāce_. Cf. l. 125. The
+    toga was the regular dress of civilians.
+    74.1: #Erat dūrior ad#: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he
+    had no liking for.’
+    74.2: ‘culture.’
+    74.3: #ingenuārum artium#: ‘polite accomplishments.’
+    74.4: _spernō_.
+    74.5: abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244, _d_:
+    G 396, and 3.
+    74.6: #quod . . . prōfuissent#: ‘because (so he declared) it had
+    been of little service to its teachers in the direction of
+    (attaining) virtue.’ Cf. _quod . . . iūdicāret_, l. 137, and see
+    p. 14, n. 1.]
+
+
+#XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla# [[stripped text]]
+
+138-78 B.C.
+
+Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia “Salve”
+inquit “puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix,” et statim quaesita quae
+haec dixisset, nōn potuit inveniri.
+
+Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae
+comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam
+perduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi
+gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.
+Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello
+Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde
+factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est.
+Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,
+odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea
+omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes
+civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere
+videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia
+profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et
+oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans
+qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia
+multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere
+paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.
+
+Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; eos,
+qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit
+crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui
+se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum
+inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest
+computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec
+admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus
+imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit,
+qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium
+orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens
+caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se
+dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae
+magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui
+fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque
+videret ascriptum, “Vae” inquit “misero mihi! me fundus Albanus
+persequitur.” Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat,
+confossus est.
+
+Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto
+appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum
+Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post
+repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis
+lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum
+privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non
+minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas
+constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui
+auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere.
+Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec
+effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti
+animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: “Hic adulescens efficiet ne
+quis posthac tale imperium deponat.”
+
+Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere
+coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus
+voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis
+eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali
+cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in
+eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit,
+sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis
+vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et
+Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos
+saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi
+postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen
+proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.
+
+
+  #XXIV. Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla# [[as printed]]
+
+  138-78 B.C.
+
+  Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier[7] obvia
+  “Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statim
+  quaesīta[8] quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.[9]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]
+
+  Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō[10] quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī[11] cum[12] ūsque
+  ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae[13] artis     {5}
+  amōre inquinātam perdūxisset,[12] C. Marius cōnsul molestē
+  tulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātus
+  quaestor sorte[14] obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam in
+    [[75]]
+  Āfricam vēnit, virtūs[1] ēnituit. Bellō[2] Cimbricō, lēgātus       {9}
+  cōnsulis[3] bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus, pulsō
+  in exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem[4] profectus est. Mithridātēs
+  enim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius,
+  odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,[5] occupātā Asiā necātīsque
+  in eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,[6] quōs quidem eādem diē
+  atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoque  {15}
+  Ītaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōs
+  duōbus proeliīs[7] in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus in
+  Asiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,[8] nisi ad bellum
+  cīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque[9] pācem compōnere
+  māluisset.[8] Mithridātem tamen pecūniā[10] multāvit; Asiā[11]    {20}
+  aliīsque prōvinciīs,[11] quās occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsque
+  fīnibus contentum esse coēgit.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 82.]
+
+  Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs[12] cum victōre exercitū Rōmam
+  properāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil
+  autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et       {25}
+  dictātor[13] creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussit
+  animadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīvium
+  in Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōs
+  in urbe passim, quisquis[14] voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret Fūfidius
+  quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut[15] essent, quibus[15] imperāret.
+    [[76]]
+  Novō[1] et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis[2] prōposuit,  {31}
+  quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumque
+  omnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina.
+  Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in[3] eōs saevīvit, quī
+  armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēs       {35}
+  propter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit.
+  Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cum
+  legēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum,
+  “Vae” inquit “miserō mihi[4]! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.”
+  Neque[5] longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat,            {40}
+  cōnfossus[6] est.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 78.]
+
+  Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque[7] inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem[8] sē
+  ēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partū
+  ēdidisset, puerum Faustum[8] puellamque Faustam[8] nōminārī voluit.
+  Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnem        {45}
+  dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cum
+  amīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns,
+  cūius modo[9] tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōn
+  minus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās
+  cōnstitit,[10] quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēns     {50}
+  fuit, quī[11] audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūs
+  maledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virī
+  māximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīus
+  adulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in[12]
+    [[77]]
+  līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet[1] nē quis[2] posthāc
+  tāle imperium dēpōnat.”                                           {56}
+
+  Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō[3] vītam
+  agere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī,
+  cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs[4] Graecīs atque
+  Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,[5] ut        {60}
+  sēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam dūxerit:
+  nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,[6]
+  Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,[7] nē quid[2]
+      posteā                                                        {63}
+  scrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,[8] in iīs vērō, quae secūta
+  sunt, numquam[9] satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlis
+  sanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit,       {66}
+  sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit[10]: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsī
+  posteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs in
+  flūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam
+  corrūpit.                                                         {70}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIV (pages 74-77)
+
+    74.7: #mulier obvia . . . inquit#: ‘a woman met them and said.’
+    74.8: #quaesīta . . . dīxisset#: ‘though inquiries were made as to
+    who had said this.’ How literally? #dīxisset# is a subjunctive of
+    indir. question dependent on #quaesīta#: cf. p. 3, n. 2.
+    74.9: Cf. VIII, 43.
+    74.10: Cf. XXIII, 20.
+    74.11: i.e. Sulla.
+    74.12: Cf. p. 13, n. 20.
+    74.13: #lūdicrae artis#: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would
+    call ‘the stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome
+    looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was
+    allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or
+    freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at
+    will.
+    74.14: After the election of the quaestors their posts were
+    assigned to them by lot.
+    75.1: ‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that
+    Jugurtha was captured.
+    75.2: Cf. XXIII, 49.
+    75.3: Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.
+    75.4: Cf. 72, n. 2.
+    75.5: abl. of comparison with #īnferior#: cf. p. 10, n. 18.
+    75.6: This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is
+    variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.
+    75.7: At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were
+    fought in 86.
+    75.8: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    75.9: #quālemcumque pācem#: ‘peace on any terms.’
+    75.10: abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220,
+    _b_: G 378, R. 3: B 208, 2, _b_.
+    75.11: Cf. p. 1, n. 6.
+    75.12: Cf. XXIII, 113-122.
+    75.13: Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former
+    times (1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old
+    dictators held office for six months only; (2) his power extended
+    to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had
+    been created to accomplish some _one_ object.
+    75.14: #quisquis voluit# contains the subject of #occīdit#.
+    75.15: #ut . . . imperāret#: ‘that there might be people for him
+    (Sulla) to rule over.’ For #quibus . . . imperāret#, see p. 5,
+    n. 3.
+    76.1: #Novō . . . prōposuit#: ‘He exposed to public view (in the
+    Forum) a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’
+    #exemplō#: abl. of manner.
+    76.2: #prōscrīptiōnis#: Latin often uses a gen. where English
+    employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.
+    76.3: #in eōs saevīvit#: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’
+    76.4: ethical dat.: H 432 (389, N. 2): M 541: A 235, _e_: G 351:
+    B 188, 2, _b_.
+    76.5: #Neque# = _et nōn_, as often at the beginning of clauses.
+    76.6: _cōnfodiō_.
+    76.7: _prōsternō_.
+    76.8: These words all = ‘Lucky.’
+    76.9: ‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’
+    76.10: ‘remained intact.’
+    76.11: #quī audēret# is a rel. clause of result = _tālis ut
+    audēret_. It characterizes or describes the antecedent
+    #adulēscēns#. See p. 73, n. 5.
+    76.12: #in līmine iam#: ‘when he was already at (on) his own
+    threshold,’ i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make
+    was not uttered till the last moment.
+    77.3: #vēnandō . . . coepit#: cf. I, 21, _vēnandō . . .
+    coepērunt_, and note.
+    77.4: Cf. p. 64, n. 2.
+    77.5: #amāns# is treated here as an adj., and so construed with
+    the gen. Cf. _cupidus voluptātum_, l. 59.
+    77.6: ‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal
+    in the Forum.
+    77.7: Cf. p. 11, n. 9.
+    77.8: Sc. _erat_.
+    77.9: #numquam . . . vituperandus# (_est_): ‘can never be blamed
+    enough.’ In _negative_ sentences the gerundive often conveys this
+    idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see p. 39, n. 11.
+    77.10: _parcō._]
+
+
+#XXV. Lucius Lucullus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Lucius Lucullus ingeniō, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam
+quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude
+provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,
+inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam
+admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus
+a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum
+ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum
+exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum
+tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii
+magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et
+navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in
+rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma
+profectus rei militaris rudis.
+
+Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe
+multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit,
+ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed
+alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini
+nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam
+effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium
+rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere:
+magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare
+ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis,
+suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete
+Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.
+
+Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo cum
+venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem
+aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus
+“Putasne” inquit “me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae adveniente hieme
+sedem commutant?” Villarum magnificentiae respondebat epularum sumptus.
+Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset posita, coquum graviter
+obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non debuisse lautum parare
+convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, “Quid ais?” inquit iratus
+Lucullus. “Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?”
+
+Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et
+optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus
+bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant
+maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis
+liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum
+virorum turbam ambulabat.
+
+
+  #XXV. Lūcius Lūcullus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 74.]
+
+  Lūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. In
+  Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam[11]
+  laude[12] prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus[13] aedīlis,
+  continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum[14] prōmōtus est, quem
+  ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingenium            {5}
+    [[78]]
+  āgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum[1] bellum missus ā senātū
+  nōn modo opīniōnem vīcit[2] omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrum
+  ducum. Idque eō[3] fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus[4] imperātōria
+  nōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī[5] operā,
+  quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in[6] Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sed    {10}
+  incrēdibilis quaedam[7] ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs[8]
+  dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter[9] et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsisset
+  partim in percontandō ā perītīs,[10] partim in rēbus[11] gestīs
+  legendīs, in Asiam factus[12] imperātor vēnit, cum esset Rōmā
+  profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.[13]                                {15}
+
+  Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātem
+  saepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,[14] rēgum māximum, in
+  Armeniā vīcit, ultimamque[15] bellō manum magis nōluit impōnere,
+  quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis[16] et bellō paene
+  invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamen        {20}
+  ideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam
+  dē Mithridāte triumphāvit,[17] abiectā omnium rērum cūrā coepit
+  dēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē et
+  immēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum[18] mare
+    [[79]]
+  ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs[1] marī iniēcit; in   {25}
+  aliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haud
+  īnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum[2] vocāre adsuēverat.[3]
+
+    [Illustration: VĪLLA]
+
+  Habēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū[4] et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam.
+  Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod
+  ea habitātiō esset[5] quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minus   {30}
+  commoda vidērētur[5]; cuī Lūcullus “Putāsne” inquit “mē minus
+  sapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?”
+  Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus.
+  Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote[6] sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum
+  graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisse   {35}
+  lautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset[5] ad cēnam invītātus,
+    [[80]]
+  “Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullum
+  hodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?”
+
+  Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et         {39}
+  multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit[1] ūtendōs.
+  Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut ad
+  Mūsārum[2] aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi iūcundē
+  inter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīs
+  versābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam
+  ambulābat.                                                        {45}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXV (pages 77-80)
+
+    77.1: #efficiet nē . . . dēpōnat#: ‘will prevent any one from
+    resigning.’ For the subjunctive #dēpōnat#, see p. 9, n. 6.
+    77.2: The indefinite pronoun _quis_ occurs chiefly after _sī_,
+    _nisi_, _nē_, and _num_. Elsewhere _aliquis_ is used.
+    77.11: Cf. p. 76, n. 1.
+    77.12: ‘ability.’
+    77.13: Sc. _est_.
+    77.14: The offices mentioned here formed the _cursus honōrum_, or
+    official career, through which all desirous of political
+    distinction were required to pass. The aedileship, however, might
+    be omitted.
+    78.1: Cf. p. 72, n. 2. Lucullus assumed command against
+    Mithridates in 74 B.C.
+    78.2: ‘surpassed,’ ‘outstripped.’
+    78.3: causal abl., explained by #quod . . . exspectābātur#.
+    78.4: ‘ability.’
+    78.5: #forēnsī operā#: ‘legal business,’ i.e. the practice of law.
+    In or near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business
+    places in general.
+    78.6: #in Asiae pāce#: ‘in Asia, which was then at peace.’
+    78.7: #quīdam# is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which
+    the writer fears may seem exaggerated.
+    78.8: #ūsūs dīsciplīnam#: ‘the training of experience.’
+    78.9: #iter et nāvigātiōnem#: ‘voyage.’
+    78.10: ‘experts.’ Sc. #reī mīlitāris#.
+    78.11: #rēbus gestīs#: ‘history’; here, of course, military
+    history especially.
+    78.12: Cf. our use of the word ‘finished.’
+    78.13: The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had
+    served with distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.
+    78.14: King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom
+    he had formed alliance.
+    78.15: #ultimam . . . potuit#: ‘his failure to put the finishing
+    touches (#ultimam manum#) to the war was due more to unwillingness
+    than to inability.’ How literally? Here too the biographer shows
+    his prejudice. Lucullus’ failure to end the war was due to the
+    mutiny of his soldiers, who were weary of their incessant
+    exertions, and angry because L. did not permit them to gratify
+    their greed for plunder.
+    78.16: ‘(though) praiseworthy.’ #invictus# must be similarly
+    translated.
+    78.17: Cf. p. 18, n. 7.
+    78.18: ‘convenience.’
+    79.1: #mōlēs . . . iniēcit#: ‘he built huge structures out into
+    the sea.’
+    79.2: Cf. p. 73, n. 10. Xerxes, king of Persia, made an expedition
+    against Greece in 480 B.C., in the course of which he executed
+    certain important engineering works.
+    79.3: _adsuēscō_.
+    79.4: #prōspectū . . . pulcherrimam#: ‘with a very beautiful view
+    and promenade.’ #prōspectū# and #ambulātiōne# are abl. of
+    specification.
+    79.5: Why subjunctive?
+    79.6: #utpote sōlī# = _quod sōlus erat_. In phrases like this
+    Latin suffers from the lack of a present part. to _sum_.
+    80.1: #dedit ūtendōs#: i.e. loaned them. For #ūtendōs#, see p. 2,
+    n. 18.
+    80.2: The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.]
+
+
+#XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem consilio
+servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset
+invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei
+filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabernaculum
+patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset,
+nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua
+antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se
+tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. Terentius tum destricto
+ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit.
+Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque
+tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci reconciliavit.
+
+Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo maxime
+diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret,
+paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit.
+Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus
+ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique
+temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus
+saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam
+iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi
+adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis
+iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem
+et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo
+descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.
+
+Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae
+inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus
+est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et
+flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe
+moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis
+principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae
+sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob
+unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus
+esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “qui cives meos ad id induxi.” Tam libera
+voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.
+
+Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus
+favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam
+subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a
+Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una legione
+successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat,
+tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum
+multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni
+cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit:
+neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere
+plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae
+potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia
+adulescentis perculsus, “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclamavit.
+
+Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus
+Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in
+proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine
+impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum
+concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus
+in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum
+eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam
+inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero
+proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius
+recedere coactus dixisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc
+puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.” Metellum anum
+appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam
+deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.
+
+Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam
+Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio
+extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant
+quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione
+dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni
+omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: “Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius
+locum substituetis?” summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, “Te,
+Quinte Catule.” Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e
+contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus
+navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis
+locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris
+procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra
+quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.
+
+Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in
+Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat,
+neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu
+castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in
+locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus
+esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a tergo
+haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium
+ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in
+propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum
+profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a patre
+fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum
+sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea
+medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se
+petierat, interfectus est.
+
+Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat,
+Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum
+procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum
+diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse
+iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum
+primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure
+victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad
+urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,
+et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis
+inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam
+quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant:
+Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex
+Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si,
+quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset
+expertus iam senex.
+
+Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi
+dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum
+civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius,
+relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules
+senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit.
+Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus
+erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis
+uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in
+Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo
+viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus
+cremandum curavit.
+
+Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus.
+Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda
+frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum ederet,
+negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse reperiri,
+nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum
+inde peti, medicoque dixit: “Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis
+esset, non viveret Pompeius?” Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi
+iussit apponi.
+
+Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens,
+confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit
+audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer
+eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos
+erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret,
+admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris
+causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod
+eum non posset audire. At ille “Tu vero” inquit “potes, nec committam ut
+dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.” Itaque
+cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi
+quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum
+vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor!
+quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.”
+
+
+  #XXVI. Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: POMPEY]
+
+  Gnaeus Pompēius,[3] stirpis senātōriae, bellō[4]
+  cīvīlī sē et patrem cōnsiliō servāvit. Cum enim
+  Pompēī pater exercituī suō ob avāritiam esset
+  invīsus, factā in eum cōnspīrātiōne, Terentius
+  quīdam, Gnaeī Pompēī fīliī[5] contubernālis, hunc[6]               {5}
+  occīdendum suscēpit, dum[7] aliī tabernāculum
+  patris incenderent.[7] Quae rēs cum iuvenī Pompēiō
+  cēnantī nūntiāta esset, nihil perīculō mōtus
+  solitō[8] hilarius bibit et cum Terentiō eādem,
+  quā[9] anteā, cōmitāte ūsus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam  {10}
+  subdūxit sē tentōriō et fīrmam patrī circumdedit cūstōdiam.
+  Terentius tum dēstrictō ēnse ad lectum Pompēī accessit multīsque
+  īctibus strāgula percussit.[10] Ortā mox sēditiōne Pompēius sē in
+    [[81]]
+  media coniēcit āgmina, mīlitēsque tumultuantēs precibus et lacrimīs
+  plācāvit ac ducī reconciliāvit.                                   {15}
+
+  Eōdem bellō Pompēius partēs Sullae secūtus ita sē gessit ut ab
+  eō māximē dīligerētur. Annōs trēs et vīgintī nātus, ut Sullae
+  auxiliō venīret, paternī exercitūs reliquiās conlēgit, statimque
+  dux perītus exstitit.[1] Māgnus illīus apud mīlitem amor, māgna
+  apud omnēs admīrātiō fuit; nūllus eī[2] labor taediō,[2] nūlla
+      dēfatīgātiō                                                   {20}
+  molestiae[2] erat. Cibī[3] vīnīque[3] temperāns, somnī parcus[4];
+  inter mīlitēs corpus exercēns cum alacribus saltū,[5] cum vēlōcibus
+  cursū,[5] cum validīs luctandō[5] certābat. Tum ad Sullam iter
+  intendit et in eō itinere trēs hostium exercitūs aut fūdit aut sibi
+  adiūnxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad sē accēdere audīvit ēgregiamque       {25}
+  sub sīgnīs iuventūtem āspexit, dēsiliit ex equō Pompēiumque
+  salūtāvit imperātōrem et posteā eī[6] venientī solēbat sellā
+  adsurgere et caput aperīre et equō dēscendere, quem honōrem nēminī
+  nisi Pompēiō tribuēbat.
+
+  Posteā Pompēius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam ā Carbōne,      {30}
+  Sullae inimīcō, occupātam reciperet. Carbō comprehēnsus et ad
+  Pompēium ductus est: quem Pompēius, etsi Carbō[7] muliebriter
+  mortem extimēscēns dēmissē et flēbiliter mortem dēprecābātur,
+  ad supplicium dūcī iussit. Longē moderātior fuit Pompēius ergā
+  Sthenium, Siciliae cūiusdam cīvitātis prīncipem. Cum enim in      {35}
+  eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset, quae[8] sibi adversāta
+  fuisset, inīquē eum factūrum Sthenius exclāmāvit,[9] sī ob ūnīus
+  culpam omnēs pūnīret. Interrogantī Pompēiō quisnam ille ūnus
+  esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “quī cīvēs meōs ad id indūxī.”
+    [[82]]
+  Tam līberā vōce dēlectātus Pompēius omnibus et Stheniō ipsī       {40}
+  pepercit.[1]
+
+  Trānsgressus inde in Āfricam Iarbam, Numidiae rēgem, quī
+  Mariī partibus favēbat, bellō persecūtus intrā diēs quadrāgintā
+  oppressit et Āfricam subēgit adulēscēns[2] quattuor et vīgintī
+  annōrum. Deinde cum litterae eī ā Sullā redditae essent, quibus   {45}
+  exercitū[3] dīmissō cum ūnā legiōne successōrem exspectāre
+  iubēbātur, Pompēius, quamquam aegrē id ferēbat, tamen pāruit et
+  Rōmam revertit. Revertentī incrēdibilis hominum multitūdō
+  obviam īvit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excēpit et Māgnī
+  cōgnōmine cōnsalūtāvit. Nihilō minus Pompēiō triumphum petentī    {50}
+  restitit: neque vērō eā rē ā prōpositō dēterritus est Pompēius
+  aususque[4] dīcere plūrēs adōrāre sōlem orientem quam occidentem:
+  quō dictō innuēbat Sullae potentiam minuī, suam crēscere.
+  Eā vōce audītā Sulla, cōnfīdentiā adulēscentis perculsus,[5]
+  “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclāmāvit.                               {55}
+
+  Metellō[6] iam senī[7] et bellum in Hispāniā sēgnius gerentī
+  conlēga datus Pompēius adversus Sertōrium variō ēventū dīmicāvit.
+  Māximum ibi in proeliō quōdam perīculum subiit: cum enim vir
+  vāstā corporis māgnitūdine impetum in eum fēcisset, Pompēius
+  manum amputāvit; sed multīs[8] in eum concurrentibus vulnus in    {60}
+  femore accēpit et ā suīs fugientibus dēsertus in[9] hostium potestāte
+  erat. At praeter spem ēvāsit: barbarī enim equum ēius aurō
+  phalerīsque eximiīs īnstrūctum cēperant. Dum igitur praedam
+  inter sē altercantēs[10] partiuntur, Pompēius eōrum manūs effūgit.
+  Alterō proeliō cum Metellus Pompēiō labōrantī auxiliō vēnisset,   {65}
+  Sertōrius recēdere coāctus dīxisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa
+    [[83]]
+  supervēnisset,[1] ego hunc puerum verberibus castīgātum Rōmam
+  dīmīsissem.”[1] Metellum anum appellābat, quia is, iam senex,[2] ad
+  mollem et effēminātam vītam dēflexerat. Sertōriō interfectō
+  Pompēius Hispāniam recēpit.                                       {70}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 67.]
+
+  Cum[3] pīrātae illā tempestāte
+  maria omnia īnfēstārent[3] et quāsdam
+  etiam Ītaliae urbēs dīripuissent,[3]
+  ad eōs opprimendōs
+  cum imperiō extraōrdināriō                                        {75}
+  missus est Pompēius. Nimiae
+  virī potentiae obsistēbant quīdam
+  ex optimātibus et imprīmīs Quīntus Catulus. Quī cum in cōntiōne
+  dīxisset esse quidem[4] praeclārum virum Cn. Pompēium, sed[4] nōn
+  esse ūnī omnia tribuenda, adiēcissetque: “Sī quid huīc acciderit,
+  quem in ēius locum substituētis?” summō cōnsēnsū succlāmāvit      {81}
+  ūniversa cōntiō, “Tē, Quīnte Catule.” Tam honōrificō cīvium
+  tēstimōniō victus Catulus ē cōntiōne discessit. Pompēius,
+  dispositīs[5] per omnēs maris recessūs nāvibus, brevī terrārum orbem
+  illā pēste līberāvit; praedōnēs multīs locīs victōs fūdit; eōsdem
+  in dēditiōnem acceptōs in urbibus et agrīs procul ā marī          {86}
+  conlocāvit. Nihil hāc victōriā celerius, nam intrā quadrāgēsimum
+  diem pīrātās tōtō marī expulit.
+
+    [Illustration: NĀVIS PĪRĀTA]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 66.]
+
+  Cōnfectō bellō pīrāticō, Gnaeus Pompēius contrā Mithridātem
+  profectus in Asiam māgnā celeritāte contendit. Proelium           {90}
+  cum rēge cōnserere cupiēbat, neque[6] opportūna dabātur
+  pūgnandī facultās, quia Mithridātēs interdiū castrīs sē continēbat,
+  noctū vērō haud tūtum erat congredī cum hoste in locīs īgnōtīs.
+  Nocte tamen aliquandō cum Pompēius Mithridātem aggressus
+  esset, lūna māgnō fuit Rōmānīs adiūmentō. Quam cum Rōmānī         {95}
+    [[84]]
+  ā[1] tergō habērent, umbrae corporum longius prōiectae ad prīmōs
+  ūsque hostium ōrdinēs pertinēbant, unde dēceptī rēgiī mīlitēs in
+  umbrās, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tēla mittēbant. Victus
+  Mithridātēs in Pontum profūgit. Pharnacēs fīlius bellum eī        {99}
+  intulit, quī, occīsīs ā patre frātribus, vītae suae ipse timēbat.
+  Mithridātēs ā fīliō obsessus[2] venēnum sūmpsit; quod cum tardius
+  subīret, quia adversus venēna multīs anteā medicāmentīs corpus
+  fīrmāverat, ā mīlite Gallō, ā[3] quō ut adiuvāret sē petierat,
+  interfectus est.
+
+    [Illustration: DIADĒMA]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 63.]
+
+  Tigrānī deinde, Armeniae rēgī, quī Mithridātis partēs secūtus    {105}
+  erat, Pompēius bellum intulit eumque ad dēditiōnem compulit.
+  Quī cum prōcubuisset ad genua Pompēī, eum
+  ērēxit,[4] et benīgnīs verbīs recreātum diadēma,
+  quod abiēcerat, capitī repōnere iussit, aequē[5]
+  pulchrum esse iūdicāns et vincere rēgēs et                       {110}
+  facere. Inde in Iūdaeam profectus Rōmānōrum
+  prīmus[6] Iūdaeōs domuit, Hierosolyma,
+  caput gentis, cēpit, templumque iūre[7]
+  victōriae ingressus est. Rēbus Asiae                             {114}
+  compositīs, in Italiam versus[8] ad urbem[9] vēnit, nōn, ut plērīque
+  timuerant, armātus, sed dīmissō exercitū, et tertium triumphum
+  bīduō[10] dūxit. Īnsīgnis fuit multīs novīs inūsitātīsque ōrnāmentīs
+  hīc triumphus; sed nihil inlūstrius vīsum, quam quod[11] tribus
+  triumphīs trēs orbis partēs dēvictae causam praebuerant: Pompēius
+    [[85]]
+  enim, quod[1] anteā contigerat nēminī, prīmum ex Āfricā,         {120}
+  iterum ex Eurōpā, tertiō ex Asiā triumphāvit, fēlīx opīniōne
+  hominum futūrus, sī, quem[2] glōriae, eundem vītae fīnem habuisset
+  neque adversam fortūnam esset expertus iam senex.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]
+
+  Posteriōre enim tempore ortā inter Pompēium et Caesarem[3]
+  gravī dissēnsiōne, quod[4] hīc[5] superiōrem, ille[5] parem ferre
+  nōn posset, bellum cīvīle exārsit. Caesar īnfēstō[6] exercitū    {126}
+  in Ītaliam vēnit. Pompēius, relīctā urbe ac deinde Ītaliā ipsā,
+  Thessaliam petit et cum eō cōnsulēs senātusque omnis: quem
+  īnsecūtus Caesar apud Pharsālum aciē fūdit. Victus Pompēius
+  ad Ptolemaeum, Aegyptī rēgem, cuī tūtor ā senātū datus erat,     {130}
+  profūgit, quī Pompēium interficī iussit. Latus Pompēī sub oculīs
+  uxōris et līberōrum mūcrōne cōnfossum est, caput praecīsum,
+  truncus in Nīlum coniectus. Deinde caput cum ānulō ad Caesarem
+  dēlātum est, quī eō vīsō lacrimās nōn continēns illud
+  multīs pretiōsissimīsque odōribus cremandum cūrāvit.             {135}
+
+  Is fuit Pompēī post trēs cōnsulātūs et totidem triumphōs vītae
+  exitus. Erant in Pompēiō multae et māgnae virtūtēs ac praecipuē
+  admīranda frūgālitās. Cum eī aegrōtantī praecēpisset
+  medicus ut turdum ederet, negārent autem[7] servī eam avem
+  ūsquam aestīvō tempore posse reperīrī, nisi apud Lūcullum, quī   {140}
+  turdōs domī sagīnāret, vetuit Pompēius turdum inde petī, medicōque
+  dīxit: “Ergō,[8] nisi Lūcullus perditus dēliciīs esset, nōn
+  vīveret Pompēius?” Aliam avem, quae parābilis esset, sibi iussit
+  appōnī.
+
+    [[86]]
+  Virīs[1] doctīs māgnum honōrem habēbat Pompēius. Ex Syriā        {145}
+  dēcēdēns, cōnfectō bellō Mithridāticō, cum Rhodum vēnisset,
+  Posīdōnium cupiit audīre[2]; sed cum audīvisset eum graviter esse
+  aegrum, quod[3] vehementer ēius artūs labōrārent, voluit tamen
+  nōbilissimum philosophum vīsere. Mōs erat ut, cōnsule[4] aedēs   {149}
+  aliquās ingressūrō, līctor forēs percuteret,[5] admonēns cōnsulem
+  adesse, at Pompēius forēs Posīdōniī percutī honōris causā vetuit.
+  Quem ut vīdit et salūtāvit, molestē sē dīxit ferre, quod eum nōn
+  posset audīre. At ille “Tū vērō” inquit “potes, nec committam
+  ut dolor corporis efficiat[5] ut frūstrā tantus vir ad mē vēnerit.[5]”
+  Itaque cubāns graviter et cōpiōsē dē hōc ipsō disputāvit: nihil  {155}
+  esse[6] bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum dīcī posse,
+  quod turpe nōn esset. Cum vērō dolōrēs ācriter eum pungerent,
+  saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! quamvīs[7] sīs molestus, numquam
+  tē esse malum cōnfitēbor.”
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVI (pages 80-86)
+
+    80.3: See Vocab., _Pompēius_.
+    80.4: The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See
+    selections XXIV and XXV.
+    80.5: Cf. _iuvenī_, l. 7. We should say ‘the younger.’ He was at
+    this time but nineteen years of age.
+    80.6: #hunc . . . suscēpit#: ‘undertook to kill him.’ How
+    literally? For #occīdendum#, see p. 2, n. 18.
+    80.7: #dum#, though meaning ‘while’ (cf. p. xx, G 2), takes the
+    subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. Terenti
+    said: _fīlium . . . suscipiam dum aliī incenditis_.
+    80.8: #solitō hilarius#: ‘with (even) more gaiety than usual.’
+    #solitō# is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used.
+    For its case, see p. 10, n. 18.
+    80.9: #quā anteā#: sc. _ūsus erat_.
+    80.10: _percutiō_.
+    81.1: ‘proved himself.’
+    81.2: See p. 25, n. 6.
+    81.3: objective gen. (p. 14, n. 15) with the part. #temperāns#,
+    which here = a simple adj. So #somnī# is obj. gen. with #parcus#.
+    81.4: Sc. _erat_.
+    81.5: abl. of specification.
+    81.6: #eī venientī#: ‘(as a mark of respect) to him when
+    approaching.’ #eī# is a dat. of advantage with #adsurgere#.
+    81.7: After #quem#, whose antecedent is #Carbō#, l. 31, this word
+    might have been omitted without loss of clearness. In fact, such
+    omission is the more usual construction.
+    81.8: #quae . . . fuisset#: causal. Note that in forming the
+    pluperfect subjunctive certain writers often use _fuisset_ for
+    _esset_.
+    81.9: What were the exact words of Sthenius?
+    82.1: _parcō_.
+    82.2: ‘(being then) a young man.’ Cf. p. 44, n. 12.
+    82.3: #exercitū dīmissō . . . exspectāre# = _exercitum dīmittere
+    et . . . exspectāre_.
+    82.4: Cf. p. 13, n. 12.
+    82.5: _percellō_.
+    82.6: Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C.
+    82.7: #senī#: ‘because he was old.’
+    82.8: #multīs . . . concurrentibus#: the abl. abs. here denotes
+    both time and cause; see p. xxiii, K 6. The prefix in
+    #concurrentibus# conveys the idea of ‘from every side.’
+    82.9: #in . . . erat# = _ab hostibus captus est_.
+    82.10: #altercantēs partiuntur#: lit., ‘wrangling they divided’ =
+    ‘they wrangled about the division.’
+    83.1: Why subjunctive?
+    83.2: ‘_though_ already old.’ The thought is that luxury and
+    effeminacy are especially unbecoming to old age.
+    83.3: See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense
+    in #dīripuissent#?
+    83.4: Cf. p. 10, n. 10.
+    83.5: See p. xxiii, K 10.
+    83.6: #neque . . . facultās#: ‘but no opportunity,’ etc.
+    84.1: #ā tergō#: ‘in the rear.’ See p. 11, n. 10.
+    84.2: _obsideō_.
+    84.3: #ā quō . . . petierat#: ‘whom he had asked to help him.’ How
+    literally? #ut adiuvāret sē# is a substantive clause of purpose
+    and object of _petierat_. See p. 7, n. 20.
+    84.4: _ērigō_.
+    84.5: #aequē . . . facere#: lit., ‘because he thought it an
+    equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.’ The
+    expression is somewhat careless. We would say: ‘as glorious to
+    create kings as to conquer them.’ #aequē pulchrum# is predicate,
+    #et vincere . . . et facere# subject to #esse#.
+    84.6: #prīmus . . . domuit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
+    84.7: #iūre victōriae#: ‘by right of (i.e. on the strength of) his
+    victory.’
+    84.8: ‘turning’; lit., ‘having turned himself.’ Cf. n. on
+    _cingitur_, XIII, l. 29.
+    84.9: ‘the City,’ i.e. Rome.
+    84.10: Cf. p. xvii, D 1.
+    84.11: #quod . . . praebuerant#: ‘the fact that the conquest of
+    (the) three parts,’ etc. Cf. p. 5, n. 15, and p. xxiv, L 4.
+    85.1: ‘something which’; its antecedent is the clause #prīmum
+    . . . triumphāvit# below.
+    85.2: With #quem glōriae#, sc. _fīnem habuit_.
+    85.3: The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.
+    85.4: #quod . . . posset#: ‘because (as men said) the one,’ etc.
+    For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H 4.
+    85.5: #hīc . . . ille#: ‘the one (Caesar) . . . the other
+    (Pompey).’
+    85.6: #īnfēstō exercitū#: abl. of accompaniment: H 474, 2, N. 1
+    (419, III, 1, 1): M 634: A 243, _a_, N.: G 392, R. 1: B 222, 1.
+    85.7: #autem# contrasts #negārent# with #praecēpisset#. There is a
+    contrast also between #servī# and #medicus#.
+    85.8: #Ergō . . . Pompēius#? The force of this sentence can be
+    given only by a free rendering, thus: ‘Shall it be said, then,
+    that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by
+    his luxury?’
+    86.1: #Virīs . . . habēbat#: ‘he highly honored learned men.’
+    86.2: _audiō_, like our ‘hear,’ is often used of listening to
+    lectures or to teachers.
+    86.3: #quod . . . labōrārent#: i.e. because he had the gout.
+    86.4: #cōnsule . . . ingressūrō#: ‘whenever the consul,’ etc.;
+    a temporal abl. abs.
+    86.5: Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see p. xix,
+    F 3.
+    86.6: infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in
+    apposition to #hōc#. This use of the infin. is common.
+    86.7: #quamvīs sīs#: concessive subjunctive: H 586, II (515, III):
+    M 875: A 313, _a_: G 606: B 308.]
+
+
+#XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar# [[stripped text]]
+
+C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens
+sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem;
+cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit
+compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar
+bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe
+elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per
+singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae
+liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo
+per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam,
+cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu
+denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem
+proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere
+cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent,
+exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.
+
+Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica
+donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium
+Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc
+dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope
+quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis
+pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad
+expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta
+piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus
+numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs
+proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum
+locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem
+mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo
+supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique
+suffixit.
+
+Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes transiret
+et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se
+disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar
+malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus
+a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos
+Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:
+
+  Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia
+  Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.
+
+Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud
+Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus
+ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate,
+qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo
+efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe.
+
+Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus.
+Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit:
+quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His
+autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse
+diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil.
+
+Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et
+Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod
+displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi
+divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit.
+Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum
+commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus
+effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro
+expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus
+Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad
+arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia
+signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, ‘consulibus Caesare et
+Bibulo’ actum scriberent, sed ‘Iulio et Caesare,’ unum consulem nomine
+et cognomine pro duobus appellantes.
+
+Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem
+annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam
+redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte
+fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos,
+ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa
+Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium ipsius
+Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu scuto
+in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis
+aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus comprehensum in
+contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens “Quorsum tu”
+inquit “abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus.” Qua adhortatione omnium
+legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit.
+
+Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris
+filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim
+aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari
+Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem.
+Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello
+discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum
+consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum
+ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et
+bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis
+erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans
+quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredi
+possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.”
+Postremo autem “Iacta alea esto!” exclamans exercitum traici iussit
+plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius
+consulesque confugerant.
+
+Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio,
+Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit;
+copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas
+arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim
+impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto
+capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat,
+in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore
+trepidante, “Quid times?” inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius
+gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus
+esset fluctibus.
+
+Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, et
+fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii
+interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit;
+quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium,
+rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu
+diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie,
+more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit.
+Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam
+visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: “Veni,
+vidi, vici.” Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias
+Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.
+
+Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod
+Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile
+conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudinem
+sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam
+comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo
+initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo
+consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans fortunam, quod se
+in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non
+recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi
+essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius
+victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem
+omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquies triumphavit.
+
+Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae
+statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut
+trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense
+sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime
+ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio
+movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue
+sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo
+ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius
+civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima
+quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas
+Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas
+paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque:
+Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre
+per Armeniam.
+
+Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in
+perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem
+sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit.
+Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus
+conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema,
+insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus
+videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio
+et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in
+senatu confodere.
+
+Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor
+Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret
+orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi
+fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar
+Spurinnae “Ecquid scis” inquit “Idus Martias iam venisse?” et is “Ecquid
+scis illas nondum praeterisse?” Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum
+venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque
+unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque
+umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem “Ista quidem vis est!” Casca,
+unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae
+bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere
+tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti,
+toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum
+Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse
+fertur: “Tu quoque, mi fili!”
+
+Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia
+obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima
+valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis
+genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in
+sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus,
+repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio
+quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes
+alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet
+eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.
+
+Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis
+est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; cum enim
+scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui
+videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere
+noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum
+darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci
+soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens
+deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se
+epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam
+non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione
+consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat.
+
+Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque
+oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe
+obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus
+decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut
+usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini
+parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est
+unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse.
+Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in
+agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu
+sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate
+conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur
+flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.
+
+
+  #XXVII. Gāius Iūlius Caesar# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: CAESAR]
+
+  C. Iūlius Caesar,[8] nōbilissimā Iūliōrum genitus
+  familiā,[9] annum agēns sextum et decimum patrem
+  āmīsit. Cornēliam, Cinnae[10] fīliam, dūxit uxōrem;
+  cūius pater cum esset Sullae inimīcissimus, is[11]
+  Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiāret;                      {5}
+  neque[12] id potuit efficere. Quā rē Caesar bonīs
+  spoliātus cum etiam ad necem quaererētur, mūtātā
+  veste nocte urbe ēlāpsus[13] est et quamquam tunc
+    [[87]]
+  quārtānae[1] morbō labōrābat, prope[2] per singulās noctēs latebrās
+  commūtāre cōgēbātur; et comprehēnsus ā Sullae lībērtō, nē[3] ad   {10}
+  Sullam perdūcerētur, vix datā[4] pecūniā ēvāsit. Postrēmō per
+  propinquōs et adfīnēs suōs veniam impetrāvit. Satis cōnstat
+  Sullam, cum dēprecantibus[5] amīcissimīs et ōrnātissimīs virīs
+  aliquamdiū dēnegāsset atque illī pertināciter contenderent,
+  expūgnātum tandem prōclāmāsse, vincerent,[6] dummodo scīrent[7] eum,
+  quem incolumem tantō opere cuperent, aliquandō optimātium         {16}
+  partibus, quās sēcum simul dēfendissent, exitiō futūrum; nam
+  Caesarī multōs Mariōs inesse.
+
+  Stīpendia prīma in Asiā fēcit. In expūgnātiōne Mitylēnārum
+  corōnā cīvicā dōnātus est. Mortuō Sullā, Rhodum sēcēdere          {20}
+  statuit, ut per otium Apollōniō Molōnī, tunc clārissimō dīcendī[8]
+  magistrō, operam daret. Hūc dum trāicit, ā praedōnibus captus
+  est mānsitque apud eōs prope quadrāgintā diēs. Per omne autem
+  illud spatium ita sē gessit, ut pīrātīs pariter terrōrī venerātiōnīque
+  esset. Comitēs interim servōsque ad expediendās pecūniās, quibus  {25}
+  redimerētur, dīmīsit. Vīgintī talenta pīrātae pōstulāverant: ille
+  quīnquāgintā datūrum sē spopondit. Quibus numerātīs cum           {27}
+  expositus esset in lītore, cōnfēstim Mīlētum, quae urbs proximē[9]
+  aberat, properāvit ibique contrāctā classe invectus in eum locum,
+  in quō ipsī praedōnēs erant, partem classis fugāvit, partem mersit,
+  aliquot nāvēs cēpit pīrātāsque in potestātem redāctōs eō suppliciō,
+  quod illīs saepe minātus inter iocum erat, adfēcit crucīque suffīxit.
+
+    [[88]]
+  Quaestōrī ūlterior[1] Hispānia obvēnit. Quō profectus cum Alpēs
+  trānsīret et ad cōnspectum pauperis cūiusdam vīcī comitēs per     {35}
+  iocum inter sē disputārent num illīc[2] etiam esset ambitiōnī locus,
+  sēriō dīxit Caesar mālle sē ibi prīmum esse, quam Rōmae secundum.
+  Dominātiōnis avidus[3] ā prīmā aetāte rēgnum concupīscēbat
+  semperque in ōre habēbat hōs Eurīpidis, Graecī poētae, versūs:
+
+    Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā                       {40}
+    Violandum est. Aliīs[4] rēbus pietātem colās.[5]
+
+  Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversā
+  apud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuit
+  et quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile
+  āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārum        {45}
+  subēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmum
+  māiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe.
+
+  Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvit
+  porticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque[6] et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō
+  et sēparātim ēdidit: quō[7] factum est ut commūnium quoque        {50}
+  impēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōnium
+  effūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi[8] opus
+  esse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 60.]
+
+  Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem[9] cum Gnaeō
+  Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur in        {55}
+  rē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgem
+    [[89]]
+  tulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātus
+  repūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forum
+  vēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut
+  in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eī  {60}
+  frangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rē
+  cum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret,
+  ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitrium
+  administrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī[1] quid tēstandī grātiā
+  sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus[2] Caesare et  {65}
+  Bibulō’ āctum[3] scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulem
+  nōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.
+
+  Fūnctus[4] cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. Gessit
+  autem novem[5] annīs, quibus[5] in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam
+  in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnum          {70}
+  incolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīs
+  adfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā,
+  superātīsque[6] pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc[7] cum[8] multa
+  Rōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum[8] illud[9] ēgregium ipsīus
+  Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manū
+  scūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliō      {76}
+  proeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam[10] conversum
+  faucibus comprehēnsum[11] in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramque
+    [[90]]
+  ad hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt,
+  cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnum           {80}
+  trepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 53.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]
+
+  Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,
+  Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiam
+  tenēbat,[1] statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō
+  sūspectae[2] Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās gravis,  {85}
+  nec hīc[3] ferēbat parem, nec ille[3] superiōrem. Itaque cum
+  Caesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet,
+  pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,[4] alterum cōnsulātum
+  petere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī
+  est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus[5] in Ītaliam rediit et  {90}
+  bellandum[6] ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī[7]
+  prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulum
+  cōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus ad
+  proximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum
+  trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem           {95}
+  “Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsque
+  urbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsque
+  cōnfūgerant.
+
+  Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā        {99}
+  Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter[8] oppositās classēs gravissimā hieme
+  trānsmīsit; cōpiīsque[9] quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus,
+  cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinus
+    [[91]]
+  ēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clam
+  nāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam
+  mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinus      {105}
+  dīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?”
+  inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius[1] gubernātōrem cēdere
+  adversae tempestātī passus est, quam[1] paene obrutus esset[1]
+  fluctibus.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 48.]
+
+  Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicō            {110}
+  proeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit,
+  Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoque
+  īnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontum
+  trānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et        {114}
+  multiplicī successū[2] praeferōcem intrā[3] quīntum ab adventū diem,
+  quattuor, quibus[4] in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs[4] ūnā prōflīgāvit
+  aciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit,
+  abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris ante
+  victum hostem esse quam vīsum.[5] Ponticō[6] posteā triumphō
+  trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” Deinde     {120}
+  Scīpiōnem[7] et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārum
+  partium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.[8]
+
+  Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit Hispāniēnse,
+  quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī[9] fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus,
+  ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs[10]     {125}
+  paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium[11] ex tōtō orbe
+      cōnfluentibus.
+    [[92]]
+  Sua[1] Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sed
+  nūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium,
+  adeō ut, plūs[2] quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque
+  ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē in      {130}
+  eum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōn
+  recessūrum; proinde vidērent,[3] quem[4] et quō locō imperātōrem
+  dēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est.
+  Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,
+  regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvit
+  et quīnquiēs triumphāvit.                                        {136}
+
+  Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reī
+  pūblicae statum fāstōs[5] corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlis
+  accommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset
+  et, intercalāriō[5] mēnse sublātō, ūnus diēs quārtō quōque[6] annō
+  intercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit.         {141}
+  Repetundārum[7] convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. Peregrīnārum
+  mercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem[8] praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit.
+  Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque
+  imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūs         {145}
+  cīvīle ad certum modum redigere[9] atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiā
+    [[93]]
+  optima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs;
+  bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās[1] māximās posset, pūblicāre;
+  siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī
+  dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant,     {150}
+  coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.
+
+  Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātor
+  enim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum ad
+  sē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,  {154}
+  īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,[2] Caesaris in omnibus bellīs
+  comes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā sedentis
+  prō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eō
+  est repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum in
+  eum est ā[3] sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus    {159}
+  cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.
+
+  [Sidenote: March 15, B.C. 44.]
+
+  Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. Uxor
+  Calpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteret
+  ōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat[4] ut proximōs diēs
+  trīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae.
+  Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “Īdūs       {165}
+  Mārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?”
+  Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentem
+  cōnspīrātī speciē[5] officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasi
+  aliquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque[6] ab[7] utrōque
+  umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidem           {170}
+  vīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum[8] vulnerat paulum
+    [[94]]
+  īnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcit
+  cōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein ut
+  animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,[1] togā caput
+  obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. Cum      {175}
+  Mārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset,
+  dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!”
+
+    [Illustration: THE DEATH OF CAESAR]
+
+  Illud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene ex
+  sententiā obtigisse.[2] Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem
+  lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūnere      {180}
+  suō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque
+    [[95]]
+  optāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō super
+  cēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnum
+  inopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō
+  quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā[1] morte dēfūnctus est.    {185}
+  Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, pars
+  proeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem violāverant,
+  interēmērunt.
+
+  Quō[2] rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, hōc
+  laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī[3]          {190}
+  clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārum
+  ad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī[4] vidēbantur aut in dīversīs
+  aut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē[5]
+  forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc     {194}
+  laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisi
+  iniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit.
+  Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sē
+  epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius[6] versiculīs fāmam suam
+  lacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor
+  in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sē  {200}
+  ōrātiōnēs sciēbat.
+
+  Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,[7] ōre[7] paulō[8] plēniōre, nigrīs
+  vegetīsque oculīs,[7] capite[7] calvō; quam calvitiī dēfōrmitātem,
+  quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō
+  ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn alium  {205}
+  aut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae[9] perpetuō
+    [[96]]
+  gestandae. Vīnī[1] parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidem
+  negāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesarem
+  ad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et
+  equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgmine   {210}
+  nōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seu
+  sōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritāte
+  cōnficiēbat, ut[2] persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eum
+  morābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus
+  trāiciēbat.                                                      {215}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVII (pages 86-96)
+
+    86.8: See Vocab., _Iūlius_.
+    86.9: ablative of source.
+    86.10: Cf. p. 73, n. 1.
+    86.11: i.e. Sulla.
+    86.12: #neque potuit#: ‘_but_ he was not able.’
+    86.13: _ēlābor_.
+    87.1: #quārtānae# (sc. _febris_) #. . . labōrābat#: ‘he was
+    suffering from intermittent fever.’ #morbō# is abl. of cause.
+    87.2: #prope . . . noctēs#: ‘almost every night.’
+    87.3: #nē . . . ēvāsit#: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped
+    being surrendered to Sulla.’ #nē . . . perdūcerētur# expresses the
+    purpose of #datā pecūniā#.
+    87.4: Cf. p. xxiii, K 8.
+    87.5: = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, L 1): ‘who pleaded (for
+    Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’
+    87.6: For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said: _Vincite,
+    dummodo sciātis_, etc. Translate #prōclāmāsse . . . scīrent# thus:
+    ‘cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to
+    (lit. provided they) realize.’
+    87.7: See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.
+    87.8: ‘oratory.’
+    87.9: _prope abesse_ = ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.
+    88.1: See Vocab., _Hispānia_.
+    88.2: i.e. even in so insignificant a place.
+    88.3: = _quod avidus erat_.
+    88.4: #aliīs rēbus#: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For
+    the case, see p. 27, n. 3.
+    88.5: The subjunctive here = an imperative: see p. 31, n. 9. Note
+    also that #colās# is an example of the indefinite or universal
+    second person, since the command is addressed, not to any
+    particular individual, but to any one and every one.
+    88.6: #lūdōs ēdidit#: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence
+    of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their
+    chance of promotion to the higher offices.
+    88.7: ‘whereby’; abl. of means.
+    88.8: #sibi . . . sēstertium#: with #mīlliēs# sc. _centēna mīlia_,
+    and take #sēstertium# as gen. plural from _sēstertius_, and
+    dependent on _mīlia_. Translate: ‘that he needed 100,000,000
+    sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., _sēstertius_.
+    88.9: #societātem . . . iūnxit#: this combination is called ‘The
+    First Triumvirate.’
+    89.1: #sī . . . sīgnārent#: an instance of the iterative
+    subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ‘whenever they affixed their seals as
+    witnesses.’
+    89.2: #cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō#: for this way of dating events,
+    see XIV, 1.
+    89.3: Sc. _esse_.
+    89.4: #fūnctus# (_fungor_) = _postquam fūnctus est_.
+    89.5: Cf. p. xvii, C 2.
+    89.6: Sc. _eīs_, as dat. of indirect object with #imperāvit#.
+    Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great
+    Britain.
+    89.7: = _Hōc tempore_, i.e. during this campaign. The language of
+    this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he
+    were going to say: _Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum
+    ēgregium fēcisse nārrant_, but changes the construction at #tum#.
+    89.8: #cum . . . tum#: cf. p. 67, n. 7.
+    89.9: #illud# is explained by the clause #quod . . . restituit#.
+    The episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as
+    here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of
+    Caesar’s _Gallic War_. Cf. also Longfellow’s _Courtship of Miles
+    Standish_, II.
+    89.10: #iam conversum# = _quī iam conversus erat_.
+    89.11: #comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit# = _comprehendit et . . .
+    dētrāxit_.
+    90.1: ‘preserved.’
+    90.2: Sc. _erant_; also _erat_ with #gravis#. Through the
+    influence of #iam prīdem# both verbs have the force of Eng.
+    pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277, _b_: G 234:
+    B 260, 4.
+    90.3: Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in #Caesaris . . .
+    superiōrem#.
+    90.4: The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy
+    in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar
+    desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C.
+    90.5: Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
+    90.6: #bellandum# (sc. _esse_): an impersonal passive: ‘that war
+    was necessary.’
+    90.7: #quī . . . erat#: this river also formed the boundary
+    between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it
+    Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the
+    government.
+    90.8: = _per_, ‘through the midst of.’
+    90.9: #cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus#: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because
+    his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.
+    91.1: Cf. p. xx, G 4.
+    91.2: abl. both of cause and means. Join with #praeferōcem#.
+    91.3: #intrā . . . vēnit#: ‘within four days of his arrival (and)
+    within four hours after he caught sight of him.’
+    91.4: See p. xvii, C 2.
+    91.5: Strictly, we ought to have _ante victum esse quam vīsus
+    esset_, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse.
+    Caesar said: _ante victus est quam vīsus_ (_est_). The infinitive
+    #vīsum# (_esse_) is due to attraction of the neighboring
+    infinitive #victum esse#.
+    91.6: #Ponticō . . . triumphō#: i.e. the procession in which he
+    celebrated his victory in Pontus. #triumphō# is dat. with
+    #praetulit#.
+    91.7: Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.
+    91.8: at Thapsus, 46 B.C.
+    91.9: Cf. XXVI, 49.
+    91.10: #auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus#: the abl. abs. denotes both
+    cause and attendant circumstance.
+    91.11: = _eōrum quī sequēbantur_. Cf. _volentibus_, XIII, 97.
+    92.1: ‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.
+    92.2: #plūs . . . Mārte#: ‘since the battle was more than
+    doubtful.’ The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C.
+    92.3: Cf. p. 63, n. 5.
+    92.4: = _quālem_. So #quō# = _quālī_.
+    92.5: #fāstōs corrēxit#: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa
+    divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the
+    moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to
+    make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong,
+    Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a _mēnsis
+    intercalāris_, should be added. These intercalary months were
+    inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23
+    days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4
+    days. A further cause of confusion was the fact that the
+    Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political
+    reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the error
+    amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is
+    almost identical with that in use to-day.
+    92.6: from _quisque_: ‘each,’ ‘every.’
+    92.7: Sc. _rērum_. _rēs repetundae_ was a technical term for
+    ‘extortion.’ For the gen., see p. 36, n. 8.
+    92.8: A _lēx sumptuāria_ was a law regulating the sums of money
+    which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted
+    especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.
+    92.9: The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the
+    clauses in which they stand are in apposition to _plūra ac
+    māiōra_, l. 144. See p. 86, n. 5.
+    93.1: #quās . . . pūblicāre#: ‘to throw open to the public as
+    large libraries as possible.’
+    93.2: The celebrated Mark Antony.
+    93.3: #ā . . . virīs#: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case of
+    #virīs#, see p. 10, n. 18.
+    93.4: ‘had warned him,’ _not_ ‘had predicted’: hence it may be
+    construed with a substantive clause of purpose (#ut . . .
+    cavēret#) as its object.
+    93.5: #speciē officiī#: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf.
+    _per speciem vēnandī_, XIX, 60.
+    93.6: Sc. _eī_: dat. of interest.
+    93.7: ‘by’; cf. p. 11, n. 10.
+    93.8: #adversum# (sc. _eum_) #vulnerat#: ‘wounds him in front.’
+    The wound was in the shoulder. For #adversum# as = an adverbial
+    phrase, cf. p. 4, n. 4.
+    94.1: ‘assailed.’
+    94.2: _obtingō_.
+    95.1: #suā morte#: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.
+    95.2: #Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis#: ‘The rarer . . . the
+    more praiseworthy.’ #Quō# and #hōc# are ablative of the degree of
+    difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf. p. 39, n. 12.
+    95.3: i.e. over his fellow-citizens.
+    95.4: #quī . . . partibus#: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc.
+    How literally? With #dīversīs# sc. _Pompēiō_.
+    95.5: #nē . . . darent#: ‘that they might not by any chance give
+    occasion to vigorous measures,’ etc.
+    95.6: #cūius . . . īgnōrābat#: ‘by whose verses, as he very well
+    knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.’
+    95.7: ablatives of characteristic.
+    95.8: #paulō plēniōre#: ‘somewhat full.’
+    95.9: Sc. _corōnae_, and cf. the frequent omission of _manus_ with
+    _dextra_ and _sinistra_.
+    96.1: #Vīnī parcissimum#: cf. _Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī
+    parcus_, XXVI, 21, and note.
+    96.2: #ut . . . praevenīret# expresses result, not purpose.]
+
+
+#XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero# [[stripped text]]
+
+Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum
+oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam
+habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum.
+Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, “Dabo operam” inquit “ut
+istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat.” Cum a patre
+Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas
+artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari,
+tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum
+admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad
+alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas
+adirent, reperti esse dicantur.
+
+Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse
+intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium
+incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro
+et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque
+diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus
+Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob
+Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo
+defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum
+in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus
+Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose
+audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum
+rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem
+audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude
+privaretur.
+
+Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut
+gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas,
+initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere;
+postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores
+quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia
+reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum
+patronos et esset et haberetur princeps.
+
+Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari
+virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium,
+incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit
+secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit:
+stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra manu,
+neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles
+erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti
+mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra
+manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis.
+Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione
+exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit.
+Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit
+etiam fortunam.
+
+Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. Hic
+enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum
+conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus
+indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset,
+coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem
+incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo
+imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules
+incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit.
+Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina,
+incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad
+exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed
+socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt.
+A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma
+inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam secutum
+inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis
+adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae
+adversus Catilinam genuisse.
+
+Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Romam
+petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus
+docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando ceperat
+locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium
+cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset!
+Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero
+ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae
+fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus eam.
+“O dii immortales,” inquit “vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum
+cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus
+omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique
+praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et
+inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum
+tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate illa
+turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu.”
+
+Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod
+cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in
+publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset
+armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem
+fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius
+edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius
+domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus
+fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare
+coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est.
+Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit
+iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica
+pecunia restituta est.
+
+Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt
+inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem
+summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis
+calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere
+posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore
+veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem,
+fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur.
+
+Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi
+inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in
+villam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in
+Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo
+venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset,
+taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam
+“Moriar” inquit “in patria saepe servata.” Satis constat, adventantibus
+percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad
+dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua
+cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti
+caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad
+Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.
+
+Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat,
+in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus
+operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius
+C. Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nec
+indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque
+rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil
+agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias
+posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum
+temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scribendum:
+atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut
+doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re
+publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae
+et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium
+praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, sed
+etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.
+
+Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae
+staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, “Quis” inquit
+“generum meum ad gladium adligavit?”--Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, quam
+erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero
+“Verum est,” inquit “nam hoc viginti annos audio.”--Caesar, altero
+consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora septima in
+reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent salutatum de
+more, “Festinemus” inquit Cicero “priusquam abeat magistratu.” De eodem
+Caninio scripsit Cicero: “Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto
+suo consulatu somnum non viderit.”
+
+
+  #XXVIII. Mārcus Tullius Cicerō# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: CICERŌ]
+
+  Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī,
+  quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēius
+  avīs[3] ūnus verrūcam[4] in extrēmō nāsō[5] sitam
+  habuit, ciceris[6] grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen
+  Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdam                     {5}
+  ut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam”
+  inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrum
+  nōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patre
+  Rōmam missus, ubi[7] celeberrimōrum magistrōrum
+  scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis ad  {10}
+  hūmānitātem[8] solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cum
+  praeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut,
+  cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,[9]
+  nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent,
+  repertī esse dīcantur.                                            {15}
+
+  Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viam
+  mūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtō
+    [[97]]
+  animō in ēius studium incubuit,[1] in quō quidem ita versātus[2] est,
+  ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs[3] causās perōrārent,[4]
+  studiōsē sectārētur,[5] sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sē     {20}
+  exercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem[6] adversus Sullānōs
+  ostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, ob
+  Chrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,[7] quī in ēius adversāriīs erat, potentiam
+  nēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō,
+  ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quō   {25}
+  invidiam veritus[8] Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochum
+  philosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodum
+  sē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,[9]
+  magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset,
+  flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laude         {30}
+  prīvārētur.[10]
+
+  Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūra
+  aut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae[11]
+  difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in
+  urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem[12]
+  ēius expertī,[13] māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllī         {36}
+  umquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīs
+  dīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs[14] et esset
+  et habērētur prīnceps.
+
+  Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārī  {40}
+  virtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.[15] Catilīnae proavum,[16]
+  M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert.
+      Stīpendia[17]
+  is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō[18] dextram      {43}
+  manum perdidit: stīpendiīs[18] duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est:
+  ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque[19] posteā
+    [[98]]
+  stīpendiīs dēbilis[1] mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis[2]
+  vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō[3] nōn diē in
+  catēnīs[4] aut compedibus[5] cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā quater
+  pūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.[6] Dextram sibi
+  ferream fēcit eāque religātā[7] proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōne     {50}
+  exēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliā
+  cēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre,
+  Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam.
+
+  Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis[8]
+  scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiā          {55}
+  multōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandī
+  cupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūs
+  repulsam[9] passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum cōnfodere,
+  cōnsulēs trucīdāre,[10] urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium
+      cōnstituerat.
+  Āctum[11] erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa coniūrātiō       {60}
+  in[12] Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum alter[13]
+  indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū[14] oppressit. Cum Cicerō,
+  habitō senātū, in praesentem reum[15] perōrāsset, Catilīna, incendium
+  suum ruīnā[16] sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit
+  et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrus   {65}
+  urbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī in
+  carcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium,
+  iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,[17] prāvō
+  cōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem,
+  ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus[18]
+  nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus     {71}
+  Catilīnam genuisse.[19]
+
+    [[99]]
+  Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīs
+  Rōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter
+  dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit;        {75}
+  quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā[1]
+  tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera[2] repertus
+  est: pulcherrimā morte,[3] sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātus
+  populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō
+  ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriae      {80}
+  servandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāsset
+  adversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectō
+  incendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōs
+  āvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad
+  salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meae         {85}
+  clārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae.
+  Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantum
+  dare ingeniō meō, ut[4] dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illā
+  turbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.”
+
+  Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis,    {90}
+  quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā[5] causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,[6]
+  tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste[7] mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur.
+  Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbe
+  cēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī
+  flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut Mārcō   {95}
+  Tulliō[8] īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et vīllās
+  incendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē populus
+  Rōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit et
+  māximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est.
+    [[100]]
+  Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit,   {100}
+  accidit iūcundius. Obviam[1] eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est: domus
+  ēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est.
+
+  Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortae
+  sunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs[2] nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse vidērētur.
+  Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur[3] ut eōs inter sē reconciliāret
+  et ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrum     {106}
+  ad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est.
+  Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quō
+  interfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,[4] Antōnium
+  impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur.            {110}
+
+  Sed Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,[5] Cicerōnem iam
+  diū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs[6]
+  itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indeque
+  nāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns
+  in altum prōvectum cum modo[7] ventī adversī rettulissent, modo  {115}
+  ipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium[8] tandem eum
+  et fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit
+  “in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus percussōribus,
+  servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum,
+  ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam[9] et quiētōs patī, quod                   {120}
+  sors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī[10]
+  ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem[11] praebentī[10]
+  caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae;
+  caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque
+  iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum.                        {125}
+
+    [Illustration: LECTĪCA.]
+
+  Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsa
+  commīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbat
+    [[101]]
+  Cicerō et plūs[1] operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō.
+  Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur,
+  nōn sē angōribus[2] dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus.
+  Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatque      {131}
+  sē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cum
+  animus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās posse
+  dēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum
+  temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad scrībendum:
+  atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus[3] aliquid prōdesse[4] posset,    {136}
+  ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevī
+  tempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stante
+  scrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae[5] et Latīnārum litterārum parēns      {139}
+  ēvāsit[6] pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent nōn
+  sōlum ex[7] malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere[8] ex
+  hīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī.
+
+  Multa exstant facētē[9] ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum[10]
+  suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum,
+  “Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”--Mātrōna      {145}
+  quaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sē
+  trīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit
+  “nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”--Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuō
+  diē[11] Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā in
+  reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrent      {150}
+  salūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeat
+  magistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā[12]
+  vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōn
+  vīderit.[13]”
+
+    [Footnote: The following selections have been edited for rapid
+    reading or reading at sight:]
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVIII (pages 96-101)
+
+    96.3: ‘ancestors.’
+    96.4: ‘wart.’
+    96.5: ‘nose’; cf. _nasal_.
+    96.6: #ciceris grānō#: ‘a tiny chickpea.’
+    96.7: = _ut_.
+    96.8: ‘culture.’
+    96.9: ‘had spread.’
+    97.1: ‘applied himself.’
+    97.2: ‘engaged.’
+    97.3: ‘courts.’
+    97.4: ‘pleaded.’
+    97.5: ‘followed,’ ‘courted’ (cf. _sequor_).
+    97.6: ‘independence.’
+    97.7: ‘freedman.’
+    97.8: ‘fearing.’
+    97.9: ‘most eloquent.’
+    97.10: ‘was being deprived.’
+    97.11: #annōnae difficultās#: ‘a lack of corn.’
+    97.12: ‘courtesy.’
+    97.13: ‘having had proof of.’
+    97.14: ‘lawyers.’
+    97.15: ‘crushed.’
+    97.16: ‘great-grandfather.’
+    97.17: Cf. XXVII, 19.
+    97.18: ‘campaign.’
+    97.19: #que# here = ‘but.’
+    98.1: ‘_though_ disabled.’
+    98.2: #bis . . . profugus# = _bis vincula ēius profūgit_.
+    98.3: #nūllō nōn#: ‘every.’
+    98.4: ‘chains.’
+    98.5: ‘shackles.’
+    98.6: ‘slain’; lit., ‘stabbed from below.’
+    98.7: ‘fastened’ (to the stump of his arm).
+    98.8: ‘great-grandson.’
+    98.9: ‘defeat’; a technical term of Roman politics.
+    98.10: ‘butcher.’
+    98.11: #Āctum erat dē#: ‘it would have been all up with.’
+    98.12: #in . . . incidisset#: ‘happened in the days of.’
+    98.13: Cicero.
+    98.14: ‘prowess.’
+    98.15: ‘culprit.’
+    98.16: ‘by a general downfall.’
+    98.17: ‘conspicuous’; lit., ‘shining.’
+    98.18: ‘having first said.’
+    98.19: from _gīgnō_, ‘to beget.’
+    99.1: ‘life.’
+    99.2: ‘corpses.’
+    99.3: Sc. _concidisset_.
+    99.4: #ut . . . dīspexerim#: ‘(as to say) that I should have of my
+    own accord clearly perceived.’
+    99.5: #indictā causā#: ‘with their cause unpleaded,’ i.e. without
+    giving them a trial.
+    99.6: ‘mourning.’
+    99.7: #veste mūtātā#: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which
+    was white, for darker robes of mourning.
+    99.8: #Tulliō . . . interdīcerētur#: lit., ‘that a ban should be
+    laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,’ i.e. that he should
+    be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the
+    necessaries of life.
+    100.1: #Obviam . . . est#: ‘all went to meet him.’
+    100.2: ‘trouble.’
+    100.3: ‘strove.’
+    100.4: ‘cherished,’ ‘supported.’
+    100.5: The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.
+    100.6: #trānsversīs itineribus#: i.e. by out of the way paths.
+    100.7: #modo . . . modo#: ‘now . . . now.’
+    100.8: ‘disgust.’
+    100.9: ‘litter,’ ‘sedan chair.’
+    100.10: ‘leaning out’; sc. _eī_, dat. of disadvantage with
+    #praecīsum est#.
+    100.11: ‘neck.’
+    101.1: #plūs . . . scrībendō#: ‘he devoted more of his time to
+    practical affairs than to literature.’
+    101.2: ‘sorrow.’
+    101.3: #etiam ōtiōsus#: ‘even though at ease,’ i.e. not burdened
+    with official duties. #ōtiōsus# here, as often = _prīvātus_.
+    101.4: ‘benefit.’
+    101.5: ‘eloquence.’ Sc. #Latīnae#, to be derived from #Latīnārum#.
+    101.6: ‘became.’
+    101.7: #ex . . . oportēre#: we should say, ‘of two evils choose
+    the less.’
+    101.8: ‘extract’; lit., ‘pluck.’
+    101.9: ‘wittily.’
+    101.10: ‘son-in-law.’
+    101.11: On this day the consuls went out of office.
+    101.12: ‘wondrous.’
+    101.13: causal subjunctive.]
+
+
+#XXIX. Marcus Brutus# [[stripped text]]
+
+M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus,
+Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae
+partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo
+graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod
+iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati
+posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam
+factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et
+regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus,
+vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti statuae:
+“Utinam viveres!” Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: “Brutus, quia reges
+eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, postremo
+rex factus est.” Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali:
+“Dormis, Brute!”
+
+Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit.
+Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia,
+consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium quasi
+unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se
+vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare
+eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia
+“Non est” inquit “hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro
+mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi
+propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem
+interemptura.” Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos
+sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: “Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus
+videri possem!”
+
+Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans
+populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in
+Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et
+Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset,
+audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus
+transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum
+tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum
+iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque
+interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus
+in eum animadvertit, praefatus: “Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri
+sepulturam commisissem?” Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio,
+is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae
+subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset,
+quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris
+exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.
+
+
+    [[102]]
+
+  #XXIX. Mārcus Brūtus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: BRŪTUS]
+
+  M. Brūtus, ex illā gente, quae Rōmā Tarquiniōs
+  ēiēcerat, oriundus,[1] Athēnīs philosophiam,
+  Rhodī ēloquentiam didicit. Ēius pater, quī Sullae
+  partibus adversābātur, iussū Pompēī interfectus
+  erat, unde Brūtus cum eō gravēs gesserat[2]                        {5}
+  simultātēs. Bellō tamen cīvīlī Pompēī causam,
+  quod iūstior vidērētur, secūtus dolōrem suum reī
+  pūblicae ūtilitātī posthabuit. Victō Pompēiō
+  Brūtus ā Caesare servātus est et praetor etiam
+  factus. Posteā vērō, cum Caesar superbiā ēlātus senātum           {10}
+  contemnere et rēgnum adfectāre[3] coepisset, populus, praesentī statū
+  haud laetus, vindicem[4] lībērtātis requīrēbat. Subscrīpsēre quīdam
+  L. Brūtī[5] statuae: “Utinam[6] vīverēs!” Item ipsīus Caesaris
+  statuae: “Brūtus, quia rēgēs ēiēcit, prīmus cōnsul factus         {14}
+  est; hīc, quia cōnsulēs ēiēcit, postrēmō rēx factus est.” Īnscrīptum
+  quoque est M. Brūtī praetōris tribūnālī: “Dormīs,[7] Brūte!”
+
+  Cōgnitā populī Rōmānī voluntāte, Brūtus adversus Caesarem
+  cōnspīrāvit. Prīdiē quam Caesar est occīsus, Porcia, Brūtī uxor,
+  Catōnis fīlia, cōnsiliī[8] cōnscia, ēgressō cubiculum[9] Brūtō,   {19}
+  cultellum[10] tōnsōrium quasi unguium[11] resecandōrum causā popōscit
+  eōque velut forte ēlāpsō sē vulnerāvit. Clāmōre deinde ancillārum[12]
+  in cubiculum revocātus obiūrgāre[13] eam coepit, quod tōnsōris
+  praeripuisset officium. Cuī sēcrētō Porcia “Nōn est” inquit
+  “hōc temerārium[14] factum meum, sed in tālī statū nostrō meī
+  ergā tē amōris certissimum indicium. Experīrī enim voluī, sī[15]  {25}
+    [[103]]
+  tibi prōpositum ex sententiā parum cessisset, quam aequō animō
+  mē ferrō essem interēmptūra.” Quibus verbīs audītīs Brūtus ad
+  caelum manūs et oculōs sustulisse dīcitur et exclāmāvisse: “Utinam
+  dīgnus tālī cōniuge marītus vidērī possem!”
+
+  Interfectō Caesare, cum Antōnius vestem ēius sanguinolentam[1]    {30}
+  ostentāns populum velutī furōre quōdam adversus coniūrātōs
+  īnflammāsset, Brūtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem
+  Philippōs adversus Antōnium et Octāviānum dīmicāvit. Victus
+  aciē, cum in tumulum[2] sē nocte recēpisset, audītā Cassiī morte,
+  nē in hostium manūs venīret, ūnī ex comitibus latus trānsfodiendum
+  praebuit. Antōnius Brūtī corpus lībertō suō sepeliendum[3]        {36}
+  trādidit, quōque[4] honōrātius cremārētur, inicī eī suum
+  palūdāmentum[5] iussit, iacentem[6] nōn hostem, sed cīvem dēpositō
+  exīstimāns odiō. Cumque interceptum ā lībertō palūdāmentum
+  comperisset, īrā percitus[7] prōtinus in eum animadvertit, praefātus:
+  “Quid? tū īgnōrāstī cūius tibi virī sepultūram commīsissem?”      {41}
+  Nōn eadem fuit Octāviānī ergā Brūtum moderātiō, is
+  enim āvulsum[8] Brūtī caput Rōmam mīsit, ut Gāī Caesaris
+  statuae subicerētur. Porcia cum victum et interēmptum virum suum
+  cōgnōvisset, quia ferrum nōn dabātur, ārdentēs ōre carbōnes[9]    {45}
+  hausit, virīlem patris[10] exitum mulier[11] imitāta novō mortis
+  genere.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIX (pages 102-103)
+
+    102.1: = _ortus, nātus_.
+    102.2: _simultātēs gerere_ = ‘to carry on a feud.’
+    102.3: ‘to aim at.’
+    102.4: ‘champion.’
+    102.5: The Brutus of selection IX.
+    102.6: #Utinam vīverēs!# ‘O that you were yet alive.’ The
+    subjunctive here expresses a wish or prayer; cf. l. 29.
+    102.7: ‘you’re fast asleep.’
+    102.8: #cōnsiliī cōnscia#: ‘who was aware of,’ etc.
+    102.9: ‘sleeping-room.’
+    102.10: #cultellum tōnsōrium#: ‘a barber’s knife.’
+    102.11: ‘nails.’
+    102.12: ‘maids.’
+    102.13: ‘scold.’
+    102.14: ‘heedless,’ ‘random.’
+    102.15: #sī . . . cessisset#: ‘if your plan did not turn out
+    according to your expectations.’ Join with what follows.
+    103.1: ‘bloody.’
+    103.2: ‘hill.’
+    103.3: _sepelīre_ = ‘to dispose of a body,’ whether by burial or
+    by cremation.
+    103.4: #quōque# = ‘and in order that.’
+    103.5: ‘cloak.’
+    103.6: ‘the dead man.’
+    103.7: ‘thoroughly aroused.’
+    103.8: ‘torn (from the body).’
+    103.9: ‘coals.’
+    103.10: See Vocab., _Catō_.
+    103.11: ‘woman though she was.’]
+
+
+#XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens
+patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus
+Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis
+vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem
+regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque
+veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae
+obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus
+rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis
+inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem
+transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur.
+Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum
+religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique
+avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto,
+qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito
+quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.
+
+Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero
+non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media
+dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris
+subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio
+gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad
+urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum
+deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto
+sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: “Hic
+faciet, si vos non feceritis.”
+
+Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem
+fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae
+per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque
+inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit.
+Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac
+constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus,
+proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem
+notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum
+persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem
+suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis
+occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.
+
+Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione Salernitana
+lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, negabant se
+scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque
+boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in medium
+iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad
+dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata
+cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem
+in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est.
+“Quanti viri est” addit Seneca, “cum praemia proditionis ingentia
+ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!”
+
+Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id
+bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit;
+quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se
+gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia
+saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam
+istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita
+rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum,
+patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset
+nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se
+conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam
+trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus
+Martiis hostiarum more mactatos.
+
+Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore,
+Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum
+Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium
+absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri
+posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed
+cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non
+potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri
+unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque
+margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura,
+margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam
+absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.
+
+Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali
+proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et
+Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in
+ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset,
+mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in
+potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque
+servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit.
+Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.
+
+Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se
+exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis.
+Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in
+Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis
+Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae
+fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc
+omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis
+otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati
+sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis
+eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis
+esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu
+detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis:
+“Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod
+deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae
+finem mihi perferre liceat!”
+
+Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini
+appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de
+restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum
+non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri,
+summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status
+paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et
+sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit;
+cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste
+tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, “Hic vir,” inquit
+“fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.”
+
+Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes excipiebat.
+Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius
+periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e
+comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum
+veteranus exclamavit: “At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco,
+vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi,” simulque detexit
+cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.
+
+Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit ei
+inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec
+dicere: “Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!” Miratus Caesar officiosam avem
+viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa
+liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium
+corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae
+didicerat, expressit: “Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!” Nihil
+exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum
+contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.
+
+Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem
+salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem
+dicere solebat “Opera et impensa periit!” Aliquando tamen corvus coepit
+dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit:
+“Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo.” Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et
+illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: “Opera et
+impensa periit.” Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam
+ante emerat.
+
+Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum
+aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen
+rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta
+exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille
+inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde
+cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem
+crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se
+plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu,
+dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari
+Graeculo iussit.
+
+Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena
+satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: “Non putabam
+me tibi esse tam familiarem.” Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam
+cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem
+Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e
+manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petiturus quam
+ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis
+genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se
+frangi iussit complerique piscinam.
+
+Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente
+somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se
+vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam
+prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii.
+Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium
+existimans dicere ausus est: “Malo ut vivat,” et avem dimisit.
+Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas:
+hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum
+abire passus est.
+
+Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit.
+Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud
+principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus,
+quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos
+capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium
+turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum
+frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: “Surge tandem,
+carnifex!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim
+surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.
+
+Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu
+conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et
+aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro
+veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque.
+Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam
+invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere,
+quam latericiam accepisset.
+
+Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima.
+Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam
+incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut
+legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.
+
+Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem,
+tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus caesis.
+Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et
+magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum
+vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses
+barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans:
+“Quintili Vare, legiones redde!” diemque cladis quotannis maestum
+habuerit ac lugubrem.
+
+Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium
+animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito
+speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus
+ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam
+clausulam: “Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite.” Obiit
+Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.
+
+
+  #XXX. Octāviānus Caesar Augustus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Octāviānus, Iūliae, Gāī Caesaris sorōris, nepōs, quārtum annum
+  agēns patrem āmīsit. Ab avunculō adoptātus profectum eum in
+  Hispāniās[12] adversus Gnaeī Pompēī līberōs secūtus est. Deinde
+  ab eō Apollōniam missus studiīs[13] vacāvit. Utque prīmum occīsum
+    [[104]]
+  Caesarem hērēdemque sē comperit, in urbem regressus                {5}
+  hērēditātem adiit, nōmen Caesaris sūmpsit conlēctōque veterānōrum
+  exercitū opem Decimō[1] Brūtō tulit, quī ab
+  Antōniō Mutinae obsidēbātur. Cum autem
+  urbis aditū prohibērētur, ut Brūtum dē omnibus
+  rēbus certiōrem faceret, prīmō lītterās                           {10}
+  mīsit plumbeīs[2] lāminīs īnscrīptās, quās ad
+  bracchium[3] religātās ūrīnātōrēs[4] Scultennam
+  amnem trānsnantēs[5] ad Brūtum dēferēbant.
+  Quīn et avibus internūntiīs ūtēbātur. Columbīs[6]
+  enim, quās inclūsās ante famē[7] adfēcerat,                       {15}
+  epistulās ad collum religābat eāsque ā proximō moenibus locō
+  ēmittēbat. Illae, lūcis cibīque avidae, altissima aedificiōrum
+  petentēs excipiēbantur ā Decimō Brūtō, quī eō modō dē omnibus
+  rēbus certior fīēbat, utique[8] postquam dispositō quibusdam locīs
+  cibō columbās illūc dēvolāre īnstituerat.                         {20}
+
+    [Illustration: YOUNG AUGUSTUS]
+
+  Bellum Mutinēnse Octāviānus duōbus proeliīs cōnfēcit, quōrum
+  in alterō nōn ducis modo, sed mīlitis etiam fūnctus est officiō
+  atque in mediā dīmicātiōne, aquiliferō legiōnis suae graviter
+  sauciō,[9] aquilam umerīs subīsse diūque fertur portāsse. Posteā
+  reconciliātā cum Antōniō grātiā[10]iūnctīsque cum eō cōpiīs, ut   {25}
+  Gāī Caesaris necem ulcīscerētur, ad urbem hostīliter accessit
+  mīsitque quī nōmine exercitūs sibi cōnsulātum dēpōscerent.
+  Cunctante senātū centuriō, prīnceps lēgātiōnis, rēiectō sagulō,[11]
+  ostendēns gladiī capulum[12] nōn dubitāvit[13] in Cūriā dīcere: “Hīc
+  faciet, sī vōs nōn fēceritis.”                                    {30}
+
+  Ita cum Octāviānus vīcēsimō aetātis annō cōnsulātum invāsisset,
+  pācem fēcit cum Antōniō et Lepidō, ita ut triumvirī reī
+    [[105]]
+  pūblicae cōnstituendae per quīnquennium essent ipse et Lepidus
+  et Antōnius, et ut suōs quisque inimīcōs prōscrīberent. Quae
+  prōscrīptiō Sullānā longē crūdēlior fuit. Exstant autem ex eā     {35}
+  multa vel extrēmae impietātis vel mīrae fideī āc cōnstantiae
+  exempla. T. Tōranius, triumvirōrum partēs secūtus, prōscrīptī
+  patris suī, praetōriī et ōrnātī virī, latebrās, aetātem notāsque[1]
+  corporis, quibus āgnōscī posset, centuriōnibus ēdidit, quī eum
+  persecūtī sunt. Alius quīdam cum prōscrīptum sē cōgnōvisset,      {40}
+  ad clientem suum cōnfūgit; sed fīlius ēius per ipsa vēstīgia
+  patris mīlitibus ductīs occīdendum eum in cōnspectū suō obiēcit.
+
+  Cum C. Plōtius Plancus ā triumvirīs prōscrīptus in regiōne
+  Salernitānā[2] latēret, servī ēius, comprehēnsī multumque āc diū
+  tortī,[3] negābant sē scīre ubi dominus esset. Nōn sustinuit deinde
+  Plancus tam fidēlēs tamque bonī exemplī servōs ulterius cruciārī;
+  sed prōcessit in medium iugulumque gladiīs mīlitum obiēcit.       {47}
+  Senātōris cūiusdam servus cum ad dominum prōscrīptum occīdendum
+  mīlitēs advēnisse cōgnōsset, commūtātā cum eō veste,
+  permūtātō etiam ānulō, illum postīcō[4] clam ēmīsit, sē autem in  {50}
+  cubiculum ad lectulum[5] recēpit et ut dominum occīdī passus est.
+  “Quantī[6] virī est” addit Seneca,[7] “cum praemia prōditiōnis
+  ingentia ostendantur, praemium fideī mortem concupīscere!”
+
+  Octāviānus deinde M. Brūtum, interfectōrem Caesaris, bellō
+  persecūtus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplicī     {55}
+  proeliō trānsēgit; quōrum priōre castrīs exūtus[8] vix fugā ēvāsit.
+  Victor acerbissimē sē gessit: in nōbilissimum quemque captīvum
+  nōn sine verbōrum contumēliā saeviit. Ūnī suppliciter sepultūram
+  precantī respondisse dīcitur iam istam in volucrum fore
+  potestāte. Aliōs, patrem et fīlium, prō vītā rogantēs sortīrī     {60}
+  fertur iussisse ut alterutrī[9] concēderētur, ac cum, patre quia
+    [[106]]
+  sē obtulerat occīsō, fīlius quoque voluntāriā occubuisset nece,
+  spectāsse utrumque morientem. Ōrāre veniam vel excūsāre sē
+  cōnantibus, ūnā vōce occurrēbat[1] moriendum esse. Scrībunt
+  quīdam trecentōs ex dēditīciīs[2] ēlēctōs ad āram dīvō[3] Iūliō   {65}
+  exstrūctam Īdibus Mārtiīs hostiārum[4] mōre mactātōs.[5]
+
+  Abaliēnātus posteā est ab Antōniō, quod is, repudiātā Octāviā
+  sorōre, Cleopatram, Aegyptī rēgīnam, dūxisset uxōrem: quae quidem
+  mulier cum Antōniō lūxū et dēliciīs[6] certābat. Ūnā sē cēnā
+  centiēs[7] sēstertium absūmptūram aliquandō dīxerat. Cupiēbat     {70}
+  dīscere Antōnius, sed fierī posse nōn arbitrābātur. Posterō igitur
+  diē māgnificam[8] aliās cēnam, sed cottīdiānam Antōniō apposuit
+  inrīdentī, quod prōmissō stāre nōn potuisset. At illa īnferrī
+  mēnsam[9] secundam iussit. Ex praeceptō ministrī ūnum tantum      {74}
+  vās ante eam posuēre acētī,[10] cūius asperitās vīsque margarītās[11]
+  resolvit.[12] Exspectante igitur Antōniō quidnam esset āctūra,
+  margarītam, quam auribus gerēbat, dētrāxit et acētō liquefactam
+  absorbuit. Victum Antōnium omnēs, quī aderant, prōnūntiāvērunt.   {78}
+
+  Octāviānus cum Antōniō apud Actium, quī locus est in Ēpīrō,       {80}
+  nāvālī proeliō dīmicāvit. Victum et fugientem persecūtus Aegyptum
+  petiit, et Alexandrēam, quō Antōnius cum Cleopatrā cōnfūgerat,
+  obsēdit. Antōnius in ultimā rērum dēspērātiōne, cum
+  habitū rēgis in soliō[13] rēgālī sēdisset, mortem sibi ipse cōnscīvit.
+  Cleopatra, quam Octāviānus, Alexandrēā in potestātem redāctā,     {85}
+  māgnō opere cupiēbat vīvam comprehendī triumphōque servārī,
+  aspidem[14] sibi adferendam cūrāvit ēiusque morsū periit. Cleopatrae
+  mortuae commūnem cum Antōniō sepultūram tribuit.
+
+    [[107]]
+  Tandem Octāviānus, hostibus victīs sōlus imperiō potītus,
+  clēmentem sē exhibuit.[1] Omnia deinceps in eō plēna mānsuētūdinis[2]
+  et hūmānitātis. Multīs īgnōvit vel iīs quī saepe graviter         {91}
+  eum offenderant. Reversus in Ītaliam triumphāns Rōmam
+  ingressus est. Tum bellīs tōtō orbe compositīs Iānī geminī portās
+  suā manū clausit, quae bis tantum anteā clausae fuerant, prīmum
+  sub Numā rēge, iterum post prīmum Pūnicum bellum. Tunc            {95}
+  omnēs praeteritōrum malōrum oblīviō cēpit populusque Rōmānus
+  praesentis ōtiī laetitiā perfruēbātur. Octāviānō māximī honōrēs
+  ā senātū dēlātī sunt. Ipse Augustus cōgnōminātus et in honōrem
+  ēius mēnsis Sextīlis[3] eōdem nōmine appellātus est, quod illō
+  mēnse bellīs cīvīlibus fīnis esset impositus. Patris patriae     {100}
+  cōgnōmen ūniversī māximō cōnsēnsū dētulērunt eī. Dēferentibus
+  lacrimāns respondit Augustus hīs verbīs: “Compos[4] factus
+  vōtōrum meōrum, patrēs conscrīptī, quid habeō aliud, quod deōs
+  immortālēs precer, quam ut hunc cōnsēnsum vestrum ad ultimum
+  vītae fīnem mihi perferre liceat!”                               {105}
+
+  Dictātūram māgnā vī offerente populō dēprecātus est. Dominī
+  appellātiōnem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribuī ēdictō vetuit.
+  Immō[5] dē restituendā rē pūblicā nōn semel cōgitāvit, sed
+  reputāns et sē prīvātum nōn sine perīculō fore, et rem pūblicam
+  plūrium arbitriō commissum[6] īrī, summam retinuit potestātem,   {110}
+  id vērō studuit nē quem novī statūs paenitēret. Bene dē iīs
+  etiam, quōs adversāriōs expertus erat, et sentiēbat et loquēbātur.
+  Legentem aliquandō ūnum ē nepōtibus invēnit; cumque puer
+  territus volūmen Cicerōnis, quod manū tenēbat, veste tegeret,
+  Augustus librum cēpit eōque statim redditō, “Hīc vir,” inquit    {115}
+  “fīlī mī, doctus fuit et patriae amāns.”
+
+    [[108]]
+  Pedibus saepe per urbem incēdēbat summāque cōmitāte adeuntēs
+  excipiēbat. Convēnit[1] aliquandō eum veterānus mīles, quī
+  vocātus in iūs perīclitābātur rogāvitque ut sibi adesset. Statim
+  Augustus ūnum ē comitātū[2] suō ēlēgit advocātum, quī lītigātōrem
+  commendāret. Tum veterānus exclāmāvit: “At nōn ego,              {121}
+  tē perīclitante bellō Actiacō, vicārium[3] quaesīvī, sed ipse prō tē
+  pūgnāvī,” simulque dētēxit cicātrīcēs.[4] Ērubuit[5] Augustus
+  atque ipse vēnit in advocātiōnem.
+
+  Cum post Actiacam victōriam Octāviānus Rōmam reverterētur,       {125}
+  occurrit eī inter grātulantēs opifex[6] quīdam corvum[7] tenēns,
+  quem īnstituerat haec dīcere: “Avē,[8] Caesar, victor, imperātor!”
+  Mīrātus Caesar officiōsam avem vīgintī mīlibus nummōrum[9] ēmit.
+  Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illā līberālitāte pervēnerat,
+  adfīrmāvit Caesarī habēre illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre
+  cōgerētur rogāvit. Adlātus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:     {131}
+  “Avē, Antōnī, victor, imperātor!” Nihil exasperātus Caesar
+  satis dūxit iubēre illum dīvidere dōnātīvum[10] cum contubernālī.
+  Salūtātus similiter ā psittacō[11] emī eum iussit.
+
+  Exemplum sūtōrem[12] pauperem sollicitāvit ut corvum īnstitueret
+  ad parem salūtātiōnem. Quī impendiō[13] exhaustus saepe ad       {136}
+  avem nōn respondentem dīcere solēbat “Opera et impēnsa[13]
+  periit[14]!” Aliquandō tamen corvus coepit dīcere dictam
+  salūtātiōnem. Hāc audītā, dum trānsit, Augustus respondit: “Satis
+  domī tālium salūtātōrum habeō.” Superfuit corvō memoria, ut      {140}
+  et illa, quibus dominum querentem solēbat audīre, subtexeret[15]:
+  “Opera et impēnsa periit.” Ad quod Caesar rīsit emīque avem
+  iussit, quantī[16] nūllam ante ēmerat.
+
+  Solēbat Graeculus quīdam dēscendentī ē palātiō Caesarī honōrificum
+  aliquod epigramma porrigere.[17] Id cum frūstrā saepe fēcisset   {145}
+    [[109]]
+  et tamen rūrsus eum idem factūrum dūxisset Augustus, breve
+  suā manū in chartā[1] exarāvit[2] Graecum epigramma et Graeculō
+  advenientī obviam mīsit. Ille inter legendum laudāre[3] mīrārīque[3]
+  tam[4] vōce quam[4] vultū gestūque. Deinde cum accessisset       {149}
+  ad sellam, quā Caesar vehēbātur, dēmissā in pauperem crumēnam[5]
+  manū paucōs dēnāriōs[6] prōtulit, quōs prīncipī daret, dīxitque
+  sē plūs datūrum fuisse, sī plūs habuisset. Secūtō omnium
+  rīsū, dispēnsātōrem[7] Caesar vocāvit et satis grandem pecūniae
+  summam numerārī Graeculō iussit.
+
+  Augustus ferē nūllī sē invītantī negābat. Exceptus igitur ā      {155}
+  quōdam cēnā satis parcā et paene cottīdiānā, hōc tantum
+  īnsusurrāvit[8]: “Nōn putābam mē tibi esse tam familiārem.” Cum
+  aliquandō apud Pōlliōnem quendam cēnāret frēgissetque ūnus ē
+  servīs vās crystallinum, rapī eum ad mortem Pōlliō iussit et     {159}
+  obicī mūraenīs[9] quās ingēns piscīna[10] continēbat. Ēvāsit ē manibus
+  puer et ad pedēs Caesaris cōnfūgit, nihil aliud petītūrus quam
+  ut aliter perīret nec ēsca[11] piscium fieret. Mōtus est novō
+      crūdēlitātis
+  genere Caesar et illum quidem mittī,[12] crystallina autem
+  omnia cōram sē frangī iussit complērīque piscīnam.
+
+  Augustus in quādam vīllā aegrōtāns noctēs inquiētās agēbat,      {165}
+  rumpente somnum ēius crēbrō noctuae[13] cantū. Quā molestiā cum
+  līberārī sē vehementer cupere sīgnificāsset, mīles quīdam, aucupiī
+  perītus, noctuam prehendendam cūrāvit, vīvamque Augustō attulit,
+  spē ingentis praemiī. Cuī cum Augustus mīlle nummōs[14] darī     {169}
+  iussisset, ille minus dīgnum praemium exīstimāns dīcere ausus est:
+  “Mālō ut vīvat,” et avem dīmīsit. Imperātōrī nec ad īrāscendum
+  causa deerat nec ad ulcīscendum potestās: hanc tamen iniūriam
+  aequō animō tulit Augustus hominemque impūnītum abīre passus est.
+
+    [[110]]
+  Augustus amīcitiās neque facile admīsit et cōnstantissimē retinuit.
+  Imprīmīs familiārem habuit Maecēnātem, equitem Rōmānum;          {175}
+  quī eā, quā apud prīncipem valēbat, grātiā ita semper ūsus
+  est, ut prōdesset omnibus, quibus posset, nocēret nēminī. Iūs
+  aliquandō dīcēbat Augustus et multōs capite damnātūrus vidēbātur.
+  Aderat tum Maecēnās, quī per
+  circumstantium turbam perrumpere et                              {180}
+  ad tribūnal propius accēdere cōnābātur.
+  Quod cum frūstrā tentāsset, haec verba
+  in tabellā scrīpsit: “Surge tandem,
+  carnifex[1]!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum
+  prōiēcit. Quā lēctā is statim surrēxit                           {185}
+  neque quisquam est morte multātus.
+
+    [Illustration: AUGUSTUS]
+
+  Habitāvit Augustus in aedibus modicīs,
+  neque laxitāte[2] neque cultū[3] cōnspicuīs,
+  ac per annōs amplius quadrāgintā
+  in eōdem cubiculō hieme et aestāte                               {190}
+  mānsit. Suppellex[4] quoque ēius vix
+  prīvātae ēlegantiae erat. Rārō veste
+  aliā ūsus est quam cōnfectā ab uxōre,
+  sorōre, fīliā neptibusque.[5] Item tamen
+  Rōmam, quam prō māiestāte imperiī nōn                            {195}
+  satis ōrnātam invēnerat, adeō excoluit, ut iūre glōriārētur
+  marmoream sē relinquere, quam laterīciam[6] accēpisset.
+
+  Fōrmā fuit Augustus eximiā et per omnēs aetātis gradūs
+  venustissimā. Erat tamen omnis lēnōciniī[7] neglegēns et in capite
+  cōmendō tam incūriōsus, ut eō ipsō tempore, quō illud tōnsōribus
+  committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrīberet.            {201}
+
+  Paucīs annīs antequam morerētur, gravissimam in Germāniā
+  accēpit clādem, tribus legiōnibus cum duce Vārō lēgātīsque et
+    [[111]]
+  auxiliīs omnibus caesīs. Hāc nūntiātā excubiās[1] per urbem      {204}
+  indīxit, nē quis tumultus exsisteret, et māgnōs lūdōs Iovī optimō
+  māximō vōvit, sī rēs pūblica in meliōrem statum vertisset. Adeō
+  dēnique[2] cōnsternātum ferunt, ut, per continuōs mēnsēs barbā
+  capillōque submissō,[3] caput interdum foribus inlīderet, vōciferāns:
+  “Quīntilī Vāre, legiōnēs redde!” diemque clādis quotannīs
+  maestum habuerit ac lūgubrem.                                    {210}
+
+  Tandem adflīctā valētūdine in Campāniam concessit, ubi, remissō
+  ad ōtium animō, nūllō hilaritātis genere abstinuit. Suprēmō vītae
+  diē petītō speculō[4] capillum sibi cōmī iussit et amīcōs
+  circumstantēs percontātus ecquid iīs vidērētur mīmum[5] vītae commodē
+  trānsēgisse, adiēcit solitam clausulam[6]: “Ēdite strepitum      {215}
+  vōsque omnēs cum gaudiō applaudite.” Obiit Nōlae sextum et
+  septuāgēsimum annum agēns.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXX (pages 103-111)
+
+    103.12: See Vocab., _Hispānia_.
+    103.13: #studiīs vacābat#: ‘had time for (i.e. devoted himself to)
+    study.’
+    104.1: At Caesar’s death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony
+    carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then
+    undertook to expel Brutus.
+    104.2: #plumbeīs lāminīs#: ‘leaden plates.’
+    104.3: ‘arm.’
+    104.4: ‘divers.’
+    104.5: ‘by swimming across.’
+    104.6: ‘doves.’
+    104.7: ‘hunger.’
+    104.8: ‘especially.’
+    104.9: ‘(being) wounded.’
+    104.10: = _amīcitiā_.
+    104.11: ‘cloak.’
+    104.12: ‘hilt.’
+    104.13: ‘hesitate.’
+    105.1: ‘marks.’
+    105.2: ‘of Salernum,’ a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.
+    105.3: ‘though tortured.’
+    105.4: ‘by a back door.’
+    105.5: ‘couch.’
+    105.6: #Quantī . . . est#: ‘What marvelous manhood it shows.’
+    105.7: A philosopher of the first century A.D.
+    105.8: ‘stripped of.’
+    105.9: ‘to one or the other,’ i.e. to one, but not to both.
+    106.1: ‘he met,’ i.e. he answered.
+    106.2: ‘prisoners of war.’ Cf. _dēdere_, ‘to surrender.’
+    106.3: Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after
+    his death.
+    106.4: ‘sacrificial victims.’
+    106.5: ‘slaughtered.’
+    106.6: ‘pleasure.’
+    106.7: #centiēs# (sc. _centēna mīlia_) #sēstertium# = ‘ten million
+    sesterces,’ or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p. 88,
+    n. 8.
+    106.8: #māgnificam . . . Antōniō#: ‘under other circumstances
+    truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.’
+    106.9: ‘course.’
+    106.10: ‘vinegar.’
+    106.11: ‘pearls.’
+    106.12: ‘melts,’ ‘dissolves.’
+    106.13: ‘throne.’
+    106.14: ‘asp.’
+    107.1: = _ostendit_.
+    107.2: ‘gentleness.’
+    107.3: ‘the sixth,’ counting from March, with which, it is said,
+    the Roman year originally began.
+    107.4: #Compos . . . meōrum#: ‘Now that I have gained my heart’s
+    desire,’ which had been to avenge his uncle’s death.
+    107.5: ‘Nay.’
+    107.6: #commissum īrī# is fut. infin. pass. of _committō_, and =
+    ‘was sure to be (lit. was going to be) handed over,’ i.e. if he
+    resigned.
+    108.1: ‘met.’
+    108.2: ‘retinue.’
+    108.3: ‘substitute.’
+    108.4: ‘wounds.’
+    108.5: ‘blushed.’
+    108.6: ‘artisan.’
+    108.7: ‘raven.’
+    108.8: ‘Hail!’
+    108.9: = _sēstertiōrum_.
+    108.10: = _dōnum_.
+    108.11: ‘parrot.’
+    108.12: ‘cobbler.’
+    108.13: ‘outlay.’
+    108.14: ‘have come to naught.’
+    108.15: ‘added’: lit., ‘wove in.’
+    108.16: #quantī . . . ēmerat#: ‘at a higher price than he had paid
+    before.’
+    108.17: ‘offer.’
+    109.1: ‘paper.’
+    109.2: ‘scratched off,’ ‘wrote.’
+    109.3: Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it
+    is especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated
+    by an imperfect or perfect indicative.
+    109.4: = _et . . . et_.
+    109.5: ‘purse.’
+    109.6: ‘francs.’
+    109.7: ‘steward.’
+    109.8: ‘whispered.’
+    109.9: ‘eels.’
+    109.10: ‘fish-pond.’
+    109.11: ‘food.’
+    109.12: ‘freed.’
+    109.13: ‘night-owl.’
+    109.14: = _sēstertiōs_.
+    110.1: ‘executioner,’ ‘butcher.’
+    110.2: ‘size.’
+    110.3: ‘style.’
+    110.4: ‘furniture.’
+    110.5: ‘granddaughters.’
+    110.6: ‘made of brick.’
+    110.7: ‘finery.’
+    111.1: #excubiās . . . indīxit#: ‘ordered watches to be set.’
+    111.2: Often used like our ‘to cut a long story short,’ ‘in
+    short.’
+    111.3: #barbā . . . submissō#: ‘letting his beard grow.’
+    111.4: ‘mirror’ (of metal, generally bronze or silver).
+    111.5: ‘comedy.’
+    111.6: ‘conclusion.’ Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of
+    the actors to the spectators to grant them ‘loud and prolonged
+    applause.’]
+
+
+    [Illustration {SPQR}]
+
+
+
+
+EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN
+
+Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square
+brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the ‘Caution’ on p. xxv. The
+section numbers refer to the selections.
+
+
+I.
+
+#Apposition.#
+
+1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and
+Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a priestess of Vesta. 3. The boys
+were thrown into the river. 4. A shepherd of the king[1] carried them to
+his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, when
+grown,[2] was caught by (some) robbers.[3] 7. They thus accused him:
+“You have trespassed on the king’s lands.” 8. A dispute arose between
+the brothers. 9. Romulus said: “I shall give my name to the new city.”
+10. Which of them leaped over the wall?
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use adj.
+    2: See p. 2, n. 19.
+    3: H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.]
+
+
+II.
+
+#Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.#
+
+1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in[1] the city which Romulus had
+founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the
+king sent were nowhere kindly received. 4. The tribes to which he sent
+did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen
+Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines,
+who now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans
+carried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed
+Hostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Romans fell
+fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor[2] of Romulus and
+worshiped him as a god.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: _ad_ with acc.
+    2: See p. 8, n. 1.]
+
+
+III.
+
+#Expressions of place; extent of time.#
+
+1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come?
+From Cures, [from] a city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome? 4.
+He established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed.
+5. A shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in
+Rome[1] who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had
+peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of
+Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: Locative case.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+#Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.#
+
+1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more
+warlike king. 2. War[1] having broken[1] out between the Romans and the
+Sabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii
+and the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been
+taken up][1] advanced to battle. 4. At a given[2] signal,[2] with drawn
+swords, they rushed together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans
+falling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius
+began to weep when she saw her lover’s cloak. 7. He drew his sword and
+stabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her
+country. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general,
+in anger[3] he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared
+against the Sabines.[4] 10. Very many young men were in military
+service, a few were at home. 11. Tullus[5] Hostilius, who succeeded
+Numa, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 1, n. 4.
+    2: See p. 5, l. 12. [[in selection II]]
+    3: Use participle.
+    4: H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.
+    5: H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II.]
+
+
+V.
+
+#Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.#
+
+1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa[1] in justice and
+piety, but was more warlike. 2. During[2] his reign[2] a raid was made
+on the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this
+[which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having
+defeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the
+citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this
+wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished
+in war, two in peace.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.
+    2: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+VI.
+
+#Direct and indirect questions.#
+
+1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus
+died,[2] Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained
+the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a celebrated augur. 5. The king once
+asked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. Can[1] you cut
+a whetstone with a razor? 7. You cannot[2] cut a whetstone with a razor,
+can you? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could
+commit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered[3]
+the palace and[3] began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king
+with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime?
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 378, 2 (351, 1, N. 1); M. 698; A. 210, _a_; G. 454;
+       B. 162, _c_.
+    2: H. 378 (351, 1, N. 3); M. 701; A. 210, _c_; G. 456;
+       B. 162, _b_.
+    3: See p. 2, n. 8.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+#Ablative of source; ablative of quality.#
+
+1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2.
+He was born of a woman[1] of rank, who, however, was a slave in
+Tarquin’s house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil advising] he was
+brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of
+great bravery,[1] and became the king’s son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius’s
+daughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin’s sons were of like
+character. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8.
+Tullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The
+people asked Tullia what she had done.[2]
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. Why?
+    2: See p. 3, n. 2.]
+
+
+VIII.
+
+#Temporal clauses with _cum_; ablative of price.#
+
+1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus
+had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he
+learned of the silence[1] and act of his father, he killed the chief men
+of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was
+decided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her
+husband[1] and father,[1] she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old
+woman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an
+enormous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had
+burned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+IX.
+
+#Causal clauses with _cum_; purpose clauses with _ut_.#
+
+1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for
+he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with
+Tarquin’s sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to
+Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister
+of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors,
+they were put to death. 6. In order to regain[1] his throne, Tarquin
+undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to[2]
+reconnoitre,[2] met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first
+charge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the
+city alone.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 1, l. 3 and n. 5.
+    2: Express in two ways; cf. l. 30, and #ageret#, l. 26.]
+
+
+X.
+
+#Causal clauses with _quod_.#
+
+1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy,
+because (as he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because he did not
+know which was[1] the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand
+which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After
+this he was called Scaevola.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: See p. 3, n. 2.]
+
+
+XI.
+
+#Dative of possessor; construction with _paenitet_.#
+
+1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian
+gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war at its own expense. 3.
+The senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4.
+When they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified
+post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Veientes soon repented of
+the peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed
+about in order to lay waste the enemy’s territory. 7. They were
+entrapped in an ambush and all slain.
+
+
+XII.
+
+#Relative clauses of purpose.#
+
+1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.
+2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he
+could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for
+slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry[1]
+her off by force. 4. The girl’s friends sent a messenger to carry the
+news[1] to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5.
+Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people.
+6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and
+killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: See p. 5, n. 3.]
+
+
+XIII.
+
+#Complementary infinitive; genitive with _oblivīscor_; hortatory
+subjunctive.#
+
+1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius,
+because with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2.
+When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to
+Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial
+devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father
+repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying
+on war with the Romans, a Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the
+bravest Roman. 5. “Let him come on,” said Titus Manlius, who was now
+tribune of the soldiers, “that I may show him which of us is the
+braver.” 6. Between the two lines they joined[1] in close[1] combat,[1]
+and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his
+gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was
+afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without
+the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a
+single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be
+put to death because he had disobeyed[2] his commander. 10. The young
+man’s companions did not forget the father’s cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso
+was also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be
+put to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had
+not been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to
+Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the
+centurion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to
+death. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward
+his son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain[3] about his
+son Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was
+granted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he
+forbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day[4] the young man
+committed[5] suicide.[5]
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 11, l. 14.  [[in selection IV]]
+    2: The reason is that of the father, not the writer.
+    3: Cf. #conquestum#, l. 82, with #quī dēpōsceret#, XII, l. 7, and
+       express in two ways.
+    4: H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.
+    5: See XII, l. 30.]
+
+
+XIV.
+
+#Construction of _medius_, _summus_, etc.#
+
+1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of a
+hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army in safety through
+the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself
+in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man.
+
+
+XV.
+
+#Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with _opus_.#
+
+1. “The Samnites are our enemies,” said Curius; “let us set out against
+them.” 2. Immediately he set out, and, having[1] conquered[1] the
+Samnites,[1] he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3.
+He swore (that there) was[2] none [nothing] of the booty in his house.
+4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] a great
+weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned[1] their gold[1] (and) said
+that he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented
+with seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young
+man who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young
+man saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for
+an aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he
+returned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus
+was slain by a woman of Argos.[3] 11. So the Romans[4] did not need the
+aid[5] of Curius again.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. abs.
+    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
+    3: Use adj.
+    4: Dat. of poss.
+    5: Cf. #cīve#, l. 22.]
+
+
+XVI.
+
+#_Nē_ with verbs of fearing; ablative with _ūtor_.#
+
+1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians in
+a naval battle. 2. He used grappling[1] irons[1] to seize and hold the
+enemy’s ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans
+would have an easy victory [victory to be about to be easy to the
+Romans]. 4. He now set[2] out boldly into the midst[3] of the enemy’s
+fleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with
+this victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be
+supreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians,
+by a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Cf. #quō#, p. 36, l. 4 and n. 10.
+    2: Use participle.
+    3: See Ex. XIV, sentence 2.]
+
+
+XVII.
+
+#Gerundive with _esse_; ablative of separation; ablative with
+comparatives.#
+
+1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to
+negotiate[1] [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that[2] he had
+come[2] treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did
+not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that[3] he would be
+arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear[4] and
+told him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa,
+Regulus[5] had[6] to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous
+serpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was
+compelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed.
+8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the
+next year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once.[7] 9. He
+said that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife
+and children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and
+children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this
+anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles,
+Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was
+sent from Carthage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about
+exchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his
+opinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be
+returned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the
+Romans.[8] 15. As[9] he had given[9] his oath,[9] he returned to
+Carthage and was put to death with terrible torture.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text.
+       Express this in as many ways as you can.
+    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
+    3: See p. 38, n. 12.
+    4: Abl. Why?
+    5: H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189, 1.
+    6: See p. 39, n. 11.
+    7: #statim.#
+    8: See #Āfrīs#, l. 10, and note.
+    9: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+#Ablative of time.#
+
+1. Appius Claudius was no[1] better than the preceding generals, who did
+not boast that they would sink the enemy’s fleet (on) the first day[2]
+of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would
+not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. “Let[3] them drink then,” said Appius,
+and ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he
+was defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards
+committed suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the
+people. 6. Upon his sister, too, a heavy fine had[4] to be imposed.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See XVII, l. 10, and note.
+    2: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 19.
+    3: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 5.
+    4: Cf. Ex. XVII, sent. 5.]
+
+
+XIX.
+
+#Purpose clauses with _quō_; ablative with _potior_; unreal conditions;
+_quīn_ clauses; ablative with _dīgnus_.#
+
+1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of
+undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he
+stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said
+that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. “Give which you please,”
+replied the Carthaginians. 5. “I give war,” said Fabius. [“War,” said
+Fabius, “I give.”] 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by
+Hannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing[1] the policy[1] of
+the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engagement
+with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling successes, his
+soldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune,
+he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could
+not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how[2] cautious Fabius was,[3] and got
+out (of the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,[4] the master of
+horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against
+the dictator in order to obtain greater authority[5] himself. 13. When
+he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14.
+Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his
+own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum to
+Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the
+young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with his
+army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same[6] year[6] it was lost.
+18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When
+an old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse
+which he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul.
+20. “If you were not consul,” said he, “I should not dismount.” 21. No
+one doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name _Maximus_. 22. At that
+time the Romans needed[7] a cautious general.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. abs.
+    2: #quam.#
+    3: See p. 3, n. 2.
+    4: Cf. l. 43.
+    5: Cf. #Tarentō#, l. 58, and note.
+    6: See l. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4.
+    7: See Ex. XV, sent. 11.]
+
+
+XX.
+
+#Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive genitive.#
+
+1. Varro was so rash that,[1] although he was opposed by his colleague,
+he formed[1] his army in line and gave[1] the signal for battle. 2. In
+the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged[2] Paulus to
+take[2] his horse and flee.[2] 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to
+perish with his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal’s
+victory, they sent messengers to congratulate him.[3] 5. Maharbal[4] did
+not like[4] the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew
+(how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7.
+Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The
+terror at Rome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No
+one doubted that[5] Hannibal would come[5] with his victorious army. 10.
+If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been captured.
+11. Though Varro survived the battle,[6] he thought that he was not
+worthy of office[7] again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough
+weapons,[8] they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the
+enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,[9] whom Hannibal had sent to Rome to
+offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The
+senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound].
+15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 10, n. 9.
+    2: Cf. lines 26 and 27.
+    3: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.
+    4: Cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11.
+    5: See p. 39, n. 4.
+    6: See p. 2, n. 7.
+    7: See Ex. XIX, sent. 21.
+    8: H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.
+    9: Cf. with n. 7 ūnus ex ēius praefectīs, l. 27.]
+
+
+XXI.
+
+#Concessive clauses with _cum_; genitive of characteristic; causal
+relative clauses; gerundive with _ad_; accusative of extent.#
+
+1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if
+his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet
+twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of
+years] to be a candidate for[1] the aedileship. 3. After the battle of
+Cannae, some young men of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy.
+4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although[2] he was
+alone, he forced them to give[3] up their conspiracy.[3] 5. After the
+Romans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul
+and sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and
+bravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he
+was worthy of the honor? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of
+money and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He
+did not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Romans the favor
+of the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the
+captive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty,[4] who said that
+his grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over
+into Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11.
+Scipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12.
+When the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain
+from that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio,
+who had[5] long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent
+Laelius, whose[6] friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of
+the African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself,
+and it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to
+have been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those
+chiefs were eager to form an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan,
+therefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily
+shrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to
+furnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not
+(men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Romans fought with such
+determination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal
+from Italy to defend his country. 20. A battle was fought [it was
+fought] at Zama, a town five days’ march from Carthage. 21. The
+Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for
+peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On[7]
+his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24.
+Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was
+also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.[8] 25. The old
+writers say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to
+consult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephesus he[9]
+afterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that
+Hannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders.
+28. When the senate seemed on the point[10] of transferring the conduct
+of the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because
+(as was thought) the former[11] had too little courage and too little
+wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother’s
+lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After
+Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio
+an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he
+had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought
+not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus himself was afterwards
+summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle
+of Zama had been fought.[12] 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he
+mounted the rostrum and said: “Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose
+aid we obtained[13] so great a victory.” 34. As the whole assembly
+followed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon
+afterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Rome.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use #ad# with gerundive or gerund.
+    2: H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.
+    3: Cf. _inceptō dēsisterent_, l. 14.
+    4: Cf. lines 51 and 64.
+    5: See p. 56, n. 6.
+    6: See p. 55, n. 8.
+    7: See XIII, l. 59.
+    8: _religiō._
+    9: Use dat. of poss. with #esse#.
+    10: Use future participle.
+    11: _ille._
+    12: See sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4.
+    13: See p. 55, n. 8.]
+
+
+XXII.
+
+#Future conditions.#
+
+1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio
+Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was
+able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a
+guest at her house, that she[1] too had some very beautiful jewels. 4.
+Everybody knows that Cornelia’s jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly
+been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons
+were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that
+they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more
+of [preferred] their country’s safety than [to] their own lives. 8.
+Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that
+he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged[2]
+all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the
+senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece
+of a bench. 11. Caius had the same[3] love for the common people as[3]
+his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans
+because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. “If the law about
+distributing grain to the common people is[4] passed,” said Piso,
+“I shall come with the others to get the grain.” 14. Finally this was
+decreed by the senate: “Let the consul see that the republic receive no
+harm.” 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his household and took
+possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his
+slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate
+of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman
+republic.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use dat. of poss.
+    2: Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note.
+    3: Cf. #īdem quī#, l. 31.
+    4: See XVII, l. 10, and note.]
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+#Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.#
+
+1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this (question)
+of Scipio. 2. If anything happens[1] to you, what equally great
+commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be
+a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he
+made charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander
+himself. 5. If you make me consul, I will shortly bring Jugurtha under
+the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make[2] him
+consul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the
+Cimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them
+against the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the
+Alps. 10. As the Romans[3] had no water, Marius told his soldiers that,
+if they conquered[4] the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11.
+It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than
+water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12.
+The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask
+him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them[5] with the same
+fate[5] which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle
+was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness[6] followed. 15. When the
+women saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed
+themselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war
+against Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what
+Marius had done, he returned to Rome with his army and drove him into
+exile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught and thrown
+into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether
+he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia,
+Marius, who was a few days’ journey from the city, returned and renewed
+the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state,
+he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death
+afforded the Romans[7] more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 40, n. 1.
+    2: Cf. #ut trāderet#, l. 21.
+    3: Dat. Why?
+    4: Cf. #sī fēcissent#, etc., l. 11.
+    5: Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and 58.
+    6: Cf. #dictū#, l. 124, and p. 19, n. 15.
+    7: #Dative.#]
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+#Relative clause of characteristic.#
+
+1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing
+to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books
+to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen
+quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was
+soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and
+would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6.
+When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death
+all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to
+advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he had killed
+all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He
+wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10.
+When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed
+that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men
+and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a
+wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he
+should write nothing thereafter.
+
+
+XXV.
+
+#Genitive with adjectives.#
+
+1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated
+by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice
+and was untrained in the art[1] of war. 3. But in the war with
+Mithridates he surpassed even[2] experts in this art.[1] 4. All say that
+he was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for
+the reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not
+the only one of the Romans to[3] squander his money in building villas.
+7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8.
+Though fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great
+library, which was always open to the public.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204, 1.
+    2: Cf. #mare ipsum#, l. 25.
+    3: See p. 76, n. 11.]
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+
+  abl. = ablative.
+  abs. = absolute.
+  acc. = accusative.
+  act. = active.
+  adj. = adjective.
+  adv. = adverb.
+  cf. = compare.
+  comp. = comparative.
+  conj. = conjunction.
+  dat. = dative.
+  def. = defective.
+  dem. = demonstrative.
+  desid. = desiderative.
+  dim. = diminutive.
+  disc. = discourse.
+  e.g. = for example.
+  encl. = enclitic.
+  esp. = especially.
+  f. = feminine, following.
+  freq. = frequentative.
+  gen. = genitive.
+  i.e. = that is.
+  imperf. = imperfect.
+  impers. = impersonal.
+  indef. = indefinite.
+  indir. = indirect.
+  insep. = inseparable.
+  interj. = interjection.
+  interr. = interrogative.
+  intrans. = intransitive.
+  l. = line.
+  m. = masculine.
+  n. = neuter, note.
+  nom. = nominative.
+  num. = numeral.
+  obj. = objective.
+  orig. = originally.
+  p. = page.
+  part. = participle, partitive.
+  pass. = passive.
+  perf. = perfect.
+  pers. = personal.
+  pl. = plural.
+  poss. = possessive.
+  prep. = preposition.
+  pres. = present.
+  pron. = pronoun, pronominal.
+  rel. = relative.
+  sc. = supply.
+  sup. = superlative.
+  trans. = transitive.
+
+The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. #flīgō# and #speciō#, indicates
+that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are
+defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this
+practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple
+verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and
+(2) in the case of certain verbs like #sūmō# and #surgō#, which, though
+themselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and
+served as the base of further compounds.
+
+The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself
+when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary.
+This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and
+render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+
+#A.#, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen _Aulus_.
+
+#ā, ab, abs#, prep. with abl.; (1) of place, _from, away from, out of_;
+(2) of time, _from, since, after_; (3) of agency, _by_; (4) of
+separation, source, cause, _from, through, because of_; in composition,
+_off, away_.
+
+#abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ab# + #aliēnus#], _to remove, alienate,
+estrange_.
+
+#abdicō#, see #dicō#.
+
+#abditus# [orig. part. of #abdō#], adj., _hidden, concealed_.
+
+#abdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#abdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#abeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#abiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#abluō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#ab# + #luō#, _to wash_], _to wash, cleanse,
+purify_.
+
+#abnuō#, see #*nuō#.
+
+#abripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#abrogō#, see #rogō#.
+
+#abs#, see #ā#.
+
+#abscēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#abscindō#, see #scindō#.
+
+#absēns, entis# [orig. part. of #absum#], adj., _absent, away_.
+
+#absistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#absolvō#, see #solvō#.
+
+#absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus# [#ab# + #sorbeō#, _to swallow_], _to
+swallow_.
+
+#abstinentia, ae# [#abstineō#], f., _abstinence, self-restraint,
+integrity_.
+
+#abstineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#abstrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#absum#, see #sum#.
+
+#absūmō#, see #sūmō#.
+
+#ac#, see #atque#.
+
+#Acca, ae#, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and
+Remus.
+
+#accēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#accendō#, see #candeō#.
+
+#accidō#, see #cadō#.
+
+#accingō#, see #cingō#.
+
+#acciō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#ad# + #cieō#, _to set in motion_], _to summon,
+invite_.
+
+#accipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#acclāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #commodus#], _to fit to, adjust,
+regulate_.
+
+#accumbō#, see #*cumbō#.
+
+#accurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#accūsātiō, ōnis# [#accūsō#], f., _accusation, prosecution_.
+
+#accūsātor, ōris# [#accūsō#], m., _accuser, prosecutor_.
+
+#accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #causa#], _to call to trial, accuse,
+blame_.
+
+#ācer, ācris, ācre#, comp. #ācrior#, sup. #ācerrimus#, adj., _sharp,
+bitter, piercing_; _keen, eager, vigorous, fierce_.
+
+#acerbē# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], adv., _bitterly, cruelly, severely_.
+
+#acerbitās, ātis# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], f., _harshness, severity,
+unkindness_.
+
+#acētum, ī# [cf. #ācer#], n., _vinegar_.
+
+#aciēs, ēī# [cf. #ācer#], f., _a sharp point_ of a sword or dagger; _a
+battle line_ (conceived of as a sword point); _battle_.
+
+#ācriter#, comp. #ācrius#, sup. #ācerrimē# [#ācer#], adv., _sharply,
+spiritedly, fiercely, grievously_.
+
+#Actiacus#, adj., _of_ or _at Actium_.
+
+#Actium, ī#, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31
+B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.
+
+#ad#, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, _to, towards, to the house of,
+at, near_; (2) of time, _up to, towards, until, at_; (3) of purpose,
+_to, in order to, for, for the sake of_; (4) of other relations,
+_according to, at_. In composition, it = _to, towards_, and also denotes
+_addition_ and _intensity_.
+
+#adamō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #amō#, _to love_], _to love earnestly_.
+
+#addīcō#, see #dīcō#.
+
+#addō#, see #dō#.
+
+#addūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+(1) #adeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+(2) #adeō# [#ad# + (2) #eō#], adv., _to this point, so very, so, to such
+a degree, actually_; #atque adeō#, _and in fact_.
+
+#adequitō#, see #equitō#.
+
+#adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #faciō#], _to strive after,
+aspire to_.
+
+#adferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#adficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#adfīnis, is# [#ad# + #fīnis#], m., _a relative_ (by marriage).
+
+#adfīrmō#, see #fīrmō#.
+
+#adflātus, ūs# [#adflō#], m., _a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation_.
+
+#adflīctus# [orig. part. of #adflīgō#], adj., _shattered, weakened,
+wretched_.
+
+#adflīgō#, see #*flīgō#.
+
+#adflō#, see #flō#.
+
+#adhibeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#adhortātiō, ōnis# [#adhortor#, _to encourage_], f., _encouragement,
+exhortation_.
+
+#adiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#adigō#, see #agō#.
+
+#adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum# [#ad# + #apīscor#, _to reach_], _to gain by
+effort, get, acquire_.
+
+#aditus, ūs# [(1) #adeō#], m., _approach, access_.
+
+#adiūmentum# [orig. #adiuvāmentum#, from #adiuvō#], n., _help, aid,
+service_.
+
+#adiungō#, see #iungō#.
+
+#adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus# [#ad# + #iuvō#, _to help_], _to aid, help_.
+
+#adliciō#, see #*laciō#.
+
+#adligō#, see #ligō#.
+
+#adloquor#, see #loquor#.
+
+#administrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ad# + #ministrō#, _to manage_], _to
+manage, direct, govern, regulate_.
+
+#admīrābilis, e# [#admīror#], adj., _admirable, wonderful_.
+
+#admīrandus# [#admīror#], adj., _marvelous, wonderful, strange_.
+
+#admīrātiō, ōnis# [#admīror#], f., _wonder, admiration_; _surprise_.
+
+#admīrātor, ōris# [#admīror#], m., _admirer_.
+
+#admīror, ārī, ātus sum# [#ad# + #mīror#, _to marvel at_], _to marvel
+at, admire_.
+
+#admittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#admodum# [#ad# + #modus#], adv., _up to the full limit, very,
+exceedingly_.
+
+#admoneō#, see #moneō#.
+
+#admoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#adnuō#, see #*nuō#.
+
+#adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus# [#ad# + #olēscō#, _to grow_], _to grow
+up, become mature, reach manhood_.
+
+#adoperiō#, see #pariō#.
+
+#adoptō#, see #optō#.
+
+#adōrnō#, see #ōrnō#.
+
+#adōrō#, see #ōrō#.
+
+#adquīrō#, see #quaerō#.
+
+#adripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#adscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#adsentātiō, ōnis# [#adsentor#, _to agree with, to flatter_], f.,
+_flattery_.
+
+#adsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#adsideō#, see #sedeō#.
+
+#adsīdō#, see #sīdō#.
+
+#adsiduus# [#adsideō#], adj., _incessant, repeated, continued_.
+
+#adsīgnō#, see #sīgnō#.
+
+#adspiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#adsuēscō#, see #suēscō#.
+
+#adsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#adsūmō#, see #sūmō#.
+
+#adsurgō#, see #surgō#.
+
+#adulēscēns, entis# [#adolēscō#], m. and f., _a young man_ or _woman_
+(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).
+
+#adulēscentia, ae# [#adulēscēns#], f., _youth_.
+
+#adulēscentulus, ī# [dim. of #adulēscēns#], m., _a very young man,
+stripling_.
+
+#adūlor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to flatter_.
+
+#adultus# [orig. part. of #adolēscō#], adj., _grown up, mature, adult_.
+
+#advehō#, see #vehō#.
+
+#adveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#adventō, āre, āvī#, -- [freq. of #adveniō#], _to advance, approach_.
+
+#adventus, ūs# [#adveniō#], m., _coming, approach, arrival_.
+
+#adversārius, ī# [#adversor#], m., _opponent, enemy_.
+
+#adversor, ārī, ātus sum# [#adversus#], _to oppose, withstand, resist_.
+
+#adversus# [#ad# + #vertō#], adj., _turned towards, facing, in front_;
+_opposed, adverse, unfavorable_. As noun, #adversum, ī#, n.,
+_misfortune, calamity_.
+
+#adversus# and #adversum#, prep. with acc., _in opposition to, against,
+towards_.
+
+#advocātiō, ōnis# [#advocō#], f., _advocacy, legal assistance_; #in
+advocātiōnem venīre#, _to come to one’s aid in court_.
+
+#advocātus, ī# [#advocō#], m., _adviser, advocate_.
+
+#advocō#, see #vocō#.
+
+#aedēs#, see #aedis#.
+
+#aedificium, ī# [#aedificō#], n., _a building_.
+
+#aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#aedis# + #faciō#], _to build_.
+
+#aedīlis, is# [#aedis#], m., _aedile, commissioner of public works_, the
+name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care
+of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and
+the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor.
+They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents,
+and superintended the performance of certain public games.
+
+#aedīlitās, ātis# [#aedīlis#], f., _aedileship_.
+
+#aedis# or #aedēs, is#, f., in sing., _temple_; in pl., _house,
+dwelling_.
+
+#aedituus, ī# [#aedis# + #tueor#], m., _keeper of a temple, sexton_.
+
+#aeger, aegra, aegrum#, adj., _sick, ill, feeble_.
+
+#aegrē# [#aeger#], adv., _painfully, with difficulty, scarcely_; #aegrē
+ferre#, _to be vexed at, take amiss_.
+
+#aegritūdō, inis# [#aeger#], f., _sickness_; _grief, vexation,
+mortification_.
+
+#aegrōtō, āre, āvī#, -- [#aeger#], _to be ill_ or _feeble, lie sick_.
+
+#Aegyptus, ī#, m., _Egypt_.
+
+#Aemilius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Paulus#.
+
+#aemulātiō, ōnis# [#aemulor#, _to rival_], f., _rivalry, competition_.
+
+#aequālis, e# [#aequus#], adj., _equal, like_ (esp. in age). As noun,
+m., _comrade, companion_.
+
+#aequē# [#aequus#], adv., _equally_.
+
+#aequitās, ātis# [#aequus#], f., _evenness, fairness, justice_.
+
+#aequō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#aequus#], _to make even, place on an
+equality_.
+
+#aequus#, adj., _even, level_; _fair, just_; #aequō animō#, _patiently_.
+
+#aerārium, ī# [#aes#], n., _state treasury_; _public money_.
+
+#aes, aeris#, n., _copper, bronze_; _money_ (first coined of bronze);
+#aes aliēnum#, _debt_.
+
+#aestās, ātis#, f., _summer_.
+
+#aestīvus# [#aestās#], adj., _of summer, summer_.
+
+#aetās, ātis#, f., _time of life, life, age, youth, old age_; _period,
+time_.
+
+#aeternum# [acc. sing. neut. of #aeternus#, _eternal_], adv.,
+_eternally, forever_.
+
+#Āfer, Āfrī#, m., _an African_, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.
+
+#Āfrica, ae#, f., _Africa_, esp. that part of it which lay near
+Carthage.
+
+#Āfricānus#, adj., _African_. As noun, #Āfricānus, ī#, m., the cognomen
+bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See
+#Scīpiō#.
+
+#agedum#, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,
+_come on! come! quick!_
+
+#agellus, ī# [dim. of #ager#], m., _a little field, small estate_.
+
+#ager, agrī#, m., _field, farm, estate_; _territory, land, district_;
+_the country_.
+
+#agger, eris# [#ad# + #gerō#], m., _mass_ (esp. of earth and brushwood),
+_mound, rampart_.
+
+#aggredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#agitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #agō#], _drive violently hither and
+thither_; _discuss, consider, meditate_.
+
+  #con--cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think, reflect, consider_;
+  _plan_.
+
+  #ex# + #con--excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think out, devise_.
+
+#āgmen, inis# [#agō#], n., _an army_ (on the march), _marching column_;
+_troop, array_.
+
+#āgnōscō#, see #nōscō#.
+
+#agō, agere, ēgī, āctus#, _to set in motion, drive, lead_; _act, do,
+perform_; _treat, deal, arrange_; _spend, pass_ (of time); #āctum est
+dē#, _it was all up with_; #augurium agere#, _to perform the augural
+ceremonies_; #cōnsulem agere#, _to act the consul_, #dēlēctum agere#,
+_to hold a levy_; #grātiās agere#, _to feel thankful_; #triumphum
+agere#, _to celebrate a triumph_.
+
+  #ad--adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _drive, urge, compel, constrain_.
+
+  #con--cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus#, _drive together, collect_;
+  _compel, force_.
+
+  #dē--dēgō, ere, dēgī, ----#, _pass, spend_ (of time).
+
+  #ex--exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive out_; _finish_; _pass,
+  spend_.
+
+  #per--peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to finish, accomplish, play_
+  (a part); _set forth, relate, describe_.
+
+  #re--redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive back, force, reduce,
+  bring_.
+
+  #sub--subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to drive under, conquer, subdue_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus#, _to finish, settle, perform_.
+
+#agrestis, e# [#ager#], adj., _of the fields_; _rustic_; _countrified,
+rude, uncouth_.
+
+#āiō, ais, ait, āiunt# [def. verb], _to say_.
+
+#alacer, cris, cre#, adj., _lively, nimble, quick_; often = an adv.,
+_eagerly_.
+
+#alacritās, ātis# [#alacer#], f., _liveliness, eagerness, spirit_.
+
+#Alba# or #Alba Longa# (sc. #urbs#), f., an ancient town of the Latins.
+
+#Albānus#, adj., _pertaining to Alba, Alban_. As noun, #Albānus, ī#, m.,
+_an inhabitant of Alba_.
+
+#ālea, ae#, f., _game of dice_; _die_.
+
+#Alexander, drī#, m., _Alexander the Great_, king of Macedonia from 336
+to 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia.
+
+#Alexandrēa, ae#, f., _Alexandria_, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the
+Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.
+
+#aliās# [#alius#], adv., _at another time, under other circumstances_.
+
+#alibī# [#alius# + #ibi#], adv., _elsewhere, in other places_.
+
+#aliēnus# [#alius#], adj., _belonging to another, another’s_; #aes
+aliēnum#, _debt_.
+
+#alimentum, ī# [#alō#], n., _nourishment_; in plur., _food, provisions_.
+
+#aliōquī#, adv., _in other respects, otherwise_.
+
+#aliquamdiū# [#aliquis# + #diū#], adv., _for a while, for some time_.
+
+#aliquandō# [#aliquis#], adv., _at some time or other, once, on a
+certain occasion_; _at length, at last_.
+
+#aliquantus#, adj., _some, considerable_. As noun, #aliquantum, ī#, n.,
+_a little, something_.
+
+#aliquī, aliqua, aliquod# [#alius# + #quī#], indef. pron. adj., _some
+one or other, some, any_.
+
+#aliquis, qua, quid# [#alius# + #quis#], indef. pron., _some one,
+something_; _any one, anything_; _some, any_. As noun, #aliquid#, n.,
+_something, anything_.
+
+#aliquot# [#alius# + #quot#], indef. indecl. adj., _some, several_.
+
+#aliquotiēns# [#aliquot#], adv., _several times_.
+
+#aliter# [#alius#], adv., _otherwise, differently_.
+
+#alius, a, ud# (gen. #alīus#, dat. #aliī#), pron. adj., _another, other,
+different_; #alius . . . alius#, _one . . . one, one . . . another_;
+#aliī . . . aliī#, _some . . . others_.
+
+#alō, ere, uī, tus#, _to feed, nourish, support, keep_.
+
+#Alpēs, ium#, f., _the Alps_.
+
+#altāria, ium#, pl. n., _an altar_.
+
+#alter, altera, alterum# (gen. #alterīus#, dat. #alterī#), pron. adj.,
+_one of two, the other, the second_; #alter . . . alter#, _the one . . .
+the other_.
+
+#altercor, ārī, ātus sum# [#alter#], _to dispute, wrangle_.
+
+#alteruter, utra, utrum# (gen. #alterutrīus#, dat. #alterutrī#), pron.
+adj., _one or the other of two, one_ (only) _of two_.
+
+#altus# [#alō#], adj., _high, lofty_; _deep_. As noun, #altum, ī#, n.,
+_the deep sea, the deep_; sup. #altissimum, ī#, n., _top_.
+
+#alveus, ī#, m., _a basket, trough_.
+
+#am, amb, ambi#, insep. prefix (seen in #amputō#), _around, on both
+sides_.
+
+#amāns, antis# [part. of #amō#, _to love_], adj., _loving, fond_; with
+gen., _fond of, devoted to_.
+
+#ambitiō, ōnis# [#ambiō#, _to go around_], f., _canvassing for public
+office, ambition_.
+
+#ambō, ae, ō#, adj., _both_.
+
+#ambulātiō, ōnis# [#ambulō#], f., _a walk, promenade_.
+
+#ambulō, āre, āvī, --#, _to walk, stroll_.
+
+  #dē--deambulō, āre, --, --#, _to walk, stroll, promenade_.
+
+  #in--inambulō, āre, --, --#, _to walk up and down, stroll_.
+
+#amīcitia, ae# [#amīcus#], f., _friendship_.
+
+#amictus# [orig. part. of #amiciō#, _to wrap about_], adj., _clothed in,
+clad in_.
+
+#amīcus# [#amō#, _to love_], adj., _friendly_.
+
+#amīcus, ī# [#amō#, _to love_], m., _a friend_.
+
+#āmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#amnis, is#, m., _river, torrent, stream_.
+
+#amor, ōris# [#amō#, _to love_], m., _love, passion_.
+
+#āmoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#amphora, ae#, f., _a two-handled jar_. It held about six gallons.
+
+#amplector, ī, amplexus sum#, _to twine around, embrace_.
+
+#ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#amplus#], _to enlarge, widen, extend_.
+
+#amplius# [comp. of #amplus#], indecl. adj. and adv., _further, more,
+besides_.
+
+#amplus#, adj., _great, large_; _noble, distinguished_.
+
+#amputō#, see #putō#.
+
+#Amūlius, ī#, m., _Amūlius_, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba
+Longa.
+
+#anceps, ancipitis# [#ambi# + #caput#], adj., _two-headed_; _doubtful,
+hazardous_.
+
+#ancīle, is#, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a
+guitar.
+
+#ancilla, ae#, f., _a maid-servant, maid_.
+
+#Ancus, ī#, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.
+
+#angō, ere, --, --#, _squeeze, choke_; _vex, annoy_.
+
+#angor, ōris# [#angō#], m., _vexation, sorrow, anguish_.
+
+#anguis, is# [#angō#], m. and f., _a snake_.
+
+#angulus, ī# [#angō#], m., _corner, nook_.
+
+#angustiae, ārum# [#angustus#], f., _narrowness, narrow place, narrow
+pass_.
+
+#angustus# [#angō#], adj., _narrow_.
+
+#anima, ae#, f., _air, breath, soul, life_.
+
+#animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus# [#animus# + #advertō#], _to turn the
+mind to, perceive, notice_; #in aliquem animadvertere#, _to punish_.
+
+#animal, ālis# [#anima#], n., _a living thing, an animal_.
+
+#animus, ī#, m., _mind, soul, reason_; _courage, spirit_; _temper,
+disposition_; in plur., _affections, allegiance_.
+
+#Aniō, Aniēnis#, m., a tributary of the Tiber.
+
+#annālis, is# [#annus#], adj., _yearly, annual_. As noun, #Annālēs#
+(sc. _librī_), _year-books, records_; strictly brief abstracts of
+contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and
+exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official
+residence. #Annālēs# is a frequent title of Latin historical works.
+
+#annōna, ae# [#annus#], f., _the year’s crop_, esp. of grain; _corn
+supply_.
+
+#annus, ī#, m., _a year_.
+
+#ante# (1) adv.; of space, _before, in front of_; of time, _before,
+previously, ago_; (2) prep. with acc., both of space and time, _in front
+of, before_.
+
+#anteā# [#ante#], adv., _before, formerly_.
+
+#antecēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#anteeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#antequam# or #ante . . . quam#, conj., _before, until_.
+
+#Antiochus, ī#, m., _Antiochus_.
+
+  1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by
+  Scipio Asiaticus in 190.
+
+  2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures
+  Cicero heard at Athens in 79 B.C.
+
+#antīquus#, adj., _ancient_.
+
+#Antōnius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name.
+
+  1. _M. Antōnius_, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the
+  second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31
+  B.C., and killed himself the following year.
+
+  2. _C. Antōnius Hybrida_, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with
+  Cicero, B.C. 63.
+
+#ānulus, ī# [dim. of #ānus#, _a circle_], m., _a finger ring_.
+
+#anus, ūs#, f., _an old woman_.
+
+#anxius# [#angō#], adj., _anxious, troubled_.
+
+#aper, aprī#, m., _a wild boar_.
+
+#aperiō#, see #pariō#.
+
+#apertē# [#apertus#], adv., _openly, plainly_.
+
+#apertus# [orig. part. of #aperiō#], adj., _open, manifest_.
+
+#Apollō, inis#, m., _Apollo_, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans
+also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was
+at Delphi, in Greece.
+
+#Apollōnia, ae#, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century B.C. it was a famous
+seat of learning.
+
+#Apollōnius, ī#, m., _Apollōnius_, surnamed _Molō_, under whom Cicero
+studied rhetoric at Rhodes.
+
+#apparātus, ūs#, m., _equipment, preparation_; _splendor, pomp_.
+
+#appāreō#, see #pāreō#.
+
+#appellātiō, ōnis# [(2) #appellō#], f., _name, title_.
+
+(1) #appellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+(2) #appellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#Appennīnus, ī#, m., _the Apennines_, a range of mountains in Italy.
+
+#Appius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.
+
+#applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus# [#ad# + #plaudō#, _to clap the hands_],
+_to applaud_.
+
+#appōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#apprehendō#, see #prehendō#.
+
+#approbō#, see #probō#.
+
+#appropinquō, āre, āvī, --# [#ad# + #propinquus#], _to draw near,
+approach_.
+
+#aptē# [#aptus#], adv., _fitly, neatly_.
+
+#aptus#, adj., _fitted, suited for, adapted to_.
+
+#apud#, prep. with acc.; of place, _near_; of persons, _with, among, in
+the presence of, at the house of_; with the name of an author, _in the
+works of_.
+
+#Āpūlia, ae#, f., _Apulia_, a district in the southeastern part of
+Italy.
+
+#aqua, ae#, f., _water_.
+
+#aquila, ae#, f., _an eagle_; _standard_ (a metal eagle, elevated upon a
+pole).
+
+#aquilifer, ferī# [#aquila# + #ferō#], m., _standard bearer_.
+
+#āra, ae#, f., _an altar_.
+
+#arbiter, trī#, m., _witness, judge, umpire_.
+
+#arbitrium, ī# [#arbiter#], n., _judgment, decision_; _will, caprice_.
+
+#arbitror, ārī, ātus sum# [#arbiter#], _to think, believe, consider_.
+
+#arbor, oris#, f., _a tree_.
+
+#arca, ae# [#arceō#], f., _chest, box_.
+
+#arceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shut up, inclose_; _hinder, prevent_.
+
+  #con--coerceō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to confine closely, shut in_;
+  _restrain, check_.
+
+  #ex--exerceō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to exercise, drill, employ_; #lēgem
+  exercēre#, _to enforce a law_.
+
+#arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to cause to come, summon, send for_.
+
+#Ardea, ae#, f., _Ardea_, a town in Latium, about eighteen miles south
+of Rome.
+
+#ārdēns, entis# [orig. part. of #ārdeō#, _to burn, glow_], adj.,
+_glowing, fiery, bright_.
+
+#ārdor, ōris# [#ārdeō#, _to burn, glow_], m., _heat, glow_; _zeal,
+enthusiasm, fire_.
+
+#argentum, ī#, n., _silver_; _money_.
+
+#Argī, ōrum#, m., _Argos_, a city in the northeastern part of the
+Peloponnesus.
+
+#Argīvus#, adj., of _Argos, Argive_.
+
+#arguō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to show, prove_; _charge, accuse, blame_.
+
+#āridus# [#āreō#, _to be dry_], adj., _dry, arid_.
+
+#arma, ōrum#, n. pl., _arms, weapons_ (esp. for defense); _warfare_.
+
+#armātus# [orig. part. of #armō#], adj., _armed, in full armor_. As
+noun, #armātī, ōrum#, m. pl., _armed men, soldiers_.
+
+#Armenia, ae#, f., _Armenia_, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black
+Sea.
+
+#armilla, ae# [#armus#, _shoulder, arm_], f., _a bracelet, armlet_.
+
+#armō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#arma#], _to arm, equip_.
+
+#Arpīnum, ī#, n., _Arpinum_, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast
+of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.
+
+#ars, artis#, f., _skill, art, knowledge_; _accomplishment_, esp. in
+pl.; _device, stratagem_.
+
+#artifex, icis# [#ars# + #faciō#], m., _workman, artist, builder_.
+
+#artūs, uum#, m. pl., _joints, limbs_.
+
+#Ārūns, untis#, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.
+
+#arx, arcis# [#arceō#], f., _citadel, stronghold_.
+
+#ās, assis#, m., _an as_, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of
+copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a
+cent.
+
+#āscendō#, see #scandō#.
+
+#Asia, ae#, f., _Asia_, esp. Asia Minor.
+
+  #Asiāticus#, adj., _Asiatic_. As noun, #Asiāticus, ī#, m., (cognomen
+  of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.
+
+#asper, aspera, asperum#, adj., _rough, bitter, sharp_; _harsh, violent,
+severe_.
+
+#asperitās, ātis# [#asper#], f., _roughness, harshness_; _acidity_
+(of vinegar).
+
+#āspernor#, see #spernō#.
+
+#aspis, idis#, f., _an asp, viper_.
+
+#āstūtia, ae# [#āstūtus#], f., _shrewdness, smartness, cleverness_.
+
+#āstūtus# [#āstū#, _cunning_], adj., _smart, clever, shrewd, cunning_.
+
+#asȳlum, ī#, n., _place of refuge, asylum_.
+
+#at#, conj., _but, but yet, nevertheless_.
+
+#Athēnae, ārum#, f. plur., _Athens_, the chief city of Greece, situated
+in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.
+
+#Athesis, is#, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated
+the Cimbri in 101 B.C.
+
+#Atīlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Rēgulus#.
+
+#atque, ac#, conj., _and, and also_.
+
+#atquī#, conj., _and yet, but yet, yet_.
+
+#atrōciter# [#atrōx#], adv., _fiercely, cruelly_.
+
+#atrōx, ōcis#, adj., _savage, fierce, cruel, horrible_.
+
+#attentus#, adj., _attentive_.
+
+#attonitus# [#attonō#, _to thunder at_], adj., _thunder-struck,
+awe-struck, overwhelmed_.
+
+#Attus, ī#, m., _Attus Nāvius_, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.
+
+#auctor, ōris# [#augeō#], m., _producer, originator, cause_.
+
+#auctōritās, ātis# [#auctor#], f., _authority, power_; _influence,
+weight, dignity_.
+
+#aucupium, ī# [#avis# + #capiō#], n., _bird-catching, fowling_.
+
+#audācia, ae# [#audāx#, _bold_], f., _boldness, daring_; _rashness,
+presumption_.
+
+#audeō, ēre, ausus sum#, _to venture, dare_.
+
+#audiō, īre, īvī, ītus#, _to hear, listen to_; #dictō audiēns esse#, _to
+obey_.
+
+  #ex--exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus#, _to hear clearly, distinguish_.
+
+#auferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#aufugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus#, _to increase, enlarge_.
+
+#augur, uris# [#avis#], m., _an augur, soothsayer_, a priest whose
+business it was to take the _auspicia_. See #auspicium#.
+
+#augurium, ī# [#augur#], n., _observance of omens, divination_;
+#augurium agere#, _to perform the augural ceremonies_.
+
+#augustus# [#augeō#], adj., _majestic, venerable, imposing_.
+
+#Augustus, ī# [#augustus#], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in
+B.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.
+
+#aureus# [#aurum#], adj., _golden_.
+
+#auris, is#, f., _ear_.
+
+#aurum, ī#, n., _gold_.
+
+#auspicium, ī# [#avis# + #*speciō#], n., _divination_ by noting the
+flight or cries of birds. In taking the #auspicia#, _auspices_, the
+augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed
+course of conduct.
+
+#aut#, conj., _or_; #aut . . . aut#, _either . . . or_.
+
+#autem#, conj., always postpositive, _but, however, moreover_.
+
+#auxilium, ī# [#augeō#], n., _help, aid_; plur., _auxiliary troops_
+(usually foreign and light-armed troops).
+
+#avāritia, ae# [#avārus#], f., _greed, avarice_.
+
+#avārus#, adj., _greedy, grasping, covetous_.
+
+#āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus# [#ab# + #vellō#, _to pluck_], _to tear off_
+or _away, sever_.
+
+#Aventīnus, ī#, m. (sc. #mōns#), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills
+of Rome.
+
+#Aventīnus#, adj., _of_ or _on the Aventine_.
+
+#aveō, ēre, --, --#, _to fare well_, used only in the imperative #avē!#
+_hail! welcome! greetings!_
+
+#āversor, ārī, ātus sum# [#āvertō#], _to scorn, repulse_.
+
+#āvertō#, see #vertō#.
+
+#avidē# [#avidus#], adv., _eagerly, greedily_.
+
+#avidus#, adj., _desirous, eager, greedy_.
+
+#avis, is#, f., _bird_; _sign, omen_.
+
+#avītus# [#avus#], adj., _ancestral_.
+
+#āvocō#, see #vocō#.
+
+#āvolō#, see (2) #volō#.
+
+#avunculus# [dim. of #avus#], m., _uncle, mother’s brother_.
+
+#avus, ī#, m., _grandfather, ancestor_.
+
+
+#B#
+
+#baculum, ī#, n., _a staff, stick_.
+
+#Bagrada(s), ae#, m., a river near Carthage.
+
+#ballista, ae#, f., _the ballista_, a military engine for hurling
+stones.
+
+#balneum, ī#, n., _bath, bathing-place_.
+
+#barba, ae#, f., _beard_.
+
+#barbarus#, adj., _foreign, uncivilized, barbarous_. As noun, #barbarī,
+ōrum#, pl. m., _foreigners, barbarians_.
+
+#bellātor, ōris# [#bellō#], m., _fighter, brawler_; _warrior, soldier_.
+
+#bellicōsus# [#bellicus#, _warlike_], adj., _warlike_.
+
+#bellō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#bellum#], _to wage war, fight_.
+
+  #re--rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to wage war again, rebel_.
+
+#bellum, ī# (orig. #duellum#, from #duo#), n., _war, warfare_.
+
+#bēlua, ae#, f., _a wild beast_; of a person, _beast, brute, monster_.
+
+#bene# [#bonus#], adv., _well, successfully_; comp. #melius#, sup.
+#optimē#.
+
+#beneficium, ī# [#bene# + #faciō#], n., _favor, kindness, service_.
+
+#benevolentia, ae# [#bene# + (1) #volō#], f., _good will, kindly
+feeling_; _favor_.
+
+#benīgnē# [#benīgnus#], adv., _kindly, courteously_.
+
+#benīgnus#, adj., _kind, favorable_.
+
+#bibliothēca, ae#, f., _library_.
+
+#bibō, ere, ī, --#, _to drink_.
+
+#Bibulus, ī#, m., _L. Calpurnius_, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C.
+
+#bīduum, ī# [#bis# + #diēs#], n., _a period of two days, two days’
+time_.
+
+#bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.
+
+#blanditia, ae#, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments, allurements_.
+
+#Blosius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Blosius Cūmānus_, a friend of
+C. Gracchus.
+
+#Bocchus, ī#, m., _Bocchus_, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.
+
+#Boiorix, icis#, m., _Boiorix_, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius,
+101 B.C.
+
+#bonus#, comp. #melior#, sup. #optimus#, adj., _good_; as noun, #bonī,
+ōrum#, m. pl., _good men, loyal citizens_; #bona, ōrum#, n. pl., _goods,
+possessions_.
+
+#bōs, bovis#, m. and f., _ox, cow_; pl., _cattle_.
+
+#bracchium, ī#, n., _forearm, arm_.
+
+#brevī#, see #brevis#.
+
+#brevis, e#, adj., _short_; #brevī# (sc. #tempore#), adv., _in a little
+while, soon_.
+
+#Britannī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the inhabitants of England, the Britons_.
+
+#Brundisium, ī#, n., _Brundisium_, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the
+regular point of embarkation for Greece.
+
+#Brūtus, ī#, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.
+
+  1. _L. Iūnius Brūtus_, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus,
+  and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C.
+
+  2. _M. Iūnius Brūtus_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44
+  B.C.
+
+  3. _D. Iūnius Brūtus_, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but
+  afterwards one of his murderers.
+
+#bulla, ae#, f., an _amulet_ or _charm_ for the neck, commonly of gold,
+though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid
+aside with the _toga praetexta_ (see #praetextus#), and consecrated to
+the _Larēs_, or gods of the hearth.
+
+
+#C#
+
+#C#, orig. = English _G_, later = both _C_ and _G_, finally = _C_ alone;
+with proper names = _Gāius_, a Roman praenomen.
+
+#cadāver, eris# [#cadō#], n., _a corpse_.
+
+#cadō, ere, cecidī, cāsūrus#, _to fall_; _fall dead, be killed, die_;
+_happen_.
+
+  #ad--accidō, ere, cidī, --#, _to happen, befall, come to pass_.
+
+  #con--concidō, ere, cidī,--#, _to fall, be slain, perish_.
+
+  #in--incidō, ere, cidī,--#, _fall, fall into_ or _on, meet_;
+  _happen, occur_; #incidere in aliquem#, _to happen in the time of
+  anybody_.
+
+  #ob--occidō, ere, cidī, --#, _fall down, fall, perish_; _set_
+  (of the sun).
+
+  #re--recidō, ere, cidī, --#, _to fall back, return_; _fall_.
+
+#caedēs, is# [#caedō#], f., _slaughter, massacre_.
+
+#caedō, ere, cecīdī, caesus#, _to cut, cut to pieces_; _kill, conquer,
+rout_; #virgīs caedere#, _to flog_.
+
+  #ob--occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus#, _to cut down, kill, slay_.
+
+  #prae--praecīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus#, _to cut short, cut off_.
+
+#caelestis, e# [#caelum#], adj., _from heaven, heavenly, celestial_.
+
+#Caelius, ī#, m. (sc. #mōns#), _the Caelian hill_, one of the seven
+hills of Rome.
+
+#caelum, ī#, n., _the sky, heavens_.
+
+#caenōsus# [#caenum#], adj., _foul, filthy_.
+
+#caenum, ī#, n., _mud, filth, mire_.
+
+#Caesar, aris#, m., _Caesar_, a family name in the Julian gens.
+
+  1. _C. Iūlius Caesar_, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor
+  in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, consul in 59; conquered Gaul,
+  58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46;
+  created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15, 44.
+
+  2. The grandson of Caesar’s sister, _C. Octāvius_, was adopted by
+  Caesar, and henceforth known as _C. Iūlius Caesar Octāviānus_. He
+  was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvirate with Antony and
+  Lepidus in 44; with Antony’s help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the
+  murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium,
+  in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled
+  till his death in 14 A.D. See also #Augustus#.
+
+#caesariēs, --#, acc. #em#, f., _hair_ (of the head), _locks_ (only in
+sing.).
+
+#calamitās, ātis#, f., _calamity, disaster_.
+
+#calcar, āris#, n., _a spur_.
+
+#callidus#, adj., _shrewd, cunning, sly_.
+
+#Calpurnia, ae#, f., _Calpurnia_, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and
+wife of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Calpurnius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Bibulus#.
+
+#calvitium, ī# [#calvus#], n., _baldness_.
+
+#calvus#, adj., _bald_.
+
+#Calvus, ī# [#calvus#], m., cognomen of _C. Licinius Macer Calvus_, poet
+and orator, 82-47 B.C.
+
+#Camers, ertis#, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria,
+a district in Central Italy.
+
+#Campānia, ae#, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of
+Latium.
+
+#Campānus#, adj., _Campanian_.
+
+#campus, ī#, m., _a field_, especially the #Campus Mārtius#, a plain
+lying between the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside
+the walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and
+place for reviews. Later, elections were held there.
+
+#candeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine, glow_.
+
+  #ad--accendō, ere, ī, cēnsus#, _to set fire to, kindle, burn_;
+  _arouse, fire, anger_.
+
+  #in--incendō, ere, ī, cēnsus#, _to set on fire_; _arouse, excite_.
+
+#candidus# [#candeō#], adj., _white_.
+
+#Canīnius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Canīnius Rēbilus_, consul for a
+few hours on December 31, 45 B.C.
+
+#canis, is#, m. and f., _a dog_.
+
+#Cannae, ārum#, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy.
+
+#Cannēnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Cannae_.
+
+#canō, ere, cecinī, --#, _to sing, chant, play_; _sound, give signal_.
+
+  #prae--praecinō, ere, uī, --#, _to play before_ (one).
+
+#cantus, ūs# [#canō#], m., _song_; _note, cry_.
+
+#Canusium, ī#, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.
+
+#capesso, ere, īvī, ītus# [desid. of #capiō#], _to take eagerly, seize,
+resort to_.
+
+#capillus, ī# [#caput#], m., _the hair_.
+
+#capiō, ere, cēpī, captus#, _to take, seize, capture_; #cōnsilium
+capere#, _to form a plan_.
+
+  #ad--accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take to one’s self, receive,
+  adopt_; _meet with, welcome_; _understand, interpret_.
+
+  #con--concipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take in, imagine, conceive_.
+
+  #dē--dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take in, catch, deceive,
+  cheat_.
+
+  #ex--excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take out, appropriate,
+  overhear_; _receive, greet_; _await, confront_.
+
+  #in--incipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take up, begin, undertake_.
+
+  #inter--intercipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to seize in passing, steal,
+  usurp_.
+
+  #prae--praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptum#, _direct, bid, order_.
+
+  #re--recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take back, recover_; _take,
+  receive_; #sē recipere#, _to retreat, withdraw_.
+
+  #sub--suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus#, _to take up, undertake, assume,
+  succeed to_.
+
+#Capitōlīnus#, adj., _pertaining to the Capitol_.
+
+#Capitōlium, ī#, n., _the Capitol_, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome;
+often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the _Mōns
+Capitōlīnus_, the citadel of Rome.
+
+#capra, ae#, f., _a she-goat_; #Caprae palūs#, _Goat Swamp_, in the
+Campus Martius.
+
+#captīvus# [#capiō#], adj., _captive_; as noun, #captīvus, ī#, m., _a
+prisoner, captive_.
+
+#captō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #capiō#], _to seize eagerly, strive to
+seize, strive for_; _take in, deceive, trap_.
+
+#Capua, ae#, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.
+
+#capulus, ī# [#capiō#], m., _hilt, handle_.
+
+#caput, itis#, n., _the head, life_; _head_ or _capital_ of a nation;
+#capite damnāre#, _to condemn to death_.
+
+#carbō, inis#, m., _a coal, charcoal_.
+
+#Carbō, inis#, m., _C. Papīrius_, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey.
+
+#carcer, eris#, n., _a prison_, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by
+Ancus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the ‘Mamertine
+Prison.’ It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards
+the Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: “In the prison there
+is a place called the _Tulliānum_, about twelve feet below the surface
+of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it there is a
+room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible
+place on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench.”
+
+#carnifex, ficis# [#carō#, _flesh_ + #faciō#], m., _executioner,
+butcher_.
+
+#carpentum, ī#, n., _a two-wheeled carriage_.
+
+#carpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck, tear_.
+
+  #dis--discerpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck_ or _tear in pieces_.
+
+  #ex--excerpō, ere, sī, tus#, _to pluck out, choose, select_.
+
+#Carthāginiēnsis, e#, adj., _Carthaginian_.
+
+#Carthāgō, inis#, f., _Carthage_, a city on the northern coast of
+Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.
+
+#Carthāgō Nova#, f., _New Carthage_, a city on the east coast of Spain,
+founded by the Carthaginians.
+
+#cārus#, adj., _dear, beloved_; _costly_.
+
+#casa, ae#, f., _a hut, cottage_.
+
+#Casca, ae#, m., _C. Servīlius_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Cassius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Cassius Longīnus_, one of the
+foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C.
+
+#castellum, ī# [dim. of #castrum#], n., _a stronghold, castle, fort_.
+
+#castīgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#castus#, _pure_ + #agō#], _to correct,
+punish, chastise_.
+
+#castrum, ī#, n., _a fortified place_; pl., #castra, ōrum#, _a camp_.
+
+#cāsus, ūs# [#cadō#], m., _that which befalls, accident, chance_;
+_misfortune, calamity_.
+
+#catapulta, ae#, f., _an engine for hurling arrows, catapult_.
+
+#catēna, ae#, f., _a chain, fetter_.
+
+#Catilīna, ae#, m., _L. Sergius_, who conspired against the state during
+Cicero’s consulship, 63 B.C.
+
+#catīllus, ī#, m., _a small dish, plate_.
+
+#Catō, ōnis#, m., _M. Porcius_, called _Uticēnsis_, because he committed
+suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C.
+
+#Catullus, ī#, m., _C. Valerius_, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C.
+
+#catulus, ī#, m., _a young animal, cub_.
+
+#Catulus, ī#, m., _Q. Lutātius_, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of
+extraordinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates.
+
+#cauda, ae#, f., _tail_.
+
+#causa, ae#, f., _cause, reason, occasion_; _case at law_; #causā# (with
+preceding gen.), _for the sake of_, a common expression of purpose;
+#causam dīcere#, _to plead a case_ in court.
+
+#cautus# [orig. part. of #caveō#], adj., _careful, wary, cautious_.
+
+#cavea, ae# [#cavus#, _hollow_], f., _a cage_.
+
+#caveō, ēre, cāvī, cautus#, _to be on one’s guard, beware, guard
+against_.
+
+#cēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go, move_; _to go from, retire_; _yield,
+submit_; #ex sententiā cēdere#, _to turn out to one’s satisfaction_.
+
+  #ab--abscēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_.
+
+  #ad--accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go_ or _come to, move
+  towards, approach_; _be added_.
+
+  #ante--antecēdō, ere, cessī, --#, _to go before, precede._
+
+  #con--concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus#, _to withdraw, retire, depart_;
+  _yield, submit_; _allow, grant, concede_.
+
+  #dē--dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_;
+  _to die_ (sc. #vītā#).
+
+  #dis--discēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to go away, depart_; _come
+  off_.
+
+  #in--incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to advance, approach_; _march_;
+  _move slowly_.
+
+  #prae--praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to go before_.
+
+  #prō--prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to move forward, advance, make
+  progress_.
+
+  #re--recēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to move back, withdraw, retire,
+  retreat_.
+
+  #sē--sēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus#, _to retire, withdraw_.
+
+  #sub--succēdō, ere, cessī, cessum#, _to follow, succeed_; _be
+  successful_.
+
+#celeber, bris, bre#, adj., _famous_.
+
+#celebrātus# [part. of #celebrō#, _to throng_], adj., of a place,
+_thronged, frequented_; of persons, places, or things, _famous,
+brilliant_.
+
+#celer, eris, ere#, adj., _swift, quick, lively_.
+
+#celeritās, ātis# [#celer#], f., _swiftness, speed, alertness_.
+
+#celeriter# [#celer#], adv., _quickly, soon_.
+
+#cella, ae#, f., _chamber, sanctuary, shrine_.
+
+#cēlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to hide, conceal_.
+
+#Celtibērī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the Celtiberi_, a tribe in Spain.
+
+#cēna, ae#, f., _dinner_, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about
+three o’clock.
+
+#cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cēna#], _to dine, eat_.
+
+#cēnseō, ēre, uī, us#, _to rate, value_; _be of the opinion, think_;
+_determine, decide_.
+
+#cēnsus, ūs# [#cēnseō#], m., _an enumeration_ and _classification of the
+people_ according to wealth, _a census_.
+
+#centiēs# [#centum#], adv., _a hundred times_.
+
+#centum#, indecl. num. adj., _a hundred_.
+
+#centuria, ae# [#centum#], f., _a division of the army or the people_,
+containing a hundred persons, _a century_.
+
+#centuriō, ōnis# [#centuria#], m., _a commander of a century, centurion,
+captain_.
+
+#cernō, ere, crēvī, certus# [#crētus#], _to separate_; _see, perceive_;
+_decide, determine_.
+
+  #dē--dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to decide, determine_; _decree,
+  vote, entrust_ (by a decree); _contend, fight_.
+
+  #sē--sēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to separate, divide_.
+
+#certāmen, inis# [#certō#], n., _match, trial_ of skill or strength;
+_contest, battle_.
+
+#certātim# [#certō#], adv., _in rivalry, zealously_.
+
+#certē# [#certus#], adv., _certainly, surely_.
+
+#certō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#certus#], _to vie with, contend_.
+
+#certus# [orig. part. of #cernō#], adj., _determined, fixed_; _certain,
+definite, specified, assured_; #certiōrem facere#, _to inform_; #certior
+fierī#, _to be informed_.
+
+#cervīx, īcis#, f., _neck, throat_.
+
+#cessō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #cēdō#], _to be inactive, loiter,
+delay_.
+
+#cēterum# [#cēterus#], adv. and conj., _for the rest, but, moreover,
+besides_.
+
+#cēterī, ae, a#, adj., _the rest, the other, the others_.
+
+#charta, ae#, f., _writing material, paper, sheet_ (of Egyptian
+papyrus).
+
+#Chrȳsogonus, ī#, m., _L. Cornēlius_, a freedman of Sulla.
+
+#cibārius# [#cibus#], adj., _pertaining to food_; #rēs cibāria#,
+_provisions_.
+
+#cibus, ī#, m., _food, victuals_.
+
+#cicātrīx, īcis#, f., _a scar_.
+
+#cicer, ciceris#, n., _a pea, chickpea_.
+
+#Cicerō, ōnis# [#cicer#], m., cognomen of _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the
+famous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C.; quaestor in Sicily, 75;
+praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony’s order in 43.
+
+#Cimber, brī#, m., _a Cimbrian_, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe
+which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by
+Marius in 101 B.C.
+
+#Cimbricus#, adj., _Cimbrian_.
+
+#cingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to encircle, surround_; _gird, gird on,
+equip_; #obsidiōne cingere#, _to blockade, besiege_.
+
+  #ad--accingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to gird, gird on, equip, arm_.
+
+  #sub--succingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus#, _to gird, arm, equip_.
+
+#cinis, eris#, m., _ashes_.
+
+#Cinna, ae#, m., _L. Cornēlius_, leader with Marius of the popular
+party.
+
+#circā#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, round about, throughout_.
+
+#circum#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, about_.
+
+#circumdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#circumfundō#, see #fundō#.
+
+#circumstō#, see #stō#.
+
+#circumveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#circus, ī#, m., _a circle, enclosure_ for athletic sports, esp.
+chariot-races; #Circus Māximus#: see p. 18, n. 6.
+
+#citerior, ōris#, adj., _on this side, hither, nearer_.
+
+#citō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #cieō#, _to set in motion_], _to rouse,
+urge on_; _summon_.
+
+  #con--concitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to rouse, excite_; _move,
+  instigate_.
+
+  #ex--excitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call or bring forth_; _rouse,
+  excite_.
+
+  #in--incitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _urge on, arouse, incite_.
+
+#cīvicus# [#cīvis#], adj., _of citizens, civic_; #cīvica corōna#, _the
+civic crown_, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in
+battle.
+
+#cīvīlis, e# [#cīvis#], adj., _of citizens, civil, civic_; _courteous,
+polite_.
+
+#cīvis, is#, m., _citizen, fellow-citizen_.
+
+#cīvitās, ātis# [#cīvis#], f., _citizenship_; _state, body of citizens_.
+
+#clādēs, is#, f., _disaster, overthrow, defeat_; #clādem accipere#, _to
+sustain a defeat_; #clāde adficere#, _to defeat_.
+
+#clam# [#cēlō#], adv., _secretly_.
+
+#clāmitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #clāmō#], _to cry aloud, shout
+loudly_.
+
+#clāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to shout_.
+
+  #ad--acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to shout loudly, exclaim_.
+
+  #con--conclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _cry out together, shout_.
+
+  #ex--exclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim_.
+
+  #in--inclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _shout loudly_; _cry out to, call
+  upon, appeal to_.
+
+  #prō--prōclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to call, cry out, proclaim_.
+
+  #sub--succlāmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to shout in answer, to answer
+  loudly_.
+
+#clāmor, ōris# [#clāmō#], m., _shout, cry, noise_.
+
+#clandestīnus# [#clam#], adj., _secret_.
+
+#clangor, ōris#, m., _noise, clash, clang_.
+
+#clārus#, adj., _bright_; _famous, renowned_; of sound, _clear, loud_.
+
+#classicum, ī# [#classis#], n. (sc. #sīgnum#), _battle signal_ on the
+trumpet.
+
+#classis, is#, f., _a class_ or _division of citizens_; _a fleet_.
+
+#Claudia, ae#, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.
+
+#Claudius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Appius Claudius_, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C.
+
+  2. _Appius Claudius Pulcher_, consul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a
+  naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily.
+
+#claudō, ere, clausī, clausus#, _to shut, close_; _shut in, imprison_.
+
+#ex--exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus#, _to shut out, exclude_.
+
+#in--inclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus#, _to shut in, enclose_; _imprison_.
+
+#clausula, ae# [#claudō#], f., _conclusion_.
+
+#clāvus, ī#, m., _a nail_.
+
+#clēmēns, entis#, adj., _gentle, kindly, merciful_.
+
+#clēmenter# [#clēmēns#], adv., _quietly, mercifully, mildly_.
+
+#clēmentia, ae# [#clēmēns#], f., _mercifulness, forbearance, kindness_.
+
+#Cleopatra, ae#, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and
+beauty. She lived 69-30 B.C.
+
+#cliēns, entis# [orig. #cluēns#, from #clueō#, _to hear_], m., _a
+vassal, dependent, client_. The #clientēs# attached themselves to some
+patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was
+practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to
+respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in
+ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his
+daughters.
+
+#clīvus, ī#, m., _ascent, slope, hill_; #Clīvus Capitōlīnus#, a street
+running up from the Forum to the Capitol.
+
+#Clōdius, ī#, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of
+_P. Clōdius Pulcher_, Cicero’s enemy, who, as tribune of the people,
+brought about his banishment.
+
+#Clypea, ae#, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.
+
+#Cn.#, abbreviation of the name #Gnaeus#.
+
+#coepī, coepisse, coeptus#, _to begin_.
+
+#coerceō#, see #arceō#.
+
+#cōgitātiō, ōnis# [#cōgitō#], f., _thought, consideration, plan_.
+
+#cōgitō#, see #agitō#.
+
+#cōgnātiō, ōnis# [#cōgnātus#], f., _blood relationship, ties of blood_.
+
+#cōgnātus# [#con# + #(g)nāscor#], adj., _related by blood_; as noun, _a
+kinsman, blood relation_.
+
+#cōgnitiō, ōnis# [#cōgnōscō#], f., _a legal investigation, judicial
+hearing_; #cōgnitiōnem īnstituere#, _to hold a hearing_.
+
+#cōgnōmen, inis# [#con# + #(g)nōmen#], n., a name added to the
+individual and clan names of a person; _a surname_, either as a title of
+honor, as #Āfricānus, Māgnus, Torquātus#, or as a nickname, as #Cicerō#.
+_Cōgnōmina_ served to distinguish different families of the same gens.
+
+#cōgnōminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cōgnōmen#], _to surname, call_.
+
+#cōgnōscō#, see #nōscō#.
+
+#cōgō#, see #agō#.
+
+#cohors, ortis#, f., _cohort, company_ (the tenth part of a legion). See
+#legiō#.
+
+#Collātia, ae#, f., a Sabine town near Rome.
+
+#Collātīnus, ī#, m., _L. Tarquinius_, the husband of Lucretia, and one
+of the first two consuls, 509 B.C.
+
+#collis, is#, m., _a hill_.
+
+#collum, ī#, n., _neck_.
+
+#colō, ere, uī, cultus#, to _till, cultivate_; _dwell in_; _practice,
+cherish_; _clothe, adorn_; _honor, esteem_.
+
+  #ex--excolō, ere, uī, cultus#, _to cultivate, improve, adorn_;
+  _refine_.
+
+  #in--incolō, ere, uī, --#, _to dwell, dwell in, live_.
+
+#colōnia, ae# [#colō#], f., _a colony, settlement_.
+
+#columba, ae#, f., _a dove, pigeon_.
+
+#com, con, co#, forms of the prep. #cum#, found only in compound words.
+See #cum#.
+
+#combūrō#, see #ūrō#.
+
+#comes, itis# [#con# + (1) #eō#], m., _companion, comrade_; _attendant,
+follower_.
+
+#cōmitās, ātis# [#cōmis#, _courteous_], f., _courtesy, kindness_.
+
+#comitātus, ūs# [#comitor#], m., _escort, train_.
+
+#comitium, ī# [#con# + (1) #eō#], n., _the Comitium_, a place adjoining
+the Forum Romanum, where the voters assembled; #comitia, ōrum#, _the
+comitia_, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); _election_;
+#comitia indīcere#, _to set a date for an election_.
+
+#comitor, ārī, ātus sum# [#comes#], _to accompany_.
+
+#commeātus, ūs#, m., _a furlough_.
+
+#commendō#, see #mandō#.
+
+#commigrō#, see #migrō#.
+
+#commīlitō, ōnis# [#con# + #mīles#], m., _fellow-soldier, comrade_.
+
+#comminus# [#con# + #manus#], adv., _hand to hand, at close quarters_.
+
+#committō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#commodē# [#commodus#], adv., _properly, fittingly, rightly_.
+
+#commodus# [#con# + #modus#], adj., _in due measure, suitable, fit,
+convenient_.
+
+#commoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#commūniō#, see #mūniō#.
+
+#commūnis, e# [#con# + #mūnus#], adj., _common, joint, general_.
+
+#commūniter# [#commūnis#], adv., _in common, together_.
+
+#commūtō#, see #mūtō#.
+
+#cōmō#, see #emō#.
+
+#compār, paris# [#con# + #pār#], adj., _equal to, like_; _fitting,
+suitable_.
+
+#comparō#, see #parō#.
+
+#compellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#comperiō#, see #pariō#.
+
+#compēs, edis# [#con# + #pēs#], f., usually in the pl., _shackles,
+fetters_.
+
+#complector, ī, plexus sum#, _to embrace_.
+
+#compleō#, see #*pleō#.
+
+#complōrātiō, ōnis# [#complōrō#, _to bewail_], f., _lamentation,
+wailing_.
+
+#complūrēs, a# or #ia# [#con# + #plūs#], adj., _several, many, very
+many_.
+
+#compōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#compos, potis# [#con# + #potis#, _able_], adj., _master of_; #vōtī
+compos fierī#, _to gain one’s heart’s desire_.
+
+#compositum, ī# [#compōnō#], n., _agreement_.
+
+#comprehendō#, see #prehendō#.
+
+#comprimō#, see #premō#.
+
+#comprobō#, see #probō#.
+
+#computō#, see #putō#.
+
+#con#, see #com#.
+
+#concēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#concidō#, see #cadō#.
+
+#conciliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#concilium#], _to bring together,
+conciliate_; _win over, secure_.
+
+  #re--reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to reunite, reconcile_.
+
+#concilium, ī# [#con# + #calō#, _to call_], n., _assembly, gathering_.
+
+#concipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#concitō#, see #citō#.
+
+#conclāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#concordia, ae# [#con# + #cor#, _heart_], f., _union, harmony, concord_.
+
+#concupīscō, ere, cupīvī, cupītus# [#con# + #cupiō#], _to desire
+greatly, crave_.
+
+#concurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#concursus, ūs# [#concurrō#], m., _a concourse, throng_; _attack,
+charge, onset_.
+
+#condemnō#, see #damnō#.
+
+#condiciō, ōnis# [#condīcō#, _to agree_], f., _agreement, stipulation,
+terms_.
+
+#condō#, see #dō#.
+
+#condūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#cōnferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#cōnfertus# [part. of #cōnferciō#, _to stuff together_], adj., _crowded,
+dense_.
+
+#cōnfessiō, ōnis# [#cōnfiteor#], f., _confession, acknowledgment_.
+
+#cōnfēstim#, adv., _immediately, at once_.
+
+#cōnficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#cōnfīdentia, ae# [#cōnfīdō#, _to trust_], f., _boldness, assurance,
+confidence_.
+
+#cōnfīrmātus# [orig. part. of #cōnfīrmō#], adj., _courageous, resolute_.
+
+#cōnfīrmō#, see #fīrmō#.
+
+#cōnfiteor#, see #fateor#.
+
+#cōnflagrō, āre, āvī, --# [#con# + #flagrō#, _to burn_], _to burn, be
+destroyed_ (by fire).
+
+#cōnflīgō#, see #*flīgō#.
+
+#cōnflō#, see #flō#.
+
+#cōnfluō#, see #fluō#.
+
+#cōnfodiō#, see #fodiō#.
+
+#cōnfugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#congerō#, see #gerō#.
+
+#congredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#congressus, ūs# [#congredior#], m., _meeting, interview, encounter,
+fight_.
+
+#congruō, ere, ī, --#, _to agree, tally_.
+
+#coniciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#coniungō#, see #iungō#.
+
+#coniunx# or #coniux# [#coniungō#], m. and f., _married person, husband,
+wife_.
+
+#coniūrātiō, ōnis# [#coniūrō#], f., _a conspiracy, plot_.
+
+#coniūrātī, ōrum# [orig. part. of #coniūrō#], m. pl., _conspirators_.
+
+#coniūrō#, see #iūrō#.
+
+#coniux#, see #coniunx#.
+
+#conlaudō#, see #laudō#.
+
+#conlēga, ae# [#con# + #legō#], m., _one chosen at the same time,
+a colleague_.
+
+#conligō#, see #legō#.
+
+#conlocō#, see #locō#.
+
+#conloquium, ī# [#conloquor#], n., _an interview, conference_.
+
+#conloquor#, see #loquor#.
+
+#cōnor, ārī, ātus sum#, to _attempt, try_.
+
+#conqueror#, see #queror#.
+
+#conquīrō#, see #quaerō#.
+
+#cōnsalūtō#, see #salūtō#.
+
+#cōnscendō#, see #scandō#.
+
+#cōnscientia, ae# [#con# + #sciō#], f., _consciousness, knowledge_.
+
+#cōnscīscō#, see #scīscō#.
+
+#cōnscius# [#con# + #sciō#], adj., _acquainted with, aware of_.
+
+#cōnscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#cōnscrīptus# [orig. part. of #cōnscrībō#], adj., _enrolled_; #patrēs
+cōnscrīptī#, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this
+phrase as = #patrēs et cōnscrīptī#, explaining #patrēs# as _patricians_,
+of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and #cōnscrīptī# as
+denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after
+the expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = _enrolled patricians_, to
+distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in
+the senate.
+
+#cōnsecrō#, see #sacrō#.
+
+#cōnsēnsus, ūs# [#cōnsentiō#], m., _united opinion, consent, agreement_.
+
+#cōnsentiō#, see #sentiō#.
+
+#cōnsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#cōnserō#, see #serō#.
+
+#cōnservō#, see #servō#.
+
+#cōnsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to look at closely, examine, reflect,
+consider_.
+
+#cōnsīdō#, see #sīdō#.
+
+#cōnsilium, ī# [cf. #cōnsulō#], n., _plan, scheme_; _judgment, wit,
+sense, shrewdness_; #cōnsilium capere# or #inīre#, _to plan_.
+
+#cōnsistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#cōnsobrīnus, ī# [#con# + #soror#], m., _first-cousin, cousin_.
+
+#cōnsōlor, ārī, ātus sum# [#con# + #sōlor#, _to comfort_], _to comfort,
+cheer_.
+
+#cōnspectus, ūs# [#cōnspiciō#], m., _sight, view_.
+
+#cōnspiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#cōnspicuus# [#cōnspiciō#], adj., _in plain sight, conspicuous,
+remarkable_.
+
+#cōnspīrātiō, ōnis# [#cōnspīrō#, _to breathe together, plot_], f., _a
+plot_.
+
+#cōnspīrātī, ōrum# [#cōnspīrō#, _to plot_], m. pl., _conspirators_.
+
+#cōnstāns, antis# [orig. part. of #cōnstō#], adj., _of strong character,
+firm, resolute_; _steadfast, consistent_.
+
+#cōnstanter# [#cōnstāns#], adv., _firmly, resolutely, steadfastly_.
+
+#cōnstantia, ae# [#cōnstāns#], f., a typical Roman virtue, _strength of
+character, steadiness of purpose, firmness_; _courage, faithfulness_.
+
+#cōnsternō#, see #sternō#.
+
+#cōnstituō#, see #statuō#.
+
+#cōnstō#, see #stō#.
+
+#cōnsuēscō#, see #suēscō#.
+
+#cōnsuētūdō, inis# [#cōnsuētus#, part. of #cōnsuēscō#], f., _habit,
+custom_.
+
+#cōnsul, ulis#, m., _a consul_, the title given to the two highest
+officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C. At
+first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious
+matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other
+magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were
+used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls
+usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls.
+
+#cōnsulāris, e# [#cōnsul#], adj., _of consular rank_; as noun, _an
+ex-consul_.
+
+#cōnsulātus, ūs# [#cōnsul#], m., _consulship_.
+
+#cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus#, _to take counsel, deliberate_; _to take counsel
+with, to consult_; #graviter cōnsulere#, _to take vigorous measures_.
+
+#cōnsultō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #cōnsulō#], _to take counsel,
+deliberate_.
+
+#cōnsūmō#, see #sūmō#.
+
+#contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus#, _to despise, scorn_.
+
+#contemptor, ōris# [#contemnō#], m., _one who despises, scorner_.
+
+#contendō#, see #tendō#.
+
+#contentiō, ōnis# [#contendō#], f., _straining, effort, energy_;
+_dispute, strife_.
+
+#contentus# [orig. part. of #contineō#], adj., _content, satisfied
+with_.
+
+#continentia, ae# [#contineō#], f., _self-restraint, moderation_.
+
+#contineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#contingō#, see #tangō#.
+
+#continuō# [#continuus#], adv., _forthwith, straightway_.
+
+#continuus# [#contineō#], adj., _uninterrupted, continuous, successive,
+incessant_.
+
+#cōntiō, ōnis# [orig. #co(n)ventiō#, from #conveniō#], f., _an assembly,
+meeting_.
+
+#contrā#, prep. with acc., _against, contrary to_.
+
+#contrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#contrārius# [#contrā#], adj., _opposite, contrary_.
+
+#contubernālis, is# [#con# + #taberna#, _a tent_], m., _tent-companion,
+comrade_.
+
+#contumēlia, ae#, f., _insult, reproach, abuse_.
+
+#contundō# [#con# + #tundō#, _to beat, strike_], _to crush, destroy_.
+
+#contus, ī#, m., _a pole, pike_.
+
+#cōnūbium, ī# [#con# + #nūbō#], n., _marriage, right of intermarriage_.
+
+#convalēscō, ere, valuī, --# [#con# + #valeō#], _to begin to be well,
+recover_.
+
+#conveniēns, entis# [#conveniō#], adj., _agreeing or consistent with,
+befitting_.
+
+#conveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#convertō#, see #vertō#.
+
+#convincō#, see #vincō#.
+
+#convīvium, ī# [#con# + #vīvō#], n., _a feast_.
+
+#convocō#, see #vocō#.
+
+#coorior#, see #orior#.
+
+#cophinus, ī#, m., _a basket_.
+
+#cōpia, ae# [#co(n)# + #ops#], f., _abundance, supply_; _opportunity_;
+in pl., _resources, forces, troops_.
+
+#cōpiōsē# [#cōpiōsus#], adv., _abundantly_; _of speech, fluently,
+eloquently_.
+
+#cōpiōsus# [#cōpia#], adj., _abounding in, well supplied_.
+
+#coquus, ī#, m., _a cook_.
+
+#cōram# [#co(n)# + #ōs#], adv., _before one’s eyes, in person_; prep.
+with abl., _before, in the presence of_.
+
+#corium, ī#, n., _skin, hide_.
+
+#Cornēlia, ae#, f., _Cornelia_.
+
+  1. A daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the
+  Gracchi.
+
+  2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Cornēlius, ī#, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See #Cinna,
+Cossus, Lentulus, Scīpiō#, and #Sulla#.
+
+#cornū, ūs#, n., _horn_; _wing_ (of an army).
+
+#corōna, ae#, f., _a crown, garland_. See #cīvicus#.
+
+#corpus, oris#, n., _a body_.
+
+#corrigō#, see #regō#.
+
+#corripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#corrumpō#, see #rumpō#.
+
+#corruō#, see #ruō#.
+
+#corvus, ī#, m., _a raven_. In XVI. 3 it may be translated
+_grappling-iron_, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding
+bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In
+battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there
+by a sharp iron spike in its under side.
+
+#cōs, cōtis#, f., _flint stone, whetstone_.
+
+#Cossus, ī#, m., _A. Cornēlius_, consul in 343 B.C.
+
+#cottīdiānus# [#cottīdiē#, _daily_], adj., _daily_; _usual, customary_;
+_everyday, commonplace_.
+
+#Crassus, ī#, m., _M. Licinius_, called _Dīves_ because of his enormous
+wealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60;
+defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C.
+
+#crēber, bra, brum#, adj., _crowded, numerous, incessant_.
+
+#crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus#, _to lend, entrust to_; _believe in,
+trust_; _believe, think_.
+
+#Cremera, ae#, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.
+
+#cremō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to burn_.
+
+#Cremōna, ae#, f., a town on the river Po.
+
+#creō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make, create_; _to choose, elect_.
+
+  #re--recreō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to renew, revive, encourage_.
+
+#crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus#, _to grow, increase_.
+
+#in--incrēscō, ere, crēvī, --#, _to grow upon_; _grow, increase_.
+
+#crīminor, ārī, ātus sum# [#crīmen#, _a charge_], _to complain of,
+denounce_; with infin., _to charge_.
+
+#crīnis, is#, m., _hair_.
+
+#cruciātus, ūs# [#cruciō#], m., _torture, torment_.
+
+#cruciō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#crux#], _to crucify, torture, torment_.
+
+#crūdēlis, e#, adj., _cruel, unfeeling_.
+
+#crūdēlitās, ātis# [#crūdēlis#], f., _cruelty_.
+
+#cruentus# [cf. #cruor#], adj., _blood-stained_.
+
+#crumēna, ae#, f., _a purse, money bag_.
+
+#cruor, ōris#, m., _running blood, gore_.
+
+#crūs#, #crūris#, n., _a leg_.
+
+#crux#, #crucis#, f., _cross, gallows_.
+
+#crystallinus# [#crystallum#, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_; as noun,
+#crystallinum, ī# (sc. #vās#), n., _a vase of crystal_.
+
+#cubiculum, ī# [#cubō#], n., _a bedchamber_.
+
+#cubō, āre, uī, itum#, _to lie down, recline_; _to lie sick_.
+
+  #re--recubō, āre, --, --#, _to lie on one’s back, lie, recline_.
+
+#cūiās, ātis#, interr. pron., _of what country? whence?_
+
+#culpa, ae#, ī., _fault, guilt_.
+
+#cultellus, ī# [dim. of #culter#], m., _a small knife_.
+
+#culter, trī#, m., _knife, dagger_.
+
+#cultus, ūs# [#colō#], m., _cultivation; refinement, luxury_; _mode of
+living, style_.
+
+#cum#, prep. with abl., _with, together with, at the same time with_. In
+composition the forms #com, con#, and #co# are used, and denote
+(1) accompaniment, (2) intensity.
+
+#cum#, conj.; of time, _when, while, whenever_; of cause, _since_; of
+concession, _although_; #cum . . . tum#, _both . . . and, not only . . .
+but also_.
+
+#*cumbō#, an old verb, same root as #cubō#.
+
+  #ad--accumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to lie or recline_ (esp. at
+  table).
+
+  #in--incumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to lie or lean upon_; _devote
+  one’s self_.
+
+  #ob--occumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to fall_ (in death), _die_.
+
+  #prō--prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum#, _to fall forward, fall
+  prostrate_.
+
+#cunctātiō, ōnis# [#cunctor#], f., _delay_.
+
+#Cunctātor, ōris# [#cunctor#], m., _Delayer_, a name given to Q. Fabius
+Maximus.
+
+#cunctor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to delay, linger_.
+
+#cupidē# [#cupidus#], adv., _eagerly_.
+
+#cupiditās, ātis# [#cupidus#], f., _craving, desire, eagerness_.
+
+#cupīdō, inis# [cf. #cupidus#], f., _desire, craving, greed_.
+
+#cupidus# [#cupiō#], adj., _desirous, fond_; _greedy, covetous_.
+
+#cupiō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to crave, desire, covet_.
+
+#cūr#, adv., _why? for what reason?_
+
+#cūra, ae#, f., _care, anxiety_.
+
+#Curēs, īum#, f. pl., a Sabine town.
+
+#Cūria, ae#, f., _a curia, ward_, one of the ten divisions into which
+each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; _council chamber_,
+esp. the Roman _Senate-house_, either the _Cūria Hostīlia_, adjoining
+the Forum on the north side, or the _Cūria Pompēia_, built by Pompey in
+the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.
+
+#Cūriātius, ī#, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the
+Horatii.
+
+#Curius, ī#, m., gentile name of _Mānius Curius Dentātus_, a famous
+Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died
+in 270 B.C.
+
+#cūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#cūra#], _to care for, attend to_; with
+gerundive and infin., _see to it that, take care that_.
+
+  #prō--prōcūrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, to _care for, attend to_; of omens,
+  _to avert by sacrifices_.
+
+#currō, ere, cucurrī, cursum#, _to run_.
+
+  #ad--accurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run, to, hasten towards_.
+
+  #con--concurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run together_; _to rush
+  together_ (in battle), _charge, fight_.
+
+  #dē--dēcurrō, ere, (cu)curri, cursum#, _to run down, hasten down_.
+
+  #dis--discurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run in different
+  directions_; _wander, roam_.
+
+  #ob--occurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum#, _to run to meet, meet_;
+  _withstand, oppose_.
+
+  #sub--succurrō, ere, ī, --#, _to run to, help, aid_.
+
+#currus, ūs# [#currō#], m., _a chariot_.
+
+#cursus, ūs# [#currō#], m., _running_; _journey, passage, course_;
+_speed_.
+
+#curūlis, e# [#currus#], adj., _of a chariot_. #Sella curūlis#, see
+#sella#.
+
+#cūstōdia, ae# [#cūstōs#], f., _watching_; _guard-house, prison_; pl.,
+_pickets, watchmen_.
+
+#cūstōdiō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#cūstōs#], _to watch, guard, defend_.
+
+#cūstōs, ōdis#, m. and f., _guardian, protector_.
+
+#Cȳrus, ī#, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian
+empire.
+
+
+#D#
+
+#D.#, abbreviation of the name #Decimus#.
+
+#Dācī, ōrum#, m. pl., _the Dacians_, a people living on the north of the
+Danube.
+
+#damnātiō, ōnis# [#damnō#], f., _condemnation_.
+
+#damnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to judge guilty, condemn_; #capite damnāre#,
+_to condemn to death_.
+
+  #con--condemnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to find guilty, condemn,
+  sentence_.
+
+#dē#, prep, with abl.; of place, _from, down from, out of_; of time,
+_after, during_; of cause, _in consequence of, through_; of relation,
+_concerning, in respect to_. In compounds it generally denotes
+thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force.
+
+#dea, ae#, f., _a goddess_.
+
+#deambulō#, see #ambulō#.
+
+#dēbeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#dēbilis# [#dē# + #habilis#], adj., _weak, disabled, helpless_.
+
+#dēcēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#decem#, indecl. num. adj., _ten_.
+
+#december, bris, bre#, adj., _tenth_; as noun, #December#
+(sc. #mēnsis#), m., _December, the tenth month_ (counting from March,
+with which the Roman year originally began).
+
+#decemvir, ī# [#decem# + #vir#], m., _a member of a commission of ten
+men, a decemvir_.
+
+#dēcernō#, see #cernō#.
+
+#decet, ēre, uit#, impers., _it is fitting_.
+
+#decimus# [#decem#], num. adj., _tenth_.
+
+#Decimus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#dēcipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#Decius, ī#, m., the gentile name of _P. Decius Mūs_, consul B.C. 340.
+
+#dēclārō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# + #clārus#], _to make clear, disclose_;
+_show, declare_.
+
+#decorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#decus#], _to adorn, deck_.
+
+#dēcurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#decus, oris#, n., _grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament_.
+
+#dēcutiō#, see #quatiō#.
+
+#dēditīcius, ī# [#dēditus#], m., _a captive_.
+
+#dēditiō, ōnis# [#dēdō#], f., _a surrender_.
+
+#dēditus# [orig. part. of #dēdō#], adj., _surrendered_; #devoted to,
+addicted to#. As noun, #dēditus, ī#, m., _a captive_.
+
+#dēdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#dēdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#dēfatīgātiō, ōnis#, f., _weariness_.
+
+#dēfendō#, see #*fendō#.
+
+#dēfēnsiō, ōnis# [#dēfendō#], f., _a defense_.
+
+#dēfēnsor, ōris# [#dēfendō#], m., _a defender_.
+
+#dēferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#dēfessus#, adj., _worn out, weary_.
+
+#dēficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#dēfīgō#, see #fīgō#.
+
+#deflectō#, see #flectō#.
+
+#dēfōrmitās, ātis# [#dēfōrmis#, _ugly_], f., _ugliness, disfigurement_.
+
+#dēfungor#, see #fungor#.
+
+#dēgō#, see #agō#.
+
+#dēhonestō, āre, --, --# [#dē# + #honestō# (cf. #honōs#), _to honor_],
+_to disgrace, dishonor_.
+
+#dēiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#dein#, see #deinde#.
+
+#deinceps#, adv., _one after the other, in succession_; _next_;
+_thereafter, in the future_.
+
+#deinde# or #dein# [#dē# + #inde#], adv., _subsequently_; _then, next_;
+_thereafter, from that time on_.
+
+#dēlābor#, see #lābor#.
+
+#dēlēctō, āre, āvi, ātus# [#dē# + #laciō#], to _delight, please,
+entertain_.
+
+#dēlēctus# [orig. part. of (1) #dēligō#], adj., _picked, choice_.
+
+#dēlēctus, ūs# [(1) #dēligō#], m., _a picking out, a levy, draft_;
+#dēlēctum agere# or #habēre#, _to hold a levy_.
+
+#dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to blot out, destroy_.
+
+#dēlīberābundus# [#dēlīberō#], adj., _pondering, reflecting_.
+
+#dēlīberō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# + #lībra#, _a balance_], _to weigh_
+(consider) _well, deliberate, ponder_.
+
+#dēlicātē# [#dēlicātus#], adv., _luxuriously, effeminately_.
+
+#dēlicātus# [cf. #dēliciae#], adj., _devoted to pleasure, luxurious,
+effeminate_.
+
+#dēliciae, ārum#, pl. f., _delights, pleasure, luxury_.
+
+(1) #dēligō#, see #legō#.
+
+(2) #dēligō, āre#, see #ligō#.
+
+#delīrō, āre, --, --# [#dē# + #līra#, _a furrow_], _to be crazy_.
+
+#dēlitēscō, ere, lituī, --# [#dē# + #lateō#, _to hide_], _lie hid, be
+concealed_.
+
+#Delphi, ōrum#, pl. m., _Delphi_, a town of Phocis in Central Greece,
+renowned for its oracle of Apollo.
+
+#dēmissē# [#dēmissus#, _modest_], adv., _modestly, humbly, abjectly_.
+
+#dēmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#dēmoror#, see #moror#.
+
+#dēmum#, adv., _at last, finally_; #tum dēmum#, _then at last, not till
+then_.
+
+#dēnārius, ī#, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to
+16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.
+
+#dēnegō#, see #negō#.
+
+#dēnique#, adv., _thereafter, thereupon_; _at last, finally_; _briefly,
+in short_.
+
+#dēnūntiō#, see #nūntiō#.
+
+#dēnuō# [#dē# + #novō#], adv., _anew, again_.
+
+#deōsculor#, see #ōsculor#.
+
+#dēpellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#dēpereō#, see #pereō#.
+
+#dēpōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#dēpōscō#, see #pōscō#.
+
+#dēprecor#, see #precor#.
+
+#dēprehendō#, see #prehendō#.
+
+#dērīdeō#, see #rīdeō#.
+
+#dēscendō#, see #scandō#.
+
+#dēscīscō#, see #scīscō#.
+
+#dēscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#dēserō#, see #serō#.
+
+#dēsīderium, ī# [#dēsīderō#], n., _longing, yearning_; _regret_.
+
+#dēsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to long for_; _require, need_.
+
+#dēsiliō#, see #saliō#.
+
+#dēsipiēns, entis# [orig. part. of #dēsipiō#], adj., _foolish, silly_.
+As noun, #dēsipiēns, entis#, m., _a fool, madman_.
+
+#dēsipiō#, see #sapiō#.
+
+#dēsistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#dēspērātiō, ōnis# [#dēspērō#], f., _despair, desperation_.
+
+#dēspērō#, see #spērō#.
+
+#dēspiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#dēspondeō#, see #spondeō#.
+
+#dēstinō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make fast, fix_; _resolve, design, plan_.
+
+#dēstringō#, see #stringō#.
+
+#dēsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#dēsuper# [#dē# + #super#], adv., _from above_.
+
+#dētegō#, see #tegō#.
+
+#dēterreō#, see #terreō#.
+
+#dētineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#dētrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#dētrēctō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dē# neg. + #trāctō#, _to handle, manage_],
+_to decline, shirk_.
+
+#dētrīmentum, ī# [#dēterō#, _to rub away_], n., _loss, damage_.
+
+#deūrō#, see #ūrō#.
+
+#deus, ī#, m., _a god, divinity_.
+
+#dēvincō#, see #vincō#.
+
+#dēvolō#, see (2) #volō#.
+
+#dēvoveō#, see #voveō#.
+
+#dexter, era, erum#, and #tra, trum#, adj., _right_. As noun, #dextra#
+(sc. #manus#), f., _the right hand_.
+
+#diadēma, atis#, n., _a royal crown, diadem_.
+
+#Diāna, ae#, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans
+with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.
+
+#dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to say, speak_; _call, name_; _appoint_;
+#causam dīcere#, _to plead a case_; #diem dīcere alicuī#, _to bring a
+complaint against some one_; #iūs dīcere#, _to administer justice, hold
+court_; #multam dīcere#, _to impose a fine_.
+
+  #ad--addīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to be propitious to, assent_;
+  with acc., _to adjudge, award_.
+
+  #ē--ēdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to make known, proclaim_; _order,
+  command_; #diem ēdīcere#, _to set a day_ (by public proclamation).
+
+  #in--indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to proclaim, announce_; _appoint_;
+  _impose, inflict_.
+
+  #inter--interdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictum#, _to forbid, prohibit,
+  exclude_.
+
+  #prae--praedīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#, _to foretell, prophesy_; _warn,
+  admonish_.
+
+#dicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to declare_; _dedicate, consecrate_.
+
+  #ab--abdicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to disown, reject_; #sē abdicāre#,
+  _to resign_.
+
+  #in--indicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make known, reveal_.
+
+  #prae--praedicō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say openly, assert, declare_.
+
+#dictātor, ōris# [#dictō#, _to order_], m., _a dictator_, a magistrate
+usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of
+the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator
+necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was
+limited to six months.
+
+#dictātūra, ae# [#dictātor#], f., _dictatorship_.
+
+#dictitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #dīcō#], _to say often, assert,
+insist_.
+
+#dictum, ī# [#dīcō#], n., _saying, word, remark_; _command_.
+
+#dīdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#diēs, ēī#, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., _a day_; #in diēs#, _from
+day to day_.
+
+#diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum# [#dis# neg. + #fīdō#, _to trust_], _to
+distrust, doubt_.
+
+#diffluō#, see #fluō#.
+
+#dīgnitās, ātis# [#dīgnus#], f., _worth, high character_; _eminence,
+rank, reputation_.
+
+#dīgnus#, adj., _worthy, deserving of_.
+
+#dīgredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#dīligenter# [#dīligō#], adv., _industriously, diligently_.
+
+#dīligentia, ae# [#dīligō#], f., _carefulness, diligence, industry_.
+
+#dīligō#, see #legō#.
+
+#dīlūcēscō, ere, lūxī, --# [cf. #lūx#], _to grow light, dawn_.
+
+#dīmicātiō, ōnis# [#dīmicō#], f., _a fight_.
+
+#dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to fight_.
+
+#dīmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#dīrigō#, see #regō#.
+
+#dīrimō#, see #emō#.
+
+#dīripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#dīruō#, see #ruō#.
+
+#dīs, dītis#, comp. #dītior#, sup. #dītissimus#, adj., _rich, wealthy_.
+
+#dis# or #dī#, inseparable prefix, _apart, asunder_; sometimes negative,
+_not_.
+
+#discēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#discerpō#, see #carpō#.
+
+#dīsciplīna, ae# [#dīscō#], f., _teaching, training, discipline_.
+
+#dīscipulus, ī# [#dīscō#], m., _a pupil_.
+
+#dīscō, ere, didicī, --#, _to learn_.
+
+#dīscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#discrīmen, inis# [#discernō#, _to divide_], n., _difference_;
+_turning-point, decision_; _peril, crisis_.
+
+#discurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#disertus# [#disserō#], adj., _eloquent_.
+
+#dispēnsātor, ōris# [#dispēnsō#, _to manage_], m., _manager, steward,
+treasurer_.
+
+#dīspiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#displiceō#, see #placeō#.
+
+#dispōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#disputō#, see #putō#.
+
+#dissēnsiō, ōnis# [#dissentiō#, _to disagree_], f., _disagreement,
+strife_.
+
+#disserō#, see #serō#.
+
+#dissimilis, e# [#dis# neg. + #similis#], adj., _unlike_.
+
+#dissimulō#, see #simulō#.
+
+#dissipō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to scatter, squander, dissipate_.
+
+#dissuādeō#, see #suādeō#.
+
+#distrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#distribuō#, see #tribuō#.
+
+#dītior, dītissimus#, see #dīs#.
+
+#dītō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dīs#], _to enrich_.
+
+#diū#, adv., _for a long time, long_.
+
+#diuturnus# [#diū#], adj., _prolonged, long_.
+
+#dīversus# [#dīvertō#], adj., _turned different ways, opposite,
+contrary_; #in dīversa#, _apart, asunder_.
+
+#dīvertō#, see #vertō#.
+
+#dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus#, _to divide, separate, distribute_.
+
+#dīvīnitus# [#dīvīnus#], adv., _by divine agency, providentially_.
+
+#dīvīnus# [#dīvus#], adj., _godlike, divine_.
+
+#dīvitiae, ārum# [#dives#, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_.
+
+#dīvus#, adj., _godlike, deified_; often applied to the Roman emperors
+after death.
+
+#dō, dare, dedī, datus#, _to put, place_; _give, present, entrust_;
+#operam dare#, _to pay attention_; #poenās dare#, _to suffer
+punishment_.
+
+  #ab--abdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put away, hide, conceal_.
+
+  #ad--addō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put or join to, add_.
+
+  #circumdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to place around, surround, enclose_.
+
+  #con--condō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put together, found, build_;
+  _put away, hide_; _sheathe_ (a sword).
+
+  #dē--dēdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give up, surrender_.
+
+  #ex--ēdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give out, give_; _give birth to,
+  bear_; _publish, announce, reveal_; _perform_; #lūdōs ēdere#, _to
+  celebrate games_.
+
+  #in--indō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put in or on, give, confer_.
+
+  #per--perdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to lose, destroy, ruin, waste_.
+
+  #prō--prōdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give_ or _put forth, make
+  known_; _hand down, record_; _betray_.
+
+  #re--reddō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give back, restore, return_;
+  _deliver_ (a letter); _render_.
+
+  #sub--subdō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to put under, apply_.
+
+  #trāns--trādō, dere, didī, ditus#, _to give over, give up,
+  surrender_; _hand down, report, relate_; _hand over, entrust_.
+
+#doceō, ēre, uī, tus#, _to teach, point out_.
+
+  #ē--ēdoceō, ēre, uī, tus#, _to teach thoroughly_.
+
+#doctor, ōris# [#doceō#], m., _teacher_.
+
+#doctrīna, ae# [#doceō#], f., _instruction_; _learning, training_.
+
+#doctus# [orig. part. of #doceō#], adj., _educated, learned, skilled_.
+
+#dolor, ōris# [#doleō#, _to feel pain_], m., _pain, grief, resentment_.
+
+#dolōsē# [#dolus#], adv., _craftily_.
+
+#dolus, ī#, m., _craft, trickery_.
+
+#domicilium, ī# [#domus#], n., _dwelling_.
+
+#dominātiō, ōnis# [#dominor#], f., _rule, supremacy, dominion_.
+
+#dominātus, ūs# [#dominor#, _to rule_], m., _rule, sway, mastery,
+command_.
+
+#dominus, ī#, m., #master# (esp. of slaves), _ruler, lord_.
+
+#domō, āre, uī, itus#, _to tame, subdue_.
+
+#domus, ūs#, f., _a house, home_; loc. #domī#, _at home_; acc. #domum#,
+_homewards, home_.
+
+#dōnātīvum, ī# [#dōnō#], n., _a gift_.
+
+#dōnec#, conj., _while, until, as long as_.
+
+#dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dōnum#], _to give, present_.
+
+#dōnum, ī# [#dō#], n., _a gift, present_.
+
+#dormiō, īre, īvī, --#, _to sleep_.
+
+#dorsum, ī#, n., _back_ (of an animal); _range_ or _ridge_ (of a
+mountain).
+
+#dōs, dōtis# [#dō#], f., _dowry_.
+
+#dōtālis, e# [#dōs#], adj., of a dowry; #dōtālia dōna#, _wedding
+presents_.
+
+#dubitō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#dubius#], _to doubt, waver, hesitate_.
+
+#dubius#, adj., _doubtful, uncertain_; #in dubium vocāre#, _to call in
+question_.
+
+#ducentī, ae, a# [#duo# + #centum#], num. adj., _two hundred_.
+
+#dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_; _prolong_; _consider, reckon_;
+#fossam dūcere#, _to build a ditch_; #fūnus dūcere#, _to celebrate a
+funeral_; #uxōrem dūcere#, _to marry_.
+
+  #ab--abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead off_ or _away, drag off,
+  remove_.
+
+  #ad--addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead to, bring_; _induce,
+  influence_.
+
+  #con--condūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to bring together_; _contribute
+  to, serve_.
+
+  #dē--dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ (away); _attend, escort_.
+
+  #dis--dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw apart,
+  separate, open_.
+
+  #ē--ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead forth_ or _out_; _bring up,
+  rear_.
+
+  #in--indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, introduce_;
+  _lead, induce, influence_.
+
+  #intrō--intrōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, usher
+  in, admit_.
+
+  #per--perdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead, conduct, escort_;
+  _pursue_; _spend, pass_.
+
+  #re--redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _escort back,
+  accompany_.
+
+  #sē--sēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead apart_ or _aside_.
+
+  #sub--subdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw away_
+  (secretly), _withdraw, remove_; _hide_.
+
+  #trāns--trādūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus#, _to lead_ or _carry across,
+  transport_; _spend, pass_ (time).
+
+#dūdum#, adv., _a while ago_. See #iam#.
+
+#Duīlius, ī#, m., _C._, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians
+in a naval battle, 260 B.C.
+
+(1) #dum#, adverbial particle found only in compounds, _a while_; with
+negatives, _yet_.
+
+(2) #dum#, conj., _while, until_.
+
+#dummodo# [#dum# + #modo#], conj., _provided_.
+
+#duo, ae, o#, num. adj., _two_.
+
+#duodecim# [#duo# + #decem#], num. adj., _twelve_.
+
+#duodēnī, ae, a#, adj., _twelve each, twelve_.
+
+#duplex, icis# [#duo# + #plicō#, _to fold_], adj., _twofold, double_.
+
+#duplicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#duplex#], _to double, repeat_.
+
+#dūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#dūrus#], _to harden_; _endure, hold out, last_.
+
+#dūrus#, adj., _hard, rough_; _rude, uncultivated_; _unfeeling_.
+
+#dux, ducis# [#dūcō#], m., _leader, guide_; _commander, general_.
+
+#Dȳrrachium, ī#, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.
+
+
+#E#
+
+#ē#, see #ex#.
+
+#ecquid#, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, _at
+all?_ (2) in indir. question, _whether_.
+
+#ēdīcō#, see #dīcō#.
+
+#ēdictum, ī# [#ēdīcō#], n., _proclamation, edict_.
+
+#ēditus# [orig. part. of #ēdō#], adj., _high_.
+
+#edō, ere (ēsse), ēsī, ēsus#, _to eat, consume_.
+
+#ēdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#ēdoceō#, see #doceō#.
+
+#ēducātiō, ōnis# [#ēducō#], f., _training, education_.
+
+#ēdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#ēducō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ēdūcō#], _to bring up, rear, train, educate_.
+
+#effēminātus# [orig. part. of #effēminō#, _to make womanish_], adj.,
+_womanish_.
+
+(1) #efferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+(2) #efferō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #ferus#], _to render wild_ or
+_savage_; _madden_.
+
+#efficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#efflāgitō#, see #flāgitō#.
+
+#effugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#effundō#, see #fundō#.
+
+#egeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be lacking_; _to be poor_ or _in need_.
+
+#Egeria, ae#, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations.
+
+#ego, meī#, pers. pron., _I_; pl., #nōs#, _we_.
+
+#ēgredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#ēgregiē# [#ēgregius#], adv., _excellently, exceedingly, strikingly_.
+
+#ēgregius# [#ē# + #grex#], adj., _select, distinguished, excellent_.
+
+#ēiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#ēlābor#, see #lābor#.
+
+#ēlabōrō#, see #labōrō#.
+
+#ēlanguēscō, ere, ēlanguī, --#, _to grow faint_ or _feeble_; _slacken,
+abate_.
+
+#ēlātus# [orig. part. of (1) #efferō#], adj., _high_; _elated, exalted,
+puffed up_.
+
+#ēleganter# [#ēlegāns#, _choice_], adv., _with good judgment,
+judiciously_.
+
+#ēlegantia, ae# [#ēlegāns#, _choice_], f., _taste, refinement, elegance,
+grace_.
+
+#elephantus, ī#, m., _the elephant_.
+
+#ēliciō#, see #*laciō#.
+
+#ēlīdō#, see #laedō#.
+
+#ēligō#, see #legō#.
+
+#ēloquentia, ae# [#ēloquor#, _to speak_], f., _eloquence_.
+
+#ēmineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stand out, tower up_.
+
+#ēmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take_; _buy, purchase_; _gain, acquire_.
+
+  #con--cōmō, ere, cōmpsī, cōmptus#, _to bring together, arrange,
+  dress_ (the hair), _comb_.
+
+  #dis--dīrimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take apart, separate_; #rēs
+  dīrimere#, _to adjust matters_.
+
+  #ex--eximo, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take out, remove_; _free,
+  release_.
+
+  #inter--interimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to take from the midst_
+  (of men), _kill_.
+
+  #re--redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus#, _to buy back, ransom_; _replace_.
+
+#ēn#, interj., _lo! behold! see!_
+
+#enim#, conj., always postpositive, _namely, in fact, you know_; _for,
+because_.
+
+#ēniteō#, see #niteō#.
+
+#ēnītor#, see #nītor#.
+
+#ēnsis, is#, m., _a sword_.
+
+(1) #eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come, walk, march_.
+
+#ab--abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go away, depart_; #abīre in#,
+_pass into, change into_.
+
+#ad--adeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go_ or _come to, approach, visit_.
+
+#ante--anteeō, īre, īvī (iī), --#, _to go before_.
+
+#dē# + #per--dēpereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to die, perish_.
+
+#ex--exeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come forth_; _retire_.
+
+#in--ineō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to enter, begin_; #cōnsilium inīre#,
+_to form a plan_.
+
+#inter--intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to perish, die_.
+
+#intrō--introeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to enter_.
+
+#ob--obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go to meet_; _perform_; _perish,
+die_.
+
+#per--pereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to perish, disappear, die_.
+
+#praeter--praetereō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to go_ or _pass by_; _omit_.
+
+#re--redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus#, _to go_ or _come back, return_.
+
+#sub--subeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to come_ or _go up to, go under,
+encounter, face_ (danger); #venēnum subit#, _the poison spreads_.
+
+#trāns--transeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus#, _to cross_ (over); _pass by_.
+
+(2) #eō# [#is#], adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _to that place,
+thither_; _to that degree, so far_.
+
+#Ephesius#, adj., _Ephesian_.
+
+#Ephesus, ī#, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor.
+
+#epigramma, atis#, n., _epigram, poem_.
+
+#Ēpīrus, ī#, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece
+proper.
+
+#epistula, ae#, f., _a letter_.
+
+#epulor, ārī, ātus sum# [#epulum#], _to feast_.
+
+#epulum, ī#, n. (pl., #epulae, ārum#, f.), _a feast, banquet_.
+
+#eques, itis# [#equus#], m., _a horseman, cavalryman_; _knight_, or
+member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights
+established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the
+number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by
+the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term
+_equitēs_ included not only those who actually served in the army, but
+also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of
+Augustus was set at about $15,000.
+
+#equester, tris, tre# [#equus#], adj., _of the knights, knightly_.
+
+#equitō, āre, āvī, --# [#equus#], _to ride_.
+
+  #ad--adequitō, āre, āvī, --#, _to ride to, ride up_.
+
+#equus, ī#, m., _a horse_.
+
+#ērēctus# [orig. part. of #ērigō#], adj., _upright, erect_.
+
+#ergā#, prep. with acc., _towards, to, with respect to_.
+
+#ergō#, adv., expressing an inference, like _now, well, then,
+therefore_.
+
+#ērigō#, see #regō#.
+
+#error, ōris# [#errō#, _to wander_], m., _wandering, error, mistake_.
+
+#ērubēscō, ere, ērubuī, --#, _to grow red, blush_; _feel ashamed_.
+
+#ērudiō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#ē# + #rudis#], _to polish, educate, train_.
+
+#ērumpō#, see #rumpō#.
+
+#ēruō#, see #ruō#.
+
+#ēsca, ae# [#edō#], f., _food, bait_.
+
+#ēscendō#, see #scandō#.
+
+#Ēsquilīnus, ī#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Esquiline Hill_, the largest of
+the seven hills of Rome.
+
+#et#, (1) adv., _also, too, even_; (2) conj., _and, and yet, but_; #et
+. . . et#, _both . . . and_.
+
+#etiam# [#et# + #iam#], adv. and conj., _and also, also, even_.
+
+#Etrūria, ae#, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium.
+
+#Etrūscī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria.
+
+#etsī# [#et# + #sī#], conj., _even if, although_.
+
+#Eurīpidēs, is#, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C.
+
+#Eurōpa, ae#, f., _Europe_.
+
+#ēvādō#, see #vādō#.
+
+#ēvehō#, see #vehō#.
+
+#ēventus, ūs# [#ēveniō#, _to come out_], m., _outcome, result_;
+_occurrence, event_.
+
+#ēvertō#, see #vertō#.
+
+#ēvocō#, see #vocō#.
+
+#ex#, before consonants often #ē#, prep. with abl.; of place, _out of_
+(the midst of), _from_; of cause, _in consequence of, because of_;
+_according to_; in compounds, _forth, out_; _thoroughly_; _not_.
+
+#exāctor, ōris# [#exigō#, _to exact_], m., _exactor, enforcer_.
+
+#exāminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#exāmen#, _means of weighing_], _to weigh,
+examine, compare_.
+
+#exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #anima#], _to put out of breath,
+kill_.
+
+#exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, --# [#ex# + #ārdēscō#, intens. of #ārdeō#, _to
+burn, glow_], _to blaze forth_.
+
+#exarō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #arō#, _to plow_], _to scratch off,
+compose_.
+
+#exasperō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #asper#], _to roughen, irritate,
+provoke_.
+
+#exaudiō#, see #audiō#.
+
+#excelsus#, adj., _lofty, high_; as noun, #excelsum, ī#, n., _elevated
+station_.
+
+#excerpō#, see #carpō#.
+
+#excidium, ī#, n., _downfall, ruin_.
+
+#excipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#excitō#, see #citō#.
+
+#exclāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#exclūdō#, see #claudō#.
+
+#excōgitō#, see #agitō#.
+
+#excolō#, see #colō#.
+
+#excubiae, ārum# [#ex# + #cubō#], pl. f., _a lying out on guard_; _the
+watch, watchmen_.
+
+#excūsātiō, ōnis# [#excūsō#], f., _excuse_.
+
+#excūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #causa#], _to free from trial, excuse_.
+
+#excutiō#, see #quatiō#.
+
+#exemplum, ī# [#eximō#], n., _specimen, example, precedent, warning_.
+
+#exeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#exerceō#, see #arceō#.
+
+#exercitus, ūs# [#exerceō#], m., _an army_.
+
+#exhauriō#, see #hauriō#.
+
+#exhibeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#exhorrēscō, ere, horruī, --#, _to shudder at, shrink from_.
+
+#exigō#, see #agō#.
+
+#exiguus# [#exigō#, _to weigh exactly_], adj., _scanty, short, brief_.
+
+#eximius# [#eximō#], adj., _choice, distinguished, remarkable,
+excellent_.
+
+#eximō#, see #emō#.
+
+#exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #aestimō#, _to value_], _to value_;
+_think, believe_.
+
+#exitium, ī# [#exeō#], n., _destruction, ruin, death_.
+
+#exitus, ūs# [#exeō#], m., _outcome, close_; _departure_; _end of life,
+death_.
+
+#exorior#, see #orior#.
+
+#expediō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus# [#ex# + #pēs#], _to set free, extricate_;
+_procure, obtain_.
+
+#expellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#expendō#, see #pendō#.
+
+#experīmentum, ī# [#experior#], n., _proof, test, trial_.
+
+#experior, īrī, tus sum#, _to test, try_; _find out, learn, experience_.
+
+#expetō#, see #petō#.
+
+#expīlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to plunder, rob_.
+
+#expiō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ex# + #piō#, _to appease_], _to make amends
+for, atone for_.
+
+#expleō#, see #*pleō#.
+
+#explōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to reconnoiter_.
+
+#expōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#expōscō#, see #pōscō#.
+
+#expositiō, ōnis# [#expōnō#], f., _exposure_.
+
+#exprimō#, see #premō#.
+
+#expūgnātiō, ōnis# [#expūgnō#], f., #a taking by storm, storming,
+capture#.
+
+#expūgnō#, see #pūgnō#.
+
+#exquīsītus# [#exquīrō#, _to seek out_], adj., _carefully sought out,
+special_.
+
+#exsecrō#, see #sacrō#.
+
+#exsequiae, ārum# [#ex# + #sequor#], pl. f., _funeral procession,
+funeral_.
+
+#exserō#, see #serō#.
+
+#exsilium, ī#, n., _banishment, exile_.
+
+#exsistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#exspectātiō, ōnis# [#exspectō#], f., _expectation, anticipation_.
+
+#exspectō#, see #spectō#.
+
+#exspīrō#, see #spīrō#.
+
+#exstinguō#, see #stinguō#.
+
+#exstō#, see #stō#.
+
+#exstruō#, see #struō#.
+
+#exsultō#, see #saltō#.
+
+#extemplō# [#ex# + dim. of #tempus#], adv., _on the instant, at once,
+forthwith_.
+
+#exter# or #exterus, tera, terum#, adj., _outer, foreign_; comp.
+#exterior#; sup. #extrēmus#, _outermost, extreme_; _last, furthermost_;
+_last part of_.
+
+#extimēscō, ere, timuī, --# [#ex# + #*timēscō#, inceptive of #timeō#],
+_to fear_ or _dread greatly_.
+
+#extrā# [#exter#], (1) adv., _on the outside, without_; (2) prep, with
+acc., _outside of, beyond_.
+
+#extrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#extraōrdinārius# [#extrā# + #ōrdō#], adj., _out of the common run,
+uncommon_.
+
+#extrēmus#, see #exter#.
+
+#exuō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to draw or pull off, lay aside_; _strip,
+despoil_.
+
+#exūrō#, see #ūrō#.
+
+
+#F#
+
+#faber, fabrī#, m., _a workman_ (in hard materials), _smith, carpenter_.
+
+#Fabius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Māximus#.
+
+#fabricō, āre, āvī, ātus# [cf. #faber#], _to make, build, construct_.
+
+#fābula, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _story, play_.
+
+#facētē# [#facētus#, _witty_], adv., #wittily#.
+
+#facile# [#facilis#], adv., _easily_; _readily, willingly_.
+
+#facilis, e# [#faciō#], adj., _easy_.
+
+#facinus, oris# [#faciō#], n., _a deed_; _crime_.
+
+#faciō, facere, fēcī, factus#, _to make, do, perform_; _choose,
+appoint_; #stīpendia facere#, _to serve a campaign_; #sūmptum facere#,
+_to spend_; #verba facere#, _to speak_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_;
+pass., #fīō, fierī, factus sum#, _to be done, occur, take place,
+happen_.
+
+  #ad--adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do something to, affect_;
+  _treat, visit with_.
+
+  #con--cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do thoroughly_; _complete,
+  prepare_; _accomplish, make_; _exhaust, kill_.
+
+  #dē--dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectum#, _withdraw, revolt_; _fail,
+  disappear, give out_.
+
+  #ex--efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to work out, bring to pass,
+  accomplish_; _make, render, cause, effect_.
+
+  #in--īnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to stain, dye_; _pollute, taint_.
+
+  #inter--interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to kill_; _murder_.
+
+  #per--perficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to do thoroughly, execute,
+  accomplish_.
+
+  #sub--sufficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus#, _to put under_, or _in place of,
+  appoint as successor, substitute_; intrans., _suffice, be
+  sufficient_.
+
+#factiō, ōnis# [#faciō#], f., _party, faction_.
+
+#factum, ī# [#faciō#], n., _a deed, act_.
+
+#facultās, ātis# [#facilis#], f., _means, opportunity_; _ability,
+skill_.
+
+#fācundia, ae# [#fācundus#, _eloquent_], f., _eloquence, oratory_.
+
+#Falernus#, adj., _Falernian_; #ager Falernus#, _a famous wine-growing
+district in Campania_.
+
+#fāma, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _talk, report, rumor_; _tradition_;
+_fame, reputation_.
+
+#famēs, is#, f., #hunger#.
+
+#familia, ae# [#famulus#, _a slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_;
+_family, house, race_.
+
+#familiāris, e# [#familia#], adj., _belonging to a household, private,
+intimate, friendly_; _well-known_; #rēs familiāris#, _private property_.
+As noun, m., _an intimate friend_.
+
+#familiāritās, ātis# [#familiāris#], f., _friendship, intimacy_.
+
+#fāmōsus# [#fāma#], adj., _famous_; _notorious_; _scurrilous,
+slanderous_.
+
+#famula, ae#, f., _a slave-woman_.
+
+#fānum, ī#, n., _a shrine, temple_.
+
+#fascis, is#, m., _a bundle_; pl., _the fasces_, a bundle of rods
+carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an
+axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the
+magistrate’s power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death
+penalty. See #līctor#.
+
+#fāstī, ōrum# [#fāstus#], pl. m., _a register_, esp. of business days,
+also of officers, triumphs, etc.; _the calendar_.
+
+#fāstus# [#fās#, _right_], adj., _not forbidden, legal_; #diēs fāstus#,
+a day on which it was legal to hold court, a business day.
+
+#fātālis, e# [#fātum#, _fate_], adj., _fateful, fatal_.
+
+#fateor, ērī, fassus sum#, _to confess_.
+
+  #con--cōnfiteor, ērī, fessus sum#, _to confess freely, acknowledge,
+  avow_.
+
+  #prō--profiteor, ērī, fessus sum#, _to declare publicly, avow_;
+  #nōmen profitērī#, _to avow one’s self a candidate_.
+
+#faucēs, ium#, pl. f., _throat_.
+
+#Faustulus, ī#, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus.
+
+#Faustus, ī# [#faveō#], m., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
+son.
+
+#Fausta, ae# [#faveō#], f., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
+daughter.
+
+#faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus#, _to favor, support_.
+
+#favor, ōris# [#faveō#], m., _favor, good will_.
+
+#fax, facis#, f., _torch, firebrand_.
+
+#fēlīcitās, ātis# [#fēlīx#], f., _good fortune, luck, happiness_.
+
+#fēlīx, īcis#, adj., _lucky, fortunate, happy_. As noun, m., cognomen of
+#Sulla#.
+
+#fēmina, ae#, f., _a woman, female_.
+
+#femur, femoris#, n., _the thigh_.
+
+#*fendō, ere#, _to strike_.
+
+  #dē--dēfendō, ere, ī, fēnsus#, _to ward off, repel_; _defend,
+  protect_.
+
+  #ob--offendō, ere, ī, fēnsus#, _to strike against, displease, vex_.
+
+#ferē#, adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with numbers).
+
+#feriō, īre, percussī, percussus#, _to strike_.
+
+#fermē# [for #ferimē#, sup. of #ferē#], adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with
+numbers).
+
+#ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear, carry, take_; _bear, endure,
+suffer_; _say, report, tell_; pass., _to be borne, rush_; #aegrē,
+indīgnē# or #molestē ferre#, _to take amiss_; #lēgem ferre#, _to propose
+a law_.
+
+  #ab--auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus#, _to take_ or _carry away,
+  remove_; _steal_.
+
+  #ad--adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus#, _to bring to, offer, give_;
+  _announce, report_.
+
+  #con--cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring together, collect_;
+  _devote, apply_; _bestow_; #sē cōnferre#, _betake one’s self, go_.
+
+  #dē--dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring_ or _carry down_ or _to,
+  carry off, remove_; _give, offer_; _report_; #rem dēferre ad
+  populum#, _to submit a matter to the people_.
+
+  #ex--efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus#, _to carry out, take away_;
+  _lift up, puff up, elate, exalt_.
+
+  #in--īnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bring in, upon_, or _against_;
+  #bellum īnferre#, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; #sīgna īnferre#, _to
+  advance against_; #sē īnferre#, _to betake one’s self_.
+
+  #ob--offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus#, _to bring before, offer,
+  present_; _expose_.
+
+  #per--perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear or carry through,
+  carry_; _retain_.
+
+  #prae--praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to carry_ or _put before_;
+  _set before, prefer, rate higher_.
+
+  #prō--prōferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to carry_ or _bring forth,
+  produce_; _cite, quote_; _make known, mention_.
+
+  #re--referō, ferre, rettulī, relātus#, _to bear_ or _bring back_;
+  _give back, return, repay_; _lift, raise_; _count, reckon_; #sē
+  referre#, _to betake one’s self_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus#, _to bear_ or _take over_ or
+  _across_, _transport_; _transfer, shift_.
+
+#ferōx, ōcis# [#ferus#], adj., _bold, confident_; _high-strung,
+warlike_; _fierce, cruel_.
+
+#ferreus# [#ferrum#], adj., _of iron, iron_.
+
+#ferrum, ī#, n., _iron_; _an iron tool_, as a _sword, axe, dagger_.
+
+#ferus#, adj., _wild, barbarous, cruel_.
+
+#fessus#, adj., _tired, weary_; _weak, feeble_.
+
+#fēstīnō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to hasten, hurry_.
+
+#Fētiālis, is# (sc. #sacerdōs#), m., _an ambassador, treaty priest_, who
+negotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.
+
+#Fētiālis, e#, adj., _pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial_ (see preceding
+word).
+
+#fīdēliter# [#fīdēlis#, _faithful_], adv., _faithfully_.
+
+#Fīdēnātēs, ium#, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the
+Tiber, five miles north of Rome.
+
+#fidēs, fideī#, f., _good faith, integrity_; _trust, belief, credence_;
+_pledge_.
+
+#fīdūcia, ae# [#fīdus#, _faithful_], f., _trust, confidence, reliance_;
+_courage_.
+
+#fīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fix, fasten_.
+
+  #dē--dēfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fasten_, esp. _to fasten_
+  (to the ground) _with amazement, astonish_.
+
+  #sub--suffīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to fasten beneath_ or _on_;
+  #crucī suffīgere#, _to crucify_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus#, _to pierce through, transfix,
+  stab_.
+
+#fīlia, ae#, f., _daughter_.
+
+#fīlius, ī#, m., _son_.
+
+#fingō, ere, finxī, fīctus#, _to form, invent_; _feign, pretend_.
+
+#fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#fīnis#], _to limit, bound_; _finish, end,
+settle_.
+
+#fīnis, is#, m., _boundary, limit, end_; pl. m., _territory_.
+
+#fīnitimus# [#fīnis#], adj., _neighboring_; as noun, #fīnitimī, ōrum#,
+pl. m., _neighbors_.
+
+#fīō, fierī, factus sum#, see #faciō#.
+
+#fīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fīrmus#], _to make firm, strengthen_.
+
+  #ad--adfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to strengthen_; _assert, declare_.
+
+  #con--cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to strengthen, ratify, confirm_;
+  _assert_.
+
+#fīrmus#, adj., _strong, powerful_; _trusty_.
+
+#flāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to demand_.
+
+  #ex--efflāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to demand vigorously_ or
+  _earnestly_.
+
+#flāmen, inis#, m., _a Flamen_, a priest devoted to the service of a
+particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make
+sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god.
+
+#flamma, ae#, f., _flame, fire_.
+
+#flēbiliter# [#flēbilis#, _mournful_], adv., _mournfully, tearfully_.
+
+#flectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend, turn_.
+
+  #dē--dēflectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend_ or _turn aside_ or
+  _away, turn_.
+
+  #in--īnflectō, ere, flexī, flexus#, _to bend, curb, relax_.
+
+#fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus#, _to weep_; _bewail_.
+
+#*flīgō, ere#, _to strike_.
+
+  #ad--adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus#, _to dash against_ or _down_;
+  _afflict, ruin_.
+
+  #con--cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus#, _to dash together, contend,
+  fight_.
+
+  #prō--prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to dash down, overcome_
+  (in battle).
+
+#flō, flāre, flāvī, --#, _to blow_.
+
+  #ad--adflō, flāre, flāvī, --#, _to blow towards, blow_.
+
+  #con--cōnflō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blow up, kindle, cause_; #aes
+  aliēnum cōnflāre#, _to contract debt_.
+
+  #in--īnflō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blow up, inflate_.
+
+#flōrēns, entis# [#flōreō#], adj., _blooming, flourishing_; #flōrēns
+iuventa#, _youthful beauty_.
+
+#flōreō, ēre, uī#, -- [#flōs#, _a flower_], _to bloom, flourish,
+prosper_.
+
+#fluctus, ūs# [#fluō#], m., _wave, billow, flood_.
+
+#flūmen, inis# [#fluō#], n., _stream, river_.
+
+#fluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow_.
+
+  #con--cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow_ or _stream together,
+  assemble_.
+
+  #dis--diffluō, ere, fluxī, --#, _to flow in different directions,
+  melt away, disappear_; #ōtiō et lūxū diffluere#, _to abandon one’s
+  self to ease and luxury_.
+
+#fluvius, ī# [#fluō#], m., _a stream, river_.
+
+#foculus, ī# [dim. of #focus#], m., _a fire-pan, brazier_.
+
+#focus, ī#, m., _fireplace, hearth_.
+
+#fodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to dig_.
+
+  #con--cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to stab, pierce_.
+
+  #sub--suffodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to dig beneath, undermine,
+  tunnel_; _stab beneath_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus#, _to pierce, stab, slash_.
+
+#foedē# [#foedus#, _foul_], adv., _foully, basely_.
+
+#foederātus# [#foedus#], adj., _leagued_ or _allied with_.
+
+#foedus, eris#, n., _a treaty, alliance_.
+
+#fōns, fontis#, m., _a spring, fountain_.
+
+#forās# [#*fora#, _a door_; cf. #foris#], adv., _out of doors, forth,
+out_.
+
+#fore#, fut. infin. of #sum#.
+
+#forēnsis, e# [#forum#], adj., _of_ or _in the forum, forensic_.
+
+#foris, is#, f., _a door_; usually in pl.
+
+#fōrma, ae#, f., _form, figure, beauty_.
+
+#formīdolōsus# [#formīdō#, _dread_], adj., _dreadful, terrible_.
+
+#fors, fortis# (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., _chance, accident, good
+fortune_.
+
+#fortāsse# [#fors#], adv., _perhaps, possibly_.
+
+#forte# [abl. of #fors#], adv., _by chance_.
+
+#fortis, e#, adj., _strong, brave_.
+
+#fortiter# [#fortis#], adv., _bravely_.
+
+#fortitūdō, inis# [#fortis#], f., _bravery, resolution_.
+
+#fortūna, ae# [#fors#], f., _luck, fortune_ (whether good or ill);
+personified, _the goddess of fortune_.
+
+#Forum, ī# [cf. #forīs#, _out of doors_], n., _an out-of-door place,
+market, Forum_; esp. the _Forum Rōmānum_ between the Capitoline and
+Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and
+business life of Rome.
+
+#fossa, ae# [#fodiō#], f., _a ditch_.
+
+#foveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus#, _to warm, cherish, favor_.
+
+#re--refoveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus#, _to restore, refresh, revive_.
+
+#frāgmentum, ī# [#frangō#], n., _fragment, bit_.
+
+#fragor, ōris# [#frangō#], m., _noise_, esp. _thunder peal_.
+
+#frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus#, _to break in pieces, break_; _subdue,
+overcome_.
+
+  #re--refringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus#, _to break up_ or _open_.
+
+#frāter, tris#, m., _brother_.
+
+#frāternus# [#frāter#], adj., _brother’s, brotherly_.
+
+#fraudō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fraus#], _to cheat, rob_.
+
+#fraus, fraudis#, f., _foul play, treachery_.
+
+#frendō, ere, --, --#, _to gnash the teeth_.
+
+#frēnum, ī#, n., _bridle, curb, rein_.
+
+#frequēns, entis#, adj., _crowded, frequent_; _in great numbers_.
+
+#frequenter# [#frequēns#], adv., _often_.
+
+#frequentia, ae# [#frequēns#], f., _crowd, throng_.
+
+#frīgidus# [#frīgeō#, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_.
+
+#frūgālitās, ātis# [#frūgālis#, _thrifty_], f., _thrift, economy,
+frugality_.
+
+#frūmentārius# [#frūmentum#], adj., _concerning corn_; #rēs
+frūmentāria#, _the corn supply_.
+
+#frūmentum, ī# [#fruor#], n., _grain, corn_.
+
+#fruor, fruī, frūctus sum#, _to use, enjoy_.
+
+  #per--perfruor, fruī, frūctus sum#, _to enjoy thoroughly_.
+
+#frūstrā#, adv., _in vain, fruitlessly_.
+
+#Fūfetius, ī#, m., _Mettius Fūfetius_, leader of the Albans against
+Tullius Hostilius.
+
+#Fūfidius, ī#, m., a follower of Sulla.
+
+#fuga, ae#, f., _flight_.
+
+#fugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee, flee from_.
+
+  #ab--aufugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee from, run away, escape_.
+
+  #con--cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee for refuge_; _resort to_.
+
+  #ex--effugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to escape_.
+
+  #prō--profugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee, escape_.
+
+  #re--refugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee back, escape_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsfugiō, ere, fūgī, --#, _to flee to the other side, go
+  over to the enemy, desert_.
+
+#fugō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#fugiō#], _to put to flight, rout_.
+
+#fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, --#, _to flash, gleam_.
+
+#fulmen, inis# [#fulgeō#], n., _lightning flash, thunderbolt_.
+
+#Fulvius, ī#, m., _A. Fulvius_, who put his son to death because he
+joined Catiline’s conspiracy.
+
+#fūnāle, is# [#fūnis#, _a cord_], n., _a torch_.
+
+#fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour, pour out, shed_; _rout, scatter_.
+
+  #circum--circumfundo, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour about_; pass., _to
+  surround_.
+
+  #ex--effundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour out_; _scatter, squander,
+  lavish_.
+
+  #prō--profundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus#, _to pour forth or out, squander,
+  waste_.
+
+#fundus, ī#, m., _farm, estate_.
+
+#fungor, ī, fūnctus sum#, _to perform, discharge, serve through_
+(an office).
+
+  #dē--dēfungor, ī, fūnctus sum#, _to perform, finish_; _to die_
+  (sc. #vītā#).
+
+#fūnus, eris#, n., _burial, funeral rites_.
+
+#furēns, entis# [orig. part, of #furō#, _to rave_], adj., _furious,
+raging_.
+
+#Fūrius, ī#, m., _P. Fūrius Philus_, who revealed the plan of certain
+nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.
+
+#furor, ōris# [#furō#, _to rave_], m., _rage, madness, fury_.
+
+#fūrtō# [abl. of #fūrtum#, _theft_], adv., _stealthily, secretly_.
+
+#futūrus# [orig. fut. part, of #sum#], adj., _coming, future_.
+
+
+#G#
+
+#Gabiī, ōrum#, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.
+
+#Gabīnī, ōrum#, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.
+
+#Gadēs, ium#, pl. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain (modern
+Cadiz).
+
+#Gaetulī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Gaetuli_, a tribe of northern Africa.
+
+#Gāius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Gallia, ae#, f., _Gaul_, which included modern France, Belgium and
+Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine.
+
+#Gallus, ī#, m., _a Gaul_.
+
+#gaudium, ī#, n., _joy, gladness_.
+
+#Gaurus, ī#, m., _a mountain of Campania_.
+
+#gaza, ae#, f., _treasure, riches_.
+
+#geminātus#, adj., _doubled, twofold_; _consecutive_.
+
+#geminus#, adj., _twin, twofold_. As noun, #geminī, ōrum#, pl. m.,
+_twins_.
+
+#gemō, ere, uī, --#, _to sigh, groan_.
+
+#gener, generī#, m., _a son-in-law_.
+
+#genitus#, see #gīgnō#.
+
+#gēns, gentis#, f., _a gens_ or _clan_, consisting of a number of
+families claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites
+in common; _tribe, people, nation_.
+
+#genū, ūs#, n., _knee_.
+
+#genus, eris#, n., _race, family, stock, birth_; _kind, class, sort_.
+
+#Germānī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Germans_.
+
+#Germānia, ae#, f., _Germany_.
+
+#gerō, ere, gessī, gestus#, _to bear, carry_; _wear_; _carry on, wage,
+manage_; _perform, do_; #sē gerere#, _to conduct one’s self, behave_;
+#rem pūblicam gerere#, _to administer the state_; #rēs gestae#,
+_exploits, history_.
+
+  #con--congerō, ere, gessī, gestus#, _to bring_ or _heap together,
+  collect_.
+
+#gestō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #gerō#], _to bear, carry, wear_.
+
+#gestus, ūs# [#gerō#], m., _bearing_; _gesture_.
+
+#gīgnō, ere, genuī, genitus#, _to produce, beget_; #genitus#, _born of_.
+
+#gladius, ī#, m., _a sword_.
+
+#glōria, ae#, f., _glory, fame, renown_.
+
+#glōrior, ārī, ātus sum#, _to boast, brag, pride one’s self_.
+
+#glōriōsē# [#glōria#], adv., _gloriously_.
+
+#Gnaeus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Gracchus, ī#, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.
+
+  1. _Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus_, tribune of the people in 133 B.C.
+
+  2. _C. Semprōnius Gracchus_, brother of (1), and tribune in 123
+  B.C.; killed in 121.
+
+#gradior, gradī, gressus sum#, _to walk, step_.
+
+  #ad--aggredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to approach, attack, assail_.
+
+  #con--congredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to meet_; _join battle, fight_.
+
+  #dis--dīgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go apart or away, depart_.
+
+  #ex--ēgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go_ or _march out_ or _away_;
+  _disembark_. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with
+  #ex#, or the acc.).
+
+  #in--ingredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to enter, advance, proceed_.
+
+  #prō--prōgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go forth_ or _on, advance_.
+
+  #re--regredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to go back, return, retreat_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsgredior, ī, gressus sum#, _to step over_ or _across,
+  cross_.
+
+#gradus, ūs#, m., _a step_; _stage, period, degree_; pl., _steps,
+stairs_.
+
+#Graecia, ae#, f., _Greece_.
+
+#Graeculus, ī# [dim. of #Graecus#], m., _a poor_ or _paltry Greek_.
+
+#Graecus#, adj., _Greek, Grecian_. As noun, #Graecus, ī#, m., _a Greek_.
+
+#grānum, ī#, n., _a grain, seed_.
+
+#graphium, ī#, n., _stylus_ (of metal) for writing, _pen_.
+
+#grātia, ae# [#grātus#], f., _favor, regard, credit_; _influence_;
+_return, thanks, gratitude_; #grātiam habēre#, _to feel thankful_;
+#grātiās agere#, _to show gratitude, thank_; #grātiam referre#, _to
+repay a favor_; #grātiā#, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions
+of purpose, _for the sake of_.
+
+#grātulor, ārī, ātus sum# [#grātus#], _to show joy, congratulate_.
+
+#grātus#, adj., _pleasing, dear, acceptable_.
+
+#gravis, e#, adj., _heavy, severe, difficult_; _weighty, important_.
+
+#gravitās, ātis# [#gravis#], f., _weight_; _dignity, influence,
+importance_.
+
+#graviter# [#gravis#], adv., _weightily_; _vigorously, seriously, with
+dignity_.
+
+#gravor, ārī, ātus sum# [#gravis#], _to be burdened_; _take amiss,
+grudge_.
+
+#grex, gregis#, f., _herd, common herd_; _band, company_.
+
+#gubernātor, ōris# [#gubernō#, _to steer_], m., _helmsman, pilot_.
+
+
+#H#
+
+#habeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to have, hold, keep_; _consider, regard, treat,
+use_; _render_ (honor, etc.); #ōrātiōnem habēre#, _to deliver a speech_;
+#lūdibriō habēre#, _to mock_.
+
+  #ad--adhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold to_ or _toward, apply,
+  employ_; _employ as counsel, consult_; _summon, invite_.
+
+  #dē--dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to withhold, owe_; #dēbet, dēbuit# +
+  inf., _ought, must, should_.
+
+  #ex--exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold forth, show, display,
+  exhibit_.
+
+  #in--inhibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold_ or _draw in, restrain_.
+
+  #post--posthabeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to place after_ (i.e. lower
+  than), _rate lower, esteem less_.
+
+  #prae--praebeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to hold forth, offer, grant,
+  supply, furnish_; #aurēs praebēre#, _to listen_.
+
+  #prō--prohibeō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to check, keep off_; _hinder,
+  prevent_.
+
+#habilis, e# [#habeō#], adj., _handy, easily wielded_.
+
+#habitātiō, ōnis# [#habitō#], f., _dwelling-place_.
+
+#habitō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #habeō#], _to inhabit_; _dwell,
+live_.
+
+#habitus, ūs# [#habeō#], m., _state, condition_; _habit, dress, attire_.
+
+#hālitus, ūs#, m., _breath_.
+
+#Hamilcar, aris#, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of
+Hannibal (2).
+
+#Hannibal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.
+
+  1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 B.C.
+
+  2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but
+  was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and
+  died in 183.
+
+#Hannō, ōnis#, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus.
+
+#haruspex, icis#, m., _a soothsayer_.
+
+#Hasdrubal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.
+
+  1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against
+  Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the
+  Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C.
+
+  2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and
+  Africa.
+
+#hasta, ae#, f., _a spear_.
+
+#haud#, adv., _by no means, not, not at all_.
+
+#hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus#, _to drink, swallow_.
+
+  #ex--exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus#, _to empty, exhaust_; _ruin,
+  impoverish_.
+
+#Herculēs, is#, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and
+marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.
+
+#hērēs, ēdis#, m., _an heir_.
+
+#hīc, haec, hōc#, dem. pron., _this, the following, the latter_; _he,
+she, it_.
+
+#hīc# [#hīc#], adv., _here, hereupon, at this point_.
+
+#hiems, hiemis#, f., _winter, storm_.
+
+#Hierosolyma, ōrum#, pl. n., _Jerusalem_.
+
+#hilarē# [#hilarus#, _merry_], adv., _merrily, cheerfully, gaily_.
+
+#hilaritās, ātis# [#hilaris#, _merry_], f., _merriment, gaiety_.
+
+#hinc# [#hīc#], adv., _from this place_ or _time, hence_; #hinc--hinc#,
+_on this side . . . on that, on the one side . . . on the other_.
+
+#hirundō, inis#, f., _a swallow_.
+
+#Hispānia, ae#, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided into
+two provinces, _Hispānia Citerior_ and _Hispānia Ūlterior_.
+
+#Hispāniēnsis, e#, adj., _Spanish, in Spain_.
+
+#Hispānus#, adj., _Spanish_. As noun, #Hispānus, ī#, m., _a Spaniard_.
+
+#hodiē# [#hō(c)# + #diē#], adv., _to-day_.
+
+#homō, inis#, m. and f., _a human being, man_; #hominēs#, _mankind, the
+world_.
+
+#honestē# [#honestus#], adv., _honorably_.
+
+#honestus# [#honōs#], adj., _honored, respected_; _honorable, right,
+virtuous_.
+
+#honōrātē# [#honōrātus#, _honored_], adv., _honorably, with respect_.
+
+#honōrificus# [#honōs# + #faciō#], adj., _that does honor,
+complimentary_.
+
+#honorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#honōs#], _to honor, do honor to_.
+
+#honōs# or #honor, ōris#, m., _honor, respect, esteem_; _public office_;
+personified, _Honor_ (a deity).
+
+#hōra, ae#, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset)
+or night.
+
+#Horātius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+#horreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stand on end, bristle_; _shudder at, shrink
+from_.
+
+#horror, ōris# [#horreō#], m., _dread, terror, horror_.
+
+#hortātiō, ōnis# [#hortor#], f., _encouragement, exhortation_.
+
+#hortor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to exhort, urge_.
+
+#hortus, ī#, m., _a garden_.
+
+#hospes, itis#, m., _entertainer, host_; _guest, friend_; _stranger_.
+
+#hospita, ae# [#hospes#], f., _a stranger_; _guest_.
+
+#hospitium, ī# [#hospes#], n., _entertainment, hospitality_; _lodgings,
+inn_.
+
+#hostia, ae#, f., _an animal for sacrifice, victim_.
+
+#hostīlis, e# [#hostis#], adj., _of_ or _from the enemy, hostile_.
+
+#hostīliter# [#hostīlis#], adv., _in hostile manner_.
+
+#Hostīlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Hostus Hostīlius_, a general of the time of Romulus.
+
+  2. _Tullus Hostīlius_, third king of Rome.
+
+#hostis, is#, m., _an enemy_.
+
+#hūc# [#hīc#], adv., _to this place, hither_; #hūc . . . illūc#, _hither
+. . . thither_.
+
+#hūiuscemodī# [#hīc# + #modus#], adv., _of this_ (i.e. the following)
+_kind_.
+
+#hūmānitās, ātis# [#hūmānus#], f., _humanity, kindliness_; _refinement,
+culture_.
+
+#hūmānus# [#homō#], adj., _human, of man_; _kind, refined, cultured_.
+
+#humilis, e# [#humus#, _the ground_], adj., _low_; _lowly, humble,
+common_.
+
+
+#I#
+
+#iaceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to lie, lie prostrate_ or _dead_.
+
+#iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus#, _to throw, cast, hurl_.
+
+  #ab--abiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw down, away_, or _aside,
+  lay aside_.
+
+  #ad--adiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw to, add_ or _join to,
+  add_ (in speech).
+
+  #con--coniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus#, _to throw together,
+  unite_; _hurl, throw_.
+
+  #dē--dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _hurl down, bring
+  down_; _lay low, dislodge, destroy_.
+
+  #ex--ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to cast_ or _drive out, expel_.
+
+  #in--iniciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw in_; _put in_ or _on,
+  lay_; _inspire, suggest_.
+
+  #inter--intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place
+  between, interpose; intervene_ (in pass.).
+
+  #ob--obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw before, put in the
+  way_; _put in the hands of, turn over_.
+
+  #prō--prōiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw forth, fling out,
+  throw_.
+
+  #re--rēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw back, repel_.
+
+  #sub--subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place under_;
+  _hand up_; _present, submit_; _subdue_.
+
+  #super--superiaciō, ere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw across, let down_.
+
+  #trāns--trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus#, _to throw_ or _carry across,
+  transport_; _pierce, penetrate, transfix_; _go_ or _pass over,
+  cross_.
+
+#iactātiō, ōnis# [#iactō#], f., _tossing, motion_.
+
+#iactitō, āre, --, --# [freq. of #iactō#], _to boast, brag_.
+
+#iactō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to push_ or _toss about_; _boast of, take
+pride in_.
+
+#iam#, adv., _already, by this time, now_; _soon, presently_; #iam iam#,
+_already, at that very moment_; #iam dūdum# or #iam prīdem#, _long ago,
+long since_.
+
+#iam dūdum#, see #iam#.
+
+#Iāniculum, ī#, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.
+
+#iānua, ae#, f., _a door, entrance_.
+
+#Iānus, ī#, m., #Janus#, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all
+beginnings; commonly represented with two faces.
+
+#Iarbās, ae#, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco).
+
+#ibi#, adv., _there, on that side_; _then, thereupon_.
+
+#ibīdem# [#ibi#], adv., _in the same place, on the spot_.
+
+#īcō, ere, īcī, īctus#, _to strike_; #foedus īcere#, _to strike_
+(conclude) _a treaty_.
+
+#īctus, ūs# [#īcō#], m., _blow, stroke, wound_.
+
+#īdem, eadem, idem#, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by
+adv., _also, too, besides_.
+
+#ideō#, adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _with this_ (that)
+_purpose_.
+
+#Īdūs, uum#, pl. f., _the Ides_, or middle of the month; the fifteenth
+of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months.
+
+#igitur#, adv., _then, therefore, accordingly_.
+
+#īgnāvia, ae# [#īgnāvus#, _idle_], f., _idleness, sloth_;
+_worthlessness_.
+
+#īgnis, is#, m., _fire_.
+
+#īgnōminia, ae# [#in# neg. + #(g)nōmen#], f., _dishonor, disgrace,
+degradation_.
+
+#īgnōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _not to know_; _to be ignorant of, be
+unacquainted with_.
+
+#īgnōscō#, see #nōscō#.
+
+#īgnōtus# [#in# neg. + #(g)nōtus#], adj., _unknown, unfamiliar,
+strange_.
+
+#īlicō# [#in# + #locō#], adv., _on the spot, at once, immediately_.
+
+#ille, illa, illud#, dem. pron., _that, yonder_; _he, she, it_; _the
+famous, the_.
+
+#illīc# [#ille#], adv., _there, yonder_.
+
+#illūc# [#ille#], adv., _to that place, thither_.
+
+#imāgō, inis#, f., _likeness, semblance, image_; _statue_.
+
+#imbellis, e# [#in# neg. + #bellum#], adj., _unfit for war, unwarlike,
+cowardly_.
+
+#imber, bris#, m., _rain, shower_.
+
+#imbuō, ere, ī, būtus#, _to wet, moisten_; _inspire, imbue_.
+
+#imitor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to imitate, copy_.
+
+#immātūrus# [#in# neg. + #mātūrus#, _ripe_], adj., _unripe_; _untimely,
+premature_.
+
+#immēnsus# [#in# neg. + #mētior#, _to measure_], adj., _immeasurable,
+vast, immense_.
+
+#immineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to overhang, threaten_.
+
+#immittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#immō#, adv., _by no means, nay_.
+
+#immolō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #mola#, _meal_], _to sprinkle_
+(a victim) _with sacrificial meal, sacrifice_.
+
+#immortālis, e# [#in# neg. + #mortālis#], adj., _immortal_.
+
+#immōtus# [#in# neg. + #mōtus#, part of #moveō#], adj., _unmoved,
+motionless_.
+
+#impār, paris# [#in# neg. + #pār#], adj., _unequal_.
+
+#impatiēns, entis# [#in# neg. + #patiēns#], adj., _impatient,
+intolerant_.
+
+#impendium, ī# [#impendō#, _to expend_], n., _outlay, cost, expense_.
+
+#impēnsa, ae# [#impendō#, _to expend_], f., _outlay, cost, expense_.
+
+#imperātor, ōris# [#imperō#], m., _commander-in-chief, general_;
+_emperor_.
+
+#imperātōrius# [#imperātor#], adj., _of a general_.
+
+#imperfectus# [#in# neg. + #perfectus#, part. of #perficiō#], adj.,
+_unfinished_.
+
+#imperium, ī# [#imperō#], n., _a command, order_; _military authority_;
+_sovereignty, supremacy_; _the state_.
+
+#imperō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to command, order_; _rule, govern_; _levy,
+demand_.
+
+#impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to gain by asking, obtain, procure_.
+
+#impetus, ūs# [#in# + #petō#], m., _an attack, onset_; _impulse,
+excitement_; _violence, energy, fury_.
+
+#impietās, ātis# [#impius#], f., _irreverence, impiety_.
+
+#impiger, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + #piger#, _lazy_], adj., _active,
+energetic_.
+
+#impius# [#in# + #pius#], adj., _irreverent, wicked, undutiful_.
+
+#impleō#, see #*pleō#.
+
+#implicō, āre, āvī# or #uī, ātus# or #itus# [#in# + #plicō#, _to fold_],
+_to fold in, envelop_; _involve, attack_.
+
+#implōrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #plōrō#, _to wail, lament_], _to beg,
+beseech, implore_.
+
+#impōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#imprīmīs# [= #in prīmīs#], adv., _especially_.
+
+#imprōvīsus# [#in# neg. + #prōvideō#], adj., _unforeseen, unexpected_.
+
+#impūbēs, eris# [#in# neg. + #pūbēs#, _full grown_], adj., _youthful_.
+
+#impūgnō#, see #pūgnō#.
+
+#impūnītus# [#in# neg. + #pūniō#], adj., _unpunished_.
+
+#in#, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, _into, to, on, upon, towards,
+against_; of purpose, _for, with a view to_; of other relations,
+_respecting, according to_; #in diēs#, _day by day_; (2) with abl.; of
+place, _in, on, upon, in the midst of, among_; of time, _in, in the
+course of, during_; of other relations, _in the case of, respecting,
+according to_.
+
+#in#, _not_, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles,
+negatives or reverses their meaning.
+
+#inaestimābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #aestimō#, _to reckon_], _inestimable_.
+
+#inambulō#, see #ambulō#.
+
+#inānis, e#, adj., _empty_; _vain, idle_.
+
+#inaudītus# [#in# neg. + #audītus#, part. of #audiō#], adj., _unheard
+of, strange_.
+
+#incautus# [#in# neg. + #cautus#, _wary_], adj., _unsuspecting, off
+one’s guard_.
+
+#incēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#incendium, ī# [#incendō#], n., _fire, conflagration_.
+
+#incendō#, see #candeō#·
+
+#inceptum, ī# [#incipiō#], n., _beginning, attempt_; _undertaking,
+purpose_.
+
+#incertus# [#in# neg. + #certus#], adj., _uncertain, doubtful_.
+
+#incēssō, ere, --, --# [freq. of #incēdō#], _to assail, attack_;
+_rail at_.
+
+#incidō#, see #cadō#.
+
+#incipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#incitō#, see #citō#.
+
+#inclāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#inclīnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #*clīnō#, _to lean_], (1) trans., _to
+cause to lean, bend, turn_; (2) intrans., _lean, incline_; _yield, give
+way_.
+
+#inclitus#, adj., _famous_.
+
+#inclūdō#, see #claudō#.
+
+#incōgnitus# [#in# neg. + #cōgnitus#, part. of #cōgnōscō#], adj.,
+_unknown_.
+
+#incola, ae# [#incolō#], m., _inhabitant_.
+
+#incolō#, see #colō#.
+
+#incolumis, e#, adj., _safe, unharmed_.
+
+#incōnstantia, ae# [#in# neg. + #cōnstantia#], f., _changeableness,
+fickleness_.
+
+#incrēdibilis, e# [#in# neg. + #crēdō#], adj., _beyond belief,
+incredible_.
+
+#increpō, āre, uī, itus#, _to sound, resound_; _scold, upbraid_;
+_exclaim_.
+
+#incrēscō#, see #crēscō#.
+
+#incumbō#, see #*cumbō#.
+
+#incūriōsus# [#in# neg. + #cūriōsus#, _careful_], adj., _careless,
+negligent_.
+
+#incursiō, ōnis# [#incurrō#, _to attack_], f., _onset, attack, raid_.
+
+#inde#, adv., _from that place_ or _time, thence_; _thereupon_; _from
+that circumstance, therefore_.
+
+#index, icis# [#indicō#], m., _mark, sign_.
+
+#indicium, ī# [#indicō#], n., _sign, indication, evidence_.
+
+#indīcō# see #dīcō#.
+
+#indicō#, see #dicō#.
+
+#indictus# [#in# neg. + #dictus#, part of #dīcō#], adj., _unsaid_;
+_unplead_.
+
+#indīgnātiō, ōnis# [#indīgnor#, _to be angry_], f., _displeasure,
+anger_.
+
+#indīgnē# [#indīgnus#], adv., _unworthily_; _angrily_; #indīgnē ferre#
+_to take_ (_it_) _amiss_.
+
+#indīgnor, ārī, ātus sum# [#indīgnus#], _to think unworthy_; _be angry_.
+
+#indīgnus# [#in# neg. + #dīgnus#], adj., _unworthy of, unfit for_ (with
+abl.).
+
+#indō#, see #dō#.
+
+#indolēs, is#, f., _inborn quality, natural gifts_; _character, nature,
+spirit_.
+
+#indūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#indūstria, ae# [#indūstrius#, _active_], f., _diligence, activity,
+industry_.
+
+#ineō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#inermis, e# [#in# neg. + #arma#], adj., _unarmed, defenseless_.
+
+#īnfacētē# [#in# neg. + #facētē#], adv., _without wit_.
+
+#īnfāns, antis# [#in# neg. + #fāns#, part. of #fārī#, _to speak_], adj.,
+_not speaking, speechless_; as noun, m. and f., _an infant_.
+
+#īnfēlīx, īcis# [#in# neg. + #fēlīx#], adj., _unfortunate, disastrous_.
+
+#īnferior, ōris# [comp. of #īnferus#, _low_], adj., _lower, inferior_.
+
+#īnferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#īnfēstō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#īnfēstus#], _to annoy, disturb_.
+
+#īnfēstus#, adj., _hostile, threatening_.
+
+#īnficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#īnflammō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #flamma#], _to kindle, arouse,
+excite_.
+
+#īnflātus# [#īnflō#], adj., _blown up, inflated_.
+
+#īnflectō#, see #flectō#.
+
+#īnflō#, see #flō#.
+
+#īnfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #fōrma#], _to shape, mould, fashion_;
+_train, instruct_.
+
+#īnfrā#, adv. and prep. with acc., _below, beneath_.
+
+#ingemīscō, ere, gemuī, --# [#in# + #gemīscō#, incep. of #gemō#], _to
+groan over, groan_.
+
+#ingenium, ī# [#in# + #gīgnō#], n., _natural gifts, nature_; _ability,
+intellect, wit_; _character, disposition_.
+
+#ingēns, entis#, adj., _large, huge, great_.
+
+#ingenuus#, adj., _free-born_; _noble, liberal_.
+
+#ingrātus# [#in# neg. + #grātus#], adj., _unpleasant, thankless,
+ungrateful_.
+
+#ingredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#inhibeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#iniciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#inimīcitia, ae# [#inimīcus#], f., _enmity_.
+
+#inimīcus# [#in# neg. + #amīcus#], adj., _unfriendly, hostile_; as noun,
+_a personal enemy, foe_, as distinguished from #hostis#, _a public
+enemy_.
+
+#inīquē# [#inīquus#, _unjust_], adv., _unjustly_.
+
+#initium, ī# [#ineō#], n., _beginning_; #initiō#, abl. as adv., _at the
+outset, at first_.
+
+#iniūria, ae# [#in# neg. + #iūs#], f., _wrong, injustice_; _insult,
+injury_.
+
+(#iniussus, ūs#) [#in# neg. + #iubeō#], m., found in abl. only, _without
+orders_.
+
+#inlīdō#, see #laedō#.
+
+#inlūstris, e#, adj., _bright, clear_; _famous, renowned_
+(cf. #clārus#).
+
+#innītor#, see #nītor#.
+
+#innocentia, ae# [#in# neg. + #noceō#], f., _harmlessness, innocence,
+integrity_.
+
+#innōtēscō, ere, nōtuī, --# [#in# + #nōtēscō#, _to become known_], _to
+become known_.
+
+#innoxius# [#in# neg. + #noxius#, _harmful_], adj., _harmless,
+blameless, innocent_.
+
+#innumerābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #numerō#, _to count_], adj., _beyond
+number, countless_.
+
+#innumerus# [#in# neg. + #numerus#], adj., _countless_.
+
+#innuō#, see #*nuō#.
+
+#inopia, ae# [#inops#], f., _want, scarcity, need, poverty_.
+
+#inopīnātus# [#in# neg. + #opīnor#, _to think_], adj., _unexpected_.
+
+#inops, opis# [#in# neg. + #ops#], adj., _without resources, helpless,
+poor, needy_.
+
+#inquam#, def. verb, _I say_. See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_, 2.
+
+#inquiētus# [#in# neg. + #quiētus#], adj., _restless_.
+
+#inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to stain, defile_.
+
+#inrīdeō#, see #rīdeō#.
+
+#inrīsus, ūs# [#inrīdeō#], m., _derision, mockery_.
+
+#inruō#, see #ruō#.
+
+#īnscientia, ae# [#īnsciēns#, _ignorant_], adj., _ignorance_.
+
+#īnscius# [#in# neg. + #sciō#], adj., _ignorant, unaware_.
+
+#īnscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#īnsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#īnsideō#, see #sedeō#.
+
+#īnsidiae, ārum# [#īnsideō#], pl. f., _ambush_; _trap_; _artifice,
+plot_.
+
+#īnsidior, ārī, ātus sum# [#īnsidiae#], _to lie in wait for, plot
+against_.
+
+#īnsīgne, is# [#īnsīgnis#], n., _a mark, badge_.
+
+#īnsīgnis, e# [#in# + #sīgnum#], adj., _marked, conspicuous, noted,
+famous_.
+
+#īnsiliō#, see #saliō#.
+
+#īnsinuō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #sinus#, _fold, coil_], _to push or
+thrust in_.
+
+#īnsitus# [#inserō#, _to implant_], adj., _inborn, innate, ingrafted_.
+
+#īnsolēns, entis# [#in# neg. + #solēns#, part. of #soleō#], adj.,
+_unusual, haughty, insolent_.
+
+#īnsolenter# [#īnsolēns#], adv., _haughtily_.
+
+#īnsolentia, ae# [#īnsolēns#], f., _unusual_ or _extravagant conduct,
+insolence_.
+
+#īnspērābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #spērō#], adj., _unhoped for,
+unexpected_.
+
+#īnspiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#īnstituō#, see #statuō#.
+
+#īnstitūtum, ī# [#īnstituō#], n., _institution_; _habit, custom_.
+
+#īnstrūmentum, ī# [#īnstruō#], n., _tool_; _collectively, stock of
+tools, plant_.
+
+#īnstruō#, see #struō#.
+
+#īnsusurrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #susurrus#, _a whisper_], _to
+whisper to, suggest_.
+
+#īnsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#intāctus# [#in# neg. + #tāctus#, part. of #tangō#], adj., _untouched,
+uninjured_.
+
+#integer, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + root #tag# in #tangō#], adj.,
+_untouched, uninjured_; #integer, ā#, _free from, untouched by_.
+
+#intellegō#, see #legō#.
+
+#intempestus#, adj., _stormy_.
+
+#intendō#, see #tendō#.
+
+#intentus# [orig. part. of #intendō#], adj., _attentive, intent_.
+
+#inter#, prep. with acc.; of place, _between, among_; of time, _during_.
+
+#intercalārius# [#intercalō#], adj., _intercalary, inserted in the
+calendar_.
+
+#intercalō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to intercalate, insert in the calendar_.
+
+#intercipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#interdīcō#, see #dīcō#.
+
+#interdiū# [#inter# + #diū#], adv., _by day_.
+
+#interdum# [#inter# + (1) #dum#], adv., _between whiles, now and then,
+sometimes_.
+
+#intereā# [#inter# + #is#], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_.
+
+#intereō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#interfector, ōris# [#interficiō#], m., _slayer, assassin, murderer_.
+
+#interficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#intericiō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#interim#, adv., _meanwhile_.
+
+#interimō#, see #emō#.
+
+#interitus, ūs# [#intereō#], m., _overthrow, death, destruction_.
+
+#internūntius, ī# [#inter# + #nūntius#], m., _go-between, messenger_.
+
+#interpretor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to explain, interpret_; _maintain_.
+
+#interrogō#, see #rogō#.
+
+#intersum#, see #sum#.
+
+#intervāllum, ī# [#inter# + #vāllum#], n., _interval_ (of time or
+space), _distance_.
+
+#intervertō#, see #vertō#.
+
+#intimus#, adj., _inmost, deepest_; _close, intimate_.
+
+#intolerābilis, e# [#in# neg. + #tolerō#, _to bear_], adj.,
+_unendurable_.
+
+#intrā#, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of, within, during_.
+
+#intrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#intrō#, adv., _within_], _to enter_.
+
+#intrōdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#introeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#intueor#, see #tueor#.
+
+#intumēscō, ere, tumuī, --# [#in# + #tumēscō#, incep. of #tumeō#, _to be
+swollen_], _to swell, rise_.
+
+#inundō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#in# + #undō#, _to rise in waves_], _to
+deluge, flood_.
+
+#inūsitātus# [#in# neg. + #ūsitātus#, _usual_], adj., _unusual,
+unfamiliar, novel_.
+
+#invādō#, see #vādō#.
+
+#invalidus# [#in# neg. + #validus#], adj., _weak, feeble_.
+
+#invehō#, see #vehō#.
+
+#inveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#invicem, in vicem#, see #vicis#.
+
+#invictus# [#in# neg. + #victus#, part. of #vincō#], adj.,
+_unconquerable_.
+
+#invideō#, see #videō#.
+
+#invidia, ae# [#invideō#], f., _envy_; _ill-will, odium, unpopularity_.
+
+#invidiōsus# [#invidia#], adj., _envious_; _exciting envy, unpopular,
+hateful_.
+
+#inviolātus# [#in# neg. + #violō#], adj., _unhurt_.
+
+#invīsus# [orig. part. of #invideō#], adj., _hated, hateful_.
+
+#invītō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to invite, ask, summon_; _feast, entertain_.
+
+#invītus#, adj., _unwilling, on compulsion_.
+
+#iocus, ī# (pl. also #ioca#), m., _a jest, joke_.
+
+#ipse, a, um#, _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; often best
+rendered by _very, mere, in person, even, actually_.
+
+#īra, ae#, f., _anger, passion_.
+
+#īrāscor, ī, īrātus sum# [#īra#], _to be_ or _become angry_.
+
+#īrātus# [orig. part. of #īrāscor#], adj., _angered, enraged_; _in
+anger, angrily_.
+
+#is, ea, id#, dem. pron., _this_ or _that_; _he, she, it_; _such_ (esp.
+before #ut# with #subj.#).
+
+#iste, a, ud#, gen. #istīus#, dat. #istī#, _that of yours, your_; _that,
+this_.
+
+#ita# [#is#], adv., _in this way, so, thus, as follows_.
+
+#Ītalia, ae#, f., _Italy_. The name did not include the basin of the Po
+(Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.
+
+#Ītalicus, ī#, m., _an Italian_.
+
+#itaque# [#ita# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and so, therefore, as a
+consequence, accordingly_.
+
+#item#, adv., _besides, likewise, also_.
+
+#iter, itineris# [#eō, īre#], n., _a journey, march_; _road, highway_.
+
+#iterum#, adv., _a second time, again_.
+
+#Iuba, ae#, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by
+Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46.
+
+#iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus#, _to order, command_.
+
+#iūcundē# [#iūcundus#], adv., _agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully_.
+
+#iūcundus#, adj., _pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful_.
+
+#Iudaea, ae#, f., _Judaea_.
+
+#Iudaeus, ī#, m., _a Jew_.
+
+#iūdex, icis# [#iūs# + #dīcō#], m., _a judge, juror_.
+
+#iūdicium, ī# [#iūdex#], n., _judgment, decision_.
+
+#iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#iūdex#], _to examine judicially, judge,
+adjudge_; _think, consider_; _declare, resolve_.
+
+#iūgerum, ī#, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre;
+_an acre_.
+
+#iugulum, ī# [dim. of #iugum#], n., _throat, neck_.
+
+#iugum, ī# [#iungō#], n., _a yoke, collar_; _mountain summit, range of
+mountains_; _a military yoke_, formed by fixing two spears upright in
+the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath
+such a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of
+complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors.
+
+#Iugurtha, ae#, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111
+to 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius.
+
+#Iugurthīnus#, adj., _of_ or _with Jugurtha, Jugurthine_.
+
+#Iūlia, ae#, f., _Julia_.
+
+  1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.
+
+  2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus.
+
+#Iūlius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Caesar#.
+
+#iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to join together, unite, bind, fasten,
+yoke_.
+
+  #ad--adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to join_ or _add to, attach_.
+
+  #con--coniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus#, _to fasten together, join,
+  unite_.
+
+#iūnior#, see #iuvenis#.
+
+#Iūnius, ī#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Brūtus#.
+
+#Iuppiter, Iovis#, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig.
+a personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain,
+and storms.
+
+#iūre#, see #iūs#.
+
+#iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#iūs#], _to take an oath, swear_; _swear to_.
+
+  #con--cōniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take an oath together, conspire,
+  plot_.
+
+#iūs, iūris#, n., _right, justice, law_; _court of justice, trial in
+court_; abl. #iūre# as adv., _rightly, justly_; #in iūs vocāre#, _to
+summon into court, bring to trial_.
+
+#iūsiūrandum, ī# [#iūs# + #iūrō#], n., _an oath_.
+
+(#iussus, ūs#) [#iubeō#], m., _order, command_ (found only in abl.
+sing.).
+
+#iūstitia, ae# [#iūs#], f., _justice, uprightness_.
+
+#iuvenis, is#, comp. #iūnior#, sup. #minimus nātū#, adj., _young_. As
+noun, #iuvenis, is#, m., _young person, youth_ (between 17 and 45);
+#iuvenēs# or #iūniōrēs#, _the fighting men_.
+
+#iuventa, ae# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_.
+
+#iuventūs, ūtis# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_; collectively, _young people_,
+esp. _fighting men_. Cf. #iuvenis#.
+
+
+#K#
+
+#Kalendae, ārum#, pl. f., _the Kalends_, or the first day of the month.
+
+
+#L#
+
+#labor, ōris#, m., _labor, toil_; _hardship, distress_.
+
+#lābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip_.
+
+  #dē--dēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to glide down_; _slip_ or _fall down,
+  fall_.
+
+  #ex--ēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip away, glide off, escape_.
+
+  #prō--prōlābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to fall down_; _slip, stumble_.
+
+  #re--relābor, ī, lāpsus sum#, _to slip_ or _sink back_; _flow back,
+  subside_.
+
+#labōriōsē# [#labōriōsus#, _toilsome_], adv., _laboriously, carefully_.
+
+#labōrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to labor, toil_; _be hard pressed, suffer, be
+afflicted_.
+
+  #ex--ēlabōrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to labor, toil, endeavor_.
+
+#Lacedaemonius, ī#, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief
+city of Laconia, a district of Southern Greece.
+
+#lacerō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound_.
+
+#*laciō, ere#, _to entice_.
+
+  #ad--adliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#, _to entice, win over, attract_.
+
+  #ex--ēliciō, ere, uī, itus#, _to draw forth, call down_.
+
+  #per--perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#, _to entice, allure, win over_.
+
+#lacrima, ae#, f., _a tear_.
+
+#lacrimābundus# [#lacrimō#, _to weep_], adj., _weeping_.
+
+#laedō, ere, laesī, laesus#, _to hurt, injure_.
+
+  #ex--ēlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus#, _to dash out_; _shatter, crush_.
+
+  #in--inlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus#, _to dash against_.
+
+#Laelius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Laelius_, a friend of Scipio
+Africanus.
+
+#laetitia, ae# [#laetus#], f., _joy, exultation_.
+
+#laetus#, adj., _joyful, glad, cheerful_.
+
+#laevus#, adj., _left_.
+
+#lambō, ere, --, --#, _to lick, lap_.
+
+#lāmenta, ōrum#, pl. n., _lamentations_.
+
+#lāmina, ae#, f., _a thin plate_.
+
+#lāna, ae#, f., _wool_.
+
+#lancea, ae#, f., _a spear, lance, dart_.
+
+#lānificium, ī# [#lānā# + #faciō#], n., _spinning, weaving_.
+
+#lanius, ī#, m., _a butcher_.
+
+#lapideus# [#lapis#], adj., _of stone, stone_.
+
+#lapis, idis#, m., _a stone_; _milestone_.
+
+#laqueus, ī#, m., _noose, halter_.
+
+#Lārentia, ae#, f., see #Acca#.
+
+#largītiō, ōnis# [#largior#, _to bribe_], f., _liberality_; _bribery_.
+
+#latebra, ae#, [#lateō#, _to lie hid_], f., _hiding place_ (usually only
+in pl.).
+
+#laterīcius# [#later#, _a brick_], adj., _made of brick, brick_.
+
+#Latīnus#, adj., _pertaining to Latium, Latin_; as noun, #Latīnus, ī#,
+m., _an inhabitant of Latium, a Latin_.
+
+#lātrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bark at_.
+
+#latrō, ōnis#, m., _robber, brigand_.
+
+#latus, eris#, n., _side_; _flank_.
+
+#laudābilis, e# [#laudō#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.
+
+#laudandus# [gerundive of #laudō#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.
+
+#laudō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to praise, extol_.
+
+  #con--conlaudō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to praise very highly, extol_.
+
+#laurea, ae# (sc. #corōna#), f., _a laurel wreath_ or _crown_.
+
+#laus, laudis#, f., _praise, fame, glory_; _ability_ (as that which
+excites praise). #laudibus ferre#, _to extol_.
+
+#lautus# [part. of #lavō#, _to wash_], adj., _well-washed, neat_;
+_elegant, splendid_.
+
+#laxitās, ātis# [#laxus#, _roomy_], f., _spaciousness, roominess, size_.
+
+#lectīca, ae# [#lectus#], f., _a litter, sedan chair, palanquin_.
+
+#lectulus, ī# [dim. of #lectus#], m., _a small couch, bed_.
+
+#lectus, ī#, m., _a couch, bed_.
+
+#lēgātiō, ōnis# [#lēgō#, to commission], f., _embassy, legation_.
+
+#lēgātus, ī# [#lēgō#, _to commission_], m., _one specially commissioned,
+ambassador, envoy_; _a deputy, lieutenant_, an officer next in command
+to the #imperātor#, who selected him subject to the approval of the
+senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as
+his counsellors, and commanding in his absence.
+
+#legiō, ōnis# [#legō#], f., _a legion_, containing from four to six
+thousand men; #legiōnēs#, _the infantry_, as distinct from the cavalry.
+
+#lēgitimus# [#lēx#], adj., _fixed by law, legal_.
+
+#legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to gather, collect_; _select, appoint,
+choose_; _read_.
+
+  #con--conligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to collect, gather_.
+
+  #dē--dēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to choose, select_; _levy_.
+
+  #dis--dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus#, _to single out, esteem, love,
+  prize_.
+
+  #ex--ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus#, _to pick out, choose, select_.
+
+  #inter--intellegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus#, _learn_; _perceive,
+  understand_.
+
+#lēniter# [#lēnis#, _soft, gentle_], adv., _softly, mildly, lightly_.
+
+#lēnōcinium, ī#, n., _excessive finery_ or _nicety in dress_.
+
+#Lentulus, ī#, m., _P. Cornēlius Lentulus Dolābella_, a son-in-law of
+Cicero.
+
+#lentus#, adj., _pliant, tough_; _slow, sluggish_.
+
+#Lepidus, ī#, m., _M. Aemilius_, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; a member,
+with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate.
+
+#lētālis, e# [#lētum#, _death_], adj., _deadly, fatal_.
+
+#levis, e#, adj., _light, slight, trivial_.
+
+#leviter# [#levis#], adv., _lightly, slightly_.
+
+#lēx, lēgis#, f., _law, decree_; _term, condition_.
+
+#libēns, entis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], adj., _willing_; _with good
+will_ or _pleasure, gladly_.
+
+#libenter# [#libēns#], adv., _gladly, willingly_.
+
+#līber, lībera, līberum#, adj., _free_; _generous_; _outspoken, frank_.
+
+#liber, librī#, m., _a book_.
+
+#līberālitās, ātis# [#līberālis#, _generous_], f., _generosity,
+kindness_; _a gift_.
+
+#līberāliter# [#līberālis#, _generous_], adv., _kindly, generously,
+graciously_.
+
+#līberī, ōrum# [#līber#], pl. m., _children_; properly the free persons
+of the family as distinct from the slaves.
+
+#līberō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#līber#], _to set free, free_; _acquit,
+absolve_.
+
+#lībertās, ātis# [#līber#], f., _freedom, independence_.
+
+#lībertus, ī# [#līber#], m., _a freedman_.
+
+#libīdō, inis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust,
+wantonness, passion_.
+
+#lībrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#lībra#, _a balance_], _to balance, poise,
+brandish_.
+
+#licentia, ae# [#licet#], f., _freedom, license_.
+
+#licet, ēre, uit# or #itum est#, impers., _it is allowed_ or
+_permitted_.
+
+#līctor, ōris#, m., _a lictor_, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig.
+attendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls,
+and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared
+in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the
+fasces, and executed criminal sentences.
+
+#līgneus# [#līgnum#, _wood_], adj., _wooden_.
+
+#ligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind_.
+
+  #ad--adligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind to, bind fast, bind_.
+
+  #dē--dēligō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bind to, tie, fasten_.
+
+  #re--religō, āre, avī, ātus#, _to bind, fasten_.
+
+#līmen, inis#, n., _threshold, doorstep_.
+
+#līneāmentum, ī# [#līnea#, _a line_], n., _a line_; _feature,
+lineament_.
+
+#lingua, ae#, f., _tongue_; _language_.
+
+#liquefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus# [#liqueō#, _to be liquid_ + #faciō#],
+_to melt, dissolve_.
+
+#Līternīnus#, adj., _at Literum_, a town of Campania. As noun,
+#Līternīnum, ī# (sc. #praedium#, _an estate_), n., an estate of Scipio
+Africanus Maior at Liternum.
+
+#lītigātor, ōris# [#līs#, _lawsuit_ + #agō#], m., _a party to a lawsuit,
+litigant_.
+
+#littera, ae#, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); in pl., _a letter,
+epistle_; _literature_.
+
+#litterātus# [#littera#], adj., _lettered, educated, learned_.
+
+#lītus, oris#, n., (sea)_shore, beach, strand_.
+
+#Līvius, ī#, m., gentile name of _M. Līvius Salīnātor_, who commanded
+the garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.
+
+#locō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#locus#], _to place, put_; _contract for, let,
+lease_.
+
+  #con--conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to place, arrange, station,
+  establish_.
+
+#locuplēs, ētis# [#locus# + #plēnus#], adj., _rich in lands, rich_.
+
+#locus, ī#, m. (pl., #locī# and #loca#), _a place, spot_; _locality,
+region_; _position, station, post_; _room, opportunity_.
+
+#longē# [#longus#], adv., _a long way_ or _distance, at a distance_;
+_far, by far_.
+
+#longinquus# [#longus#], adj., _remote, distant_.
+
+#longus#, adj., _long_; _distant_.
+
+#loquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to speak, talk, say_.
+
+  #ad--adloquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to speak to, address_.
+
+  #con--conloquor, ī, locūtus sum#, _to talk with, converse, confer_.
+
+#lōrīca, ae# [#lōrum#], f., _a corselet_ of leather, _coat of mail_;
+#squāmārum lōrīca#, _armor-like covering of scales_.
+
+#lōrum, ī#, n., _a leather thong_ or _strap_.
+
+#Lūcius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Lucrētia, ae#, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron
+of the olden time.
+
+#luctor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to wrestle, struggle_.
+
+#lūctus, ūs# [#lūgeō#], m., _grief, sorrow, mourning_.
+
+#Lūcullus, ī#, m., _L. Licinius_, born about 110 B.C., consul 74;
+conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself
+to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or 56.
+
+#lūcus, ī#, m., _a sacred grove, grove_.
+
+#lūdibrium, ī# [#lūdus#], n., _laughing-stock, jest_; _mockery,
+derision_.
+
+#lūdicer, cra, crum# [#lūdus#], adj., _playful, sportive_.
+
+#lūdus, ī#, m., _play, sport_; _a game_, esp. (in pl.) _the public
+games_, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and
+theatrical performances.
+
+#lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus#, _to grieve_; _grieve for, mourn, lament_.
+
+#lūgubris, e# [#lūgeō#], adj., _mournful_.
+
+#lūmen, inis# [cf. #lux#], n., _light_.
+
+#lūna, ae# [cf. #lūx#], f., _the moon_.
+
+#lupa, ae#, f., _a she-wolf_.
+
+#lūstrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to purify, cleanse_; _to review, inspect_.
+
+#lūx, lūcis#, f., _light, daylight, day_; #prīmā lūce#, _at dawn_.
+
+#lūxuria, ae# [#lūxus#], f., _luxury, excess_.
+
+#lūxus, ūs#, m., _excess, luxury, self-indulgence_.
+
+
+#M#
+
+#Macedō, onis#, m., _a Macedonian_.
+
+#Macedonia, ae#, f., _Macedonia_, an extensive country north of Greece.
+Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander
+the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world.
+
+#māchina, ae#, f., _machine_ or _engine of war_; _a contrivance, trick_.
+
+#mactō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter_.
+
+#mactus#, adj., _worshiped, glorified_.
+
+#Maecēnās, ātis#, m., _C. Cilnius_, the close friend of Augustus and his
+chief adviser in civil affairs.
+
+#maestus#, adj., _sad, gloomy, mournful_.
+
+#magis#, comp., adv., _in a greater degree_; _more, rather_; sup.
+#māximē# [#māximus#], _in the highest degree, particularly_;
+_exceedingly, very_.
+
+#magister, trī#, m., _master, chief_; _teacher_; #magister equitum#,
+_Master of the Horse_, an officer appointed by a dictator as his
+lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of
+the cavalry.
+
+#magistrātus, ūs# [#magister#], m., _civil office, magistracy_.
+
+#māgnificē# [#māgnificus#], adv., in good sense, _grandly_; in bad
+sense, _in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly_.
+
+#māgnificentia, ae# [#māgnificus#], f., _splendor, grandeur_.
+
+#māgnificus# [#māgnus# + #faciō#], adj., _splendid, magnificent_.
+
+#māgnitūdō, inis# [#māgnus#], f., _greatness, size_.
+
+#māgnus#, comp. #māior#, sup. #māximus#, adj., _great, large_; #māior#
+or #māximus# (sc. #nātū#), _elder, eldest_. As noun, #Māgnus, ī#, m.,
+_the Great_, cognomen of Pompey; #māiōrēs# (sc. #nātū#), pl. m.,
+_ancestors_.
+
+#Maharbal, alis#, m., _a Carthaginian general_.
+
+#māiestās, ātis# [cf. #māior#], f., _greatness, dignity_.
+
+#māior, māius#, gen. #māiōris#, see #māgnus#.
+
+#male# [#malus#], comp. #pēius#, sup. #pessimē#, adv., _badly, ill,
+unsuccessfully_; _feebly, barely, scarcely_.
+
+#maledictum, ī# [#male# + #dīcō#], n., _a curse_.
+
+#mālō, mālle, māluī# [#magis# + (1) #volō#], _to prefer_.
+
+#malus#, comp. #pēior#, sup. #pessimus#, adj., _bad, wicked_; _evil,
+unfortunate_. As noun, #malum, ī#, n., _evil, misfortune, trouble_.
+
+#Māmurius, ī#, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.
+
+#mandātum, ī# [#mandō#], n., _an order, command_.
+
+#mandō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#manus# + #dō#], _to hand over, commit,
+entrust_; _order, command_; #lītterīs mandāre#, _to write_.
+
+  #con--commendō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to commit, entrust_; _assist,
+  defend_.
+
+#māne#, adv., _early in the morning_.
+
+#maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus#, _to remain, stay, tarry_.
+
+  #re--remaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus#, _to stay behind, remain_.
+
+#Mānēs, ium#, pl. m., _the deified spirits of the dead_, to whom
+sacrifice was regularly made.
+
+#manifēstus# [#manus# + #*fendō#], adj., _clear, manifest, evident_;
+_exposed_.
+
+#manipulus, ī# [#manus# + #*pleō#] m., _a company of soldiers, maniple_
+(one third of a cohort). The standard of the maniple orig. bore (it is
+said) a _handful_ of hay.
+
+#Mānius, ī#, m., abbreviated #M’.#, a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Mānliānus#, adj., _Manlian_.
+
+#Mānlius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Torquātus#.
+
+#mānō, āre, āvī, --#, _to flow, trickle_; _to flow_ or _stream abroad,
+spread_.
+
+#mānsuētūdō, inis# [#mānsuētus#, _tame_], f., _mildness, gentleness_.
+
+#manubiae, ārum# [#manus#], pl. f., _prize-money, booty, plunder_.
+
+#manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus# [#manus# + #mittō#], _to set free,
+emancipate_.
+
+#manus, ūs#, f., _hand, arm_; #ferreae manūs#, _grappling irons_ (see
+#corvus#); _force, strength, prowess_; _band, troop_; #manūs cōnserere#,
+_to join battle_.
+
+#Mārcus, ī#, m., a common praenomen.
+
+#Mārcius, ī#, m., see #Ancus#.
+
+#mare, is#, n., _the sea_; #Mare Superum#, _the Upper_ or _Adriatic
+Sea_.
+
+#margarīta, ae#, f., _a pearl_.
+
+#maritimus# [#mare#], adj., _pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime_.
+
+#marītus, ī#, m., _husband_.
+
+#Marius, ī#, m., _C._, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered
+Jugurtha, 106; was seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri
+in 101; died in 86.
+
+#marmor, oris#, n., _marble_.
+
+#marmoreus# [#marmor#], adj., _marble, of marble_.
+
+#Mārs, Mārtis#, m., _Mars_, the Roman god of war; _war, battle_.
+
+#Mārtius# [#Mārs#], adj., _of March_.
+
+#Masinissa, ae#, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus Maior, in
+Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148.
+
+#Massīva, ae#, m., nephew of Masinissa.
+
+#māter, mātris#, f., _mother_.
+
+#māternus# [#māter#], adj., _of a mother, mother’s_; _maternal, on the
+mother’s side_.
+
+#mātrimōnium, ī# [#māter#], n., _marriage_.
+
+#mātrōna, ae# [#māter#], f., _a married woman, wife, matron_.
+
+#Maurī, ōrum#, pl. m., _Moors_, inhabitants of Mauretania, the modern
+Morocco.
+
+#māximē# [#māximus#], adv., see #magis#.
+
+#māximus#, adj., see #māgnus#.
+
+#Māximus, ī#, m., a Roman cognomen.
+
+  1. _M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus_, consul 343 B.C.
+
+  2. _Q. Fabius Māximus_, a famous general opposed to Hannibal,
+  surnamed _Cunctātor_, from his caution. He was five times consul,
+  and died in 203.
+
+#medicāmentum, ī# [#medicō#, _to heal_], n., _drug, potion_; _antidote,
+cure_.
+
+#medicus, ī# [#medeor#, _to heal_], m., _a physician, surgeon, doctor_.
+
+#meditor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to reflect upon, consider_; _plan, devise_.
+
+#medius#, adj., _in the middle, middle, midst of_. As noun, #medium, ī#,
+n., _the middle, midst, intervening space_; #in mediō#, _in the midst
+of, between_; #in medium prōferre#, _to bring out, produce_.
+
+#melior, ius#, gen. #ōris#, adj., see #bonus#.
+
+#melius#, adv., see #bene#.
+
+#Memmius, ī#, m., gentile name of _C. Memmius Gemellus_, an opponent of
+Julius Caesar.
+
+#memorābilis, e# [#memorō#], adj., _worth telling, remarkable_.
+
+#memoria, ae# [#memor#, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _record, account_.
+
+#memorō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#memor#, _mindful_], _to bring to mind,
+relate_; _say, tell_.
+
+#mēns, mentis#, f., _the mind, intellectual faculties_; _thought,
+purpose_.
+
+#mēnsa, ae#, f., _table_; _course_ (at dinner).
+
+#mēnsis, is#, m., _a month_.
+
+#mentiō, ōnis#, f., _mention_.
+
+#mercor, ārī, ātus sum# [#merx#], _to buy, purchase_.
+
+#mereō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to earn, deserve, merit_.
+
+#mergō, ere, mersī, mersus#, _to dip, plunge in_; _sink_.
+
+#meritō# [#meritum#, _desert_], adv., _deservedly, justly_.
+
+#merx, mercis#, f., _goods, wares, merchandise_.
+
+#Metellus, ī#, m., a Roman cognomen.
+
+  1. _L. Caecilius Metellus_, one of the young nobles who, after the
+  battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.
+
+  2. _Q. Caecilius Metellus_, called _Numidicus_, because of the
+  success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded
+  by Marius.
+
+  3. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius_, consul B.C. 80. He fought against
+  Sertorius.
+
+#mētor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to measure off, mark out_.
+
+#Mettius, ī#, m., see #Fūfetius#.
+
+#metus, ūs#, m., _fear, dread, terror_.
+
+#meus#, adj., _my, mine_. As noun, #meī, meōrum#, pl. m., _my friends,
+my followers_.
+
+#mī#, vocative sing. of #meus#.
+
+#micō, āre, uī, --#, _to quiver, flash, gleam_.
+
+#migrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to remove, migrate_.
+
+  #con--commigrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to change one’s home, move,
+  migrate_.
+
+  #re--remigrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to journey_ (back), _return_.
+
+#mīles, itis#, m., _a soldier, fellow-soldier_; as collective noun,
+_soldiery_.
+
+#Mīlētus, ī#, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.
+
+#mīlitāris, e# [#mīles#], adj., _soldierly, military_; #rēs mīlitāris#,
+_the art of war, military tactics_.
+
+#mīlitia, ae# [#mīles#], f., _military service, war_; #mīlitiae#, loc.,
+_in the field, abroad_, opposed to #domī#, _at home_.
+
+#mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to be a soldier, serve in war, fight_.
+
+#mīlle#, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; as noun, #mīlia#, pl. n.,
+_thousands_.
+
+#mīlliēs# [#mīlle#], adv., _a thousand times_.
+
+#mīmus, ī#, m., _farce, comedy_.
+
+#minimē# [#minimus#], adv., see #parum#.
+
+#minister, trī#, m., _attendant, servant_.
+
+#minitor, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #minor#], _to threaten_.
+
+#minor, us#, gen. #ōris#, see #parvus#.
+
+#minor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to threaten_.
+
+#Minucius, ī#, m., _M. Minucius Rūfus, magister equitum_ under Q. Fabius
+Maximus.
+
+#Minturnae, ārum#, pl. f., a town between Campania and Latium.
+
+#minuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#minus#], _to diminish, lessen_; _weaken_.
+
+#minus#, adv., see #parum#.
+
+#mīrābilis, e# [#mīror#], adj., _wonderful, strange, amazing_.
+
+#mīrāculum, ī# [#mīror#], n., _a wonder, marvel, miracle_.
+
+#mīrificus# [#mīrus# + #faciō#], adj., _wonderful_.
+
+#mīror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to wonder, marvel at_.
+
+#mīrus#, adj., _wonderful, marvelous_.
+
+#miser, era, erum#, adj., _wretched, unfortunate_.
+
+#misericordia, ae# [#misericors#], f., _pity, compassion, mercy_.
+
+#misericors, cordis# [#misereō#, _to pity_ + #cor#, _heart_], adj.,
+_tender-hearted, merciful_.
+
+#missiō, ōnis# [#mittō#], f., _release from service, discharge_.
+
+#Mithridātēs#, is, m., surnamed _the Great_, king of Pontus, B.C.
+120-63.
+
+#Mithridāticus#, adj., _Mithridatic_.
+
+#mītigō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#mītis# + #agō#], _to make gentle, soften,
+civilize_.
+
+#mītis, e#, adj., _mild, gentle, kind_.
+
+#mittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _send, despatch, dismiss_; _throw, hurl,
+shoot_.
+
+  #ab--āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send away, let go, lose_.
+
+  #ad--admittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to admit, receive_.
+
+  #con--committō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _bring together,
+  join_; _entrust, commit, bring_ (it) _about, cause, allow_; #pūgnam#
+  or #proelium committere#, _to begin battle_.
+
+  #dē--dēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _let down, cast down,
+  let fall_; _put_.
+
+  #dis--dīmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ (away), _dismiss_;
+  _give up, abandon_.
+
+  #ex--ēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send forth_ or _out_; _hurl,
+  cast_; _utter_; _let loose_.
+
+  #in--immittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send in, admit_; _send, hurl_.
+
+  #ob--omittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to lay aside_; _neglect, omit_;
+  _pass over, say nothing of_; _lose sight of, let slip_.
+
+  #per--permittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to let pass_; _permit, allow_.
+
+  #prō--prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to put forward_; _promise_.
+
+  #re--remittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send back_; _yield, give up_;
+  _remit, grant exemption from_.
+
+  #re + prō--reprōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to promise in return_.
+
+  #sub--submittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _let down_; _let
+  grow_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsmittō, ere, mīsī, missus#, _to send_ or _put across_,
+  _make to cross_; _despatch_; intrans., _to go across, cross_.
+
+#Mitylēnae, ārum#, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean
+Sea.
+
+#moderātiō, ōnis# [#moderor#, _to set bounds to_], f., _self-control,
+moderation_.
+
+#moderātus# [#moderor#, _to check_], adj., _within bounds, moderate,
+merciful_.
+
+#modicus# [#modus#], adj., _moderate, modest_.
+
+#modius, ī# [#modus#], m., _a measure_; _a peck_.
+
+#modo# [#modus#], adv., _only_; _just now, lately_; #modo . . . modo#,
+_at one time . . . at another, now . . . now_; #nōn; modo . . . sed
+etiam#, _not only . . . but also_.
+
+#modus, ī#, m., _measure, limit, end_; _way, manner_; _measure, strains_
+(of music).
+
+#moenia, ium#, pl. n., _defensive walls, city walls, fortifications_.
+
+#mōlēs, is#, f., _mass, weight, bulk_; _massive structure_.
+
+#molestē# [#molestus#], adv., _with difficulty_ or _vexation_; #aegrē#
+or #molestē ferre#, _to take amiss, be vexed_ (at).
+
+#molestia, ae# [#molestus#], f., _trouble, annoyance, burden_.
+
+#molestus# [#mōlēs#], adj., _troublesome, annoying, vexatious_.
+
+#mōlior, īrī, ītus sum# [#mōlēs#], _to struggle, toil_; _undertake,
+attempt_.
+
+#mollis, e#, adj., _soft, tender_; _effeminate, unmanly_.
+
+#molliter# [#mollis#], adv., _effeminately, luxuriously_.
+
+#Molō, ōnis#, m., see #Apollōnius#.
+
+#mōmentum, ī# [#moveō#], n., _movement_; _cause, circumstance_;
+(sc. #temporis#), _moment, instant_.
+
+#moneō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to remind, admonish_; _advise, warn_.
+
+  #ad--admoneō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to remind, admonish, warn_.
+
+#monitus, ūs# [#moneō#], m., _warning, counsel_.
+
+#mōns, montis#, m., _a mountain, height, hill_.
+
+#mōnstrum, ī# [#moneō#], n., _a warning, omen_; _strange being,
+monster_.
+
+#mora, ae#, f., _delay, policy of delay_.
+
+#morbus, ī#, m., _sickness, disease_.
+
+#morior, morī, mortuus sum#, _to die_.
+
+#moror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to delay, linger, tarry_; with acc., _to
+hinder, impede_.
+
+  #dē--dēmoror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to linger, tarry, remain_.
+
+#mors, mortis#, f., _death_.
+
+#morsus, ūs# [#mordeō#, _to bite_], m., _bite_; _pain, sting, agony_.
+
+#mortālis, e# [#mors#], adj., _mortal, human_; as noun, _mortālis, is_,
+m., _a man, mortal_.
+
+#mortuus# [part. of #morior#], adj., _dead_.
+
+#mōs, mōris#, m., _a habit, custom_; _manner, fashion_; pl., _customs,
+character_.
+
+#mōtus, ūs# [#moveō#], m., _movement, agitation, tumult, insurrection_.
+
+#moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to stir, move, remove_; _affect, arouse_.
+
+  #ab--āmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to take away, remove_.
+
+  #ad--admoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move towards_; _bring near_;
+  _offer_.
+
+  #con--commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move thoroughly_; _agitate,
+  excite_.
+
+  #per--permoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move deeply, excite,
+  influence_.
+
+  #prō--prōmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to move forward, promote,
+  advance_.
+
+  #sub--submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus#, _to thrust aside, remove,
+  dislodge_.
+
+#mox#, adv., _soon, presently_; _thereupon, next_.
+
+#mūcrō, ōnis#, m., _sword-point, sword_.
+
+#muliebriter# [#muliebris#, _womanish_], adv., _like a woman, in
+womanish fashion_.
+
+#mulier, ieris#, f., _a woman, wife_.
+
+#muliercula, ae# [dim. of #mulier#], f., a (little, i.e.) _young woman,
+girl_.
+
+#mūliō, ōnis# [#mūlus#, _a mule_], m., _a mule-driver_.
+
+#multa, ae#, f., _a fine, penalty_.
+
+#multiplex, icis# [#multus# + #plicō#, _to fold_], adj., _manifold,
+many_.
+
+#multitūdō, inis# [#multus#], f., _a multitude, throng_.
+
+#multō# [#multus#], adv., _by far, much_.
+
+#multō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.
+
+#multum# [#multus#], adv., _much_; _greatly, severely_.
+
+#multus#, comp. #plūs#, sup. #plūrimus#, adj., _much, many a_; in pl.,
+_many_; #plūrēs#, _several_; often used as noun in all three degrees.
+
+#munditia, ae# [#mundus#, _neat_], f., _neatness, elegance, niceness_.
+
+#mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to fortify, protect_; _open up, build_
+(a road).
+
+  #con--commūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to fortify strongly,
+  intrench_.
+
+#mūnus, eris#, n., _service_; _present, gift_.
+
+#muraena, ae#, f., _an eel_.
+
+#mūrus, ī#, m., _city wall, wall_.
+
+#Mūsae, ārum#, pl. f., _the Muses_, the goddesses of the liberal arts,
+esp. music and poetry.
+
+#Mutina, ae#, f., _Mutina_ (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south
+of the Po.
+
+#Mutinēnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Mutina_.
+
+#mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to change, alter_.
+
+  #con--commūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to alter, change_; _exchange_.
+
+  #per--permūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to change throughout, exchange,
+  interchange_.
+
+#mūtuus# [#mūtō#], adj., _mutual_.
+
+
+#N#
+
+#nam#, conj. (1) causal, _for, because, inasmuch as_; (2) explanatory,
+_you know, indeed_.
+
+#nancīscor, ī, nactus sum#, _to get_ (by accident), _happen upon, find,
+meet with_.
+
+#nārrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to narrate, tell_.
+
+#nāscor, ī, nātus sum#, _to be born_; _spring from, arise_.
+
+#Nāsīca, ae#, m., cognomen of _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō_,
+opponent of Tiberius Gracchus.
+
+#nāsus, ī#, m., _the nose_.
+
+#nātiō, ōnis# [#nāscor#], f., _birth, race_; _tribe, nation, people_.
+
+#nātūra, ae# [#nāscor#], f., _nature, character, disposition_;
+personified, _Nature_.
+
+#nātus# [orig. part. of #nāscor#], adj., lit. _born_; with #annōs#,
+_old_.
+
+(#nātus, ūs#) [#nāscor#], m., _birth, age_ (found only in abl. sing.).
+
+#naufragium, ī# [#nāvis# + #frangō#], n., _shipwreck_.
+
+#nāvālis, e# [#nāvis#], adj., _naval_.
+
+#nāvicula, ae# [dim. of #nāvis#], f., _a small vessel, boat, skiff_.
+
+#nāvigātiō, ōnis# [#nāvigō#, _to sail_], f., _voyage_.
+
+#nāvigium, ī# [#nāvigō#, _to sail_], n., _ship, boat_.
+
+#nāvis, is#, f., _a ship_.
+
+#Nāvius, ī#, m., see #Attus#.
+
+#nāvō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#(g)nāvus#, _busy_], _to do with zeal_; #operam
+nāvāre#, _to render vigorous aid, act with vigor_.
+
+#nē#, (1) adv., _not_; #nē . . . quidem#, _not even, not at all_;
+(2) conj., _in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest_.
+
+#ne#, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and
+then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as conj. with
+indirect questions, _whether_.
+
+#nebulō, ōnis# [#nebula#, _mist_], m., _a worthless fellow,
+good-for-naught, scamp_.
+
+#nec#, see #neque#.
+
+#necessārius# [#necesse#, _necessary_], adj., _necessary,
+indispensable_.
+
+#necessitās, ātis# [#necesse#, _necessary_], f., _necessity_.
+
+#necō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nex#], _to kill, slay_.
+
+#nefārius# [#nefās#, _a crime_], adj., _wicked, impious, nefarious_.
+
+#nefāstus# [#nefās#, _a crime_], adj., _unhallowed_; #diēs nefāstus#,
+a day on which no public business could be transacted.
+
+#neglegēns, entis# [orig. part. of #neglegō#], adj., _heedless,
+careless_.
+
+#neglegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus# [#nec# + #legō#], _to disregard, despise,
+neglect_.
+
+#negō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say no_; _deny, refuse_.
+
+  #dē--dēnegō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to say no, deny_; _refuse, reject_.
+
+#nēmō#, gen. #nūllīus#, dat. #nēminī#, acc. #nēminem#, abl. #nūllō#; pl.
+not found [#nē# + #homō#], m. and f., _no one, nobody_.
+
+#nemus, oris#, n., _a grove_.
+
+#nepōs, ōtis#, m., _grandson, descendant_.
+
+#neptis, is#, f., _granddaughter_.
+
+#neque# or #nec# [#nē# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and not, but not, nor,
+nor yet_; #neque# or #nec . . . neque# or #nec#, _neither . . . nor_.
+
+#nequeō, īre, īvī, --# [#nē# + #queō#, _to be able_], _to be unable_.
+
+#nē . . . quidem#, see #nē#.
+
+#nesciō, īre, īvī (iī), --# [#nē# + #sciō#], _not know, to be ignorant_.
+
+#neuter, tra, trum# [#nē# + #uter#], adj., _neither_.
+
+#nex, necis#, f., _death_; _murder, slaughter_.
+
+#nī#, conj., _if not, unless_.
+
+#niger, gra, grum#, adj., _black_.
+
+#nihil# or #nīl# [#nē# + #hīlum#, _a trifle_], n. indecl., _nothing_;
+acc. often as adv., _in no wise, not at all, not_.
+
+#nihilum, ī# [older form of #nihil#], n., _nothing_; abl. #nihilō#, as
+adv., _not at all_; #nihilō minus#, _none the less_.
+
+#nihildum# [#nihil# + (1) #dum#], n. indecl., _nothing as yet_.
+
+#Nīlus, ī#, m., _the river Nile_.
+
+#nīmīrum#, adv., _without doubt, surely, truly, plainly_.
+
+#nimium# [#nimius#], adv., _excessively_.
+
+#nimius#, adj., _beyond measure, excessive, too much, too great_.
+
+#nisi# [#nē# + #sī#], conj., _if not, unless, except_.
+
+#niteō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine, glitter_; _be conspicuous, flourish_.
+
+  #ex--ēniteō, ēre, uī, --#, _to shine forth_; _be distinguished_.
+
+#nītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _lean_ or _rest upon_; _to exert one’s
+self, strive_.
+
+#ex--ēnītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _to strive, struggle_.
+
+#in--innītor, ī, nīsus# or #nīxus sum#, _to lean upon, support one’s
+self by_.
+
+#nō, nāre, nāvī, --#, _to swim_.
+
+#trāns--trānō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to swim across_.
+
+#nōbilis, e# [#nōscō#], adj., _known, noted, famous_; _high-born,
+noble_.
+
+#nōbilitās, ātis# [#nōbilis#], f., _fame, renown_; _high birth_; _the
+nobility, nobles_.
+
+#nōbilitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nōbilis#], _to make known_ or _famous,
+glorify, dignify_.
+
+#noceo, ēre, uī, itūrus#, _to hurt, injure_.
+
+#noctū# [abl. of #*noctus# = #nox#], adv., _by night_.
+
+#noctua, ae# [#nox#], f., _night-owl, owl_.
+
+#nocturnus# [#nox#], adj., _of_ or _by night, nocturnal_.
+
+#Nōla, ae#, f., a town of Campania.
+
+#nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, --# [#nōn# + (1) #volō#], _to be unwilling, not
+wish_.
+
+#nōmen, inis# [#nōscō#], n., _a name_, esp. the gentile name; #nōmina
+dare# or #profitērī#, _to volunteer_.
+
+#nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nōmen#], _to name, designate_.
+
+#nōn# [#nē# + #oenum# = #ūnum#], adv., _not, not at all_.
+
+#nōnāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_.
+
+#nōndum# [#nōn# + (1) #dum#], adv., _not yet_.
+
+#nōnnūllus# [#nōn# + #nūllus#], adj., _some, several_.
+
+#nōnnumquam# [#nōn# + #numquam#], adv., _sometimes, at times_.
+
+#nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus#, _to come to know, become acquainted with_; in
+perf., plup.; and fut. perf., _to know_.
+
+  #ad--āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus#, _to recognize_.
+
+  #con--cōgnōscō, ere, cognōvī, cōgnitus#, _to learn, perceive,
+  understand_.
+
+  #in--īgnōscō, ere, īgnōvī, īgnōtus#, _to overlook, pardon, forgive_.
+
+#nota, ae# [cf. #nōscō#], f., _a mark, sign_.
+
+#nōtus# [orig. part. of #nōscō#], adj., _well-known, familiar_.
+
+#novācula, ae#, f., _a razor_.
+
+#novem#, indecl. num. adj., _nine_.
+
+#novus#, adj., _new, fresh, young, recent_.
+
+#nox, noctis#, f., _night_.
+
+#nūbēs, is#, f., _a cloud_.
+
+#nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptum#, _to veil one’s self, be married, wed_.
+
+#nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nūdus#], _to strip, bare_.
+
+#nūdus#, adj., _naked, lightly clad_.
+
+#nūllus#, gen. #nūllīus#, dat. #nūllī# [#nē# + #ūllus#], adj., _none,
+no_; as noun, _no one_.
+
+#num#, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a
+negative answer, _not so . . . is it?_ (2) in indir. questions,
+_whether, if_.
+
+#Numa, ae#, m., see #Pompilius#.
+
+#numerō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#numerus#], _to count out_ (money), _pay_.
+
+#numerus, ī#, m., _number, quantity_.
+
+#Numida, ae#, m., _a Numidian_.
+
+#Numidia, ae#, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now
+Algiers.
+
+#Numidicus#, adj., _Numidian_.
+
+#Numitor, ōris#, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus.
+
+#nummus, ī#, m., _a piece of money, coin_, esp. the #sēstertius#. See
+#sēstertius#.
+
+#numquam# [#nē# + #umquam#, _ever_], adv., _never_.
+
+#nunc#, adv., _at the present moment, now_.
+
+#nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#nūntius#], _to announce, inform, report_;
+_bid, urge, direct_.
+
+  #dē--dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to announce, declare, proclaim_.
+
+  #prō--prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to announce, declare_.
+
+  #re--renūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to send_ or _bring back word,
+  report, announce_; with dat., _to refuse, decline_.
+
+#nūntius, ī#, m., _a messenger_; _message tidings_.
+
+#*nuō, nuere#, _to nod_.
+
+  #ab--abnuō, ere, ī, --#, _to refuse_.
+
+  #ad--adnuō, ere, ī, --#, _to nod assent to, agree to_; _agree,
+  promise_.
+
+  #in--innuō, ere, ī, --#, _to signal by a nod, hint, intimate_.
+
+  #re--renuō, ere, ī, --#, _to nod refusal, refuse_.
+
+#nūper#, adv., _lately, recently_.
+
+#nurus, ūs#, f., _a daughter-in-law_.
+
+#nūsquam# [#nē# + #ūsquam#], adv., _nowhere, in no place_.
+
+#nūtō, āre, āvī, ātum# [freq. of #*nuō#], _to nod_; of an army, _to
+waver, be ready to give way_.
+
+#nūtrīx, īcis# [#nūtriō#, _to nourish_], f., _a nurse_.
+
+
+#O#
+
+#ob#, prep. with acc., _to, towards_; _for, on account of, by reason
+of_; in composition, _towards, against, at, before_.
+
+#obeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#obiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#obiūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to berate, scold_.
+
+#oblinō, ere, lēvī, litus# [#ob# + #linō#, _to smear_], _to daub, smear,
+defile_.
+
+#oblitus#, see #oblinō#.
+
+#oblītus#, see #oblīvīscor#.
+
+#oblīviō, ōnis# [cf. #oblīvīscor#], f., _forgetfulness_.
+
+#oblīvīscor, ī, oblītus sum#, _to forget_.
+
+#obnoxius# [#ob# + #noxa#, _harm_], adj., _liable to punishment_;
+_liable, exposed_.
+
+#obruō#, see #ruō#.
+
+#obsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#obses, idis#, m., _a hostage, surety_.
+
+#obsideō#, see #sedeō#.
+
+#obsidiō, ōnis# [#obsideō#], f., _a siege_.
+
+#obsistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#obstrepō, ere, uī, --# [#ob# + #strepō#, _to make a noise_], _to rail
+at, roar at_.
+
+#obstupēscō, ere, stupuī, --#, _to become amazed, be struck dumb_.
+
+#obtineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#obtingō#, see #tangō#.
+
+#obtrēctātor, ōris# [#obtrēctō#, _to under-rate_], m., _detractor,
+traducer_.
+
+#obtruncō, āre, --, ātus# [#ob# + #truncō#, _to maim_; cf. #truncus#],
+_to lop off_; _kill, slay_.
+
+#obveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#obviam# [#ob# + #via#], adv., _across one’s path, in the way, towards_;
+#obviam īre, prōgredī# or #venīre#, _to go to meet_; #obviam esse# or
+#fierī#, _to meet_.
+
+#obvius# [#ob# + #via#], adj., _in the way, meeting_; with #esse,
+fierī#, or #venīre#, _to meet_.
+
+#obvolvō, ere, ī, volūtus# [#ob# + #volvō#, _to roll_], _to wrap round,
+envelop, cover_.
+
+#occāsiō, ōnis# [#occidō#], f., _fitting time, opportunity, chance_.
+
+#occāsus, ūs# [#occidō#], m., _downfall_.
+
+#occidō#, see #cadō#.
+
+#occīdō#, see #caedō#.
+
+#occumbō#, see #*cumbō#.
+
+#occupō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ob# + #capiō#], _to take possession of,
+seize_; _attack_.
+
+#occurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#Octāvia, ae#, f., _sister of Octavianus_.
+
+#Octāviānus, ī#, m., see #Augustus# and #Caesar#.
+
+#octō#, indecl. num. adj., _eight_.
+
+#octōgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _eighty_.
+
+#oculus, ī#, m., _the eye_.
+
+#odium, ī#, n., _hatred, grudge, aversion_.
+
+#odor, ōris#, m., _smell, perfume_.
+
+#offendō#, see #*fendō#.
+
+#offēnsus# [orig. part. of #offendō#], adj., _vexed, displeased,
+offended_.
+
+#offerō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#officiōsus# [#officium#], adj., _courteous, obliging_.
+
+#officium, ī# [#opus# + #faciō#], n., _service, kindness, favor_; _duty,
+office_.
+
+#ōlim# [#ole#, old form of #ille#], adv., _formerly_.
+
+#omittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#omnīnō# [#omnis#], adv., _in all, altogether_.
+
+#omnis, e#, adj., _each, every, all, the whole_; #omnēs ad ūnum#, _all
+to a man_.
+
+#opera, ae# [#opus#], f., _work, labor, pains, aid_; #operam dare#, _to
+devote pains to_; #operam nāvāre#, see #nāvō#.
+
+#opifex, ficis# [#opus# + #faciō#], m., _workman, artisan_.
+
+#Opīmius, ī#, m., _Lūcius_, consul 121 B.C., and opponent of
+C. Gracchus.
+
+#opīniō, ōnis# [#opīnor#, _to think_], f., _opinion, fancy, belief_.
+
+#oportet, ēre, uit#, impers., _it is necessary_ or _proper, it befits_.
+
+#oppidum, ī#, n., _a walled town, city_.
+
+#oppleō#, see #*pleō#.
+
+#oppōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#opportūnus#, adj., _fit, suitable, convenient_.
+
+#opprimō#, see #premō#.
+
+#oppūgnātiō, ōnis# [#oppūgnō#], f., _assault, attack, siege, storming_.
+
+#oppūgnō#, see #pūgnō#.
+
+#(ops), opīs#, f., _aid, help_; in pl., _power, influence_; _means,
+wealth_.
+
+#optimātēs, um# or #ium# [#optimus#], pl. m., _the aristocrats, the
+nobles_.
+
+#optimus#, see #bonus#.
+
+#optiō, ōnis# [#optō#], f., _choice, option_.
+
+#optō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to choose, select_; _wish_ or _pray for,
+desire_.
+
+  #ad--adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take to one’s self by choice,
+  adopt_.
+
+#opulentus# [#ops#], adj., _rich, wealthy_.
+
+#opus, eris#, n., _work, labor_; _need, necessity_; #opus est# with
+abl., _there is need of_; #māgnō opere#, _greatly_; #tantō opere#, _so
+greatly_.
+
+#ōrāculum, ī# [#ōrō#], n., _an oracle_; _a prophecy_.
+
+#ōrātiō, ōnis# [#ōrō#], f., _a speech, oration, discourse_.
+
+#ōrātor, ōris# [#ōrō#], m., _speaker, pleader, ambassador_.
+
+#orbis, is#, m., _ring, circle, orbit_; #orbis terrārum# (or #orbis#
+alone), _the world_.
+
+#orbus#, adj., _bereft_ (of parents or children), _parentless,
+childless_. As noun, #orbus, ī#, m., _an orphan_.
+
+#ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ōrdō#], _to set in order, arrange, adjust,
+regulate_.
+
+#ōrdior, īrī, ōrsus sum#, _to begin_.
+
+#ōrdō, inis#, f., _row, series, arrangement, order_; _bank_ or _tier of
+oars_; _class, rank_.
+
+#oriēns, entis# [part. of #orior#], m. (sc. #sōl#), _the rising sun_;
+_the East, Orient_.
+
+#orior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise, begin_; _to spring from, be descended
+from_.
+
+  #con--coorior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise_.
+
+  #ex--exorior, īrī, tus sum#, _to arise, rise, begin_.
+
+#oriundus# [#orior#], adj., _descended, sprung from_.
+
+#ōrnāmentum, ī# [#ōrnō#], n., _preparation_; _decoration, ornament,
+jewel_.
+
+#ōrnātus# [#ōrnō#], adj., _fitted out, equipped_; of men,
+_distinguished, illustrious_.
+
+#ōrnātus, ūs# [#ōrnō#], m., _dress, fine attire_; _decoration,
+ornament_.
+
+#ōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fit out, equip_; _adorn, decorate,
+beautify_.
+
+  #ad--adōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to equip, provide_; _adorn,
+  beautify_.
+
+  #sub--subōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to incite secretly, bribe_.
+
+#ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to speak, plead, treat_; _entreat, beseech,
+pray_.
+
+  #ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to supplicate_; _worship, reverence_.
+
+  #per--perōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to speak, plead_.
+
+#ōs, ōris#, n., _mouth, face_.
+
+#ōsculor, ārī, ātus sum# [#ōsculum#, _a kiss_], _to kiss_.
+
+  #dē--deōsculor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to kiss_.
+
+#ostendō#, see #tendō#.
+
+#ostentō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #ostendō#], _to show, exhibit_.
+
+#Ōstia, ae# [#ōs#], f., _Ostia_, a town at the Tiber’s mouth, the
+sea-port of Rome.
+
+#ōtiōsē# [#ōtiōsus#], adv., _leisurely, idly_.
+
+#ōtiōsus# [#ōtium#], adj., _at leisure, idle_; _in retirement_ (_i.e._,
+not in office).
+
+#ōtium, ī#, n., _leisure, ease, idleness_.
+
+#ovō, āre, --, --#, _to exult, rejoice_.
+
+
+#P#
+
+#P.#, abbreviation of the name _Pūblius_.
+
+#pācātus# [#pācō#, _to subdue_], adj., _pacified, subdued, at peace_.
+
+#pacīscor, ī, pactus sum#, _to agree together, bargain, stipulate_.
+
+#paene#, adv., _almost, nearly_.
+
+#paenitet, ēre, uit, --#, impers., _it grieves, it repents_.
+
+#palam#, adv., _openly, publicly_.
+
+#Palātium, ī#, n., _the Palatine Hill_. Since Augustus had his palace
+there, #palātium# came to mean _palace_.
+
+#pālor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to roam abroad, scatter, straggle_.
+
+#palpebrae, ārum#, pl. f., _the eyelids_.
+
+#palūdāmentum, ī#, n., _a military cloak, cloak_.
+
+#pālus, ī#, m., _a stake, post_.
+
+#palūs, ūdis#, f., _swamp, marsh, pool_.
+
+#pandō, ere, ī, passus#, _to spread out, unfold_.
+
+#papāver, eris#, n., _poppy_.
+
+#pār, paris#, adj., _equal, like, similar_; _well-matched_. As noun, _an
+equal, mate_.
+
+#parābilis, e# [#parō#], adj., _easily obtainable, readily procured_.
+
+#parcō, ere, pepercī#, and #parsī, --#, _to spare_.
+
+#parcus# [#parcō#], adj., _sparing, frugal, temperate_.
+
+#parēns, entis# [part. of #pariō#], m. and f., _a parent, a father_ or
+_mother_.
+
+#pāreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to appear_ (esp. in answer to a command), _obey_.
+
+  #ad--appāreō, ēre, uī, --#, _to become visible, appear_; _be plain_
+  or _evident_.
+
+#pariō, ere, peperī, partus#, _to give birth to, bring forth, produce_;
+_acquire, obtain, procure_.
+
+#ab--aperiō, īre, uī, tus#, _to uncover, bare_; _open, disclose_.
+
+  #ad# + #op--adoperiō, īre, uī, tus#, _to cover, veil_.
+
+  #con--comperiō, īre, ī, tus#, _to find out, learn_.
+
+  #re--reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus#, _to find_ (again), _meet
+  with, discover_.
+
+#pariter# [#pār#], adv., _equally, alike_; _likewise_.
+
+#parō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to make ready, prepare_; _resolve, plan_; _get,
+acquire_.
+
+  #con--comparō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to prepare, make ready_; _obtain,
+  procure_.
+
+#parricīdium, ī# [#pater# + #caedō#], n., _murder of a father,
+parricide_.
+
+#pars, partis#, f., _a part, portion_; _direction_; _a side, faction,
+political party_ (both sing. and pl.); _a character, role_ (esp.
+in pl.).
+
+#Parthī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Parthians_, a people in Asia, southeast of
+the Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to
+the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful
+archers, and successfully resisted the Roman power.
+
+#partim# [#pars#], adv., _partly_.
+
+#partior, īrī, ītus sum# [#pars#], _to distribute, divide_.
+
+#partus, ūs# [#pariō#], m., _a bringing forth, delivery, birth_.
+
+#parum#, adv., _too little, not enough_; comp. #minus#, _less, by no
+means, not_; sup. #minimē#, _least of all, by no means, not at all_. As
+noun, #parum#, indecl. n., _too little, not enough_.
+
+#parvulus# [dim. of #parvus#], adj., _very small, tiny_. As noun,
+#parvulus, ī#, m., _a small child, infant_.
+
+#parvus#, adj., _little, small_; comp. #minor#, _smaller, less_;
+_younger_ (sc. #nātū#); sup. #minimus#, _smallest, least_.
+
+#pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus#, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze, browse_
+(esp. in pass. and supine).
+
+#passim# [#passus#, part. of #pandō#], adv., _in every direction,
+everywhere_.
+
+#pāstor, ōris# [#pāscō#], m., _herdsman, shepherd_.
+
+#patefaciō# [#pateō# + #faciō#], _to lay open, disclose, bring to
+light_.
+
+#pateō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be open_.
+
+#pater, patris#, m., _father_; pl., #patrēs# or #patrēs cōnscrīptī#,
+_the senators_. See #cōnscrīptus#.
+
+#paternus# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, fatherly, father’s_.
+
+#patiēns, entis# [#patior#], adj., _able to endure, long suffering,
+patient_.
+
+#patior, ī, passus sum#, _to suffer, bear, endure_; _experience_;
+_allow, permit_.
+
+#patria, ae# [#pater#], f., _fatherland, native land_.
+
+#patricius# [#pater#], adj., _of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble_. As
+noun, #patriciī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the nobles, patricians_, the
+descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome.
+
+#patrimōnium, ī# [#pater#], n., _inheritance, patrimony, property_.
+
+#patrius# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, father’s_.
+
+#patrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to carry out, perform, execute_.
+
+#patrōnus, ī# [#pater#], m., _defender, patron_; _pleader, advocate,
+lawyer_.
+
+#paucus#, adj., _few, little_ (chiefly in pl.).
+
+#paulātim# [#paulum#], adv., _little by little, by degrees, gradually_.
+
+#paulō# and #paulum# [#paulus#, _little_], adv., _by a little,
+somewhat_.
+
+#Paulus, ī#, m., _L. Aemilius_, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216
+B.C. In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a
+national hero.
+
+#pauper, eris#, adj., _poor_; _scanty, small_.
+
+#pauperculus# [dim. of #pauper#], adj., _quite poor_.
+
+#pavidus# [#paveō#, _to be afraid_], adj., _trembling, fearful,
+frightened_.
+
+#pavor, ōris# [#paveō#, _to be afraid_], m., _terror, fear, dread_.
+
+#pāx, pācis#, f., _peace_; _treaty_.
+
+#peccātum, ī# [#peccō#], n., _an error, fault, sin_.
+
+#peccō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin_.
+
+#pectus, oris#, n., _breast, bosom, heart_.
+
+#pecūnia, ae# [#pecus#], f., _money, property_.
+
+#pecus, oris#, n., _cattle, flock, herd_.
+
+#pedes, itis# [#pēs#], m., _a foot-soldier_; collectively,
+_foot-soldiers, infantry_.
+
+#pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel_; _defeat,
+rout_.
+
+  #ad--#(1) #appellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive towards, steer
+  for, direct_.
+
+  #ad--#(2) #appellō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call_ (by name), _address_;
+  _appeal to, call upon_; _name, term, mention_.
+
+  #con--#(1) #compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive together_;
+  _force, compel_.
+
+  #con--#(2) #compellō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to address_.
+
+  #dē--dēpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel,
+  dislodge_.
+
+  #ex--expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive out, expel, banish_.
+
+  #per--perpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive, force, induce_.
+
+  #prō--prōpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus#, _to drive forward_ or _away_;
+  _incite_.
+
+  #re--repellō, ere, reppulī, repulsus#, _to drive back, shake off,
+  repulse, reject_.
+
+#pendeō, ēre, pependī, --#, _to hang, be suspended_; _hang one’s self_.
+
+#pendō, ere, pependī, pēnsus#, _to weigh, pay_.
+
+  #ex--expendō, ere, ī, pēnsus#, _to weigh_ or _pay out_.
+
+  #re--rependō, ere, ī, pēnsus#, _to pay for, purchase_; used esp. of
+  buying a thing with its weight in money.
+
+#penitus#, adv., _inwardly, within_; _deeply, completely_.
+
+#per#, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, _through, across, over,
+throughout_; (2) of time, _through, during_; (3) of means or agency, _by
+means of, by the agency of, through_; (4) often in adv. phrases, #per
+iocum#, _jokingly_, #per ōtium#, _quietly_, #per intervālla#, _at
+intervals_; in composition, _thoroughly, very_.
+
+#peragō#, see #agō#.
+
+#peragrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #ager#], _to wander through, roam
+over, traverse, scour_.
+
+#peramoenus# [#per# + #amoenus#, _lovely_], adj., _very lovely,
+charming_.
+
+#percellō, ere, culī, culsus#, _to smite, strike_; _overturn, upset_;
+_dishearten, discourage_.
+
+#percieō, ciēre, cīvī, citus# [#per# + #cieō#, _to stir up_], _to arouse
+thoroughly, excite_.
+
+#percitus#, see #percieō#.
+
+#percontor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to ask, question_.
+
+#percussor, ōris# [#percutiō#], m., _murderer, assassin_.
+
+#percutiō#, see #quatiō#.
+
+#perdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#perdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#peregrīnus# [#per# + #ager#], adj., _from foreign parts, foreign_.
+
+#perendiē#, adv., _on the day after tomorrow_.
+
+#perennis, e# [#per# + #annus#], adj., _perennial_; _perpetual,
+never-failing_.
+
+#pereō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#perferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#perficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#perfidia, ae# [#perfidus#], f., _treachery_.
+
+#perfidus#, adj., _faithless, treacherous_.
+
+#perforō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #forō#, _to bore_], _to bore through,
+pierce_.
+
+#perfruor#, see #fruor#.
+
+#perfuga, ae# [#perfugiō#], m., _a fugitive, deserter, refugee_.
+
+#perfugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#pergō#, see #regō#.
+
+#perīclitor, āri, ātus sum# [#perīculum#], _to try, test_; intrans., _to
+be in danger, incur risk_.
+
+#perīculōsus# [#perīculum#], adj., _perilous, dangerous_.
+
+#perīculum, ī#, n., _trial_; _danger, peril_.
+
+#perītus#, adj., _experienced, skilled, expert_. As noun, #perītus, ī#,
+m., _an expert_.
+
+#perliciō#, see #*laciō#.
+
+#permittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#permoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#permultus# [#per# + #multus#], adj., _very much, very many_. As noun,
+#permultum, ī#, n., _a great deal_; #permultī, ōrum#, pl. m., _very
+many_ (persons).
+
+#permūtō#, see #mūtō#.
+
+#perniciēs, ēī#, f., _destruction, ruin, overthrow_.
+
+#perniciōsus# [#perniciēs#], adj., _dangerous, destructive_.
+
+#perōrō#, see #ōrō#.
+
+#perpellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#perpetuō# [abl. of #perpetuus#], adv., _continually, forever_.
+
+#perpetuus#, adj., _continuous, uninterrupted_; #in perpetuum#,
+_forever_.
+
+#perrumpō#, see #rumpō#.
+
+#persaepe# [#per# + #saepe#], adv., _very often_.
+
+#perscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#persequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#perstringō#, see #stringō#.
+
+#persuādeō#, see #suādeō#.
+
+#pertaesus# [orig. part. of #pertaedet#, _it wearies, disgusts_], adj.,
+_disgusted with, sick of_.
+
+#pertināciter# [#pertināx#, _persistent_], adv., _persistently,
+stubbornly_.
+
+#pertineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#pertrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#perturbō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#per# + #turbō#, _to disturb_], _to confuse,
+disturb, upset_.
+
+#perveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#pēs, pedis#, m., _the foot_; _a foot_ (in measurements).
+
+#pessimus#, see #malus#.
+
+#pēstifer, fera, ferum# [#pēstis# + #ferō#], adj., _baneful,
+destructive_.
+
+#pēstilēns, entis# [#pēstis#], adj., _baneful_.
+
+#pēstilentia, ae# [#pēstilēns#], f., _pest, plague, disease_.
+
+#pēstis, is#, f., _plague, pest_; _curse, bane_.
+
+#petītiō, ōnis# [#petō#], f., _candidacy_.
+
+#petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus#, _to strive for, seek_; _beg, ask, request_;
+_assail, attack_; intrans., _to be a candidate_.
+
+  #ex--expetō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to seek, desire, crave_.
+
+  #re--repetō, ere, īvī, ītus#, _to seek again, try to get back,
+  demand back_.
+
+#phalerae, ārum#, pl. f., _a metal breastplate_ (esp. for horses),
+_trappings_.
+
+#Pharnacēs, is#, m., _a son of Mithridates_.
+
+#Pharsālicus#, adj., _of_ or _at Pharsalus_.
+
+#Pharsālus, ī#, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated
+Pompey, 48 B.C.
+
+#Philippī, ōrum#, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and
+Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C. 42.
+
+#philosophia, ae#, f., _philosophy_.
+
+#philosophus, ī#, m., _a philosopher_.
+
+#Philus, ī#, m., see #Fūrius#.
+
+#pietās, ātis# [#pius#, _dutiful_], f., _conscientiousness, dutiful
+conduct, devotion, piety_; _filial affection, loyalty_.
+
+#piget, ēre, uit# and #itum est#, impers., _it pains, grieves,
+disgusts_.
+
+#pīgnus, oris#, n., _pledge, security_; _assurance, proof_.
+
+#pilleus, ī#, m., _a_ (close-fitting) _cap_.
+
+#pinguis, e#, adj., _fat, sleek_.
+
+#pīrāta, ae#, m., _a sea-robber, pirate_.
+
+#pīrāticus# [#pīrāta#], adj., _of_ or _with_ (against) _the pirates_.
+
+#piscīna, ae# [#piscis#], f., _a fish-pond_.
+
+#piscis, is#, m., _a fish_.
+
+#Pīsō, ōnis#, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.
+
+  1. _Cn._ (_Calpurnius_) _Pīsō_, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of
+  excessive rigor and severity.
+
+  2. _L. Calpurnius Pīsō Frūgī_, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of
+  C. Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called _Annālēs_.
+
+#Placentia, ae#, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.
+
+#placeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to please, be agreeable to_; _seem best to_;
+impers., #placet, uit# or #placitum est#, with dat., _to be
+resolved by_.
+
+  #dis--displiceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to displease_.
+
+#placidē# [#placidus#, _calm_], adv., _calmly, quietly_.
+
+#plācō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to soothe, appease_; _conciliate, reconcile_.
+
+#plāga, ae#, f., _a stroke, blow_.
+
+#Plancus, ī#, m., _C. Plōtius Plancus_, proscribed by the Second
+Triumvirate.
+
+#plaustrum, ī#, n., _a wagon, cart_.
+
+#plausus, ūs# [#plaudō#, _to clap the hands_] m., _applause,
+acclamations_.
+
+#plēbēius# [#plēbs#], adj., _plebeian_. As noun, #plēbēī, ōrum#, pl. m.,
+_the plebeians_. See #plēbs#.
+
+#plēbs, plēbis#, f., _the common people, rabble_; _the plebeians_, or
+the population that grew up round the patricians (see #patricius#) from
+such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation
+of slaves.
+
+#plectō, ere, --, --#, _to beat, punish_ (usually in pass.).
+
+#plēnus# [cf. #*pleō#], adj., _full, full of_.
+
+#*pleō, plēre, plēvī, plētus#, _to fill_.
+
+  #com--compleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill_ (to the brim): _complete_.
+
+  #ex--expleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill up, fill_.
+
+  #in--impleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill up_.
+
+  #ob--oppleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill_; _cover_.
+
+  #re--repleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus#, _to fill again, refill, fill up_.
+
+#plērīque, aeque, aque#, adj., _very many, most_.
+
+#Plīnius, ī#, m., _C. Plīnius Secundus_, commonly known as _Pliny the
+Elder_, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called _Historia
+Nātūrālis_.
+
+#Plōtius, ī#, m., see #Plancus#.
+
+#plumbeus# [#plumbum#], adj., _leaden_.
+
+#plumbum, ī#, n., _lead_.
+
+#plūrimus#, see #multus#.
+
+#plūs, plūris#, adj., see #multus#.
+
+#poena, ae#, f., _compensation, punishment, penalty_.
+
+#Poenī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Phoenicians, Carthaginians_ (see
+#Carthāgō#).
+
+#poēta, ae#, m., _a poet_.
+
+#Pōlliō, ōnis#, m., _Vedius Pōlliō_, punished by Augustus for cruelty to
+a slave.
+
+#Pompēiānus#, adj., _Pompey’s, Pompeian_.
+
+#Pompēius, ī#, m., _Cn. Pompēius_, surnamed _Māgnus_; born B.C. 106, he
+was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the
+pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with
+Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus
+in Thessaly, and soon after murdered.
+
+#Pompilius, ī#, m., #Numa Pompilius#, second king of Rome.
+
+#Pompōnius, ī#, m., _M. Pompōnius_, tribune of the people in 362 B.C.
+
+#Pomptīnus#, adj., _Pomptine_; #palūdēs Pomptīnae#, _the Pomptine
+Marshes_ in Latium, southeast of Rome.
+
+#pondus, eris# [#pendō#,], n., _weight_.
+
+#pōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put down, place, set, deposit_; _serve_
+(at meals); _spend_; _set up, build_; #castra pōnere#, _to pitch a
+camp_; #rudīmentum pōnere#, _to lay aside_ (i.e. get through) _the first
+steps, to learn_.
+
+  #ad--appōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set before, serve_
+  (at table).
+
+  #con--compōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to arrange, settle_;
+  _conclude, finish_.
+
+  #dē--dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to lay down_ or _aside, put
+  down_; _stop_; _arrange, establish_.
+
+  #dis--dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to arrange, array, dispose_.
+
+  #ex--expōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set_ or _put forth_; _land,
+  disembark_; _expose, abandon_; _relate, explain_.
+
+  #in--impōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_;
+  #lēgēs impōnere#, _to dictate terms_.
+
+  #ob--oppōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put in the way, set against,
+  oppose_.
+
+  #prae--praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to set over, put in
+  charge of_.
+
+  #prō--prōpōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put_ or _set forth_;
+  _expose to view, submit_; _propose, offer_; _resolve, determine_.
+
+  #re--repōnō, ere, posuī, positus#, _to put back, replace, restore_.
+
+#pōns, pontis#, m., _a bridge_.
+
+#ponticulus, ī# [dim. of #pōns#], m., _a little bridge_.
+
+#Ponticus#, adj., _pertaining to Pontus, Pontic_.
+
+#Pontus, ī#, m., _Pontus_, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black
+Sea.
+
+#populāris, is# [#populus#], m., _a fellow-countryman_.
+
+#populor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to lay waste, ravage, plunder_.
+
+#populus, ī#, m., _a people, nation_; collectively, _the people, the
+citizens_.
+
+#Porcia, ae#, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see #Catō#), and wife of
+M. Brutus.
+
+#porrigō#, see #regō#.
+
+#Porsena, ae#, m., _Porsena_, a king of Clusium in Etruria.
+
+#porta, ae#, f., _a city gate, gate_.
+
+#portendō#, see #tendō#.
+
+#porticus, ūs# [#porta#], f., _a colonnade, arcade, portico_.
+
+#portō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bear, carry, bring_.
+
+  #re--reportō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bring back_; _carry off or away_.
+
+#portōrium, ī# [#portus#], n., _a tax, duty, tariff_.
+
+#portus, ūs#, m., _a harbor, haven_.
+
+#pōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to ask, demand_.
+
+  #dē--dēpōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to demand urgently, claim_.
+
+  #ex--expōscō, ere, popōscī, --#, _to demand, claim_.
+
+  #re--repōscō, ere, --, --#, _to demand_ (back), _claim_.
+
+#Posīdōnius, ī#, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and
+Pompey.
+
+#possum, posse, potuī, --# [#potis#, _able_ + #sum#], _to be able, can_;
+_have influence, be strong_.
+
+#post#, (1) adv., _after, later, afterwards_; (2) prep, with acc.,
+_after, behind_.
+
+#posteā# [#post# + #is#], adv., _afterwards_.
+
+#posterus# [#post#], adj., _following, next_; comp. #posterior, us#,
+gen. #ōris#, _later_; sup. #postrēmus#, _last, lowest_; #in posterum#,
+_for the future_; #ad postrēmum#, _finally_; #postrēmō#, _at last,
+finally_. As noun, #posterī, ōrum#, pl. m., _descendants, posterity_.
+
+#posthabeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#posthāc# [#post# + #hīc#], adv., _hereafter, thereafter, in the
+future_.
+
+#postīcum, ī# [#postīcus#, _in the rear_], n., _a back door_.
+
+#postis, is#, m., _a door-post, post_.
+
+#postquam# or #post . . . quam# [#post# + #quam#], conj., _after, when_.
+
+#postrēmō#, see #posterus#.
+
+#postrēmus#, see #posterus#.
+
+#postrīdiē# [#posterus# + #diēs#], adv., _on the following day, next
+day_.
+
+#pōstulātum, ī# [#pōstulō#], n., _a demand, request_.
+
+#pōstulō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to request, demand_.
+
+#potēns, entis# [orig. part. of #possum#], adj., _able, mighty,
+influential_.
+
+#potentātus, ūs# [#potēns#], m., _power, authority, dominion_.
+
+#potentia, ae# [#potēns#], f., _power, might_.
+
+#potestās, ātis# [#potis#, _able_], f., _might, power_ (esp. that of a
+magistrate); _dominion, rule_; _opportunity_.
+
+#potior, īrī, ītus sum#, _to become master of, obtain, acquire, get_.
+
+#prae#, prep, with abl., _before, in front of_; _in comparison with_; in
+composition, _before, very_.
+
+#praeacūtus# [#prae# + #acūtus#, _sharp_], adj., _sharp at the end,
+pointed_.
+
+#praebeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#praecēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#praeceptor, ōris# [#praecipiō#], m., _teacher_.
+
+#praeceptum, ī# [#praecipiō#], n., _teaching, maxim, rule_; _command,
+order_.
+
+#praecīdō#, see #caedō#.
+
+#praecinō#, see #canō#.
+
+#praecipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#praecipuē# [#praecipuus#, _special_], adv., _chiefly, principally,
+especially_.
+
+#praeclārē# [#praeclārus#], adv., _gloriously, excellently_.
+
+#praeclārus# [#prae# + #clārus#], adj., _very bright_ or _brilliant,
+excellent, distinguished_.
+
+#praecō, ōnis#, m., _a crier, herald_.
+
+#praeda, ae#, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_.
+
+#praedicātiō, ōnis# [#praedicō#], f., _a public proclamation,
+statement_.
+
+#praedicō#, see #dicō#.
+
+#praedīcō#, see #dīcō#.
+
+#praedō, ōnis# [#praeda#], m., _one that makes_ (gains) _booty, robber_.
+
+#praefectus, ī# [#praeficiō#, _to place in command_], m., _a leader,
+commander_.
+
+#praeferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#praeferōx, ōcis# [#prae# + #ferōx#], adj., _insolent, full of
+confidence_.
+
+#praefor, fārī, fātus sum# [#prae# + #for#, _to speak_], _to say by way
+of preface_.
+
+#praelūceō, ēre, lūxī, --# [#prae# + #lūceō#, _to shine_], _to shine
+before, light the way before_.
+
+#praemium, ī# [#prae# + #emō#], n., _reward, prize_.
+
+#praepōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#praeripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#praesēns, entis# [orig. part. of #praesum#], adj., _present, at hand_;
+_face to face_.
+
+#praesidium, ī# [#praesideō#, _to defend_], n., _help, aid, defense_;
+_defensive force, garrison_; _fort, post, station_.
+
+#praestō#, see #stō#.
+
+#praesum#, see #sum#.
+
+#praeter#, prep, with acc., _past, beyond_; _contrary to, against_;
+_besides, except_; in composition, _past, beyond_.
+
+#praetereā# [#praeter# + #is#], adv., _in addition to this, besides,
+moreover_.
+
+#praetereō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#praeteritus# [orig. part. of #praetereō#], adj., _past_.
+
+#praetextus# [orig. part. of #praetexō#, _to edge, border_], adj.,
+_bordered, edged_. As noun, #praetexta, ae# (sc. #toga#), f., _the toga
+praetexta_, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by
+free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they
+became of age and assumed the _toga virīlis_, which was wholly white.
+
+#praetor, ōris# [orig. #praeitor#, from #prae# + (1) #eō#], m., _a
+leader, commander_; among the Romans, _a praetor_ or magistrate, whose
+especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla’s time
+eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in
+command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in
+Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of
+_prōpraetor_.
+
+#praetōrius# [#praetor#], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the general, the
+general’s_; _praetorian_. As noun, #praetōrius, ī#, m., _a man of
+praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_.
+
+#praeveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#prandium, ī#, n., _lunch_.
+
+#prātum, ī#, n., _a field, meadow_.
+
+#prāvus#, adj., _crooked, wrong_; _perverse, wicked_.
+
+#precor, ārī, ātus sum# [#prex#], _to ask, beg, beseech_.
+
+  #dē--dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to plead against, plead, avert by
+  prayer_; _decline_.
+
+#prehendō, ere, ī, prehēnsus#, _to grasp, seize, catch_.
+
+  #ad--apprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to lay hold of, seize, grasp_.
+
+  #con--comprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to seize, catch, arrest_;
+  _understand_.
+
+  #dē--dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to seize, catch_; _surprise,
+  detect, discover_.
+
+  #re--reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus#, _to hold back, check_; _blame,
+  criticise, reprove_.
+
+#premō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_; _press hard, crush_.
+
+#con--comprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to restrain, check, crush_.
+
+#ex--exprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_ or _force out_; _utter,
+express_.
+
+#ob--opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to crush utterly, overpower,
+overwhelm, master_.
+
+#re--reprimō, ere, pressī, pressus#, _to press_ or _keep back, check,
+restrain_.
+
+#pretiōsus# [#pretium#], adj., _of great value, costly, precious_.
+
+#pretium, ī#, n., _money value, price_; _money_; _recompense, reward_;
+#operae pretium est#, _it is worth while_.
+
+#prex, precis#, f., _a prayer, entreaty_ (chiefly in pl.).
+
+#prīdem#, adv., _long since, long ago_.
+
+#prīdiē# [#pri(or)# + #diē#], adv., _the day before_.
+
+#prīmō#, see #prior#.
+
+#prīmōrēs, um# [#prīmus#], pl. m., _first men, chiefs, nobles_.
+
+#prīmum#, see #prior#.
+
+#prīmus#, see #prior#.
+
+#prīnceps, ipis# [#prīmus# + #capiō#], adj., _first, foremost_. As noun,
+m., _leading man, chief, leader_.
+
+#prīncipium, ī# [#prīnceps#], n., _beginning_.
+
+#prior, us#, gen. #priōris#, comp. adj., _foremost, first, prior_; sup.
+#prīmus#, _first, foremost_; #prīmō, prīmum#, _at first, first_.
+
+#Prīscus, ī#, m., cognomen of _Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of
+Rome.
+
+#prius# [neuter of #prior#], adv., _before, sooner, previously, first of
+all_.
+
+#priusquam# or #prius . . . quam# [#prius# + #quam#], conj., _earlier
+than, before_.
+
+#prīvātim# [#prīvātus#], adv., _individually_; _by one’s self,
+privately_.
+
+#prīvātus# [#prīvō#], adj., _personal, private, individual_. As noun,
+#prīvātus, ī#, m., _a man in private life, a private citizen_.
+
+#prīvō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to bereave, deprive, rob_.
+
+#prō#, prep. with abl., _in front of, before_; _in behalf of, for_;
+_instead of_; _in comparison with, in accordance with_; in composition,
+_forth, for_.
+
+#prō#, interj., _O! ah! alas! Heavens!_
+
+#proavus, ī# [#prō# + #avus#], m., _great-grandfather_.
+
+#probō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#probus#, _good_], _to test_ (and find good),
+_approve, commend_; _show, prove_.
+
+  #ad--approbō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to approve fully, favor_; _show,
+  demonstrate_.
+
+  #con--comprobō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to approve, sanction_; _confirm_.
+
+#Proca, ae#, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius.
+
+#prōcēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#procella, ae#, f., _a strong wind_; _storm_.
+
+#prōcēritās, ātis# [#prōcērus#, _tall_], f., _height, tallness_.
+
+#prōclāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#prōcōnsul, is# [#prō#, _in place of_ + #cōnsul#], m., _a proconsul,
+governor of a province_. See #cōnsul# (end).
+
+#procul#, adv., _in the distance, afar_; with abl., _far from_.
+
+#Proculus, ī#, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to
+him after his death.
+
+#prōcumbō#, see #*cumbō#.
+
+#prōcūrō#, see #cūrō#.
+
+#prōdigium, ī#, n., _an omen, portent_; _strange being, prodigy,
+monster_.
+
+#prōditiō, ōnis# [#prōdō#], f., _treason_.
+
+#prōditor, ōris# [#prōdō#], m., _a traitor_.
+
+#prōdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#proelior, ārī, ātus sum# [#proelium#], _to fight, wage war_.
+
+#proelium, ī#, n., _a battle, combat_.
+
+#profectō# [#prō# + #factum#], adv., _indeed, in truth, certainly, to be
+sure_.
+
+#prōferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#proficīscor, ī, profectus sum#, _to set out, proceed_; _depart_.
+
+#profiteor#, see #fateor#.
+
+#prōflīgō#, see #*flīgō#.
+
+#profugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#profugus, ī# [#profugiō#], m., _a fugitive, exile_.
+
+#profundō#, see #fundō#.
+
+#profūsus# [orig. part. of #profundō#], adj., _lavish, extravagant,
+profuse_.
+
+#prōgredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#prohibeō#, see #habeō#.
+
+#prōiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#proinde# [#prō# + #inde#], adv., _hence, therefore_.
+
+#prōlābor#, see #lābor#.
+
+#prōmineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to project, extend, lean out_.
+
+#prōmissus# [orig. part. of #prōmittō#], adj., _hanging down, long,
+flowing_.
+
+#prōmissum, ī# [#prōmittō#], n., _a promise_.
+
+#prōmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#prōmoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#prōmptē# [#prōmptus#], adv., _quickly, readily_.
+
+#prōmptus# [#prōmō#, _to put forth_], adj., _visible, at hand_; _ready,
+alert, prompt_.
+
+#pronepōs, ōtis# [#prō# + #nepōs#], m., _great-grandson_.
+
+#prōnūntiō#, see #nūntiō#.
+
+#propāgō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to propagate, increase, prolong_.
+
+#prope#, adv., _near by_; _nearly, almost_ (esp. with numbers): comp.
+#propius#; sup. #proximē#, _nearest, next_.
+
+#prōpellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#properō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#properus#, _quick_], _to speed, hasten_.
+
+#propinquus# [#prope#], adj., _neighboring, near_; as noun, _a
+relative_.
+
+#propior# [#prope#], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. #proximus#, _nearest,
+next_; _latest, last_; _next, following_; #in proximō#, _near by_. As
+noun, #proximī, ōrum#, pl. m., _bystanders_.
+
+#prōpōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#prōpositum, ī# [#prōpōnō#], n., _plan, purpose_.
+
+#propriē# [#proprius#], adv., _peculiarly, especially_.
+
+#proprius#, adj., _own, one’s own_; with gen. or dat., _peculiar to,
+characteristic of_.
+
+#propter#, prep. with acc., _on account of_.
+
+#prōripiō#, see #rapiō#.
+
+#prōrogō#, see #rogō#.
+
+#prōscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#prōscrīptiō, ōnis# [#prōscrībō#], f., _a notice of sale_;
+_proscription, confiscation_.
+
+#prōsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#prōsiliō#, see #saliō#.
+
+#prōspectus, ūs# [#prōspiciō#, _to look forward_], m., _view, prospect_.
+
+#prōsperē# [#prōsperus#], adv., _propitiously, successfully_.
+
+#prōsperus# [#prō# + #spēs#], adj., _according to one’s hopes,
+favorable_.
+
+#prōsternō#, see #sternō#.
+
+#prōsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#prōtendō#, see #tendō#.
+
+#prōtinus#, adv., _right on, continuously_; _at once, immediately_.
+
+#prōvehō#, see #vehō#.
+
+#prōvincia, ae#, f., _a province_ (i.e. a territory outside of Italy
+under Roman government); _sphere of operations_.
+
+#prōvocō#, see #vocō#.
+
+#proximē#, see #prope#.
+
+#proximus#, see #propior#.
+
+#prūdēns, entis# [orig. #prōvidēns#, part. of #prōvideō#, _to see
+ahead_], adj., _fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent_.
+
+#prūdentia, ae# [#prūdēns#], f., _foresight, practical wisdom, good
+sense_.
+
+#psittacus, ī#, m., _a parrot_.
+
+#Ptolemaeus, ī#, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time
+of Alexander the Great.
+
+#pūblicē# [#pūblicus#], adv., _in the name of_ (by order of) _the state,
+publicly, officially_.
+
+#pūblicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#pūblicus#], _to open to the public, make
+public_.
+
+#pūblicus# [orig. #populicus#: cf. #populus#], adj., _belonging to the
+people_ (state), _public_; _official_. As noun, #pūblicum, ī#, n., _the
+state treasury_.
+
+#Pūblius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#pudor, ōris#, m., _modesty, shame, hesitancy_.
+
+#puella, ae# [dim. of #puer#], f., _a girl_.
+
+#puer, puerī#, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_.
+
+#puerīlis, e# [#puer#], adj., _boyish, youthful_.
+
+#pueritia, ae# [#puer#], f., _childhood_; _boyhood, youth_ (extending
+usually to the 17th year).
+
+#pugiō, ōnis#, m., _a dagger, dirk_.
+
+#pūgna, ae#, f., _a combat, fight, battle_.
+
+#pūgnāx, ācis# [#pūgna#], adj., _fond of fighting, combative_.
+
+#pūgnō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to fight_; _oppose, resist_.
+
+  #ex--expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to take by storm, capture_;
+  _overpower, prevail upon_.
+
+  #in--impūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight against, oppose, attack_.
+
+  #ob--oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight against, assault, besiege_.
+
+  #re--repūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to fight back, oppose, resist_.
+
+#pulcher, chra, chrum#, adj., _beautiful_; _excellent, illustrious_.
+
+#Pulcher, chrī#, m., _P. Claudius_, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul
+249 B.C.
+
+#pullārius, ī# [#pullus#], m., _keeper of the sacred chickens_.
+
+#pullus, ī#, m., _a young animal_; _chicken_.
+
+#pulvis, eris#, m., _dust_.
+
+#pungō, ere, pupugī, punctus#, _to strike, prick, puncture_; _sting,
+torment_.
+
+#Pūnicus#, adj., _Phoenician, Punic_; _Carthaginian_ (see #Carthāgō#).
+
+#pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus# [#poena#], _to punish_.
+
+#pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#pūrus#, _clean_ + #agō#], _to make clean_;
+_clear away, excuse_.
+
+#putō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cleanse_ (vines by cutting); _consider,
+think, suppose_.
+
+  #am--amputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cut all round, cut away, lop off_.
+
+  #con--computō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to sum up, reckon, compute_.
+
+  #dis--disputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to weigh, examine_; _discuss_;
+  _argue_.
+
+  #re--reputō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to think over, reflect on, reflect_.
+
+#Pȳrēnaeus, ī# (sc. #mōns#), m., _the Pyrenees_.
+
+#Pyrrhus, ī#, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum,
+and invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C.
+
+
+#Q#
+
+#Q.#, abbreviation of the name #Quīntus#.
+
+#quadrāgēsimus# [#quadrāgintā#], num. adj., _fortieth_.
+
+#quadrāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _forty_.
+
+#quadrīgae, ārum#, pl. f., a _four-horse team_.
+
+#quadringentī, ae, a# [#quattuor# + #centum#], num. adj., _four
+hundred_.
+
+#quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus#, _to seek_; _ask_; _get, gain_.
+
+  #ad--adquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus#, _to acquire, get, gain_.
+
+  #con--conquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus#, _to seek_ or _search fo_;
+  _hunt up_.
+
+  #re--requīrō, ere, quīsīvī (iī), quīsītus#, _to seek_ or _search
+  for_.
+
+#quaesō, ere, īvī, --#, _to seek_; _beg, pray_.
+
+#quaestor, ōris# [orig. #quaesītor#; cf. #quaerō, quaesō#], m.,
+_quaestor, quartermaster_, a name given to certain magistrates who had
+the care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the
+provinces.
+
+#quaestūra, ae# [#quaestor#], f., _the quaestorship_.
+
+#quālis, e#, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind? what sort of?_
+(2) rel., _of such a kind, such as, as_.
+
+#quāliscumque, quālecumque#, adj., _of whatsoever kind, of any kind_.
+
+#quam# [(1) #quis#], adv., _how, how much_; after a comp., _than_; with
+a sup., _as possible_; #quam prīmum#, _as soon as possible_; #quamdiū#,
+_as long as_; #tam . . . quam#, _as . . . so, not only . . . but also_.
+
+#quamquam#, conj., _although, even if_.
+
+#quamvīs# [#quam# + #vīs#, from #volō#], adv. and conj., _howevermuch,
+although_.
+
+#quandōquidem# [#quandō#, _since_ + #quidem#], conj., _since indeed_.
+
+#quantus# [#quam#], adj., (1) interr., _how great? how much?_ (2) rel.,
+correl. to #tantus#, _as great as, as_.
+
+#quantum#, adv., _how much? how far?_
+
+#quāpropter# [(1) #quis# + #propter#], adv.; (1) interr., _why?
+wherefore?_ (2) rel., _for which reason, wherefore_.
+
+#quāre# [#quā# + #rē#], adv., (1) interr., _why?_ (2) rel., _for which
+reason, wherefore, therefore_.
+
+#quārtāna, ae# [#quārtus#], f. (sc. #febris#, _fever_), a fever or ague
+recurring every fourth day.
+
+#quārtus# [#quattuor#], num. adj., _fourth_.
+
+#quasī#, adv. and conj., _as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly_; _on
+the ground that_.
+
+#quater#, adv., _four times_.
+
+#quatiō, ere, --, quassus#, _to shake, strike_.
+
+  #dē--dēcutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to shake off_ or _down, strike
+  off_.
+
+  #ex--excutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to shake off, fling off_.
+
+  #per--percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#, _to strike through, pierce_;
+  _smite, strike_; _kill, slay_; _overwhelm, shock_.
+
+#quattuor#, indecl. num. adj., _four_.
+
+#que#, conj., enclitic, _and, and yet, but_.
+
+#queror, ī, questus sum#, _to complain_.
+
+  #con--conqueror, ī, questus sum#, _to complain bitterly, lament,
+  deplore_.
+
+#questus, ūs# [#queror#], m., _complaint, lament_.
+
+(1) #quī, quae, quod#, interr. pron., used adjectively, _which? what?
+what kind of?_ See (1) #quis#.
+
+(2) #quī, quae, quod#, rel. pron., _who, which, what, that_; _whoever,
+whatever_.
+
+(3) #quī, quae#, or #qua, quod#, indef. pron., used adjectively, _any,
+some_.
+
+(4) #quī# [old abl. of (1) #quī#], adv., _how?_
+
+#quia#, conj., _because, since_.
+
+#quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque#, indef. rel. pron., _whoever,
+whichever, whatever_.
+
+#quīdam, quaedam, quiddam#, and as adj., #quoddam#, indef. pron., _a
+certain one, somebody_; _a certain_.
+
+#quidem#, adv., _indeed, in fact, to be sure_; #nē . . . quidem#, _not
+even, not at all_.
+
+#quiēs, ētis#, f., _rest, sleep, quiet, respite_.
+
+#quiētus# [orig. part, of #quiēscō#, _to be at rest_], _quiet,
+peaceful_.
+
+#quīn# [(4) #quī# + #nē#], conj., _how not? why not_; _that, that not,
+but that_; #quīn et# or #etiam#, _nay more_.
+
+#Quīntilius, ī#, m., gentile name of _P. Quīntilius Vārus_, an officer
+of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans,
+B.C. 9.
+
+#Quīntīlis, is# [#Quīntus#], m. (sc. #mēnsis#), _July_, the fifth month
+(counting from March. See #December#).
+
+#quīndecemvir, ī# [#quīndecem#, _fifteen_ + #vir#], m., _a member of a
+board of fifteen men_.
+
+#quīngentī, ae, a# [#quīnque# + #centum#], num. adj., _five hundred_.
+
+#quīnquāgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_.
+
+#quīnque#, indecl. num. adj., _five_.
+
+#quīnquennium, ī# [#quīnque# + #annus#], n., _a period of five years_.
+
+#quīnquiēs# [#quīnque#], adv., _five times_.
+
+#quīntus# [#quīnque#], num. adj., _fifth_.
+
+#Quīntus, ī#, m., a praenomen.
+
+#quīppe#, adv., _indeed, as you see, surely_.
+
+#Quirīnālis, is# (sc. #collis#), m., _the Quirinal_, one of the hills of
+Rome.
+
+#Quirīnus, ī#, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and
+deification.
+
+#Quirītēs, ium# [#Curēs#], pl. m., orig. _the people of Cures_; later,
+the name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence:
+_citizens, Romans_. See #Rōmānī#.
+
+(1) #quis, quid#, interr. pron. used substantively, _who? which? what?_
+See (1) #quī#.
+
+(2) #quis, qua, quid#, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one, any
+one_; _something, anything_. See (3) #quī#.
+
+#quisnam, quaenam, quidnam# [(1) #quis# + #nam#], interr. pron., _who_
+or _what in the world? who? which? what?_
+
+#quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam# and #quidpiam#, indef. pron., _some, any,
+some one_.
+
+#quisquam, quaequam, quicquam#, indef. pron., adj. or noun, _any one,
+anything, any_.
+
+#quisque, quaeque, quidque# or #quodque#, indef. pron., noun or adj.,
+_each, every, each one, every one_.
+
+#quisquis, quicquid#, indef. pron., _whoever, whatever, every one who,
+everything which_.
+
+#quō# [#quī#], adv. and conj. As adv., (1) interr., _whither_? (2) rel.,
+_whither_; as conj., _in order that, that, that thereby_.
+
+#quōcumque#, adv., _whithersoever_.
+
+#quod#, conj., _because, that, in that_; _as to the fact that, so far
+as_; #quod sī#, _but if_.
+
+#quōmodo# [(1) #quī# + #modus#], adv., (1) interr., _how?_ (2) rel., _in
+the manner that, as_.
+
+#quondam#, adv., _once, formerly_.
+
+#quoniam# [#quom# (= #cum#, _since_) + #iam#], conj., _since, because,
+seeing that_.
+
+#quoque#, conj., _also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).
+
+#quōrsum# or #quōrsus# [orig. #quōversus#; #quō# + #vertō#], adv.,
+_whither?_
+
+#quotannīs# [#quot# + #annus#], adv., _each year, yearly_.
+
+#quoūsque# [#quō# + #ūsque#, _until_], adv., (1) interr., _until what
+time?_ (2) rel., _until_.
+
+
+#R#
+
+#radius, ī#, m., _a staff, rod_; _beam, ray_.
+
+#radīx, īcis#, f., _a root_; _foot, base_.
+
+#rapīna, ae# [#rapiō#], f., _robbery, pillage_.
+
+#rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus#, _to seize_ and _carry off, drag off_;
+_plunder, destroy_; _hasten, hurry_.
+
+  #ab--abripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to take away forcibly, drag off_.
+
+  #ad--adripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to snatch quickly, seize_.
+
+  #con--corripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to seize, catch up_; #morbō
+  corripī#, _to fall sick_.
+
+  #dis--dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to tear apart_; _ravage, plunder_.
+
+  #prae--praeripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to snatch away, carry off_ or
+  _away_.
+
+  #prō--prōripiō, ere, uī, reptus#, _to fling forth_; with #sē#,
+  _rush_.
+
+#rārō# [#rārus#], adv., _seldom, rarely_.
+
+#rārus#, adj., _thin_; _scattered, rare_.
+
+#ratiō, ōnis# [#reor#], f., _reckoning, calculation, account_; _method,
+plan_.
+
+#ratis, is#, f., _a raft, boat, vessel_.
+
+#re# or #red#, insep. prefix, _again, back_.
+
+#rebellō#, see #bellō#.
+
+#recēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#receptus, ūs# [#recipiō#], m., _a retreat_.
+
+#recessus, ūs# [#recēdō#], m., _nook, corner_.
+
+#recidō#, see #cadō#.
+
+#reciperō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to regain, recover_.
+
+#recipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#reconciliō#, see #conciliō#.
+
+#recreō#, see #creō#.
+
+#rēctē# [#rēctus# (part. of #regō#), _straight, right_], adv., _rightly,
+duly, well_.
+
+#recubō#, see #cubō#.
+
+#recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #causa#], _to decline, refuse_.
+
+#reddō#, see #dō#.
+
+#redeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#redigō#, see #agō#.
+
+#redimō#, see #emō#.
+
+#redintegrō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#red# + #integer#], _to make whole again,
+renew_.
+
+#reditus, ūs# [#redeō#], m., _a going_ (or coming) _back, return_.
+
+#redūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#refellō, ere, ī, --# [#re# + #fallō#, _to deceive_], _to prove false,
+refute, disprove_.
+
+#referō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#refoveō#, see #foveō#.
+
+#refringō#, see #frangō#.
+
+#refugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#rēgālis, e# [#rēx#], adj., _kinglike, royal_.
+
+#rēgia, ae# [#rēgius#], f. (sc. #domus#), _a palace_.
+
+#rēgīna, ae# [#rēx#], f., _a queen_.
+
+#regiō, ōnis# [#regō#], f., _district, region_.
+
+#rēgius# [#rēx#], adj., _kingly, royal, king’s_.
+
+#rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#rēgnum#], _to be king_; _rule, govern_.
+
+#rēgnum, ī# [#rēx#], n., _kingly government, sovereignty, sway_; _a
+kingdom_.
+
+#regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule_.
+
+  #con--corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to straighten, correct,
+  improve_.
+
+  #dis--dīrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to guide, steer, direct_.
+
+  #ex--ērigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus#, _to raise_ or _lift up_; _stir up,
+  arouse_.
+
+  #per--pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus#, _to go straight on, proceed,
+  hasten_; with acc., _pursue with vigor, perform_; #partēs pergere#,
+  _to play the rōle_.
+
+  #por# (= #prō#)#--porrigō, ere, porrēxī, porrēctus#, _to spread_ or
+  _stretch out_; _hold forth, offer, present_.
+
+#regredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#Rēgulus, ī#, m., _M. Atīlius_, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa
+and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255.
+
+#rēiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#relābor#, see #lābor#.
+
+#relēgō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #lēgō#, _to send_], _to send out of the
+way, remove_.
+
+#religiō, ōnis#, f., _sense of duty_; _religion, devotion to the gods_;
+_scruple_.
+
+#religiōsus# [#religiō#], adj., _careful, scrupulous_; _sacred, holy_.
+
+#religō#, see #ligō#.
+
+#relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus# [#re# + #linquō#, _to leave_], _to leave
+behind, leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_.
+
+#reliquiae, ārum# [#relinquō#], pl. f., _remainder, remnant, residue_.
+
+#reliquus# [cf. #relinquō#], adj., _remaining, rest_.
+
+#remaneō#, see #maneō#.
+
+#remedium, ī# [#re# + #medeor#, _to cure_], n., _a cure, remedy_.
+
+#remigrō#, see #migrō#.
+
+#remittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#remūneror, ārī, ātus sum# [#re# + #mūnerō#, _to reward_], _to reward,
+repay_.
+
+#Remus, ī#, m., the brother of Romulus.
+
+#renovō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #novus#], _to renew, restore, revive_.
+
+#renūntiō#, see #nūntiō#.
+
+#renuō#, see #*nuō#.
+
+#reor, rērī, ratus sum#, _to reckon_; _think, suppose_; #ratus#,
+_thinking_.
+
+#repellō#, see #pellō#.
+
+#rependō#, see #pendō#.
+
+#repente# [#repēns#, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_.
+
+#repentīnus# [#repēns#, _sudden_], adj., _sudden, unexpected_.
+
+#reperiō#, see #pariō#.
+
+#repetō#, see #petō#.
+
+#repleō#, see #*pleō#.
+
+#repōnō#, see #pōnō#.
+
+#reportō#, see #portō#.
+
+#repōscō#, see #pōscō#.
+
+#reprehendō#, see #prehendō#.
+
+#reprimō#, see #premō#.
+
+#reprōmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cast off, divorce_; _reject, scorn_.
+
+#repūgnō#, see #pūgnō#.
+
+#repulsa, ae# [#repellō#], f., _rejection, repulse_; _a defeat at the
+polls_.
+
+#reputō#, see #putō#.
+
+#requīrō#, see #quaerō#.
+
+#rēs, reī#, f., _thing, matter_; _affair, deed, exploit, event_;
+_circumstance_; _a story_; _property, fortune_; _trouble_; #rēs
+familiāris#, _private property_; #rēs pūblica#, _the commonwealth,
+state_; #rēs gestae#, _exploits_; #rēs repetundae#, _extortion_; #rē
+vērā#, _in reality, in truth_.
+
+#resecō#, see #secō#.
+
+#reserō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#re# + #sērō#, _to bolt_], _to unlock, open_.
+
+#resīdō#, see #sīdō#.
+
+#resistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#resolvō#, see #solvō#.
+
+#respergō, ere, spersī, spersus# [#re# + #spargō#, _to strew,
+sprinkle_], _to besprinkle, bespatter_.
+
+#respiciō#, see #*speciō#.
+
+#respīrō#, see #spīrō#.
+
+#respondeō#, see #spondeō#.
+
+#respōnsum, ī# [#respondeō#], n., _answer, reply_, esp. of an oracle;
+_warning_.
+
+#rēs pūblica#, see #rēs#.
+
+#restinguō#, see #stinguō#.
+
+#restituō#, see #statuō#.
+
+#retineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#retrahō#, see #trahō#.
+
+#reus, ī#, m., _defendant, accused person, prisoner_.
+
+#revertor#, see #vertō#.
+
+#revīvīscō, ere, --, --# [#re# + #vīvēscō#, inceptive of #vīvō#], _to
+come to life again_.
+
+#revocō#, see #vocō#,
+
+#rēx, rēgis# [cf. #regō#], m., _king, monarch_.
+
+#Rhēa, ae#, f., _Rhēa_, also called _Rhēa Silvia_, mother of Romulus and
+Remus.
+
+#Rhēnus, ī#, m., the river Rhine.
+
+#rhētor, oris#, m., _a teacher of oratory, rhetorician_; _orator_.
+
+#Rhodus, ī#, f., _Rhodes_, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor,
+famous for its schools of rhetoric (see #Apollōnius#), its colossal
+statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.
+
+#rīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to smile, laugh_; _laugh at, mock_.
+
+  #dē--dērīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to laugh at, mock, deride_.
+
+  #in--inrīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus#, _to jeer at, mock, ridicule_.
+
+#rigō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to wet, moisten_.
+
+#rigor, ōris#, m., _severity, rigor_.
+
+#rīpa, ae#, f., _a bank_ (of a river).
+
+#rīsus, ūs# [#rīdeō#], m., _laughter_.
+
+#rītē# [cf. #rītus#], adv., _with due ceremonies, duly, fitly,
+properly_.
+
+#rītus, ūs#, m., _religious ceremony, rite_.
+
+#rixa, ae#, f., _a quarrel_ (of blows), _brawl_.
+
+#rōbur, oris#, n., _hard wood, oak_; _strength, vigor, power_.
+
+#rogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to ask, inquire_; _request, implore_.
+
+  #ab--abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to repeal, annul_.
+
+  #inter--interrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to ask, question_.
+
+  #prō--prōrogō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to prolong, extend_.
+
+#Rōma, ae#, f., _Rome_.
+
+#Rōmānus#, adj., _Roman_; as noun, #Rōmānus, ī#, m., _a Roman_; #Rōmānī,
+ōrum#, pl. m., _the Romans_, the name given to the Romans in their
+military capacity.
+
+#Rōmulus, ī#, m., _Romulus_, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea
+and Mars.
+
+#Rōscius, ī#, m., _Sextus Rōscius_, defended by Cicero on a capital
+charge.
+
+#rōstrum, ī# [#rōdō#, _to gnaw_], n., _the beak_ or _ram of a ship_;
+pl., _the Rostra_, or speaker’s platform in the Forum (adorned with
+beaks of captured ships).
+
+#Rubicō, ōnis#, m., _the Rubicon_, a river in the northeastern part of
+Italy.
+
+#rudīmentum, ī# [#rudis#], n., _first attempt, beginning_. See #pōnō#.
+
+#rudis, e#, adj., _uncouth, unpolished_; _ignorant, rude_.
+
+#ruīna, ae# [#ruō#], f., _downfall, ruin, destruction_; pl., _a fallen
+building, ruins_.
+
+#rūmor, ōris#, m., _a story, report, rumor_.
+
+#rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to break, destroy_.
+
+  #con--corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to destroy_; _seduce, bribe,
+  corrupt_.
+
+  #ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum#, _to break forth_ or _out, burst
+  forth_.
+
+  #per--perrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus#, _to break through, force a way
+  through, get across_.
+
+#ruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to fall_; _rush, hasten_; with acc., _to cause to
+fall, overthrow_.
+
+  #con--corruō, ere, ī, --#, _to fall_ (in battle).
+
+  #dis--dīruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to tear apart, overthrow, destroy_.
+
+  #ex--ēruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to cast out_; _dig up, destroy utterly_.
+
+  #in--inruō, ēre, ī, --#, _to rush in, make an attack_.
+
+  #ob--obruō, ere, ī, tus#, _to overwhelm, hide, bury_.
+
+#rūpēs, is# [#rumpō#], f., _a rock, cliff_.
+
+#rūrsus# or #rūrsum# [orig. #revorsus#; cf. #revertō#], adv., _back_;
+_again_.
+
+#rūs, rūris#, n., _the country_; pl., _the fields_; #rūrī#, _in the
+country_.
+
+#rūsticor, āri, ātus sum# [#rūs#], _to live in the country_; _take a
+vacation_.
+
+#rūsticus# [#rūs#], adj., _rural, rustic_.
+
+
+#S#
+
+#Sabīnī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy,
+adjoining Latium on the north.
+
+#sacer, cra, crum#, adj., _holy, sacred_; as noun, #sacrum, ī#, n., _a
+holy thing, sacred vessel_; pl., _religious rites, sacrifices_.
+
+#sacerdōs, ōtis# [#sacer#], m. and f., _priest, priestess_.
+
+#sacrārium, ī# [#sacer#], n., _sanctuary, shrine_.
+
+#sacrificium, ī# [#sacer# + #faciō#], n., _a sacrifice_.
+
+#sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_.
+
+  #con--cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to dedicate, consecrate, devote_.
+
+  #ex--exsecror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to curse, abhor_.
+
+#saeculum, ī#, n., _a race_; _generation, age, time_.
+
+#saepe#, adv., _frequently, often_.
+
+#saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītum# [#saevus#], _to be fierce_ or _cruel,
+rage_; #saevīre in aliquem#, _to treat any one cruelly_.
+
+#saevitia, ae# [#saevus#], f., _fury, cruelty_.
+
+#saevus#, adj., _raging, fierce, cruel_.
+
+#sagīnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sagīna#, _stuffing_], _to fatten_.
+
+#sagulum, ī#, n., _a short military cloak_.
+
+#Saguntus, ī#, f., and #Saguntum, ī#, n., _Saguntum_, a town on the east
+coast of Spain.
+
+#Salernitānus#, adj., _of_ or _near Salernum_ (modern Salerno), a town
+in Campania.
+
+#Saliī, ōrum# [#saliō#], pl. m., _the Salii_ or _Leapers_, the dancing
+priests of Mars.
+
+#Salīnātor, ōris#, m., see #Līvius#.
+
+#saliō, īre, uī, tus#, _to leap_.
+
+  #dē--dēsiliō, īre, uī, sultum#, _to leap down_.
+
+  #in--īnsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap up_ or _on, mount_.
+
+  #prō--prōsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap_ or _spring forward_.
+
+  #trāns--trānsiliō, īre, uī, --#, _to leap across, jump over_.
+
+#saltem#, adv., _at least, at all events_.
+
+#saltō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #saliō#], _to dance, leap_.
+
+  #ex--exsultō, āre, āvī, --#, _to leap, dance_ (esp. with joy),
+  _exult, rejoice_.
+
+#saltus, ūs# [#saliō#], m., _a leap, bound_; _leaping, jumping_.
+
+#saltus, ūs#, m., _a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass_.
+
+#salūbris, e# [#salūs#], adj., _health-giving, wholesome, healthy_;
+_beneficial_.
+
+#salūs, ūtis#, f., _health, vigor_; _safety_.
+
+#salūtātiō, ōnis# [#salūtō#], f., _greeting, salutation_.
+
+#salūtātor, ōris# [#salūtō#], m., _saluter, visitor_.
+
+#salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#salūs#], _to wish one health, greet, salute,
+visit_.
+
+  #con--cōnsalūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to greet_ or _salute warmly_.
+
+#salveō, ēre, --, --# [#salvus#], _to be well_; imperative, #salvē,
+salvēte#, _hail! greetings!_
+
+#salvus#, adj., _well, sound, safe_.
+
+#sambūceus# [#sambūcus#, _an elder-tree_], adj., _of elder, elder_.
+
+#Samnītēs, ium#, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a branch of the Sabine race
+inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.
+
+#sānē# [#sānus#, _sound_], adv., _indeed, truly, by all means_;
+_certainly_.
+
+#sanguinolentus# [#sanguis#], adj., _bloody_.
+
+#sanguis, inis#, m., _blood_.
+
+#sapiō, ere, īvī, --#, _to taste_; _to have taste_ or _understanding_;
+_be wise_.
+
+  #dē--dēsipiō, ere, --, --#, _to be foolish_ or _crazy_.
+
+#sapiēns, entis# [orig. part. of #sapiō#], adj., _wise, sensible,
+discreet_.
+
+#sapientia, ae# [#sapiēns#], f., _wisdom_.
+
+#Sardinia, ae#, f., an island between Italy and Spain.
+
+#sarmentum, ī# [#sarpō#, _to prune_], n., _a twig_; pl., _brushwood,
+fagots_.
+
+#satis#, adv., _enough_; _tolerably, quite_; as noun, n., _enough,
+sufficiency_.
+
+#satisfaciō, ere, fēcī, factum# [#satis# + #faciō#], _to satisfy, make
+reparation_.
+
+#saucius#, adj., _wounded, hurt_.
+
+#saxum, ī#, n., _a stone, rock, boulder_.
+
+#scamnum, ī#, n., _a bench, stool_.
+
+#scandō, ere, --, --#, _to climb, mount_.
+
+  #ad--āscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to climb up, mount, ascend_.
+
+  #con--cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to mount, ascend_; _go on
+  board_.
+
+  #dē--dēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsum#, _to climb_ or _come down, descend_;
+  _dismount_.
+
+  #ex--ēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to mount, ascend_.
+
+  #trāns--trānscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus#, _to climb_ or _pass over,
+  cross_.
+
+#scapha, ae#, f., _a light boat, skiff_.
+
+#scelerātus# [#scelus#], adj., _wicked, impious, accursed_.
+
+#scelestē# [#scelestus#, _impious_], adv., _wickedly, impiously_.
+
+#scelus, eris#, n., _wicked deed, sin, crime_.
+
+#schola, ae#, f., _leisure, leisure for learning_; _place of learning,
+school_.
+
+#scīlicet# [#scīre# + #licet#], adv., _plainly, of course, doubtless_.
+
+#scindō, ere, scidī, scissus#, _to cut, tear, rend, split_.
+
+  #ab--abscindō, ere, scidī, scissus#, _to cut_ or _tear off, hew
+  off_.
+
+#sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus#, _to know, understand_; with infin., _to know
+how_.
+
+#Scīpiō, ōnis#, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of
+Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens.
+
+  1. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at
+  the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain,
+  in 212.
+
+  2. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Māior_, son of (1), born B.C. 237;
+  commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama
+  in 202. He died about 183 B.C.
+
+  3. _L. Cornēlius Scīpiō_, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After
+  defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen
+  _Asiāticus_.
+
+  4. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Minor_, captured Carthage, B.C.
+  146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129.
+
+  5. _P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō_, see #Nāsīca#.
+
+  6. _Q. Metellus Pius Scīpiō_, father-in-law of Pompey.
+
+#scīscitor, ārī, ātus sum# [#scīscō#], _to ask, inquire_.
+
+#scīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus# [#sciō#], _to seek to know_; _approve,
+enact, decree_.
+
+  #con--cōnscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus#, _to approve of, decree_;
+  #mortem sibi cōnscīscere#, _to commit suicide_.
+
+  #dē--dēscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītum#, _to withdraw, desert, revolt_.
+
+#scrība, ae# [#scrībō#], m., _a clerk, secretary_.
+
+#scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write_.
+
+  #ad--adscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to add, include, enroll_.
+
+  #con--cōnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to enroll, enlist_.
+
+  #dē--dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to copy off, sketch,
+  describe_.
+
+  #dis--dīscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to mark off, divide_.
+
+  #īn--īnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write on, inscribe on_.
+
+  #per--perscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write out_ (in full).
+
+  #prō--prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to offer for sale_;
+  _proscribe, outlaw_.
+
+  #sub--subscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus#, _to write beneath_.
+
+#scrīnium, ī#, n., _a case, box_ (esp. for books or papers).
+
+#scrīptor, ōris# [#scrībō#], m., _a writer, author_; _narrator_.
+
+#Scultenna, ae#, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.
+
+#scūtum, ī#, n., _a shield_.
+
+(1) #sē#, see #suī#.
+
+(2) #sē# or #sēd#, insep. prefix, _apart, away from_.
+
+#sēcēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#sēcernō#, see #cernō#.
+
+#secō, āre, uī, tus#, _to cut_.
+
+  #re--resecō, āre, uī, tus#, _to cut loose_ or _off_.
+
+#sēcrētus# [part. of #sēcernō#], adj., _separate_; _hidden, concealed_;
+_secret_; abl. #sēcrētō# as adv., _secretly_.
+
+#sector, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #sequor#], _to follow eagerly, pursue,
+seek the society of_.
+
+#secundus# [#sequor#], adj., _following, second_; _favorable,
+fortunate_.
+
+#secūris, is# [#secō#], f., _an axe, hatchet_.
+
+#secus#, comp. #sētius#, adv., _otherwise, differently_.
+
+#sed#, conj., _but, on the contrary_.
+
+#sēdecim# [#sex# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_.
+
+#sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessum#, _to sit_.
+
+  #ad--adsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, _to sit at_ or _beside, besiege_.
+
+  #in--īnsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, with dat., _to sit in, on_, or
+  _upon_; with acc., _to settle on, occupy_.
+
+  #ob--obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus#, _block, besiege, beset_.
+
+#sēdēs, is# [cf. #sedeō#], f., _seat, chair_; _residence, abode_.
+
+#sēditiō, ōnis# [#sēd# + #itiō#, from #eō, īre#], f., _dissension,
+rebellion, revolt_.
+
+#sēdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#sēdulitās, ātis# [#sēdulus#, _earnest_], f., _earnestness,
+persistency_.
+
+#sēdulō# [abl. of #sēdulus#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, busily_;
+_purposely, deliberately_.
+
+#sēgnis, ē#, adj., _slow, tardy, sluggish_.
+
+#sēgniter# [#sēgnis#], adv., _without spirit_ or _vigor, lazily_.
+
+#sella, ae# [#sedeō#], f., _a seat, chair_; #sella curūlis#, a portable
+stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such
+chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with
+ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this
+chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles,
+praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.
+
+#semel#, adv., _once, once for all_.
+
+#sēmet#, see #suī#.
+
+#semper#, adv., _always, continually_.
+
+#sempiternus# [#semper#], adj., _eternal_.
+
+#Semprōnius, ī#, m., _Ti. Semprōnius Longus_, defeated by Hannibal at
+the Trebia B.C. 218.
+
+#senātor, ōris# [#senātus#], m., _a senator_.
+
+#senātōrius# [#senātor#], adj., _senatorial_.
+
+#senātus, ūs# [cf. #senex#], m., _council of elders, senate_, in the
+time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when
+he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.
+
+#Seneca, ae#, m., _L. Annaeus Seneca_, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of
+the Emperor Nero.
+
+#senecta, ae# [#senex#], f., _old age_.
+
+#senectūs, ūtis# [#senex#], f., _old age_.
+
+#senex#, gen. #senis#, adj., _old_; comp. #senior#, _elder_; sup.
+#māximus# (#nātū#), _eldest_. As noun, #senex, senis#, m., _an old man_;
+#seniōrēs, um#, pl. m., _the elders_ (men over 45).
+
+#senior#, see #senex#.
+
+#senium, ī# [#senex#], n., _old age, decay_.
+
+#sententia, ae# [#sentiō#], f., _opinion, thought_; _wish, inclination_.
+
+#sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus#, _to discern by sense, feel_; _see,
+perceive_; #bene sentīre dē#, _to think well of_.
+
+  #con--cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsum#, _to agree_; _conspire, plot_.
+
+#sēparātim# [(2) #sē# + #parō#], adv., _separately, apart_.
+
+#sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus#, _to bury, inter_.
+
+#septem#, indecl. num. adj., _seven_.
+
+#septēnī, ae, a# [#septem#], num. adj., _seven each, seven apiece_.
+
+#Septimulēius, ī#, m., _L. Septimulēius_ of Anagnia in Latium, a friend
+of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold.
+
+#septimus# [#septem#], num. adj., _seventh_.
+
+#septirēmis, e# [#septem# + #rēmus#, _oar_], f. (sc. #nāvis#), _a ship
+with seven banks_ or _tiers of oars_.
+
+#septuāgēsimus# [#septuāgintā#, _seventy_], num. adj., _seventieth_.
+
+#sepultūra, ae# [#sepeliō#], f., _burial, funeral_.
+
+#sequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow_; _favor_.
+
+  #ad--adsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow up, overtake_; _gain,
+  attain_.
+
+  #con--cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow, overtake_; _attain,
+  acquire_.
+
+  #in--īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to pursue, overtake_.
+
+  #ob--obsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to comply with, yield to,
+  submit to_.
+
+  #per--persequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow persistently, pursue,
+  hound_.
+
+  #prō--prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow, accompany, escort_.
+
+  #sub--subsequor, ī, secūtus sum#, _to follow after, follow_.
+
+#Sergius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name.
+
+  1. _L. Sergius Catilīna_, see #Catilīna#.
+
+  2. _M. Sergius Catilīna_, grandfather of (1).
+
+#sēriō# [abl. of #sērius#], adv., _in earnest, seriously, in good
+faith_.
+
+#sērius#, adj., _grave, serious, earnest_.
+
+#sermō, ōnis# [#serō#], m., _talk, conversation_; _speech_.
+
+#serō, ere, --, tus#, _to bind together_.
+
+  #con--cōnserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to join_; #manūs# or #pūgnam
+  cōnserere#, _to join battle, fight_.
+
+  #dē--dēserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to leave, abandon_; _forsake, neglect_.
+
+  #dis--disserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to speak, discourse, harangue_.
+
+  #ex--exserō, ere, uī, tus#, _to thrust out_.
+
+#sērō# [abl. of #sērus#, _late_], adv., _late, too late_.
+
+#Sertōrius, ī#, m., _Quīntus_, an officer in the army of Marius. He went
+to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of
+an independent force till his death in 72.
+
+#serva, ae# [#servus#], f., _a slave woman_.
+
+#servīlis, e# [#servus#], adj., _of a slave_; _slavish, servile_.
+
+#servitūs, ūtis# [#servus#], f., _slavery_.
+
+#Servius, ī#, m., see #Tullius#.
+
+#servō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to save, preserve, watch_.
+
+  #con--cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to keep safe, preserve_.
+
+#servus, ī#, m., _a slave_.
+
+#sēse#, see #suī#.
+
+#sēstertius, ī# [#sēmis#, _half_ + #tertius#], m. (sc. #nummus#), _a
+sesterce_, a small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half
+asses, but later worth about four cents. See #ās#. In naming large sums
+of money the Romans speak of ‘so many times a hundred thousand
+_sēstertiī_’ (_centēna mīlia sēstertium_).
+
+#sētius#, see #secus#.
+
+#seu#, see #sīve#.
+
+#sevērē# [#sevērus#], adv., _gravely, severely, sternly, strictly_.
+
+#sevēritās, ātis# [#sevērus#], f., _sternness, strictness_.
+
+#sevērus#, adj., _stern, strict, severe_.
+
+#sex#, indecl. num. adj., _six_.
+
+#sexāgintā#, num. adj., _sixty_.
+
+#Sextīlis, e#, adj., _of the sixth month_. As noun, #Sextīlis, is#, m.
+(sc. #mēnsis#), _August_. See #December#.
+
+#Sextīlius, ī#, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88.
+
+#sextus# [#sex#], num. adj., _sixth_.
+
+#Sextus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#sī#, conj., _if, whether_; #quod sī#, _but if_.
+
+#sibi#, see #suī#.
+
+#sībilus, ī#, m., _a hissing, whistling_.
+
+#Sibyllīnus# [#Sibylla#, _a Sibyl, prophetess_], adj., _pertaining to
+the Sibyls, Sibylline_.
+
+#sīc#, adv., _in this way, thus, so_.
+
+#siccō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#siccus#], _to drain_.
+
+#siccus#, adj., _dry_. As noun, #siccum, ī#, n., _the dry ground_.
+
+#Sicilia, ae#, f., _Sicily_.
+
+#Siculus#, adj., _Sicilian_.
+
+#sīdō, sīdere, --, --#, _to seat one’s self, sit down_.
+
+  #ad--adsīdō, ere, sēdī, --#, _to seat one’s self, sit down_.
+
+  #con--cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessum#, _to sit down_; _settle, encamp_;
+  _take a position_.
+
+  #re--resīdō, ere, sēdī, --#, _to settle down, sink, subside_;
+  _abate, grow calm_.
+
+#sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sīgnum# + #faciō#], _to make signs, show_;
+_point out, indicate_.
+
+#sīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sīgnum#], _to set a mark on_; _sign, seal_
+(a document).
+
+  #ad--adsīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to allot, award, assign_.
+
+#sīgnum, ī#, n., _sign, signal_; _military standard, ensign_; _statue,
+image_; #sīgna īnferre alicuī#, _to advance against_ or _attack any
+one_.
+
+#Sīlānus, ī#, m., _D. Iūnius Sīlānus Mānliānus_, praetor in Macedonia
+B.C. 142.
+
+#silēns, entis# [orig. part. of #sileō#, _to be still_], adj., _still,
+quiet, silent_.
+
+#silentium, ī# [#silēns#], n., _stillness, quiet, silence_.
+
+#silva, ae#, f., _a wood, forest_.
+
+#Silvia, ae#, f., see #Rhēa#.
+
+#similis, e#, adj., _like, similar_.
+
+#similiter# [#similis#], adv., _in like manner, similarly_.
+
+#similitūdō, inis# [#similis#], f., _likeness, resemblance, similarity_.
+
+#simul#, adv., _at the same time_; #simul atque# or #āc#, _as soon as_.
+
+#simulō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#similis#], _to make like, copy_; _feign,
+pretend_.
+
+  #dis--dissimulō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to disguise, conceal, dissemble_.
+
+#simultās, ātis# [#simul#], f., _enmity, hatred_; #simultātēs gerere#,
+_to carry on a feud_.
+
+#sine#, prep, with abl., _without_.
+
+#singulāris, e# [#singulī#], adj., _one by one, single, individual_;
+_remarkable, singular, unparalleled_.
+
+#singulī, ae, a#, adj., _one at a time, one apiece, single_.
+
+#sinister, tra, trum#, adj., _left_.
+
+#sinō, ere, sīvī, situs#, _to put, place_; _permit, let_.
+
+#sinus, ūs#, m., _a curve, hollow, fold_; _fold of the toga_ (as it
+crosses the breast), _pocket_; _bosom_.
+
+#sistō, ere, stitī, status#, trans., _to cause to stand, place, set_;
+intrans., _stand_.
+
+  #ab--absistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to withdraw, cease, desist_.
+
+  #con--cōnsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand, take position_ (of an
+  army); _stop, halt_; _be firm, endure, continue_.
+
+  #dē--dēsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand off from, cease, desist_.
+
+  #ex--exsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to step forth_; _come to be, become,
+  arise_.
+
+  #ob--obsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to stand in the way of, resist,
+  oppose_.
+
+  #re--resistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to oppose, withstand, resist_.
+
+  #sub--subsistō, ere, stitī, --#, _to take a stand, remain, tarry_.
+
+#situs# [orig. part. of #sinō#], adj., _placed, situate, lying_.
+
+#situs, ūs# [#sinō#], m., _location, site_.
+
+#sīve# or #seu#, conj., _or, or if, whether_; #sīve . . . sīve# or #seu
+. . . seu#, _whether . . . or, if . . . or if_.
+
+#sōbrius#, adj., _sober, temperate_.
+
+#socer, socerī#, m., _a father-in-law_.
+
+#societās, ātis# [#socius#], f., _fellowship, association_; _alliance_.
+
+#sociō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#socius#], _to join, unite_; _hold in common,
+share, divide_.
+
+#socius, ī#, m., _fellow, comrade, ally_.
+
+#sodālis, is#, m., _companion, associate_.
+
+#sōl, sōlis#, m., _the sun_.
+
+#soleō, ēre, itus sum#, _to be wont, be accustomed, use_.
+
+#sōlitārius# [#sōlus#], adj., _lonely, isolated_.
+
+#sōlitūdō, inis# [#solus#], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place,
+wilderness_.
+
+#solitus# [#soleō#], adj., _wonted, usual, accustomed_; as noun,
+#solitum, ī#, n., _the customary, the usual_.
+
+#solium, ī#, n., _chair of state, throne_.
+
+#sollemnis, e#, adj., _religiously fixed, holy, sacred_.
+
+#sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sollicitus#, _troubled_], _to stir up,
+arouse, excite_.
+
+#sōlum# [#sōlus#], adv., _only_; #nōn . . . sōlum . . . sed . . .
+etiam#, _not only . . . but also_.
+
+#sōlus#, adj., _alone, single-handed, single, only_; _lonely, solitary_.
+
+#solvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to loosen, unbind_; _let down_; _impair,
+destroy_.
+
+  #ab--absolvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to set free, release_; _acquit_.
+
+  #re--resolvō, ere, ī, solūtus#, _to loosen_; _dissolve, melt_.
+
+#somnium, ī# [#somnus#], n., _a dream, vision_.
+
+#somnus, ī#, m., _sleep_.
+
+#sonitus, ūs# [#sonō#, _to resound_], m., _sound, crash, noise_.
+
+#sōpiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus# [cf. #sopor#, _a deep sleep_], _to put to
+sleep_; pass., _to sleep_; #sōpītī#, _buried in slumber_.
+
+#soror, ōris#, f., _a sister_.
+
+#sorōrius# [#soror#], adj., _of a sister, sister’s_.
+
+#sors, sortis#, f., _lot, fate, destiny_; _decision by lot_.
+
+#sortior, īrī, ītus sum# [#sors#], _to cast lots_; _obtain by lot_.
+
+#spatium, ī#, n., _space, room_; _distance_; _period of time_.
+
+#speciēs, --#, acc. em, abl. #ē# [#*speciō#], f., _sight, appearance_;
+_semblance, pretense_.
+
+#*speciō, ere, spexī, --#, _to look_.
+
+  #ad--adspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look at, examine, inspect_.
+
+  #con--cōnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to catch sight of, spy_;
+  _see_.
+
+  #dē--dēspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look down upon, despise_.
+
+  #dīs--dīspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to descry, perceive_.
+
+  #in--īnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look into, examine,
+  consider_.
+
+  #re--respiciō, ere, spexī, spectus#, _to look back_ (_at_), _gaze
+  at, consider_; _regard, respect_.
+
+#spectāculum, ī# [#spectō#], n., _show, sight, spectacle_.
+
+#spectātor, ōris# [#spectō#], m., _spectator_.
+
+#spectō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #*speciō#], _to look at, watch,
+behold_.
+
+  #ex--exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus#, trans., _to look out for, await,
+  expect_; intrans., _wait, wait to see_.
+
+#speculātor, ōris# [#speculor#], m., _a lookout, spy, scout_.
+
+#speculor, ārī, ātus sum# [#specula#, _a watch-tower_], _to spy out,
+examine_.
+
+#speculum, ī# [#*speciō#], n., _a looking-glass, mirror_ (usually of
+metal).
+
+#spernō, ere, sprēvī, sprētus#, _to set aside, despise, scorn_.
+
+  #ab--āspernor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to disdain, despise, scorn_.
+
+#spērō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#spēs#], _to hope_ (for), _look for, expect_.
+
+  #dē--dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to lose hope, despair, despair of_.
+
+#spēs, speī#, f., _hope, expectation_; _promise_.
+
+#spīritus, ūs# [#spīrō#], m., _breath_; _disposition, lofty spirit,
+ambition, pride_.
+
+#spīrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to breathe_.
+
+  #ex--exspīrō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to breathe out_; _die, expire_
+  (sc. #animam#).
+
+  #re--respīrō, āre, āvī, ātum#, _to breathe back_ or _out, breathe_
+  (again); intrans., _to recover breath, revive_.
+
+#splendor, ōris# [#splendeō#, _to shine_], m., _brightness, splendor,
+magnificence_.
+
+#spoliō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#spolium#], _to strip, rob, plunder_.
+
+#spolium, ī#, n., _booty, spoil_.
+
+#spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus#, _to promise_ (sacredly), _agree_.
+
+  #dē--dēspondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus#, _to promise in marriage, betroth_.
+
+  #re--respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus#, _to answer, reply_; _correspond
+  to, agree with_.
+
+#spōnsus, ī# [#spondeō#], m., _a lover, betrothed man_.
+
+#sponte# [abl. of #*spōns#, _free will_], f., _voluntarily_; with #meā,
+tuā#, or #suā#, _of my, your_, or _his own free will_.
+
+#Spūrinna, ae#, m., _Vestritius Spūrinna_, an augur of the time of
+Julius Caesar.
+
+#squāma, ae#, f., _scale_ (of fish or snake).
+
+#statim# [cf. #stō#], adv., _instantly, at once_.
+
+#statiō, ōnis# [#stō#], f., _station, post_; _picket line, guard_.
+
+#statua, ae# [#statuō#], f., _a statue, image_.
+
+#statuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#stō#], _to cause to stand, set up, place_;
+_determine_; _determine on, appoint, arrange_.
+
+  #con--cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set up, erect_; _set in order,
+  organize_; _arrange, appoint_; _resolve_.
+
+  #in--īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set in place, arrange_; _found,
+  establish_; _determine, undertake, begin_; _train, teach_.
+
+  #re--restituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to set up again, replace, restore,
+  reinstate_; _repair, remedy, save_.
+
+  #sub--substituō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to put in place of, substitute_;
+  _put_.
+
+#statūra, ae# [#stō#], f., _size, height, stature_.
+
+#status, ūs# [#stō#], m., _state, condition, rank_.
+
+#stercus, oris#, n., _dung, manure_.
+
+#Sthenius, ī#, m., _a Sicilian chief_.
+
+#sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus#, _to spread out, scatter_; _lay low_.
+
+  #con--cōnsternō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to terrify, frighten, confound_;
+  _move deeply, affect powerfully_.
+
+  #prō--prōsternō, ere, strāvī, strātus#, _to overthrow, destroy_.
+
+#stimulus, ī#, m., _goad_; _sharp point, prick_.
+
+#stinguō, ere, --, --#, _to quench_.
+
+  #ex--exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus#, _to extinguish_; _destroy,
+  kill_.
+
+  #re--restinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus#, _to quench, extinguish,
+  destroy_.
+
+#stīpendium, ī# [#stips#, _gift_ + #pendō#], n., _a payment_; _salary,
+pay_; _campaign_; #stīpendia facere# or #merēre#, _to serve a campaign_.
+
+#stirps, stirpis#, f., _stock, race_; _offspring, progeny_.
+
+#stō, stāre, stetī, statum#, _to stand_; _stand firm, abide_; #stāre
+prōmissō#, _to stand by_ (lit., _on_) _one’s promise_.
+
+  #circum--circumstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to stand about, surround_.
+
+  #con--cōnstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to agree_; _stand firm, be fixed_;
+  _consist of_; #cōnstat#, _it is agreed, it is well known, it is
+  certain_; #sibi cōnstāre#, _to be consistent_.
+
+  #ex--exstō, āre, stitī, --#, _to be extant, remain, exist_.
+
+  #prae--praestō, āre, stitī, stitus#, intrans., _to stand before,
+  surpass, excel_; trans., _to show, make, render_.
+
+#stolidē# [#stolidus#, _stupid_], adv., _stupidly_.
+
+#strāgēs, is# [#sternō#], f., _overthrow, ruin, defeat_; _massacre_.
+
+#strāgulum, ī# [#sternō#], n., _coverlet, bedspread_.
+
+#strēnuus#, adj., _brisk, active, vigorous_.
+
+#strepitus, ūs# [#strepō#, _to make a noise_], m., _noise, din, crash_;
+_applause_.
+
+#stringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to draw_ or _bind tight_, _press
+together, graze_; _draw, unsheathe_ (a sword or dagger).
+
+  #dē--dēstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to draw, unsheathe_.
+
+  #per--perstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus#, _to touch, graze_;
+  _thrill, run through_.
+
+#struō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to pile up, arrange_; _build, erect_.
+
+  #ex--exstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to pile_ or _heap up, build_.
+
+  #in--īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus#, _to build_; _arrange, draw up_
+  or _array_ (troops); _make ready, equip, fit out_.
+
+#studiōsē# [#studiōsus#, _eager_], adv., _eagerly, zealously_.
+
+#studium, ī# [#studeō#, _to be eager_], n., _zeal, enthusiasm_; _desire,
+pursuit, study_; _good-will, affection_.
+
+#stultitia, ae# [#stultus#], f., _folly_.
+
+#stultus#, adj., _foolish, silly_.
+
+#stupēns, entis# [orig. part. of #stupeō#], adj., _dazed, confused,
+dumbfounded_.
+
+#stupeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be struck senseless, be amazed_ or
+_astounded_.
+
+#suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus#, _to advise, urge, exhort_.
+
+  #dis--dissuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus#, _to advise against, oppose_
+  (by argument).
+
+  #per--persuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus#, _to persuade, induce_;
+  _convince_.
+
+#sub#, prep. with (1) acc., _under, towards, until, after_; (2) with
+abl., _under, beneath, at the foot of, close to_; _in the reign of_; in
+composition, _under, somewhat_; _in place of_; _underhandedly_.
+
+#subdō#, see #dō#.
+
+#subdūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#subeō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#subiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#subigō#, see #agō#.
+
+#subitus# [#subeō#], adj., _sudden, unexpected_; abl. #subitō# as adv.,
+_on short notice, suddenly_.
+
+#sublātus#, see #tollō#.
+
+#sublicius# [#sublica#, _a pile_], adj., _consisting of_ or _resting on
+piles_.
+
+#sublīmis, e#, adj., _uplifted, lofty_; _on high, through the sky_.
+
+#submittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#submoveō#, see #moveō#.
+
+#subolēs, is#, f., _a sprout, shoot_; _offspring, issue_; _race_.
+
+#subōrnō#, see #ōrnō#.
+
+#subscrībō#, see #scrībō#.
+
+#subsellium, ī# [#sub# + #sella#], n., _a low bench, seat_.
+
+#subsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#subsidium, ī# [cf. #subsīdō#, _to lie in wait_], n., _reserve troops_;
+_aid, help_.
+
+#subsistō#, see #sistō#.
+
+#substituō#, see #statuō#.
+
+#subtexō, ere, uī, tus# [#sub# + #texō#, _to weave_], _to weave under,
+join_; _subjoin, add_ (in speech).
+
+#succēdō#, see #cēdō#.
+
+#succēssor, ōris# [#succēdō#], m., _follower, successor_.
+
+#succēssus, ūs# [#succēdō#], m., _favorable outcome, success_.
+
+#succingō#, see #cingō#.
+
+#succlāmō#, see #clāmō#.
+
+#succurrō#, see #currō#.
+
+#suēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to become accustomed to_.
+
+  #ad--adsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to accustom one’s self to, be
+  wont_.
+
+  #con--cōnsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus#, _to become accustomed_.
+
+#sufficiō#, see #faciō#.
+
+#suffīgō#, see #fīgō#.
+
+#suffōcō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#sub# + #fauces#, _the throat_], _to choke,
+strangle_.
+
+#suffodiō#, see #fodiō#.
+
+#suffrāgātor, ōris# [#suffrāgor#, _to vote for_], m., _supporter,
+partisan, follower_.
+
+#suffrāgium, ī#, n., _a voting tablet, vote, ballot_.
+
+#suī# gen., #sibi# dat., #sē# acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron.,
+sing. and pl., _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; #sēse, sēmet#,
+strengthened forms of #sē#.
+
+#Sulla, ae#, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.
+
+  1. _L. Cornēlius Sulla_, surnamed Fēlīx, born B.C. 138; consul in
+  88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and
+  again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen
+  perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He
+  resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year.
+
+  2. _P. Cornēlius Sulla_, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by
+  Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline’s conspiracy.
+
+#Sullānus#, adj., _of_ or _by Sulla, Sullan_; as noun, #Sullānī, ōrum#,
+pl. m., _the followers of Sulla_.
+
+#Sulpicius, ī#, m., _Ser. Sulpicius Rūfus_, tribune of the people in 88
+B.C., and a supporter of Marius.
+
+#sum, esse, fuī, futūrus#, _to be, exist, live_; with gen., _belong to,
+be the part of_; _be true, be so_; _happen, take place_; with dat.,
+_have, possess_.
+
+  #ab--absum, esse, āfuī#, _to be away_ or _absent, be far from_;
+  #prope abesse#, _to be at no great distance, be near_.
+
+  #ad--adsum, esse, adfuī#, _to be present_ or _near_; _to aid_ (esp.
+  in court).
+
+  #dē--dēsum, deesse, dēfuī#, _to be away_ or _absent_; _be wanting_;
+  _fail_; _to miss, let slip_.
+
+  #in--īnsum, inesse, īnfuī#, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong to_.
+
+  #inter--intersum, esse, fuī#, _to be present at, take part in_.
+
+  #prae--praesum, praeesse, fuī#, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule,
+  govern, be in command of_.
+
+  #prō--prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī#, _to benefit, profit, aid_.
+
+  #super--supersum, esse, fuī#, _to be over_ and _above, remain_;
+  _survive, outlive_.
+
+#summa, ae# [#summus#], f., _top, summit_; _chief point_ or _place,
+supremacy_; _total, amount, sum_.
+
+#summus#, see #superus#.
+
+#sūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus# [#sub# + #emō#], _to take up, take,
+choose_; _enter upon, begin_; _spend_.
+
+  #ab--absūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to use up, consume_; _spend_.
+
+  #ad--adsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to take to one’s self,
+  receive_.
+
+  #con--cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus#, _to use up, spend_.
+
+#sūmptuārius# [#sūmptus#], adj., _relating to expense, sumptuary_.
+
+#sūmptus, ūs# [#sūmō#], m., _outlay, expense_.
+
+#supellex, supellectilis#, f., _household stuff, furniture_.
+
+#super#, prep. (1) with acc., _over, above, upon, in addition to_;
+_during_; (2) with abl., _over, upon, beyond, in addition to_.
+
+#superbē# [#superbus#], adv., _haughtily, proudly, arrogantly_.
+
+#superbia, ae# [#superbus#], f., _pride, arrogance_.
+
+#superbus# [#super#], adj., _haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent_.
+
+#Superbus, ī#, m., see #Tarquinius#.
+
+#superiaciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#superior#, see #superus#.
+
+#superō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#superus#], _to pass over, cross_; _overcome,
+subdue, conquer_; _excel, surpass_.
+
+#supersum#, see #sum#.
+
+#superus# [#super#], adj., _above, upper, higher_; comp. #superior#,
+_higher, superior, earlier_; as noun, _a superior_; sup. #suprēmus#,
+_highest, topmost, last_, or #summus#, _highest, greatest, extreme, most
+distinguished_; _often the highest part of, top of_; #Mare Superum#,
+_the Upper_ or _Adriatic Sea_.
+
+#superveniō#, see #veniō#.
+
+#supervīvō#, see #vīvō#.
+
+#supplex, icis# [#sub# + #plicō#, _to fold, bend_], adj., bending the
+knees in entreaty, _begging, suppliant_; as noun, _a suppliant_.
+
+#suppliciter# [#supplex#], adv., _suppliantly, humbly_.
+
+#supplicium, ī# [#supplex#], n., _a kneeling down_ (as suppliant, or to
+receive punishment); _punishment, execution_.
+
+#supplicō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#supplex#], _to kneel down_; _entreat,
+beseech_; _pray, worship_; _thank_.
+
+#suprā# [#super#], adv., _above_.
+
+#surgō, ere, surrēxī, surrēctum# [#sub# + #regō#], _to stand up, rise,
+arise_.
+
+  #ad--adsurgō, ere, surrēxī, --#, _to rise up, arise_.
+
+#suscipiō#, see #capiō#.
+
+#sūspectus# [orig. part. of #sūspiciō#, _to suspect_], adj.,
+_mistrusted, suspected_.
+
+#suspendium, ī#, n., _hanging_.
+
+#sustineō#, see #teneō#.
+
+#sūtor, ōris# [#suō#, _to sew, stitch_], m., _a shoemaker, cobbler_.
+
+#suus# [#suī#], adj., _his own, her own, its own, their own_; _his, her,
+its, their_; as noun, #suī, ōrum#, pl. m., _his_ (their) _friends,
+followers, soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_.
+
+#Syphāx, ācis#, m., a prince of Numidia.
+
+#Syria, ae#, f., _Syria_, a country on the eastern coast of the
+Mediterranean.
+
+
+#T#
+
+#T.#, abbreviation of the name #Titus#.
+
+#tabella, ae# [dim. of #tabula#], f., _a small board, writing tablet_.
+
+#taberna, ae#, f., _stall, shop_ (of boards); _hut, tent_.
+
+#tabernāculum, ī# [#taberna#], n., _a tent_.
+
+#tabula, ae#, f., _a board, plank_; _picture_ (sc. #picta#, _painted_);
+_writing tablet_; _record, list_.
+
+#taceō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be silent, say nothing_.
+
+#tacitus# [#taceō#], adj., _silent, secret_.
+
+#taedium, ī# [#taedet#, _it wearies_], n., _weariness, disgust,
+loathing_.
+
+#talentum, ī#, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100.
+
+#tālis, e#, adj., such, _of such a kind_; #tālis . . . quālis#, _such
+. . . as_.
+
+#tam#, adv., _to such a degree, so much, as much, so_; #tam . . . quam#,
+_as . . . so, not only . . . but also_.
+
+#tamdiū#, adv., _so long_.
+
+#tamen#, adv., _yet, still, for all that, all the same, however,
+nevertheless_.
+
+#tamquam#, conj., _as if_.
+
+#Tanaquil, īlis#, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.
+
+#tandem#, adv., _at length, at last, finally_.
+
+#tangō, ere, tetigī tāctus#, _to touch_.
+
+  #con--contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus#, with acc., _to touch_; with
+  dat., _to occur to, fall to lot of, befall_; _happen_.
+
+  #ob--obtingō, ere, tigī, --#, _to fall to the lot of, befall_;
+  _occur_.
+
+#tantum# [#tantus#], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only, merely_.
+
+#tantummodō# [#tantum# + #modō#], adv., _only, merely_.
+
+#tantus#, adj., _so great, such_; as noun, #tantum, ī#, n., _so much_.
+
+#tardē# [#tardus#, _slow_], adv., _slowly_.
+
+#tarditās, ātis# [#tardus#, _slow_], f., _slowness, sluggishness_.
+
+#tardō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#tardus#, _slow_], _to delay, hinder, impede_.
+
+#Tarentīnus#, adj., of _Tarentum, Tarentine_; as noun, #Tarentīnī,
+ōrum#, pl. m., _the people of Tarentum_.
+
+#Tarentum, ī#, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of
+Italy; modern _Taranto_.
+
+#Tarpēia, ae#, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.
+
+#Tarpēius#, adj., _of Tarpeia, Tarpeian_; #rūpēs Tarpēia#, _the
+Tarpeian_ rock, a part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the
+Forum.
+
+(1) #Tarquiniī, ōrum#, pl. m., a city in Etruria.
+
+(2) #Tarquiniī, ōrum#, pl. m., _the Tarquin family, the Tarquins_.
+
+#Tarquinius, ī#, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come
+from Etruria.
+
+  1. _Tarquinius Prīscus_, the fifth king of Rome.
+
+  2. _Tarquinius Superbus_, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509.
+
+  3. _Sextus Tarquinius_, son of (2).
+
+  4. _L. Tarquinius Collātinus_, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia.
+
+#Tatius, ī#, m., #Titus Tatius#, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with
+Romulus.
+
+#tēctum, ī# [#tegō#], n., _a covering, roof_; _covered structure,
+house_.
+
+#tegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus#, _to cover_; _hide, conceal_; _defend, guard_.
+
+  #dē--dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus#, _to uncover, expose_; _betray_.
+
+#tēgula, ae# [#tego#], f., _roof tile, tile_.
+
+#tēlum, ī#, n., _missile_; _spear, javelin_.
+
+#temerārius# [#temerē#], adj., _heedless, rash, reckless_.
+
+#temerē#, adv., _blindly, rashly, heedlessly_.
+
+#temeritās, ātis# [#temerē#], f., _rashness, heedlessness, temerity_.
+
+#temperāns, antis# [orig. part. of #temperō#], adj., _moderate,
+temperate, sober_.
+
+#temperō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#tempus#], _to set bounds to, restrain_.
+
+#tempestās, ātis# [#tempus#], f., _point_ or _period of time; storm,
+tempest_.
+
+#templum, ī#, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_.
+
+#tempus, oris#, n., _time, period, season_; _opportunity, occasion_.
+
+#tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus# and #tēnsus#, _to spread out, stretch_;
+#īnsidiās tendere#, _to lay a trap for, plot against_.
+
+  #con--contendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch_; _exert one’s self,
+  strive, insist_; _hasten, march quickly_.
+
+  #in--intendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch, stretch, towards_; _aim,
+  direct_.
+
+  #ob(s)--ostendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch out, show_; _produce,
+  furnish_; _disclose, make known_.
+
+  #por (= prō)--portendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to point out, indicate_;
+  _foreshadow, portend_.
+
+  #prō--prōtendō, ere, ī, tentus#, _to stretch out, extend_.
+
+#tenebrae, ārum#, pl. f., _darkness, gloom_; _a hiding place_.
+
+#tenebricōsus# [#tenebrae#], adj., _dark, gloomy_.
+
+#teneō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold, keep_; _possess_; _maintain, guard,
+defend_; _seize_.
+
+  #ab--abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _from_; _keep
+  aloof from_; _refrain from, abstain_.
+
+  #con--contineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to keep, hold, contain_;
+  _restrain, rule, curb_.
+
+  #dē--dētineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _off_; _detain,
+  hinder_.
+
+  #ob--obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold, possess_; _rule, govern_.
+
+  #per--pertineō, ēre, uī, --#, _to stretch out, extend_; _reach_.
+
+  #re--retineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to keep_ or _hold_ (back), _retain,
+  detain_.
+
+  #sub(s)--sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus#, _to hold up, support, sustain_;
+  _bear, endure_; _hold in check, restrain_.
+
+#tentō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #tendō#], _to touch, handle_; _try,
+attempt_; _sound, try to win over_.
+
+#tentōrium, ī# [#tendō#], n., _a tent_.
+
+#ter#, num. adv., _thrice, three times_.
+
+#Terentius, ī#, m., a Roman gentile name. See #Varrō#.
+
+#Terentius, ī#, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.
+
+#tergiversor, ārī, --# [#tergum# + #vertō#], _to twist and turn,
+shuffle, evade_.
+
+#tergum, ī#, n., _back, rear_.
+
+#ternī, ae, a# [cf. #trēs#], num. adj., _three on each side, by threes,
+three_.
+
+#terō, ere, trīvī, trītus#, _to rub, wear away_; _waste, kill_.
+
+#terra, ae#, f., _the earth, ground_; _land_.
+
+#terreō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to frighten, alarm, terrify_; _deter_.
+
+  #dē--dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus#, _to frighten off, deter, keep from_.
+
+#terribilis, e# [#terreō#], adj., _frightful, dreadful_.
+
+#terror, ōris# [#terreō#], m., _fear, panic_.
+
+#tertius# [cf. #trēs#], adj., _third_; abl. n. #tertiō# as adv., _the
+third time_.
+
+#tēstimōnium, ī# [#tēstis#, _a witness_], n., _evidence, testimony,
+proof_.
+
+#tēstor, ārī, ātus sum# [#tēstis#, _a witness_], _to bear witness, be a
+witness_.
+
+#Teutobochus, ī#, m., a chief of the Teutones.
+
+#Teutonēs, um#, pl. m., _the Teutones_, a Germanic people which invaded
+Italy, but was defeated by Marius.
+
+#thēsaurus, ī#, m., _a treasure, hoard_.
+
+#Thessalia, ae#, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern
+part of Greece.
+
+#Ti.#, abbreviation of the name #Tiberius#.
+
+#Tiberis, is#, m., _the river Tiber_.
+
+#Tiberius, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Tīcinus, ī#, m., _the Ticinus_, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to
+the Po.
+
+#tigillum, ī# [dim. of #tīgnum#, _beam_], n., _a little beam_.
+
+#Tigrānēs, is#, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates.
+
+#timeō, ēre, uī, --#, _to be afraid, fear_.
+
+#timidus# [#timeō#], adj., _fearful, timid_.
+
+#tīrōcinium, ī# [#tīrō#, _a raw recruit_], n., _a soldier’s first
+campaign_; _military inexperience_.
+
+#titulus, ī#, m., _inscription, placard, notice_.
+
+#Titus, ī#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#toga, ae#, f., _the toga_, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.
+See also #praetextus#.
+
+#togātus# [#toga#], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful garb,
+unarmed_.
+
+#tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus#, _to lift, raise, take up_; _remove,
+abolish_.
+
+#tonitrus, ūs# [#tonō#, _to thunder_], m., _thunder, peal of thunder_.
+
+#tōnsor, ōris# [#tondeō#, _to shear_], m., _a barber_.
+
+#tōnsōrius# [#tōnsor#], adj., _of a barber, barber’s_.
+
+#Tōranius, ī#, m., _Titus_, who betrayed his father to the second
+triumvirate.
+
+#Torquātus, ī# [#torquis#], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens.
+
+  1. _T. Mānlius Torquātus_, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347,
+  344, and 340.
+
+  2. _T. Mānlius Torquātus_, son of (1), put to death by his father
+  for disobedience of orders.
+
+#torqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus#, _to turn, twist_; _torture, torment_.
+
+#torquis, is# [#torqueō#], m., _a twisted collar, necklace_.
+
+#torvē# [#torvus#, _grim_], adv., _sternly, grimly_.
+
+#tot#, indecl. adj., _so many_.
+
+#totidem# [#tot#], indecl. adj., _just as many, the same number of_.
+
+#totiēns# [#tot#], adv., _so many times, so often_.
+
+#tōtus#, gen. #tōtīus#, dat. #tōtī#, adj., _all, all the, the whole,
+entire_.
+
+#trādō#, see #dō#.
+
+#trādūcō#, see #dūcō#.
+
+#trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw, drag_; _detain_.
+
+  #ab--abstrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to drag off_ or _away_; _carry
+  off_.
+
+  #con--contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw together, collect,
+  assemble_.
+
+  #dē--dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _strip off,
+  remove_; _drag_.
+
+  #dis--distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to pull asunder, part,
+  separate_.
+
+  #ex--extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _pull out_;
+  _prolong, waste_.
+
+  #per--pertrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw along, drag_; _lead_.
+
+  #re--retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#, _to draw_ or _drag back_.
+
+#trāiciō#, see #iaciō#.
+
+#trānō#, see #nō#.
+
+#trāns#, prep. with acc., _across, beyond, over_.
+
+#trānscendō#, see #scandō#.
+
+#trānseō#, see (1) #eō#.
+
+#transferō#, see #ferō#.
+
+#trānsfīgō#, see #fīgō#.
+
+#trānsfodiō#, see #fodiō#.
+
+#trānsfugiō#, see #fugiō#.
+
+#trānsgredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#trānsigō#, see #agō#.
+
+#trānsiliō#, see #saliō#.
+
+#trānsmittō#, see #mittō#.
+
+#trānsversus# [#trāns# + #vertō#], adj., _turned across, crosswise_;
+_out of the way_.
+
+#Trasumēnus, ī#, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of
+Hannibal’s victory over the Romans in B.C. 217.
+
+#Trebia, ae#, f., _the Trebia_, a small tributary of the Po, near
+Placentia.
+
+#trecentēsimus# [#trecentī#], num. adj., _three hundredth_.
+
+#trecentī, ae, a# [#trēs# + #centum#], num. adj., _three hundred_.
+
+#tredecim# [#trēs# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _thirteen_.
+
+#tremō, ere, uī, --#, _to quake, tremble_.
+
+#trepidātiō, ōnis# [#trepidō#], f., _alarm, confusion_.
+
+#trepidō, āre, āvī, --#, _to be in alarm_ or _confusion_; _tremble,
+waver_.
+
+#trēs, tria#, num. adj., _three_.
+
+#tribūnal, ālis# [#tribūnus#], n., _a judgment seat, tribunal_.
+
+#tribūnātus, ūs# [#tribūnus#], m., _the tribuneship, office of tribune_.
+
+#tribūnīcius# [#tribūnus#], adj., _of a tribune, tribunitial_.
+
+#tribūnus, ī# [#tribus#], m., _chief of a tribe, tribune_; #tribūnus
+mīlitum# or #mīlitāris#, _military tribune, captain_, one of the minor
+officers of a legion, six in number; #tribūnus plēbis#, _tribune of the
+people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C.
+to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten _tribūnī plēbis_
+were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.
+
+#tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus# [#tribus#], _to assign, grant, give_.
+
+  #dis--distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus#, _to divide, distribute, apportion_.
+
+#tribus, ūs# [cf. #trēs#], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the
+people).
+
+#tribūtum, ī# [#tribuō#], n., _tax, tribute_.
+
+#triennium, ī# [#trēs# + #annus#], n., _the space of three years, three
+years_.
+
+#trigeminī, ae, a# [#trēs# + #geminus#], adj., _born three at a birth_;
+as noun, pl. m., _triplets_.
+
+#trīgintā#, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_.
+
+#trīstis, e#, adj., _sad, sorrowful_; _stern, severe_.
+
+#triumphālis, e# [#triumphus#], adj., _pertaining to a triumph,
+triumphal_.
+
+#triumphō, āre, āvī, ātum# [#triumphus#], _to celebrate a triumph,
+triumph_.
+
+#triumphus, ī#, m., _a triumph_, the splendid procession in which the
+victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the
+spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the
+Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to
+the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
+
+#triumvir, virī# [#trēs# + #vir#], m., _a triumvir_, one of a board of
+three commissioners.
+
+#tropaeum, ī#, n., _a trophy, sign of victory_, made usually by
+fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.
+
+#trucīdō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher_.
+
+#truncus, ī#, m., _stem, trunk_ (of a tree); _trunk, body_.
+
+#tū, tuī#, pl. #vōs, vestrum# or #vestrī#, pers. pron., _thou, you_.
+
+#tueor, ērī, itus sum#, _to look at, watch_; _defend, protect_.
+
+  #in--intueor, ērī, itus sum#, _to look closely at or upon, gaze at_.
+
+#Tullius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Servius Tullius_, sixth king of Rome.
+
+  2. _M. Tullius Cicerō_, the orator. See #Cicerō#.
+
+#Tullus, ī#, m., praenomen of _Tullus Hostīlius_, third king of Rome.
+
+#tum#, adv., _then, at that time_; _thereupon_.
+
+#tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum# [#tumultus#], _to make a disturbance, riot_.
+
+#tumultus, ūs#, m., _a disturbance, uproar_; _rebellion, riot_.
+
+#tumulus, ī# [#tumeō#, _to swell_], m., _a hillock, mound, hill_.
+
+#tunc#, adv., _then, at that time_; _accordingly, thereupon_.
+
+#turba, ae#, f., _a hubbub, crowd, throng_.
+
+#turbulentus# [#turba#], adj., _stormy, confused, troubled_.
+
+#turdus, ī#, m., _a thrush, fieldfare_.
+
+#turma, ae#, f., _a troop_ or _squadron_ (of cavalry).
+
+#turpis, e#, adj., _ugly_; _base, dishonorable_.
+
+#turris, is#, m., _tower, castle_; _howdah_.
+
+#tūs, tūris#, n., _incense_.
+
+#tūtēla, ae# [#tueor#], f., _protection, guardianship_.
+
+(1) #tūtor, ōris# [#tueor#], m., _protector, guardian_.
+
+(2) #tūtor, ārī, ātus sum# [freq. of #tueor#], _to guard, protect_.
+
+#tūtus# [orig. part. of #tueor#], adj., _safe_; #tūtō#, abl. as adv.,
+_safely_.
+
+
+#U#
+
+#ūber, eris#, n., _teat, dug, udder_.
+
+#ubi#, interr. adv., _where? when?_ As conj. interr. and rel., _where,
+when_.
+
+#ulcīscor, ī, ultus sum#, _to punish, avenge_.
+
+#ūllus#, gen. #ūllīus#, adj., _any, any one_.
+
+#ulterior, ius#, gen. #ōrīs# [#ultrā#], adj., _farther, remoter_; sup.
+#ultimus#, _farthest, last, utmost, greatest_; #ultima manus#,
+_finishing touches_; #ulterius#, adv., _beyond, farther, more, longer_;
+#ultimum#, adv., _for the last time_.
+
+#ultimum, ultimus#, see #ulterior#.
+
+#ultiō, ōnis# [#ulcīscor#], f., _revenge_.
+
+#ultrā#, adv., and prep. with acc., _on the other side, beyond_; #ultrā
+fidem#, _incredibly_.
+
+#ultrō#, adv., _of one’s own accord, voluntarily_.
+
+#umbra, ae#, f., _shadow, shade_.
+
+#umerus, ī#, m., _the shoulder_.
+
+#umquam#, adv., _at any time, ever_.
+
+#unde#, adv. (1) interr., _whence? from whom, from which?_ (2) rel.,
+_whence, from whom, from which_; _wherefore_.
+
+#ūndecim# [#ūnus# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _eleven_.
+
+#undique#, adv., _from all sides_; _on all sides, everywhere_.
+
+#unguis, is#, m., _a_ (finger) _nail_.
+
+#ūniversus# [#ūnus# + #vertō#], adj., _all in one, whole, entire_.
+
+#ūnus#, gen. #unīus#, adj., _one, only, sole, alone_; #ūnus quisque#,
+_each one_.
+
+#urbānus# [#urbs#], adj., _of_ or _in the city_, esp. _in Rome_;
+_refined, witty_; as noun, #urbānī, ōrum#, pl. m., _city people_; _town
+wits_.
+
+#urbs, urbis#, f., _a city_; The City (Rome).
+
+#ūrīnātor, ōris#, m., _a diver_.
+
+#ūrna, ae# [#ūrō#], f., _a vessel, urn_ (of baked clay).
+
+#ūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn_.
+
+  #co# + #amb(i)--combūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+  #dē--deūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+  #ex--exūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+#ūsquam#, adv., _anywhere_.
+
+#ūsque#, adv., _all the way, right on, continuously, even_.
+
+#ūsūrpō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#ūsus# + #rapiō#], _to make use of, enjoy_.
+
+#ūsus, ūs# [#ūtor#], m., _use, employment_; _experience, training_;
+_profit, advantage, convenience_.
+
+#ut#, adv., interr., _how? in what way?_ rel., _as, just as_; _since,
+seeing that_; #ut . . . ita#, _just as . . . so_.
+
+#ut#, conj., (1) with indic., _when_; #ut prīmum#, _as soon as_;
+(2) with subj. of purpose, _in order that, that_; of result, _so that,
+that_.
+
+(1) #uter, utris#, m., _leather bag, skin_.
+
+(2) #uter, utra, utrum#, adj., (1) interr., _which of (the) two?_
+(2) rel., _whichever one_ (of the two).
+
+#uterque, traque, trumque# [#uter# + #que#], adj., _each_ (of the two),
+_both_.
+
+#ūtilis, e# [#ūtor#], adj., _useful, helpful_; _profitable, expedient_.
+
+#ūtilitās, ātis# [#ūtilis#], f., _profit, advantage_.
+
+#utinam#, adv., _oh that! would that!_
+
+#utique#, adv., _at any rate, surely_; _especially_.
+
+#ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum#, _make use of, employ_; _enjoy, take advantage
+of_; #aliquid ūtendum dare#, _to lend_.
+
+#utpote#, adv., _seeing that, inasmuch as, since_.
+
+#utrimque# [#uterque#], adv., _from_ or _on both sides, on either hand_.
+
+#uxor, ōris#, f., _a wife_.
+
+
+#V#
+
+#vacō, āre, āvī, --#, _to be empty, be free_ (e.g. from labor), _have
+leisure_.
+
+#vacuus# [#vacō#], adj., _empty, unoccupied_.
+
+#vādō, ere, --, --#, _to go, rush_.
+
+  #ex--ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus#, _to go forth_ or _away_; _get away,
+  escape_; _get to be, become_.
+
+  #in--invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsum#, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize, take
+  possession of_.
+
+#vae#, interj., _oh! alas! woe!_
+
+#vāgītus, ūs# [#vāgiō#, _to cry_], m., _squalling, crying_.
+
+#valeō, ēre, uī, itūrus#, _to be well_ or _strong_; _have power_ or
+_influence, prevail_.
+
+#Valerius, ī#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus_. See #Māximus# (1).
+
+  2. _C. Valerius Catullus_. See #Catullus#.
+
+#valētūdō, inis# [#valeō#], f., _health_ (good or bad); _good health_;
+_sickness_.
+
+#validus# [#valeō#], adj., _strong, stout; powerful_.
+
+#vallēs#, or #vallis, is#, f., _valley, vale_.
+
+#vāllum, ī#, n., _stockade, rampart, wall_.
+
+#vānus#, adj., _empty, idle_; _ostentatious, vain_.
+
+#varius#, adj., _various, different, diverse_.
+
+#varix, icis#, m., _a dilated vein_.
+
+#Varrō, ōnis#, m., _C. Terentius Varrō_, consul in 219 and 216; defeated
+at Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.
+
+#Vārus, ī#, m., see #Quīntilius#.
+
+#vas, vadis#, m., _bail, security_; _surety_.
+
+#vās, vāsis# (pl. #vāsa, ōrum#), n., _a vessel, dish_.
+
+#vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vāstus#], _to lay waste, devastate, destroy_.
+
+#vāstus#, adj., _empty, waste_; _immense, huge_.
+
+#vegetus# [#vegeō#, _to quicken_], adj., _lively, animated_.
+
+#vehementer# [#vehemēns#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, seriously,
+severely_; _exceedingly_.
+
+#vehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to bear, carry, convey_; in pass., with
+#nāvī# or #equō#, _to sail, ride_.
+
+  #ad--advehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry_ or _bring to, bring_.
+
+  #ex--ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to lift, raise, elevate_.
+
+  #in--invehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry in_ or _to_; in pass.,
+  _ride into, sail to_.
+
+  #prō--prōvehō, ere, vexī, vectus#, _to carry forward_; in pass., _to
+  sail, proceed_.
+
+#Vēientēs, um#, pl. m., _the people of Veii_, a town in Etruria, about
+twelve miles from Rome.
+
+#vel# [old imperative of (1) #volō#], adv. and conj., _even_; _or, or
+else_; #vel . . . vel#, _either . . . or_.
+
+#vēlō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to cover up, veil_.
+
+#vēlōcitās, ātis# [#vēlōx#], f., _speed, swiftness_.
+
+#vēlōx, ōcis#, adj., _swift, fleet, quick_.
+
+#velut# or #velutī#, adv., _just as if, as if_; _ostensibly_.
+
+#vēnābulum, ī# [#vēnor#], n., _a hunting spear_.
+
+#vēnātiō, ōnis# [#vēnor#], f., _hunting_; _a hunting spectacle_, in
+which wild beasts fought against men, or against one another.
+
+#vēndō, ere, didī, ditus# [contr. from vēnumdō], _to sell_.
+
+#venēnum, ī#, n., _poison_.
+
+#venerātiō, ōnis# [#veneror#], f., _respect, reverence_; _an object of
+reverence_ or _awe_.
+
+#veneror, ārī, ātus sum#, _to reverence, worship, revere, respect,
+honor_.
+
+#venia, ae#, f., _indulgence, favor, pardon_.
+
+#veniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come, go_.
+
+  #ad--adveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to, reach, arrive at,
+  arrive_.
+
+  #circum--circumveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to surround, beset_.
+
+  #con--conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come together, assemble_;
+  with acc., _to meet_; #convenit#, impers., _it is agreed, an
+  arrangement is made_.
+
+  #in--inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come upon, find, discover_.
+
+  #ob--obveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come_ or _go to meet_;
+  _befall, occur to_; _fall to the lot of_.
+
+  #per--perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to, reach_; _penetrate,
+  attain to_.
+
+  #prae--praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus#, _to come before, get start of,
+  anticipate, outstrip_.
+
+  #super--superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum#, _to come to the rescue,
+  arrive_.
+
+#vēnor, ārī, ātus sum#, _to hunt, chase_.
+
+#venter, tris#, m., _the stomach_.
+
+#ventitō, āre, āvī, --# [freq. of #veniō#], _to come_ or _go often,
+resort_.
+
+#ventus, ī#, m., _wind_.
+
+#vēnumdō, dare, dedī, datus# [#vēnum#, _sale_ + #dō#], _to sell_.
+
+#Venusia, ae#, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania.
+
+#venustus# [#venus#, _grace_], adj., _charming, graceful_.
+
+#verber, eris#, n., _a lash, whip_; _blow_.
+
+#verbum, ī#, n., _a word_; _saying, phrase_.
+
+#vērē# [#vērus#], adv., _truthfully, truly_.
+
+#verēcundia, ae# [#vereor#], f., _modesty, shame_; _respect, reverence_.
+
+#vereor, ērī, itus sum#, _to feel awe of, respect_; _fear, be afraid_.
+
+#vērō# [abl. of #vērus#], adv., _truly, heartily_; _in truth, indeed,
+however, but_.
+
+#verrūca, ae#, f., _a wart, pimple_.
+
+#versiculus# [dim. of #versus#], m., _a little verse_; _a line_.
+
+#versō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vertō#], _to twist, turn_; pass., _to
+dwell, abide, be_; _employ one’s self, conduct one’s self_.
+
+#versus, ūs# [#vertō#], m., _a verse, line_.
+
+#vertex, icis# [#vertō#], m., _summit, peak, crest_.
+
+#vertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn, change_; in pass., _turn about,
+return_.
+
+  #ab--āvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside, avert,
+  divert_.
+
+  #con--convertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn round, change_; _turn,
+  direct_; _divert, misuse_; #conversus#, _turning_.
+
+  #dis--dīvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside_.
+
+  #ex--ēvertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to overturn, destroy, ruin_.
+
+  #inter--intervertō, ere, ī, versus#, _to turn aside_; _embezzle,
+  misappropriate_.
+
+  #re--revertor, ī, revertī# or (less often) #reversus sum#, _to
+  return_; _revert, recur_.
+
+#vērum# [#vērus#], adv., _truly, certainly_; _but_.
+
+#vērus#, adj., _true, real, genuine_. For #rē vērā#, see #rēs#.
+
+#vescor, ī, --#, _to eat_.
+
+#vesper, erī#, m., _evening_.
+
+#Vesta, ae#, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the
+state. A fire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum,
+which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans
+believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with
+the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry
+during their term of office.
+
+#vester, tra, trum# [orig. #voster#; cf. #vōs#], poss. pron. adj.,
+_your, yours_.
+
+#vēstibulum, ī#, n., _vestibule, entrance_.
+
+#vēstīgium, ī#, n., _footstep, footprint_.
+
+#vestis, is#, f., _clothing, garments_; _a robe_.
+
+#veterānus# [#vetus#], adj., _old, veteran_. As noun, #veterānī, ōrum#,
+pl. m., _veteran soldiers, veterans_.
+
+#vetō, āre, uī, itus#, _not allow, forbid_.
+
+#vetus, eris#, adj., _old, aged_; _of a former time, ancient_.
+
+#vexō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vehō#], _to shake_; _trouble,
+disturb_.
+
+#via, ae#, f., _highway, road_; _passage, march, journey_.
+
+#vicārius, ī# [#vicis#], m., _a substitute, proxy_.
+
+#vīcēsimus# [cf. #vīgintī#], num. adj., _twentieth_.
+
+#vīciēs# [cf. #vīgintī#], num. adv., _twenty times_.
+
+#vīcīnus# [#vīcus#], adj., _neighboring, near_.
+
+(#vicis#), #is# (nom. wanting), f., _alternation, change, succession_;
+#in vicem#, _in turn_.
+
+#victor, ōris# [#vincō#], m., _conqueror, victor_; as adj.,
+_victorious_.
+
+#victōria, ae# [#victor#], f., _victory_.
+
+#vīcus, ī#, m., _a street_; _village, town_.
+
+#vidēlicet# [#vidēre# + #licet#], adv., _you see, clearly_; _of course,
+that is_.
+
+#videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus#, _to see, perceive, understand_; in pass.,
+_seem_.
+
+  #in--invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus#, _to look askance at, to envy_.
+
+#vigil, vigilis#, adj., _wakeful, alert_; as noun, _a watchman,
+sentinel_.
+
+#vigilantia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness_.
+
+#vigilia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness_; _a watch_ (a fourth part of
+the night).
+
+#vīgintī#, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_.
+
+#vīlicus, ī# [#vīlla#], m., _overseer, steward_.
+
+#vīlla, ae#, f., _a country house, villa_.
+
+#vīminālis, e# [#vīmen#, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as noun,
+#Vīminālis, is#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the seven
+hills of Rome.
+
+#vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus#, _to bind, fetter_.
+
+#vincō, ere, vīcī, victus#, _to conquer, defeat_; _surpass_; intrans.,
+_prevail_.
+
+  #dē--dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus#, _to conquer completely, subdue_.
+
+#vinculum, ī# [#vinciō#], n., _a bond_; in pl., _bonds, chains, jail_.
+
+#vindex, icis#, m., _champion, protector_.
+
+#vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vīs# + #dīcō#], _to claim_; _protect_;
+_avenge_; _punish_.
+
+#vīnum, ī#, n., _wine_.
+
+#violentus# [#vīs#], adj., _violent, impetuous_.
+
+#violō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vīs#], _to injure_; _dishonor, outrage_.
+
+#vir, virī#, m., _a man, hero_; _husband_.
+
+#vīrēs#, see #vīs#.
+
+#virga, ae#, f., _a rod, scourge_.
+
+#Virgīnia, ae#, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius
+Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, B.C. 449.
+
+#Virgīnius, ī#, m., _L._, the father of Virginia, consul in B.C. 449.
+
+#virgō, inis#, f., _young girl, maiden, virgin_.
+
+#virīlis, e# [#vir#], adj., _manly_.
+
+#virītim# [#vir#], adv., _man by man, singly, individually_.
+
+#virtūs, ūtis# [#vir#], f., _manliness, strength, bravery_; _ability_.
+
+#vīs#, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. #vim#, abl. #vī#, f., _strength,
+force_; _hostile force, violence_; _quantity, number_; pl., #vīrēs#,
+_energy, vigor, resources_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_.
+
+#vīsō, ere, ī, us# [freq. of #videō#], _to go to see, visit_.
+
+#vīsus, ūs# [#videō#], m., _appearance, vision_.
+
+#vīta, ae# [cf. #vīvō#], f., _life_.
+
+#vitium, ī# [#vieō#, _to twist_], n., _a fault, failing, vice_.
+
+#vituperandus# [gerundive of #vituperō#], adj., _blameworthy_.
+
+#vituperātiō, ōnis# [#vituperō#], f., _censure, criticism_.
+
+#vituperō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to blame, censure_.
+
+#vīvō, ere, vīxī, vīctum#, _to live_.
+
+  #super--supervīvō, ere, vīxī, --#, _to live beyond, outlive,
+  survive_.
+
+#vīvus# [#vīvō#], adj., _living, alive_; of water, _running_.
+
+#vix#, adv., _with difficulty, hardly, scarcely_.
+
+#vōciferor, ārī, ātus sum# [#vōx# + #ferō#], _to cry out, shout,
+exclaim_.
+
+#vocitō, āre, āvī, ātus# [freq. of #vocō#], _to call repeatedly_ or
+_loudly_.
+
+#vocō, āre, āvī, ātus# [cf. #vōx#], _to call, summon, name_.
+
+  #ab--āvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call off_, or _away_.
+
+  #ad--advocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call to_ (one), _summon_; _call
+  together_.
+
+  #con--convocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call together, summon_.
+
+  #ex--ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call forth_ or _out, summon_.
+
+  #prō--prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call forth, challenge_;
+  _appeal to_.
+
+  #re--revocō, āre, āvī, ātus#, _to call back, call again, recall_.
+
+#volitō, āre, āvī, --# [freq. of (2) #volō#], _flit about_; _fly,
+hasten_.
+
+(1) #volō, velle, voluī, --#, _to wish_; _be willing_; _be minded,
+determine_.
+
+(2) #volō, āre, āvī, ātūrus#, _to fly_.
+
+  #ab--āvolō, āre, āvī, --#, _to fly_ or _hasten away_.
+
+  #dē--dēvolō, āre, --, --#, _to fly down, fly_.
+
+#Volscī, ōrum#, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of
+Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338.
+
+#volucer, cris, cre# [(2) #volō#], adj., _flying, winged_; as noun, f.
+(sc. #avis#), _a bird_.
+
+#volūmen, inis# [#volvō#, _to roll_], n., _roll of writing, scroll,
+volume, book_.
+
+#voluntārius# [#voluntās#], adj., _of free will, voluntary_.
+
+#voluntās, ātis# [(1) #volō#], f., _will, wish, desire, inclination_.
+
+#voluptās, ātis#, f., _pleasure, enjoyment_.
+
+#vōs#, see #tū#.
+
+#vōtum, ī# [#voveō#], n., _a vow, wish, prayer_.
+
+#voveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus#, _to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate_.
+
+  #dē--dēvoveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus#, _to consecrate, doom, devote_.
+
+#vōx, vōcis#, f., _voice, sound, tone_; _cry, call_; _saying, speech_.
+
+#vulgāris, e# [#vulgus#], adj., _commonplace, ordinary, vulgar_.
+
+#vulgō# [#vulgus#], adv., _commonly, popularly, generally_.
+
+#vulgus, ī#, n., _the masses, multitude, the common people_.
+
+#vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#vulnus#], _to wound, hurt, injure_.
+
+#vulnus, eris#, n., _a wound_; _blow, misfortune_.
+
+#vultur, uris#, m., _a vulture_.
+
+#vultus, ūs#, m., _the expression of the face, features, countenance_.
+
+
+#X#
+
+#Xanthippus, ī#, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians
+defeated Regulus in B.C. 255.
+
+#Xenophōn, ōntis#, m., _Xenophon_, an Athenian general and author, who
+lived about B.C. 440-350.
+
+#Xerxēs, is#, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis
+B.C. 480.
+
+
+#Z#
+
+#Zama, ae#, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.
+
+#zōna, ae#, f., _a girdle, belt_; _money belt_.
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR
+
+To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp’s Viri Romae
+
+
+Page   Note
+
+  1     4  489
+        5  568
+        6  446, 2
+
+  2     7  429
+        8  639
+       10  476
+       18  622
+
+  3     2  649, II.
+        4  418
+       10  595
+       11  480
+       14  533, 4
+       15  532, 3
+
+  4     1  475
+        6  477, I.
+       12  598
+
+  5     3  590
+        6  205, 2
+       14  396, 2
+       20  633
+
+  6     1  646
+       16  615
+
+  7     7  600, II.
+       16  642
+       17  473, 2
+       20  565
+
+  8     5  462
+
+  9     6  568
+
+ 10     2  430
+        6  429
+        9  570
+       15  417
+       18  471
+
+ 12     1  417
+        5  605, I.
+       23  454
+
+ 13    10  652, 1
+
+ 14    13  568, 7
+       15  440, 1 and 2
+
+ 15     3  484, 2
+
+ 16     6  559, 1
+
+ 17     4  427
+       11  451, 1
+
+ 18     4  584
+       17  440, 3
+
+ 19    15  424
+
+ 20    11  603, 2
+       12  426
+
+ 21     8  611, 1
+       14  473, 2
+       15  666, 2
+
+ 23     8  467
+
+ 24     9  478
+       12  565
+
+ 25     6  433
+        7  483
+
+ 27     3  489, 1
+        6  588, II.
+       16  430
+
+ 28     7  457
+        9  425, 4, N.
+       13  484, 2
+
+ 30     2  441
+        3  426, 2
+
+ 31     1  592, 1
+        9  559, 1
+       11  576
+
+ 33     2  454
+       13  426
+
+ 34     2  426
+
+ 35     2  489
+        6  497, 4
+
+ 36     8  456
+       10  477, I.
+       18  476, 1
+
+ 37     4  477, III.
+
+ 38     1  497 and 1
+       12  567
+
+ 39     4  595, 1
+       12  479
+
+ 41    10  473, 3
+
+ 42     5  399, 5
+
+ 44     2  428, 3
+
+ 47    12  579 and N.
+
+ 48     4  481
+        5  499
+
+ 49     4  83, 5
+        7  561, 2
+
+ 51     6  626, 3
+
+ 53    12  451, 2
+
+ 54     8  473, 2, N. 1
+        9  416, 2
+
+ 62     5  591, 4
+        9  565, 4
+
+ 63     5  642, 4
+
+ 66     4  556
+
+ 67     4  448, 1
+
+ 70     2  581, 1
+
+ 72     8  592
+
+ 73     5  591, 1
+
+ 74     5  470, 1
+
+ 75    10  456, 3
+
+ 76     4  432
+
+ 85     6  474, 2, N. 1
+
+ 86     7  586, II.
+
+ 87     7  587
+
+ 90     2  535, 1
+
+112     3  468
+
+114     2  429
+        3  426, 1
+        4  434
+        6  378, 2
+
+115     1  378
+
+118     4  486
+
+120     7  431
+
+123     2  426, 2
+        7  440, 5
+
+124     1  598
+
+129     1  451, 1
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Harkness’s New Latin Grammars
+
+
+=A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR=
+
+  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages    =$1.25=
+
+=A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR=
+
+  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 254 pages    =.80=
+
+  By ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor Emeritus in
+  Brown University.
+
+These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which has
+made the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and
+teachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological
+science, and embody the results of the author’s large experience in
+teaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the
+suggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of
+Historical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of
+simplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical
+needs of the student and of the class room,--qualities that have always
+characterized the Harkness Grammars,--have been preserved and even
+intensified in these new books.
+
+The Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the
+class room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to
+present systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts
+and laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the
+needs of the advanced student.
+
+The Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who prefer
+to begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not contemplate
+a collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the convenience and
+interest of the student have been carefully consulted. The paradigms,
+rules, and discussions have in general been introduced in the exact form
+and language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it may at any time
+be supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the two books is also
+alike.
+
+
+_Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of
+the price by the Publishers_:
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN PROSE WRITING
+
+  =With Full Introductory Notes On Idiom=
+
+  By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.
+  Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University
+
+  and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.
+  Instructor in Latin in Yale University
+
+  =Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages    Price $1.00=
+
+
+The present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing of
+average passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to
+write isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the
+book assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is
+ready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The
+authors have based their exercises on Caesar’s Gallic War Books III and
+IV, Nepos’s Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero’s Manilian Law and
+Archias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are
+usually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the
+individual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or
+two constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at
+any time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for
+instance, being taken up at the very beginning.
+
+While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any exercise
+are supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is based, yet
+enough variation from the language of the model is required to give the
+pupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions. By this
+means the pupil’s power of observation is increased, his interest is
+quickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember the word
+much better than if he found it ready at hand in a dictionary.
+
+A number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been
+inserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests
+and occasional examinations. The notes accompanying some of the papers
+belong to the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes
+of words and constructions, and of English words and phrases with
+references to sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part I.
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+PEARSON’S ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR BEGINNERS
+
+  BY
+  HENRY C. PEARSON
+  Horace Mann School, Teachers’ College, Columbia University
+
+  Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages
+  Price, 90 Cents
+
+
+This book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read
+Caesar’s Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are
+devoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first
+seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before
+he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and
+satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain
+principles of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their
+pupils during the first year’s work. They are independent of one another
+and of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order
+that the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted.
+
+The work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which will
+commend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various
+simplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest
+care has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating
+principles in the simplest forms.
+
+
+
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+  NEW YORK · CINCINNATI · CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+_Revised Edition_
+
+VIRGIL’S AENEID
+
+  With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by #HENRY S. FRIEZE#, late
+  Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by #WALTER
+  DENNISON#, Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan.
+
+  First Six Books       $1.30
+  Complete      $1.50
+  Complete Text Edition      $0.50
+
+#This Work# differs in many respects from the former edition. Such
+changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to make
+the book conform to modern demands, and many important additions have
+also been made.
+
+#The Introduction# has been enlarged by the addition of sections on the
+life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter,
+manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference.
+
+#The Text# has been corrected to conform to the readings that have
+become established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of
+inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early
+assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first
+two books are fully indicated.
+
+#The Notes# have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The old
+grammar references are corrected and new ones (to Harkness’s Complete,
+Lane & Morgan’s, and Bennett’s Grammars) added. The literary
+appreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations from
+English literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book are also
+given with sufficient explanations.
+
+#The Vocabulary# has been made as simple as possible and includes only
+those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound words are not
+indicated separately when they appear unmodified in the compound form.
+The principal parts of verbs are given which are understood to be in
+actual use.
+
+#The Illustrations# for the most part are new and fresh, and have been
+selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the
+interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wanderings
+of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and a full-page
+facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the Codex Palatinus.
+
+  #American Book Company, Publishers#
+
+
+
+
+#CICERO’S ORATIONS#
+
+AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS
+
+  Edited By
+
+  WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.
+  President of the University of Chicago
+
+  and
+
+  FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M.
+  Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy
+
+  =Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and Illustrations.
+  Price, $1.30=
+
+
+This edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all the
+orations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is
+intended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of
+secondary and preparatory schools.
+
+  =The Orations= have been arranged in the order in which it is
+  thought they can be read to the best advantage and include, besides
+  the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo, Marcellus, and
+  Ligarius, Pompey’s Commission, and the Fourteenth Philippic.
+
+  =The Letters= have been selected with special reference to their
+  fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose they have no equal
+  in Roman literature.
+
+  =The Introduction= includes a well balanced life of Cicero with a
+  just estimate of his standing and character and many helpful
+  features which will give the student a comprehensive knowledge of
+  Roman life and politics.
+
+  =The Notes= suggest rather than tell the student and help him to
+  get, instead of getting for him, that acquaintance with the orator
+  and with the language which is the result of true study.
+
+  =The Vocabulary= shows great care and thoroughness and meets the
+  requirements of the average student.
+
+  =The Maps= are accurate and drawn especially for this work and the
+  Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate both text and time.
+
+
+  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EMPIRE
+
+  =Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions=
+
+  By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D.
+  Associate Professor of Classical Philology,
+  University of Pennsylvania
+
+  =In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo.  Per Volume, $1.80=
+
+  VOL. I--PROSE. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca
+  Rhetor, Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including
+  Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the
+  Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius--Ammianus
+  Marcellinus, and Boethius.
+
+  VOL. II--POETRY. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius,
+  Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca,
+  the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial,
+  Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus.
+
+
+The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have hitherto,
+with a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from the
+classical curricula of colleges and universities.
+
+The present collection has been made primarily for the use of students
+in higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found useful as
+collateral reading in connection with lectures on classical literature,
+and will also furnish suitable material for sight reading.
+
+The selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently worthy
+of perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give a
+continuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the
+author at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the
+deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical
+appendices.
+
+
+  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
+
+  By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D.
+  Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University
+
+  =Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and
+  exact reproductions of inscriptions    Price, $3 50=
+
+This work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in
+Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch
+of archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the
+belief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the
+equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has
+become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form
+at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies.
+
+A distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its
+illustrations,--there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of
+inscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice
+in reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions,
+showing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the
+inscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography
+and valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc.
+
+
+_Copies of Egbert’s Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any
+address on receipt of the price by the Publishers:_
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+FIRST LATIN READINGS
+
+An Equivalent for Caesar
+
+  by
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.
+
+  and
+
+  G. M. WHICHER, M.A.
+
+  Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y.
+
+  =Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages. Price, $1.25=
+
+This work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new
+first reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting
+material for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar’s
+Commentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin
+course.
+
+It is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student’s first
+reading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes
+first; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead
+of a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a
+narrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other
+departments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than
+Caesar’s Commentaries.
+
+The selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen with
+reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, as far
+as possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not with
+reference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal
+classical construction.
+
+Exercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each author
+represented, have been prepared, and are included in the book.
+
+_Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address on
+receipt of the price by the Publishers:_
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN DICTIONARIES
+
+
+=HARPER’S LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  Founded on the translation of “Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon.”
+  Edited by E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great
+  part Rewritten by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHARLES SHORT, LL.D.
+
+Royal Octavo, 2030 pages    Sheep, =$6.50=; Full Russia, =$10.00=
+
+The translation of Dr. Freund’s great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by
+the late Dr. E. A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from that
+time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and America.
+Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which
+lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in
+philological study and research, and is in every respect the most
+complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published.
+
+
+=LEWIS’S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS=
+
+  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.
+
+  Large Octavo, 1200 pages    Cloth, =$4 50=; Half Leather, =$5.00=
+
+This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and
+independent work, designed to include all of the student’s needs, after
+acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin
+authors commonly read in school.
+
+
+=LEWIS’S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.
+
+  Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather    =$2.00=
+
+This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in
+secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second
+years’ work in colleges.
+
+
+=SMITH’S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By WILLIAM SMITH,
+  LL.D., and THEOPHILUS D. HALL, M.A., Fellow of University College,
+  London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names.
+
+  Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep    =$4.00=
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+GREEK DICTIONARIES
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON=
+
+  Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, D.D., and
+  ROBERT SCOTT, D.D., assisted by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. Large Quarto,
+  1794 pages. Sheep      =$10.00=
+
+The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, and
+large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the
+co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been
+entirely rewritten.
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Intermediate=
+
+  Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages.
+
+    Cloth, =$3.50=; Half Leather, =$4.00=
+
+This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the ordinary
+requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller abridged
+edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large Lexicon,
+and contains a large amount of new matter.
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Abridged=
+
+  Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather =$1.25=
+
+This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary and
+College Preparatory Schools.
+
+
+=THAYER’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT=
+
+  Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised,
+  and Enlarged by JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D., LL.D. Royal Quarto,
+  727 pages    Cloth, =$5.00=; Half Leather, =$6.50=
+
+This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest
+researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces
+historically the signification and use of all words used in the New
+Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and
+sacred usage.
+
+
+=YONGE’S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON=
+
+  By C. D. YONGE. Edited by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D.
+
+  Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep    =$4.50=
+
+
+=AUTENRIETH’S HOMERIC DICTIONARY=
+
+  Translated and Edited by ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. New Edition.
+  Revised by ISAAC FLAGG, Ph.D.
+
+  12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth    =$1.10=
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York · Cincinnati · Chicago=
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber):
+
+_Main Text_
+
+  page 3: Rōmulus statim armātīs[3] pāstōribus  [armātis]
+  Footnote 2.18 ... See p. xviii, E 4, H 622 ... B 337, 7, 2.
+    [E 4. H 622 ... B 337, 7, 2).]
+  Footnote 3.4 ... B 182, 1, _a_;  [B 182, 1, _a_);]
+  Footnote 10.13: _sepeliō_  [_final . missing_]
+  Footnote 18.13: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.  [cf.]
+  Footnote 18.14 ... quod in mente concēpī?_’  [_close quote missing_]
+  page 23: Incidit[10] dē uxōribus mentiō  [de]
+  Footnote 28.9: dat. of reference  [dat of]
+  page 29: nī faciat,[16]  [faciāt]
+  Footnote 29.16 ... vī (tē) abstraham  [te]
+  Footnote 39.4 ... H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2)  [(504, 3, 2))]
+  page 41 Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs captīvīs  [captīvis]
+  page 48: nē Rōma opprimī posset  [ne]
+  Footnote 44.2 ... Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3):  [(385, 4, 3))]
+  page 63: deinde positīs ante vēstibulum dōnīs  [vēstibulūm]
+  Footnote 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _mē_  [sc. _me_]
+  page 72: vēnit ad eum līctor  [ād]
+  page 74: Cum aedem Honōris  [aēdem]
+  Footnote 85.1 ... #prīmum . . . triumphāvit#  [primum]
+  Footnote 85.6 ... (419, III, 1, 1)  [(419, III, 1, 1))]
+  page 88: sēriō dīxit Caesar mālle  [māllē]
+  page 96: [Illustration: CICERŌ]  [CICERO]
+  page 100 Sed Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,[5]  [Sēd]
+  Footnote 98.17: ‘conspicuous’; lit., ‘shining.’
+    [_first open quote missing_]
+  page 106: aspidem[14] sibi adferendam cūrāvit  [13]
+
+_Glossary_
+
+  #ad#, prep. with accus. ... (3) of purpose  [_missing (3)_]
+  #cōnfodiō#, see #fodiō#.  [#cōnfodiō#.]
+  #ad--addīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus#  [addīcō, ēre]
+  #bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.
+    [_close parenthesis for bracket_]
+  #Falernus# ... _a famous wine-growing district in Campania_.
+    [_printed as shown, with anomalous italics_]
+  #implōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#  [āvī ātus]
+  #integer, gra, grum# ... #integer, ā#  [integer ā]
+  #īrātus# [orig. part. of #īrāscor#]  [orig part.]
+  #per--perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus#,  [_missing , after “lectus”_]
+  #inquam# ... See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_, 2.
+    [_reference printed as shown_]
+  #introeō#, see (1) #eō#.  [_final . missing_]
+  #latebra, ae#,  [_missing , after “ae”_]
+  #multō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.  [āre āvī]
+  #per--permūtō, āre, āvī, ātus#  [āre, āvi]
+  #ōrdior, īrī, ōrsus sum#, _to begin_.  [īrī ōrsus]
+  #ad--adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus#  [ad adōrō]
+  #persuādeō#, see #suādeō#.  [#persuādeō# see]
+  #dē--dēcutiō, ere, cussī, cussus#  [dē dēcutiō]
+  #ex--ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum#,  [_missing , after “ruptum”_]
+  #sōpiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus#  [īro, īvī]
+  #spernō, ere, sprēvī, sprētus#  [spernō, ēre]
+  #superō, āre, āvī, ātus# [#superus#]  [āre, āvi]
+  #re--retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus#,  [trāctus#.]
+  #vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus#  [āre, āvi]
+
+_References to Harkness_
+
+  90  2  535, 1  [_missing 1_]
+
+_Advertising_
+
+Format of prices (usually $4.50, sometimes $4 50) is unchanged.
+
+  sight tests and occasional examinations.  [_final . missing_]
+  VOL. I--PROSE. ... Seneca Rhetor, Justinus  [Rhetor. Justinus]
+  [last page]
+  _Copies sent ... on receipt of the price_.  [_final . missing_]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Selections from Viri Romae, by 
+Charles François L'Homond
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 33311-0.txt or 33311-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/3/1/33311/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/33311-0.zip b/33311-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cad33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-0.zip
diff --git a/33311-8.txt b/33311-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86eb711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20468 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles Fran�ois L'Homond
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Selections from Viri Romae
+
+Author: Charles Fran�ois L'Homond
+
+Editor: Robert Arrowsmith
+        Charles Knapp
+
+Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the
+"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The main difference is that
+letters with macron ("long" mark) are shown instead with circumflex
+accents:
+
+  ����� �����
+
+Long y (rare) is unmarked in the body text, and shown as y: in the
+Glossary. The circumflex accent in its own right does not occur.
+
+There is no Greek in this book.
+
+Boldface text is shown with #marks#, sans-serif type (only in the
+Advertising) with =marks=, and italics with _lines_.
+
+The text as printed includes several hundred cross-references to
+footnotes, numbered from 1 on each page, and to lines of text, numbered
+continuously within each selection. Each selection is therefore given
+twice, in "stripped" and "as printed" forms.
+
+In the complete form, all page numbers and line breaks have been
+retained. Words split across line or page breaks may appear on either
+the first or second line, depending on space. Footnote anchors are shown
+in [brackets], page numbers in [[double brackets]] on separate lines,
+and line numbers in {braces} at the end of the line. The printed line
+numbers use multiples of five; in the e-text, some numbers have been
+moved up or down when required by line length.
+
+The stripped form gives the bare text, without macrons. Note that
+selections XXVIII-XXX were edited; see first footnote to XXVIII.
+
+The two large maps can be found in the "images" directory associated
+with the HTML version of this text, under the names frontis_large.jpg
+and foldout_large.jpg. Map thumbnails and the other illustrations--
+mainly line drawings-- are in the same place.]
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration {map of Italian peninsula}]
+
+
+
+
+  SELECTIONS
+
+  from
+
+  VIRI ROMAE
+
+
+  Edited By
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.
+
+  Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College
+
+  and
+
+  CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.
+
+  Instructor In Latin, Barnard College
+
+
+    [Decoration]
+
+
+  New York �:� Cincinnati �:� Chicago
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1896, by
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.
+
+  VIRI ROMAE.
+
+  W. P. 18
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has
+followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with
+all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics.
+Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit
+which regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical
+dissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical
+trinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as
+unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the
+study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that
+mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and
+that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a
+barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing
+that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of
+the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the
+character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost
+after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the
+principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of
+_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater
+worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice
+and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms
+of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a
+great people as revealed in its literature and art.
+
+This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some
+modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in
+use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and
+particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by
+which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the
+fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to
+destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,
+however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_
+offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,
+from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the
+literature.
+
+The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition
+of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It
+was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles Fran�ois
+Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation
+as a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience
+taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story
+with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work
+is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of
+Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly
+Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and
+construction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of
+beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of
+Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore
+eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.
+
+The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties
+most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study.
+One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to
+discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered
+in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the
+footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a
+similar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence,
+explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in
+order that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical
+references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of
+helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation,
+subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the
+tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.
+
+Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the
+language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the
+book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It
+is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more
+difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later
+period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon
+matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common
+usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to
+one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of
+expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,
+means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as
+possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience
+of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a
+construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates
+a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have
+experienced none.
+
+The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full
+with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the
+pupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself further
+details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern
+authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too
+strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:--
+
+  Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures
+  Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.
+
+All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this
+edition is, in the main, that of C.�Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart,
+1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the
+vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to
+the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and
+their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been
+made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as
+subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important
+reading power.
+
+The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn
+Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty co�peration in the work, and
+particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises.
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH.
+  CHARLES KNAPP.
+
+August, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+[Decoration]
+
+  PAGE
+
+  Suggestions to the Student                              ix
+  Plan of Rome                                        xxviii
+       I. R�m�n� Imperi� Ex�rdium                          1
+      II. R�mulus                                          4
+     III. Numa Pompilius                                   8
+      IV. Tullus Host�lius                                10
+       V. Ancus M�rcius                                   15
+      VI. L�cius Tarquinius Pr�scus                       17
+     VII. Servius Tullius                                 19
+    VIII. Tarquinius Superbus                             22
+      IX. I�nius Br�tus                                   25
+       X. M�cius Scaevola                                 26
+      XI. Fabi� Trecent� Sex                              27
+     XII. L�cius Virg�nius                                29
+    XIII. Titus M�nlius Torqu�tus                         30
+     XIV. P�blius Decius                                  35
+      XV. M�nius Curius                                   36
+     XVI. G�ius Du�lius                                   38
+    XVII. M�rcus At�lius R�gulus                          39
+   XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher                         42
+     XIX. Qu�ntus Fabius M�ximus                          43
+      XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr�              48
+     XXI. P�blius Corn�lius Sc�pio �fric�nus              52
+    XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et G�ius Gracchus             63
+   XXIII. G�ius Marius                                    68
+    XXIV. L�cius Corn�lius Sulla                          74
+     XXV. L�cius L�cullus                                 77
+    XXVI. Gnaeus Pomp�ius M�gnus                          80
+   XXVII. G�ius I�lius Caesar                             86
+  XXVIII. M�rcus Tullius Cicer�                           96
+    XXIX. M�rcus Br�tus                                  102
+     XXX. Oct�vi�nus Caesar Augustus                     103
+  Exercises for Translation                              112
+  Vocabulary                                             131
+
+
+
+
+SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT
+
+[Decoration]
+
+To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading
+properly, we must possess (1)�a�vocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin
+words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are
+thoroughly familiar; (2)�a�knowledge of the inflectional system of the
+language, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3)�a�knowledge of
+its syntax; and (4)�a�knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin
+sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome
+the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and
+clauses that form a Latin sentence.
+
+#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are
+constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The
+best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant
+reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they
+occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently
+used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with
+everyday life, such as _d�c�_, _e�_, _faci�_, _habe�_, _veni�_, _sum_,
+and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset.
+It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound
+verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force
+of the simple verb is mastered, a�little practice will enable the
+student to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without
+reference to any dictionary.
+
+It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the
+same stem, _e.g._ _can�_, _cantus_; _cert�_, _cert�men_; _d�c�_, _dux_;
+_reg�_, _r�x_, _r�gius_; _caed�_, _caed�s_. A�specially interesting
+study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin
+originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is
+borrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _d�n�_ and _d�num_, _lucid_ with
+_l�x_, _regent_ with _r�x_ and _reg�_.
+
+Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud,
+for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when
+_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far
+more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin
+words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures
+which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.
+
+#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar
+with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in
+mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of
+the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may
+be altered in form in order to express different relations to other
+words, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together
+into sentences. A�knowledge of inflections and an understanding of
+syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a
+whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so
+one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his
+mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed
+that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner
+inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur
+in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are
+discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the
+grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi
+to xxvi. A�very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly
+in mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be
+remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study
+enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.
+
+#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the
+student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a
+Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds
+in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes.
+(1)�Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning
+is developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in
+the order of their importance_. (2)�It is a principle of Latin to keep
+the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word
+completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both
+these principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I,
+page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is
+a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is
+especially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose
+his own successor. The phrase _r�x Alb�n�rum_ very properly follows, as
+defining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Am�lius_ are next
+mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The
+sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word,
+_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numit�r�_ is first, because now Numitor
+is more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause _qu�
+.�.�. erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca
+bequeathed his kingdom (_r�gnum rel�quit_) to Numitor. So in the words
+_ut .�.�. f�cit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act
+indicated by the words _Rh�am Silviam .�.�. f�cit_, so that by the time
+we know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed.
+The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for
+the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that,
+however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always
+good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our
+pleasure, to determine just what this reason�is.
+
+Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible
+by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system,
+whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin
+declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed
+above Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted
+upon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut .�.�. f�cit_ it is clear
+that Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the
+inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very
+difficulty which it creates.
+
+#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself
+familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice
+from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end
+before attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at
+once, a�repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear,
+provided the student knows the force of the individual words and
+constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or
+the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and
+carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes
+until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first
+will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the
+manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more
+and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in
+this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after
+word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy
+1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the
+advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its
+fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow
+as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the
+resulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less
+intelligible. So the sentence _ut .�.�. f�cit_ discussed above may be
+translated almost exactly in the Latin order.
+
+
+LATIN COMPOSITION
+
+#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which
+may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of
+English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has
+already been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it
+calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired
+in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the
+measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from
+the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.
+
+#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which
+we found necessary in reading (page�ix). The words and constructions
+required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are
+illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil
+should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or
+construction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar.
+In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than
+of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.
+
+#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the
+thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our
+chief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in
+proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English
+_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are
+called _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from
+one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English
+sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which
+it expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that
+thought.
+
+#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens
+that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ
+greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In
+English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one
+form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made
+consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight
+shade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it,
+but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one
+falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with
+no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers.
+Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we
+find them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these
+expressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently
+than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student
+must avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound
+form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds
+other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching
+out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by
+trying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by
+placing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gain
+a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a
+single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.
+
+One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to
+render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority
+from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your
+grammar.
+
+Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of
+the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and
+try to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you
+will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes
+of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the
+grammar will give the reason for your choice.
+
+#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions
+necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below,
+pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon
+which the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or
+dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences
+based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.
+
+
+TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS
+
+The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the
+pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under
+appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually
+occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the
+student in two ways: (1)�by supplementing and illustrating the notes,
+and (2)�by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of
+Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head
+all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find
+it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he
+finds new instances in his own reading.
+
+
+_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
+
+1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH:
+
+  #R�mae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarent�#, XV, 30; sal�bri�ra
+  #m�litiae# quam #dom�# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative:
+  chiefly used with names of towns);--#in sicc�#, I, 10; #in i�s
+  loc�s#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistr�s manibus#, II, 21; #in colle
+  Quir�n�l�#, II, 54; #in �r�#, III, 4; #in medi� urbe#, V, 23; ponte
+  .�. #in# (over) #Tiber�# fact�, #in# (at) #�re# Tiberis, V,
+  27;--#mult�s loc�s#, XXV, 17; #terr� mar�que#, XXI, 125;--#apud
+  T�c�num# amnem .�. #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #pal�dem#,
+  II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad fl�men# Bagradam,
+  XVII,�18.
+
+
+_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION
+
+1. PLACE FROM WHICH:
+
+  #Curibus# .�. acc�tus est, III, 2; #Tarquini�s# .�. profectus, VI, 1
+  (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--#� port�# .�.
+  pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #�l�d�s# p�blic�s
+  revert�ns, XVIII, 17;--d�l�bitur #� cael� sciss�# sc�tum, III, 15;
+  #ex e� loc�# .�. auf�gerat, IV, 20; d�nec novae c�piae #ex �fric�#
+  adven�rent, XVII, 3; #ex angusti�s# �v�sit, XIX,�38.
+
+2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH:
+
+  #Albam# proper�vit, I, 25; Qu� cum #R�mam# v�nisset, III, 3; #R�mam#
+  also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Coll�tiam#, VIII,
+  21; Profectus #Delph�s#, IX, 4; #Carth�ginem# rediit, XVII, 54;
+  #domum# d�d�cunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugi�ns, VII, 45; cum .�.
+  #domum# red�ret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of
+  towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvul�s# .�. reverter�tur, I, 16;
+  Remum .�. #ad Am�lium# r�gem perd�x�runt, I, 27; #ad Gab�n�s# s�
+  contulit, VIII, 4;--#in �fricam# .�. tr�i�cit, XVII, 15; #in
+  �taliam# v�nit, XIX, 15; abi�cit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sab�n�s #in
+  urbem# rec�pit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subd�xit, IV, 58;
+  cum #in# (upon) #trib�nal# �scendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against)
+  #eum# .�. rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt s� #inter t�la# .�. �nferre,
+  II,�36.
+
+3. WAY BY WHICH:
+
+  #port�# (abl. of means) #qu�# profect� erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over)
+  #loca alta# �gmen d�c�bat, XIX, 23; Qu� cum .�. #per mont�s, per
+  silv�s# h�c ill�c discurrerent, XIX,�35.
+
+
+_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]
+
+1. TIME AT WHICH:
+
+  #Poster� di�#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Pr�m� impet�#, II, 29; #Kalend�s
+  M�rti�s#, III, 20; #e� tempest�te#, VI, 17; #nocte medi�#, XIX,�68.
+
+2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH:
+
+  #Ann� trecent�sim�# ab urbe condit�, XII, 1; #e�dem ann�#, XIII, 11;
+  #bell� Lat�n�#, XIV, 11; #h�c bell�#, XIV, 12; #in proeli�#, VI, 26;
+  #In proeli� qu�dam, in qu�#, VII, 8; #In qu� bell�#, XV, 2.[I.2]
+
+3. AGE:
+
+  f�lium #tredecim ann�rum#, VI, 25; Hannibal .�. #novem ann�s n�tus#,
+  XIX,�1.
+
+    [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]
+
+    [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]
+
+
+_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE
+
+1. DURATION OF TIME:
+
+  R�mulus #septem# et #tr�gint�# r�gn�vit #ann�s#, III, 38; r�gn�vit
+  #ann�s du�s# et #tr�gint�#, IV, 75; r�gn�vit #ann�s quattuor# et
+  #quadr�gint�#, VII, 52; #per t�tum b�duum#, XIII, 87; #omn� deinde
+  v�t�#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)
+
+2. EXTENT OF SPACE:
+
+  Iam #aliquantum# spati� .�. auf�gerat, IV, 20; centum et v�gint�
+  #ped�s# longum, XVII, 27; qu�nque di�rum #iter# .�. abest, XXI, 163.
+
+
+_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE
+
+1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #n�# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #ut# eum subole #pr�v�ret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religi�ne
+  #m�tig�ret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index p�cis et bell�, III, 25;--#n�#
+  f�rt� auferr� #posset#, III, 16; #n�# duo violenta ingenia
+  m�trim�ni� #iungerentur#, VII,�38.
+
+2. Relative clause:
+
+  m�sit #qu�# societ�tem .�. #peterent#, II, 5; Centum .�. �l�git,
+  #qu�rum# c�nsili� omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerd�t�s l�git, #qu�#
+  anc�lia .�. #c�st�d�rent# et .�. #ferrent#, III, 19; R�mam missus,
+  #ubi# (= ut ibi) .�. #interesset#, XXVIII,�8.
+
+3. #Qu�#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive:
+
+  #qu� frequentius habit�r�tur#, IV, 66 (see note); #qu� minor# turba
+  R�mae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #qu� di�tius# in magistr�t� #esset#,
+  XIX,�46.
+
+4. Gerundive:
+
+  coniug� dedit #�ducand�s#, I, 19; �gnem .�. perpetu� #alendum#
+  virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# loc�vit, XVII, 36; #ad
+  exercitum l�strandum#, II, 44; m�lit�s #ad vindicandum# facinus
+  accendit, XII,�26.
+
+5. Future participle:
+
+  quasi d� p�ce #�ct�rus#, r� v�r� ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see
+  note).
+
+6. Supine:
+
+  aquam .�. #pet�tum# ierat, II, 17; �su�s �num .�. mittit
+  #sc�scit�tum#, VIII, 8; Cum .�. l�g�t� R�mam v�nissent #conquestum#,
+  XIII, 81; pecora .�. quae #p�stum# pr�pulsa essent, XIX,�63.
+
+7. Substantive clauses:
+
+  adf�rm�ns .�. R�mulum .�. praecipere #ut# s�diti�nibus #abstin�rent#
+  et rem m�lit�rem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Lat�n�rum popul�s su�sit
+  #ut# .�. f�num Di�nae .�. in Avent�n� monte #aedific�rent#, VII, 25;
+  opt�vit #ut# fr�ter .�. #rev�v�sceret# atque iterum classem
+  #�mitteret#, XVIII, 19; �d�xit #n�# quis .�. in host�s #p�gn�ret#,
+  XIII, 42; Veritus autem #n�# .�. poen�s #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit �
+  patribus c�nscr�pt�s #n�# quid d� e� r� #statuerent#, XIII,�83.
+
+    [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its
+    importance entitles it to separate treatment.]
+
+
+_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT
+
+1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut n�n# with the subjunctive:
+
+  ita omnium anim�s e� piet�te imbuit #ut# fid�s .�. c�v�s
+  #contin�ret#, III, 33; ade� fr�ct� .�. sunt sp�rit�s .�. #ut# n�ll�
+  re� posth�c nisi sacr�s operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita e�s adlici�ns
+  #ut# apud omn�s pl�rimum #posset#, VIII,�6.
+
+Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#,
+#ade�#, #tam#, #t�lis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.
+
+2. Relative (characteristic):
+
+  inven�r� potuit n�m�, #qu� .�. peteret#, XXIII, 119; �nus adul�sc�ns
+  fuit, #qu� aud�ret# quer�, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #qu�n# with
+  the subjunctive: haud procul erat #qu�n .�. �gn�sceret#, I, 33; n�n
+  esse dubium #qu�n .�. oport�ret#, XVI, 27; N�min� dubium est #qu�n
+  .�. restituerit#, XIX, 105.
+
+3. Substantive:
+
+  (R�mulus d�xit) #fut�rum ut# omnium gentium domin� #exsisterent#,
+  II, 53; #oportet# d�scipl�nam, quam solvist�, .�. #restitu�s#, XIII,
+  54; #concessum est ut# .�. praecinente t�b�cine � c�n� #red�ret#,
+  XVI,�16.
+
+
+_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]
+
+1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the
+perfect tense:
+
+  #Ubi# spect�cul� tempus #v�nit#, II, 11; #Ut .�. increpu�re# arma
+  micant�sque #fuls�re# gladi�, IV, 13; Is #postquam adol�vit#, VII,
+  7; Qu� #postquam# frequent�s #conv�n�re#, XIII,�52.
+
+2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally
+the present):
+
+  Ea r�s #dum# Numit�ris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Alb�nus
+  exercitus #incl�mat# C�ri�ti�s, IV, 23; Lat�nus #dum# ad Tiberim
+  #d�scendit#, sacerd�s bovem immol�vit, VII,�34.
+
+3. #Dum#, #d�nec# (until) with the subjunctive:
+
+  #dum conval�sceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus
+  extr�heret, #d�nec# novae c�piae ex �fric� #adven�rent#, XVII,
+  3�(partly purpose).
+
+4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive:
+
+  Alterum .�. #priusquam# tertius #posset# c�nsequ�, interf�cit, IV,
+  24; #priusquam# e�s bellum #ind�ceret#, l�g�tum m�sit qu� r�s
+  repeteret, V, 7; petiit .�. n� quid .�. statuerent #antequam# ipse
+  #�nspexisset# Macedonum .�. causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).
+
+5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:
+
+  #cum# i�s #�nsidi�t� essent# latr�n�s, I, 22; #cum# Numitor .�.
+  #compar�ret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) R�mae #appropinqu�rent#, II, 15; cum
+  (while) .�. c�nti�nem .�. #hab�ret#, II, 44; Qu� #cum# R�mam
+  #v�nisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely
+  common.
+
+    [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]
+
+
+_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]
+
+1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:
+
+  qu�ppe #qu� cerneret# ferrum ante ocul�s mic�ns, acc�s�ti�nem
+  d�m�sit, XIII, 8; cum in eam c�vit�tem animadvertere d�cr�visset
+  #quae# (= cum�ea) sibi #advers�ta fuisset#, XXVII,�37.
+
+2. #Cum# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #Cum# v�r� ux�r�s .�. n�n #hab�rent#, l�g�t�s circ� v�c�n�s gent�s
+  m�sit, II, 3; #cum# s� invidi�sum .�. #vid�ret#, V�ient�s .�.
+  adversus R�m�n�s concit�vit, IV, 55; #Cum# .�. facinora clandest�na
+  #fierent#, Ancus carcerem .�. aedific�vit, V, 21-25.
+
+3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quand�#, with the indicative:
+
+  #quia# tribus imp�r #erat#, .�. fugam capess�vit, IV, 18;
+  #quand�quidem .�. p�gn�vist�#, XIII, 53; #quia# n�n #p�ruist�#,
+  XIII,�77.
+
+4. #Quod# with the subjunctive:
+
+  cum s� invidi�sum apud c�v�s vid�ret, #quod# bellum �n� pauc�rum
+  cert�mine #f�n�sset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius f�lium .�.
+  #quod# in proeli� hostem #percussisset#, praetext� .�. d�n�vit, VI,
+  25-27.
+
+5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason):
+
+  eum acc�sant�s, #quasi# Numit�ris agr�s �nf�st�re #solitus esset#,
+  I, 28; Is cum �r�tus ad mortem d�c� iussisset m�litem, #quasi#
+  (because, as was supposed,) #interf�cisset# comm�lit�nem, XIII,�65.
+
+NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed
+to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is
+fictitious, and invented by the person who advances�it.
+
+    [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.]
+
+    [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the
+    indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the
+    writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]
+
+
+_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES
+
+1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive:
+
+  #cum retin�r�tur# � propinqu�s et am�c�s, tamen Carth�ginem rediit,
+  XVII,�53.
+
+2. #Quamquam# with the indicative:
+
+  #quamquam . . pell�b�tur#, XXI, 242.
+
+3. #Quamv�s# with the subjunctive:
+
+  #quamv�s s�s# molestus, XXVI, 158.
+
+
+_J._ CUM CLAUSES
+
+The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been
+given separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the
+temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_
+frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession
+combined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and
+concessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as
+well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not
+impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent:�cf.
+
+  #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvul�s .�.
+  #reverter�tur#, I, 16; H�s artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_)
+  Hannibalem Fabius .�. #clausisset#, ille .�. s� exped�vit, XIX,�31.
+
+
+_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
+
+1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a
+participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #E�
+r�gnante#, IV, 3; #rel�bente fl�mine#, I,�9.
+
+2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and
+adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there
+is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#:
+
+  #m�gn� gl�ri�# bell�, IV, 75; #par�# fer� #�rn�t�#, X, 6; #Appi�
+  i�dice#, XII, 15; #Valeri�# et #Coss� c�nsulibus#, XIV,�1.
+
+3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote
+
+  TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and�5.
+
+  #puls� fr�tre#, r�gn�vit, I, 3; #E� r� c�gnit�#, parvul�s .�.
+  abi�cit in Tiberim, I, 5; #arm�t�s p�st�ribus#, Albam proper�vit,
+  I,�25.
+
+NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative
+absolute.
+
+4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3.
+
+  #ort�# inter e�s #contenti�ne#, I, 40; d�rissim� squ�m�rum #l�r�c�#
+  omnia t�la facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in c�nfert� multit�dine
+  aegr� #pr�c�dente carpent�#, XVIII,�17.
+
+5. CONCESSION:
+
+  agrum �ius, #omnibus# circ� #v�st�t�s#, int�ctum rel�quit, XIX,�39.
+
+6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_.
+Examples are:
+
+  #m�litibus# s�gnius #d�micantibus#, raptum s�gnum in hostem m�sit,
+  VII, 9; #occ�s� Tati�#, ad R�mulum potent�tus omnis recidit, II,�40.
+
+7. CONDITION:
+
+  #r�# male #gest�# (if�he fails), XVI, 31; n�, #d�sert�# agr�, n�n
+  esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII,�34.
+
+8. MEANS:
+
+  #advect�s ballist�s# et #catapult�s# (by�bringing up, etc.) .�.
+  d�iciendus hostis fuit, XVII,�23.
+
+9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE:
+
+  #cr�nibus pass�s#, II, 36; #m�gn� gl�ri�# bell� r�gn�vit, IV, 75;
+  scr�b� cum r�ge #par� fer� �rn�t�# sed�bat, X,�6.
+
+10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English
+perfect active participle with an object: #arm�t�s p�st�ribus#, I, 25,
+_having armed_ the shepherds. A�combination of an abl. abs. and a finite
+verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense:
+#inter�mpt� Am�li�#, Numit�rem in r�gnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_
+Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne.
+
+
+_L._ PARTICIPLES
+
+In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are
+used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety
+of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of
+expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent�to
+
+1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE:
+
+  #raptae# mulier�s, II, 35; R�m�nus .�. male #sustinentem# (= qu�
+  male sustin�bat) arma C�ri�tium c�nficit, IV, 29; ab lani� cultr�
+  #adrept�# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher's
+  stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= e�s qu� vol�bant) c�nsulere s� d�
+  i�re praebuit, XIII,�97.
+
+2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE:
+
+  necessit�te #compulsus# indic�vit, I, 24; n�mina m�t�re n�n potuit
+  #d�territus# .�. N�vi� auct�rit�te, VI, 16; H�c terr�re c�ter�
+  #ad�ct�# n�mina pr�mptius ded�runt, XV,�25.
+
+3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE:
+
+  #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium eff�git, XVI,�30.
+
+4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a
+noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a
+limiting genitive:
+
+  ob #virgin�s# rapt�s (on�account of the _seizure of_ the maidens),
+  II, 14; Ann� trecent�sim� ab #urbe condit�# (from the _founding of_
+  the city), XII,�1.
+
+5. English is fond of co�rdinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the
+same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ 'They took the ass and
+saddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers
+to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,
+_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two
+classes of sentences:
+
+(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #�ctum c�nflagr�sse#, IV, 74, which =
+fulmine #�ctum esse et c�nflagr�sse#, _i.e._ 'he _was struck_ by
+lightning _and burned_,' etc.
+
+(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvul�s alve� #imposit�s
+abi�cit#, I, 6 = parvul�s alve� #imposuit et abi�cit#; #�latam# sec�rim
+in �ius caput #d�i�cit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# sec�rim #et# in �ius caput
+#d�i�cit#; c�niugem � C�ri� #�voc�tum# .�. r�gem #sal�t�vit#, VII, 47 =
+c�niugem � C�ri� #�voc�vit et# eum r�gem #sal�t�vit#.
+
+
+_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE
+
+1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and
+_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may
+quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the
+writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in
+which the thought was formulated (if�put into words at all), he is said
+to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely
+the substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or
+thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in
+English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.
+
+2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous
+changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under
+two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those
+which occur in subordinate clauses.
+
+3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,
+interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a
+question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider
+three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,
+(_c_) Commands.
+
+4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of
+saying:
+
+  adf�rm�ns #v�sum# (sc.�#esse#) �s� R�mulum .�. eundemque
+  #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #v�sus est# � m� R�mulus .�.
+  �demque #praecipit#); pr�cl�m�bat f�liam suam i�re #caesam esse#,
+  IV, 43 (direct form, f�lia mea i�re #caesa est#); min�tur s� v�
+  #abstr�ct�rum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) v� t� #abstraham#).
+
+5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on
+a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse
+occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions
+(cf.�p.�3, n.�2), however, fall under this general head as giving some
+one's thoughts without quoting his exact words.
+
+6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall
+into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb
+like _imper�vit_, to be supplied in thought:
+
+  proinde #n� grav�r�tur# s� spectandum praeb�re, XXI, 289 (direct
+  form, #N�l� grav�r�# t� spectandum praeb�re); satis c�nstat Sullam
+  .�. pr�cl�m�sse, #vincerent#, dummodo sc�rent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct
+  form, #Vincite#, dummodo sci�tis).
+
+7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
+
+All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in
+the subjunctive mood:
+
+  Tatius .�. Tarp�iae opti�nem m�neris dedit, #s� .�. perd�xisset#,
+  II, 19-21 (direct form, d� or dab� opti�nem m�neris, #s� .�.
+  perd�xeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct
+  form, Pet� quod .�. #geritis#).
+
+
+
+
+The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in
+most common use; H�= Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to
+Harkness' Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M�= Lane &
+Morgan; A�= Allen & Greenough; G�= Gildersleeve; B�= Bennett.
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME]
+
+The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion
+of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,
+and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the
+Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which
+was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the
+Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built
+a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and
+Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,
+of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the
+Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The
+only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its
+population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow
+strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet
+wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut
+away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the
+excavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high,
+'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the
+Emperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus
+Martius, its main artery, the famous 'Corso,' following the line of the
+ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p.�86.
+
+
+
+
+URBIS R�MAE VIR� INL�STR�S
+
+
+#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]
+
+Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui
+natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit
+et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae
+sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re
+cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos
+abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,
+relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis
+solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,
+infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.
+
+Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus,
+pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae
+coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris
+certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a
+rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent
+latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus,
+necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae
+mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.
+
+Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,
+quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege
+Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum
+considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul
+erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri
+simillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum
+Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem
+liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.
+
+Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique
+educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen
+novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.
+Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,
+victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere
+vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id
+traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: "Sic
+deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" Ita solus potitus est
+imperio Romulus.
+
+
+    [[1]]
+
+  #I. R�m�n� imperi� ex�rdium# [[as printed]]
+
+  Proca,[1] r�x Alb�n�rum, Numit�rem et Am�lium f�li�s habuit.
+  Numit�r�, qu� n�t�[2] m�ior erat, r�gnum rel�quit;[3] sed Am�lius,
+  puls�[4] fr�tre, r�gn�vit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] pr�v�ret,[5] Rh�am
+    [[2]]
+  Silviam, �ius f�liam, Vestae[1] sacerd�tem f�cit, quae[2] tamen    {4}
+  R�mulum et Remum gemin�s �didit.[3] E�[4] r� c�gnit� Am�lius ipsam[5]
+  in vincula coni�cit,[6] parvul�s
+  alve�[7] imposit�s[8] abi�cit in
+  Tiberim, qu� tunc forte super
+  r�p�s erat eff�sus[9]; sed, rel�bente
+  fl�mine, e�s aqua in sicc�                                        {10}
+  rel�quit. V�stae tum in i�s
+  loc�s s�lit�din�s erant. Lupa,
+  ut f�m�[10] tr�ditum est, ad v�g�tum[11] accurrit,
+  �nfant�s lingu�[10] lambit, �bera e�rum �r�[7]
+  m�tremque[12] s� gessit.                                          {15}
+
+    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_]
+
+    [Illustration: A VESTAL]
+
+  Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvul�s velut� ad
+  catul�s reverter�tur,[13] Faustulus, p�stor
+  r�gius,[15] r�[16] animadvers� e�s tulit in casam et              {18}
+  Accae L�rentiae coniug� dedit[17] �ducand�s.[18] Adult�[19] deinde
+  h� inter p�st�r�s pr�m� l�dicr�s[20] cert�minibus v�r�s aux�re,[21]
+  deinde v�nand�[22] salt�s peragr�re et latr�n�s � rap�n�[23] pecorum
+  arc�re coep�runt. Qu�r� cum[13] i�s �nsidi�t� essent[13] latr�n�s,
+  Remus captus est, R�mulus[24] v� s� d�fendit. Tum Faustulus,      {23}
+    [[3]]
+  necessit�te compulsus,[1] indic�vit R�mul� quis esset[2] e�rum
+  avus, quae m�ter. R�mulus statim arm�t�s[3] p�st�ribus Albam[4]   {25}
+  proper�vit.
+
+  Intere� Remum latr�n�s ad Am�lium r�gem perd�x�runt,[5]
+  eum acc�sant�s, quasi[6] Numit�ris agr�s �nf�st�re solitus[7] esset;
+  itaque Remus � r�ge Numit�r� ad[8] supplicium
+  tr�ditus est; at cum Numitor,                                     {30}
+  adul�scentis vultum c�ns�der�ns, aet�tem[9]
+  minim�que serv�lem indolem compar�ret,
+  haud[10] procul erat qu�n nep�tem �gn�sceret.
+  Nam Remus �ris l�ne�ment�s[11] erat m�tr�[12]
+  simillimus[13] aet�sque expositi�nis temporibus                   {35}
+  congru�bat. Ea r�s dum Numit�ris animum anxium tenet,[14]
+  repente R�mulus supervenit,[15] fr�trem l�berat,[15] inter�mpt� Am�li�
+  avum Numit�rem in r�gnum restituit.[15]
+
+    [Illustration: CASA]
+
+    [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 754.]
+
+  Deinde R�mulus et Remus urbem in i�sdem loc�s, ubi exposit�[16]
+  ubique �duc�t� erant, condid�runt[17]; sed ort�[18] inter e�s     {40}
+  contenti�ne, uter n�men novae urb� daret[19] eamque imperi�
+  regeret, auspicia[20] d�cr�v�runt[21] adhib�re. Remus prior[22] sex
+    [[4]]
+  vultur�s, R�mulus poste� duodecim v�dit. S�c R�mulus, victor
+  auguri�,[1] urbem R�mam voc�vit. Ad[2] novae urbis t�t�lam sufficere
+  v�llum vid�b�tur. C�ius[3] angusti�s inr�d�ns cum Remus           {45}
+  salt� id tr�i�cisset, eum �r�tus[4] R�mulus interf�cit, h�s increp�ns
+  verb�s: "S�c[5] deinde, qu�cumque alius tr�nsiliet moenia mea!"
+  Ita s�lus pot�tus est imperi�[6] R�mulus.
+
+    Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was
+    Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many
+    wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the
+    daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called
+    Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son
+    Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and
+    transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally
+    assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear
+    that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the
+    foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen
+    Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman
+    writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described
+    in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little
+    faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early
+    history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers
+    tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack
+    of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written
+    by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after
+    the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously
+    invented to account for institutions which existed in the later
+    times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies
+    and contradictions.
+
+    [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4)
+
+    1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.
+    1.2: #n�t� m�ior#: 'greater by birth' = 'elder.'
+    1.3: from _relinqu�_.
+    1.4: #puls�# (_pell�_) #fr�tre#: abl. abs.; 'his brother having
+    been driven out' (pass.) = 'having driven out,' _or_ 'when he had
+    driven out his brother' (act.): H�489 (431): M�638: A�255: G�409:
+    B�227.
+    1.5: #ut pr�v�ret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M�893: A�317, 1:
+    G�545: B�282.
+    1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G�405:
+    B�214, 1, c.
+    2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_.
+    2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_.
+    2.3: _�d�_.
+    2.4: #e� r� c�gnit�# (_c�gn�sc�_): cf. p.�1, n.�4.
+    2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia.
+    2.6: _conici�_.
+    2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A�228: G�347:
+    B�187, III.
+    2.8: #imposit�s# (_imp�n�_) #abi�cit# (_abici�_) = _imposuit et
+    abi�cit_. English is fond of co�rdination of clauses; Latin
+    prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin
+    avoids two co�rdinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L�5, and H�639
+    (549,�5): A�292, R.: G�664, R. 1, 2: B�337,�2.
+    2.9: _effund�_.
+    2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G�401:
+    B�218.
+    2.11: #ad v�g�tum#: 'to (their) squalling,' i.e. to them as they
+    were crying.
+    2.12: #m�trem s� gessit# (_ger�_): 'conducted herself, acted like
+    a mother.'
+    2.13: not only '_when_,' but also '_because_ the wolf kept coming
+    back.' See p. xxii,�J.
+    2.14: 'very often.' The comparative often has this intensive
+    force.
+    2.15: adj. = the genitive of _r�x_.
+    2.16: #r� . . . tulit# (_fer�_) = _rem animadvertit et e�s tulit_;
+    cf. p. xxiii, K�10.
+    2.17: _d�_.
+    2.18: = _ut �duc�rentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as
+    often. See p. xviii, E�4, H�622 (544, N.�2): M�994: A�294, _d_:
+    G�430: B�337, 7,�2.
+    2.19: #adult�# (_adol�sc�_): 'having grown' = 'when grown.'
+    2.20: #l�dicr�s cert�minibus#: 'with playful contests,'--such as
+    running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n.�10.
+    2.21: = _aux�runt_ (_auge�_).
+    2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.
+    2.23: 'from the seizure of' = 'from stealing.'
+    2.24: = '_but_ Romulus.'
+    3.1: _compell�_.
+    3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G�467:
+    B�300.
+    3.3: See p. 1, n. 4.
+    3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380,�II): M�515:
+    A�258, _b_: G�337: B�182, 1, _a_; cf. English 'to go _home_.'
+    3.5: _perd�c�_.
+    3.6: 'because, as they said'; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or
+    thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi,
+    H�5.
+    3.7: _sole�_.
+    3.8: #ad supplicium#: 'to be punished'; _ad_ with its noun often
+    denotes purpose.
+    3.9: #aet�tem . . . compar�ret#: 'compared his age with his
+    nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave'; i.e. his
+    appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher
+    station than the shepherds.
+    3.10: #haud . . . �gn�sceret#: 'he came very near to recognizing
+    him'; how literally? In this construction _qu�n_ = _ut n�n_, and
+    the subjunctive is one of result: H�595 (504): M�913: A�319, _d_:
+    G�555: B�284,�3.
+    3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G�397:
+    B�226,�1.
+    3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat.
+    3.13: 'very like'; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l.�16.
+    3.14: _dum_, 'while,' regularly takes the pres. indic. where
+    English uses the imperfect: H�533, 4 (467,�4): M�917: A�276, _e_:
+    G�570, R.: B�293.
+    3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A�276, _d_:
+    G�229: B�259,�3.
+    3.16: _exp�n�_.
+    3.17: _cond�_.
+    3.18: #ort�# (_orior_) . . . #contenti�ne# = '_because_ a strife
+    arose'; see p. xxiii, K�4.
+    3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contenti�ne_; cf. n.�2. The
+    strife centered in the question, "Which of us shall rule?"
+    3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the
+    Aventine.
+    3.21: _d�cern�_.
+    3.22: 'first.'
+    4.1: 'by virtue of the augury'; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M�612:
+    A�245: G�408: B�219.
+    4.2: #Ad . . . t�t�lam#: 'to guard the new city.' Cf. p.�3, n.�8.
+    4.3: Render 'its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive
+    clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun,
+    where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or
+    personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_
+    or _for_: cf. p.�2, n.�2.
+    4.4: 'in anger.' An adjective may often be best rendered by an
+    adverb or adverbial phrase.
+    4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish).
+    4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218,�1.]
+
+
+#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]
+
+753-715 B.C.
+
+Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat
+in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum
+pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
+legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo
+populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam
+additum: "Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret
+conubium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici
+deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam
+videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi
+spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum
+signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.
+
+Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum
+adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam
+virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius
+pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae
+optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.
+Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos
+anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem
+perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis
+habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.
+
+Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum
+Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,
+nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu
+consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: "Vicimus
+perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse
+virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris." Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum
+tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus
+restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus
+passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc
+viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.
+
+Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum
+cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum
+potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum
+consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres
+equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His
+ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae
+paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore
+tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse
+vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis.
+Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit,
+iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque
+praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent;
+futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali
+Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.
+
+
+  #II. R�mulus, R�m�n�rum r�x pr�mus# [[as printed]]
+
+  753-715 B.C.
+
+  R�mulus[7] im�ginem urbis magis quam urbem f�cerat; incolae
+  deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proxim� l�cus[10]; hunc asylum f�cit. Et
+  statim e� m�ra v�s[11] latr�num p�st�rumque c�nf�git. Cum[12] v�r�
+    [[5]]
+  ux�r�s ipse[1] populusque n�n hab�rent, l�g�t�s circ� v�c�n�s
+  gent�s m�sit,[2] qu�[3] societ�tem c�n�biumque[4] nov� popul�      {5}
+  peterent.[3] N�squam ben�gn� aud�ta l�g�ti� est; l�dibrium etiam
+  additum[5]: "C�r n�n f�min�s quoque asylum aperuistis? Id
+  enim comp�r foret[6] c�n�bium." R�mulus, aegrit�dinem anim�
+  dissimul�ns, l�d�s parat; ind�c�[7] deinde f�nitim�s spect�culum
+  iubet. Mult� conv�n�re[8] studi� etiam[9] videndae novae urbis,   {10}
+  m�xim� Sab�n� cum l�ber�s et coniugibus. Ubi spect�cul� tempus
+  v�nit e�que[10] conversae[11] ment�s[12] cum ocul�s erant, tum s�gn�
+  dat� iuven�s R�m�n� discurrunt, virgin�s rapiunt.[13]
+
+    [Illustration: ARMILLA]
+
+  Haec[14] fuit statim causa bell�. Sab�n� enim ob[15] virgin�s rapt�s
+  bellum adversus R�m�n�s s�mps�runt,[16] et cum                    {15}
+  R�mae[17] appropinqu�rent, Tarp�iam virginem nact�
+  sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extr� moenia pet�tum[20]
+  ierat. H�ius pater R�m�nae praeerat arc�. Titus
+  Tatius, Sab�n�rum dux, Tarp�iae opti�nem m�neris
+  dedit, s� exercitum suum in Capit�lium                            {20}
+    [[6]]
+  perd�xisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sab�n� in sinistr�s manibus[3]
+      gererent,[4]                                                  {21}
+  vid�licet aure�s �nul�s et armill�s. Quibus dol�s� pr�miss�s,
+  Tarp�ia Sab�n�s in arcem perd�xit, ubi Tatius
+  sc�t�s[5] eam obru� iussit; nam et[6] ea in laev�s[7]
+  habuerant.[8] S�c impia pr�diti� celer� poen�[5] vindic�ta        {25}
+  est.
+
+    [Illustration: DEATH OF TARP�IA]
+
+  Deinde R�mulus ad cert�men pr�cessit, et in
+  e� loc�, ubi nunc R�m�num Forum[9] est, p�gnam
+  c�nseruit. Pr�m�[10] impet� vir inter[11] R�m�n�s �ns�gnis, n�mine[12]
+  Host�lius, fortissim� d�mic�ns cecidit; c�ius interit�[13] c�nstern�t�
+  R�m�n� fugere coep�runt. Iam Sab�n� cl�mit�bant: "V�cimus         {31}
+  perfid�s hospites,[14] imbell�s host�s. Nunc sciunt long�[15] aliud
+  esse virgin�s rapere,[16] aliud p�gn�re[16] cum vir�s." Tunc R�mulus,
+  arma ad caelum toll�ns, Iov� aedem[17] v�vit, et exercitus seu forte
+  seu d�v�nitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegr�tur; sed raptae
+  mulier�s cr�nibus[19] pass�s ausae sunt s� inter t�la volantia �nferre
+  et hinc patr�s, hinc vir�s �rant�s,[20] p�cem concili�runt.       {37}
+
+    [Illustration: R�MULUS AS QUIR�NUS / _From a coin_]
+
+  R�mulus, foedere[21] cum Tati� �ct�, et Sab�n�s in urbem rec�pit
+    [[7]]
+  et r�gnum[1] cum Tati� soci�vit. V�rum haud ita mult� post,
+  occ�s�[2] Tati�, ad R�mulum potent�tus omnis recidit.[3] Centum   {40}
+  deinde ex seni�ribus �l�git, qu�rum c�nsili�[4] omnia ageret,[5] qu�s
+  sen�t�r�s n�min�vit propter senect�tem. Tr�s equitum[6] centuri�s
+  c�nstituit, populum in tr�gint� c�ri�s distribuit. H�s ita
+  �rdin�t�s, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum l�strandum c�nti�nem in camp�[9] ad
+  Caprae[10] pal�dem hab�ret, subit� coorta est                     {45}
+  tempest�s cum m�gn� frag�re tonitribusque et
+  R�mulus � c�nspect� abl�tus[11] est. Ad de�s
+  tr�ns�sse vulg� cr�ditus[12] est; cu�[13] re� fidem
+  f�cit I�lius Proculus, vir n�bilis. Ort�[14] enim
+  inter patr�s et pl�bem s�diti�ne, in c�nti�nem                    {50}
+  pr�cessit,[15] i�rei�rand� adf�rm�ns v�sum[16] � s�
+  R�mulum augusti�re[17] f�rm�, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut
+      s�diti�nibus
+  abstin�rent[20] et rem m�lit�rem colerent[20]; fut�rum[21] ut
+    [[8]]
+  omnium gentium domin� exsisterent. Aed�s in colle Quir�n�l�
+  R�mul�[1] c�nstit�ta,[2] ipse[3] pr� de� cultus[2] et Quir�nus est
+  appell�tus.                                                       {56}
+
+    [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8)
+
+    4.7: It has been suggested that the name _R�mulus_ is derived from
+    _R�ma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word
+    _Rumon_, 'river.' _R�ma_ would then be 'the town by the river,'
+    'Rivertown' (cf.�English 'Watertown,' etc.), and _R�mulus_ would
+    be 'the man from Rivertown.'
+    4.8: _d�sum_.
+    4.9: #in proxim�#: 'near by.' Phrases consisting of a preposition
+    and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of
+    adjectives or adverbs.
+    4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline
+    Hill.
+    4.11: #v�s# often means 'number,' as here, or 'quantity'; 'power'
+    is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.
+    4.12: #cum#: 'since': H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G�586: B�286, 2.
+    5.1: = _R�mulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5.
+    5.2: _mitt�_.
+    5.3: #qu� . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii,
+    E�2, and H�590 (497,�I): M�835: A�317, 2: G�630: B�282,�2.
+    5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist
+    between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.
+    5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the
+    passive, especially in rapid narrative.
+    5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G�116, N. 1,
+    _c_: B�100, N.�2.
+    5.7: #ind�c� . . . iubet#: 'he bids a show to be announced.' Such
+    an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.
+    5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21.
+    5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they
+    were also curious to see the new city.
+    5.10: = _in spect�culum_.
+    5.11: _convert�_.
+    5.12: #ment�s cum ocul�s#: 'minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is
+    on _ment�s_; they were thinking only of the show.
+    5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by
+    side without a connective. See also n.�5 above.
+    5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding
+    paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because
+    the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the
+    rule in Latin. H�396, 2 (445,�4): A�195, _d_: G�211, 5: B�246,�5.
+    5.15: #ob virgin�s rapt�s#: 'on account of the stolen maidens' =
+    'on account of the seizure of the maidens.' A�participle agreeing
+    with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a
+    dependent genitive.
+    5.16: _s�m�_.
+    5.17: dat.; why?
+    5.18: 'they happened upon' (_nanc�scor_).
+    5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: 'had gone by chance' = 'happened to
+    have gone.' _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: 'as it
+    happened,' or 'it so happened.'
+    5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H�633 (546):
+    M�1005: A�302: G�435: B�340, 1.
+    6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied
+    indirect discourse; #s� perd�xisset# represents the fut. perf.
+    indic. of direct discourse _s� perd�xeris_, 'if you shall have
+    led' = 'if you (shall) lead'; H�646 (527,�I): M�1034, 1038: A�337:
+    G�656-7: B�319, B.
+    6.2: 'that which.'
+    6.3: _manus_ often = 'arm,' just as _p�s_ = 'leg.'
+    6.4: #gererent#: either 'wore' or 'bore.' Tarpeia meant it in the
+    former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.
+    6.5: Why abl.?
+    6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: 'these too,' as well as the _armillae_
+    and _�nul�_.
+    6.7: Sc. _manibus_.
+    6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when
+    the bargain was struck.
+    6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_.
+    6.10: #Pr�m� impet�#: 'in the very first charge.' The ablative
+    fixes the time of #cecidit#.
+    6.11: #inter . . . �ns�gnis#: 'the most conspicuous of the
+    Romans.' How literally?
+    6.12: abl. of specification.
+    6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.
+    6.14: 'hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the
+    Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.
+    6.15: #long� aliud . . . aliud#: 'one thing . .�. quite another.'
+    Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.
+    6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are
+    subjects of #esse#; H�615 (538): M�972: A�270: G�422: B�377.
+    6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e.
+    the 'Stayer,' the god who had _stayed_ the army's flight.
+    6.18: _resist�_: 'maintained its ground,' 'held its own,' as
+    contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coep�runt_).
+    6.19: #cr�nibus pass�s# (_pand�_): 'with streaming hair.'
+    6.20: '_by_ beseeching'; the abl. of the gerund (_�rand�_) might
+    have been used.
+    6.21: #foedere . . . �ct�# (_�c�_): 'having struck a treaty.' How
+    literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in
+    Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase
+    _foedus �cere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in
+    the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.
+    7.1: #r�gnum . . . soci�vit#: i.e. henceforth there were two
+    kings.
+    7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had
+    insulted.
+    7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty 'came _back_,'
+    or 'devolved _again_' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared
+    it with Tatius.
+    7.4: abl. of means.
+    7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    7.6: See Vocab., _eques_.
+    7.7: 'When': H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B�288.
+    7.8: #ad . . . l�strandum# = _ut . . . l�str�ret_. What does the
+    gerundive construction express?
+    7.9: Sc. _M�rti�_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii.
+    7.10: #Caprae pal�dem#: 'Goat Swamp.'
+    7.11: _aufer�_.
+    7.12: #cr�ditus est#: we would say: 'it was believed that he,'
+    etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: 'he was
+    believed to have,' etc.
+    7.13: #cu� . . . f�cit#: literally 'for which thing he made (i.e.
+    secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).'
+    7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K�6.
+    7.15: _pr�c�d�_.
+    7.16: Sc. _esse_. #v�sum esse# and #praecipere# depend on
+    #adf�rm�ns#: see H�642 (523,�I): M�1023: A�336, 2: G�650: B�314:
+    and p. xxv, M�4.
+    7.17: #augusti�re f�rm�#: 'of more imposing presence' (than he was
+    while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H�473, 2 (419,�II):
+    M�643: A�251: G�400: B�224.
+    7.18: i.e. _R�mulum_.
+    7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _v�sum_ (_esse_)
+    above. Proculus actually said: (_R�mulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he
+    used the historical present. Above _v�sum_ (_esse_) represents
+    _v�sus est_ of the direct discourse.
+    7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M�892: A�331:
+    G�546: B�295,�4.
+    7.21: #fut�rum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of
+    Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #fut�rum# (_esse_)
+    depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said
+    _exsist�tis_. Since, however, _exsist�_ has no supine and so no
+    future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from
+    it. Hence the phrase _fut�rum ut_ with subjunctive becomes
+    necessary: 'it would happen that they would become,' etc.
+    8.1: 'in honor of Romulus'; dat. of advantage.
+    8.2: With #c�nstit�ta# and #cultus# (_col�_) sc. _est_.
+    8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p.�5,
+    n.�13.]
+
+
+#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]
+
+716-673 B.C.
+
+Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is
+Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut
+populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae
+consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem
+Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.
+Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus
+fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam
+docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii
+certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem
+populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt
+silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e
+caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri
+posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.
+Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa
+imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et
+rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae
+descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino
+aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse
+civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.
+
+Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis
+suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse
+conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus
+erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris
+se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate
+imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus
+cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati
+profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est.
+Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt.
+Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.
+
+
+  #III. Numa Pompilius, R�m�n�rum r�x secundus# [[as printed]]
+
+  716-673 B.C.
+
+    [Illustration: SELLA CUR�LIS / _From a coin_]
+
+  Successit R�mul� Numa Pompilius, vir inclit� i�stiti�[4] et
+  religi�ne.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppid� Sab�n�rum, acc�tus est. Qu�
+  cum R�mam v�nisset, ut[6] populum ferum religi�ne m�tig�ret, sacra
+  pl�rima �nstituit. �ram Vestae c�nsecr�vit, et �gnem[7] in �r�
+  perpetu� alendum virginibus dedit. Fl�minem[8]                     {5}
+  Iovis sacerd�tem cre�vit eumque �ns�gn� veste[9]
+  et cur�l�[10] sell� ad�rn�vit. D�citur[11] quondam
+  ipsum Iovem � cael� �licuisse.[12] H�c, ingentibus
+  fulminibus in urbem d�miss�s, d�scendit in nemus
+  Avent�num, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacr�s                         {10}
+  fulmina[13] essent pr�c�randa,[13] et praetere� imperi�
+    [[9]]
+  certa[1] p�gnora popul� R�m�n� dat�rum s� esse pr�m�sit. Numa
+  laetus rem popul� n�nti�vit. Postr�di� omn�s ad aed�s[2] r�gi�s
+  conv�n�runt silent�sque exspect�bant[3] quid fut�rum esset.[4] Atque
+  s�le ort� d�l�bitur � cael� sciss�[5] sc�tum, quod                {15}
+  anc�le appell�vit Numa. Id n�[6] f�rt� auferr�
+  posset,[6] M�murium fabrum �ndecim sc�ta e�dem
+  f�rm� fabric�re iussit. Duodecim autem Sali�s[7]
+  M�rtis sacerd�t�s l�git, qu� anc�lia, s�cr�ta
+  illa imperi� p�gnora, c�st�d�rent[8] et Kalend�s                  {20}
+  M�rti�s per urbem canent�s et r�te saltant�s
+  ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] m�ns�s ad
+  cursum l�nae d�scr�psit; nef�st�s[10] f�st�sque
+  di�s f�cit; port�s I�n�[11] gemin�[12] aedific�vit
+  ut esset index p�cis et bell�; nam apertus,[13] in                {25}
+  arm�s esse c�vit�tem, clausus,[13] p�c�t�s circ�
+  omn�s popul�s, s�gnific�bat.
+
+    [Illustration: ANC�LIA / _From a coin_]
+
+    [Illustration: I�NUS]
+
+  L�g�s[14] quoque pl�rim�s et �til�s tulit                         {28}
+  Numa. Ut v�r� m�i�rem �nstit�t�s[15] su�s auct�rit�tem concili�ret,
+    [[10]]
+  simul�vit[1] sibi[2] cum de� �geri� esse conloquia nocturna �iusque[3]
+  monit� s� omnia, quae ageret, facere. L�cus erat, quem[4] medium
+  f�ns perenn� rig�bat aqu�; e� saepe Numa sine arbitr�s[5] s�      {32}
+  �nfer�bat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium anim�s e�[7]
+  piet�te imbuit, ut fid�s[8] ac i�si�randum n�n minus quam l�gum
+  et poen�rum metus c�v�s contin�ret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] n�llum   {35}
+  gessit, sed[10] n�n minus c�vit�t� pr�fuit quam R�mulus.[11] Morb�[12]
+  exst�nctus in I�nicul� monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps
+  r�g�s, ille bell�, h�c p�ce, c�vit�tem aux�runt. R�mulus septem
+  et tr�gint� r�gn�vit ann�s,[15] Numa tr�s et quadr�gint�.         {39}
+
+    [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10)
+
+    8.4: See p. 7, n. 17.
+    8.5: #Curibus . . . Sab�n�rum#: 'from Cures, a�town of the
+    Sabines.' H�462 (412,�II): M�605: A�258, _a_: G�391: B�229, 1.
+    '_At_ Cures, a�town of the Sabines,' would be _Curibus, in oppid�
+    Sab�n�rum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between
+    the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in
+    expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a
+    given point.
+    8.6: #ut . . . m�tig�ret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what
+    follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which
+    they modify.
+    8.7: #�gnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p.�2,
+    n.�18.
+    8.8: #Fl�minem . . . cre�vit#: 'he appointed a priest to be
+    Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., _fl�men_.
+    8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Fl�min�s_
+    were (1)�a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick
+    of olive wood, called _apex_; (2)�the _toga praetexta_ (see
+    Vocab., _toga_); and (3)�a laurel crown.
+    8.10: See Vocab., _sella_.
+    8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12.
+    8.12: _�lici�_.
+    8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Pr�c�r�re_ is
+    the technical word for 'caring for' an omen, i.e. warding off all
+    harmful effects by sacrifices.
+    9.1: 'trustworthy.' This word never = 'certain,' as in the phrase
+    'a�certain man.' In that sense _qu�dam_ is used.
+    9.2: #aed�s r�gi�s#: 'the palace.' What two meanings does _aed�s_
+    bear?
+    9.3: 'waited (to see) what,' etc.
+    9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2.
+    9.5: _scind�_. #d�l�bitur . . . sc�tum#: 'the heavens were opened
+    and a shield descended.'
+    9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M�893: A�317, 1:
+    G�545, 3: B�282. On the possession of this _anc�le_ Rome's power
+    was believed to depend; hence Numa's care in guarding�it.
+    9.7: #Sali�s . . . f�cit#: 'he chose twelve Salii as priests of
+    Mars.'
+    9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained
+    only ten months, a�statement hardly credible.
+    9.10: #nef�st�s . . . f�cit#: 'he made a distinction between _di�s
+    nef�st�_ and _di�s f�st�_.' See Vocab., _f�stus_ and _nef�stus_.
+    9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1.
+    9.12: 'two-headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the
+    Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole
+    structure resembled an arch.
+    9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively
+    'when open,' 'when shut.' They agree with _I�nus_ understood,
+    which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple
+    remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year,
+    and not closed till 29 B.C.
+    9.14: #L�g�s quoque#: '_Laws_ too,' i.e. laws as well as religious
+    ceremonies and priestly orders.
+    9.15: #�nstit�t�s#: dative with #concili�ret#.
+    10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimul�ns_, II,�9?
+    10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: 'that he had conversations.'
+    #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H�430 (387): M�542: A�231: G�349:
+    B�190.
+    10.3: #�ius monit�#: 'at her suggestion.' Cf. _qu�rum c�nsili�_,
+    II,�41.
+    10.4: #quem medium#: 'the middle of which.'
+    10.5: Here in its original sense of 'witness.'
+    10.6: #velut . . . deae#: 'giving it out that he was going to meet
+    the goddess'; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See
+    note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p.�3, n.�8.
+    #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H�429 (386):
+    M�532: A�228: G�347: B�187, III.
+    10.7: #ita# and #e�# reinforce each other. 'To such a degree
+    (#ita#), and with such (#e�#) piety,' etc.
+    10.8: Here = 'respect for their oaths (and obligations).' #fid�s
+    ac i�si�randum# together = 'their own moral sense,' as opposed to
+    the restraints of the law.
+    10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A�319, 1:
+    G�552, 2: B�284.
+    10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = 'to be sure, it is true.'
+    Hence #quidem .�.�. sed# = _quamquam .�.�. sed tamen_.
+    10.11: Sc. _pr�fuerat_.
+    10.12: #Morb� exst�nctus# (_exstingu�_) means that he died a
+    natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous
+    disappearance of Romulus, as described on page�7.
+    10.13: _sepeli�_.
+    10.14: #duo deinceps r�g�s#: 'two _successive_ kings.' When an
+    adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it
+    has the value of an adjective.
+    10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A�256, 2:
+    G�336: B�181. See also p. xvii, D�1.]
+
+
+#IV. Tullus Host�lius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]
+
+673-641 B.C.
+
+Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi
+dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter
+Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem
+paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii,
+tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque
+patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi
+imperium esset.
+
+Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies
+procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique
+armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut
+primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens
+spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani
+alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad
+casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes
+tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is
+integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam
+capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum
+spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt
+unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,
+et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam
+Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset
+consequi, interfecit.
+
+Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat
+intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum
+cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male
+sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac
+gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat
+Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,
+quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris
+paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere
+coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio
+publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis
+increpans: "Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,
+oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem."
+
+Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius
+Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque
+laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex
+proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque
+Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia
+stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris
+lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure
+causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam
+sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite
+adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.
+
+Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se
+invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine
+finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos
+concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem
+subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus
+intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a
+tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero
+die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis
+religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter
+ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.
+
+Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons
+Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus
+regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus
+bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis
+quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam
+domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est
+implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi
+feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum
+fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit
+annos duos et triginta.
+
+
+  #IV. Tullus Host�lius, R�m�n�rum r�x tertius# [[as printed]]
+
+  673-641 B.C.
+
+  Mortu�[16] Num� Tullus Host�lius r�x cre�tus est. H�c n�n
+  s�lum proxim�[17] r�g� dissimilis, sed fer�cior etiam R�mul�[18] fuit.
+    [[11]]
+  E� r�gnante[1] bellum inter Alb�n�s et R�m�n�s exortum[2] est.
+  Ducibus[3] Host�li� et F�feti� placuit rem[4] pauc�rum cert�mine[5]
+  f�n�r�. Erant apud R�m�n�s trigemin� fr�tr�s Hor�ti�, tr�s apud    {5}
+  Alb�n�s C�ri�ti�. Cum[6] e�s agunt r�g�s ut pr� su� quisque
+  patri� d�micent[7] ferr�. Foedus[8] �ctum est e�[9] l�ge, ut, unde[10]
+  vict�ria, ibi imperium esset.
+
+  �ct� foedere trigemin� arma capiunt et in medium inter du�s
+  aci�s pr�c�dunt. C�ns�derant utrimque duo exercit�s. Datur        {10}
+  s�gnum, �nf�st�que[11] arm�s tern�[12] iuven�s, m�gn�rum[13]
+      exercituum
+  anim�s gerent�s, concurrunt. Ut pr�m� concurs� increpu�re[14]
+  arma micant�sque fuls�re[15] gladi�, horror ing�ns spectant�s[16]
+  perstringit. C�nsert�s[17] deinde manibus, statim duo R�m�n� alius
+  super alium exsp�rant�s cecid�runt[18]; tr�s Alb�n� vulner�t�. Ad[19]
+  c�sum R�m�n�rum concl�m�vit gaudi� exercitus Alb�nus. R�m�n�s     {16}
+  iam sp�s t�ta d�ser�bat. �num Hor�tium tr�s C�ri�ti�
+  circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus imp�r
+  erat, ut distraheret host�s, fugam capess�vit,[22] singul�s[23] per
+      interv�lla
+    [[12]]
+  sec�t�r�s esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spati� ex e� loc�,        {20}
+  ubi p�gn�tum est, auf�gerat, cum respici�ns videt �num � C�ri�ti�s
+  haud procul ab s�s� abesse. In[2] eum m�gn� impet� redit,
+  et dum Alb�nus exercitus incl�mat[3] C�ri�ti�s ut opem ferant
+  fr�tr�, iam Hor�tius eum occ�derat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5]
+  tertius posset[5] c�nsequ�, interf�cit.                           {25}
+
+  Iam singul�[6] supererant,[7] sed nec sp� nec v�ribus par�s.[8]
+      Alter[9]
+  erat int�ctus ferr� et gemin�t� vict�ri� fer�x[10]; alter fessum[11]
+      vulnere,
+  fessum curs� trah�bat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.
+  R�m�nus exsult�ns male sustinentem arma C�ri�tium c�nficit,[13]
+  iacentem[14] spoliat. R�m�n� ovant�s[15] ac gr�tulant�s Hor�tium  {30}
+  accipiunt et domum[16] d�d�cunt. Pr�nceps �bat Hor�tius, trium fr�trum
+  spolia prae s� ger�ns. Cu�[17] obvia fuit soror, quae d�sp�nsa
+  fuerat �n� ex C�ri�ti�s, v�s�que[18] super umer�s fr�tris pal�d�ment�
+  sp�ns�, quod ipsa c�nf�cerat, fl�re et cr�n�s[19] solvere coepit.
+      Movet                                                         {34}
+  fer�cis iuvenis animum compl�r�ti� sor�ris in tant� gaudi� p�blic�;
+  itaque strict�[20] gladi� tr�nsf�git puellam, simul eam verb�s[21]
+      increp�ns:                                                    {36}
+  "Ab�[22] hinc cum imm�t�r� am�re ad sp�nsum, obl�ta[23]
+    [[13]]
+  fr�trum, obl�ta patriae. S�c eat,[1] quaecumque R�m�na l�g�bit
+  hostem."
+
+  Atr�x id v�sum est facinus[2] patribus[3] pl�b�que; qu�r� raptus  {40}
+  est in i�s[4] Hor�tius et apud i�dic�s condemn�tus. Iam accesserat
+  l�ctor[5] inici�batque[6] laqueum. Tum Hor�tius ad populum pr�voc�vit.
+  Intere� pater Hor�ti� senex pr�cl�m�bat f�liam suam i�re
+  caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque C�ri�ti�rum
+  ostent�ns, �r�bat populum n�[9] s�, quem paul�                    {45}
+  ante cum �gregi� stirpe c�nspexissent,[10] orbum
+  l�ber�s[11] faceret.[9] N�n tulit populus patris lacrim�s
+  iuvenemque[12] absolvit adm�r�ti�ne[13] magis
+  virt�tis quam i�re[13] causae. Ut tamen caed�s
+  manif�sta expi�r�tur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrifici�s             {50}
+  per�ct�s tr�nsm�sit per viam[15] tigillum et f�lium
+  capite adopert� velut sub iugum[16] m�sit; quod
+  tigillum _Sor�rium_[17] appell�tum est.
+
+    [Illustration: FASC�S]
+
+  N�n di� p�x[18] Alb�na m�nsit[19]; nam Mettius                    {54}
+  F�fetius, dux Alb�n�rum, cum[20] s� invidi�sum apud c�v�s vid�ret,[20]
+    [[14]]
+  quod[1] bellum �n�[2] pauc�rum cert�mine f�n�sset, ut[3] rem
+      corrigeret,
+  V�ient�s F�d�nat�sque adversus R�m�n�s concit�vit. Ipse,
+  � Tull� in[4] auxilium arcess�tus, aciem in collem subd�xit, ut
+      fort�nam
+  bell� exspect�ret et sequer�tur. Qu�[5] r� Tullus intell�ct�      {59}
+  m�gn� v�ce ait[6] su� illud iuss� Mettium facere, ut host�s � terg�
+  circumven�rentur. Qu� aud�t� host�s territ� et vict� sunt. Poster�
+  di� Mettius cum ad gr�tulandum Tull� v�nisset, iuss� ill�us
+  quadr�g�s[7] relig�tus et in[8] d�versa distr�ctus[9] est. Deinde
+      Tullus Albam
+  propter ducis perfidiam d�ruit et Alb�n�s R�mam tr�ns�re iussit.[10]
+
+  R�ma interim cr�vit[11] Albae ru�n�s[12]; duplic�tus est c�vium   {65}
+  numerus; m�ns Caelius urb� additus et, qu�[13] frequentius
+  habit�r�tur,[13] eam[14] s�dem Tullus r�giae c�pit ibique deinde
+      habit�vit.
+  Auct�rum[15] v�rium f�d�ci� �l�tus[16] bellum Sab�n�s ind�xit.
+      P�stilentia
+    [[15]]
+  �nsec�ta[1] est; n�lla tamen ab arm�s qui�s dab�tur. Cr�d�bat
+  enim r�x bellic�sus[2] sal�bri�ra m�litiae[3] quam dom� esse      {70}
+  iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturn� morb� est implicitus.
+  Tunc v�r� ade�[6] fr�ct�[7] simul cum corpore sunt sp�rit�s[8]
+  ill� fer�c�s, ut n�ll� re� posth�c nisi sacr�s operam daret. Memorant
+  Tullum fulmine[9] �ctum cum dom� c�nflagr�sse. Tullus
+  m�gn� gl�ri� bell� r�gn�vit ann�s du�s et tr�gint�.               {75}
+
+    [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15)
+
+    10.16: #Mortu� Num�#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_.
+    10.17: #proxim� r�g�#: 'his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#,
+    which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p.�3, n.�12).
+    _Proximus_ may mean 'nearest (in�the past)' = 'last,' or 'nearest
+    (in�the future)' = 'next.' The context must determine the sense.
+    10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G�398:
+    B�217.
+    11.1: #E� r�gnante#: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs.
+    differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii,
+    K�1.
+    11.2: _exorior_.
+    11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: 'the leaders agreed that,' etc. The
+    subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem .�.�. f�n�r�#.
+    11.4: The meanings of _r�s_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may
+    be translated 'dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For
+    the mood of _f�n�r�_, see p.�6, n.�16.
+    11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner
+    in which the quarrel was to be ended.
+    11.6: #Cum . . . r�g�s#: 'the kings urge them.' How literally?
+    11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
+    11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
+    11.9: #e� l�ge ut#: 'with the understanding that,' 'with the
+    proviso (#l�ge#) that.' The clause #ut .�.�. esset# expresses the
+    purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.
+    11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _qu� ex parte_. We would rather
+    say, '_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea
+    as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather
+    as that of _rest at_ a point. Why?
+    11.11: #�nf�st� arm�s#: 'hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. 'with
+    hostile arms.'
+    11.12: 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the
+    adjective?
+    11.13: #m�gn�rum . . . gerent�s#: 'breathing the spirit of mighty
+    armies.' So we speak of a person as 'a�host in himself.'
+    11.14: #increpu�re# describes the sound made by the spears as they
+    struck the shields.
+    11.15: _fulge�_.
+    11.16: = _spect�t�r�s_.
+    11.17: _c�nser�_.
+    11.18: _cad�_.
+    11.19: #Ad c�sum#: we say '_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of
+    the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall.
+    11.20: _circumst�_.
+    11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
+    11.22: #fugam capess�vit#: 'took (to) flight'; cf. 'to take to
+    one's heels.'
+    11.23: #singul�s per interv�lla#: 'one by one, at intervals.'
+    12.1: #aliquantum spati�#: 'some distance.' #spati�# is a
+    partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space:
+    H�417 (379): M�513: A�257: G�335: B�181.
+    12.2: #In . . . redit# (_rede�_): 'he turned and made a furious
+    attack upon him.' How literally?
+    12.3: #incl�mat . . . ferant#: 'was shouting .�.�. (bidding them)
+    to bear aid.' For #incl�mat#, see p.�3, n.�14.
+    12.4: = _secundum_, as often.
+    12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.
+    12.6: 'one on each side.' Cf. _tern�_, l. 11, and note there.
+    12.7: _supersum_.
+    12.8: 'equally matched.'
+    12.9: #alter . . . alter#: 'the one . . . the other (of�the two).'
+    With #int�ctus# cf. _integer_, l.�18.
+    12.10: 'inspirited, emboldened.'
+    12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon
+    the fact.
+    12.12: 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor.
+    We would rather say, 'could barely drag his body along.' So we
+    would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as 'barely able to
+    endure (the weight�of) his armor.'
+    12.13: = _occidit_.
+    12.14: 'as he lay prostrate.'
+    12.15: #ovant�s ac gr�tulant�s#: 'with rejoicing and
+    congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial
+    force.
+    12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    12.18: #v�s� . . . sp�ns�#: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc.
+    Cf. p.�1, n.�4.
+    12.19: #cr�n�s solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans.
+    Cf. _crinibus pass�s_, II,�36.
+    12.20: _string�_.
+    12.21: #verb�s increp�ns#: cf. _h�s increp�ns verb�s_, I,�46.
+    12.22: _abe�_.
+    12.23: #obl�ta# (_obliv�scor_) #fr�trum#: 'you who have
+    forgotten,' or 'since you have forgotten.' For the genitives
+    #fr�trum# and #patriae#, see H�454 (406,�II): M�588: A�219: G�376:
+    B�206, 1. Cf. the English 'forgetful of.' For the repetition of
+    #obl�ta# see n.�11.
+    13.1: 'fare, perish.' The subject is _f�mina_, or _illa f�mina_,
+    as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf.
+    _S�c .�.�. mea_, I, 47, and see note there.
+    13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faci�_, properly =
+    'a�deed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'a�crime.'
+    13.3: = _sen�t�ribus_, who were officially styled _Patr�s
+    C�nscr�pt�_. #patribus pl�b�que# virtually = _omnibus_.
+    13.4: 'court.'
+    13.5: See Vocab., _l�ctor_.
+    13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = 'was (actually)
+    putting�on.'
+    13.7: _caed�_.
+    13.8: _amplector_.
+    13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6.
+    13.10: _c�nspici�_. The subjunctive may be explained (1)�as caused
+    by attraction to #faceret#, H�652, 1 (529,�II): M�793: A�342:
+    G�663: B�324, or (2)�as in informal indir. disc.
+    13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with
+    #orbum faceret#, which = _orb�ret_.
+    13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_,
+    where the English idiom requires _but_.
+    13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1.
+    13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
+    13.15: 'a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the
+    slope of the Esquiline Hill.
+    13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him
+    pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the
+    sentence of death passed by the judges.
+    13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from
+    time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another
+    memorial of this fight was the _P�la_ ('Column') _Hor�tia_,
+    adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the
+    spoils taken from the Curiatii.
+    13.18: #p�x Alb�na# = _p�x cum Alb� �cta_.
+    13.19: _mane�_.
+    13.20: #cum . . . vid�ret#: subjunctive of cause. See p.�2, n.�13;
+    p.�4, n.�12; and p. xx, H�2.
+    14.1: #quod . . . f�n�sset#: 'because (as they said),' etc. The
+    subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and
+    expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius'
+    subjects. See p. xxi, H�4.
+    14.2: #�n� . . . cert�mine#: 'by one contest (only), and that a
+    contest in which but few fought.' Cf. l.�4.
+    14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to
+    regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what
+    follows.
+    14.4: #in auxilium#: 'to give aid,' an expression of purpose.
+    Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius
+    in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the
+    Horatii and the Curiatii (l.�7).
+    14.5: #Qu� r� . . . intell�ct�# (_intelleg�_): 'when he noticed
+    this state of things.' For #qu�#, see p.�4, n.�3.
+    14.6: #ait . . . circumven�rentur#: Tullus' purpose in making this
+    statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his
+    own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces
+    against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The
+    withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack
+    from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as
+    proof of treachery.
+    14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _lig�re_ and its
+    compounds are construed with either (1)�the simple ablative, or
+    (2)�the ablative with _ab_, _d�_, or _ex_.
+    14.8: #in . . . est#: 'was torn limb from limb.'
+    14.9: _distrah�_.
+    14.10: _iube�_.
+    14.11: _cr�sc�_.
+    14.12: abl. of means.
+    14.13: #qu� . . . habit�r�tur#: 'that it might be more densely
+    inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced
+    to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _qu�_
+    is used instead of _ut_: H�568, 7 (497,�2): M�909: A�317, _b_:
+    G�545, 2; B�282, _a_. This _qu�_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the
+    relative pronoun, and = _ut e�_, 'that thereby.'
+    14.14: #eam . . . c�pit# (_capi�_): 'Tullus chose it (the
+    mountain) as the site of his palace,' Why is #eam# feminine,
+    although referring to _m�ns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf.
+    p.�5, n.�14.
+    14.15: #Auct�rum . . . f�d�ci�#: 'because of the confidence
+    (begotten) of his increased strength,' or 'by his confidence in
+    his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is
+    subjective; in the latter it is objective; H�440, 1 and 2 (396, II
+    and III): M�553, 571: A�213, 1, 2: G�363, 1 and 2: B�199, 200.
+    14.16: _effer�_.
+    15.1: _�nsequor_.
+    15.2: #bellic�sus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellic�sus erat_.
+    15.3: #m�litiae quam dom�#: 'in war than in peace.' See H�484, 2
+    (426,�2): M�622: A�258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B�232, 2; xvi, A�1.
+    15.4: = 'the fighting men,' because _iuven�s_ (men under�45) were
+    eligible for military duty.
+    15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: 'but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he
+    too.'
+    15.6: 'so completely.'
+    15.7: _frang�_.
+    15.8: #sp�rit�s ill� fer�c�s#: 'that high spirit of his'; #ill�# =
+    'that for which he was so famous.' Cf. l.�2.
+    15.9: #fulmine �ctum . . . c�nflagr�sse# = _fulmine �ctum esse et
+    c�nflagr�sse_. Instead of using two co�rdinated verbs with a
+    common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a
+    perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in
+    agreement with that common subject. Cf. p.�2, n.�8, and p. xxiv,
+    L�5.]
+
+
+#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]
+
+641-616 B.C.
+
+Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos
+Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum
+quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et
+incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum
+indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri
+acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit
+a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato "Audi, Iuppiter," inquit "audite,
+fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis
+fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit,
+hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea
+de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_
+appellatur.
+
+Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare
+bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus
+Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum
+autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus
+carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit.
+Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in
+Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit.
+Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte
+praereptus obiit.
+
+
+  #V. Ancus M�rcius, R�m�n�rum r�x qu�rtus# [[as printed]]
+
+  641-616 B.C.
+
+    [Illustration: NUMA AND ANCUS M�RCIUS]
+
+  Tull� mortu�[10] Ancum M�rcium r�gem[11]
+  populus cre�vit. Numae Pompili� nep�s
+  Ancus M�rcius erat, aequit�te[12] et
+  religi�ne[12] av� similis. Tunc Lat�n�, cum quibus
+  Tull� r�gnante �ctum foedus erat,                                  {5}
+  sustulerant[13] anim�s, et incursi�nem in agrum
+  R�m�num f�c�runt. Ancus, priusquam[14] e�s
+  bellum ind�ceret,[14] l�g�tum m�sit, qu�[15] r�s
+    [[16]]
+  repeteret, eumque[1] m�rem poster� acc�p�runt. Id autem h�c
+  mod� f��bat. L�g�tus, ubi ad f�n�s e�rum venit � quibus r�s       {10}
+  repetuntur, capite[2] v�l�t� "Aud�, Iuppiter," inquit[3] "aud�te,
+  f�n�s h�ius[4] popul�. Ego sum p�blicus[5] n�ntius popul� R�m�n�;
+  verb�s[6] me�s fid�s sit." Deinde peragit p�stul�ta. S� n�n d�duntur
+  r�s qu�s exp�scit, hastam in f�n�s hostium �mittit bellumque
+  ita ind�cit. L�g�tus, qu� e� d� r� mittitur, _F�ti�lis_[7] r�tusque
+      bell�                                                         {15}
+  ind�cend� _I�s F�ti�le_ appell�tur.
+
+    [Illustration: CARCER MAMERT�NUS]
+
+  L�g�t� R�m�n� r�s repetent� superb� resp�nsum[8] est � Lat�n�s;
+  qu�r� bellum h�c[9] mod� e�s indictum est. Ancus, exercit�
+  c�nscr�pt�, profectus[10] Lat�n�s f�dit et
+  compl�ribus oppid�s d�l�t�s c�v�s R�mam                           {20}
+  tr�d�xit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tant� hominum
+  multit�dine facinora clandest�na
+  fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in medi� urbe
+  ad[14] terr�rem incr�scentis aud�ciae aedific�vit.
+  �dem nova moenia urb� circumdedit,                                {25}
+  I�niculum montem ponte[15] sublici�
+    [[17]]
+  in Tiber� fact� urb� c�ni�nxit, in �re[1] Tiberis �stiam urbem
+  condidit. Pl�ribus ali�s r�bus intr� pauc�s ann�s c�nfect�s;
+  imm�t�r� morte praereptus obiit.                                  {29}
+
+    [Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)
+
+    15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.?
+    15.11: #r�gem populus cre�vit#: This phrase, as it stands, is
+    somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither
+    hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interr�x_, or
+    regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred
+    from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was
+    then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the
+    Senate.
+    15.12: abl. of specification.
+    15.13: #sustulerant# (_toll�_) #anim�s#: 'had plucked up courage.'
+    15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note.
+    15.15: #qu� . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _R�s
+    repetere_ = 'to demand the (stolen) things,' is a technical phrase
+    of war, and = 'to demand restitution or satisfaction.' The
+    opposite is _r�s reddere_, or _r�s d�dere_, as in l. 13.
+    16.1: #eum m�rem . . . acc�p�runt#: 'that custom posterity (the
+    Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as
+    late as the reign of Augustus.
+    16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of
+    the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions.
+    The _l�g�tus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to
+    Jupiter and to the #f�n�s#, which are personified.
+    16.3: This word, rather than _d�xit_, is used with direct
+    discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation.
+    16.4: The _l�g�tus_, of course, said _f�n�s Alb�n�rum_, or
+    _V�ientium_, as the case might�be.
+    16.5: 'official,' i.e. duly accredited.
+    16.6: #verb�s . . . sit# = _verb�s me�s cr�dite_. Cf. II, 48, _cu�
+    re� fidem f�cit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H�559, 1
+    (484,�II): M�713: A�266: G�263: B�274.
+    16.7: See Vocab., _f�ti�lis_.
+    16.8: #resp�nsum . . . Lat�n�s# = _Lat�n� respond�runt_. The
+    impersonal passive is common.
+    16.9: #h�c#: 'described _above_,' in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _h�c_ =
+    'described _below_.' _H�c_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e.
+    it refers to what follows.
+    16.10: #profectus . . . f�dit# (_fund�_): cf. p.�15, n.�9.
+    16.11: 'transferred, removed.'
+    16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p.�13, n.�20.
+    16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_.
+    16.14: #ad . . . aud�ciae# = _ut incr�scentem aud�ciam terr�ret_.
+    Cf. p.�3, n.�8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #aud�ciae# is
+    objective genitive: cf. p.�14, n.�15.
+    16.15: #ponte sublici�#: abl. abs., with #fact�#, expressing
+    means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges
+    over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was
+    always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is
+    this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient
+    Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.
+    17.1: #in �re#: 'at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from
+    its position _in �re Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus
+    attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the
+    days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the
+    warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are
+    still visible.]
+
+
+#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]
+
+616-578 B.C.
+
+Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe,
+profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur
+haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui
+Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte
+reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum
+perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa
+et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes
+urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et
+industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus
+est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita
+administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.
+
+Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de
+Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias
+duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii
+auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse
+negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum
+interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio
+acto fieri posse respondit. "Atqui hoc" inquit rex "agitabam, num cotem
+illam secare novacula possem." "Potes ergo" inquit augur, et rex
+secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio
+hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum
+puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.
+
+Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno
+fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos
+ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in
+vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam
+pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et
+certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere,
+unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus
+avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in
+vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.
+
+
+  #VI. L�cius Tarquinius Pr�scus, R�m�n�rum r�x qu�ntus# [[as printed]]
+
+  616-578 B.C.
+
+  Anc� r�gnante L�cius Tarquinius, Tarquini�s,[2] ex Etr�riae urbe,
+  profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fort�n�s omnibus R�mam commigr�vit.
+  Additur haec f�bula: advenient�[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super
+  carpentum,[6] cu�[7] Tarquinius �nsid�bat, cum m�gn� clang�re volit�ns
+  r�rsus[8] capit�[9] apt� reposuit; inde subl�mis[10] abiit. Tanaquil
+  coniux, caelestium[11] pr�digi�rum per�ta, r�gnum[12] e� portend�  {6}
+  intell�xit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] sp�r�re
+    [[18]]
+  eum iussit. H�s sp�s c�git�ti�n�sque s�cum portant�s urbem
+  ingress�[1] sunt, domicili�que ibi compar�t� Tarquinius pec�ni� et
+  ind�stri� d�gnit�tem atque etiam Anc� r�gis famili�rit�tem        {10}
+  c�nsec�tus[2] est; � qu� t�tor l�ber�s rel�ctus[3] r�gnum interc�pit
+      et ita
+  administr�vit, quasi[4] i�re adeptus[5] esset.
+
+    [Illustration: AUGUR]
+
+  Tarquinius Pr�scus Lat�n�s bell� domuit; Circum[6] M�ximum
+  aedific�vit; d�[7] Sab�n�s triumph�vit; m�rum[8] lapideum urb�
+  circumdedit. Equitum centuri�s[9] duplic�vit,                     {15}
+  n�mina m�t�re n�n potuit, d�territus, ut ferunt,
+  Att� N�vi� auct�ritate. Attus enim, e�
+  tempest�te[10] augur inclitus, id fier� posse neg�bat,
+  nisi[11] av�s add�xissent[11]; �r�tus r�x in[12]
+  exper�mentum artis eum interrog�vit, fier�ne posset[13]           {20}
+  quod ipse mente conc�pisset[14]; Attus auguri�
+  �ct� fier� posse respondit. "Atqu� h�c"[15] inquit
+  r�x "agit�bam, num c�tem illam sec�re
+  nov�cul� possem."[13] "Potes[16] erg�" inquit
+  augur, et r�x secuisse d�citur. Tarquinius f�lium tredecim        {25}
+  ann�rum,[17] quod in proeli� hostem percussisset,[18] praetext�[19]
+    [[19]]
+  bull�que[1] d�n�vit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenu�rum puer�rum �ns�gnia esse
+  coep�runt.
+
+  Supererant[4] duo Anc� f�li�, qu�, aegr� ferent�s s� patern�[5]
+  r�gn� fraud�t�s esse,[6] r�g� �nsidi�s par�v�runt. Ex p�st�ribus  {30}
+  du�s fer�cissim�s d�ligunt ad patrandum facinus. E� simul�t�
+  rix� in v�stibul� r�giae tumultuantur. Qu�rum[7] cl�mor cum[8]
+  penitus in r�giam perv�nisset, voc�t� ad r�gem pergunt. Pr�m�
+  uterque v�cifer�r� coepit et cert�tim[9] alter alter� obstrepere.
+  Cum v�r� iuss� essent in vicem d�cere, �nus ex[10] composit� rem  {35}
+  �rd�tur; dumque intentus in eum s� r�x t�tus �vertit, alter
+  �l�tam[11] sec�rim in �ius caput d�i�cit, et rel�ct�[12] in vulnere
+  t�l� amb� for�s s� pr�ripiunt.
+
+    [Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)
+
+    17.2: #Tarquini�s . . . urbe#: 'from Tarquinii, a�city of
+    Etruria.' Cf. p.�8, n.�5.
+    17.3: _profic�scor_.
+    17.4: Sc. _R�mam_: 'while on his way to Rome.' The participle
+    agrees with _e�_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or
+    disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H�427 (385,�2): M�539: A�229:
+    G�345, R. 1: B�188, 2, _d_.
+    17.5: _toll�_.
+    17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.
+    17.7: #cu�#: 'in which.' Why dat.?
+    17.8: #r�rsus . . . reposuit#: since _rep�n�_ = 'to put _back_,'
+    or 'to place _again_,' #r�rsus# is unnecessary.
+    17.9: More often _rep�n�_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or
+    the acc.
+    17.10: #subl�mis abiit#: 'flew high up in the air and departed.'
+    17.11: #caelestium . . . per�ta#: 'skilled in (interpreting)
+    portents from heaven.' The Romans regarded the Etruscans as
+    exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H�451, 1
+    (399, I,�2). M�573: A�218, _a_: G�374: B�204,�1.
+    17.12: #r�gnum e� portend� intell�xit#: 'perceived that the sign
+    indicated that he was to be king.' How literally? According to
+    Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came
+    from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the
+    east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being;
+    hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter,
+    'king of gods and men,' and its restoration, implied that his
+    _cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_.
+    17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: 'an exalted
+    destiny.'
+    18.1: _ingredior_.
+    18.2: _c�nsequor_.
+    18.3: _relinqu�_.
+    18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G�602 and R.:
+    B�307.
+    18.5: _adip�scor_.
+    18.6: #Circum M�ximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it
+    could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the
+    Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the
+    circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew
+    Wallace's _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII.
+    18.7: #d� Sab�n�s triumph�vit#: 'he triumphed over'; lit., 'he got
+    a triumph out of.' See Vocab., _triumphus_.
+    18.8: #m�rum . . . circumdedit#: 'he built a stone wall round the
+    city.' According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and
+    finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.
+    18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three
+    centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramn�s_, after his own name,
+    another _Titi�ns�s_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name
+    the new centuries after himself.
+    18.10: = _tempore_.
+    18.11: #nisi . . . add�xissent#: 'unless the birds gave consent,'
+    i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf.
+    I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the
+    tense, see p.�6, n.�1.
+    18.12: #in exper�mentum artis#: 'to test his art.' Cf. p.�14,
+    n.�4.
+    18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2.
+    18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said '_Potestne fier� quod in
+    mente conc�p�?_'
+    18.15: #h�c# is emphatic, 'Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.'
+    18.16: #Potes erg�#: 'well, you can.'
+    18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A�215: G�365:
+    B�203.
+    18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    18.19: Sc. _tog�_.
+    19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_.
+    19.2: = _ex qu�_: 'in consequence of this circumstance.'
+    19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9.
+    19.4: 'were still alive.'
+    19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _r�gius_, I,�17.
+    19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegr� ferent�s#. Phrases
+    expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often
+    followed by the infinitive with subject accus.
+    19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded
+    by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.
+    19.9: #cert�tim . . . obstrepere#: 'to (try to) drown each other's
+    voices'; lit., 'in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_)
+    the other.' Why is _alter�_ dative?
+    19.10: #ex composit�#: 'according to previous agreement.'
+    19.11: #�l�tam sec�rim . . . d�i�cit# = _extulit_ ('raised') _et
+    d�i�cit_. Cf. p.�2, n.�8.
+    19.12: #rel�ct� . . . t�l�#: we say, 'leaving the weapon--they
+    flee,' i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans
+    say more exactly: 'having left--they flee,' i.e. the act of
+    leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.]
+
+
+#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]]
+
+578-534 B.C.
+
+Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina,
+captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur,
+ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species
+pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei
+dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac
+suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio
+insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos
+conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem
+misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et
+signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et
+cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius
+celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave
+quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum
+convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius
+regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit;
+montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas
+circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et
+centurias distribuit.
+
+Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat
+Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama
+ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum
+populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae
+magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum
+populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae
+immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti
+Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus
+abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem
+immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.
+
+Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum
+Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in
+matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed
+mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo
+coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum
+paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit,
+iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est.
+Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum
+prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset
+domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem
+inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille
+Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et
+quadraginta.
+
+
+  #VII. Servius Tullius, R�m�n�rum r�x sextus# [[as printed]]
+
+  578-534 B.C.
+
+  Post hunc Servius Tullius susc�pit imperium, genitus ex n�bil�
+  f�min�,[13] capt�v� tamen et famul�. Qu� cum in dom� Tarquini�
+  Pr�sc� �duc�r�tur, ferunt[14] pr�digium[15] v�s� �vent�que m�r�bile
+    [[20]]
+  accidisse. Flammae[1] speci�s puer� dormientis caput amplexa est.
+  H�c v�s� Tanaquil summam[2] e� d�gnit�tem portend� intell�xit      {5}
+  coniug�que su�sit ut[3] eum haud secus ac su�s l�ber�s[4]
+  �duc�ret.[3] Is postquam adol�vit, et fortit�dine et c�nsili�
+  �ns�gnis fuit. In proeli� qu�dam,[5] in qu� r�x Tarquinius
+  adversus Sab�n�s c�nfl�xit, m�litibus[6] s�gnius
+  d�micantibus, raptum[7] s�gnum in hostem m�sit. C�ius[8]          {10}
+  recipiend� gr�ti� R�m�n� tam �criter p�gn�v�runt, ut et
+  s�gnum et vict�riam referrent. Qu�r� � Tarquini� gener
+  ads�mptus est; et cum Tarquinius occ�sus esset, Tanaquil,
+  Tarquini� uxor, mortem �ius c�l�vit, populumque
+  ex superi�re[9] parte aedium adloc�ta[10] ait r�gem grave         {15}
+  quidem, sed n�n l�t�le vulnus acc�pisse, eumque petere, ut
+  interim dum conval�sceret,[11] Servi� Tulli�[12] dict� audient�s
+      essent.
+  S�c[13] Servius Tullius r�gn�re coepit, sed r�ct� imperium
+      administr�vit.
+  Sab�n�s sub�git[14]; mont�s tr�s, Quir�n�lem, V�min�lem, �squil�num
+  urb� adi�nxit; foss�s[15] circ� m�rum d�xit. �dem c�nsum[16]      {20}
+  �rdin�vit, et populum in class�s[17] et centuri�s[18] distribuit.
+
+    [Illustration: SIGNUM]
+
+    [[21]]
+  Servius Tullius aliquod urb� decus addere vol�bat. Iam[1] tum
+  inclitum erat Di�nae Ephesiae f�num.[2] Id comm�niter[3] � c�vit�tibus
+  Asiae factum f�ma fer�bat. Itaque Lat�n�rum
+  popul�s su�sit ut et[4] ips� f�num Di�nae                         {25}
+  cum[5] popul� R�m�n� R�mae in Avent�n� monte
+  aedific�rent. Qu�[6] fact�, b�s m�rae m�gnit�dinis[7]
+  cu�dam Lat�n� n�ta[8] d�citur, et resp�nsum somni�
+  datum[8] eum populum summam imperi� habit�rum,[8]
+  c�ius c�vis bovem illam Di�nae immol�sset.[9]                     {30}
+  Lat�nus[10] bovem ad f�num Di�nae �git et causam
+  sacerd�t� R�m�n� exposuit. Ille callidus[11] d�xit
+  prius eum v�v� fl�mine man�s abluere d�b�re.
+  Lat�nus dum ad Tiberim[12] d�scendit, sacerd�s bovem immol�vit.
+  Ita imperium c�vibus sibique gl�riam adqu�s�vit.                  {35}
+
+    [Illustration: DIANA OF EPHESUS]
+
+    [Illustration: SACRIFICE]
+
+  Servius Tullius f�liam alteram fer�cem, m�tem alteram hab�ns,[13]
+  cum Tarquini� f�li�s par� esse anim�[14] vid�ret, fer�cem[15] m�t�,
+  m�tem fer�c� in m�trim�nium dedit, n� duo violenta ingenia
+    [[22]]
+  m�trim�ni� iungerentur. Sed m�t�s seu forte seu fraude peri�runt;
+  fer�c�s m�rum similit�d� coni�nxit. Statim Tarquinius             {40}
+  � Tulli�[1] incit�tus advoc�t�[2] sen�t� r�gnum
+  paternum repetere coepit. Qu�[3] r�
+  aud�t� Servius dum ad C�riam contendit,
+  iuss� Tarquini� per grad�s[4] d�iectus et
+  domum refugi�ns interfectus est. Tullia                           {45}
+  carpent� vecta in Forum proper�vit et
+  c�niugem � C�ri� �voc�tum pr�ma r�gem
+  sal�t�vit; c�ius iuss� cum � turb� ac
+  tumult� d�cessisset[5] domumque red�ret,
+  v�s� patris corpore, cunctantem et fr�na m�li�nem inhibentem      {50}
+  super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] v�cus ille
+  Sceler�tus dictus est. Servius Tullius r�gn�vit ann�s quattuor et
+  quadr�gint�.
+
+    [Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22)
+
+    19.13: Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town
+    Corniculum, Servius' father was killed and his mother taken
+    prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free
+    and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was
+    brought up in Tarquin's household.
+    19.14: #ferunt . . . accidisse#: in English, the verb
+    corresponding to #ferunt# would be parenthetical, thus:
+    'a�prodigy, _they say_, happened.'
+    19.15: #pr�digium . . . m�r�bile#: 'a prodigy, strange to look
+    upon, and marvelously fulfilled.' #v�s�# and #�vent�# are
+    ablatives of specification to #m�r�bile#: H�480 (424): M�650:
+    A�253: G�397: B�226, 1.
+    20.1: #Flammae speci�s#: 'the semblance of fire.' We may render
+    the whole sentence, 'Fire seemed to envelop,' etc.
+    20.2: #summam . . . intell�xit#: cf. p. 17, n.�12.
+    20.3: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
+    20.4: governed by _�duc�bat_ understood.
+    20.5: _qu�dam_ and _�nus_ often have no more force than the
+    English indefinite article.
+    20.6: #m�litibus . . . d�micantibus#: causal.
+    20.7: #raptum . . . m�sit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard
+    was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.
+    20.8: #C�ius . . . gr�ti�#: an expression of purpose = _quod ut
+    reciperet_.
+    20.9: Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.
+    20.10: Cf. p. 19, n. 12.
+    20.11: H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and
+    p. xx, G�3.
+    20.12: dat. with #dict� audient�s essent#, which together =
+    _p�r�rent_: H�426 (385,�I): M�530: A�227 and N. 2: G�346 and N. 5:
+    B�187, II. #dict�# is dat. with #audient�s#, which here itself =
+    'obeying.'
+    20.13: i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate
+    and people (p.�15, n.�11).
+    20.14: _subig�_.
+    20.15: #foss�s . . . d�xit#: this statement harmonizes with VI,
+    14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant,
+    especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and
+    Quirinal hills.
+    20.16: The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the
+    inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them
+    according to property for purposes of taxation and military
+    service. Hence the clause #in .�.�. distribuit# is in part an
+    explanation of #c�nsum �rdin�vit#.
+    20.17: These classes were six in number.
+    20.18: According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections
+    each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of
+    its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The
+    first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled
+    98 votes, more than a majority.
+    21.1: #Iam tum#: 'even in those early days.'
+    21.2: This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient
+    world. See Acts xix, 24�f.
+    21.3: #comm�niter . . . factum# (_esse_): 'that the states of Asia
+    had united in building it.' How literally?
+    21.4: #et ips�# = _etiam ips�_, or _ips� quoque_: 'they too,' i.e.
+    as well as the _c�vit�t�s Asiae_.
+    21.5: 'in conjunction with.' The whole might have been expressed
+    thus: _ut ill�_ (i.e. the _Lat�n�_) _et populus R�m�nus .�.�.
+    aedific�rent_. Cf. lines 23,�24.
+    21.6: #Qu� fact�# = _postquam h�c_ (i.e. the building of the
+    temple) _factum est_.
+    21.7: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
+    21.8: Sc. _esse_. For the personal construction #d�citur#, see
+    H�611, 1 (534, I�and N.�1): M�962: A�330, _b_, 1: G�528, 1: B�332.
+    21.9: Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc.
+    For the tense, cf. p.�6, n.�1.
+    21.10: '_The_ (aforesaid) Latin,' mentioned in l. 28. This is one
+    of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite
+    article.
+    21.11: 'cunningly.' Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
+    21.12: The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on
+    which (l.�26) the temple of Diana stood.
+    21.13: = _cum hab�ret_, 'since he had.' #cum .�.�. vid�ret# is
+    also causal.
+    21.14: abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A�251: G�400:
+    B�224.
+    21.15: #fer�cem . . . fer�c�#: note that the order in the second
+    of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first.
+    Cf. l. 36, _alteram fer�cem, m�tem alteram_. This arrangement is
+    called _Chiasmus_: H�666, 2 (562): M�1150: A�344, _f_, and N.:
+    G�682, and R.: B�350, II, _c_).
+    22.1: The daughter of Tullius.
+    22.2: #advoc�t� . . . coepit# = _sen�tum advoc�vit et .�.�.
+    coepit_. Cf. p.�2, n.�8.
+    22.3: #qu� r� . . . contendit#: 'while Servius, after he had heard
+    of this action, was hastening,' etc. For the tense of #contendit#,
+    see p.�3, n.�14.
+    22.4: Sc. _C�riae_.
+    22.5: #d�cessisset . . . red�ret#: 'had departed .�.�. and _was_
+    returning.'
+    22.6: #super ipsum corpus#: 'over the _very_ body'; #ipsum#
+    emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually
+    required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the
+    dead.
+    22.7: Used here as in VI, 27.]
+
+
+#VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus#
+[[stripped text]]
+
+534-510 B.C.
+
+Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus
+Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude
+Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non
+posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.
+Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur,
+fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et
+ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit
+sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil
+respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans
+sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius,
+fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et
+facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit
+patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.
+
+Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius
+Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum
+iuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque
+laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias
+nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam;
+Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea
+ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus
+Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die,
+advocatispatre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste
+abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum
+coniurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et
+exsilium indictum.
+
+In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque
+incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros
+ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare.
+Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum
+poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum
+cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex
+eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo
+risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem
+statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut
+tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque
+attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam
+intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod
+erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam
+postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi
+Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt,
+cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.
+
+
+  #VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, R�m�n�rum r�x septimus et �ltimus#
+  [[as printed]]
+
+  534-510 B.C.
+
+  Tarquinius Superbus r�gnum scelest�[8] occup�vit.[9] Tamen bell�
+  str�nuus Lat�n�s Sab�n�sque domuit. Urbem Gabi�s in potest�tem
+  red�git fraude Sext� f�li�. Is cum ind�gn� ferret eam urbem
+  � patre exp�gn�r� n�n posse,[10] ad Gab�n�s s� contulit, patris
+      saevitiam
+  in s� conquer�ns. Ben�gn� � Gab�n�s exceptus paul�tim              {5}
+  e�rum benevolentiam c�nsequitur, f�ct�s blanditi�s ita e�s adlici�ns,
+    [[23]]
+  ut apud omn�s pl�rimum posset,[1] et ad postr�mum dux bell�
+  �liger�tur. Tum � su�s �num ad patrem mittit sc�scit�tum[2]
+  quidnam s�[3] facere vellet. Pater n�nti� f�li� nihil respondit, sed
+  velut d�l�ber�bundus[4] in hortum tr�nsiit ibique inambul�ns      {10}
+  sequente n�nti� altissima[5] pap�verum capita bacul� d�cussit.
+  N�ntius, fessus exspectand�, rediit Gabi�s. Sextus, c�gnit�
+  silenti� patris et fact�,[6] intell�xit[7] quid vellet pater.
+  Pr�m�r�s c�vit�tis inter�mit patr�que urbem sine �ll� d�mic�ti�ne
+  tr�didit.                                                         {15}
+
+  Poste� r�x Ardeam urbem obsid�bat. Ibi cum in castr�s essent,
+  Tarquinius Coll�t�nus, sor�re[8] r�gis n�tus, forte c�n�bat apud
+  Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus[9] r�gi�s. Incidit[10] d� ux�ribus
+  menti�; cum suam �nusquisque laud�ret, placuit exper�r�.
+  Itaque cit�t�s[11] equ�s R�mam �volant; r�gi�s[12] nur�s in
+      conv�vi�[13]                                                  {20}
+  et l�x� d�prehendunt. Pergunt inde Coll�tiam[14]; Lucr�tiam,
+  Coll�t�n� ux�rem, inter ancill�s l�nae[15] d�ditam inveniunt. Ea
+  erg� c�ter�s praest�re i�dic�tur. Pauc�s interiect�s di�bus Sextus
+  Coll�tiam rediit et Lucr�tiae vim[16] attulit. Illa poster� di�,
+      advoc�t�s
+  patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et s� cultr�, quem sub veste       {25}
+    [[24]]
+  abditum hab�bat, occ�dit. Concl�mat vir paterque et in[1] exitium
+  r�gum coni�rant. Tarquini�[2] R�mam redeunt� clausae sunt
+  urbis portae et exsilium indictum.[3]
+
+  In ant�qu�s ann�libus memoriae haec sunt pr�dita.[4] Anus
+  hospita atque inc�gnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum r�gem      {30}
+  adiit,[5] novem libr�s fer�ns, qu�s esse d�c�bat d�v�na �r�cula: e�s
+  s� velle[6] v�numdare. Tarquinius pretium percont�tus est: mulier
+  nimium atque imm�nsum pop�scit. R�x, quasi[7] anus aet�te d�siperet,
+  d�r�sit.[8] Tum illa foculum cum �gn� app�nit et tr�s libr�s
+  ex novem de�rit; et, ecquid reliqu�s sex e�dem preti�[9] emere    {35}
+  vellet, r�gem interrog�vit. Sed Tarquinius id mult� r�sit magis,
+  d�xitque anum iam procul dubi� d�l�r�re. Mulier ib�dem statim
+  tr�s ali�s libr�s ex�ssit[10]; atque id[11] ipsum d�nu� placid� rogat,
+  ut[12] tr�s reliqu�s e�dem ill� preti� emat. Tarquinius �re[13] iam
+  s�ri� atque attenti�re anim�[13] fit; eam[14] c�nstantiam
+      c�nf�dentiamque                                               {40}
+  n�n neglegendam[15] intellegit: libr�s tr�s reliqu�s merc�tur
+  nihil� min�re preti�[9] quam quod erat pet�tum pr� omnibus. Sed
+  eam mulierem tunc � Tarquini� d�gressam[16] poste� n�squam loc�
+  v�sam[15] c�nstitit. Libr�[17] tr�s in sacr�ri� condit� Sibyll�n�que
+  appell�t�. Ad e�s, quasi ad �r�culum, Qu�ndecemvir� adeunt, cum   {45}
+  di� immort�l�s p�blic� c�nsulend� sunt.
+
+    [Footnotes: VIII (pages 22-24)
+
+    22.8: Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.
+    22.9: not 'occupied.'
+    22.10: The infinitive depends on #ind�gn� ferret#, an expression
+    of emotion. Cf. p.�19, n.�6.
+    23.1: #pl�rimum posset#: 'he possessed great influence.'
+    #pl�rimum# is an accusative of extent.
+    23.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 20.
+    23.3: #s�# refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the
+    messenger: _Quidnam m� facere v�s?_
+    23.4: Adjectives ending in -_bundus_ generally have the force of
+    the English present participle active.
+    23.5: #altissima . . . capita# = 'the heads of the tallest
+    poppies.' How literally?
+    23.6: #fact�# is here a noun.
+    23.7: It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived
+    from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text
+    is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation.
+    23.8: H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.
+    23.9: #iuvenibus r�gi�s#: 'the princes.'
+    23.10: #Incidit . . . menti�#: 'the conversation happened to turn
+    on (the merits�of) their (respective) wives.' How literally?
+    23.11: #cit�t�s equ�s#: 'at top speed.' How literally?
+    23.12: #r�gi�s nur�s#: 'the king's daughters-in-law,' i.e. the
+    princes' wives.
+    23.13: #conv�vi� et l�x�#: 'a banquet and luxury' = 'a�luxurious
+    banquet.'
+    23.14: The home of Collatinus.
+    23.15: #l�nae d�ditam#: 'wholly intent on spinning.' In the
+    oldest times the Roman housewife made all the garments of the
+    household. Hence a frequent laudatory inscription on the
+    tombstones of Roman ladies is _l�nam f�cit_. Macaulay had this
+    feature of Roman life in mind when (_Horatius_, stanza LXX) he
+    wrote:
+        "When the goodwife's shuttle merrily
+          Goes flashing through the loom."
+    23.16: #vim attulit# (_adfer�_): 'outraged.'
+    24.1: #in exitium r�gum#: 'to kill the royal family (#r�gum#).'
+    For #in exitium# cf. p.�14, n.�4.
+    24.2: dat. of disadvantage. Translate: 'against T., on his return
+    to Rome.'
+    24.3: Sc. _est_.
+    24.4: _pr�d�_.
+    24.5: _ade�_.
+    24.6: infin. because dependent on _d�xit_ understood, to be
+    supplied from #d�c�bat#.
+    24.7: #quasi . . . d�siperet#: 'thinking that the old woman's mind
+    was failing through age.' See p.�3, n.�6.
+    24.8: _d�r�de�_.
+    24.9: abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B�225.
+    24.10: _ex�r�_.
+    24.11: explained by the clause #ut . . . emat#.
+    24.12: #ut . . . emat#: a substantive clause of purpose depending
+    on #rogat#: H�565 (498,�I): M�894: A�331: G�546: B�295,�4.
+    24.13: abl. of quality with #fit#.
+    24.14: = _t�lem_, as often.
+    24.15: sc. _esse_.
+    24.16: #d�gressam# (_d�gredior_) = _postquam d�gressa est_.
+    24.17: #Libr� . . . appell�t�#: the _Sibyllae_ were inspired
+    maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from
+    whom Tarquin was believed to have received the Sibylline books,
+    lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were
+    placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When
+    this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to
+    Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also
+    were deposited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its
+    restoration.]
+
+
+#IX. Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam
+timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab
+avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est.
+Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem
+muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit
+deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt
+quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam
+potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus,
+velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod
+ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.
+
+Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et Tarquinius
+Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per dolum et
+proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana adulescentes
+aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad
+bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur,
+ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Sermonem
+eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae ad
+Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula
+coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes
+nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos
+avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos
+virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et
+exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret.
+
+Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. Equitibus
+praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur.
+Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu
+antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira "Ille est
+vir" inquit "qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris decoratus
+insignibus magnifice incedit." Tum concitat calcaribus equum atque in
+ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo infestis
+animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus tamen
+proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. Bruti
+conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut
+parentem, annum luxerunt.
+
+
+    [[25]]
+
+  #IX. I�nius Br�tus, R�m�n�rum c�nsul pr�mus# [[as printed]]
+
+  I�nius Br�tus, sor�re[1] Tarquini� Superb� n�tus, cum[2] eandem
+  fort�nam tim�ret, in quam fr�ter inciderat, qu� ob d�viti�s et
+  pr�dentiam ab avuncul� erat occ�sus, stultitiam finxit, unde
+  Br�tus dictus est. Profectus[3] Delph�s[4] cum Tarquini� f�li�s,
+  qu�s pater ad Apollinem m�neribus hon�randum m�serat, bacul�[5]    {5}
+  samb�ce� aurum incl�sum d�n�[6] tulit de�. Per�ct�s deinde
+  mand�t�s patris, iuven�s Apollinem c�nsulunt quisnam ex ips�s
+  R�mae[7] r�gn�t�rus esset.[8] Resp�nsum est eum R�mae[7] summam
+  potest�tem habit�rum, qu� pr�mus m�trem �scul�tus esset.[9] Tunc
+  Br�tus, velut s� c�s� pr�l�psus[10] cecidisset, terram �scul�tus est,
+  sc�licet quod ea comm�nis m�ter omnium mort�lium esset.           {11}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 509.]
+
+  Expuls�s r�gibus duo c�nsul�s[11] cre�t� sunt, I�nius Br�tus et
+  Tarquinius Coll�t�nus[12] Lucr�tiae mar�tus. At l�bert�s
+  modo parta[13] per dolum et pr�diti�nem paene �missa est.
+  Erant in iuvent�te R�m�n� adul�scent�s aliquot, sod�l�s           {15}
+  adul�scentium Tarquini�rum.[14] H� cum l�g�t�s, qu�s r�x ad bona sua
+  repetenda R�mam m�serat, d� restituend�s r�gibus conloquuntur,
+  ips�s Br�t� c�nsulis f�li�s in societ�tem c�nsili� ads�munt. Serm�nem
+  e�rum ex serv�s �nus exc�pit; rem ad c�nsul�s d�tulit.
+  Datae[15] ad Tarquinium l�tterae manif�stum facinus f�c�runt.     {20}
+  Pr�dit�r�s in vincula coniect� sunt, deinde damn�t�. St�bant ad
+  p�lum d�lig�t� iuven�s n�bilissim�; sed � c�ter�s l�ber� c�nsulis
+  omnium in s� ocul�s �vert�bant. C�nsul�s in s�dem pr�cess�re[16]
+    [[26]]
+  suam, miss�que l�ct�r�s n�d�t�s[1] virg�s caedunt sec�r�que feriunt.
+  Supplici� n�n spect�tor modo, sed et[2] ex�ctor erat Br�tus,      {25}
+  qu� tunc patrem exuit, ut c�nsulem ageret.[3]
+
+    [Illustration {BRVTVS}]
+
+  Tarquinius deinde bell� apert� r�gnum reciper�re c�n�tus[4] est.
+  Equitibus praeerat �r�ns, Tarquini� f�lius: r�x ipse cum legi�nibus
+  sequ�b�tur. Obviam host�[5] c�nsul�s
+  eunt; Br�tus ad expl�randum cum equit�t�                          {30}
+  antecessit. �r�ns, ubi procul Br�tum
+  �gn�vit,[6] �nflamm�tus �r� "Ille est vir" inquit
+  "qu� n�s patri� expulit; ipse[7] �n ille nostr�s
+  decor�tus �ns�gnibus m�gnific� inc�dit." Tum
+  concitat calc�ribus equum atque in ipsum c�nsulem                 {35}
+  d�rigit; Br�tus avid� s� cert�min� offert. Ade�[8] �nf�st�s
+  anim�s concurr�runt, ut amb� hast� tr�nsf�x� caderent; fug�tus
+  tamen proeli� est Tarquinius. Alter[9] c�nsul R�mam triumph�ns
+  rediit. Br�t� conl�gae f�nus, quant�[10] potuit appar�t�, f�cit.
+  Br�tum m�tr�nae, ut parentem, annum l�x�runt.[11]                 {40}
+
+    [Footnotes: IX (pages 25-26)
+
+    25.1: Cf. p. 23, n. 8.
+    25.2: #cum#: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H�2.
+    25.3: _profic�scor_.
+    25.4: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    25.5: Join with #incl�sum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7.
+    25.6: dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A�233, _a_:
+    G�356: B�191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection with
+    another dat., as #de�# here (dat. of advantage).
+    25.7: locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, _c_, 2: G�411:
+    B�228,�1.
+    25.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of
+    #c�nsulunt#, 'consult (by�asking).'
+    25.9: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: _Is . . . hab�bit, qu�
+    .�.�. erit_.
+    25.10: #pr�l�psus# (_pr�l�bor_) #cecidisset# (_cad�_) = _pr�l�psus
+    esset et cecidisset_.
+    25.11: See Vocab., _c�nsul_.
+    25.12: Cf. VIII, 17.
+    25.13: _pari�_.
+    25.14: The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, l. 4.
+    25.15: = _quae datae erant_. _datae_ = _missae_, and so is
+    construed with _ad_ and the accusative.
+    25.16: = _pr�cess�runt._
+    26.1: #n�d�t�s virg�s caedunt# = _n�dant (e�s) et virg�s caedunt_.
+    26.2: = _etiam._
+    26.3: What does the subjunctive express?
+    26.4: _c�nor_.
+    26.5: dat. after _ob_ in #obviam#. The rule regarding compound
+    verbs (p.�2, n.�7) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and
+    adverbs.
+    26.6: _�gn�sc�_.
+    26.7: #ipse . . . inc�dit#: the _spirit_ of this dramatic sentence
+    may be reproduced thus: 'Look at him (#�n�ille#)! He is actually
+    adorned with _our_ insignia! See in what a lordly way he
+    advances!'
+    26.8: #Ade�#, 'such,' in part qualifies #�nf�st�s#, in part paves
+    the way for the result clause #ut .�.�. caderent#.
+    26.9: #Alter#: 'the remaining.' Why may it be so translated?
+    26.10: #quant� . . . appar�t�#: 'with the greatest possible
+    splendor.'
+    26.11: _l�ge�._]
+
+
+#X. Mucius Scaevola# [[stripped text]]
+
+Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum
+adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta
+potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba
+prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et
+scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex
+esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus
+dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod
+in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus
+iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus
+eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis
+obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia
+appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.
+
+
+  #X. M�cius Scaevola# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 507]
+
+  Cum Porsena[12] R�mam obsid�ret, M�cius, vir R�m�nae[13]
+  c�nstantiae, sen�tum adiit et veniam[14] tr�nsfugiend� petiit, necem
+    [[27]]
+  r�gis repr�mitt�ns. Accept�[1] potest�te cum in castra Porsenae
+  v�nisset, ibi in c�nfertissim� turb� prope trib�nal c�nstitit.
+  St�pendium tunc forte[2] m�litibus dab�tur et scr�ba cum           {5}
+  r�ge par�[3] fer� �rn�t� sed�bat. M�cius, �gn�r�ns uter r�x esset,
+  illum pr� r�ge occ�dit. Appreh�nsus et ad r�gem pertr�ctus[4]
+  dextram acc�ns�[5] ad sacrificium focul� ini�cit, velut manum
+  p�ni�ns, quod[6] in caede pecc�sset. Attonitus m�r�cul� r�x        {9}
+  iuvenem �mov�r� ab alt�ribus iussit. Tum M�cius, quasi beneficium
+  rem�ner�ns, ait trecent�s adversus eum[7] su� simil�s coni�r�sse.
+  Qu� r� ille territus[8] bellum accept�s obsidibus d�posuit.[9]
+  M�ci� pr�ta tr�ns Tiberim data,[10] ab e� M�cia appell�ta. Statua
+  quoque e�[11] hon�ris gr�ti� c�nstit�ta est.                      {14}
+
+    [Footnotes: X (pages 26-27)
+
+    26.12: Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the
+    Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne.
+    Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this
+    story, see Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius_. Modern
+    authorities on Roman history maintain that Porsena was so
+    successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to
+    submit to a very humiliating treaty.
+    26.13: We would say, 'truly Roman.'
+    26.14: #veniam tr�nsfugiend�#: 'permission to go over (to�the
+    enemy).'
+    27.1: #Accept�# (_accipi�_) #. . . v�nisset# = _Cum potest�tem
+    acc�pisset et .�.�. v�nisset_.
+    27.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
+    27.3: #par� . . . �rn�t�#: abl. abs. to denote an attendant
+    circumstance: H�489, 1 (431,�1): M�640: A�255, _d_, 5: G�409, N.:
+    B�227.
+    27.4: _pertrah�_.
+    27.5: _accend�_.
+    27.6: #quod . . . pecc�sset# expresses Scaevola's thought: see
+    H�588, II (516,�II): M�851: A�321: G�541: B�286, 1, and cf. p.�14,
+    n.�1, and p. xxi, H�4.
+    27.7: #eum# refers to the king, #su�# to Scaevola. Scaevola's
+    speech was: _Trecent� adversus t� me� simil�s coni�r�v�runt._
+    27.8: _terre�_.
+    27.9: _d�p�n�_.
+    27.10: Sc. _sunt_.
+    27.11: dat. of advantage with #c�nstit�ta est#.]
+
+
+#XI. Fabii trecenti sex# [[stripped text]]
+
+479-477 B.C.
+
+Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens
+senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: "Vos alia bella curate;
+Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in
+animo est." Gratiae�ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia egressus,
+comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium
+ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. Numquam
+exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum
+per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes
+unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est
+locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices
+petunt.
+
+Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello
+inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu
+Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur,
+pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in
+insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter
+nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est
+appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem
+impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium
+Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.
+
+
+  #XI. Fabi� trecent� sex# [[as printed]]
+
+  479-477 B.C.
+
+  Cum[12] adsidu�s V�ientium[13] incursi�nibus vex�rentur[12] R�m�n�,
+  Fabia g�ns sen�tum adit; c�nsul Fabius pr� gente loquitur:
+  "V�s alia bella c�r�te; Fabi�s[14] host�s V�ientibus date: id
+  bellum pr�v�t� s�mpt�[15] gerere n�b�s[16] in anim� est." Gr�tiae�e�
+    [[28]]
+  ingent�s �ctae sunt. C�nsul � C�ri� �gressus, comitante[1]         {5}
+  Fabi�rum �gmine, domum rediit. M�nat t�t� urbe r�mor; Fabium
+  ad[2] caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabi� poster� di� arma capiunt.
+  Numquam[3] exercitus neque minor numer� neque cl�rior f�m� et
+  adm�r�ti�ne hominum per urbem incessit. �bant sex et trecent�
+  m�lit�s, omn�s patrici�, omn�s �n�us gentis. Ad Cremeram fl�men   {10}
+  perveniunt. Is opport�nus v�sus est locus comm�niend� praesidi�.[4]
+  Host�s n�n[5] semel f�s� p�cem supplic�s[6] petunt.
+
+  V�ient�s[7] p�cis impetr�tae cum brev� paenituisset,[8] redintegr�t�
+  bell� ini�runt c�nsilium �nsidi�s fer�cem hostem captand�.
+  Mult� success� Fabi�s[9] aud�cia cr�sc�bat. Cum igitur p�l�t�     {15}
+  passim agr�s popul�rentur, pecora � V�ientibus obviam[10] �cta
+  sunt; ad quae pr�gress� Fabi� in �nsidi�s d�l�ps�[11] omn�s ad
+  �num peri�runt. Di�s, qu� id factum est, inter nef�st�s rel�tus[12]
+  est; porta, qu� profect� erant, Sceler�ta est appell�ta. �nus
+  omn�n� superfuit ex e� gente, qu� propter aet�tem imp�berem       {20}
+  dom�[13] rel�ctus[14] erat. Is[15] genus prop�g�vit ad Qu�ntum[16]
+      Fabium
+  M�ximum, qu� Hannibalem mor�[17] fr�git.[18]
+
+    [Footnotes: XI (pages 27-28)
+
+    27.12: The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p.�2,
+    n.�13, and p. xxii,�J.
+    27.13: The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a
+    very early time (cf.�IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by
+    Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 B.C.
+    27.14: #Fabi�s . . . date#: 'give the Veientes the Fabii as their
+    enemies,' i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special
+    business of the Fabii.
+    27.15: Cf. p. 24, n. 9.
+    27.16: #n�b�s . . . est#: since #n�b�s# is a dat. of possession
+    (H�430 (387): M�542: A�231: G�349: B�190) with #est#, the phrase
+    exactly = 'we have it in mind.' The subject of #est# is the clause
+    #id .�.�. gerere#. #Fabi�s# is strongly opposed to #v�s#.
+    28.1: #comitante . . . �gmine#: 'the Fabii accompanying him in a
+    body.' How literally?
+    28.2: #ad . . . ferunt#: so we 'laud a person to the skies.'
+    28.3: #Numquam . . . neque . . . neque#: in Latin, as in English,
+    two negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To
+    this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general
+    negative like _n�n_, _numquam_, or _n�m�_ is followed (1)�by
+    _neque .�.�. neque_ or (2)�by the emphatic _n� .�.�. quidem_. In
+    the former case the negation is distributed by the _neque .�.�.
+    neque_ into two (or�more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the
+    full weight of the negation is concentrated upon a single word or
+    phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed.
+    28.4: dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is
+    especially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a
+    noun.
+    28.5: #n�n semel#: 'not once (only),' i.e. repeatedly.
+    28.6: Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
+    28.7: #V�ient�s . . . paenituisset#: lit., 'when it had repented
+    the V. of the peace which they had secured.' What is our idiom?
+    #paenituisset# is wholly impersonal; #V�ient�s# is acc., though
+    logically its subject, and #p�cis# is gen., though logically its
+    object. H�457 (409, III): M�585: A�221, _b_: G�377: B�209.
+    28.8: See p. 2, n. 13.
+    28.9: dat. of reference: H 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.�2): M�537:
+    A�235, _a_: G�346: B�187,�II.
+    28.10: Sc. _e�s_: 'to meet them.'
+    28.11: _d�l�bor_.
+    28.12: _refero_.
+    28.13: locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G�411, R.
+    2: B�232,�2.
+    28.14: _relinqu�_.
+    28.15: #Is . . . M�ximum#: freely 'he saved the family from
+    extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.'
+    28.16: See Selection XIX.
+    28.17: Fabius, by his 'policy of masterly inactivity,' gained the
+    title of _Cunct�tor_, 'the Delayer.'
+    28.18: _frang�_.]
+
+
+#XII. Lucius Virginius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creati
+sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis
+eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia in
+exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam
+adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e
+clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum
+se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius,
+puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini
+venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit
+manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni faciat,
+minatur se vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis
+fit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat
+in ius, ipso Appio iudice.
+
+Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a
+castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro
+exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et
+civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum
+in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi
+nihil usquam auxilii vidit, "Quaeso," inquit "Appi, ignosce patrio
+dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui." Data venia pater cum filiam
+seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero
+sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad
+vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum
+insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se
+abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius
+Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.
+
+
+    [[29]]
+
+  #XII. L�cius Virg�nius# [[as printed]]
+
+  Ann� trecent�sim�[1] ab urbe[2] condit� pr� du�bus c�nsulibus
+  decemvir� cre�t� sunt, qu�[3] adl�t�s � Graeci� l�g�s popul�
+  pr�p�nerent.[4] Duodecim[5] tabul�s[6] eae sunt perscr�ptae. C�terum
+  decemvir�[7] su�[8] ips�rum �nsolenti� in exitium �ct� sunt. Nam
+  �nus ex i�s Appius Claudius virginem pl�b�iam adam�vit. Quam[9]    {5}
+  cum Appius n�n posset preti� ac sp� perlicere, �num �
+  clientibus[10] sub�rn�vit, qu� eam in[11] servit�tem d�p�sceret,[12]
+      facile
+  vict�rum[13] s� sp�r�ns, cum ipse esset et acc�s�tor et i�dex. L�cius
+  Virg�nius, puellae pater, tunc aberat m�litiae caus�. Cli�ns igitur
+  virgin�[14] venient� in Forum (namque ibi in tabern�s litter�rum[15]
+  l�d� erant) ini�cit manum, adf�rm�ns suam esse servam. Eam        {11}
+  sequ� s� iubet; n� faciat,[16] min�tur s� v� abstr�ct�rum. Pavid�
+  puell�[17] stupente,[17] ad cl�m�rem n�tr�cis fit concursus. Itaque
+      cum
+  ille puellam v� n�n posset abd�cere, eam vocat in i�s, ips�
+  Appi�[17] i�dice.[17]                                             {15}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 449.]
+
+  Intere� miss� n�nti� ad Virg�nium properant. Is comme�t�
+  s�mpt� � castr�s profectus pr�m� l�ce R�mam adv�nit, cum iam
+  c�vit�s in For� exspect�ti�ne �r�cta st�bat. Virg�nius statim in
+  Forum lacrim�bundus et c�vium opem impl�r�ns f�liam suam
+    [[30]]
+  d�d�cit. Neque[1] e� s�tius Appius, cum in trib�nal �scendisset,  {20}
+  Virg�niam client� su� add�xit. Tum pater, ubi nihil �squam
+  auxili�[2] v�dit, "Quaes�," inquit "App�, �gn�sce patri� dol�r�[3];
+  sine m� f�liam ultimum adloqu�." Dat� veni� pater cum f�liam
+  s�d�xisset, ab lani� cultr�[4] adrept� pectus puellae tr�nsf�git.
+  Tum v�r� sibi viam facit et respersus cru�re ad exercitum profugit
+  et m�lit�s ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concit�tus            {26}
+  exercitus montem Avent�num �ns�dit; decem trib�n�s[5] m�litum
+  cre�vit; decemvir�s magistr�t� s� abdic�re co�git[6] e�sque omn�s
+  aut morte aut exili� mult�vit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem
+  coniectus mortem sibi c�nsc�vit.[7]                               {30}
+
+    [Footnotes: XII (pages 29-30)
+
+    29.1: The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in
+    451 B.C.
+    29.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 15.
+    29.3: #qu� . . . pr�p�nerent#: i.e. after studying the laws of
+    Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.
+    29.4: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    29.5: From this circumstance the code was known as the _L�g�s XII
+    Tabul�rum_.
+    29.6: abl. of means; we say '_on_ tablets.' The tablets were of
+    bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these
+    laws to memory.
+    29.7: The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of
+    which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second
+    board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second
+    board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in
+    all respects just.
+    29.8: #su� ips�rum#: a strong expression for 'their own.'
+    29.9: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    29.10: See Vocab., _cli�ns_.
+    29.11: #in servit�tem# expresses purpose (cf. p.�14, n.�4), and so
+    = _ut serva esset_.
+    29.12: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
+    29.13: _vinc�_.
+    29.14: Join with #ini�cit manum#, and cf. p. 2, n.�7.
+    29.15: #litter�rum l�d�#: schools where children were taught their
+    A B C's, i.e. what we should call 'primary schools.'
+    29.16: subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect
+    quotation, which depends on #min�tur#. The threat was: _N� (id)
+    f�ceris, v� (t�) abstraham_.
+    29.17: abl. abs.
+    30.1: #Neque e� s�tius#: 'nevertheless.' How literally? #e�# =
+    'for that reason.'
+    30.2: partitive gen. with #nihil#: H 441 (397,�1): M�564: A�216,
+    _a_, 3: G�369: B�201,�2.
+    30.3: dat. with #�gn�sce#: H 426, 2 (385, II): M�531: A�227:
+    G�346: B�187, II, _a_.
+    30.4: #cultr� . . . tr�nsf�git#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    30.5: #trib�n�s#: two armies were in the field against the Sabines
+    and Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed,
+    and ten tribunes, or 'captains,' were chosen in their place.
+    30.6: _c�g�_.
+    30.7: _c�nsc�sc�_. With this whole story cf. Macaulay's _Lays_,
+    _Virginia_.]
+
+
+#XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre r�s relegatus
+erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno
+plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate
+laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad
+Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii
+stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat.
+Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans,
+accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod
+animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem
+anno tribunus militum factus est.
+
+Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra
+posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii
+constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine
+in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit "Quem nunc" inquit
+"Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus
+certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior." Diu inter
+primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione
+ad imperatorem pergit: "Iniussu tuo," inquit, "imperator, extra ordinem
+numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis,
+volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae
+Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit." Cui imperator "Macte virtute,"
+inquit "Tite Manli, esto: perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta."
+
+Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur gladio,
+ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et
+linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus
+ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter
+corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem
+transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem
+detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor
+cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur
+et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde
+Torquati cognomen accepit.
+
+Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam
+militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret.
+T.�Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium
+accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium
+agnovit, "Visne" inquit "congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu
+cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?" Movit ferocem animum
+iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii
+paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit
+spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus
+consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere,
+"Quandoquidem" inquit "tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti,
+oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste
+exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad
+palum." Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est
+cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores
+tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita
+exsecrata est.
+
+Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum
+proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et
+furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et
+cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci
+iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus
+erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad
+conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est
+et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui
+occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium
+carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti
+concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille
+conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et
+centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: "Te morte
+plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis
+commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non
+paruisti."
+
+Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios
+acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit.
+Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii
+Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae
+severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re
+statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id
+a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari
+iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae,
+solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die
+pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales
+eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam
+tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et
+proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et
+religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat
+ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne
+exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et
+eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus
+consulere se de iure praebuit.
+
+
+  #XIII. Titus M�nlius Torqu�tus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Titus M�nlius ob ingeni� et linguae tardit�tem � patre r�s[8]
+  rel�g�tus erat. Qu� cum aud�visset patr�[9] diem dictam esse �
+  Pomp�ni�, trib�n� pl�bis, c�pit c�nsilium rudis quidem et agrestis
+  anim�,[10] sed piet�te laud�bile. Cultr� succinctus m�ne in
+  urbem atque � port� c�nf�stim ad[11] Pomp�nium pergit:             {5}
+  intr�ductus[12] cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomp�ni� st�ns s� eum
+  tr�nsf�x�rum min�tur, nisi ab incept� acc�s�ti�ne d�sistat.[13]
+      Pavidus
+    [[31]]
+  trib�nus, qu�ppe[1] qu� cerneret ferrum ante ocul�s mic�ns,
+      acc�s�ti�nem
+  d�m�sit. Ea r�s adul�scent�[2] e�[3] m�i�r�[4] fuit hon�r�
+  quod animum �ius acerbit�s paterna � piet�te n�n �vertisset,      {10}
+  ide�que e�dem ann� trib�nus m�litum factus est.
+
+    [Illustration: M�LI�RIUM]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 361.]
+
+  Cum poste� Gall�[5] ad tertium[6] lapidem tr�ns Ani�nem fluvium
+  castra posuissent, exercitus R�m�nus ab urbe profectus in citeri�re
+  r�p� fluvi� c�nstitit. P�ns in medi�[7] erat: tunc Gallus
+  eximi� corporis m�gnit�dine in vacuum pontem                      {15}
+  pr�cessit et quam[8] m�xim� v�ce potuit "Quem
+  nunc" inquit "R�ma fortissimum habet, is pr�c�dat[9]
+  agedum ad p�gnam, ut �ventus cert�minis nostr�
+  ostendat utra g�ns bell� sit melior." Di� inter
+  pr�m�r�s iuvenum R�m�n�rum silentium fuit. Tum                    {20}
+  Titus M�nlius ex stati�ne ad imper�t�rem pergit:
+  "Iniuss�[10] tu�," inquit, "imper�tor, extr� �rdinem
+  numquam p�gn�verim,[11] n�n s� certam vict�riam                   {23}
+  videam[11]; s� t� permittis, vol� ego ill� b�luae ostendere m� ex e�
+  famili� ortum esse, quae Gall�rum �gmen ex r�pe Tarp�i� d�i�cit."[12]
+    [[32]]
+  Cu� imper�tor "Macte[1] virt�te," inquit "Tite M�nl�, est�: perge
+  et n�men R�m�num invictum praest�."                               {27}
+
+  Armant deinde iuvenem aequ�l�s: sc�tum capit, Hisp�n�[2]
+  cingitur[3] gladi�, ad propi�rem[4] p�gnam habil�. Exspect�bat eum
+  Gallus stolid� laetus et linguam ab inr�s� exser�ns.              {30}
+  Ubi c�nstit�re[5] inter du�s aci�s, Gallus �nsem cum
+  ingent� sonit� in arma M�nli� d�i�cit. M�nlius v�r�
+  inter corpus et arma Gall� s�s� �nsinu�ns �n�[6] alter�que
+  �ct� ventrem tr�nsf�dit et in spatium ing�ns
+  ruentem porr�xit hostem; iacent�[7] torquem d�tr�xit,             {35}
+  quem cru�re respersum[8] coll�[9] circumdedit[10] su�.
+  D�f�xerat pavor[11] cum adm�r�ti�ne Gall�s; R�m�n�
+  alacr�s obviam m�lit� su� pr�grediuntur et gr�tulant�s
+  laudant�sque ad imper�t�rem perd�cunt. M�nlius
+  inde Torqu�t� c�gn�men acc�pit.                                   {40}
+
+    [Illustration: GLADIUS]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]
+
+  �dem M�nlius, poste� c�nsul factus bell� Lat�n�,
+  ut d�scipl�nam m�lit�rem restitueret, �d�xit n�[12] quis
+  extr� �rdinem in host�s p�gn�ret. T.�M�nlius,[13]
+  c�nsulis f�lius, cum propius forte ad stati�nem hostium           {44}
+  accessisset, is, qu� Lat�n� equit�tu� praeerat, ubi c�nsulis f�lium
+  �gn�vit,[14] "V�sne" inquit "congred� m�cum, ut singul�ris cert�minis
+  �vent� cern�tur, quantum eques Lat�nus R�m�n� praestet?"
+  M�vit fer�cem animum iuvenis seu �ra seu d�tr�ctand�[15]
+    [[33]]
+  cert�minis pudor. Itaque obl�tus[1] imperi�[2] patern� in cert�men
+  ruit et Lat�num[3] ex equ� excussum tr�nsf�xit spoli�sque l�ct�s  {50}
+  in castra ad patrem v�nit. Extempl� f�lium �vers�tus
+  c�nsul m�lit�s classic� advocat. Qu� postquam
+  frequent�s conv�n�re, "Quand�quidem" inquit "t�,
+  f�l�, contr� imperium c�nsulis p�gn�st�, oportet[4]
+  d�scipl�nam, quam solvist�, poen�[5] tu� restitu�s.               {55}
+  Tr�ste exemplum, sed in[6] posterum sal�bre iuvent�t�
+  eris. �,[7] l�ctor, d�lig�[8] ad p�lum." Met� omn�s
+  obstupu�re; sed postquam cerv�ce caes� f�sus est cruor, in quest�s
+  et l�menta �r�p�re.[9] M�nli� R�mam redeunt� seni�r�s tantum
+  obviam exi�runt: iuvent�s et tunc eum et omn�[10] deinde v�t�     {60}
+  exsecr�ta est.
+
+    [Illustration: L�CTOR]
+
+  Operae pretium erit aliud sev�rit�tis d�scipl�nae R�m�nae
+  exemplum pr�ferre, simul ut app�reat quam facile sev�rit�s in[11]
+  cr�d�lit�tem et fur�rem abeat. Cn. P�s� fuit[12] vir � mult�s viti�s
+  integer, sed pr�vus et cu�[13] plac�bat pr� c�nstanti� rigor. Is  {65}
+  cum �r�tus ad mortem d�c� iussisset m�litem, quasi[14] interf�cisset
+  comm�lit�nem, cum qu� �gressus erat � castr�s et sine qu� redierat,
+  rogant�[15] tempus aliquod ad conqu�rendum[16] n�n dedit.
+  Damn�tus m�les extr� castr�rum v�llum ductus est et iam cerv�cem
+  porrig�bat, cum subit� app�ruit ille comm�lit�, qu� occ�sus[17]   {70}
+    [[34]]
+  d�c�b�tur. Tunc centuri� supplici� praepositus condere gladium
+  carnificem iubet. Amb� comm�lit�n�s alter alterum complex�
+  ingent� concurs� et m�gn� gaudi� exercit�s d�d�cuntur ad P�s�nem.
+  Ille c�nscendit trib�nal fur�ns et utrumque ad mortem             {74}
+  d�c� iubet, adicit et centuri�nem, qu� damn�tum m�litem red�xerat,
+  haec praef�tus[1]: "T� morte plect� iube�, quia iam damn�tus
+  es; t�, quia causa damn�ti�nis comm�lit�n� fuist�; t�, quia
+  iussus occ�dere m�litem imper�t�r�[2] n�n p�ruist�."
+
+  C�terum M�nli�nae gentis[3] propriam fer� fuisse[4] illam in
+  f�li�s acerbit�tem alius M�nlius, ill�us d� qu� supr� d�ximus     {80}
+  nep�s, ostendit. Cum Macedonum l�g�t� R�mam v�nissent
+  conquestum[5] d� S�l�n�, M�nli� Torqu�t� f�li�, quod praetor[6]
+      pr�vinciam
+  exp�l�sset,[7] pater, av�tae sev�rit�tis h�r�s, petiit � patribus[8]
+  c�nscr�pt�s n� quid d� e� r� statuerent, antequam ipse �nspexisset
+  Macedonum et f�li� su� causam. Id � sen�t� libenter concessum     {85}
+  est vir� summae[9] d�gnit�tis, c�nsul�r� i�risque c�v�lis per�tissim�.
+  Itaque, �nstit�t� dom� c�gniti�ne causae, s�lus per t�tum b�duum
+  utramque partem audi�bat ac terti� di� pr�n�nti�vit f�lium suum
+  vid�r� n�n t�lem fuisse in pr�vinci�, qu�l�s �ius m�i�r�s fuissent,
+  et in c�nspectum suum deinceps ven�re vetuit. Tam tr�st� patris   {90}
+  i�dici� perculsus[10] l�cem[11] ulterius intu�r� n�n sustinuit et
+  proxim�[12] nocte v�tam suspendi� f�n�vit. Per�gerat[13] Torqu�tus
+      sev�r�
+  et religi�s� i�dicis part�s,[14] satisfactum erat re� p�blicae,
+      hab�bat
+  ulti�nem Macedonia, at n�ndum erat �nflexus patris rigor. Igitur  {94}
+  n�[15] exsequi�s quidem f�li� interfuit, ut patribus m�s erat apud
+    [[35]]
+  R�m�n�s, et e� ips� di�, qu� f�nus �ius d�c�b�tur, aur�s, ut
+  sol�bat, volentibus c�nsulere s� d� i�re praebuit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIII (pages 30-34)
+
+    30.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
+    30.9: #patr� . . . esse#: 'that a day had been set against his
+    father (for trial),' i.e. 'that his father had been summoned to
+    appear for trial.' Among the charges against the elder Manlius was
+    that of cruelty to his son. #patr�# is a dat. of disadvantage.
+    30.10: #c�pit . . . laud�bile#: 'he formed a plan (which, though
+    it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless
+    commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).'
+    For #quidem .�.�. sed#, cf. p.�10, n.�10. #anim�# is a genitive of
+    quality or description with #c�nsilium#.
+    30.11: #ad Pomp�nium# = 'to (the house of) Pomponius.'
+    30.12: = a temporal clause: 'when he had been ushered�in.'
+    30.13: For the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16.
+    31.1: #qu�ppe qu�#: 'since indeed he,' etc. #qu�# = _cum is_
+    (cf.�p.�4, n.�3), and the relative clause has its verb in the
+    subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H�592, 1 (517, 3,�1)):
+    M�840: A�320, _e_, N. 1: G�633: B�283, 3, _a_.
+    31.2: dat. of advantage.
+    31.3: #e�# = 'for this reason,' explained by #quod .�.�.
+    �vertisset#.
+    31.4: #m�i�r� fuit hon�r�#: 'was all the more credit'; cf. p.�25,
+    n.�6.
+    31.5: In the fifth century B.C. the Gauls left their homes in
+    northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the
+    fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula
+    was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands
+    to the south.
+    31.6: With #tertium# sc. _ab urbe R�m�_. On all the roads leading
+    from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the
+    gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road
+    issued from the capital.
+    31.7: Sc. _du�rum exercituum_, i.e. 'between the two armies.'
+    31.8: #quam . . . potuit#: cf. p. 26, n. 10.
+    31.9: subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484,�II):
+    M�713: A�266: G�263, 3: B�274.
+    31.10: #Iniuss� tu�#: 'without your consent.'
+    31.11: subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M�936:
+    A�307, _b_: G�596: B�303.
+    31.12: In 388 B.C. the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of
+    Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M.�Manlius, the
+    father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the
+    sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path,
+    and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled
+    the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the
+    Capitol.
+    32.1: #macte virt�te . . . est�#: lit., 'be glorified in
+    (respect�of) your valor.' The phrase is in part an expression of
+    commendation, like our 'bravo!' in part a prayer, like 'success
+    attend thee!'
+    32.2: A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long,
+    used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was
+    long and without point.
+    32.3: = _cingit s�_, i.e. 'girds himself,' not 'is girded.'
+    32.4: 'nearer,' i.e. hand to hand.
+    32.5: _c�nsist�_. What tense?
+    32.6: #�n� alter�que �ct�#: 'with one stroke after the other';
+    i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.
+    32.7: Sc. _e�_, and render 'from him as he lay (dead).' See p.�17,
+    n.�4.
+    32.8: _resperg�_.
+    32.9: What case?
+    32.10: In its compounds, _dare_ more often = 'to put' than 'to
+    give.'
+    32.11: #pavor cum adm�r�ti�ne# = _pavor et adm�r�ti�_; cf. _ment�s
+    cum ocul�s_, II,�12.
+    32.12: #n� quis . . . p�gn�ret#: 'that no one should fight.' For
+    the subjunctive, see p.�9, n.�6.
+    32.13: Subject of #accessisset#. For its position, see p.�19,
+    n.�7.
+    32.14: _�gn�sc�_.
+    32.15: #d�tr�ctand� . . . pudor#: 'his unwillingness to decline
+    the fight.' A�literal translation would be impossible. _Pudor_
+    implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be
+    attributed to cowardice.
+    33.1: _obliv�scor_.
+    33.2: dependent on #obl�tus#: H 454 (406, II): M�588: A�219, 1:
+    G�376: B�206,�1.
+    33.3: #excussum tr�nsf�xit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
+    33.4: #oportet restitu�s#: 'it is fitting that you restore.'
+    _Oportet_ is construed either with the infinitive or with the
+    subjunctive of result with _ut_ omitted.
+    33.5: Why abl.?
+    33.6: #in posterum# (cf. p. 4, n. 9) = 'for the future.'
+    33.7: Imperative of _e�_.
+    33.8: Cf. _St�bant ad p�lum d�lig�ti_, IX, 21.
+    33.9: _�rump�_.
+    33.10: #omn� . . . v�t�#: 'throughout his whole subsequent life.'
+    In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. with _per_ is far more
+    common. #deinde#, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be
+    rendered by an adj.: cf. p.�10, n.�14.
+    33.11: #in . . . abeat#: 'passes over into,' 'degenerates into.'
+    33.12: #fuit . . . sed#: we would say, 'was, to be sure, .�.�.
+    but, after all,' i.e. 'although he was .�.�. yet.' In this sense
+    _quidem .�.�. sed_ is commonly used: cf. p.�10, n.�10.
+    33.13: H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
+    33.14: Cf. p. 3, n. 6.
+    33.15: Sc. _m�lit�_, and join with _dedit_.
+    33.16: Sc. _comm�lit�nem_.
+    33.17: Sc. _esse_.
+    34.1: _praefor_.
+    34.2: H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
+    34.3: Join with _propriam_. _Proprius_, like _similis_, is
+    construed with both the gen. and the dat.
+    34.4: dependent on #ostendit#, l. 81.
+    34.5: supine of _conqueror_, expressing purpose. Cf. p.�5, n.�20.
+    34.6: 'when praetor,' or 'during his praetorship.'
+    34.7: Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched
+    themselves by extortion.
+    34.8: See Vocab., _c�nscr�ptus_.
+    34.9: #summae . . . per�tissim�#: these words contain the reasons
+    why #Id .�.�. concessum est#.
+    34.10: _percell�_.
+    34.11: #l�cem . . . sustinuit#: 'he refused to live longer.' How
+    literally?
+    34.12: The context must determine whether #proxim� nocte# = 'the
+    next night' or 'last night.'
+    34.13: _perg�_.
+    34.14: 'role.' This meaning of _part�s_ is borrowed from the
+    theater.
+    34.15: #n� . . . quidem# is a very strong negative, and generally
+    emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the _n�_ and the
+    _quidem_.]
+
+
+#XIV. Publius Decius# [[stripped text]]
+
+P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus militum
+fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius editum
+collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio verticem
+occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in
+aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis
+circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno
+oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona
+civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello
+Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio
+obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset,
+convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se
+Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus
+devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit:
+corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.
+
+
+  #XIV. P�blius Decius# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 343.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]
+
+    [Illustration: COR�NA C�VICA]
+
+  P. Decius,[1] Valeri�[2] M�xim� et Corn�li� Coss� c�nsulibus,
+  trib�nus m�litum fuit. Exercit� R�m�n� in angusti�s Gaur�
+  montis claus�[3] Decius �ditum collem c�nspexit imminentem
+  hostium castr�s. Accept� praesidi� verticem[4] occup�vit, host�s
+  terruit, c�nsul� spatium dedit ad subd�cendum �gmen in aequi�rem   {5}
+  locum. Ipse, colle, quem �ns�derat,[5] undique
+  arm�t�s circumdat�, intempest� nocte
+  per[6] medi�s hostium c�st�di�s somn� oppress�s[7]
+  incolumis �v�sit. Qu� r� ab exercit�
+  d�n�tus est cor�n� c�vic�, quae dab�tur e�,                       {10}
+  qu� c�v�s in bell� serv�sset. C�nsul fuit bell�
+  Lat�n� cum M�nli�[8] Torqu�t�. H�c
+  bell� cum[9] utr�que c�nsul� somni� obv�nisset
+  e�s vict�r�s fut�r�s, qu�rum dux in proeli� cecidisset,
+  conv�nit inter e�s ut�, utr�us corn� in aci� lab�r�ret, is di�s[10]
+  s� M�nibus d�vov�ret. Incl�nante su� parte Decius s� et host�s    {16}
+  di�s M�nibus d�v�vit.[11] Arm�tus in equum �nsiluit ac s� in medi�s
+  host�s imm�sit: corruit obrutus t�l�s et vict�riam su�s rel�quit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIV (page 35)
+
+    35.1: His full name was P. Decius Mus.
+    35.2: #Valeri� . . . c�nsulibus#: 'in the consulship of,' etc. For
+    the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H�489 (431,�4): M�639:
+    A�255, _a_: G�409: B�227, 1. For another method of dating events,
+    cf. XII,�1.
+    35.3: _claud�_.
+    35.4: Sc. _collis_.
+    35.5: _�nside�_.
+    35.6: #per . . . c�st�di�s#: 'through the _midst of_ the enemy's
+    pickets.' Cf. l. 17, #in medi�s host�s#, 'against the enemy's
+    center.' Note the difference between the Latin and the English
+    idioms. H�497, 4 (440, N. 1-2): M�565: A�193: G�291, R. 2:
+    B�241,�1.
+    35.7: _opprim�_.
+    35.8: Cf. XIII, 41.
+    35.9: #cum . . . obv�nisset#: 'when the two consuls had dreamed.'
+    How literally? The subject of #obv�nisset# is #e�s .�.�.
+    cecidisset#. So the subject of #conv�nit# is #ut� .�.�.
+    d�vov�ret#.
+    35.10: See Vocab., _M�n�s_.
+    35.11: Decius' act was called #d�v�ti�#, and proceeded from the
+    idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming
+    another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this
+    formula: "As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the
+    legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes
+    myself and the legions and allies of the enemy."]
+
+
+#XV. Manius Curius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis vicit.
+In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse
+inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,
+catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato
+iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse.
+Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti
+cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt
+dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent
+aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie
+vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo
+viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret,
+plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque
+perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non
+esset.
+
+Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in Capitolio
+delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, coniectis
+in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum citari
+iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae subiecit,
+deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis appellasset,
+ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo cive, qui
+nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti auxilio
+fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui
+militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri
+adacti nomina promptius dederunt.
+
+His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit.
+Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum
+primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum
+revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum
+consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit.
+Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam
+Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus
+paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae
+cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri,
+periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu
+libratam in caput regis deiecit.
+
+
+    [[36]]
+
+  #XV. M�nius Curius# [[as printed]]
+
+  M�nius Curius contr� Samn�t�s profectus[1] e�s ingentibus proeli�s
+  v�cit.[2] In qu� bell� cum permultum agr�[3] hominumque[3]
+  m�ximam vim[4] c�pisset,[5] ipse inde[6] d�t�r� ade�[7] n�luit, ut,
+      cum                                                            {3}
+  interversae[8] pec�niae arguer�tur, cat�ll�[9] l�gne�, qu�[10] �t� ad
+  sacrificia c�nsu�verat,[11] in medium pr�l�t� i�r�ret s� nihil amplius
+  d� praed� host�l� in domum suam convertisse. Curi�[12] ad focum    {6}
+  sedent� in agrest� scamn� et ex l�gne� cat�ll� c�nant� cum m�gnum
+  aur� pondus Samn�t�s attulissent,[13] repudi�t� ab e� sunt d�xitque
+  n�n[14] aurum hab�re[15] sibi praecl�rum vid�r�, sed i�s qu� hab�rent
+  aurum imper�re.[15] Qu� resp�ns� Curius Samn�tibus ostendit s�    {10}
+  neque aci� vinc� neque pec�ni� corrump� posse. Agr� capt� sept�na
+  i�gera popul� vir�tim d�v�sit[16]; cumque ips� sen�tus i�gera
+  qu�nqu�gint� ads�gn�ret, pl�s accipere n�luit quam singul�s c�vibus
+  erat datum, d�xitque pernici�sum esse c�vem,[17] qu� e�,[18] quod
+  reliqu�s tribuer�tur, contentus n�n esset.[19]                    {15}
+
+  Poste� c�nsul cre�tus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque
+  in Capit�li� d�l�ctum hab�ret et i�ni�r�s taedi�[20] bell� n�mina[21]
+  n�n darent, coniect�s in �rnam omnium tribuum n�minibus
+  pr�mum[22] n�men �rn� extr�ctum cit�r� iussit et cum adul�sc�ns n�n
+  respond�ret, bona[23] �ius hastae subi�cit, deinde cum is         {20}
+    [[37]]
+  questus[1] d� ini�ri� c�nsulis trib�n�s[2] pl�bis appell�sset, ipsum
+      quoque
+  v�ndidit, nihil[3] opus esse re� p�blicae e� c�ve,[4] qu� nesc�ret
+  p�r�re, d�c�ns. Neque trib�n� pl�bis adul�scent�[5] auxili�[5]
+      fu�runt;
+  poste�que r�s[6] in c�nsu�t�dinem abiit, ut d�l�ct� r�te �ct�,    {24}
+  qu�[7] m�litiam d�tr�ct�ret, in servit�tem v�nder�tur. H�c[8] terr�re
+  c�ter� ad�ct�[9] n�mina pr�mptius ded�runt.
+
+    [Illustration: ELEPHANT]
+
+  H�s c�pi�s Curius Pyrrh� exercitum cec�dit[10] d�que e� r�ge
+  triumph�vit. �ns�gnem[11] triumphum f�c�runt quattuor elephant�
+  cum turribus su�s, tum pr�mum R�mae[12]
+  v�s�. Victus r�x rel�ct� Tarent�[12] praesidi�                    {30}
+  in �p�rum revertit. Cum[13] autem
+  bellum renov�t�rus put�r�tur, M�nium
+  Curium iterum c�nsulem fier� placuit.[14]
+  Sed inop�n�ta mors r�gis R�m�n�s met�
+  l�ber�vit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Arg�s                                {35}
+  opp�gnat,[15] urbem iam ingressus � iuvene
+  qu�dam Arg�v� lance� leviter vulner�tus
+  est. M�ter adul�scentis, anus paupercula,
+  cum ali�s mulieribus � t�ct� dom�s proelium
+  spect�bat; quae cum v�disset Pyrrhum in auct�rem vulneris         {40}
+  su� m�gn� impet� ferr�,[16] per�cul� f�li� su� comm�ta pr�tinus
+      t�gulam
+  corripuit et utr�que man� l�br�tam[17] in caput r�gis d�i�cit.
+
+    [Footnotes: XV (pages 36-37)
+
+    36.1: _profic�scor_.
+    36.2: _vinc�_.
+    36.3: partitive gen.: cf. p. 30, n. 2.
+    36.4: Cf. p. 4, n. 11.
+    36.5: _capi�_.
+    36.6: i.e. from the _ager_, or the money derived from the sale of
+    the _homin�s_.
+    36.7: Cf. p. 26, n. 8.
+    36.8: See p. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A�220:
+    G�378: B�208,�1.
+    36.9: #cat�ll� . . . pr�l�t�# (_pr�fer�_) #i�r�ret# = _cat�llum
+    pr�ferret et i�r�ret_. Cf. p.�2, n.�8.
+    36.10: H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218,�1.
+    36.11: _c�nsu�sc�_.
+    36.12: Join with #attulissent#.
+    36.13: _adfer�_.
+    36.14: #n�n . . . imper�re#: 'it was not the having gold that
+    seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.'
+    Give Curius' exact words.
+    36.15: subjects of #vid�r�#: cf. p. 6, n. 16.
+    36.16: = _distribuit_.
+    36.17: We would say, '_that_ citizen.'
+    36.18: H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, _b_, 2: G�401, N. 6:
+    B�219.
+    36.19: Why subjunctive?
+    36.20: abl. of cause.
+    36.21: _n�mina dare_ = to hand in one's name to a recruiting
+    officer, i.e. 'to volunteer.'
+    36.22: #pr�mum n�men#: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.
+    36.23: #bona . . . subi�cit#: i.e. he sold his goods at auction.
+    At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a�spear was
+    set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.
+    37.1: _queror_.
+    37.2: The _trib�n� pl�bis_ had been created for the express
+    purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the
+    patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the
+    acts of any magistrate.
+    37.3: #nihil# (adv. acc.) #. . . c�ve#: 'the state had no need of
+    that citizen.'
+    37.4: abl. with #opus#: H 477, III (414, IV): M�646: A�243, _e_:
+    G�406: B�218,�2.
+    37.5: For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6.
+    37.6: #r�s . . . �biit#: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.
+    _sev�rit�s .�.�. abeat_, XIII,�63.
+    37.7: 'whoever.'
+    37.8: #H�c terr�re#: i.e. 'by the terror occasioned by this
+    (act).'
+    37.9: _adig�_.
+    37.10: At Beneventum, 275 B.C.
+    37.11: #�ns�gnem . . . elephant�#: 'this triumph was made notable
+    by the presence of four elephants.' How literally?
+    37.12: Cf. p. 25, n. 7.
+    37.13: #Cum . . . put�r�tur#: with #renov�t�rus# sc. _esse_. For
+    the personal construction, see p.�7, n.�12.
+    37.14: Sc. _popul� R�m�n�_. Its subject is the clause #M�nium
+    .�.�. fier�#; hence the infin. #fier�#.
+    37.15: '_was_ besieging.' Cf. p. 3, n. 14.
+    37.16: 'rushing.' How literally?
+    37.17: #l�br�tam . . . d�i�cit# = _l�br�vit et d�i�cit_.]
+
+
+#XVI. Gaius Duilius# [[stripped text]]
+
+Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret naves
+Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos,
+machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem,
+excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto
+ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus
+dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit.
+Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam
+praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.
+
+Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla
+victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari
+plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam
+praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.
+
+Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham
+saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria
+classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa
+infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex
+amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, "Consulit"
+inquit "vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis
+instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?" Acclamavit
+universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille
+"Conflixit" inquit "et superatus est." Ita non potuerunt factum damnare,
+quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis
+supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos
+adficiebatur.
+
+
+    [[38]]
+
+  #XVI. G�ius Du�lius# [[as printed]]
+
+  G�ius Du�lius Poen�s n�v�l� p�gn� pr�mus[1] d�v�cit.
+  Qu� cum vid�ret n�v�s R�m�n�s � P�nic�s
+  v�l�cit�te super�r�, man�s ferre�s s�ve corv�s,
+  m�chinam ad comprehendend�s hostium n�v�s
+  tenend�sque �tilem, exc�git�vit. Quae[2] man�s ubi                 {5}
+  host�lem apprehenderant n�vem, superiect� ponte
+  tr�nsgredi�b�tur R�m�nus[3] et in ips�rum[4] ratibus
+  comminus d�mic�bant, unde[5] R�m�n�s, qu� r�bore
+  praest�bant, facilis vict�ria fuit. Celeriter sunt
+  exp�gn�tae n�v�s P�nicae tr�gint�, in quibus etiam                {10}
+  praet�ria[6] septir�mis[7] capta est, mersae[8] tredecim.
+
+    [Illustration: COLUMNA R�STR�TA OF DU�LIUS]
+
+  Du�lius victor R�mam reversus pr�mus
+  n�v�lem triumphum �git. N�lla vict�ria
+  R�m�n�s gr�tior fuit, quod[9] invict� terr�
+  iam etiam mar� pl�rimum[10] possent.[9] Itaque                    {15}
+  Du�li� concessum est, ut per omnem v�tam
+  prael�cente f�n�li et praecinente t�b�cine �
+  c�n� red�ret.[11]
+
+    [Illustration: T�B�CEN]
+
+  Hannibal, dux classis P�nicae, � n�v�
+  quae iam capi�b�tur, in scapham salt� s� d�mitt�ns R�m�n�rum      {20}
+  man�s eff�git. Veritus autem, n�[12] in patri� classis[13] �missae
+    [[39]]
+  poen�s daret, c�vium odium �st�ti� �vertit, nam ex ill� �nf�l�c�
+  p�gn� priusquam[1] cl�dis n�ntius domum[2] perven�ret[1] quendam
+  ex am�c�s Carth�ginem[2] m�sit. Qu� postquam c�riam intr�vit,
+  "C�nsulit" inquit "v�s Hannibal, cum[3] dux R�m�n�rum m�gn�s      {25}
+  c�pi�s maritim�s �nstr�ct�s adv�nerit,[3] num cum e� c�nfl�gere
+  d�beat?" Accl�m�vit �niversus sen�tus n�n esse dubium qu�n[4]
+  c�nfl�g� oport�ret. Tum ille "C�nfl�xit" inquit "et super�tus
+  est." Ita n�n potu�runt factum damn�re, quod ips� fier� d�buisse
+  i�dic�verant. S�c Hannibal victus crucis supplicium eff�git:      {30}
+  nam e�[5] poenae genere dux r�[6] male gest� apud Poen�s
+  adfici�b�tur.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVI (pages 38-39)
+
+    38.1: #pr�mus d�v�cit#: 'was the first (Roman) to conquer.' Cf.
+    _pr�mus �git_, l. 12. H�497, and 1 (443 and�1): A�191: G�325, R.
+    6: B�239. Such a phrase as _pr�mus fuit d�vincere_ is never used
+    by good writers.
+    38.2: 'These'; cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    38.3: a collective noun: 'the Romans.'
+    38.4: Sc. _hostium_.
+    38.5: = 'and as a consequence.'
+    38.6: Cf. _r�gius_, I, 17. The Romans applied the term _praetor_
+    to the commander of any foreign force.
+    38.7: Sc. _n�vis_. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had
+    five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius,
+    the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel
+    which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.
+    38.8: _merg�_; sc. _sunt_.
+    38.9: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    38.10: 'were supreme'; cf. p. 23, n. 1.
+    38.11: In commemoration also of the victory the Columna R�str�ta
+    was erected in the Forum.
+    38.12: #n� . . . daret#: a clause of purpose, dependent on
+    #veritus#: H�567 (498, III) M�897: A�331, _f_: G�550: B�296,�2.
+    38.13: #classis �missae#: 'for losing the fleet'; see p.�5, n.�15.
+    39.1: Cf. p. 12, n. 5.
+    39.2: Why accusative?
+    39.3: causal subjunctive.
+    39.4: _qu�n_ with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after
+    negative expressions of doubt: H�595, 1 (504, 3,�2): M�913: A�332,
+    _g_, R.: G�555, 2: B�298.
+    39.5: #e� . . . adfici�b�tur#: 'in that way . .�. was punished.'
+    How literally?
+    39.6: #r� male gest�#: 'if unsuccessful.' How literally?]
+
+
+#XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno Carthaginiensis
+ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donec
+novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus
+est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum esse, quod paucis
+ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. Cornelius enim, velut
+in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis comprehensus erat et in
+vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed periculum astuto
+responso avertit: "Hoc vero" inquit "si feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris
+meliores." Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et
+conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: "Isto te metu, Hanno,
+fides Romana liberat." De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul
+victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.
+
+Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam urbem
+et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam
+cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet,
+anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites
+ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso
+pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari
+poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente.
+Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut
+arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere
+oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu
+vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium
+beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.
+
+Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. Quod
+ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem
+septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum,
+aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor
+in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi
+alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica
+pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac
+liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes
+contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi
+durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium petierunt.
+
+Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus
+miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia
+hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in
+carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis captivis missus est
+dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui
+cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne
+diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse
+senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos
+Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam
+confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti
+sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem
+rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad
+exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit.
+Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim
+resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset
+ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in
+arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut
+erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
+quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore
+continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita
+clarior et inlustrior.
+
+
+  #XVII. M�rcus At�lius R�gulus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 256.]
+
+  M�rcus R�gulus cum Poen�s m�gn� cl�de[7] adf�cisset, Hann�
+  Carth�gini�nsis ad eum v�nit, quasi d� p�ce �ct�rus,[8] r�
+  v�r� ut[8] tempus extraheret,[8] d�nec[9] novae c�piae ex �fric�
+  adven�rent.[9] Is ubi ad c�nsulem accessit, exortus[10] est m�litum
+  cl�mor aud�taque v�x, idem[11] hu�c faciendum esse, quod pauc�s    {5}
+  ante ann�s[12] Corn�li� c�nsul� � Poen�s factum esset. Corn�lius
+  enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem �voc�tus, � Poen�s
+  compreh�nsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hann� tim�re
+  incipi�bat, sed per�culum �st�t� resp�ns� �vertit: "H�c v�r�" inquit
+    [[40]]
+  "s� f�ceritis,[1] nihil�[2] eritis �fr�s[3] meli�r�s." C�nsul tac�re
+  iussit e�s, qu� p�r[4] par� referr� vol�bant, et conveni�ns[5]
+      gravit�t�                                                     {11}
+  R�m�nae resp�nsum dedit: "Ist� t� met�, Hann�, fid�s R�m�na
+  l�berat." D� p�ce, quia neque Poenus s�ri� ag�bat et c�nsul
+  vict�riam quam p�cem m�l�bat, n�n conv�nit.
+
+  R�gulus deinde in �fricam pr�mus[6] R�m�n�rum ducum tr�i�cit.     {15}
+  Clypeam urbem et trecenta[7] castella exp�gn�vit, neque[8]
+  cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum m�nstr�s d�mic�vit. Nam
+  cum ad fl�men Bagradam castra hab�ret, anguis m�r� m�gnit�dine
+  exercitum R�m�n�rum vex�bat; mult�s m�lit�s ingent� �re corripuit;
+  pl�r�s caudae verbere �l�sit[9]; n�nn�ll�s ips� p�stilentis       {20}
+  h�lit�s adfl�t� exanim�vit. Neque is t�l�rum �ct� perfor�r�
+  poterat, d�rissim�[10] squ�m�rum l�r�c� omnia t�la facile repellente.
+  C�nfugiendum[11] fuit ad m�chin�s advect�sque ballist�s[12]       {23}
+  et catapult�s, velut[13] arx quaedam m�n�ta, d�iciendus hostis fuit.
+  Tandem sax�rum pondere oppressus[14] iacuit, sed cru�re su� fl�men
+  corporisque p�stifer� adfl�t� v�c�na loca �nf�cit R�m�n�sque castra
+  inde submov�re co�git.[15] Corium b�luae, centum et v�gint� ped�s[16]
+  longum, R�mam m�sit R�gulus.
+
+  Hu�c ob r�s[17] bene gest�s imperium in annum proximum pr�rog�tum
+    [[41]]
+  est. Quod ubi c�gn�vit R�gulus, scr�psit sen�tu� v�licum          {30}
+  suum in agell�, quem septem i�gerum[1] hab�bat, mortuum esse et
+  servum, occ�si�nem nactum,[2] auf�gisse abl�t� �nstr�ment�[3]
+  r�stic� ide�que petere s� ut sibi[4] successor in �fricam mitter�tur,
+  n�, d�sert� agr�, n�n esset unde[5] uxor et l�ber� alerentur.[6]  {34}
+  Sen�tus, accept�s litter�s, r�s qu�s R�gulus �m�serat p�blic� pec�ni�
+  redim� iussit, agellum colendum[7] loc�vit, alimenta[8] coniug� ac
+  l�ber�s praebuit. R�gulus deinde mult�s proeli�s Carth�gini�nsium
+  op�s contudit[9] e�sque p�cem petere co�git. Quam cum
+  R�gulus n�llet nisi d�rissim�s condici�nibus[10] dare, �
+  Lacedaemoni�s ill� auxilium peti�runt.                            {40}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 255]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 251]
+
+  Lacedaemoni� Xanthippum, virum bell� per�tissimum, Carth�gini�nsibus
+  m�s�runt, � qu� R�gulus victus est �ltim� pernici�[10]:
+  nam duo tantum m�lia hominum ex omn� R�m�n�
+  exercit� ref�g�runt et R�gulus ipse captus et in carcerem
+  coniectus est. Inde R�mam d� perm�tand�s capt�v�s missus          {45}
+  est dat� i�rei�rand�. ut,[11] s� n�n impetr�sset,[12] red�ret ipse
+  Carth�ginem. Qu� cum R�mam v�nisset, inductus in sen�tum
+  mand�ta exposuit; sententiam[13] n� d�ceret rec�s�vit; quamdi�[14]
+  i�rei�rand� hostium ten�r�tur, s� n�n esse sen�t�rem. I�ssus
+  tamen sententiam d�cere, neg�vit[15] esse �tile capt�v�s Poen�s   {50}
+    [[42]]
+  redd�, ill�s enim adul�scent�s esse et bon�s duc�s, s� iam
+  c�nfectum[1] senect�te. C�ius cum[2] valuisset auct�rit�s, capt�v�
+  retent� sunt, ipse, cum retin�r�tur � propinqu�s et am�c�s, tamen
+  Carth�ginem rediit: neque v�r� tunc �gn�r�bat s� ad cr�d�lissimum
+  hostem et ad exqu�s�ta supplicia profic�sc�, sed i�si�randum      {55}
+  c�nservandum[3] put�vit. Reversum[4] Carth�gini�ns�s omn�
+  cruci�t� nec�v�runt: palpebr�s enim resect�s aliquamdi� in loc�
+  tenebric�s� tenu�runt: deinde cum s�l esset �rdentissimus, repente
+  �ductum intu�r� caelum co�g�runt; postr�m� in arcam l�gneam,
+  undique cl�v�s praeac�t�s horrentem et tam angustam, ut �r�ctus   {60}
+  perpetu� man�re c�ger�tur, incl�s�runt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
+  qu�cumque incl�n�bat, stimul�s ferre�s c�nfoditur, vigili�s et dol�re
+  continu� inter�mptus est. H�c fuit At�li� R�gul� exitus, ips� v�t�
+  cl�rior et inl�strior.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVII (pages 39-42)
+
+    39.7: #cl�de adf�cisset# = 'had inflicted defeat upon.' Cf. _e�
+    genere .�.�. adfici�b�tur_, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval
+    victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.
+    39.8: Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the
+    future participle being exactly equivalent to _ut_ with the
+    subjunctive. See p. xviii, E�5; #quasi# = 'as if,' and is
+    contrasted with #r� v�r�#, 'in reality.'
+    39.9: The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p.
+    xx, G�3.
+    39.10: _exorior_.
+    39.11: #idem . . . esse#: 'the same thing _ought to be done_ to
+    him.' The gerundive with _esse_ denotes either physical necessity
+    ('must'), or moral obligation ('ought').
+    39.12: abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M�655:
+    A�250: G�403: B�223. #pauc�s ann�s# is a sort of temporal adverb
+    with _ante_.
+    40.1: Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two
+    _past_ actions the prior is expressed by the _pluperfect_ tense;
+    of two _future_ actions the prior is expressed by the _future
+    perfect_ tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, 'if
+    you�do.'
+    40.2: Join with #meli�r�s#, and cf. p. 39, n. 12.
+    40.3: i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind _P�nica fid�s_ was
+    a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great
+    Hannibal that his character was marred by 'worse than Punic
+    treachery.' For #�fr�s#, see p.�10, n.�18.
+    40.4: #p�r . . . referr�# = 'retaliation.' How literally?
+    40.5: 'consistent with.'
+    40.6: #pr�mus . . . tr�i�cit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
+    40.7: indefinite, like our 'hundreds of.' _S�scent�_ and _m�lle_
+    are often used in the same way.
+    40.8: = _et n�n_ (cf. l. 13).
+    40.9: _�l�d�_.
+    40.10: #d�rissim� . . . repellente#: what does the abl. abs.
+    express?
+    40.11: #C�nfugiendum . . . ad#: impersonal passive: 'they had to
+    resort to.' Cf. p.�39, n.�11.
+    40.12: The _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ were the artillery of
+    antiquity. It is said that from the _ballistae_ stones weighing
+    one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.
+    40.13: #velut . . . m�n�ta#: to be taken with what follows.
+    40.14: _opprim�_.
+    40.15: _c�g�_.
+    40.16: acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with #longum#.
+    40.17: #r�s bene gest�s#: 'successes,' 'exploits.' Contrast _r�
+    male gest�_, XVI, 31, and note.
+    41.1: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
+    41.2: #occ�si�nem nactum# (_nanc�scor_): 'seizing the
+    opportunity.'
+    41.3: #�nstr�ment� r�stic�#: 'his farming implements.'
+    41.4: Join with #successor#, and cf. p. 26, n.�5.
+    41.5: #unde . . . alerentur#: 'the wherewithal to support,' etc.
+    41.6: subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for
+    which see p.�13, n.�10.
+    41.7: #colendum#: 'to be tilled' (cf. p. 2, n.�18), for Regulus'
+    benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally
+    between owner and tenant.
+    41.8: #alimenta . . . praebuit#: i.e. they were supported at
+    public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No
+    salary was given to Roman officials.
+    41.9: _contund�_.
+    41.10: abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A�248: G�399:
+    B�220,�1.
+    41.11: #ut . . . red�ret# gives the purpose of the Carthaginians
+    in exacting the oath.
+    41.12: subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: _S� n�n
+    impetr�ver�, .�.�. red�b�._
+    41.13: #sententiam . . . rec�s�vit#: 'he refused to express his
+    opinion.' _rec�s�re_ is construed (1)�with the simple infinitive;
+    (2)�with _n�_ and a subjunctive of purpose; (3)�with _qu�n_ or
+    _qu�minus_ and a subjunctive of result.
+    41.14: #quamdi� . . . sen�t�rem#: indirect discourse = '(saying
+    that) as long as,' etc.
+    41.15: #neg�vit esse �tile#: 'he _said_ that it was _not_
+    expedient.' In such sentences _neg�re_ rather than _n�n d�cere_ is
+    used. The subject of #esse# is the clause #capt�v�s .�.�. redd�#.
+    42.1: 'exhausted.'
+    42.2: Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown
+    by #tamen#: see p. xxii,�J.
+    42.3: Sc. _esse_, and cf. p. 39, n. 11.
+    42.4: Sc. _eum_: 'on his return.' The story is given by no writer
+    earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view
+    the whole narrative as fictitious.]
+
+
+#XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[stripped text]]
+
+Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos
+profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die
+hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam
+navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei
+nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in
+aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi
+iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso
+proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt,
+viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est
+damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati
+fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens,
+in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut
+frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo
+minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata
+gravisque ei dicta est multa.
+
+
+  #XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: SACRED CHICKENS / _From the tomb of a Pull�rius_]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 249.]
+
+  Appius Claudius, vir stultae temerit�tis, c�nsul adversus Poen�s
+  profectus pri�rum ducum c�nsilia palam reprehend�bat
+  s�que, qu�[5] di� hostem v�disset, bellum c�nfect�rum esse
+  iactit�bat. Qu� cum, antequam n�v�le proelium committeret,         {4}
+  auspicia[6] hab�ret pull�riusque[7] e� n�nti�sset, pull�s n�n ex�re �
+    [[43]]
+  cave� neque vesc�, inr�d�ns iussit e�s in aquam merg�, ut saltem
+  biberent, quoniam �sse[1] n�llent. Ea r�s cum, quasi[2] �r�t�s di�s,
+  m�lit�s ad omnia s�gni�r�s timidi�r�sque
+  f�cisset, commiss� proeli�[3]
+  m�gna cl�d�s � R�m�n�s accepta est:                               {10}
+  oct� e�rum m�lia caesa sunt, v�gint�
+  m�lia capta. Qu� re Claudius poste� �
+  popul� condemn�tus est damn�ti�nisque[4]
+  �gn�miniam volunt�ri� morte
+  praev�nit. Ea r�s calamit�t�[5] fuit                              {15}
+  etiam Claudiae,[5] c�nsulis sor�r�: quae
+  � l�d�s p�blic�s revert�ns, in[6] c�nfert�
+  multit�dine aegr� pr�c�dente carpent�,
+  palam opt�vit ut fr�ter suus Pulcher
+  rev�v�sceret atque iterum classem �mitteret,                      {20}
+  qu�[7] minor turba R�mae foret.[7] Ob v�cem illam impiam
+  Claudia quoque damn�ta gravisque[8] e�[9] dicta est multa.
+
+    [Footnotes: XVIII (pages 42-43)
+
+    42.5: #qu� di�#: we should expect _di� qu�_, or _e�dem di� qu�_,
+    but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative
+    clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H�399, 3 (445,�9):
+    A�200, _b_: G�616: B�251,�4.
+    42.6: #auspicia hab�ret#: cf. _auspicia adhib�re_, I,�42.
+    42.7: #pull�rius . . . vesc�#: on setting out for the seat of war,
+    the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred
+    chickens, in charge of a special keeper (#pull�rius#). If, when
+    food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that
+    portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was
+    considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in
+    the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of
+    very dire significance.
+    43.1: infinitive of _ed�_.
+    43.2: #quasi . . . di�s#: 'because (as they supposed), the gods
+    were angry.' Cf. p.�3, n.�6. #�r�t�s di�s# is an abl. abs.
+    43.3: The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost
+    93 out of 123 ships.
+    43.4: #que# here = 'but,' a meaning which it bears more frequently
+    after negative sentences (p.�13, n.�12).
+    43.5: Cf. p. 25, n. 6.
+    43.6: #in . . . carpent�#: an abl. abs., giving the cause of
+    #opt�vit#.
+    43.7: Cf. p. 14, n. 13.
+    43.8: #gravis . . . multa#: 'a heavy fine was imposed upon her.'
+    43.9: dat. of disadvantage.]
+
+
+#XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus
+odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse
+secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli
+quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit.
+Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali
+auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius,
+legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto "Hic" inquit "vobis bellum et
+pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite." Poenis daret utrum vellet
+succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni
+accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se
+gesturos.
+
+Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium
+Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud
+Trasumenum profligavit.
+
+Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator
+Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus
+belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum
+insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam
+constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca
+alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum
+neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret,
+miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab
+hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus
+proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae
+aut fortunae paenitere.
+
+His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis
+clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque
+arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi
+bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis
+cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo
+attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra
+vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.
+
+Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius,
+omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto
+filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos
+Romanos redemit.
+
+Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto timidum,
+pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister
+equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo tempus
+terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu
+imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magistrum
+equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius
+exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere
+proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito
+adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se
+Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt
+tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum
+procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum
+Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.
+
+Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut
+Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant.
+Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud
+procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent,
+conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium,
+quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste
+factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac
+saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque
+noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc
+Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus
+est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum
+vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil
+incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est.
+Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum
+suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator,
+Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem
+confugit.
+
+Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione cinxit.
+Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. Praefectus
+praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater in
+exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit
+ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia
+prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat.
+Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem
+transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu
+intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam
+festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, "Et Romani" inquit "suum
+Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus."
+
+Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem
+Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse,
+"Certe" inquit Fabius ridens, "nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam
+recepissem."
+
+Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in eius
+castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim lictoribus
+pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante
+consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae
+maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset,
+proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet.
+Pater tum desiliens "Non ego, fili," inquit "tuum imperium contempsi,
+sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse." Ad summam senectutem
+vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam promptior
+habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, quod tum
+gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam
+cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando maxime
+civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua
+Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi
+posset.
+
+
+  #XIX. Qu�ntus Fabius M�ximus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 236.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 219.]
+
+  Hannibal, Hamilcaris[10] f�lius, novem[11] ann�s[12] n�tus, �
+  patre �r�s adm�tus odium in R�m�n�s perenne i�r�vit.
+  Quae r�s m�xim� vid�tur concit�sse secundum[13] P�nicum bellum.
+    [[44]]
+  Nam, mortu�[1] Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bell� quaer�ns Saguntum,
+  c�vit�tem Hisp�niae R�m�n�s[2] foeder�tam �vertit.                 {5}
+  Qu�propter R�m� miss� sunt Carth�ginem
+  l�g�t�, qu� Hannibalem, mal� auct�rem, exp�scerent.
+  Tergiversantibus Poen�s Qu�ntus Fabius,
+  l�g�ti�nis pr�nceps, sin� ex tog� fact� "H�c"
+  inquit "v�b�s bellum et p�cem port�mus; utrum[3]                  {10}
+  placet, s�mite." Poen�s daret[4] utrum vellet
+  succl�mantibus, Fabius, excuss�[5] tog�, bellum
+  s� dare d�cit. Poen� accipere s� respond�runt et,
+  quibus[6] acciperent anim�s, i�sdem s� gest�r�s.[7]
+
+    [Illustration: HANNIBAL]
+
+  Hannibal super�t�s Pyr�nae� et Alpium iug�s in �taliam v�nit.     {15}
+  P�blium[8] Sc�pi�nem apud T�c�num[9] amnem, Sempr�nium apud
+  Trebiam, Fl�minium apud Trasum�num pr�fl�g�vit.
+
+  Adversus hostem toti�ns vict�rem missus Qu�ntus Fabius            {18}
+  dict�tor[10] Hannibalis impetum mor�[11] fr�git; namque, pri�rum ducum
+  cl�dibus �doctus bell� rati�nem m�t�re et adversus[12] Hannibalem,
+  succ�ssibus proeli�rum �nsolentem, rec�dere[13] ab ancipit� discr�mine
+  et tu�r� tantummodo �taliam c�nstituit Cunct�t�risque             {22}
+  n�men et laudem summ� ducis meruit. Per loca alta �gmen
+  d�c�bat modic� ab hoste interv�ll�,[14] ut neque omitteret[15] eum
+    [[45]]
+  neque cum e� congreder�tur; castr�s,[1] nisi[2] quantum necessit�s
+  c�geret,[2] m�les ten�b�tur. Dux neque occ�si�n�[3] re�[4] bene   {26}
+  gerendae deerat, s� qua ab hoste dar�tur, neque �llam ipse host�
+  dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeli�s superior disc�deret,
+  m�litem[5] minus iam coepit aut virt�tis suae aut fort�nae
+  paenit�re.                                                        {30}
+
+  H�s artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agr� Falern� loc�rum
+  angusti�s clausisset, ille sine �ll� exercit�s d�tr�ment� s�
+      exped�vit.
+  Namque �rida sarmenta in boum cornibus d�lig�ta[6] pr�ncipi�[7]
+  noctis incend� bov�sque ad mont�s, qu�s R�m�n� �ns�derant, ag�
+  iussit. Qu� cum acc�ns�s cornibus per mont�s, per silv�s h�c      {35}
+  ill�c discurrerent, R�m�n� m�r�cul� attonit� c�nstit�runt; ipse
+  Fabius, �nsidi�s esse ratus,[8] m�litem extr� v�llum �gred� vetuit.
+  Intere� Hannibal ex angusti�s �v�sit.
+
+  Dein Hannibal, ut Fabi� apud su�s c�nfl�ret invidiam, agrum       {39}
+  �ius, omnibus circ� v�st�t�s, int�ctum rel�quit. At Fabius, miss�
+  R�mam Qu�nt� f�li�, inviol�tum ab hoste agrum v�ndidit �iusque
+  preti� capt�v�s R�m�n�s red�mit.
+
+  Haud gr�ta tamen R�m�n�s erat Fabi� cunct�ti�: eumque pr�
+  caut� timidum, pr� cunct�t�re s�gnem[9] vocit�bant. Aug�bat
+  invidiam Minucius, magister[10] equitum, dict�t�rem cr�minand�:   {45}
+  illum in d�cend� bell� s�dul� tempus terere,[11] qu� di�tius in
+  magistr�t� esset s�lusque et R�mae et in exercit� imperium
+  hab�ret. H�s serm�nibus acc�nsa pl�bs dict�t�r�[12] magistrum
+    [[46]]
+  equitum imperi�[1] aequ�vit. Hanc ini�riam aequ�[2] anim� tulit
+  Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuci� d�v�sit. Cum autem           {50}
+  Minucius temer� proelium comm�sisset, e�[3] per�clitant� auxili�
+  v�nit Fabius. C�ius subit� advent� repressus Hannibal receptu�[4]
+  cecinit, palam c�nfessus[5] ab s� Minucium, s� � Fabi� victum esse.
+  Redeuntem ex aci� d�xisse eum[6] ferunt tandem[7] eam n�bem, quae
+  sed�re in iug�s montium solita esset, cum procell� imbrem dedisse.
+  Minucius autem per�cul� l�ber�tus castra cum Fabi� i�nxit et      {56}
+  patrem eum appell�vit idemque facere m�lit�s iussit.
+
+  Poste� Hannibal Tarent�[8] per pr�diti�nem pot�tus est. Hanc
+  urbem ut Poen�s tr�derent, tredecim fer� n�bil�s iuven�s Tarent�n�
+  coni�r�verant. H�, nocte per[9] speciem v�nand� urbe �gress�,     {60}
+  ad Hannibalem, qu� haud procul castra hab�bat, v�n�runt. Cu�
+  cum quid par�rent exposuissent, conlaud�vit e�s Hannibal monuitque
+  ut[10] redeunt�s pecora Carth�gini�nsium, quae p�stum[11] pr�pulsa
+  essent, ad urbem agerent[10] et velut�[12] praedam ex hoste
+  factam aut praefect� aut c�st�dibus port�rum d�n�rent.[10] Id     {65}
+  iterum ac saepius ab i�s factum e�que[13] c�nsu�t�dinis adducta r�s
+  est, ut, qu�cumque noctis tempore s�bil� dedissent[14] s�gnum, porta
+  urbis aper�r�tur. Tunc Hannibal e�s nocte medi� cum decem
+  m�libus hominum d�l�ct�rum sec�tus est. Ubi portae appropinqu�runt,
+    [[47]]
+  n�ta iuvenum v�x et famili�re s�gnum vigilem excit�vit.           {70}
+  Duo pr�m� �nfer�bant aprum v�st� corporis. Vigil incautus, dum
+  b�luae m�gnit�dinem m�r�tur, v�n�bul� occ�sus est. Ingress�
+  pr�dit�r�s c�ter�s vigil�s s�p�t�s[1] obtruncant. Tum Hannibal
+  cum su� �gmine ingreditur: R�m�n� passim truc�dantur. L�vius
+  Sal�n�tor, R�m�n�rum praefectus, cum i�s, qu� caed� superfu�runt,
+  in arcem c�nf�git.                                                {76}
+
+  Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidi�ne
+  cinxit. Leve[2] dict� m�mentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam
+  eum adi�vit. Praefectus praesidi� Tarent�n� d�per�bat[3]
+  am�re mulierculae,[4] c�ius fr�ter in exercit� Fabi� erat. M�les  {80}
+  iussus � Fabi� pr� perfug� Tarentum tr�nsiit ac per sor�rem
+  praefectum ad[5] tr�dendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigili�[6] pr�m�
+  accessit ad eam partem m�r�, quam praefectus c�st�di�bat. Adiuvantibus
+  recipientibusque �ius m�litibus, R�m�n� in urbem tr�nscend�runt.
+  Inde, proxim� port� refr�ct�,[7] Fabius cum exercit�              {85}
+  intr�vit. Hannibal[8] n�nti�t� Tarent� opp�gn�ti�ne, cum ad opem
+  ferendam f�st�n�ns captam urbem esse aud�visset, "Et R�m�n�"
+  inquit "suum[9] Hannibalem habent: e�dem, qu� c�per�mus, arte
+  Tarentum �m�simus."
+
+  Cum poste� L�vius Sal�n�tor c�ram Fabi� gl�ri�r�tur, quod[10]     {90}
+  arcem Tarent�nam retinuisset,[10] d�xissetque eum[11] su� oper�
+  Tarentum rec�pisse, "Cert�" inquit Fabius r�d�ns, "nam nisi t�
+  �m�siss�s,[12] ego numquam rec�pissem."[12]
+
+  Qu�ntus Fabius iam senex f�li� su� c�nsul� l�g�tus fuit; cumque
+    [[48]]
+  in �ius castra ven�ret, f�lius obviam patr� pr�gressus est,       {95}
+  duodecim l�ct�ribus pr� m�re antec�dentibus. Equ�[1] veh�b�tur
+  senex neque appropinquante c�nsule d�scendit. Iam ex l�ct�ribus
+  �ndecim ver�cundi�[2] paternae m�iest�tis tacit� praeterierant.
+  Quod cum c�nsul animadvertisset, proximum l�ct�rem iussit
+  incl�m�re[3] Fabi� patr� ut ex equ� d�scenderet. Pater tum       {100}
+  d�sili�ns "N�n ego, f�l�," inquit "tuum imperium contemps�, sed
+  exper�r� volu� num sc�r�s c�nsulem t� esse." Ad summam senect�tem
+  v�xit Fabius M�ximus, d�gnus tant� c�gn�mine.[4] Cautior[5]
+  quam pr�mptior habitus est, sed �nsita[6] �ius ingeni� pr�dentia e�
+  bell�, quod tum ger�b�tur, propri� apta erat. N�min�[7] dubium   {105}
+  est qu�n[8] rem[9] R�m�nam cunctand�[10] restituerit. Ut Sc�pi�
+  p�gnand�,[10] ita h�c n�n d�micand�[10] m�xim� c�vit�t� R�m�nae
+  succurrisse v�sus est. Alter enim celerit�te su� Carth�ginem
+  oppressit, alter cunct�ti�ne id[11] �git, n� R�ma opprim� posset.
+
+    [Footnotes: XIX (pages 43-48)
+
+    43.10: In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had
+    successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily
+    against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian
+    empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had
+    sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with
+    the means for a renewal of the conflict.
+    43.11: #novem . . . n�tus#: 'when only nine years old.'
+    43.12: Cf. p. 10, n. 15.
+    43.13: This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C.
+    44.1: When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his
+    son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces
+    there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.
+    44.2: dat. with #foeder�tam#. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,�3): A�248,
+    _a_, R.: G�359: B�192, 1. Compare the dat. used with _iung�_ and
+    _m�sce�_.
+    44.3: #utrum# is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative
+    #placet#, with which we must supply _v�b�s_. In #utrum vellet#,
+    however, #utrum# is interrogative: hence the subjunctive.
+    44.4: = a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original
+    imperative. See p. xxvi, M�6.
+    44.5: _excuti�_.
+    44.6: #quibus . . . anim�s, i�sdem#: abl. of manner. See p.�42,
+    n.�5.
+    44.7: Sc. _bellum_.
+    44.8: P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius
+    Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.
+    44.9: The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.
+    44.10: See Vocab., _dict�tor_.
+    44.11: Cf. p. 28, n. 17.
+    44.12: #adversus Hannibalem# = a causal clause: 'since he was
+    facing H.' Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to
+    _sum_.
+    44.13: #rec�dere . . . discr�mine#: 'to avoid (any) hazardous
+    risk.' #rec�dere# depends on #c�nstituit#, l.�22.
+    44.14: #modic� . . . interv�ll�#: we say, 'at a moderate
+    distance.' For the abl., see p.�39, n.�12.
+    44.15: 'let slip,' 'lose sight of.'
+    45.1: apparently = _in castr�s_, but really an abl. of means.
+    45.2: #nisi . . . c�geret#: 'except as far as necessity forced
+    (Fabius to lead them forth).' #c�geret# is an example of the
+    iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of
+    an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense,
+    and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.
+    45.3: #neque . . . deerat#: 'missed no chance of scoring a
+    success.'
+    45.4: #re� bene gerendae#: cf. p. 40, n. 17.
+    45.5: #m�litem . . . paenit�re#: 'the soldiers began to be less
+    discontented with (i.e. to be more confident�of),' etc. For the
+    construction, see p.�28, n.�7.
+    45.6: #d�lig�ta . . . incend�# = _d�lig�r� et incend�_.
+    45.7: Why abl.?
+    45.8: _reor_.
+    45.9: Render by a noun: 'sluggard.'
+    45.10: See Vocab., _magister_.
+    45.11: indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying
+    suggested by #cr�minand�#.
+    45.12: Indirect object with #aequ�vit#, which = _aequum f�cit_.
+    46.1: #abl.# of specification.
+    46.2: #aequ� anim�# is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n.�10), and =
+    'patiently.'
+    46.3: #e� . . . auxili�#: 'to help him in his peril.' Cf. p.�25,
+    n.�6.
+    46.4: #receptu� cecinit#: 'gave the signal for a retreat.'
+    #receptu�# is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.�25, n.�6. _canere_ is used
+    of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as
+    of vocal.
+    46.5: _c�nfiteor_.
+    46.6: i.e. Hannibal.
+    46.7: #tandem . . . dedisse#: 'the cloud . . . had at last brought
+    wind and rain,' i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the
+    Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.
+    46.8: Cf. p. 4, n. 6.
+    46.9: #per . . . v�nand�#: 'under pretense of hunting.'
+    46.10: a substantive clause of purpose, object of #monuit#.
+    46.11: supine of _p�sc�_, denoting the purpose of #pr�pulsa
+    essent#: cf. p.�5, n.�20.
+    46.12: _veluti . . . factam_: 'as if they (i.e. the cattle) were
+    plunder captured from the foe.' #praedam# is accus. by attraction
+    to _ea pecora_, to be supplied as the object of d�n�rent.
+    46.13: #e� . . . est#: lit., 'to such a degree of custom was the
+    matter brought,' = 'so customary did this proceeding become.'
+    #c�nsu�t�dinis# is a partitive gen. with #e�#, which strictly =
+    'thither, to that point.'
+    46.14: subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to #aper�r�tur#,
+    which itself denotes result.
+    47.1: 'who were buried in slumber.' The perf. pass. part. here, as
+    often, = a relative clause.
+    47.2: #Leve . . . m�mentum#: 'a circumstance (almost too) trifling
+    to mention.' For #dict�#, see p.�19, n.�15.
+    47.3: #d�per�bat am�re#: 'was dying for (lit. because�of) love,'
+    i.e. was desperately in love with.
+    47.4: objective gen. with #am�re#: cf. p. 14, n.�15.
+    47.5: #ad . . . perpulit# (_perpell�_): 'drove him to,' i.e.
+    induced him to, etc.
+    47.6: '#watch.#'
+    47.7: _refring�_.
+    47.8: emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction
+    #cum#: cf. p.�19, n.�8.
+    47.9: #suum Hannibalem#: 'a Hannibal of their own.'
+    47.10: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
+    47.11: i.e. Fabius. Livius said: _me� oper� t� Tarentum
+    rec�pist�_.
+    47.12: A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary
+    to the facts: H�579 and N. (510 and N.�1): M�938: A�308: G�597:
+    B�304.
+    48.1: #equ� veh�b�tur#: 'was riding.' #equ�# is an abl. of means.
+    48.2: #ver�cundi� . . . m�iest�tis#: 'out of respect for his
+    dignity as a father.' Explain the case of #ver�cundi�#, also of
+    #m�iest�tis#. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their
+    children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in
+    official position took precedence of the honors due a father.
+    48.3: Cf. p. 12, n. 3.
+    48.4: abl. with #d�gnus#: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A�245, _a_:
+    G�397, N. 2: B�226,�2.
+    48.5: #Cautior . . . est#: = 'he was accounted cautious rather
+    than alert.' See H�499 (444,�2): M�429: A�192: G�299: B�240,�4.
+    48.6: #�nsita . . . pr�dentia#: 'his innate caution'; lit., the
+    caution implanted in his nature. For _ingeni�_, see p.�2, n.�7.
+    48.7: possessive dative: 'no one has a doubt.'
+    48.8: Cf. p. 39, n. 4.
+    48.9: = _rem p�blicam_.
+    48.10: abl. of means. With #cunctand�# cf. _mor�_, l. 19, and
+    _cunct�ti�ne_, l. 109.
+    48.11: #id . . . posset#: 'accomplished this, that it should be
+    impossible to overthrow Rome.' #n� .�.�. posset# is a clause of
+    purpose, in apposition with #id#.]
+
+
+#XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro# [[stripped text]]
+
+Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo
+consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio
+magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur
+consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
+communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et
+signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis
+et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent.
+Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere
+adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem
+cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam
+tribunus militum, "Cape" inquit "hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine
+tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est." Ad ea consul: "Tu quidem
+macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi
+perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis
+victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum
+patere exspirare." Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit.
+Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi
+triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria
+milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios
+aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum
+et senatorum detraxerat.
+
+Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam
+ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis,
+Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam
+pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal
+illud non probasset, Maharbal "Non omnia nimirum" inquit "eidem dii
+dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis." Mora huius diei
+satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria
+posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius
+deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam
+Hannibali Cannas fuisse.
+
+Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius
+advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo
+civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam irent
+et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si Poenorum
+dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae
+cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae
+tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et postea
+numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a
+populo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus
+esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim
+respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera
+hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat
+aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod
+in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum
+exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique
+vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in
+publicum deferrentur.
+
+Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex
+ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis
+postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse
+redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non
+esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. �nus ex iis
+legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post
+in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is
+ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum
+esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus
+illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis
+audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis
+tam excelso esset animo.
+
+
+  #XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr�# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 216.]
+
+  Hannibal[12] in �p�liam perv�nerat. Adversus eum R�m�
+  profect� sunt duo c�nsul�s, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius
+    [[49]]
+  Varr�. Paul� Fabi� cunct�ti� magis plac�bat; Varr�[1] autem, fer�x
+  et temer�rius, �cri�ra sequ�b�tur c�nsilia. Amb� c�nsul�s ad
+  v�cum, qu� Cannae appell�b�tur, castra comm�n�v�runt. Ibi          {5}
+  deinde Varr�, inv�t�[2] conl�g�, aciem �nstr�xit et s�gnum p�gnae
+  dedit. Hannibal autem ita c�nstituerat aciem, ut R�m�n�s[3] et
+  s�lis radi� et ventus ab oriente pulverem adfl�ns advers�
+  essent. Victus caesusque est R�m�nus exercitus; n�squam gravi�re
+  vulnere adfl�cta est r�s p�blica. Aemilius Paulus t�l�s obrutus   {10}
+  cecidit: quem cum medi� in p�gn� sedentem in sax� oppl�tum cru�re
+  c�nspexisset qu�dam trib�nus m�litum, "Cape" inquit "hunc
+  equum et fuge, Aemil�.[4] Etiam sine tu� morte lacrim�rum satis
+  l�ct�sque est." Ad ea c�nsul[5]: "T�[6] quidem macte virt�te
+  est�! Sed cav�[7] exiguum tempus � manibus hostium �v�dend�       {15}
+  perd�s! Ab�, n�nti� patribus ut urbem m�niant ac prius quam
+  hostis victor adveniat, praesidi�s f�rment. M� in h�c str�ge me�rum
+  m�litum patere[8] exsp�r�re." Alter c�nsul cum pauc�s equitibus
+  Venusiam perf�git. C�nsul�r�s aut praet�ri� occid�runt
+  v�gint�, sen�t�r�s capt� aut occ�s� tr�gint�, n�bil�s             {20}
+  vir� trecent�, m�litum quadr�gint� m�lia, equitum
+  tria m�lia et qu�ngent�. Hannibal in[9] t�stim�nium
+  vict�riae suae tr�s modi�s aure�rum �nul�rum[10]
+  Carth�ginem m�sit, qu�s d� manibus
+  equitum R�m�n�rum et sen�t�rum d�tr�xerat.                        {25}
+
+    [Illustration: �NULUS]
+
+    [[50]]
+  Hannibal� vict�r� cum c�ter� gr�tul�rentur su�d�rentque ut
+  qui�tem iam ipse s�meret et fess�s m�litibus daret, �nus ex �ius
+  praefect�s, Maharbal, minim�[1] cessandum ratus, Hannibalem
+  hort�b�tur ut statim R�mam pergeret, di� qu�nt� victor in
+  Capit�li� epul�t�rus.[2] Cumque Hannibal illud n�n prob�sset,     {30}
+  Maharbal "N�n omnia n�m�rum" inquit "e�dem[3] di� ded�re.
+  Vincere sc�s, Hannibal; vict�ri� �t� nesc�s." Mora h�ius di�� satis
+  cr�ditur sal�t�[4] fuisse urb�[4] et imperi�.[4] Hannibal cum vict�ri�
+  posset �t�, fru� m�luit, rel�ct�que R�m� in Camp�niam d�vertit,
+  c�ius[5] d�lici�s mox exercit�s �rdor �languit, ade� ut v�r� dictum
+  sit Capuam[6] Hannibal� Cann�s fuisse.                            {36}
+
+  Numquam tantum pav�ris R�mae fuit, quantum[7] ubi acceptae
+  cl�dis n�ntius adv�nit. Neque tamen �lla p�cis menti� facta est;
+  qu�n[8] etiam anim� c�vit�s ade� m�gn� fuit, ut Varr�n� ex tant�  {39}
+  cl�de redeunt� obviam �rent et gr�ti�s agerent, quod d� r� p�blic�
+  n�n d�sp�r�sset: qu�, s� Poen�rum dux fuisset,[9] temerit�tis poen�s
+  omn� supplici� dedisset.[9] N�n autem v�tae cupidit�te, sed re�
+  p�blicae am�re s� superfuisse[10] reliqu� aet�tis suae tempore
+  approb�vit. Nam et barbam capillumque subm�sit,[11] et poste� numquam
+  recub�ns[12] cibum c�pit; hon�ribus quoque, cum e� d�ferrentur �  {45}
+    [[51]]
+  popul�, ren�nti�vit, d�c�ns f�l�ci�ribus magistr�tibus[1] re� p�blicae
+  opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal s�gniter et �ti�s� ag�bat.
+  R�m�n� interim resp�r�re[2]
+  coep�runt. Arma n�n
+  erant: d�tr�cta sunt                                              {50}
+  templ�s[3] vetera hostium
+  spolia. Deerat iuvent�s:
+  serv� man�miss� et arm�t�
+  sunt. Eg�bat aer�rium:
+  op�s su�s lib�ns sen�tus in medium pr�tulit, nec praeter quod in  {55}
+  bull�s singul�sque[4] �nul�s erat quidquam sibi aur� rel�qu�runt.
+  Patrum exemplum sec�t� sunt equit�s imit�taeque equit�s omn�s
+  trib�s. D�nique vix[5] suff�c�re tabulae, vix scr�b�rum man�s, cum
+  omn�s pr�v�tae op�s in p�blicum d�ferrentur.
+
+    [Illustration: CONV�VIUM]
+
+  Cum Hannibal redimend�[6] su� c�piam capt�v�s R�m�n�s f�cisset,   {60}
+  decem ex ips�s R�mam e� d� r� miss� sunt; nec p�gnus aliud
+  fide� ab i�s p�stul�tum est, quam ut i�r�rent s�, s� n�n impetr�ssent,
+  in castra esse redit�r�s. E�s sen�tus n�n redimend�s c�nsuit
+  responditque e�s c�v�s n�n esse necess�ri�s, qu�, cum arm�t�
+  essent, cap� potuissent. �nus ex i�s l�g�t�s � castr�s Poen�rum   {65}
+  �gressus, velut�[7] aliquid[8] obl�tus, paul� post in castra erat
+  regressus, deinde comit�s ante noctem adsec�tus erat. Is erg�, r�
+  n�n impetr�t�, domum abiit; redit� enim in castra s� l�ber�tum
+  esse i�rei�rand� interpret�b�tur.[9] Quod ubi inn�tuit, iussit sen�tus
+    [[52]]
+  illum comprehend� et vinctum d�c� ad Hannibalem. Ea r�s           {70}
+  Hannibalis aud�ciam m�xim� fr�git, quod sen�tus populusque
+  R�m�nus r�bus[1] adfl�ct�s tam excels� esset anim�.
+
+    [Footnotes: XX (pages 48-52)
+
+    48.12: Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had
+    been no general engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The
+    latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched into
+    southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome
+    and join him. When Fabius resigned the dictatorship at the end of
+    the legal period, C.�Terentius Varro and L.�Aemilius Paulus were
+    elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their
+    instructions were to fight as speedily as possible.
+    49.1: A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact
+    that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.
+    49.2: #inv�t� conl�g�#: abl. abs.: 'though opposed by his
+    colleague.' How literally? The consuls held supreme command on
+    alternate days.
+    49.3: Construe with #advers�#.
+    49.4: H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, _c_: G 33, 2: B�25,�1.
+    49.5: sc. _inquit_.
+    49.6: #T� . . . est�#: 'God bless you!' Cf. p.�32, n.�1.
+    49.7: #cav� . . . perd�s# = _cav� n� . . . perd�s_: 'Take care
+    lest,' etc. For this form see H�561, 2 (489,�2): M�715: A�269,
+    _a_, 3: G�271, 2: B�276, _c_. We really have two commands here
+    side by side, thus: 'Take care'; 'Don't waste,' etc.
+    49.8: imperative of _patior_.
+    49.9: #in . . . suae#: 'to prove his victory.'
+    49.10: The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans,
+    having arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of
+    iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish
+    the higher classes.
+    50.1: #minim� . . . ratus#: 'thinking that there ought to be no
+    delay.' With #cessandum# sc. _esse_, and see p.�16, n.�8.
+    50.2: #victor . . . epul�t�rus#: 'for he would surely dine as
+    victor on the Capitol.' The fut. part. is often thus used to
+    denote the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the
+    clause expresses the reason why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to
+    Rome. What were Maharbal's exact words?
+    50.3: dat. sing.
+    50.4: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. Contrast the words of a modern historian:
+    "Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and
+    modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the
+    struggle by a march on the enemy's capital."
+    50.5: #c�ius . . . fuisse#: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal
+    successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.
+    50.6: Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to
+    Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of
+    Cannae.
+    50.7: Sc. _fuit._
+    50.8: #qu�n etiam#: 'on the contrary.'
+    50.9: For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf.
+    XVI, 19�ff.
+    50.10: #superfuisse . . . approb�vit#: 'he showed that he had
+    effected his escape (lit., had survived).'
+    50.11: 'let grow.' This manner of showing grief is often
+    mentioned.
+    50.12: The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro's act
+    was a kind of penance, since it indicated that he denied himself
+    the pleasures of the table.
+    51.1: #magistr�tibus . . . esse#: cf. p. 37, notes 3 and�4.
+    51.2: 'to repair their losses'; lit., 'to get their breath again.'
+    51.3: dat.; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as
+    well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in some
+    temple as a thank-offering to the gods.
+    51.4: #singul�s . . . �nul�s#: 'a ring apiece.'
+    51.5: #vix . . . man�s#: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets
+    sufficient to keep the record of contributions.
+    51.6: #redimend� su�#: 'of ransoming themselves.' H�626, 3 (542,
+    #I#, N.�1): M�1000: A�298, _a_: G�428, R. 1: B�339,�5.
+    51.7: #velut� . . . obl�tus#: 'pretending to have forgotten
+    something.' How literally?
+    51.8: A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of
+    remembering or forgetting. Contrast _obl�ta fr�trum_, IV, 37, and
+    note.
+    51.9: 'maintained, held.'
+    52.1: abl. abs.: 'though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.']
+
+
+#XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem
+singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem
+commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset,
+filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem
+periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti
+favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes
+rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas
+esset, "Si me" inquit Scipio "omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt,
+satis annorum habeo." Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut
+tribuni incepto desisterent.
+
+Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant;
+cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad
+Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii delata est.
+Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, consularis viri
+filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de
+Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui conspirationis
+erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de
+quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium
+gladio, "Iurate" inquit "vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Romani
+deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: qui non
+iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." Haud secus pavidi,
+quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque
+semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.
+
+Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi
+imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri
+eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de
+re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto
+dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud
+imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii
+comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, quattuor
+et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde
+conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa
+sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At
+postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti
+paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit
+Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, quod
+gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque certissima
+impleret.
+
+Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die venit,
+expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes,
+ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus
+omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae
+formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos
+natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis
+parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam
+redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id
+a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad
+se virginis sponso, "Super dotem" inquit "quam accepturus a socero es,
+haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent" aurumque tollere ac sibi habere
+iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos
+Romanis conciliavit.
+
+Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium
+potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio
+domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus
+regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et
+cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, "Numida sum" inquit
+puer, "Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum
+maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui
+nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus
+propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo
+pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in
+aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis." Scipio eum
+interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis,
+id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque
+ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.
+
+Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset,
+circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio,
+silentio per praeconem facto, "Nomen imperatoris" inquit, "quo me mei
+milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae
+intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis
+licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis
+appellatione abstineatis." Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua
+Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt.
+
+Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre
+meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit.
+Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem
+magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum
+cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat.
+Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare nec
+accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in
+Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal pulsus
+Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter
+petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud
+regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tanta
+autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem
+infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foedere icto cum
+Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.
+
+Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat.
+Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio
+statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso
+tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et
+Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex
+fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio
+cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries
+habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac
+militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida
+gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam
+quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi
+et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in
+societatem recepit.
+
+Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia ei
+provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum
+vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum
+complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti
+consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos
+et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent,
+legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati
+adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores,
+magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes
+cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit,
+arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum
+horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma
+et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem
+acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos
+instruxit ornavitque equites.
+
+Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto
+militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae
+praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque
+brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus
+esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem
+adferebat, in hortationem convertens, "Africam oppressi" inquit,
+"milites!" Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi
+speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec
+supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est,
+sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein
+interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi,
+prandio dato incolumes dimisit.
+
+Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum
+turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum
+dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte
+perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem
+pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis
+velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse
+vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri,
+cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam
+misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea
+corona donavit.
+
+Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum
+terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam
+revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur
+legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae
+litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi
+pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum
+iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi
+secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies
+locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis
+duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero
+de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt,
+renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal
+victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero
+confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.
+
+Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt
+triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam
+civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem
+transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas
+condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta
+essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra
+marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem
+advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed
+etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium
+plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine
+victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.
+
+Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum est.
+Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt,
+Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in Capitolium ventitare
+ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi
+consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius templi saepe esse
+miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper
+in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones
+confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque
+admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. Adsidebat oppugnabatque
+oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et
+munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat.
+Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id
+oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant,
+interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem locumque vades sisti iuberet.
+Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens,
+"Perendie" inquit "sese sistant illo in loco," atque ita factum. Die
+tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eodem die in
+arce eius oppidi ius dixit.
+
+Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem,
+confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad
+Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi
+conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet.
+Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri,
+quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem
+secundum poneret, "Pyrrhum" inquit, "quod primus castra metari docuit
+nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit." Sciscitanti
+denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio
+"Quidnam tu diceres" inquit "si me vicisses?" "Tum me vero" respondit
+Hannibal "et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios
+imperatores posuissem." Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e
+grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.
+
+Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem
+dicerent, "Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit." Idem dicere
+solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muniendam.
+
+Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio
+Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus
+gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio.
+Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam
+familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse
+virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab
+eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum:
+itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam
+diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen
+Asiatici peperisset.
+
+Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum
+deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab
+eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem
+Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique
+filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset.
+Cui Scipio respondit "Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias
+agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut
+bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset." Pax non convenit;
+tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem
+venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.
+
+Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, Africanus
+prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et
+refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus de ea re
+dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc in
+modum verba fecit: "Non est quod quaeratis, patres conscripti, num
+parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro
+repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam
+totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter cognomen
+rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum
+reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est locupletior."
+Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit.
+
+Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod praeda
+ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit,
+Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam
+dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo imposita, "Hoc
+ego die" inquit "Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro inimicissimum, magno
+proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi
+insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo
+relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iovi
+optimo maximo supplicatum." A�rostris in Capitolium ascendit; simul se
+universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est, nec
+quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis remansit.
+Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace
+rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius
+tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum concessit, ubi reliquam
+egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.
+
+Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum
+videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire
+existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat,
+quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt,
+abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se
+non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum
+tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne
+gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores
+reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam
+religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt
+ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod
+sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post
+mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam
+referretur.
+
+
+  #XXI. P�blius Corn�lius Sc�pi� �fric�nus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: SC�PI�]
+
+  P�blius Corn�lius Sc�pi�[2] n�ndum ann�s
+  pueritiae �gressus patrem singul�r� virt�te
+  serv�vit; qu�[3] cum p�gn�[4] apud T�c�num[5]
+  contr� Hannibalem commiss� graviter vulner�tus
+  in hostium man�s iam iam[6] vent�rus                               {5}
+  esset, f�lius interiect�[7] corpore Poen�s inruentibus
+  s� opposuit et patrem per�cul� l�ber�vit.
+  Quae[8] piet�s Sc�pi�n� poste� aed�lit�tem
+  petent� fav�rem popul� concili�vit. Cum obsisterent
+  trib�n� pl�bis, negant�s[9] rati�nem �ius esse habendam,          {10}
+  quod n�ndum ad petendum l�gitima[10] aet�s esset, "S� m�" inquit
+  Sc�pi� "omn�s Quir�t�s aed�lem facere volunt, satis ann�rum
+  habe�." Tant� inde fav�re ad suffr�gia itum[11] est, ut trib�n�
+  incept� d�sisterent.
+
+  Post cl�dem Cann�nsem R�m�n� exercit�s reliquiae Canusium         {15}
+  perf�gerant; cumque ibi trib�n� m�litum quattuor essent, tamen
+  omnium c�ns�ns� ad P�blium Sc�pi�nem, admodum[12] adul�scentem,
+  summa imperi� d�l�ta est. Quibus c�nsultantibus n�ntiat
+    [[53]]
+  P�blius F�rius Philus, c�nsul�ris vir� f�lius, n�bil�s qu�sdam
+  iuven�s propter d�sp�r�ti�nem c�nsilium d� Itali� d�serend�       {20}
+  in�re. Statim in hospitium Metell�, qu� c�nsp�r�ti�nis erat pr�nceps,
+  s� contulit Sc�pi�, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, d� quibus
+  adl�tum[1] erat, inv�nisset, strict� super c�pita c�nsultantium
+  gladi�, "I�r�te" inquit "v�s neque ips�s rem p�blicam popul�
+  R�m�n� d�sert�r�s, neque alium c�vem R�m�num d�serere             {25}
+  pass�r�s[2]: qu�[3] n�n i�r�verit, in s� hunc gladium strictum esse
+  sciat."[4] Haud[5] secus pavid�, quam s� vict�rem Hannibalem
+  cernerent,[6] i�rant omn�s c�st�diend�sque s�met ips�s Sc�pi�n�
+  tr�dunt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 212.]
+
+  Cum R�m�n� du�s cl�d�s in Hisp�ni� acc�pissent duoque ibi         {30}
+  summ� imper�t�r�s[7] intr� di�s tr�gint� cecidissent, placuit[8]
+  exercitum aug�r� e�que pr�c�nsulem mitt�; nec tamen
+  quem mitterent[9] satis c�nst�bat. E� d� r� indicta sunt comitia.
+  Pr�m� populus exspect�bat ut, qu� s� tant� d�gn�s imperi�         {34}
+  cr�derent,[10] n�mina profit�rentur; sed n�m� aud�bat illud imperium
+  suscipere. Maesta igitur c�vit�s ac prope inops[11] c�nsili�[12]
+  comiti�rum di� in campum d�scendit. Subit� P. Corn�lius Sc�pi�,
+  quattuor et v�gint� ferm� ann�s n�tus, professus s� petere,[13] in
+  superi�re, unde[14] c�nspic� posset, loc� c�nstitit. In quem
+  postquam omnium �ra conversa sunt, ad �num omn�s Sc�pi�nem in     {40}
+  Hisp�ni� pr�c�nsulem esse iuss�runt. At postquam anim�rum[15]
+  impetus res�dit, populum[16] R�m�num coepit fact� paenit�re:
+    [[54]]
+  aet�t� Sc�pi�nis m�xim� diff�d�bant. Quod ubi animadvertit
+  Sc�pi�, advoc�t� c�nti�ne ita m�gn� �l�t�que anim� d� bell�,
+  quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homin�s c�r� l�ber�ret sp�que  {45}
+  certissim� impl�ret.
+
+  Profectus igitur in Hisp�niam Sc�pi� Carth�ginem Novam,
+  qu�[1] di� v�nit, exp�gn�vit. E�[2] congestae[3] erant omn�s paene
+  �fricae et Hisp�niae op�s, ibi arma, ibi pec�nia, ibi t�t�us Hisp�niae
+  obsid�s erant: quibus omnibus pot�tus est Sc�pi�. Inter           {50}
+  capt�v�s ad eum adducta est eximiae f�rmae adulta virg�. Quam
+  ubi comperit inl�str� loc� inter Celtib�r�s n�tam pr�ncip�que �ius
+  gentis adul�scent� d�sp�nsam esse, arcess�t�s parentibus et sp�ns�
+  eam reddidit. Parent�s virginis, qu� ad eam redimendam satis[4]
+  m�gnum aur� pondus attulerant, Sc�pi�nem �r�bant ut id � s�       {55}
+  d�num acciperet. Sc�pi� aurum ante ped�s p�n� i�ssit voc�t�que
+  ad s� virginis sp�ns�, "Super d�tem" inquit "quam accept�rus
+  � socer� es, haec tibi � m� d�t�lia d�na acc�dent" aurumque
+  tollere �c sibi hab�re i�ssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam
+  Sc�pi�n� gr�tiam Celtib�r�s R�m�n�s concili�vit.                  {60}
+
+  Deinde Sc�pi� Hasdrubalem[5] victum[6] ex Hisp�ni� expulit.
+  Castr�s hostium pot�tus omnem praedam m�litibus concessit,
+  capt�v�s[7] Hisp�n�s sine preti� domum d�m�sit; �fr�s v�r� v�nd�
+  iussit. Erat inter e�s puer adultus r�gi� generis,[8] f�rm�       {64}
+  �ns�gn�[8]: quem cum percont�r�tur Sc�pi� quis et c�i�s esset, et
+  c�r id[9] aet�tis in castr�s fuisset, "Numida sum" inquit puer,
+  "Mass�vam popul�r�s vocant: orbus � patre rel�ctus, apud avum
+  m�ternum, Numidiae r�gem, �duc�tus sum. Cum avuncul� Masiniss�,
+  qu� n�per subsidi� Carth�gini�nsibus v�nit, in Hisp�niam
+    [[55]]
+  tr�i�c�; prohibitus propter aet�tem � Masiniss� numquam ante      {70}
+  proelium ini�. E� di�, qu� p�gn�tum est cum R�m�n�s, �nsci�
+  avuncul�, clam arm�s equ�que s�mpt�, in aciem exi�: ibi, pr�l�ps�
+  equ�, captus sum � R�m�n�s." Sc�pi� eum interrogat velletne[1]
+  ad avunculum revert�. Cum, eff�s�s[2] gaudi� lacrim�s, id
+  v�r� s� cupere puer d�ceret, tum Sc�pi� puer� �nulum aureum       {75}
+  equumque �rn�tum d�nat dat�sque qu�[3] t�t� d�d�cerent equitibus
+  d�m�sit.
+
+  Cum P�blius Corn�lius Sc�pi� s� erg� Hisp�n�s cl�menter gessisset,
+  circumf�sa multit�d� eum r�gem ingent� c�ns�ns� appell�vit;
+  at Sc�pi�, silenti� per praec�nem fact�, "N�men imper�t�ris"      {80}
+  inquit, "qu�[4] m� me� m�lit�s appell�runt, mihi[5] m�ximum est:
+  r�gium[6] n�men, alib� m�gnum, R�mae intoler�bile est. S� id
+  amplissimum i�dic�tis, quod r�g�le est, v�b�s licet ex�stim�re r�g�lem
+  in m� esse animum; sed �r� v�s ut � r�gis appell�ti�ne abstine�tis."
+  S�ns�re etiam barbar� m�gnit�dinem anim�, qu� Sc�pi� id           {85}
+  �spern�b�tur, quod c�ter� mort�l�s adm�rantur et concup�scunt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 206.]
+
+  Sc�pi� recept� Hisp�ni� cum iam bellum in ipsam �fricam
+  tr�nsferre medit�r�tur, conciliand�s[7] prius r�gum et gentium
+  anim�s ex�stim�vit. Syph�cem, Maur�rum r�gem, opulentissimum
+  t�t�us �fricae r�gem, quem[8] m�gn� �su�[9] sibi[9] fore[10] sp�r�ret,
+  pr�mum tent�re statuit. Itaque l�g�tum cum d�n�s ad eum m�sit     {91}
+  C. Laelium, qu�cum intim� famili�rit�te v�v�bat. Syph�x am�citiam
+  R�m�n�rum s� accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare
+  nec accipere, nisi cum ips� c�ram duce R�m�n�, voluit.
+  Sc�pi� igitur in �fricam tr�i�cit. Forte ita incidit, ut e� ips�  {95}
+    [[56]]
+  tempore Hasdrubal[1] pulsus Hisp�ni� ad eundem portum appelleret,[2]
+  Syph�cis am�citiam pariter pet�t�rus.[3] Uterque � r�ge in
+  hospitium inv�t�tus. C�n�tum[4] simul apud r�gem est; e�dem
+  etiam lect�[5] Sc�pi� atque Hasdrubal accubu�runt. Tanta autem
+  inerat c�mit�s in Sc�pi�ne, ut n�n Syph�cem modo, sed etiam      {100}
+  hostem �nf�stissimum Hasdrubalem sibi concili�ret. Sc�pi�, foedere
+  �ct� cum Syph�ce, in Hisp�niam ad exercitum rediit.
+
+  Masinissa quoque am�citiam cum Sc�pi�ne iungere iam d�dum[6]
+  cupi�bat. Qu�r� ad eum tr�s Numid�rum pr�ncip�s m�sit ad         {104}
+  tempus locumque conloqui� statuendum. Du�s pr� obsidibus retin�r�
+  � Sc�pi�ne iubet; remiss� terti�, qu� Masinissam ad locum
+  c�nstit�tum add�ceret, Sc�pi� et Masinissa cum pauc�s in
+  conloquium v�n�runt. C�perat iam ante Numidam ex f�m� r�rum
+  gest�rum adm�r�ti� vir�, sed m�ior praesentis[7] vener�ti� c�pit:
+  erat enim in vult� m�iest�s summa; acc�d�bat pr�missa caesari�s  {110}
+  habitusque corporis, n�n cultus[8] munditi�s, sed vir�lis v�r� ac
+  m�lit�ris, et fl�r�ns iuventa. Prope attonitus ips� congress�
+  Numida gr�ti�s d�[9] f�li� fr�tris remiss� agit: adf�rmat s� ex e�
+  tempore eam quaes�visse[10] occ�si�nem, quam tandem obl�tam[11]
+  n�n om�serit; cupere s� ill� et popul� R�m�n� operam n�v�re.  {115|
+  Laetus eum Sc�pi� aud�vit atque in societ�tem rec�pit.
+
+  Sc�pi� deinde R�mam rediit et ante ann�s[12] c�nsul factus est.
+  Sicilia e� pr�vincia d�cr�ta est permissumque ut in �fricam inde
+    [[57]]
+  tr�iceret. Qu� cum vellet ex fortissim�s peditibus R�m�n�s
+  trecent�rum equitum numerum compl�re, nec posset ill�s subit�    {120}
+  arm�s et equ�s �nstruere, id pr�dent� c�nsili� perf�cit. Namque
+  ex omn� Sicili� trecent�s iuven�s n�bilissim�s et d�tissim�s, qu�
+  equ�s m�lit�rent[1] et s�cum in �fricam tr�icerent,[1] l�git diemque
+  i�s �d�xit, qu�[2] equ�s arm�sque �nstr�ct� atque �rn�t� adessent.[1]
+  Gravis ea m�litia, procul dom�, terr� mar�que mult�s lab�r�s,    {125}
+  m�gna per�cula adl�t�ra vid�b�tur; neque ips�s modo, sed parent�s
+  c�gn�t�sque e�rum ea c�ra ang�bat. Ubi di�s quae dicta
+  erat adv�nit, arma equ�sque ostend�runt, sed omn�s fer�
+  longinquum et grave bellum horr�re app�r�bat. Tunc Sc�pi� m�litiam
+  i�s s� remiss�rum ait, s� arma et equ�s m�litibus R�m�n�s        {130}
+  voluissent[3] tr�dere. Laet� condici�nem acc�p�runt iuven�s Sicul�.
+  Ita Sc�pi� sine p�blic� imp�ns� su�s �nstr�xit �rn�vitque equit�s.
+
+  Tunc Sc�pi� ex Sicili� in �fricam vent� secund� profectus est
+  tant� m�litum �rd�re, ut n�n ad bellum d�c� vid�rentur, sed ad
+  certa vict�riae praemia. Celeriter n�v�s � c�nspect� Siciliae    {135}
+  abl�tae sunt c�nspectaque brev� �fricae l�tora. Sc�pi� cum �gredi�ns
+  ad terram n�v� pr�l�psus esset et ob h�c attonit�s m�lit�s
+  cerneret, id, quod trepid�ti�nem adfer�bat, in hort�ti�nem convert�ns,
+  "�fricam oppress�" inquit, "m�lit�s!" Exposit�s c�pi�s in        {139}
+  proxim�s tumul�s castra m�t�tus[4] est. Ibi specul�t�r�s hostium
+  in castr�s d�preh�ns�s[5] et ad s� perduct�s[5] nec supplici� adf�cit
+  nec d� c�nsili�s ac v�ribus Poen�rum percont�tus est, sed circ�
+  omn�s R�m�n� exercit�s manipul�s c�r�vit d�d�cend�s; dein
+  interrog�t�s[6] num ea satis c�ns�der�ssent, quae specul�r� erant
+  i�ss�, prandi� dat� incolum�s d�m�sit.                           {145}
+
+    [[58]]
+  Sc�pi�n� in �fricam advenient� Masinissa s� coni�nxit cum
+  parv� equitum turm�. Syph�x v�r� � R�m�n�s ad Poen�s d�f�cerat.
+  Hasdrubal, Poen�rum dux, Syph�xque Sc�pi�n� s� opposu�runt,
+  qu� utr�usque castra �n� nocte perr�pit et incendit.
+  Syph�x ipse captus et v�vus ad Sc�pi�nem pertr�ctus est.         {150}
+  Syph�cem in castra add�c� cum esset n�nti�tum, omnis velut ad
+  spect�culum triumph� multit�d� eff�sa est; praec�d�bat ipse[1]
+  vinctus, sequ�b�tur grex n�bilium Maur�rum. Mov�bat omn�s
+  fort�na[2] vir�, c�ius am�citiam �lim Sc�pi� petierat. R�gem
+  ali�sque capt�v�s R�mam m�sit Sc�pi�; Masinissam, qu� �gregi� rem
+  R�m�nam adi�verat, aure� cor�n� d�n�vit.                         {156}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 203.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 202.]
+
+  Haec et aliae, quae sequ�bantur, cl�d�s Carth�gini�nsibus
+  tantum terr�ris intul�runt, ut Hannibalem ex �tali� ad
+  tuendam patriam revoc�rent. Frend�ns gem�nsque ac vix
+  lacrim�s[3] temper�ns is d�citur l�g�t�rum v�rba aud�sse         {160}
+  mand�t�sque p�ruisse. Respexit saepe �taliae l�tora, s�met acc�s�ns,
+  quod[4] n�n vict�rem exercitum statim ab[5] Cann�ns� p�gn� R�mam
+  d�xisset. Zamam v�nerat Hannibal, quae urbs qu�nque di�rum
+  iter[6] � Carth�gine abest, et n�ntium ad Sc�pi�nem m�sit ut     {164}
+  conloquend� s�cum potest�tem faceret. Sc�pi� cum conloquium haud
+  abnuisset, di�s locusque c�nstituitur. Itaque congress� sunt duo
+  cl�rissim� suae aet�tis duc�s. Stet�runt aliquamdi� tacit� m�tu�que
+  adm�r�ti�ne d�f�x�.[7] Cum v�r� d� condici�nibus p�cis inter
+  e�s n�n conv�nisset, ad su�s s� rec�p�runt, ren�ntiant�s arm�s[8]
+  d�cernendum esse. Commiss� deinde proeli� Hannibal               {170}
+  victus cum quattuor equitibus f�git. C�terum[9] c�nstat
+    [[59]]
+  utrumque d� alter� c�nfessum esse nec melius �nstru� aciem nec
+  �crius potuisse p�gn�r�.
+
+  Carth�gini�ns�s met� perculs�[1] ad petendam p�cem �r�t�r�s
+  mittunt tr�gint� c�vit�tis pr�ncip�s. Qu� ubi in castra R�m�na   {175}
+  v�n�runt, veniam c�vit�t� pet�bant n�n culpam p�rgant�s,[2] sed
+  initium culpae in Hannibalem tr�nsferent�s.[2] Vict�s l�g�s
+  imposuit Sc�pi�. L�g�t�, cum n�ll�s condici�n�s rec�s�rent, R�mam
+  profect� sunt, ut, quae � Sc�pi�ne pacta[3] essent, ea patrum ac
+  popul� auct�rit�te c�nf�rm�rentur. Ita p�ce terr� mar�que        {180}
+  part�,[4] Sc�pi� exercit� in n�v�s imposit� R�mam revertit. Ad
+  quem advenientem concursus ing�ns factus est; eff�sa n�n ex
+  urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agr�s multit�d� viam obsid�bat.
+  Sc�pi� inter gr�tulantium plaus�s triumph� omnium[5] cl�rissim�
+  urbem est invectus pr�musque n�mine victae � s� gentis est       {185}
+  n�bilit�tus �fric�nusque appell�tus.
+
+    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPIT�L�NUS]
+
+  Ex h�s r�bus gest�s virum eum esse virt�tis d�v�nae vulg�
+  cr�ditum est. Id etiam d�cere haud piget,[6] quod scr�pt�r�s d�
+  e� litter�s mand�v�runt, Sc�pi�nem c�nsu�visse, priusquam
+  d�l�c�sceret, in Capit�lium[7] ventit�re ac iub�re               {190}
+  aper�r� cellam Iovis ibi s�lum di� d�mor�r�,
+  quasi c�nsultantem d� r� p�blic� cum Iove:
+  aeditu�sque �ius templ� saepe esse m�r�t�s,
+  quod eum id[8] temporis in Capit�lium
+  ingredientem can�s, semper in ali�s saevient�s,                  {195}
+  n�n l�tr�rent. H�s vulg� d� Sc�pi�ne
+  op�ni�n�s c�nf�rm�re atque approb�re vid�bantur
+  dicta factaque �ius pl�raque adm�randa, ex
+  quibus est �num h�iuscemod�. Adsid�bat opp�gn�batque oppidum
+    [[60]]
+  in Hisp�ni�, sit� moenibusque ac d�f�ns�ribus validum et         {200}
+  m�n�tum, r� etiam cib�ri� c�pi�sum, neque �lla �ius potiund�
+  sp�s erat. Qu�dam di� i�s in castr�s sed�ns d�c�bat Sc�pi� atque
+  ex e� loc� id oppidum procul vid�b�tur. Tum �[1] m�litibus, qu�
+  in i�re apud eum st�bant, interrog�vit quispiam ex m�re in[2]
+  quem diem locumque vad�s sist� iub�ret. Et Sc�pi� manum ad       {205}
+  ipsam oppid�, quod obsid�b�tur, arcem pr�tend�ns, "Perendi�"
+  inquit "s�s�[3] sistant ill� in loc�," atque ita factum. Di�[4]
+terti�,
+  in quam vad�s sist� iusserat, oppidum captum est. E�dem di�
+  in arce �ius oppid� i�s d�xit.
+
+  Hannibal, � Sc�pi�ne victus su�sque inv�sus, ad Antiochum,       {210}
+  Syriae r�gem, c�nf�git eumque hostem R�m�n�s f�cit. Miss�
+  sunt R�m� l�g�t� ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Sc�pi� �fric�nus,
+  qu� cum Hannibale Ephes�[5] conloc�tus ab e� quaes�vit, quem
+  fuisse m�ximum imper�t�rem cr�deret. Respondit Hannibal
+  Alexandrum, Macedonum r�gem, m�ximum sibi vid�r�, quod           {215}
+  parv� man� innumer�bil�s exercit�s f�disset. Quaerent� deinde,
+  quem secundum p�neret, "Pyrrhum" inquit, "quod pr�mus castra[6]
+  m�t�r� docuit n�m�que ill�[7] �legantius loca[8] c�pit et praesidia
+  d�posuit." Sc�scitant� d�nique quem tertium d�ceret, s�met ipsum
+  d�xit. Tum r�d�ns Sc�pi� "Quidnam t� d�cer�s[9]" inquit "s� m�   {220}
+  v�ciss�s[9]?" "Tum[10] m� v�r�" respondit Hannibal "et ante
+  Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omn�s ali�s imper�t�r�s
+  posuissem.[9]" Ita impr�v�s� adsent�ti�nis genere Sc�pi�nem �
+  grege imper�t�rum velut inaestim�bilem s�cern�bat.
+
+    [[61]]
+  Sc�pi� ipse fertur quondam d�xisse, cum eum qu�dam parum         {225}
+  p�gn�cem d�cerent, "Imper�t�rem m� m�ter, n�n bell�t�rem[1]
+  peperit.[2]" �dem d�cere solitus est n�n s�lum dandam esse viam
+  fugientibus, sed etiam m�niendam.
+
+  D�cr�t� adversus Antiochum bell�[3] cum Syria pr�vincia          {229}
+  obv�nisset L�ci� Sc�pi�n�, quia parum in e� put�b�tur esse anim�,[4]
+  parum r�boris,[4] sen�tus gerend� h�ius bell� c�ram mand�r� vol�bat
+  conl�gae �ius C. Laeli�. Surg�ns tunc Sc�pi� �fric�nus,
+  fr�ter m�ior L�ci� Sc�pi�nis, illam familiae �gn�miniam
+  d�prec�tus est: d�xit in fr�tre su� summam esse virt�tem, summum
+  c�nsilium s�que e� l�g�tum fore pr�m�sit. Quod cum ab e� esset   {235}
+  dictum, nihil[5] est d� L�ci� Sc�pi�nis pr�vinci� comm�t�tum:
+  itaque fr�ter n�t� m�ior min�r� l�g�tus in Asiam profectus est
+  et tam di� eum c�nsili� oper�que adi�vit, d�nec triumphum ille
+  et c�gn�men Asi�tic� peperisset.
+
+  E�dem bell� f�lius Sc�pi�nis �fric�n� captus est et ad Antiochum
+  d�ductus. Ben�gn� et l�ber�liter adul�scentem r�x habuit,[6]     {241}
+  quamquam ab �ius patre tum[7] m�xim� f�nibus imperi� pell�b�tur.
+  Cum deinde p�cem Antiochus � R�m�n�s peteret, l�g�tus �ius
+  P�blium Sc�pi�nem adiit e�que f�lium sine preti� reddit�rum
+  r�gem d�xit, s� per eum p�cem impetr�sset.[8] Cu� Sc�pi� respondit
+  "Ab�, n�nti� r�g�, m� pr� tant� m�nere gr�ti�s[9] agere; sed     {246}
+  nunc aliam gr�tiam n�n possum referre, quam ut e� su�deam[10] ut
+  bell� absistat et p�cis condici�nem n�llam rec�set." P�x n�n
+  conv�nit[11]; tamen Antiochus Sc�pi�n� f�lium rem�sit tant�que vir�
+  m�iest�tem vener�r� quam dol�rem suum ulc�sc� m�luit.            {250}
+
+  Vict� Antioch� cum praedae rati� � L. Sc�pi�ne rep�scer�tur,
+    [[62]]
+  �fric�nus pr�l�tum[1] ab e� librum, qu�[2] acceptae et exp�nsae
+  summae contin�bantur et refell� inim�c�rum acc�s�ti� poterat,
+  discerpsit, ind�gn�tus[3] d� e� r� dubit�r�, quae sub ips� l�g�t�
+  administr�ta esset. Qu�n etiam hunc[4] in modum verba f�cit:     {255}
+  "N�n[5] est quod quaer�tis, patr�s c�nscr�pt�, num parvam pec�niam
+  in aer�rium rettulerim, qu� ante� illud P�nic� aur� repl�verim,
+  neque mea innocentia potest in dubium voc�r�. Cum
+  �fricam t�tam potest�t� vestrae subi�cerim, nihil ex e� praeter
+  c�gn�men rettul�. N�n igitur m� P�nicae, n�n fr�trem meum        {260}
+  Asi�ticae gazae av�rum reddid�runt; sed uterque nostrum[6]
+  invidi� quam pec�ni� est locupl�tior." Tam c�nstantem d�f�nsi�nem
+  Sc�pi�nis �niversus sen�tus comprob�vit.
+
+    [Illustration: COR�NA TRIUMPH�LIS]
+
+  Deinde Sc�pi�n� �fric�n� duo trib�n� pl�bis diem d�x�runt,
+  quod praed� ex Antioch� capt� aer�rium fraud�sset. Ubi causae    {265}
+  d�cendae di�s v�nit, Sc�pi� m�gn� hominum frequenti� in Forum
+  est d�ductus. Iussus causam d�cere r�stra c�nscendit et, cor�n�[7]
+  triumph�l� capit� su� imposit�, "H�c ego di�"
+  inquit "Hannibalem Poenum, imperi� nostr�
+  inim�cissimum, m�gn� proeli� v�c� in terr�                       {270}
+  �fric� p�cemque n�b�s et vict�riam peper�
+  �nsp�r�bilem. N�[8] igitur s�mus adversus de�s
+  ingr�t�, sed c�nse� relinqu�mus[9] nebul�n�s h�s
+  e�musque nunc pr�tinus in Capit�lium Iov�
+  optim� m�xim� supplic�tum." � r�str�s in Capit�lium �scendit;    {275}
+  simul s� �niversa c�nti� ab acc�s�t�ribus �vertit et sec�ta Sc�pi�nem
+    [[63]]
+  est, nec quisquam praeter praec�nem, qu� reum cit�bat, cum
+  trib�n�s rem�nsit. Celebr�tior is di�s fav�re[1] hominum fuit, quam
+  qu�[2] triumph�ns d� Syph�ce r�ge et Carth�gini�nsibus urbem est
+  ingressus. Inde, n� amplius trib�n�ci�s ini�ri�s vex�r�tur, in   {280}
+  L�tern�num concessit, ubi reliquam �git aet�tem sine urbis d�s�deri�.
+
+  Cum in L�tern�n� v�ll� s� contin�ret, compl�r�s praed�num
+  duc�s ad eum videndum forte c�nflux�runt. Qu�s cum ad vim
+  faciendam ven�re ex�stim�sset, praesidium serv�rum in t�ct�
+  conloc�vit aliaque par�bat, quae[3] ad e�s repellend�s opus erant.
+  Quod ubi praed�n�s animadvert�runt, abiect�s arm�s i�nuae        {286}
+  appropinquant et cl�r� v�ce n�ntiant Sc�pi�n� s� n�n v�tae �ius
+host�s,
+  sed virt�tis adm�r�t�r�s v�nisse, c�nspectum[4] tant� vir�, quasi
+  caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetent�s; proinde n�[5] grav�r�tur
+  s� spectandum praeb�re. Haec postquam aud�vit Sc�pi�, for�s      {290}
+  reser�r� e�sque intr�d�c� iussit. Ill� post�s i�nuae tamquam
+  religi�sissimam �ram vener�t�, cupid� Sc�pi�nis dextram
+  apprehend�runt ac di� de�scul�t� sunt; deinde posit�s ante v�stibulum
+  d�n�s laet�, quod sibi Sc�pi�nem ut vid�rent contigisset, domum
+  revert�runt. Paul� post mortuus est Sc�pi� mori�nsque ab ux�re   {295}
+  petiit n� corpus suum R�mam referr�tur.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXI (pages 52-63)
+
+    52.2: See Vocab., _�fric�nus_ and _Sc�pi�_.
+    52.3: #qu� cum#: 'for when he.' Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
+    52.4: 'in (the course of) the battle.' _p�gna_, like _bellum_ and
+    _proelium_, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.
+    52.5: Cf. XIX, 16.
+    52.6: #iam iam . . . esset#: 'was on the very point of falling.'
+    52.7: #interiect� corpore#: 'by interposing his body.' See p.
+    xxiii, K�8.
+    52.8: #Quae piet�s#: 'this act of devotion.'
+    52.9: #negant�s . . . habendam#: 'by saying that no account should
+    be taken of him.' For #negant�s#, see p.�41, n.�15. _rati�nem
+    hab�re_ is a phrase of mercantile life.
+    52.10: Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times
+    no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth
+    year.
+    52.11: impersonal pass. from _e�_: 'they proceeded.'
+    52.12: #admodum adul�scentem#: 'though but,' etc.
+    53.1: #adl�tum erat#: impersonal pass.: 'the news had been
+    brought.'
+    53.2: _patior_.
+    53.3: #qu� . . . i�r�verit# (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional
+    clause, _s� quis n�n i�r�verit_. Cf. _qu� .�.�. cr�derent_, l. 35,
+    below.
+    53.4: Cf. p. 31, n. 9.
+    53.5: #Haud . . . s�#: 'Quite as much frightened as�if.'
+    53.6: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    53.7: P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively
+    father and uncle of Africanus.
+    53.8: Sc. _sen�tu�_ or _popul�_.
+    53.9: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.
+    53.10: Subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10.
+    53.11: #inops c�nsili�#: 'at its wit's end.'
+    53.12: The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting
+    fullness or the opposite: H�451, 2 (399, I,�3): M�573: A�218, a:
+    G�374: B�204,�1.
+    53.13: = 'to be a candidate.'
+    53.14: #unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset#; cf. p.�5, n.�3.
+    53.15: #anim�rum impetus#: 'enthusiasm,' 'excitement.'
+    53.16: #populum . . . paenit�re#: cf. _V�ient�s .�.�.
+    paenituisset_, XI, 13, and note.
+    54.1: Cf. p. 42, n. 5.
+    54.2: = _in eum locum_.
+    54.3: _conger�_.
+    54.4: #satis# often = our 'tolerably.'
+    54.5: A brother of Hannibal.
+    54.6: #victum . . . expulit# = _v�cit et expulit_.
+    54.7: = '_but_ the captives,' etc. Cf. p. 2, n.�24, and p.�5,
+    n.�13.
+    54.8: We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of
+    characteristic. For the difference between them, see H�473, 2, N.
+    1 (419,�2): M�558: A�215, N.: G�400, R.�1.
+    54.9: #id aet�tis#: 'at that age,' i.e. though he was so young.
+    The accus. #id# is variously explained: see H�416, 2 (378,�2):
+    M�507: A�240, _b_: G�336, N. 2; B�185. #aet�tis# is partitive gen.
+    (p.�30, n.�2) with #id#.
+    55.1: Why is #vellet# subjunctive?
+    55.2: #eff�s�s# (_effund�_) . . . #lacrim�s#: 'with tears of joy.'
+    How literally?
+    55.3: #qu� . . . d�d�cerent#: 'to escort him.'
+    55.4: #qu� . . . appell�runt#: Roman soldiers, after a victory,
+    hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the
+    leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he
+    had assumed on beginning the campaign.
+    55.5: 'in my eyes,' 'to my mind'; a dative of reference.
+    55.6: #r�gium n�men# = _r�gis n�men_, 'the title of king.' Cf.
+    _n�men imper�t�ris_, l. 80, and _r�gis appell�ti�ne_, l.�84.
+    55.7: Sc. _esse_.
+    55.8: #quem . . . sp�r�ret#: causal rel. clause (p.�31, n.�1).
+    55.9: For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6.
+    55.10: future infinitive of _sum_.
+    56.1: Son of Gisco (so also in l. 148); to be carefully
+    distinguished from the Hasdrubal of l.�61.
+    56.2: Sc. _n�vem_; 'was sailing.'
+    56.3: _= ut peteret_. Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
+    56.4: #C�n�tum . . . est# (_ab i�s_): impers. pass.; 'they dined.'
+    56.5: #lect� . . . accubu�runt# (_accumb�_): the writer has in
+    mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals,
+    supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more
+    occupied the same couch.
+    56.6: #iam d�dum cupi�bat#: 'had long desired.' _Iam di�_, _iam
+    d�dum_, and _iam pr�dem_ give to the _present_ the force of the
+    English _perfect_, to the _imperfect_ the force of the English
+    _pluperfect_.
+    56.7: Sc. _�ius_: 'of him present' = 'now that he met him face to
+    face.'
+    56.8: #cultus# (_col�_) #munditi�s#: '(too) elegantly adorned.'
+    How literally?
+    56.9: #d� . . . remiss�#: 'for the release of his nephew.' For the
+    construction, see p.�5, n.�15.
+    56.10: _quaer�_.
+    56.11: #obl�tam# (_offer�_): 'now that it was at last offered.'
+    56.12: 'the legal time'; _l�gitima aet�s_, l. 11. In later days
+    forty-three was the legal age.
+    57.1: See p. 5, n. 3.
+    57.2: Sc. _di�_, for the gender of which, as in _di�s, quae dicta
+    erat_, l. 127, see Vocab., _di�s_.
+    57.3: For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?
+    57.4: 'pitched,' lit. 'measured.' The Roman camp was always laid
+    out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully
+    fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.
+    57.5: The participles = rel. clauses: see p. xxiv, L�1.
+    57.6: #interrog�t�s# (sc. _e�s_) #. . . d�m�sit# = _interrog�vit
+    (e�s) .�.�. et .�.�. d�m�sit_, or _cum (e�s) .�.�. interrog�sset,
+    .�.�. d�m�sit_.
+    58.1: = Syphax. For _ipse_ referring to the principal personage,
+    see also I, 5, and II,�4 [[notes 2.5 and 5.1]].
+    58.2: 'misfortune.' So _f�ma_ = both 'fame' and 'ill repute,'
+    _val�t�d�_ = both 'health' and 'sickness.'
+    58.3: dat. of indir. object with #temper�ns#.
+    58.4: #quod . . . d�xisset.# What does the subjunctive show?
+    58.5: #ab . . . d�xisset#: cf. p. 50, n. 4.
+    58.6: acc. of extent of space: cf. p. xvii, D 2.
+    58.7: 'motionless.'
+    58.8: #arm�s . . . esse#: 'that the issue must be decided by
+    arms.' Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive
+    here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to #p�gn�r�#,
+    l. 173.
+    58.9: #C�terum c�nstat#: 'it is, however, well known.'
+    59.1: _percell�_.
+    59.2: Cf. _negant�s_, l. 10, and p. 6, n. 20.
+    59.3: #pacta# (_pac�scor_) #essent#: subjunctive by attraction:
+    see p.�13, n.�10.
+    59.4: _pari�_.
+    59.5: i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.
+    59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m�_; 'I�am not ashamed.' _piget_ is
+    construed exactly like _paenitet_: see p.�28, n.�7.
+    59.7: Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
+    59.8: #id temporis# = _e� tempore_. Cf. note on _id aet�tis_,
+    l. 66.
+    60.1: Join #� m�litibus# with #quispiam#, l. 204.
+    60.2: #in . . . iub�ret#: 'when and where he bade (the accused)
+    appear for trial.' #vad�s sist�# is the passive of _vad�s
+    sistere_, a�legal phrase = 'to make one's bail stand,' i.e. to
+    make it effective, and so 'to stand trial.' _Sistere_ often means
+    'to produce in court,' as in l. 207.
+    60.3: #s�s� sistant#: 'let them produce themselves,' i.e. appear
+    for trial.
+    60.4: #Di� terti�# = _perendi�_, l. 206. In counting days, the
+    Romans usually included the day from which they started.
+    60.5: locative.
+    60.6: Cf. n. on _castra m�t�tus est_, l. 140.
+    60.7: #ill� �legantius#: 'more judiciously than he.' For #ill�#,
+    see p.�10, n.�18.
+    60.8: Sc. _castr�s_.
+    60.9: See p. 47, n. 12. #d�cer�s# is imperfect, as referring to
+    present time; the other verbs denote past time.
+    60.10: 'in that event'; = _s� t� v�cissem_.
+    61.1: 'a (mere) fighter.'
+    61.2: _pari�_.
+    61.3: This war lasted from 192 to 190.
+    61.4: partitive gen. with #parum#, which is here a noun. In l. 225
+    it was an adverb.
+    61.5: #nihil . . . comm�t�tum#: 'no change was made.' Note that
+    #nihil# is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that #comm�t�tum est#
+    is impersonal.
+    61.6: 'treated.'
+    61.7: #tum m�xim�#: 'at that very moment.'
+    61.8: Explain mood and tense.
+    61.9: Distinguish between _gr�ti�s agere_ and _gr�tiam referre_.
+    61.10: Notice that _su�de�_ = merely 'to advise'; 'to persuade' is
+    _persu�de�_.
+    61.11: 'was not arranged.'
+    62.1: = _qu� pr�l�tus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1.
+    62.2: abl. of means (though rendered 'in which') both with
+    #contin�bantur# and #refell� poterat#.
+    62.3: #ind�gn�tus . . . dubit�r�#: 'angry because doubts were
+    raised.' For the infin. see p.�19, n.�6.
+    62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba f�cit#: 'he delivered a speech.'
+    62.5: #N�n . . . quaer�tis#: 'there is no reason why you should
+    ask'; lit., 'there is not (anything) as to which,' etc. H�591, 4
+    (503, 1, N.�2): M�836: A�320, _a_: G�631, 2: B�283,�2.
+    62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a
+    partitive gen.
+    62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.
+    62.8: #N� . . . s�mus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9.
+    62.9: (_ut_) #relinqu�mus . . . e�mus# is a substantive clause of
+    purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H�565, 4 (499,�2): M�781:
+    A�331, _f_, R.: G�546, R. 2: B�295, 8.
+    63.1: abl. of specification.
+    63.2: #qu�# (sc. _di�_) = _e� di� qu�_.
+    63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: 'which were necessary'; lit. 'which
+    were a necessity.' For a very different construction with _opus_,
+    cf. _nihil opus esse .�.�. e� c�ve_, XV, 22, and note.
+    63.4: #c�nspectum . . . expetent�s#: 'craving a chance to see so
+    great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.'
+    63.5: #n� . . . grav�r�tur#: the subjunctive is used here in
+    indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H�642,
+    4 (523, III): M�1023: A�339: G�652: B�316.]
+
+
+#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.
+Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad
+egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia
+Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum
+matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater
+illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta
+sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia
+traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos
+hospitae ostendens, "Haec" inquit "mea ornamenta sunt." Nihil quidem his
+adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem
+publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.
+
+Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi
+favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat;
+provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem
+sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per
+plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum
+convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius
+Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo
+commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret,
+segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus
+Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra
+proclamavit: "Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!" Dein
+optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum
+inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii
+ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.
+Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.
+
+Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum
+enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae
+potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones
+fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit:
+civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant
+contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir
+consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen
+lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi
+animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente
+populo Romano: "Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas,
+quam dissuasisti?" Cui Piso "Nolim quidem, Gracche" inquit, "mea bona
+tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam." Quo responso
+aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus,
+patrimonium publicum dissipari.
+
+Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res
+publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.
+Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad
+arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam
+comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum
+super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii
+mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a
+Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.
+Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius
+efficeretur, explesse.
+
+Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, qui
+cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii
+amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam
+adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi
+faciendum putaret. Tum consul "Quid?" inquit "si te Gracchus templo
+Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati
+illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?" "Numquam"
+inquit Blosius "voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem."
+Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa
+peccaveris.
+
+Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia tum
+haec de se narrat: "Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro
+existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo
+possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea
+causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas
+argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas
+vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt."
+
+
+  #XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et G�ius Gracchus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Tiberius et G�ius Gracch�[6] Sc�pi�nis �fric�n�[7] ex f�li�[8]
+  nep�t�s erant. H�rum adul�scentia bon�s artibus et m�gn� omnium sp�
+    [[64]]
+  ex�cta est: ad �gregiam enim indolem optima acc�d�bat �duc�ti�.
+  Erant enim d�ligenti� Corn�liae m�tris �[1] puer�s doct� et Graec�s
+  l�tter�s[2] �rud�t�. M�ximum m�tr�n�s �rn�mentum esse l�ber�s      {5}
+  bene �nstit�t�s merit� put�bat m�ter illa sapientissima. Cum
+  Camp�na m�tr�na, apud illam hospita,[3] �rn�menta sua, ill�
+  saecul�[4] pulcherrima, ostent�ret e� muliebriter,[5] Corn�lia tr�xit
+  eam serm�ne quo�sque[6] � schol� red�rent l�ber�. Qu�s revers�s
+  hospitae ostend�ns, "Haec" inquit "mea �rn�menta sunt." Nihil[7]  {10}
+  quidem h�s adul�scentibus neque[7] � n�t�r� neque[7] � doctr�n�
+  d�fuit; sed[8] amb� rem p�blicam, quam tu�r� poterant, perturb�re
+  m�lu�runt.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 134.]
+
+  Tiberius Gracchus, trib�nus pl�bis cre�tus, � sen�t� d�sc�vit:
+  popul� fav�rem prof�s�s larg�ti�nibus sibi concili�vit;           {15}
+  agr�s[9] pl�b� d�vid�bat; pr�vinci�s nov�s col�ni�s[10]
+  repl�bat. Cum autem trib�n�ciam potest�tem sibi pr�rog�r�[11] vellet
+    [[65]]
+  et palam dictit�sset,[1] inter�mpt� sen�t� omnia per pl�bem ag�
+  d�b�re, viam sibi ad r�gnum par�re vid�b�tur. Qu�r� cum convoc�t�
+  patr�s d�l�ber�rent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius      {20}
+  Capit�lium petit, manum ad caput refer�ns, qu� s�gn� sal�tem
+  suam popul� commend�bat. H�c[2] n�bilit�s ita acc�pit, quasi
+  diad�ma p�sceret, s�gniterque cessante c�nsule, Sc�pi� N�s�ca,
+  cum[3] esset c�ns�br�nus Tiberi� Gracch�, patriam c�gn�ti�n�
+  praefer�ns subl�t� dextr� pr�cl�m�vit: "Qu� rem p�blicam salvam   {25}
+  esse volunt, m� sequantur!" Dein optim�t�s, sen�tus atque
+  equestris[4] �rdinis pars m�ior in Gracchum inruunt, qu� fugi�ns
+  d�curr�nsque Cl�v� Capit�l�n� fr�gment� subselli� �ctus v�tam,
+  quam gl�ri�sissim� d�gere[5] potuerat, imm�t�r� morte f�n�vit.
+  Mortu� Tiberi� corpus in fl�men pr�iectum est.                    {30}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 123.]
+
+  G�ium Gracchum �dem furor, qu� fr�trem, Tiberium, occup�vit.
+  Trib�n�tum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae fr�ternae necis,
+  seu comparandae r�giae potentiae caus�, pessima coepit in�re
+  c�nsilia: m�xim�s larg�ti�n�s f�cit; aer�rium[7] eff�dit: l�gem d�
+  fr�ment� pl�b� d�vidend� tulit: c�vit�tem[8] omnibus �talic�s
+      dabat.[9]                                                     {35}
+  H�s Gracch� c�nsili�s quant�[10] poterant contenti�ne obsist�bant
+    [[66]]
+  omn�s[1] bon�, in quibus m�xim� P�s�,[2] vir c�nsul�ris. Is
+  cum multa contr� l�gem fr�ment�riam d�xisset, l�ge tamen l�t�
+  ad fr�mentum cum c�ter�s accipiendum v�nit. Gracchus ubi
+  animadvertit in c�nti�ne P�s�nem stantem, eum s�c compell�vit     {40}
+  audiente popul� R�m�n�: "Qu�[3] tibi c�nst�s, P�s�, cum e� l�ge
+  fr�mentum pet�s, quam dissu�sist�?" Cu� P�s� "N�lim[4] quidem,
+  Gracche" inquit, "mea bona tibi[5] vir�tim d�videre liceat;
+  sed s� faci�s, partem petam." Qu� resp�ns� apert� d�cl�r�vit vir  {44}
+  gravis et sapi�ns l�ge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrim�nium p�blicum
+  dissip�r�.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 121.]
+
+  D�cr�tum � sen�t� est ut[6] vid�ret c�nsul Op�mius n� quid
+  d�tr�ment� r�s p�blica caperet: quod nisi in m�xim�
+  discr�mine d�cern� n�n sol�bat. G�ius Gracchus, arm�t�
+  famili�,[7] Avent�num occup�vit. C�nsul, voc�t� ad arma popul�,   {50}
+  G�ium aggressus est, qu� pulsus prof�git et, cum iam[8]
+  comprehender�tur, iugulum serv� praebuit, qu� dominum et mox s�met
+  ipsum super domin� corpus inter�mit. Ut Tiberi� Gracch� ante�
+  corpus, ita G�i� m�r� cr�d�lit�te vict�rum in Tiberim d�iectum
+  est. Caput autem � Septimul�i�, am�c� Gracch�, ad Op�mium         {55}
+  rel�tum aur�[9] rep�nsum fertur. Sunt[10] qu� tr�dunt �nf�s�[11]
+  plumb� eum partem capitis, qu� gravius efficer�tur, expl�sse.[12]
+
+  Occ�s� Tiberi� Gracch� cum sen�tus c�nsulibus mand�sset, ut
+    [[67]]
+  in[1] e�s, qu� cum Gracch� c�ns�nserant, animadverter�tur, Blosius
+  qu�dam, Tiberi� am�cus, pr� s� d�prec�tum[2] v�nit, hanc, ut[3] sibi
+  �gn�scer�tur, causam adfer�ns, quod tant�[4] Gracchum f�cisset,   {61}
+  ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum put�ret. Tum c�nsul
+  "Quid?" inquit "s� t� Gracchus templ� Iovis in Capit�li� fac�s
+  subdere iussisset,[5] obsec�t�rusne volunt�t� ill�us fuiss�s[5]
+  propter istam, quam iact�s, famili�rit�tem?" "Numquam" inquit     {65}
+  Blosius "voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed s� voluisset,[5]
+      p�ruissem.[5]"
+  Nef�ria est ea v�x, n�lla enim est exc�s�ti� pecc�t�, s� am�c�
+  caus� pecc�veris.
+
+    [Illustration: AMPHORAE]
+
+  Exstat G�i� Gracch� � Sardini� R�mam revers� �r�ti�, in qu�       {69}
+  cum[7] alia tum[7] haec d� s� n�rrat: "Vers�tus sum in pr�vinci�,
+  qu�modo ex[8] �s� vestr� ex�stim�bam esse, n�n qu�modo ambiti�n�
+  meae cond�cere arbitr�bar. N�m� possit v�r� d�cere assem[9]
+  aut e� pl�s in m�neribus m�
+  acc�pisse aut me� caus� quemquam
+  s�mptum[10] f�cisse. Z�n�s, qu�s                                  {75}
+  R�m� profic�sc�ns pl�n�s
+  argent�[11] extul�, e�s ex pr�vinci�
+  in�n�s rettul�. Ali� amphor�s,
+  qu�s v�n�[11] pl�n�s extul�runt, e�s
+  argent�[11] repl�t�s domum                                        {80}
+  report�runt."
+
+    [Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67)
+
+    63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together,
+    the cognomen is usually put in the plural.
+    63.7: Africanus Maior.
+    63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio
+    Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most
+    distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.
+    64.1: #� puer�s#: we say, 'from _childhood_.'
+    64.2: 'literature'; abl. of means.
+    64.3: 'guest.'
+    64.4: #ill� saecul�#: temporal abl. We say: 'for that age.' The
+    writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury
+    and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.
+    64.5: 'with womanish pride.' A tone of contempt often attaches to
+    _mulier_ and its derivatives.
+    64.6: construed here like _d�nec_, p. 39, n. 9.
+    64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3.
+    64.8: #sed . . . m�lu�runt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was
+    manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or
+    aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their
+    interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.
+    64.9: The reference is to the _ager p�blicus_, or land gained in
+    conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part
+    of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who,
+    though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as
+    their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their
+    occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was
+    constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers
+    of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal
+    employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the
+    poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these
+    evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which
+    might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus
+    redeemed among the poorer classes.
+    64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the
+    distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying
+    such persons with lands.
+    64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the
+    same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be
+    re�lected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first
+    term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented
+    himself for re�lection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule.
+    Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside
+    under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct
+    seems to have been unconstitutional.
+    65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of
+    the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the
+    aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman
+    historians.
+    65.2: #H�c . . . p�sceret#: 'The nobles interpreted this to mean
+    that he was demanding a kingly crown.' #p�sceret# is subjunctive
+    as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.
+    p.�3, n.�6.
+    65.3: 'although.'
+    65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_.
+    65.5: #d�gere potuerat#: 'he might have spent.' Cf. _tu�r�
+    poterant_, l.�12.
+    65.6: _adip�scor_.
+    65.7: #aer�rium eff�dit#: 'he wasted (the money�in) the treasury.'
+    The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence.
+    This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure
+    of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution
+    was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.
+    65.8: 'citizenship.'
+    65.9: 'tried to give.' The imperfect tense, like the present,
+    often denotes attempted action; cf. _d�vid�bat_, l. 16, and
+    _commend�bat_, l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the
+    citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the
+    franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C.
+    65.10: #quant� . . . contenti�ne#: 'with the greatest possible
+    energy.' Cf. _quant� potuit appar�t�_, IX, 39, and note.
+    66.1: #omn�s bon�#: 'all loyal citizens.' _bon�_, like
+    _optim�t�s_, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation
+    of _aristocracy_.
+    66.2: Sc. _obsist�bat_.
+    66.3: #Qu� . . . c�nst�s#: 'How do you explain your conduct?' How
+    literally? See (4)�_qu�_ in vocabulary.
+    66.4: #N�lim#: 'I should hardly desire'; lit. 'I�should be
+    unwilling.' The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest
+    assertion: H�556 (486, N.�1): M�719: A�311, _b_: G�257, 2: B�280,
+    1. Cf. _possit_, l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed
+    ironically.
+    66.5: Join with #liceat#.
+    66.6: #ut . . . caperet#: this was the formula by which the senate
+    conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the
+    subjunctives #vid�ret# and #caperet#, and give the words of the
+    decree as passed by the senate.
+    66.7: here 'household.'
+    66.8: #iam comprehender�tur#: 'was on the point of being
+    arrested.'
+    66.9: #aur� . . . fertur#: 'is said to have been paid for with
+    gold.'
+    66.10: #Sunt qu� tr�dunt#: 'there are (those) who relate,' i.e.
+    'some say.'
+    66.11: #inf�s� plumb�#: 'by pouring in lead.' Cf. p. xxiii, K�8.
+    It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for
+    the head of Gaius.
+    66.12: = _expl�visse_.
+    67.1: #in e�s . . . animadverter�tur#: 'punishment should be
+    visited upon those.'
+    67.2: Cf. p. xviii, E 6.
+    67.3: #ut . . . �gn�scer�tur#: a result clause, dependent on
+    #causam#: 'a�reason as a result of which he _ought to be
+    pardoned_.' The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or
+    obligation and propriety.
+    67.4: #tant� . . . f�cisset#: 'he had so highly esteemed
+    Gracchus.' #tant�# is a so-called gen. of price or value: H�448, 1
+    (405): M�576: A�252, _a_: G�380: B�203, 3. For _f�cisset_, cf.
+    p.�14, n.�1.
+    67.5: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    67.6: #quidem# emphasizes #id#. This emphasis in English would be
+    indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: 'he never would have
+    dreamed of _that_.' Cf. _N�lim quidem_ above, l.�42.
+    67.7: #cum . . . tum#: 'not only . . . but also.'
+    67.8: #ex �s� vestr�#: 'to your interests.'
+    67.9: 'a red cent,' 'a farthing,' as we say.
+    67.10: _s�mptum facere_ = 'to be put to expense.'
+    67.11: Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are
+    construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality
+    expressing means.]
+
+
+#XXIII. Gaius Marius# [[stripped text]]
+
+C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce
+Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et
+impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam
+Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res
+publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso
+leniter Marii umero, "Fortasse hunc" inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius
+dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.
+
+Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, cum
+ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum
+ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum
+Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est
+consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum
+confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum
+adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus
+fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non
+sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium
+misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho
+persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad
+Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in
+carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste
+ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque
+desipienti exclamasse fertur: "Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!"
+Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.
+
+Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei contra
+Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae
+finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et Hispania
+cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae darent
+petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere constituunt.
+Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes fugati,
+exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius fuisset. Hic
+primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit.
+Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum nulla copia.
+Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam flagitante aquam
+exercitu Marius "Viri" inquit "estis, en illic aquam habetis." Itaque
+tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Romani victores
+de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum.
+Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse
+Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne spectaculum triumphi
+fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat.
+
+Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex alia
+parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed
+iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis C.
+Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi et
+fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente Mario
+quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius
+"Omittite" inquit "fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram
+aeternumque tenebunt." Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem
+Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. "Atqui adsunt"
+inquit Marius "nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis
+discedere." Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio
+capti erant.
+
+His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad
+vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam
+provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit
+consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora
+hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum
+multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum
+uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris,
+desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum
+missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis
+elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo
+e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere,
+Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui
+offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu
+ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo
+rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes,
+mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat.
+Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter
+armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.
+
+Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello
+dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti,
+missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum tulit ut
+Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur Mithridaticum.
+Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam armis occupavit,
+Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes persequentes fugiens
+aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post repertus extractusque, ut
+erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Minturnas
+raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum occidendum
+servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus auctoritate
+deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem vidisset
+"Tune, homo," inquit "C.�Marium audebis occidere?" Quo audito attonitus
+ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse occidere
+clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere voluerant,
+e�carcere emissus est.
+
+Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem
+pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit ad eum lictor
+Sextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam
+laesisset, Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at
+lictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet:
+torveque intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem
+ecquid renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius "Abi" inquit, "nuntia vidisse
+te Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem." Duobus clarissimis
+exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis
+maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.
+
+Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in
+Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu
+Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae
+factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies
+continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc
+tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius
+occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit
+nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors
+continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit.
+Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et
+ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum
+virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace
+perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam
+primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit.
+
+Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium
+contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, spreta
+peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam
+vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas
+litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem
+profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum
+ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse
+doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti,
+noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem iudicaret.
+
+
+    [[68]]
+
+  #XXIII. G�ius Marius# [[as printed]]
+
+  C. Marius, humil� loc� n�tus,[1] m�litiae t�r�cinium in Hisp�ni�
+  duce Sc�pi�ne[2] posuit.[3] Erat impr�m�s Sc�pi�n� c�rus ob
+  singul�rem virt�tem et impigram[4] ad per�cula et lab�r�s alacrit�tem.
+  Cum aliquand� inter c�nam Sc�pi�nem qu�dam interrog�sset, s�
+  quid ill�[5] accidisset, quemnam r�s p�blica aequ� m�gnum          {5}
+  habit�ra esset imper�t�rem, Sc�pi�, percuss� l�niter Mari� umer�,
+  "Fort�sse hunc" inquit. Qu� dict� excit�tus Marius d�gn�s
+  r�bus, qu�s poste� gessit, sp�rit�s conc�pit.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]
+
+  Q. Metellum[6] in Numidiam contr� Iugurtham missum,[7] c�ius
+  l�g�tus erat, cum ab e� R�mam missus esset, apud populum          {10}
+  R�m�num cr�min�tus[8] est bellum d�cere[9]: s�[10] s� c�nsulem
+  f�cissent, brev� tempore aut v�vum aut mortuum Iugurtham s� in
+  potest�tem popul� R�m�n� red�ct�rum. Itaque cre�tus est
+  c�nsul et in Metell� locum suffectus.[11] Bellum ab ill�
+  pr�sper� coeptum c�nf�cit. Iugurtha ad Gaet�l�s perf�gerat        {15}
+  e�rumque r�gem Bocchum adversus R�m�n�s concit�verat. Marius
+  Gaet�l�s et Bocchum aggressus f�dit; castellum[12] in excels� r�p�
+  positum, ubi r�gi� th�saur� erant, n�n sine mult� lab�re exp�gn�vit.
+  Bocchus, bell� d�fessus, l�g�t�s ad Marium m�sit, p�cem           {19}
+  �rant�s.[13] Sulla[14] quaestor, � Mari� ad r�gem remissus, Bocch�
+    [[69]]
+  persu�sit ut Iugurtham R�m�n�s tr�deret. Iugurtha igitur
+  vinctus ad Marium d�ductus est; quem Marius triumph�ns ante
+  currum �git et in carcerem[1] caen�sum incl�sit. Qu� cum Iugurtha
+  d�tr�ct� veste ingreder�tur, �s r�dentis[2] in modum d�d�xisse
+  et stup�ns similisque d�sipient� excl�m�sse fertur: "Pr�! quam    {25}
+  fr�gidum est vestrum balneum!" Pauc�s di�bus post in carcere
+  nec�tus est.
+
+    [Illustration {foldout map of Mediterranean}]
+
+    [Illustration: TRIUMPH]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 104.]
+
+  Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum c�nsul cre�tus bellumque
+  e� contr� Cimbr�s[3] et Teuton�s d�cr�tum est. H� nov�
+  host�s, ab extr�m�s Germ�niae f�nibus profug�, nov�s s�d�s        {30}
+  quaer�bant, excl�s�que Galli� et Hisp�ni� cum[4] in �taliam
+  remigr�rent, � R�m�n�s ut aliquid sibi terrae darent peti�runt.
+  Repuls�, quod nequ�verant[5] precibus, arm�s petere c�nstituunt.
+  Tr�s[6] duc�s R�m�n� impet�s barbar�rum n�n sustinu�runt.
+    [[70]]
+  Omn�s fug�t�,[1] ex�t�[1] castr�s. �ctum[2] erat d� imperi� R�m�n�,
+  nisi[3] Marius fuisset. H�c pr�m� Teuton�s sub ips�s Alpium       {36}
+  r�d�cibus adsec�tus proeli�[4] oppressit. Vallem fluviumque
+  medium[5] host�s ten�bant: R�m�n�s[6] aqu�rum n�lla c�pia. Aucta
+  necessit�te virt�s causa vict�riae fuit. Nam fl�gitante aquam
+  exercit� Marius "Vir�[7]" inquit "estis, �n ill�c aquam hab�tis."
+  Itaque tant� �rd�re p�gn�tum est eaque caed�s hostium fuit, ut    {41}
+  R�m�n� vict�r�s d� cruent� fl�mine n�n pl�s
+  aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbar�rum.
+  Caesa tr�duntur hostium ducenta m�lia, capta
+  n�n�gint�. R�x ipse Teutobochus in proxim�                        {45}
+  salt� compreh�nsus �ns�gne spect�culum triumph�
+  fuit: qu�ppe vir pr�c�rit�tis eximiae
+  super tropaea ipsa �min�bat.
+
+    [Illustration: TROPAEUM]
+
+  D�l�t�s Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbr�s s� convertit. Qu�
+  cum ex[8] ali� parte �taliam ingress� Athesim fl�men n�n ponte    {50}
+  nec n�vibus, sed iniect�s[9] arborum trunc�s, velut aggere,
+  tr�i�cissent, occurrit i�s C. Marius. Cimbr� l�g�t�s ad c�nsulem
+  m�s�runt, agr�s urb�sque sibi et fr�tribus p�stulant�s,[10] Teutonum
+  enim cl�dem �gn�r�bant. Quaerente[11] Mari� qu�s ill� fr�tr�s
+  d�cerent, cum Teuton�s n�min�ssent, r�d�ns Marius "Omittite[12]"  {55}
+  inquit "fr�tr�s; tenent h� acceptam � n�b�s terram aeternumque
+    [[71]]
+  ten�bunt." Tum l�g�t� s� l�dibri�[1] hab�r� sentient�s ulti�nem
+  Mari� min�t� sunt, simul atque Teuton�s adv�nissent. "Atqu�
+  adsunt" inquit Marius "nec s�n� c�v�le foret v�s fr�tribus vestr�s
+  n�n sal�t�t�s disc�dere." Tum vinct�s add�c� iussit Teutonum      {60}
+  duc�s, qu� in proeli� capt� erant.
+
+  H�s r�bus aud�t�s, Cimbr� �grediuntur castr�s et cum pauc�s
+  su�rum ad v�llum R�m�num adequit�ns Boiorix, Cimbr�rum
+  dux, Marium ad p�gnam pr�vocat et diem p�gnae � R�m�n�rum
+  imper�t�re petit. Proximum dedit c�nsul. Marius cum aciem         {65}
+  ita �nstituisset, ut pulvis[2] in ocul�s et �ra hostium ferr�tur,
+  incr�dibil� str�ge[3] pr�str�ta[4] est illa Cimbr�rum multit�d�: caesa
+  tr�duntur centum oct�gint� hominum m�lia. Nec minor cum
+  ux�ribus p�gna quam cum vir�s fuit, cum obiect�s undique plaustr�s,
+  d�super,[5] quasi � turribus, lance�s cont�sque p�gn�rent.        {70}
+  Victae tamen cum miss� ad Marium l�g�ti�ne l�bert�tem[6] n�n
+  impetr�ssent, suff�c�t�s �l�s�sque[7] �nfantibus su�s aut m�tu�s[8]
+  concid�runt vulneribus aut vincul� � cr�nibus su�s fact� ab[9]
+  arboribus pepend�runt. Can�s quoque d�fend�re, Cimbr�s caes�s,
+  e�rum dom�s. Marius pr� du�bus triumph�s, qu� offer�bantur,       {75}
+  �n� contentus fuit. Pr�m�r�s c�vit�tis, qu� e� aliquamdi� ut[10]
+  nov� homin� ad tant�s hon�r�s �vect�[11] inv�derant, c�nserv�tam[12]
+  ab e� rem p�blicam fat�bantur. In ips� aci� Marius du�s Camertium
+  cohort�s, m�r� virt�te vim Cimbr�rum sustinent�s[13] contr�
+  l�gem[14] c�vit�te d�n�verat. Quod quidem factum et v�r� et       {80}
+    [[72]]
+  �gregi� poste� exc�s�vit, d�c�ns inter arm�rum strepitum verba
+  s� i�ris c�v�lis exaud�re n�n potuisse.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 88.]
+
+  Ill� tempest�te pr�mum R�mae bellum c�v�le comm�tum est.
+  Causam bell� dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla[1] c�nsul
+  contr� Mithrid�tem,[2] r�gem Pont�, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,    {85}
+  trib�nus pl�bis, l�gem[3] ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium
+  abrog�r�tur, C. Mari� bellum d�cerner�tur Mithrid�ticum. Qu� r�
+  Sulla comm�tus cum exercit� ad urbem v�nit, eam arm�s occup�vit,
+  Sulpicium interf�cit, Marium fug�vit. Marius host�s persequent�s
+  fugi�ns aliquamdi� in pal�de d�lituit.[4] Sed paul� post          {90}
+  repertus extr�ctusque, ut erat n�d� corpore caen�que oblitus,[5]
+  iniect� in collum l�r� Minturn�s raptus et in c�st�diam coniectus
+  est. Missus est ad eum occ�dendum servus[6] p�blicus, n�ti�ne
+  Cimber, quem Marius vult�s auct�rit�te d�terruit. Cum enim
+  hominem ad s� strict� gladi� venientem v�disset "T�ne, hom�,"     {95}
+  inquit "C.�Marium aud�bis occ�dere?" Qu� aud�t� attonitus ille
+  ac trem�ns abiect� ferr� f�git, Marium s� n�n posse occ�dere
+  cl�mit�ns. Marius deinde ab i�s, qu� prius eum occ�dere voluerant,
+  �carcere �missus est.                                            {99}
+
+  Accept� n�vicul� in �fricam tr�i�cit et in agrum Carth�gini�nsem
+  perv�nit. Ibi cum in loc�s s�lit�ri�s[7] sed�ret, v�nit ad eum
+  l�ctor Sextili� praet�ris, qu� tum �fricam obtin�bat. Ab h�c,
+  quem[8] numquam laesisset, Marius h�m�nit�tis tamen[9] aliquod
+    [[73]]
+  officium exspect�bat; at l�ctor d�c�dere eum pr�vinci� iussit,   {104}
+  nisi in s� animadvert� vellet: torv�que intuentem et v�cem n�llam
+  �mittentem Marium rog�vit tandem ecquid ren�nti�r� praet�r�
+  vellet? Marius "Ab�" inquit, "n�nti� v�disse t� G�ium
+  Marium in Carth�ginis ru�n�s sedentem." Du�bus cl�rissim�s
+  exempl�s d� inc�nstanti� r�rum h�m�n�rum eum admon�bat,
+  cum et urbis m�ximae excidium et vir� cl�rissim� c�sum ante      {110}
+  ocul�s p�neret.
+
+  Profect� ad bellum Mithrid�ticum Sull�, Marius revoc�tus �
+  Cinn�[1] in �taliam rediit, effer�tus magis calamit�te quam domitus.
+  Cum exercit� R�mam ingressus eam caedibus et rap�n�s             {114}
+  v�st�vit; omn�s adversae facti�nis n�bil�s vari�s[2] supplici�rum
+  generibus adf�cit: qu�nque di�s continu�s totidemque noct�s illa
+  scelerum omnium d�r�vit licentia.[3] H�c tempore adm�randa s�n�
+  popul� R�m�n� abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occ�s�rum        {118}
+  dom�s multit�din� d�ripiend�s[4] obi�cisset, inven�r� potuit n�m�,
+  qu�[5] c�v�l�[6] l�ct� praedam peteret[5]: quae quidem tam misericors
+  continentia pl�bis tacita[7] quaedam cr�d�lium vict�rum vituper�ti�
+  fuit. Tandem Marius, seni� et lab�ribus c�nfectus, in morbum     {122}
+  incidit et ingent�[8] omnium laetiti� v�tam f�n�vit. C�ius vir� s�
+  ex�minentur cum virt�tibus vitia, haud facile sit dict�[9] utrum
+  bell� melior, an p�ce pernici�sior fuerit: namque quam rem       {125}
+  p�blicam arm�tus[10] serv�vit, eam pr�m� tog�tus[10] omn� genere
+      fraudis,
+  postr�m� arm�s host�liter �vertit.
+
+    [[74]]
+  Erat Marius d�rior[1] ad h�m�nit�tis[2] studia et ingenu�rum[3]
+  artium contemptor. Cum aedem Hon�ris d� manubi�s hostium         {129}
+  v�visset, spr�t�[4] peregr�n�rum marmorum n�bilit�te artificumque
+  Graec�rum arte, eam vulg�r� lapide[5] per artificem R�m�num
+  c�r�vit aedificandam. Et Graec�s litter�s d�spici�bat, quod[6]
+  doct�ribus su�s parum ad virt�tem pr�fuissent. At �dem fortis,
+  validus, adversus dol�rem c�nf�rm�tus. Cum e� varic�s in cr�re
+  sec�rentur, vetuit s� adlig�r�. �crem tamen fuisse dol�ris morsum
+  ipse ostendit: nam medic�, alterum cr�s p�stulant�, n�luit       {136}
+  praeb�re, quod m�i�rem esse remedi� quem morb� dol�rem
+  i�dic�ret.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIII (pages 68-74)
+
+    68.1: In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.
+    68.2: Sc. _�fric�n� Min�re_.
+    68.3: = _d�posuit_: 'laid aside, completed, served.'
+    68.4: #impigram . . . alacrit�tem#: 'his energetic eagerness in
+    the direction of (#ad#),' etc. = 'his energy and eagerness to
+    face,' etc.
+    68.5: i.e. Scipio.
+    68.6: Subject of #d�cere#, l. 11.
+    68.7: = _qu� missus erat_. Cf. _coeptum_, l. 15, and p. xxiv,�L1.
+    68.8: #cr�min�tus . . . d�cere#: 'charged him with prolonging.'
+    _cr�min�r�_ is treated here as a verb of saying.
+    68.9: = _pr�d�cere_, 'prolong.' Simple verbs not infrequently have
+    the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their
+    compounds. Cf. n.�3 above.
+    68.10: #s� . . . red�ct�rum#: the words of Marius, reported in
+    indir. disc. Cf. p. xxv, M�4,�7.
+    68.11: #in . . . suffectus#: 'he was appointed to supersede
+    Metellus.' How literally?
+    68.12: This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river
+    Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.
+    68.13: #�rant�s# may be explained (1) as = _qu� p�cem �r�bant_
+    (cf.�n.�7 above); or (2)�as expressing purpose, and so = _qu�
+    p�cem �r�rent_. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part.
+    active is commonly employed, not the present.
+    68.14: See next selection.
+    69.1: The Tullianum: see illustration on p. 16.
+    69.2: 'of one smiling.' Join with #modum#.
+    69.3: The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as
+    early as 113 B.C. Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the
+    northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the
+    way (cf.�l. 34 below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy,
+    but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the
+    natives.
+    69.4: For the position of #cum#, see p. 19, n.�8.
+    69.5: Sc. _petere_, or better _adip�sc�_, 'to secure.'
+    69.6: Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109;
+    Q.�Servilius Caepio, 105.
+    70.1: Sc. _sunt_.
+    70.2: #�ctum . . . fuisset#: 'it was all up with the Romans had
+    there not been a Marius.' For #erat# we should have expected
+    _esset_, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the
+    mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually
+    was inevitable but for one thing. H�581, 1 (511,�1): M�940: A�308,
+    _b_: G�597, 2: B�304,�3.
+    70.3: #nisi . . . fuisset#: we would say, 'but for Marius,' or 'if
+    it hadn't been for Marius.'
+    70.4: in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.
+    70.5: 'that ran through (the valley).'
+    70.6: dat. of possession with _erat_ (to be supplied). On the
+    whole sentence #Vallem .�.�. c�pia#, see p.�5, n.�13.
+    70.7: #Vir� . . . hab�tis#: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of
+    saying _S� vir�_ ('true men') _estis_, etc., i.e. the getting of
+    water depends wholly on your own courage.
+    70.8: 'from a different side' (from that by which the Teutones had
+    sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass
+    at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.
+    70.9: Sc. _in fl�men_.
+    70.10: Cf. p. 68, n. 13.
+    70.11: #Quaerente . . . n�min�ssent# = two temporal clauses: 'when
+    Marius had asked .�.�. and they had named.'
+    70.12: 'Never mind.'
+    71.1: #s� . . . hab�r�#: 'that they were being mocked.' #l�dibri�#
+    is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.�25, n.�6.
+    71.2: #pulvis . . . ferr�tur#: cf. XX, lines 7 and�8.
+    71.3: at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.
+    71.4: _pr�stern�_.
+    71.5: 'from above,' i.e. from the tops of the wagons.
+    71.6: Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.
+    71.7: _�l�d�_.
+    71.8: #m�tu�s . . . vulneribus#: 'wounds inflicted by each other.'
+    71.9: #ab . . . pepend�runt#: 'hung _from_ trees' = 'hanged
+    themselves _to_ trees.'
+    71.10: #ut . . . homin�#: 'as (i.e. because he was) a�new man,'
+    i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a
+    man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.
+    71.11: #�vect�#: 'when he had been elevated.' #e� .�.�. �vect�#
+    may also be rendered 'his elevation.'
+    71.12: Sc. _esse_.
+    71.13: The part. gives the cause of _d�n�verat_.
+    71.14: In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of
+    the _comitia trib�ta_, or assembly in which the people met by
+    tribes.
+    72.1: See next selection.
+    72.2: Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans,
+    88-84 B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the
+    Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia
+    Minor and had entered Greece.
+    72.3: #l�gem . . . tulit#: 'proposed a law before the people,'
+    i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was
+    carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the
+    aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.
+    72.4: _d�lit�sc�_.
+    72.5: _oblin�_.
+    72.6: #servus p�blicus#: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the
+    phrase _ager p�blicus_, p.�64, n.�9.
+    72.7: Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 B.C.
+    72.8: #quem . . . laesisset# (_laed�_): a�causal rel. clause =
+    'since he had,' etc.: H�592 (517): M�839: A�320, _e_: G�633:
+    B�283,�3.
+    72.9: #tamen# looks back to #qu� . . . obtin�bat#, l. 102. The
+    thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration
+    (#h�m�nit�tis aliquod officium#) from Sextilius, though his
+    official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to
+    an outlaw.
+    73.1: L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party
+    and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own
+    troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who
+    was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic
+    War.
+    73.2: #vari�s . . . adf�cit#: 'he punished in various ways.'
+    73.3: 'lawless reign,' 'wild revel.'
+    73.4: Cf. p. 2, n. 18.
+    73.5: #qu� . . . peteret#: rel. clause of result: H�591, 1
+    (503,�I): M�838: A�320: G�631: B�283.
+    73.6: #c�v�l� l�ct�#: 'at the price of (lit. by means�of) grief to
+    his fellow-citizens.'
+    73.7: #tacita . . . fuit#: '(though) unexpressed was in a sense
+    (#quaedam#) a�criticism,' etc.
+    73.8: #ingent� . . . laetiti�#: 'to the great joy of every one';
+    cf. p.�27, n.�3.
+    73.9: Join with #facile#, and see p. 19, n. 15.
+    73.10: #arm�tus# = _bell�_; #tog�tus# = _p�ce_. Cf. l. 125. The
+    toga was the regular dress of civilians.
+    74.1: #Erat d�rior ad#: 'He was rather hard as regards,' i.e. 'he
+    had no liking for.'
+    74.2: 'culture.'
+    74.3: #ingenu�rum artium#: 'polite accomplishments.'
+    74.4: _spern�_.
+    74.5: abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A�244, _d_:
+    G�396, and�3.
+    74.6: #quod . . . pr�fuissent#: 'because (so he declared) it had
+    been of little service to its teachers in the direction of
+    (attaining) virtue.' Cf. _quod .�.�. i�dic�ret_, l. 137, and see
+    p.�14, n.�1.]
+
+
+#XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla# [[stripped text]]
+
+138-78 B.C.
+
+Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia "Salve"
+inquit "puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix," et statim quaesita quae
+haec dixisset, n�n potuit inveniri.
+
+Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae
+comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam
+perduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi
+gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.
+Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello
+Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde
+factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est.
+Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,
+odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea
+omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes
+civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere
+videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia
+profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et
+oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans
+qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia
+multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere
+paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.
+
+Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; eos,
+qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit
+crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui
+se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum
+inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest
+computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec
+admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus
+imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit,
+qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium
+orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens
+caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se
+dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae
+magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui
+fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque
+videret ascriptum, "Vae" inquit "misero mihi! me fundus Albanus
+persequitur." Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat,
+confossus est.
+
+Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto
+appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum
+Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post
+repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis
+lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum
+privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non
+minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas
+constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui
+auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere.
+Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec
+effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti
+animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: "Hic adulescens efficiet ne
+quis posthac tale imperium deponat."
+
+Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere
+coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus
+voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis
+eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali
+cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in
+eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit,
+sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis
+vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et
+Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos
+saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi
+postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen
+proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.
+
+
+  #XXIV. L�cius Corn�lius Sulla# [[as printed]]
+
+  138-78 B.C.
+
+  Corn�lius Sulla cum parvulus � n�tr�ce ferr�tur, mulier[7] obvia
+  "Salv�" inquit "puer tibi et re� p�blicae tuae f�l�x," et statim
+  quaes�ta[8] quae haec d�xisset, n�n potuit inven�r�.[9]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]
+
+  H�c bell� Iugurth�n�[10] quaestor Mari� fuit. Qu�[11] cum[12] �sque
+  ad quaest�rae comitia v�tam lib�dine, v�n�, l�dicrae[13] artis     {5}
+  am�re inquin�tam perd�xisset,[12] C. Marius c�nsul molest�
+  tulisse tr�ditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerent� tam d�lic�tus
+  quaestor sorte[14] obv�nisset. �iusdem tamen, postquam in
+    [[75]]
+  �fricam v�nit, virt�s[1] �nituit. Bell�[2] Cimbric�, l�g�tus       {9}
+  c�nsulis[3] bonam operam n�v�vit. C�nsul ipse deinde factus, puls�
+  in exsilium Mari�, adversus Mithrid�tem[4] profectus est. Mithrid�t�s
+  enim, Ponticus r�x, vir bell� �cerrimus, virt�te eximius,
+  odi� in R�m�n�s n�n �nferior Hannibale,[5] occup�t� Asi� nec�t�sque
+  in e� omnibus c�vibus R�m�n�s,[6] qu�s quidem e�dem di�
+  atque h�r� per omn�s c�vit�t�s interim� iusserat, Eur�pae quoque  {15}
+  �taliaeque immin�re vid�b�tur. Ac pr�m� Sulla ill�us praefect�s
+  du�bus proeli�s[7] in Graeci� pr�fl�g�vit; dein tr�nsgressus in
+  Asiam Mithrid�tem ipsum f�dit; et oppressisset,[8] nisi ad bellum
+  c�v�le adversus Marium f�st�n�ns qu�lemcumque[9] p�cem comp�nere
+  m�luisset.[8] Mithrid�tem tamen pec�ni�[10] mult�vit; Asi�[11]    {20}
+  ali�sque pr�vinci�s,[11] qu�s occup�verat, d�c�dere patern�sque
+  f�nibus contentum esse co�git.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 82.]
+
+  Sulla propter m�t�s urb�n�s[12] cum vict�re exercit� R�mam
+  proper�vit; e�s, qu� Mari� fav�bant, omn�s super�vit. Nihil
+  autem e� vict�ri� fuit cr�d�lius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et       {25}
+  dict�tor[13] cre�tus, vel in e�s, qu� s� sponte d�diderant, iussit
+  animadvert�. Quattuor m�lia d�dit�rum inermium c�vium
+  in Circ� interfic� iussit. Quis autem ill�s potest comput�re, qu�s
+  in urbe passim, quisquis[14] voluit, occ�dit, d�nec admon�ret F�fidius
+  qu�dam v�vere aliqu�s d�b�re, ut[15] essent, quibus[15] imper�ret.
+    [[76]]
+  Nov�[1] et inaud�t� exempl� tabulam pr�scr�pti�nis[2] pr�posuit,  {31}
+  qu� n�mina e�rum, qu� occ�dend� essent, contin�bantur; cumque
+  omnium orta esset ind�gn�ti�, postr�di� pl�ra etiam adi�cit n�mina.
+  Ing�ns caes�rum fuit multit�d�. Nec s�lum in[3] e�s saev�vit, qu�
+  arm�s contr� s� d�mic�vissent, sed etiam qui�t� anim� c�v�s       {35}
+  propter pec�niae m�gnit�dinem pr�scr�pt�rum numer� adi�cit.
+  C�vis qu�dam innoxius, cu� fundus in agr� Alb�n� erat, cum
+  leg�ns pr�scr�pt�rum n�mina s� quoque vid�ret �scr�ptum,
+  "Vae" inquit "miser� mihi[4]! m� fundus Alb�nus persequitur."
+  Neque[5] long� pr�gressus � qu�dam, qu� eum �gn�verat,            {40}
+  c�nfossus[6] est.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 78.]
+
+  D�puls�s pr�str�t�sque[7] inim�c�rum partibus Sulla F�l�cem[8] s�
+  �dict� appell�vit, cumque �ius uxor gemin�s e�dem tunc part�
+  �didisset, puerum Faustum[8] puellamque Faustam[8] n�min�r� voluit.
+  Sed pauc�s ann�s post repente contr� omnium exspect�ti�nem        {45}
+  dict�t�ram d�posuit. D�miss�s l�ct�ribus di� in For� cum
+  am�c�s deambul�vit. Stup�bat populus eum pr�v�tum vid�ns,
+  c�ius modo[9] tam form�dol�sa fuerat potest�s; quodque n�n
+  minus m�randum fuit, pr�v�t� e� n�n s�lum sal�s, sed etiam d�gnit�s
+  c�nstitit,[10] qu� c�v�s innumer�s occ�derat. �nus adul�sc�ns     {50}
+  fuit, qu�[11] aud�ret quer� et rec�dentem �sque ad for�s dom�s
+  maledict�s incessere. Atque ille, c�ius �ram potentissim� vir�
+  m�ximaeque c�vit�t�s nec effugere nec pl�c�re potuerant, �n�us
+  adul�scentul� contum�li�s patient� anim� tulit, id tantum in[12]
+    [[77]]
+  l�mine iam d�c�ns: "H�c adul�sc�ns efficiet[1] n� quis[2] posth�c
+  t�le imperium d�p�nat."                                           {56}
+
+  Sulla deinde in v�llam profectus r�stic�r� et v�nand�[3] v�tam
+  agere coepit. Ibi morb� correptus interiit, vir ingentis anim�,
+  cupidus volupt�tum, sed gl�riae cupidior; l�tter�s[4] Graec�s atque
+  Lat�n�s �rud�tus et vir�rum l�tter�t�rum ade� am�ns,[5] ut        {60}
+  s�dulit�tem etiam mal� c�iusdam po�tae aliqu� praemi� d�gnam d�xerit:
+  nam cum ille epigramma in eum f�cisset e�que subi�cisset,[6]
+  Sulla statim praemium e� dar� iussit, sed e� l�ge,[7] n� quid[2]
+      poste�                                                        {63}
+  scr�beret. Ante vict�riam laudandus,[8] in i�s v�r�, quae sec�ta
+  sunt, numquam[9] satis vituperandus, urbem enim et �taliam c�v�lis
+  sanguinis fl�minibus inund�vit. N�n s�lum in v�v�s saeviit,       {66}
+  sed n� mortu�s quidem pepercit[10]: nam G�� Mari�, c�ius, ets�
+  poste� hostis, aliquand� tamen quaestor fuerat, �rut�s ciner�s in
+  fl�men pr�i�cit. Qu� cr�d�lit�te r�rum praecl�r� gest�rum gl�riam
+  corr�pit.                                                         {70}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIV (pages 74-77)
+
+    74.7: #mulier obvia . . . inquit#: 'a woman met them and said.'
+    74.8: #quaes�ta . . . d�xisset#: 'though inquiries were made as to
+    who had said this.' How literally? #d�xisset# is a subjunctive of
+    indir. question dependent on #quaes�ta#: cf. p.�3, n.�2.
+    74.9: Cf. VIII, 43.
+    74.10: Cf. XXIII, 20.
+    74.11: i.e. Sulla.
+    74.12: Cf. p. 13, n. 20.
+    74.13: #l�dicrae artis#: 'the sportive art,' i.e. what we would
+    call 'the stage,' or 'the drama.' The better classes at Rome
+    looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was
+    allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or
+    freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at
+    will.
+    74.14: After the election of the quaestors their posts were
+    assigned to them by lot.
+    75.1: 'ability.' It was mainly through Sulla's efforts that
+    Jugurtha was captured.
+    75.2: Cf. XXIII, 49.
+    75.3: Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.
+    75.4: Cf. 72, n. 2.
+    75.5: abl. of comparison with #�nferior#: cf. p.�10, n.�18.
+    75.6: This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is
+    variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.
+    75.7: At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were
+    fought in�86.
+    75.8: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
+    75.9: #qu�lemcumque p�cem#: 'peace on any terms.'
+    75.10: abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A�220,
+    _b_: G�378, R. 3: B�208, 2, _b_.
+    75.11: Cf. p. 1, n. 6.
+    75.12: Cf. XXIII, 113-122.
+    75.13: Sulla's dictatorship differed widely from those of former
+    times (1)�because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old
+    dictators held office for six months only; (2)�his power extended
+    to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had
+    been created to accomplish some _one_ object.
+    75.14: #quisquis voluit# contains the subject of #occ�dit#.
+    75.15: #ut . . . imper�ret#: 'that there might be people for him
+    (Sulla) to rule over.' For #quibus .�.�. imper�ret#, see p.�5,
+    n.�3.
+    76.1: #Nov� . . . pr�posuit#: 'He exposed to public view (in�the
+    Forum) a�proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.'
+    #exempl�#: abl. of manner.
+    76.2: #pr�scr�pti�nis#: Latin often uses a gen. where English
+    employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.
+    76.3: #in e�s saev�vit#: 'he vented his rage upon those.'
+    76.4: ethical dat.: H 432 (389, N. 2): M 541: A�235, _e_: G�351:
+    B�188, 2, _b_.
+    76.5: #Neque# = _et n�n_, as often at the beginning of clauses.
+    76.6: _c�nfodi�_.
+    76.7: _pr�stern�_.
+    76.8: These words all = 'Lucky.'
+    76.9: 'just now,' 'but a moment before.'
+    76.10: 'remained intact.'
+    76.11: #qu� aud�ret# is a rel. clause of result = _t�lis ut
+    aud�ret_. It characterizes or describes the antecedent
+    #adul�sc�ns#. See p.�73, n.�5.
+    76.12: #in l�mine iam#: 'when he was already at (on) his own
+    threshold,' i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make
+    was not uttered till the last moment.
+    77.3: #v�nand� . . . coepit#: cf. I, 21, _v�nand� .�.�.
+    coep�runt_, and note.
+    77.4: Cf. p. 64, n. 2.
+    77.5: #am�ns# is treated here as an adj., and so construed with
+    the gen. Cf. _cupidus volupt�tum_, l.�59.
+    77.6: 'had thrust up from below.' Sulla was sitting on a tribunal
+    in the Forum.
+    77.7: Cf. p. 11, n. 9.
+    77.8: Sc. _erat_.
+    77.9: #numquam . . . vituperandus# (_est_): 'can never be blamed
+    enough.' In _negative_ sentences the gerundive often conveys this
+    idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see p.�39, n.�11.
+    77.10: _parc�._]
+
+
+#XXV. Lucius Lucullus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Lucius Lucullus ingeni�, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam
+quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude
+provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,
+inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam
+admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus
+a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum
+ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum
+exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum
+tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii
+magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et
+navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in
+rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma
+profectus rei militaris rudis.
+
+Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe
+multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit,
+ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed
+alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini
+nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam
+effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium
+rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere:
+magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare
+ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis,
+suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete
+Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.
+
+Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo cum
+venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem
+aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus
+"Putasne" inquit "me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae adveniente hieme
+sedem commutant?" Villarum magnificentiae respondebat epularum sumptus.
+Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset posita, coquum graviter
+obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non debuisse lautum parare
+convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, "Quid ais?" inquit iratus
+Lucullus. "Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?"
+
+Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et
+optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus
+bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant
+maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis
+liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum
+virorum turbam ambulabat.
+
+
+  #XXV. L�cius L�cullus# [[as printed]]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 74.]
+
+  L�cius L�cullus ingeni�, doctr�n�, virt�te fuit �ns�gnis. In
+  Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per mult�s ann�s adm�r�bil� qu�dam[11]
+  laude[12] pr�vinciae praefuit, deinde abs�ns factus[13] aed�lis,
+  continu� praetor, inde ad c�nsul�tum[14] pr�m�tus est, quem
+  ita gessit, ut omn�s d�ligentiam adm�r�rentur, ingenium            {5}
+    [[78]]
+  �gn�scerent. Post ad Mithrid�ticum[1] bellum missus � sen�t�
+  n�n modo op�ni�nem v�cit[2] omnium, sed etiam gl�riam superi�rum
+  ducum. Idque e�[3] fuit m�r�bilius, quod ab e� laus[4] imper�t�ria
+  n�n admodum exspect�b�tur, qu� adul�scentiam in for�ns�[5] oper�,
+  quaest�rae diuturnum tempus in[6] Asiae p�ce c�ns�mpserat; sed    {10}
+  incr�dibilis quaedam[7] ingeni� m�gnit�d� n�n d�s�d�r�vit �s�s[8]
+  d�scipl�nam. Itaque cum t�tum iter[9] et n�vig�ti�nem c�ns�mpsisset
+  partim in percontand� � per�t�s,[10] partim in r�bus[11] gest�s
+  legend�s, in Asiam factus[12] imper�tor v�nit, cum esset R�m�
+  profectus re� m�lit�ris rudis.[13]                                {15}
+
+  L�cullus e� bell� m�gn�s ac memor�bil�s r�s gessit; Mithrid�tem
+  saepe mult�s loc�s f�dit; Tigr�nem,[14] r�gum m�ximum, in
+  Armeni� v�cit, ultimamque[15] bell� manum magis n�luit imp�nere,
+  quam n�n potuit; sed alioqu� per omnia laud�bilis[16] et bell� paene
+  invictus pec�niae cup�din� nimium d�ditus fuit; quam tamen        {20}
+  ide� expet�bat, ut per l�xuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam
+  d� Mithrid�te triumph�vit,[17] abiect� omnium r�rum c�r� coepit
+  d�lic�t� ac molliter v�vere �ti�que et l�x� diffluere: m�gnific� et
+  imm�ns� s�mpt� v�ll�s aedific�vit atque ad e�rum �sum[18] mare
+    [[79]]
+  ipsum vex�vit. Nam in quibusdam loc�s m�l�s[1] mar� ini�cit; in   {25}
+  ali�s, suffoss�s montibus, mare in terr�s ind�xit, unde eum haud
+  �nfac�t� Pomp�ius Xerxem tog�tum[2] voc�re adsu�verat.[3]
+
+    [Illustration: V�LLA]
+
+  Hab�bat L�cullus v�llam pr�spect�[4] et ambul�ti�ne pulcherrimam.
+  Qu� cum v�nisset Pomp�ius, id �num reprehendit, quod
+  ea habit�ti� esset[5] quidem aest�te peramoena, sed hieme minus   {30}
+  commoda vid�r�tur[5]; cu� L�cullus "Put�sne" inquit "m� minus
+  sapere quam hirundin�s, quae adveniente hieme s�dem comm�tant?"
+  V�ll�rum m�gnificentiae respond�bat epul�rum s�mptus.
+  Cum aliquand� modica e�, utpote[6] s�l�, c�na esset posita, coquum
+  graviter obi�rg�vit, e�que exc�sant� ac d�cent� s� n�n d�buisse   {35}
+  lautum par�re conv�vium, quod n�m� esset[5] ad c�nam inv�t�tus,
+    [[80]]
+  "Quid ais?" inquit �r�tus L�cullus. "Nesci�b�sne L�cullum
+  hodi� c�n�t�rum esse apud L�cullum?"
+
+  Laudanda est L�cull� imp�nsa et studium in libr�s. Nam et         {39}
+  mult�s et optim�s conqu�s�vit e�sque l�ber�liter dedit[1] �tend�s.
+  Pat�bat omnibus biblioth�ca, et in portic�s e� adiect�s velut ad
+  M�s�rum[2] aedem veni�bant m�xim� Graec� tempusque ibi i�cund�
+  inter s� tr�d�c�bant ab ali�s c�r�s l�ber�. Saepe cum i�s
+  vers�b�tur L�cullus et inter m�gnam doct�rum vir�rum turbam
+  ambul�bat.                                                        {45}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXV (pages 77-80)
+
+    77.1: #efficiet n� . . . d�p�nat#: 'will prevent any one from
+    resigning.' For the subjunctive #d�p�nat#, see p.�9, n.�6.
+    77.2: The indefinite pronoun _quis_ occurs chiefly after _s�_,
+    _nisi_, _n�_, and _num_. Elsewhere _aliquis_ is used.
+    77.11: Cf. p. 76, n. 1.
+    77.12: 'ability.'
+    77.13: Sc. _est_.
+    77.14: The offices mentioned here formed the _cursus hon�rum_, or
+    official career, through which all desirous of political
+    distinction were required to pass. The aedileship, however, might
+    be omitted.
+    78.1: Cf. p. 72, n. 2. Lucullus assumed command against
+    Mithridates in 74 B.C.
+    78.2: 'surpassed,' 'outstripped.'
+    78.3: causal abl., explained by #quod . . . exspect�b�tur#.
+    78.4: 'ability.'
+    78.5: #for�ns� oper�#: 'legal business,' i.e. the practice of law.
+    In or near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business
+    places in general.
+    78.6: #in Asiae p�ce#: 'in Asia, which was then at peace.'
+    78.7: #qu�dam# is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which
+    the writer fears may seem exaggerated.
+    78.8: #�s�s d�scipl�nam#: 'the training of experience.'
+    78.9: #iter et n�vig�ti�nem#: 'voyage.'
+    78.10: 'experts.' Sc. #re� m�lit�ris#.
+    78.11: #r�bus gest�s#: 'history'; here, of course, military
+    history especially.
+    78.12: Cf. our use of the word 'finished.'
+    78.13: The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had
+    served with distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.
+    78.14: King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom
+    he had formed alliance.
+    78.15: #ultimam . . . potuit#: 'his failure to put the finishing
+    touches (#ultimam manum#) to the war was due more to unwillingness
+    than to inability.' How literally? Here too the biographer shows
+    his prejudice. Lucullus' failure to end the war was due to the
+    mutiny of his soldiers, who were weary of their incessant
+    exertions, and angry because L. did not permit them to gratify
+    their greed for plunder.
+    78.16: '(though) praiseworthy.' #invictus# must be similarly
+    translated.
+    78.17: Cf. p. 18, n. 7.
+    78.18: 'convenience.'
+    79.1: #m�l�s . . . ini�cit#: 'he built huge structures out into
+    the sea.'
+    79.2: Cf. p. 73, n. 10. Xerxes, king of Persia, made an expedition
+    against Greece in 480 B.C., in the course of which he executed
+    certain important engineering works.
+    79.3: _adsu�sc�_.
+    79.4: #pr�spect� . . . pulcherrimam#: 'with a very beautiful view
+    and promenade.' #pr�spect�# and #ambul�ti�ne# are abl. of
+    specification.
+    79.5: Why subjunctive?
+    79.6: #utpote s�l�# = _quod s�lus erat_. In phrases like this
+    Latin suffers from the lack of a present part. to _sum_.
+    80.1: #dedit �tend�s#: i.e. loaned them. For #�tend�s#, see p.�2,
+    n.�18.
+    80.2: The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.]
+
+
+#XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem consilio
+servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset
+invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei
+filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabernaculum
+patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset,
+nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua
+antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se
+tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. Terentius tum destricto
+ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit.
+Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque
+tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci reconciliavit.
+
+Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo maxime
+diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret,
+paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit.
+Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus
+ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique
+temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus
+saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam
+iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi
+adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis
+iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem
+et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo
+descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.
+
+Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae
+inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus
+est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et
+flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe
+moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis
+principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae
+sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob
+unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus
+esset, "Ego" inquit Sthenius "qui cives meos ad id induxi." Tam libera
+voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.
+
+Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus
+favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam
+subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a
+Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una legione
+successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat,
+tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum
+multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni
+cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit:
+neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere
+plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae
+potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia
+adulescentis perculsus, "Triumphet! triumphet!" exclamavit.
+
+Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus
+Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in
+proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine
+impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum
+concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus
+in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum
+eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam
+inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero
+proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius
+recedere coactus dixisse fertur: "Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc
+puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum
+appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam
+deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.
+
+Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam
+Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio
+extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant
+quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione
+dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni
+omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: "Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius
+locum substituetis?" summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, "Te,
+Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e
+contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus
+navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis
+locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris
+procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra
+quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.
+
+Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in
+Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat,
+neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu
+castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in
+locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus
+esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a tergo
+haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium
+ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in
+propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum
+profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a patre
+fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum
+sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea
+medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se
+petierat, interfectus est.
+
+Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat,
+Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum
+procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum
+diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse
+iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum
+primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure
+victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad
+urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,
+et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis
+inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam
+quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant:
+Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex
+Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si,
+quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset
+expertus iam senex.
+
+Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi
+dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum
+civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius,
+relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules
+senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit.
+Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus
+erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis
+uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in
+Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo
+viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus
+cremandum curavit.
+
+Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus.
+Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda
+frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum ederet,
+negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse reperiri,
+nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum
+inde peti, medicoque dixit: "Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis
+esset, non viveret Pompeius?" Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi
+iussit apponi.
+
+Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens,
+confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit
+audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer
+eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos
+erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret,
+admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris
+causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod
+eum non posset audire. At ille "Tu vero" inquit "potes, nec committam ut
+dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit." Itaque
+cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi
+quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum
+vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe "Nihil agis," inquit "dolor!
+quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor."
+
+
+  #XXVI. Gnaeus Pomp�ius M�gnus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: POMPEY]
+
+  Gnaeus Pomp�ius,[3] stirpis sen�t�riae, bell�[4]
+  c�v�l� s� et patrem c�nsili� serv�vit. Cum enim
+  Pomp�� pater exercitu� su� ob av�ritiam esset
+  inv�sus, fact� in eum c�nsp�r�ti�ne, Terentius
+  qu�dam, Gnae� Pomp�� f�li�[5] contubern�lis, hunc[6]               {5}
+  occ�dendum susc�pit, dum[7] ali� tabern�culum
+  patris incenderent.[7] Quae r�s cum iuven� Pomp�i�
+  c�nant� n�nti�ta esset, nihil per�cul� m�tus
+  solit�[8] hilarius bibit et cum Terenti� e�dem,
+  qu�[9] ante�, c�mit�te �sus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam  {10}
+  subd�xit s� tent�ri� et f�rmam patr� circumdedit c�st�diam.
+  Terentius tum d�strict� �nse ad lectum Pomp�� accessit mult�sque
+  �ctibus str�gula percussit.[10] Ort� mox s�diti�ne Pomp�ius s� in
+    [[81]]
+  media coni�cit �gmina, m�lit�sque tumultuant�s precibus et lacrim�s
+  pl�c�vit ac duc� reconcili�vit.                                   {15}
+
+  E�dem bell� Pomp�ius part�s Sullae sec�tus ita s� gessit ut ab
+  e� m�xim� d�liger�tur. Ann�s tr�s et v�gint� n�tus, ut Sullae
+  auxili� ven�ret, patern� exercit�s reliqui�s conl�git, statimque
+  dux per�tus exstitit.[1] M�gnus ill�us apud m�litem amor, m�gna
+  apud omn�s adm�r�ti� fuit; n�llus e�[2] labor taedi�,[2] n�lla
+      d�fat�g�ti�                                                   {20}
+  molestiae[2] erat. Cib�[3] v�n�que[3] temper�ns, somn� parcus[4];
+  inter m�lit�s corpus exerc�ns cum alacribus salt�,[5] cum v�l�cibus
+  curs�,[5] cum valid�s luctand�[5] cert�bat. Tum ad Sullam iter
+  intendit et in e� itinere tr�s hostium exercit�s aut f�dit aut sibi
+  adi�nxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad s� acc�dere aud�vit �gregiamque       {25}
+  sub s�gn�s iuvent�tem �spexit, d�siliit ex equ� Pomp�iumque
+  sal�t�vit imper�t�rem et poste� e�[6] venient� sol�bat sell�
+  adsurgere et caput aper�re et equ� d�scendere, quem hon�rem n�min�
+  nisi Pomp�i� tribu�bat.
+
+  Poste� Pomp�ius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam � Carb�ne,      {30}
+  Sullae inim�c�, occup�tam reciperet. Carb� compreh�nsus et ad
+  Pomp�ium ductus est: quem Pomp�ius, etsi Carb�[7] muliebriter
+  mortem extim�sc�ns d�miss� et fl�biliter mortem d�prec�b�tur,
+  ad supplicium d�c� iussit. Long� moder�tior fuit Pomp�ius erg�
+  Sthenium, Siciliae c�iusdam c�vit�tis pr�ncipem. Cum enim in      {35}
+  eam c�vit�tem animadvertere d�cr�visset, quae[8] sibi advers�ta
+  fuisset, in�qu� eum fact�rum Sthenius excl�m�vit,[9] s� ob �n�us
+  culpam omn�s p�n�ret. Interrogant� Pomp�i� quisnam ille �nus
+  esset, "Ego" inquit Sthenius "qu� c�v�s me�s ad id ind�x�."
+    [[82]]
+  Tam l�ber� v�ce d�lect�tus Pomp�ius omnibus et Stheni� ips�       {40}
+  pepercit.[1]
+
+  Tr�nsgressus inde in �fricam Iarbam, Numidiae r�gem, qu�
+  Mari� partibus fav�bat, bell� persec�tus intr� di�s quadr�gint�
+  oppressit et �fricam sub�git adul�sc�ns[2] quattuor et v�gint�
+  ann�rum. Deinde cum litterae e� � Sull� redditae essent, quibus   {45}
+  exercit�[3] d�miss� cum �n� legi�ne success�rem exspect�re
+  iub�b�tur, Pomp�ius, quamquam aegr� id fer�bat, tamen p�ruit et
+  R�mam revertit. Revertent� incr�dibilis hominum multit�d�
+  obviam �vit; Sulla quoque laetus eum exc�pit et M�gn�
+  c�gn�mine c�nsal�t�vit. Nihil� minus Pomp�i� triumphum petent�    {50}
+  restitit: neque v�r� e� r� � pr�posit� d�territus est Pomp�ius
+  aususque[4] d�cere pl�r�s ad�r�re s�lem orientem quam occidentem:
+  qu� dict� innu�bat Sullae potentiam minu�, suam cr�scere.
+  E� v�ce aud�t� Sulla, c�nf�denti� adul�scentis perculsus,[5]
+  "Triumphet! triumphet!" excl�m�vit.                               {55}
+
+  Metell�[6] iam sen�[7] et bellum in Hisp�ni� s�gnius gerent�
+  conl�ga datus Pomp�ius adversus Sert�rium vari� �vent� d�mic�vit.
+  M�ximum ibi in proeli� qu�dam per�culum subiit: cum enim vir
+  v�st� corporis m�gnit�dine impetum in eum f�cisset, Pomp�ius
+  manum amput�vit; sed mult�s[8] in eum concurrentibus vulnus in    {60}
+  femore acc�pit et � su�s fugientibus d�sertus in[9] hostium potest�te
+  erat. At praeter spem �v�sit: barbar� enim equum �ius aur�
+  phaler�sque eximi�s �nstr�ctum c�perant. Dum igitur praedam
+  inter s� altercant�s[10] partiuntur, Pomp�ius e�rum man�s eff�git.
+  Alter� proeli� cum Metellus Pomp�i� lab�rant� auxili� v�nisset,   {65}
+  Sert�rius rec�dere co�ctus d�xisse fertur: "Nisi anus illa
+    [[83]]
+  superv�nisset,[1] ego hunc puerum verberibus cast�g�tum R�mam
+  d�m�sissem."[1] Metellum anum appell�bat, quia is, iam senex,[2] ad
+  mollem et eff�min�tam v�tam d�flexerat. Sert�ri� interfect�
+  Pomp�ius Hisp�niam rec�pit.                                       {70}
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 67.]
+
+  Cum[3] p�r�tae ill� tempest�te
+  maria omnia �nf�st�rent[3] et qu�sdam
+  etiam �taliae urb�s d�ripuissent,[3]
+  ad e�s opprimend�s
+  cum imperi� extra�rdin�ri�                                        {75}
+  missus est Pomp�ius. Nimiae
+  vir� potentiae obsist�bant qu�dam
+  ex optim�tibus et impr�m�s Qu�ntus Catulus. Qu� cum in c�nti�ne
+  d�xisset esse quidem[4] praecl�rum virum Cn. Pomp�ium, sed[4] n�n
+  esse �n� omnia tribuenda, adi�cissetque: "S� quid hu�c acciderit,
+  quem in �ius locum substitu�tis?" summ� c�ns�ns� succl�m�vit      {81}
+  �niversa c�nti�, "T�, Qu�nte Catule." Tam hon�rific� c�vium
+  t�stim�ni� victus Catulus � c�nti�ne discessit. Pomp�ius,
+  disposit�s[5] per omn�s maris recess�s n�vibus, brev� terr�rum orbem
+  ill� p�ste l�ber�vit; praed�n�s mult�s loc�s vict�s f�dit; e�sdem
+  in d�diti�nem accept�s in urbibus et agr�s procul � mar�          {86}
+  conloc�vit. Nihil h�c vict�ri� celerius, nam intr� quadr�g�simum
+  diem p�r�t�s t�t� mar� expulit.
+
+    [Illustration: N�VIS P�R�TA]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 66.]
+
+  C�nfect� bell� p�r�tic�, Gnaeus Pomp�ius contr� Mithrid�tem
+  profectus in Asiam m�gn� celerit�te contendit. Proelium           {90}
+  cum r�ge c�nserere cupi�bat, neque[6] opport�na dab�tur
+  p�gnand� facult�s, quia Mithrid�t�s interdi� castr�s s� contin�bat,
+  noct� v�r� haud t�tum erat congred� cum hoste in loc�s �gn�t�s.
+  Nocte tamen aliquand� cum Pomp�ius Mithrid�tem aggressus
+  esset, l�na m�gn� fuit R�m�n�s adi�ment�. Quam cum R�m�n�         {95}
+    [[84]]
+  �[1] terg� hab�rent, umbrae corporum longius pr�iectae ad pr�m�s
+  �sque hostium �rdin�s pertin�bant, unde d�cept� r�gi� m�lit�s in
+  umbr�s, tamquam in propinquum hostem, t�la mitt�bant. Victus
+  Mithrid�t�s in Pontum prof�git. Pharnac�s f�lius bellum e�        {99}
+  intulit, qu�, occ�s�s � patre fr�tribus, v�tae suae ipse tim�bat.
+  Mithrid�t�s � f�li� obsessus[2] ven�num s�mpsit; quod cum tardius
+  sub�ret, quia adversus ven�na mult�s ante� medic�ment�s corpus
+  f�rm�verat, � m�lite Gall�, �[3] qu� ut adiuv�ret s� petierat,
+  interfectus est.
+
+    [Illustration: DIAD�MA]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 63.]
+
+  Tigr�n� deinde, Armeniae r�g�, qu� Mithrid�tis part�s sec�tus    {105}
+  erat, Pomp�ius bellum intulit eumque ad d�diti�nem compulit.
+  Qu� cum pr�cubuisset ad genua Pomp��, eum
+  �r�xit,[4] et ben�gn�s verb�s recre�tum diad�ma,
+  quod abi�cerat, capit� rep�nere iussit, aequ�[5]
+  pulchrum esse i�dic�ns et vincere r�g�s et                       {110}
+  facere. Inde in I�daeam profectus R�m�n�rum
+  pr�mus[6] I�dae�s domuit, Hierosolyma,
+  caput gentis, c�pit, templumque i�re[7]
+  vict�riae ingressus est. R�bus Asiae                             {114}
+  composit�s, in Italiam versus[8] ad urbem[9] v�nit, n�n, ut pl�r�que
+  timuerant, arm�tus, sed d�miss� exercit�, et tertium triumphum
+  b�du�[10] d�xit. �ns�gnis fuit mult�s nov�s in�sit�t�sque �rn�ment�s
+  h�c triumphus; sed nihil inl�strius v�sum, quam quod[11] tribus
+  triumph�s tr�s orbis part�s d�victae causam praebuerant: Pomp�ius
+    [[85]]
+  enim, quod[1] ante� contigerat n�min�, pr�mum ex �fric�,         {120}
+  iterum ex Eur�p�, terti� ex Asi� triumph�vit, f�l�x op�ni�ne
+  hominum fut�rus, s�, quem[2] gl�riae, eundem v�tae f�nem habuisset
+  neque adversam fort�nam esset expertus iam senex.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]
+
+  Posteri�re enim tempore ort� inter Pomp�ium et Caesarem[3]
+  grav� diss�nsi�ne, quod[4] h�c[5] superi�rem, ille[5] parem ferre
+  n�n posset, bellum c�v�le ex�rsit. Caesar �nf�st�[6] exercit�    {126}
+  in �taliam v�nit. Pomp�ius, rel�ct� urbe ac deinde �tali� ips�,
+  Thessaliam petit et cum e� c�nsul�s sen�tusque omnis: quem
+  �nsec�tus Caesar apud Phars�lum aci� f�dit. Victus Pomp�ius
+  ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypt� r�gem, cu� t�tor � sen�t� datus erat,     {130}
+  prof�git, qu� Pomp�ium interfic� iussit. Latus Pomp�� sub ocul�s
+  ux�ris et l�ber�rum m�cr�ne c�nfossum est, caput praec�sum,
+  truncus in N�lum coniectus. Deinde caput cum �nul� ad Caesarem
+  d�l�tum est, qu� e� v�s� lacrim�s n�n contin�ns illud
+  mult�s preti�sissim�sque od�ribus cremandum c�r�vit.             {135}
+
+  Is fuit Pomp�� post tr�s c�nsul�t�s et totidem triumph�s v�tae
+  exitus. Erant in Pomp�i� multae et m�gnae virt�t�s ac praecipu�
+  adm�randa fr�g�lit�s. Cum e� aegr�tant� praec�pisset
+  medicus ut turdum ederet, neg�rent autem[7] serv� eam avem
+  �squam aest�v� tempore posse reper�r�, nisi apud L�cullum, qu�   {140}
+  turd�s dom� sag�n�ret, vetuit Pomp�ius turdum inde pet�, medic�que
+  d�xit: "Erg�,[8] nisi L�cullus perditus d�lici�s esset, n�n
+  v�veret Pomp�ius?" Aliam avem, quae par�bilis esset, sibi iussit
+  app�n�.
+
+    [[86]]
+  Vir�s[1] doct�s m�gnum hon�rem hab�bat Pomp�ius. Ex Syri�        {145}
+  d�c�d�ns, c�nfect� bell� Mithrid�tic�, cum Rhodum v�nisset,
+  Pos�d�nium cupiit aud�re[2]; sed cum aud�visset eum graviter esse
+  aegrum, quod[3] vehementer �ius art�s lab�r�rent, voluit tamen
+  n�bilissimum philosophum v�sere. M�s erat ut, c�nsule[4] aed�s   {149}
+  aliqu�s ingress�r�, l�ctor for�s percuteret,[5] admon�ns c�nsulem
+  adesse, at Pomp�ius for�s Pos�d�ni� percut� hon�ris caus� vetuit.
+  Quem ut v�dit et sal�t�vit, molest� s� d�xit ferre, quod eum n�n
+  posset aud�re. At ille "T� v�r�" inquit "potes, nec committam
+  ut dolor corporis efficiat[5] ut fr�str� tantus vir ad m� v�nerit.[5]"
+  Itaque cub�ns graviter et c�pi�s� d� h�c ips� disput�vit: nihil  {155}
+  esse[6] bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum d�c� posse,
+  quod turpe n�n esset. Cum v�r� dol�r�s �criter eum pungerent,
+  saepe "Nihil agis," inquit "dolor! quamv�s[7] s�s molestus, numquam
+  t� esse malum c�nfit�bor."
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVI (pages 80-86)
+
+    80.3: See Vocab., _Pomp�ius_.
+    80.4: The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See
+    selections XXIV and XXV.
+    80.5: Cf. _iuven�_, l. 7. We should say 'the younger.' He was at
+    this time but nineteen years of age.
+    80.6: #hunc . . . susc�pit#: 'undertook to kill him.' How
+    literally? For #occ�dendum#, see p.�2, n.�18.
+    80.7: #dum#, though meaning 'while' (cf. p. xx, G�2), takes the
+    subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. Terenti
+    said: _f�lium .�.�. suscipiam dum ali� incenditis_.
+    80.8: #solit� hilarius#: 'with (even) more gaiety than usual.'
+    #solit�# is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used.
+    For its case, see p.�10, n.�18.
+    80.9: #qu� ante�#: sc. _�sus erat_.
+    80.10: _percuti�_.
+    81.1: 'proved himself.'
+    81.2: See p. 25, n. 6.
+    81.3: objective gen. (p. 14, n. 15) with the part. #temper�ns#,
+    which here = a simple adj. So #somn�# is obj. gen. with #parcus#.
+    81.4: Sc. _erat_.
+    81.5: abl. of specification.
+    81.6: #e� venient�#: '(as a mark of respect) to him when
+    approaching.' #e�# is a dat. of advantage with #adsurgere#.
+    81.7: After #quem#, whose antecedent is #Carb�#, l. 31, this word
+    might have been omitted without loss of clearness. In fact, such
+    omission is the more usual construction.
+    81.8: #quae . . . fuisset#: causal. Note that in forming the
+    pluperfect subjunctive certain writers often use _fuisset_ for
+    _esset_.
+    81.9: What were the exact words of Sthenius?
+    82.1: _parc�_.
+    82.2: '(being then) a young man.' Cf. p. 44, n. 12.
+    82.3: #exercit� d�miss� . . . exspect�re# = _exercitum d�mittere
+    et .�.�. exspect�re_.
+    82.4: Cf. p. 13, n. 12.
+    82.5: _percell�_.
+    82.6: Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C.
+    82.7: #sen�#: 'because he was old.'
+    82.8: #mult�s . . . concurrentibus#: the abl. abs. here denotes
+    both time and cause; see p. xxiii, K�6. The prefix in
+    #concurrentibus# conveys the idea of 'from every side.'
+    82.9: #in . . . erat# = _ab hostibus captus est_.
+    82.10: #altercant�s partiuntur#: lit., 'wrangling they divided' =
+    'they wrangled about the division.'
+    83.1: Why subjunctive?
+    83.2: '_though_ already old.' The thought is that luxury and
+    effeminacy are especially unbecoming to old age.
+    83.3: See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense
+    in #d�ripuissent#?
+    83.4: Cf. p. 10, n. 10.
+    83.5: See p. xxiii, K 10.
+    83.6: #neque . . . facult�s#: 'but no opportunity,' etc.
+    84.1: #� terg�#: 'in the rear.' See p. 11, n. 10.
+    84.2: _obside�_.
+    84.3: #� qu� . . . petierat#: 'whom he had asked to help him.' How
+    literally? #ut adiuv�ret s�# is a substantive clause of purpose
+    and object of _petierat_. See p.�7, n.�20.
+    84.4: _�rig�_.
+    84.5: #aequ� . . . facere#: lit., 'because he thought it an
+    equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.' The
+    expression is somewhat careless. We would say: 'as glorious to
+    create kings as to conquer them.' #aequ� pulchrum# is predicate,
+    #et vincere .�.�. et facere# subject to #esse#.
+    84.6: #pr�mus . . . domuit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
+    84.7: #i�re vict�riae#: 'by right of (i.e. on the strength�of) his
+    victory.'
+    84.8: 'turning'; lit., 'having turned himself.' Cf. n. on
+    _cingitur_, XIII, l.�29.
+    84.9: 'the City,' i.e. Rome.
+    84.10: Cf. p. xvii, D 1.
+    84.11: #quod . . . praebuerant#: 'the fact that the conquest of
+    (the) three parts,' etc. Cf. p.�5, n.�15, and p. xxiv, L�4.
+    85.1: 'something which'; its antecedent is the clause #pr�mum
+    .�.�. triumph�vit# below.
+    85.2: With #quem gl�riae#, sc. _f�nem habuit_.
+    85.3: The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.
+    85.4: #quod . . . posset#: 'because (as men said) the one,' etc.
+    For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H�4.
+    85.5: #h�c . . . ille#: 'the one (Caesar) . . . the other
+    (Pompey).'
+    85.6: #�nf�st� exercit�#: abl. of accompaniment: H�474, 2, N. 1
+    (419, III, 1,�1): M�634: A�243, _a_, N.: G�392, R. 1: B�222,�1.
+    85.7: #autem# contrasts #neg�rent# with #praec�pisset#. There is a
+    contrast also between #serv�# and #medicus#.
+    85.8: #Erg� . . . Pomp�ius#? The force of this sentence can be
+    given only by a free rendering, thus: 'Shall it be said, then,
+    that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by
+    his luxury?'
+    86.1: #Vir�s . . . hab�bat#: 'he highly honored learned men.'
+    86.2: _audi�_, like our 'hear,' is often used of listening to
+    lectures or to teachers.
+    86.3: #quod . . . lab�r�rent#: i.e. because he had the gout.
+    86.4: #c�nsule . . . ingress�r�#: 'whenever the consul,' etc.;
+    a�temporal abl. abs.
+    86.5: Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see p. xix,
+    F�3.
+    86.6: infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in
+    apposition to #h�c#. This use of the infin. is common.
+    86.7: #quamv�s s�s#: concessive subjunctive: H�586, II (515, III):
+    M�875: A�313, _a_: G�606: B�308.]
+
+
+#XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar# [[stripped text]]
+
+C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens
+sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem;
+cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit
+compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar
+bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe
+elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per
+singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae
+liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo
+per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam,
+cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu
+denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem
+proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere
+cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent,
+exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.
+
+Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica
+donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium
+Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc
+dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope
+quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis
+pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad
+expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta
+piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus
+numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs
+proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum
+locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem
+mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo
+supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique
+suffixit.
+
+Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes transiret
+et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se
+disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar
+malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus
+a�prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos
+Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:
+
+  Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia
+  Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.
+
+Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud
+Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus
+ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate,
+qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo
+efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe.
+
+Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus.
+Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit:
+quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His
+autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse
+diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil.
+
+Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et
+Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod
+displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi
+divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit.
+Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum
+commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus
+effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro
+expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus
+Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad
+arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia
+signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, 'consulibus Caesare et
+Bibulo' actum scriberent, sed 'Iulio et Caesare,' unum consulem nomine
+et cognomine pro duobus appellantes.
+
+Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem
+annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam
+redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte
+fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos,
+ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa
+Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium ipsius
+Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu scuto
+in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis
+aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus comprehensum in
+contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens "Quorsum tu"
+inquit "abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus." Qua adhortatione omnium
+legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit.
+
+Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris
+filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim
+aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari
+Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem.
+Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello
+discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum
+consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum
+ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et
+bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis
+erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans
+quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, "Etiamnunc" inquit "regredi
+possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt."
+Postremo autem "Iacta alea esto!" exclamans exercitum traici iussit
+plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius
+consulesque confugerant.
+
+Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio,
+Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit;
+copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas
+arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim
+impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto
+capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat,
+in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore
+trepidante, "Quid times?" inquit "Caesarem vehis!" neque prius
+gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus
+esset fluctibus.
+
+Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, et
+fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii
+interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit;
+quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium,
+rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu
+diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie,
+more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit.
+Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam
+visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: "Veni,
+vidi, vici." Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias
+Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.
+
+Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod
+Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile
+conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudinem
+sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam
+comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo
+initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo
+consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans fortunam, quod se
+in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non
+recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi
+essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius
+victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem
+omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquies triumphavit.
+
+Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae
+statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut
+trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense
+sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime
+ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio
+movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue
+sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo
+ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius
+civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima
+quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas
+Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas
+paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque:
+Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre
+per Armeniam.
+
+Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in
+perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem
+sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit.
+Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus
+conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema,
+insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus
+videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio
+et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in
+senatu confodere.
+
+Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor
+Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret
+orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi
+fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar
+Spurinnae "Ecquid scis" inquit "Idus Martias iam venisse?" et is "Ecquid
+scis illas nondum praeterisse?" Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum
+venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque
+unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque
+umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem "Ista quidem vis est!" Casca,
+unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae
+bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere
+tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti,
+toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum
+Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse
+fertur: "Tu quoque, mi fili!"
+
+Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia
+obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima
+valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis
+genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in
+sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus,
+repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio
+quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes
+alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet
+eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.
+
+Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis
+est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; cum enim
+scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui
+videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere
+noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum
+darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci
+soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens
+deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se
+epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam
+non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione
+consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat.
+
+Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque
+oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe
+obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus
+decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut
+usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini
+parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est
+unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse.
+Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in
+agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu
+sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate
+conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur
+flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.
+
+
+  #XXVII. G�ius I�lius Caesar# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: CAESAR]
+
+  C. I�lius Caesar,[8] n�bilissim� I�li�rum genitus
+  famili�,[9] annum ag�ns sextum et decimum patrem
+  �m�sit. Corn�liam, Cinnae[10] f�liam, d�xit ux�rem;
+  c�ius pater cum esset Sullae inim�cissimus, is[11]
+  Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudi�ret;                      {5}
+  neque[12] id potuit efficere. Qu� r� Caesar bon�s
+  spoli�tus cum etiam ad necem quaerer�tur, m�t�t�
+  veste nocte urbe �l�psus[13] est et quamquam tunc
+    [[87]]
+  qu�rt�nae[1] morb� lab�r�bat, prope[2] per singul�s noct�s latebr�s
+  comm�t�re c�g�b�tur; et compreh�nsus � Sullae l�b�rt�, n�[3] ad   {10}
+  Sullam perd�cer�tur, vix dat�[4] pec�ni� �v�sit. Postr�m� per
+  propinqu�s et adf�n�s su�s veniam impetr�vit. Satis c�nstat
+  Sullam, cum d�precantibus[5] am�cissim�s et �rn�tissim�s vir�s
+  aliquamdi� d�neg�sset atque ill� pertin�citer contenderent,
+  exp�gn�tum tandem pr�cl�m�sse, vincerent,[6] dummodo sc�rent[7] eum,
+  quem incolumem tant� opere cuperent, aliquand� optim�tium         {16}
+  partibus, qu�s s�cum simul d�fendissent, exiti� fut�rum; nam
+  Caesar� mult�s Mari�s inesse.
+
+  St�pendia pr�ma in Asi� f�cit. In exp�gn�ti�ne Mityl�n�rum
+  cor�n� c�vic� d�n�tus est. Mortu� Sull�, Rhodum s�c�dere          {20}
+  statuit, ut per otium Apoll�ni� Mol�n�, tunc cl�rissim� d�cend�[8]
+  magistr�, operam daret. H�c dum tr�icit, � praed�nibus captus
+  est m�nsitque apud e�s prope quadr�gint� di�s. Per omne autem
+  illud spatium ita s� gessit, ut p�r�t�s pariter terr�r� vener�ti�n�que
+  esset. Comit�s interim serv�sque ad expediend�s pec�ni�s, quibus  {25}
+  redimer�tur, d�m�sit. V�gint� talenta p�r�tae p�stul�verant: ille
+  qu�nqu�gint� dat�rum s� spopondit. Quibus numer�t�s cum           {27}
+  expositus esset in l�tore, c�nf�stim M�l�tum, quae urbs proxim�[9]
+  aberat, proper�vit ibique contr�ct� classe invectus in eum locum,
+  in qu� ips� praed�n�s erant, partem classis fug�vit, partem mersit,
+  aliquot n�v�s c�pit p�r�t�sque in potest�tem red�ct�s e� supplici�,
+  quod ill�s saepe min�tus inter iocum erat, adf�cit cruc�que suff�xit.
+
+    [[88]]
+  Quaest�r� �lterior[1] Hisp�nia obv�nit. Qu� profectus cum Alp�s
+  tr�ns�ret et ad c�nspectum pauperis c�iusdam v�c� comit�s per     {35}
+  iocum inter s� disput�rent num ill�c[2] etiam esset ambiti�n� locus,
+  s�ri� d�xit Caesar m�lle s� ibi pr�mum esse, quam R�mae secundum.
+  Domin�ti�nis avidus[3] �pr�m� aet�te r�gnum concup�sc�bat
+  semperque in �re hab�bat h�s Eur�pidis, Graec� po�tae, vers�s:
+
+    Nam s� violandum est i�s, r�gnand� gr�ti�                       {40}
+    Violandum est. Ali�s[4] r�bus piet�tem col�s.[5]
+
+  Cumque Gad�s, quod est Hisp�niae oppidum, v�nisset, animadvers�
+  apud Herculis templum m�gn� Alexandr� im�gine ingemuit
+  et quasi pertaesus �gn�viam suam, quod nihildum � s� memor�bile
+  �ctum esset in e� aet�te, qu� iam Alexander orbem terr�rum        {45}
+  sub�gisset, missi�nem continu� effl�git�vit ad captand�s quam pr�mum
+  m�i�rum r�rum occ�si�nes in urbe.
+
+  Aed�lis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capit�lium �rn�vit
+  porticibus. V�n�ti�nes autem l�d�sque[6] et cum conl�g� M. Bibul�
+  et s�par�tim �didit: qu�[7] factum est ut comm�nium quoque        {50}
+  imp�ns�rum s�lus gr�tiam caperet. H�s autem r�bus patrim�nium
+  eff�dit tantumque c�nfl�vit aes ali�num, ut ipse d�ceret sibi[8] opus
+  esse m�lli�s s�stertium, ut hab�ret nihil.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 60.]
+
+  C�nsul deinde cre�tus cum M. Bibul�, societ�tem[9] cum Gnae�
+  Pomp�i� et Marc� Crass� i�nxit Caesar, n� quid ager�tur in        {55}
+  r� p�blic�, quod displicuisset �ll� ex tribus. Deinde l�gem
+    [[89]]
+  tulit ut ager Camp�nus pl�b� d�v�der�tur. Cu� l�g� cum sen�tus
+  rep�gn�ret, rem ad populum d�tulit. Bibulus conl�ga in Forum
+  v�nit, ut l�g� obsisteret, sed tanta in eum comm�ta est s�diti�, ut
+  in caput �ius cophinus stercore pl�nus effunder�tur fasc�sque e�  {60}
+  frangerentur atque ade� ipse arm�s For� expeller�tur. Qu� r�
+  cum Bibulus per reliquum ann� tempus dom� abditus C�ri� abstin�ret,
+  �nus ex e� tempore Caesar omnia in r� p�blic� ad arbitrium
+  administr�bat, ut n�nn�ll� urb�n�rum, s�[1] quid t�stand� gr�ti�
+  s�gn�rent, per iocum n�n, ut m�s erat, 'c�nsulibus[2] Caesare et  {65}
+  Bibul�' �ctum[3] scr�berent, sed 'I�li� et Caesare,' �num c�nsulem
+  n�mine et c�gn�mine pr� du�bus appellant�s.
+
+  F�nctus[4] c�nsul�t� Caesar Galliam pr�vinciam acc�pit. Gessit
+  autem novem[5] ann�s, quibus[5] in imperi� fuit, haec fer�: Galliam
+  in pr�vinciae f�rmam red�git; Germ�n�s, qu� tr�ns Rh�num          {70}
+  incolunt, pr�mus R�m�n�rum ponte fabric�t� aggressus m�xim�s
+  adf�cit cl�dibus. Aggressus est Britann�s, �gn�t�s ante�,
+  super�t�sque[6] pec�ni�s et obsid�s imper�vit. H�c[7] cum[8] multa
+  R�m�n�rum m�litum �ns�gnia n�rrantur, tum[8] illud[9] �gregium ips�us
+  Caesaris, quod, n�tante in fugam exercit�, rapt� fugientis � man�
+  sc�t� in pr�mam volit�ns aciem proelium restituit. �dem ali�      {76}
+  proeli� legi�nis aquiliferum ineundae fugae caus� iam[10] conversum
+  faucibus compreh�nsum[11] in contr�riam partem d�tr�xit dextramque
+    [[90]]
+  ad hostem tend�ns "Qu�rsum t�" inquit "ab�s? Ill�c sunt,
+  cum quibus d�mic�mus." Qu� adhort�ti�ne omnium legi�num           {80}
+  trepid�ti�nem corr�xit vinc�que par�t�s vincere docuit.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 53.]
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]
+
+  Interfect� intere� apud Parth�s Crass� et d�f�nct� I�li�,
+  Caesaris f�li�, quae, n�pta Pomp�i�, gener� socer�que concordiam
+  ten�bat,[1] statim aemul�ti� �r�pit. Iam pr�dem Pomp�i�
+  s�spectae[2] Caesaris op�s et Caesar� Pomp�i�na d�gnit�s gravis,  {85}
+  nec h�c[3] fer�bat parem, nec ille[3] superi�rem. Itaque cum
+  Caesar in Galli� d�tin�r�tur, et, n� imperfect� bell� disc�deret,
+  p�stul�sset ut sibi lic�ret, quamv�s absent�,[4] alterum c�nsul�tum
+  petere, � sen�t�, su�dentibus Pomp�i� �iusque am�c�s, neg�tum e�
+  est. Hanc ini�riam acceptam vindic�t�rus[5] in �taliam rediit et  {90}
+  bellandum[6] ratus cum exercit� Rubic�nem fl�men, qu�[7]
+  pr�vinciae �ius f�nis erat, tr�nsiit. H�c ad fl�men paulum
+  c�nstitisse fertur ac reput�ns quantum m�l�r�tur, conversus ad
+  proxim�s, "Etiamnunc" inquit "regred� possumus; quod s� ponticulum
+  tr�nsierimus, omnia arm�s agenda erunt." Postr�m� autem           {95}
+  "Iacta �lea est�!" excl�m�ns exercitum tr�ic� iussit pl�rim�sque
+  urbibus occup�t�s Brundisium contendit, qu� Pomp�ius c�nsul�sque
+  c�nf�gerant.
+
+  Qu� cum inde in �p�rum tr�i�cissent, Caesar, e�s sec�tus �        {99}
+  Brundisi�, Dyrrachium inter[8] opposit�s class�s gravissim� hieme
+  tr�nsm�sit; c�pi�sque[9] qu�s subsequ� iusserat di�tius cessantibus,
+  cum ad e�s arcessend�s fr�str� m�sisset, m�rae aud�ciae facinus
+    [[91]]
+  �didit. Morae enim impati�ns castr�s noct� �greditur, clam
+  n�viculam c�nscendit, obvol�t� capite, n� �gn�scer�tur, et quamquam
+  mare saev� tempest�te intum�sc�bat, in altum tamen pr�tinus      {105}
+  d�rig� n�vigium iubet et, gubern�t�re trepidante, "Quid tim�s?"
+  inquit "Caesarem vehis!" neque prius[1] gubern�t�rem c�dere
+  adversae tempest�t� passus est, quam[1] paene obrutus esset[1]
+  fluctibus.
+
+  [Sidenote: B.C. 48.]
+
+  Deinde Caesar in �p�rum profectus Pomp�ium Phars�lic�            {110}
+  proeli� f�dit, et fugientem persec�tus, ut occ�sum c�gn�vit,
+  Ptolemae� r�g�, Pomp�i� interfect�r�, � qu� sibi quoque
+  �nsidi�s tend� vid�ret, bellum intulit; qu� vict� in Pontum
+  tr�nsiit Pharnacemque, Mithrid�tis f�lium, rebellantem et        {114}
+  multiplic� success�[2] praefer�cem intr�[3] qu�ntum ab advent� diem,
+  quattuor, quibus[4] in c�nspectum v�nit, h�r�s[4] �n� pr�fl�g�vit
+  aci�, m�re fulminis, quod �n� e�demque m�ment� v�nit, percussit,
+  abscessit. Nec v�na d� s� praedic�ti� est Caesaris ante
+  victum hostem esse quam v�sum.[5] Pontic�[6] poste� triumph�
+  trium verb�rum praetulit titulum: "V�n�, v�d�, v�c�." Deinde     {120}
+  Sc�pi�nem[7] et Iubam, Numidiae r�gem, reliqui�s Pomp�i�n�rum
+  partium in �fric� refovent�s, d�v�cit.[8]
+
+  Vict�rem �fric�n� bell� G�ium Caesarem gravius exc�pit Hisp�ni�nse,
+  quod Cn. Pomp�ius, M�gn�[9] f�lius, adul�sc�ns fortissimus,
+  ing�ns ac terribile c�nfl�verat, undique ad eum auxili�s[10]     {125}
+  patern� n�minis m�gnit�dinem sequentium[11] ex t�t� orbe
+      c�nfluentibus.
+    [[92]]
+  Sua[1] Caesarem in Hisp�niam comit�ta fort�na est: sed
+  n�llum umquam atr�cius per�cul�siusque ab e� initum proelium,
+  ade� ut, pl�s[2] quam dubi� M�rte, d�scenderet equ� c�nsist�nsque
+  ante rec�dentem su�rum aciem increp�ns fort�nam, quod s� in      {130}
+  eum serv�sset exitum, d�n�nti�ret m�litibus v�st�gi� s� n�n
+  recess�rum; proinde vid�rent,[3] quem[4] et qu� loc� imper�t�rem
+  d�sert�r� essent. Ver�cundi� magis quam virt�te aci�s restit�ta est.
+  Cn. Pomp�ius victus et inter�mptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,
+  regressus in urbem omnibus, qu� contr� s� arma tulerant, �gn�vit
+  et qu�nqui�s triumph�vit.                                        {136}
+
+  Bell�s c�v�libus c�nfect�s, conversus iam ad �rdinandum re�
+  p�blicae statum f�st�s[5] corr�xit annumque ad cursum s�lis
+  accommod�vit, ut trecent�rum sex�gint� qu�nque di�rum esset
+  et, intercal�ri�[5] m�nse subl�t�, �nus di�s qu�rt� qu�que[6] ann�
+  intercal�r�tur. I�s lab�ri�sissim� ac sev�rissim� d�xit.         {141}
+  Repetund�rum[7] convict�s etiam �rdine sen�t�ri� m�vit. Peregr�n�rum
+  mercium port�ria �nstituit: l�gem[8] praecipu� s�mptu�riam exercuit.
+  D� �rnand� �nstruend�que urbe, item d� tuend� ampliand�que
+  imperi� pl�ra ac m�i�ra in di�s d�stin�bat: impr�m�s i�s         {145}
+  c�v�le ad certum modum redigere[9] atque ex imm�ns� l�gum c�pi�
+    [[93]]
+  optima quaeque et necess�ria in paucissim�s c�nferre libr�s;
+  biblioth�c�s Graec�s et Lat�n�s, qu�s[1] m�xim�s posset, p�blic�re;
+  sicc�re Pompt�n�s pal�d�s: viam mun�re � Mar� Super� per Apenn�n�
+  dorsum ad Tiberim �sque: D�c�s, qu� s� in Pontum eff�derant,     {150}
+  coerc�re: mox Parth�s bellum �nferre per Armeniam.
+
+  Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praev�nit. Dict�tor
+  enim in perpetuum cre�tus agere �nsolentius coepit: sen�tum ad
+  s� venientem sed�ns exc�pit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,  {154}
+  �r�t� vult� respexit. Cum Ant�nius,[2] Caesaris in omnibus bell�s
+  comes et tunc c�nsul�t�s conl�ga, capit� �ius in sell� aure� sedentis
+  pr� r�str�s diad�ma, �ns�gne r�gium, imposuisset, id ita ab e�
+  est repulsum, ut n�n off�nsus vid�r�tur. Qu�r� coni�r�tum in
+  eum est �[3] sex�gint� amplius vir�s, Cassi� et Br�t� ducibus    {159}
+  c�nsp�r�ti�nis, d�cr�tumque eum �dibus M�rti�s in sen�t� c�nfodere.
+
+  [Sidenote: March 15, B.C. 44.]
+
+  Pl�rima indicia fut�r� per�cul� obtulerant di� immort�l�s. Uxor
+  Calpurnia, territa nocturn� v�s�, ut �dibus M�rti�s dom� subsisteret
+  �r�bat et Sp�rinna har�spex praed�xerat[4] ut proxim�s di�s
+  tr�gint� quasi f�t�l�s cav�ret, qu�rum ultimus erat �d�s M�rtiae.
+  H�c igitur di� Caesar Sp�rinnae "Ecquid sc�s" inquit "�d�s       {165}
+  M�rti�s iam v�nisse?" et is "Ecquid sc�s ill�s n�ndum praeter�sse?"
+  Atque cum Caesar e� di� in sen�tum v�nisset, ads�dentem
+  c�nsp�r�t� speci�[5] offici� circumstet�runt �lic�que �nus, quasi
+  aliquid rog�t�rus, propius accessit renuent�que[6] ab[7] utr�que
+  umer� togam apprehendit. Deinde cl�mantem "Ista quidem           {170}
+  v�s est!" Casca, �nus � coni�r�t�s, adversum[8] vulnerat paulum
+    [[94]]
+  �nfr� iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphi� tr�i�cit
+  c�n�tusque pr�sil�re ali� vulnere tard�tus est. Dein ut
+  animadvertit undique s� strict�s pugi�nibus pet�,[1] tog� caput
+  obvolvit et ita tribus et v�gint� pl�g�s c�nfossus est. Cum      {175}
+  M�rcum Br�tum, quem f�li� loc� hab�bat in s� inruentem v�disset,
+  d�xisse fertur: "T� quoque, m� f�l�!"
+
+    [Illustration: THE DEATH OF CAESAR]
+
+  Illud inter omn�s fer� c�nstitit t�lem e� mortem paene ex
+  sententi� obtigisse.[2] Nam et quondam cum apud Xenoph�ntem
+  l�gisset Cyrum ultim� val�t�dine mand�sse quaedam d� f�nere      {180}
+  su�, �spern�tus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque
+    [[95]]
+  opt�verat, et pr�di� quam occ�der�tur, in serm�ne n�t� super
+  c�nam quisnam esset f�nis v�tae commodissimus, repent�num
+  inop�n�tumque praetulerat. Percuss�rum autem neque trienni�
+  quisquam amplius superv�xit neque su�[1] morte d�f�nctus est.    {185}
+  Damn�t� omn�s alius ali� c�s� peri�runt, pars naufragi�, pars
+  proeli�; n�nn�ll� s�met e�dem ill� pugi�ne, qu� Caesarem viol�verant,
+  inter�m�runt.
+
+  Qu�[2] r�rior in r�gibus et pr�ncipibus vir�s moder�ti�, h�c
+  laudanda magis est. C. I�lius Caesar vict�ri� c�v�l�[3]          {190}
+  cl�mentissim� �sus est; cum enim scr�nia d�prehendisset epistul�rum
+  ad Pomp�ium miss�rum ab i�s, qu�[4] vid�bantur aut in d�vers�s
+  aut in neutr�s fuisse partibus, legere n�luit, sed comb�ssit, n�[5]
+  forte in mult�s gravius c�nsulend� locum darent. Cicer� hanc     {194}
+  laudem eximiam Caesar� tribuit, quod nihil obliv�sc� sol�ret nisi
+  ini�ri�s. Simult�t�s omn�s, occ�si�ne obl�t�, lib�ns d�posuit.
+  Ultr� ac prior scr�psit C. Calv� post f�m�sa �ius adversum s�
+  epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, c�ius[6] versicul�s f�mam suam
+  lacer�tam n�n �gn�r�bat, adhibuit c�nae. C. Memmi� suffr�g�tor
+  in pet�ti�ne c�nsul�t�s fuit, ets� asperrim�s fuisse �ius in s�  {200}
+  �r�ti�n�s sci�bat.
+
+  Fuisse tr�ditur excels� stat�r�,[7] �re[7] paul�[8] pl�ni�re, nigr�s
+  veget�sque ocul�s,[7] capite[7] calv�; quam calviti� d�f�rmit�tem,
+  quod saepe obtr�ct�t�rum ioc�s obnoxia erat, aegr� fer�bat. Ide�
+  ex omnibus d�cr�t�s sibi � sen�t� popul�que hon�ribus n�n alium  {205}
+  aut rec�pit aut �s�rp�vit libentius quam i�s laureae[9] perpetu�
+    [[96]]
+  gestandae. V�n�[1] parcissimum eum fuisse n� inim�c� quidem
+  neg�v�runt. Verbum Cat�nis est �num ex omnibus Caesarem
+  ad �vertendam rem p�blicam s�brium accessisse. Arm�rum et
+  equitand� per�tissimus, lab�ris ultr� fidem pati�ns; in �gmine   {210}
+  n�nnumquam equ�, saepius pedibus ante�bat, capite d�t�ct�, seu
+  s�l, seu imber erat. Longissim�s vi�s incr�dibil� celerit�te
+  c�nfici�bat, ut[2] persaepe n�nti�s d� s� praeven�ret: neque eum
+  mor�bantur fl�mina, quae vel nand� vel inn�xus �nfl�t�s utribus
+  tr�ici�bat.                                                      {215}
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVII (pages 86-96)
+
+    86.8: See Vocab., _I�lius_.
+    86.9: ablative of source.
+    86.10: Cf. p. 73, n. 1.
+    86.11: i.e. Sulla.
+    86.12: #neque potuit#: '_but_ he was not able.'
+    86.13: _�l�bor_.
+    87.1: #qu�rt�nae# (sc. _febris_) #. . . lab�r�bat#: 'he was
+    suffering from intermittent fever.' #morb�# is abl. of cause.
+    87.2: #prope . . . noct�s#: 'almost every night.'
+    87.3: #n� . . . �v�sit#: 'he barely, by giving money, escaped
+    being surrendered to Sulla.' #n� .�.�. perd�cer�tur# expresses the
+    purpose of #dat� pec�ni�#.
+    87.4: Cf. p. xxiii, K 8.
+    87.5: = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, L 1): 'who pleaded (for
+    Caesar)'; lit., 'who sought to beg him off.'
+    87.6: For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said: _Vincite,
+    dummodo sci�tis_, etc. Translate #pr�cl�m�sse .�.�. sc�rent# thus:
+    'cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to
+    (lit. provided they) realize.'
+    87.7: See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.
+    87.8: 'oratory.'
+    87.9: _prope abesse_ = 'to be near by,' is a common idiom.
+    88.1: See Vocab., _Hisp�nia_.
+    88.2: i.e. even in so insignificant a place.
+    88.3: = _quod avidus erat_.
+    88.4: #ali�s r�bus#: 'under other circumstances,' 'otherwise.' For
+    the case, see p.�27, n.�3.
+    88.5: The subjunctive here = an imperative: see p. 31, n.�9. Note
+    also that #col�s# is an example of the indefinite or universal
+    second person, since the command is addressed, not to any
+    particular individual, but to any one and every one.
+    88.6: #l�d�s �didit#: 'he celebrated games.' On the magnificence
+    of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their
+    chance of promotion to the higher offices.
+    88.7: 'whereby'; abl. of means.
+    88.8: #sibi . . . s�stertium#: with #m�lli�s# sc. _cent�na m�lia_,
+    and take #s�stertium# as gen. plural from _s�stertius_, and
+    dependent on _m�lia_. Translate: 'that he needed 100,000,000
+    sesterces,' i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., _s�stertius_.
+    88.9: #societ�tem . . . i�nxit#: this combination is called 'The
+    First Triumvirate.'
+    89.1: #s� . . . s�gn�rent#: an instance of the iterative
+    subjunctive (p.�45, n.�2) = 'whenever they affixed their seals as
+    witnesses.'
+    89.2: #c�nsulibus . . . Bibul�#: for this way of dating events,
+    see XIV,�1.
+    89.3: Sc. _esse_.
+    89.4: #f�nctus# (_fungor_) = _postquam f�nctus est_.
+    89.5: Cf. p. xvii, C 2.
+    89.6: Sc. _e�s_, as dat. of indirect object with #imper�vit#.
+    Caesar's operations were confined to the southern portion of Great
+    Britain.
+    89.7: = _H�c tempore_, i.e. during this campaign. The language of
+    this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he
+    were going to say: _H�c, cum .�.�. n�rrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum
+    �gregium f�cisse n�rrant_, but changes the construction at #tum#.
+    89.8: #cum . . . tum#: cf. p. 67, n. 7.
+    89.9: #illud# is explained by the clause #quod .�.�. restituit#.
+    The episode occurred in one of Caesar's Gallic campaigns, not, as
+    here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of
+    Caesar's _Gallic War_. Cf. also Longfellow's _Courtship of Miles
+    Standish_,�II.
+    89.10: #iam conversum# = _qu� iam conversus erat_.
+    89.11: #compreh�nsum . . . d�tr�xit# = _comprehendit et .�.�.
+    d�tr�xit_.
+    90.1: 'preserved.'
+    90.2: Sc. _erant_; also _erat_ with #gravis#. Through the
+    influence of #iam pr�dem# both verbs have the force of Eng.
+    pluperfects: H�535, 1 (469,�2): M�738: A�277, _b_: G�234:
+    B�260,�4.
+    90.3: Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in #Caesaris .�.�.
+    superi�rem#.
+    90.4: The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy
+    in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar
+    desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C.
+    90.5: Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
+    90.6: #bellandum# (sc. _esse_): an impersonal passive: 'that war
+    was necessary.'
+    90.7: #qu� . . . erat#: this river also formed the boundary
+    between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it
+    Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the
+    government.
+    90.8: = _per_, 'through the midst of.'
+    90.9: #c�pi�s . . . c�ssantibus#: causal abl. abs.: 'when, because
+    his forces .�.�. tarried too long, he had sent,' etc.
+    91.1: Cf. p. xx, G 4.
+    91.2: abl. both of cause and means. Join with #praefer�cem#.
+    91.3: #intr� . . . v�nit#: 'within four days of his arrival (and)
+    within four hours after he caught sight of him.'
+    91.4: See p. xvii, C 2.
+    91.5: Strictly, we ought to have _ante victum esse quam v�sus
+    esset_, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse.
+    Caesar said: _ante victus est quam v�sus_ (_est_). The infinitive
+    #v�sum# (_esse_) is due to attraction of the neighboring
+    infinitive #victum esse#.
+    91.6: #Pontic� . . . triumph�#: i.e. the procession in which he
+    celebrated his victory in Pontus. #triumph�# is dat. with
+    #praetulit#.
+    91.7: Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.
+    91.8: at Thapsus, 46 B.C.
+    91.9: Cf. XXVI, 49.
+    91.10: #auxili�s . . . c�nfluentibus#: the abl. abs. denotes both
+    cause and attendant circumstance.
+    91.11: = _e�rum qu� sequ�bantur_. Cf. _volentibus_, XIII, 97.
+    92.1: 'His own,' i.e. his usual.
+    92.2: #pl�s . . . M�rte#: 'since the battle was more than
+    doubtful.' The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C.
+    92.3: Cf. p. 63, n. 5.
+    92.4: = _qu�lem_. So #qu�# = _qu�l�_.
+    92.5: #f�st�s corr�xit#: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa
+    divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the
+    moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to
+    make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong,
+    Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a _m�nsis
+    intercal�ris_, should be added. These intercalary months were
+    inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23
+    days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4
+    days. A�further cause of confusion was the fact that the
+    Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political
+    reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar's time the error
+    amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is
+    almost identical with that in use to-day.
+    92.6: from _quisque_: 'each,' 'every.'
+    92.7: Sc. _r�rum_. _r�s repetundae_ was a technical term for
+    'extortion.' For the gen., see p.�36, n.�8.
+    92.8: A _l�x sumptu�ria_ was a law regulating the sums of money
+    which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted
+    especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.
+    92.9: The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the
+    clauses in which they stand are in apposition to _pl�ra ac
+    m�i�ra_, l. 144. See p.�86, n.�5.
+    93.1: #qu�s . . . p�blic�re#: 'to throw open to the public as
+    large libraries as possible.'
+    93.2: The celebrated Mark Antony.
+    93.3: #� . . . vir�s#: 'by more than sixty men.' For the case of
+    #vir�s#, see p.�10, n.�18.
+    93.4: 'had warned him,' _not_ 'had predicted': hence it may be
+    construed with a substantive clause of purpose (#ut�.�.�.
+    cav�ret#) as its object.
+    93.5: #speci� offici�#: 'under pretense of doing him honor.' Cf.
+    _per speciem v�nand�_, XIX,�60.
+    93.6: Sc. _e�_: dat. of interest.
+    93.7: 'by'; cf. p. 11, n. 10.
+    93.8: #adversum# (sc. _eum_) #vulnerat#: 'wounds him in front.'
+    The wound was in the shoulder. For #adversum# as = an adverbial
+    phrase, cf. p.�4, n.�4.
+    94.1: 'assailed.'
+    94.2: _obting�_.
+    95.1: #su� morte#: 'a natural death'; an ablative of manner.
+    95.2: #Qu� r�rior . . . h�c laudanda magis#: 'The rarer .�.�. the
+    more praiseworthy.' #Qu�# and #h�c# are ablative of the degree of
+    difference (a�variety of the ablative of means): cf. p.�39, n.�12.
+    95.3: i.e. over his fellow-citizens.
+    95.4: #qu� . . . partibus#: 'who had apparently belonged,' etc.
+    How literally? With #d�vers�s# sc. _Pomp�i�_.
+    95.5: #n� . . . darent#: 'that they might not by any chance give
+    occasion to vigorous measures,' etc.
+    95.6: #c�ius . . . �gn�r�bat#: 'by whose verses, as he very well
+    knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.'
+    95.7: ablatives of characteristic.
+    95.8: #paul� pl�ni�re#: 'somewhat full.'
+    95.9: Sc. _cor�nae_, and cf. the frequent omission of _manus_ with
+    _dextra_ and _sinistra_.
+    96.1: #V�n� parcissimum#: cf. _Cib� v�n�que temper�ns, somn�
+    parcus_, XXVI, 21, and note.
+    96.2: #ut . . . praeven�ret# expresses result, not purpose.]
+
+
+#XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero# [[stripped text]]
+
+Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum
+oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam
+habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum.
+Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, "Dabo operam" inquit "ut
+istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat." Cum a patre
+Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas
+artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari,
+tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum
+admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad
+alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas
+adirent, reperti esse dicantur.
+
+Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse
+intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium
+incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro
+et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque
+diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus
+Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob
+Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo
+defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum
+in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus
+Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose
+audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum
+rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem
+audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude
+privaretur.
+
+Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut
+gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas,
+initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere;
+postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores
+quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia
+reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum
+patronos et esset et haberetur princeps.
+
+Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari
+virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium,
+incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit
+secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit:
+stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra manu,
+neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles
+erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti
+mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra
+manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis.
+Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione
+exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit.
+Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit
+etiam fortunam.
+
+Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. Hic
+enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum
+conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus
+indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset,
+coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem
+incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo
+imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules
+incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit.
+Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina,
+incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad
+exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed
+socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt.
+A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma
+inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam secutum
+inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis
+adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae
+adversus Catilinam genuisse.
+
+Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Romam
+petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus
+docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando ceperat
+locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium
+cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset!
+Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero
+ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae
+fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus eam.
+"O�dii immortales," inquit "vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum
+cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus
+omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique
+praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et
+inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum
+tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate illa
+turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu."
+
+Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod
+cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in
+publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset
+armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem
+fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius
+edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius
+domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus
+fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare
+coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est.
+Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit
+iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica
+pecunia restituta est.
+
+Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt
+inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem
+summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis
+calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere
+posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore
+veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem,
+fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur.
+
+Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi
+inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in
+villam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in
+Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo
+venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset,
+taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam
+"Moriar" inquit "in patria saepe servata." Satis constat, adventantibus
+percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad
+dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua
+cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti
+caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad
+Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.
+
+Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat,
+in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus
+operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius
+C.�Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nec
+indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque
+rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil
+agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias
+posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum
+temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scribendum:
+atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut
+doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re
+publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae
+et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium
+praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, sed
+etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.
+
+Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae
+staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, "Quis" inquit
+"generum meum ad gladium adligavit?"--Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, quam
+erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero
+"Verum est," inquit "nam hoc viginti annos audio."--Caesar, altero
+consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora septima in
+reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent salutatum de
+more, "Festinemus" inquit Cicero "priusquam abeat magistratu." De eodem
+Caninio scripsit Cicero: "Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto
+suo consulatu somnum non viderit."
+
+
+  #XXVIII. M�rcus Tullius Cicer�# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: CICER�]
+
+  M�rcus Tullius Cicer�, equestr� genere, Arp�n�,
+  quod est Volsc�rum oppidum, n�tus est. Ex �ius
+  av�s[3] �nus verr�cam[4] in extr�m� n�s�[5] sitam
+  habuit, ciceris[6] gr�n� similem; inde c�gn�men
+  Cicer�nis gent� inditum. Su�dentibus quibusdam                     {5}
+  ut id n�men m�t�ret, "Dab� operam"
+  inquit "ut istud c�gn�men n�bilissim�rum
+  n�minum splend�rem vincat." Cum � patre
+  R�mam missus, ubi[7] celeberrim�rum magistr�rum
+  schol�s interesset, e�s art�s d�sceret, quibus aet�s puer�lis ad  {10}
+  h�m�nit�tem[8] solet �nf�rm�r�, tant� success� tant�que cum
+  praecept�rum tum c�ter�rum d�scipul�rum adm�r�ti�ne id f�cit, ut,
+  cum f�ma d� Cicer�nis ingeni� et doctr�n� ad ali�s m�n�sset,[9]
+  n�n pauc�, qu� �ius vidend� et audiend� gr�ti� schol�s ad�rent,
+  repert� esse d�cantur.                                            {15}
+
+  Cum n�ll� r� magis ad summ�s in r� p�blic� hon�r�s viam
+  m�n�r� posse intellegeret quam arte d�cend� et �loquenti�, t�t�
+    [[97]]
+  anim� in �ius studium incubuit,[1] in qu� quidem ita vers�tus[2] est,
+  ut n�n s�lum e�s, qu� in For� et i�dici�s[3] caus�s per�r�rent,[4]
+  studi�s� sect�r�tur,[5] sed pr�v�tim quoque d�ligentissim� s�     {20}
+  exerc�ret. Pr�mum �loquentiam et l�bert�tem[6] adversus Sull�n�s
+  ostendit. Nam cum R�scium quendam, parric�di� acc�s�tum, ob
+  Chrysogon�, Sullae l�b�rt�,[7] qu� in �ius advers�ri�s erat, potentiam
+  n�m� d�fendere aud�ret, tant� �loquentiae v� eum d�fendit Cicer�,
+  ut iam tum in arte d�cend� n�llus e� p�r esse vid�r�tur. Ex qu�   {25}
+  invidiam veritus[8] Ath�n�s studi�rum gr�ti� petiit, ubi Antiochum
+  philosophum studi�s� aud�vit. Inde �loquentiae caus� Rhodum
+  s� contulit, ubi Mol�nem, Graecum rh�torem tum disertissimum,[9]
+  magistrum habuit. Qu� cum Cicer�nem d�centem aud�visset,
+  fl�visse d�citur, quod per hunc Graecia �loquentiae laude         {30}
+  pr�v�r�tur.[10]
+
+  R�mam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. N�ll�us v�r� quaest�ra
+  aut gr�tior aut cl�rior fuit; cum m�gna tum esset ann�nae[11]
+  difficult�s, initi� molestus erat Sicul�s, qu�s c�geret fr�menta in
+  urbem mittere; poste� v�r�, d�ligentiam et i�stitiam et c�mit�tem[12]
+  �ius expert�,[13] m�i�r�s quaest�r� su� hon�r�s quam �ll�         {36}
+  umquam praet�r� d�tul�runt. � Sicili� reversus R�mam in caus�s
+  d�cend�s ita fl�ruit, ut inter omn�s caus�rum patr�n�s[14] et esset
+  et hab�r�tur pr�nceps.
+
+  C�nsul deinde factus L. Sergi� Catil�nae coni�r�ti�nem singul�r�  {40}
+  virt�te, c�nstanti�, c�r� compressit.[15] Catil�nae proavum,[16]
+  M. Sergium, incr�dibil� fortit�dine fuisse Pl�nius refert.
+      St�pendia[17]
+  is f�cit secund� bell� P�nic�. Secund� st�pendi�[18] dextram      {43}
+  manum perdidit: st�pendi�s[18] du�bus ter et v�ci�s vulner�tus est:
+  ob id neutr� man�, neutr� pede satis �tilis, pl�rim�sque[19] poste�
+    [[98]]
+  st�pendi�s d�bilis[1] m�les erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis[2]
+  vincul�rum �ius profugus, v�gint� m�nsibus n�ll�[3] n�n di� in
+  cat�n�s[4] aut compedibus[5] c�st�d�tus. Sinistr� man� s�l� quater
+  p�gn�vit, du�bus equ�s, �nsidente e�, suffoss�s.[6] Dextram sibi
+  ferream f�cit e�que relig�t�[7] proeli�tus Crem�nam obsidi�ne     {50}
+  ex�mit, Placentiam t�t�tus est, duod�na castra hostium in Galli�
+  c�pit. C�ter� profect�, Pl�nius addit, vict�r�s hominum fu�re,
+  Sergius v�cit etiam fort�nam.
+
+  Singul�rem h�ius vir� gl�riam foed� dehonest�vit pronep�tis[8]
+  scelus. H�c enim re� famili�ris, quam prof�derat, inopi�          {55}
+  mult�rumque scelerum c�nscienti� in fur�rem �ctus et dominand�
+  cupidit�te inc�nsus ind�gn�tusque, quod in pet�ti�ne c�nsul�t�s
+  repulsam[9] passus esset, coni�r�ti�ne fact� sen�tum c�nfodere,
+  c�nsul�s truc�d�re,[10] urbem incendere, d�ripere aer�rium
+      c�nstituerat.
+  �ctum[11] erat d� pulcherrim� imperi�, nisi illa coni�r�ti�       {60}
+  in[12] Cicer�nem et Ant�nium c�nsul�s incidisset, qu�rum alter[13]
+  ind�stri� rem patef�cit, alter man�[14] oppressit. Cum Cicer�,
+  habit� sen�t�, in praesentem reum[15] per�r�sset, Catil�na, incendium
+  suum ru�n�[16] s� restinct�rum esse minit�ns, R�m� prof�git
+  et ad exercitum, quem par�verat, profic�scitur, s�gna inl�t�rus   {65}
+  urb�. Sed soci� �ius, qu� in urbe rem�nserant, compreh�ns� in
+  carcere nec�t� sunt. A. Fulvius, vir sen�t�ri� �rdinis, f�lium,
+  iuvenem et ingeni� et f�rm� inter aequ�l�s nitentem,[17] pr�v�
+  c�nsili� Catil�nae am�citiam sec�tum inque castra �ius ruentem,
+  ex medi� itinere retr�ctum supplici� mortis adf�cit, praef�tus[18]
+  n�n s� Catil�nae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus     {71}
+  Catil�nam genuisse.[19]
+
+    [[99]]
+  Neque e� magis ab incept� Catil�na d�stitit, sed �nf�st�s s�gn�s
+  R�mam pet�ns Ant�ni� exercit� opprimitur. Quam atr�citer
+  d�mic�tum sit exitus docuit: n�m� hostium bell� superfuit;        {75}
+  quem quisque in p�gnand� c�perat locum, eum �miss� anim�[1]
+  teg�bat. Catil�na long� � su�s inter hostium cad�vera[2] repertus
+  est: pulcherrim� morte,[3] s� pr� patri� s�c concidisset! Sen�tus
+  populusque R�m�nus Cicer�nem patrem patriae appell�vit. Cicer�
+  ipse in �r�ti�ne pr� Sull� palam praedicat c�nsilium patriae      {80}
+  servandae fuisse iniectum sibi � di�s, cum Catil�na coni�r�sset
+  adversus eam. "� di� immort�l�s," inquit "v�s profect�
+  incendistis tum animum meum cupidit�te c�nservandae patriae. V�s
+  �voc�stis m� � c�git�ti�nibus omnibus c�ter�s et convertistis ad
+  sal�tem �nam patriae. V�s d�nique praetulistis ment� meae         {85}
+  cl�rissimum l�men in tenebr�s tant�s err�ris et �nscientiae.
+  Tribuam enim v�b�s, quae sunt vestra. Nec v�r� possum tantum
+  dare ingeni� me�, ut[4] d�spexerim sponte me� in tempest�te ill�
+  turbulentissim� re� p�blicae, quid esset optimum fact�."
+
+  Pauc�s post ann�s Cicer�n� diem d�xit Cl�dius trib�nus pl�bis,    {90}
+  quod c�v�s R�m�n�s indict�[5] caus� nec�visset. Sen�tus maestus,[6]
+  tamquam in p�blic� l�ct�, veste[7] m�t�t� pr� e� d�prec�b�tur.
+  Cicer�, cum posset arm�s sal�tem suam d�fendere, m�luit urbe
+  c�dere quam su� caus� caedem fier�. Profic�scentem omn�s bon�
+  flent�s pr�sec�t� sunt. Dein Cl�dius �dictum pr�posuit ut M�rc�   {95}
+  Tulli�[8] �gn� et aqu� interd�cer�tur: ill�us domum et v�ll�s
+  incendit. Sed v�s illa n�n diuturna fuit, mox enim t�tus fer� populus
+  R�m�nus ingent� d�s�deri� Cicer�nis reditum fl�git�re coepit et
+  m�xim� omnium �rdinum studi� Cicer� in patriam revoc�tus est.
+    [[100]]
+  Nihil per t�tam v�tam Cicer�n� itinere, qu� in patriam rediit,   {100}
+  accidit i�cundius. Obviam[1] e� redeunt� ab �nivers�s itum est: domus
+  �ius p�blic� pec�ni� restit�ta est.
+
+  Gravissimae ill� tempest�te inter Caesarem et Pomp�ium ortae
+  sunt inim�citiae, ut r�s[2] nisi bell� d�rim� n�n posse vid�r�tur.
+  Cicer� quidem summ� studi� �n�t�b�tur[3] ut e�s inter s� reconcili�ret
+  et � bell� c�v�lis calamit�tibus d�terr�ret, sed cum neutrum     {106}
+  ad p�cem ineundam permov�re posset, Pomp�ium sec�tus est.
+  Sed vict� Pomp�i�, � Caesare vict�re veniam ultr� acc�pit. Qu�
+  interfect� Oct�vi�num, Caesaris h�r�dem, f�vit,[4] Ant�nium
+  imp�gn�vit eff�citque ut � sen�t� hostis i�dic�r�tur.            {110}
+
+  Sed Ant�nius, init� cum Oct�vi�n� societ�te,[5] Cicer�nem iam
+  di� sibi inim�cum pr�scr�psit. Qu� r� aud�t�, Cicer� tr�nsvers�s[6]
+  itineribus in v�llam, quae � mar� proxim� aberat, f�git indeque
+  n�vem c�nscendit, in Macedoniam tr�nsit�rus. Unde aliquoti�ns
+  in altum pr�vectum cum modo[7] vent� advers� rettulissent, modo  {115}
+  ipse iact�ti�nem maris pat� n�n posset, taedium[8] tandem eum
+  et fugae et v�tae c�pit regressusque ad v�llam "Moriar" inquit
+  "in patri� saepe serv�t�." Satis c�nstat, adventantibus percuss�ribus,
+  serv�s fortiter fid�literque par�t�s fuisse ad d�micandum,
+  ipsum d�p�n� lect�cam[9] et qui�t�s pat�, quod                   {120}
+  sors in�qua c�geret, iussisse. Pr�minent�[10]
+  ex lect�c� et imm�tam cerv�cem[11] praebent�[10]
+  caput praec�sum est. Man�s quoque abscissae;
+  caput rel�tum est ad Ant�nium �iusque
+  iuss� cum dextr� man� in r�str�s positum.                        {125}
+
+    [Illustration: LECT�CA.]
+
+  Quamdi� r�s p�blica R�m�na per e�s ger�b�tur, quibus s� ipsa
+  comm�serat, in eam c�r�s c�git�ti�n�sque fer� omn�s su�s c�nfer�bat
+    [[101]]
+  Cicer� et pl�s[1] operae p�n�bat in agend� quam in scr�bend�.
+  Cum autem domin�t� �n�us C. I�li� Caesaris omnia ten�rentur,
+  n�n s� ang�ribus[2] d�didit nec ind�gn�s homine doct� volupt�tibus.
+  Fugi�ns c�nspectum For� urbisque r�ra peragr�bat abd�batque      {131}
+  s�, quantum lic�bat, et s�lus erat. Nihil agere autem cum
+  animus n�n posset, ex�stim�vit honestissim� molesti�s posse
+  d�p�n�, s� s� ad philosophiam rettulisset, cu� adul�sc�ns multum
+  temporis tribuerat, et omne studium c�ramque convertit ad scr�bendum:
+  atque ut c�vibus etiam �ti�sus[3] aliquid pr�desse[4] posset,    {136}
+  �lab�r�vit ut docti�r�s fierent et sapienti�r�s, pl�raque brev�
+  tempore, �vers� r� p�blic�, scr�psit, quam mult�s ann�s e� stante
+  scr�pserat. S�c f�cundiae[5] et Lat�n�rum litter�rum par�ns      {139}
+  �v�sit[6] p�ruitque vir�rum sapientium praecept�, qu� docent n�n
+  s�lum ex[7] mal�s �ligere minima oport�re, sed etiam excerpere[8] ex
+  h�s ips�s, s� quid �nsit bon�.
+
+  Multa exstant fac�t�[9] ab e� dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum[10]
+  suum, exiguae stat�rae hominem, v�disset long� gladi� accinctum,
+  "Quis" inquit "generum meum ad gladium adlig�vit?"--M�tr�na      {145}
+  quaedam i�ni�rem s�, quam erat, simul�ns dictit�bat s�
+  tr�gint� tantum ann�s hab�re; cu� Cicer� "V�rum est," inquit
+  "nam h�c v�gint� ann�s audi�."--Caesar, alter� c�nsule mortu�
+  di�[11] Decembris �ltim�, Can�nium c�nsulem h�r� septim� in
+  reliquam di�� partem ren�nti�verat; quem cum pl�r�que �rent      {150}
+  sal�t�tum d� m�re, "F�st�n�mus" inquit Cicer� "priusquam abeat
+  magistr�t�." D� e�dem Can�ni� scr�psit Cicer�: "Fuit m�rific�[12]
+  vigilanti� Can�nius, qu� t�t� su� c�nsul�t� somnum n�n
+  v�derit.[13]"
+
+    [Footnote: The following selections have been edited for rapid
+    reading or reading at sight:]
+
+    [Footnotes: XXVIII (pages 96-101)
+
+    96.3: 'ancestors.'
+    96.4: 'wart.'
+    96.5: 'nose'; cf. _nasal_.
+    96.6: #ciceris gr�n�#: 'a tiny chickpea.'
+    96.7: = _ut_.
+    96.8: 'culture.'
+    96.9: 'had spread.'
+    97.1: 'applied himself.'
+    97.2: 'engaged.'
+    97.3: 'courts.'
+    97.4: 'pleaded.'
+    97.5: 'followed,' 'courted' (cf. _sequor_).
+    97.6: 'independence.'
+    97.7: 'freedman.'
+    97.8: 'fearing.'
+    97.9: 'most eloquent.'
+    97.10: 'was being deprived.'
+    97.11: #ann�nae difficult�s#: 'a lack of corn.'
+    97.12: 'courtesy.'
+    97.13: 'having had proof of.'
+    97.14: 'lawyers.'
+    97.15: 'crushed.'
+    97.16: 'great-grandfather.'
+    97.17: Cf. XXVII, 19.
+    97.18: 'campaign.'
+    97.19: #que# here = 'but.'
+    98.1: '_though_ disabled.'
+    98.2: #bis . . . profugus# = _bis vincula �ius prof�git_.
+    98.3: #n�ll� n�n#: 'every.'
+    98.4: 'chains.'
+    98.5: 'shackles.'
+    98.6: 'slain'; lit., 'stabbed from below.'
+    98.7: 'fastened' (to the stump of his arm).
+    98.8: 'great-grandson.'
+    98.9: 'defeat'; a technical term of Roman politics.
+    98.10: 'butcher.'
+    98.11: #�ctum erat d�#: 'it would have been all up with.'
+    98.12: #in . . . incidisset#: 'happened in the days�of.'
+    98.13: Cicero.
+    98.14: 'prowess.'
+    98.15: 'culprit.'
+    98.16: 'by a general downfall.'
+    98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'
+    98.18: 'having first said.'
+    98.19: from _g�gn�_, 'to beget.'
+    99.1: 'life.'
+    99.2: 'corpses.'
+    99.3: Sc. _concidisset_.
+    99.4: #ut . . . d�spexerim#: '(as to say) that I should have of my
+    own accord clearly perceived.'
+    99.5: #indict� caus�#: 'with their cause unpleaded,' i.e. without
+    giving them a trial.
+    99.6: 'mourning.'
+    99.7: #veste m�t�t�#: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which
+    was white, for darker robes of mourning.
+    99.8: #Tulli� . . . interd�cer�tur#: lit., 'that a ban should be
+    laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,' i.e. that he should
+    be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the
+    necessaries of life.
+    100.1: #Obviam . . . est#: 'all went to meet him.'
+    100.2: 'trouble.'
+    100.3: 'strove.'
+    100.4: 'cherished,' 'supported.'
+    100.5: The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.
+    100.6: #tr�nsvers�s itineribus#: i.e. by out of the way paths.
+    100.7: #modo . . . modo#: 'now . . . now.'
+    100.8: 'disgust.'
+    100.9: 'litter,' 'sedan chair.'
+    100.10: 'leaning out'; sc. _e�_, dat. of disadvantage with
+    #praec�sum est#.
+    100.11: 'neck.'
+    101.1: #pl�s . . . scr�bend�#: 'he devoted more of his time to
+    practical affairs than to literature.'
+    101.2: 'sorrow.'
+    101.3: #etiam �ti�sus#: 'even though at ease,' i.e. not burdened
+    with official duties. #�ti�sus# here, as often = _pr�v�tus_.
+    101.4: 'benefit.'
+    101.5: 'eloquence.' Sc. #Lat�nae#, to be derived from #Lat�n�rum#.
+    101.6: 'became.'
+    101.7: #ex . . . oport�re#: we should say, 'of two evils choose
+    the less.'
+    101.8: 'extract'; lit., 'pluck.'
+    101.9: 'wittily.'
+    101.10: 'son-in-law.'
+    101.11: On this day the consuls went out of office.
+    101.12: 'wondrous.'
+    101.13: causal subjunctive.]
+
+
+#XXIX. Marcus Brutus# [[stripped text]]
+
+M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus,
+Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae
+partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo
+graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod
+iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati
+posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam
+factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et
+regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus,
+vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti statuae:
+"Utinam viveres!" Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: "Brutus, quia reges
+eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, postremo
+rex factus est." Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali:
+"Dormis, Brute!"
+
+Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit.
+Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia,
+consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium quasi
+unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se
+vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare
+eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia
+"Non est" inquit "hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro
+mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi
+propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem
+interemptura." Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos
+sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: "Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus
+videri possem!"
+
+Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans
+populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in
+Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et
+Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset,
+audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus
+transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum
+tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum
+iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque
+interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus
+in eum animadvertit, praefatus: "Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri
+sepulturam commisissem?" Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio,
+is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae
+subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset,
+quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris
+exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.
+
+
+    [[102]]
+
+  #XXIX. M�rcus Br�tus# [[as printed]]
+
+    [Illustration: BR�TUS]
+
+  M. Br�tus, ex ill� gente, quae R�m� Tarquini�s
+  �i�cerat, oriundus,[1] Ath�n�s philosophiam,
+  Rhod� �loquentiam didicit. �ius pater, qu� Sullae
+  partibus advers�b�tur, iuss� Pomp�� interfectus
+  erat, unde Br�tus cum e� grav�s gesserat[2]                        {5}
+  simult�t�s. Bell� tamen c�v�l� Pomp�� causam,
+  quod i�stior vid�r�tur, sec�tus dol�rem suum re�
+  p�blicae �tilit�t� posthabuit. Vict� Pomp�i�
+  Br�tus � Caesare serv�tus est et praetor etiam
+  factus. Poste� v�r�, cum Caesar superbi� �l�tus sen�tum           {10}
+  contemnere et r�gnum adfect�re[3] coepisset, populus, praesent� stat�
+  haud laetus, vindicem[4] l�b�rt�tis requ�r�bat. Subscr�ps�re qu�dam
+  L. Br�t�[5] statuae: "Utinam[6] v�ver�s!" Item ips�us Caesaris
+  statuae: "Br�tus, quia r�g�s �i�cit, pr�mus c�nsul factus         {14}
+  est; h�c, quia c�nsul�s �i�cit, postr�m� r�x factus est." �nscr�ptum
+  quoque est M. Br�t� praet�ris trib�n�l�: "Dorm�s,[7] Br�te!"
+
+  C�gnit� popul� R�m�n� volunt�te, Br�tus adversus Caesarem
+  c�nsp�r�vit. Pr�di� quam Caesar est occ�sus, Porcia, Br�t� uxor,
+  Cat�nis f�lia, c�nsili�[8] c�nscia, �gress� cubiculum[9] Br�t�,   {19}
+  cultellum[10] t�ns�rium quasi unguium[11] resecand�rum caus� pop�scit
+  e�que velut forte �l�ps� s� vulner�vit. Cl�m�re deinde ancill�rum[12]
+  in cubiculum revoc�tus obi�rg�re[13] eam coepit, quod t�ns�ris
+  praeripuisset officium. Cu� s�cr�t� Porcia "N�n est" inquit
+  "h�c temer�rium[14] factum meum, sed in t�l� stat� nostr� me�
+  erg� t� am�ris certissimum indicium. Exper�r� enim volu�, s�[15]  {25}
+    [[103]]
+  tibi pr�positum ex sententi� parum cessisset, quam aequ� anim�
+  m� ferr� essem inter�mpt�ra." Quibus verb�s aud�t�s Br�tus ad
+  caelum man�s et ocul�s sustulisse d�citur et excl�m�visse: "Utinam
+  d�gnus t�l� c�niuge mar�tus vid�r� possem!"
+
+  Interfect� Caesare, cum Ant�nius vestem �ius sanguinolentam[1]    {30}
+  ostent�ns populum velut� fur�re qu�dam adversus coni�r�t�s
+  �nflamm�sset, Br�tus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem
+  Philipp�s adversus Ant�nium et Oct�vi�num d�mic�vit. Victus
+  aci�, cum in tumulum[2] s� nocte rec�pisset, aud�t� Cassi� morte,
+  n� in hostium man�s ven�ret, �n� ex comitibus latus tr�nsfodiendum
+  praebuit. Ant�nius Br�t� corpus l�bert� su� sepeliendum[3]        {36}
+  tr�didit, qu�que[4] hon�r�tius crem�r�tur, inic� e� suum
+  pal�d�mentum[5] iussit, iacentem[6] n�n hostem, sed c�vem d�posit�
+  ex�stim�ns odi�. Cumque interceptum � l�bert� pal�d�mentum
+  comperisset, �r� percitus[7] pr�tinus in eum animadvertit, praef�tus:
+  "Quid? t� �gn�r�st� c�ius tibi vir� sepult�ram comm�sissem?"      {41}
+  N�n eadem fuit Oct�vi�n� erg� Br�tum moder�ti�, is
+  enim �vulsum[8] Br�t� caput R�mam m�sit, ut G�� Caesaris
+  statuae subicer�tur. Porcia cum victum et inter�mptum virum suum
+  c�gn�visset, quia ferrum n�n dab�tur, �rdent�s �re carb�nes[9]    {45}
+  hausit, vir�lem patris[10] exitum mulier[11] imit�ta nov� mortis
+  genere.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXIX (pages 102-103)
+
+    102.1: = _ortus, n�tus_.
+    102.2: _simult�t�s gerere_ = 'to carry on a feud.'
+    102.3: 'to aim at.'
+    102.4: 'champion.'
+    102.5: The Brutus of selection IX.
+    102.6: #Utinam v�ver�s!# 'O that you were yet alive.' The
+    subjunctive here expresses a wish or prayer; cf. l.�29.
+    102.7: 'you're fast asleep.'
+    102.8: #c�nsili� c�nscia#: 'who was aware of,' etc.
+    102.9: 'sleeping-room.'
+    102.10: #cultellum t�ns�rium#: 'a barber's knife.'
+    102.11: 'nails.'
+    102.12: 'maids.'
+    102.13: 'scold.'
+    102.14: 'heedless,' 'random.'
+    102.15: #s� . . . cessisset#: 'if your plan did not turn out
+    according to your expectations.' Join with what follows.
+    103.1: 'bloody.'
+    103.2: 'hill.'
+    103.3: _sepel�re_ = 'to dispose of a body,' whether by burial or
+    by cremation.
+    103.4: #qu�que# = 'and in order that.'
+    103.5: 'cloak.'
+    103.6: 'the dead man.'
+    103.7: 'thoroughly aroused.'
+    103.8: 'torn (from the body).'
+    103.9: 'coals.'
+    103.10: See Vocab., _Cat�_.
+    103.11: 'woman though she was.']
+
+
+#XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus# [[stripped text]]
+
+Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens
+patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus
+Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis
+vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem
+regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque
+veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae
+obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus
+rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis
+inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem
+transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur.
+Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum
+religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique
+avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto,
+qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito
+quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.
+
+Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero
+non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media
+dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris
+subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio
+gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad
+urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum
+deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto
+sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: "Hic
+faciet, si vos non feceritis."
+
+Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem
+fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae
+per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque
+inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit.
+Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac
+constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus,
+proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem
+notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum
+persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem
+suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis
+occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.
+
+Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione Salernitana
+lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, negabant se
+scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque
+boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in medium
+iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad
+dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata
+cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem
+in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est.
+"Quanti viri est" addit Seneca, "cum praemia proditionis ingentia
+ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!"
+
+Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id
+bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit;
+quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se
+gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia
+saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam
+istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita
+rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum,
+patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset
+nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se
+conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam
+trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus
+Martiis hostiarum more mactatos.
+
+Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore,
+Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum
+Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium
+absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri
+posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed
+cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non
+potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri
+unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque
+margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura,
+margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam
+absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.
+
+Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali
+proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et
+Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in
+ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset,
+mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in
+potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque
+servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit.
+Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.
+
+Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se
+exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis.
+Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in
+Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis
+Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae
+fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc
+omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis
+otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati
+sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis
+eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis
+esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu
+detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis:
+"Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod
+deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae
+finem mihi perferre liceat!"
+
+Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini
+appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de
+restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum
+non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri,
+summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status
+paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et
+sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit;
+cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste
+tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, "Hic vir," inquit
+"fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans."
+
+Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes excipiebat.
+Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius
+periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e
+comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum
+veteranus exclamavit: "At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco,
+vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi," simulque detexit
+cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.
+
+Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit ei
+inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec
+dicere: "Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!" Miratus Caesar officiosam avem
+viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa
+liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium
+corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae
+didicerat, expressit: "Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!" Nihil
+exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum
+contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.
+
+Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem
+salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem
+dicere solebat "Opera et impensa periit!" Aliquando tamen corvus coepit
+dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit:
+"Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo." Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et
+illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: "Opera et
+impensa periit." Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam
+ante emerat.
+
+Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum
+aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen
+rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta
+exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille
+inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde
+cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem
+crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se
+plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu,
+dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari
+Graeculo iussit.
+
+Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena
+satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: "Non putabam
+me tibi esse tam familiarem." Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam
+cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem
+Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e
+manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petiturus quam
+ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis
+genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se
+frangi iussit complerique piscinam.
+
+Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente
+somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se
+vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam
+prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii.
+Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium
+existimans dicere ausus est: "Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit.
+Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas:
+hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum
+abire passus est.
+
+Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit.
+Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud
+principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus,
+quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos
+capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium
+turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum
+frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: "Surge tandem,
+carnifex!" eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim
+surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.
+
+Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu
+conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et
+aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro
+veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque.
+Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam
+invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere,
+quam latericiam accepisset.
+
+Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima.
+Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam
+incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut
+legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.
+
+Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem,
+tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque�et auxiliis omnibus caesis.
+Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et
+magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum
+vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses
+barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans:
+"Quintili Vare, legiones redde!" diemque cladis quotannis maestum
+habuerit ac lugubrem.
+
+Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium
+animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito
+speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus
+ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam
+clausulam: "Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit
+Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.
+
+
+  #XXX. Oct�vi�nus Caesar Augustus# [[as printed]]
+
+  Oct�vi�nus, I�liae, G�� Caesaris sor�ris, nep�s, qu�rtum annum
+  ag�ns patrem �m�sit. Ab avuncul� adopt�tus profectum eum in
+  Hisp�ni�s[12] adversus Gnae� Pomp�� l�ber�s sec�tus est. Deinde
+  ab e� Apoll�niam missus studi�s[13] vac�vit. Utque pr�mum occ�sum
+    [[104]]
+  Caesarem h�r�demque s� comperit, in urbem regressus                {5}
+  h�r�dit�tem adiit, n�men Caesaris s�mpsit conl�ct�que veter�n�rum
+  exercit� opem Decim�[1] Br�t� tulit, qu� ab
+  Ant�ni� Mutinae obsid�b�tur. Cum autem
+  urbis adit� prohib�r�tur, ut Br�tum d� omnibus
+  r�bus certi�rem faceret, pr�m� l�tter�s                           {10}
+  m�sit plumbe�s[2] l�min�s �nscr�pt�s, qu�s ad
+  bracchium[3] relig�t�s �r�n�t�r�s[4] Scultennam
+  amnem tr�nsnant�s[5] ad Br�tum d�fer�bant.
+  Qu�n et avibus intern�nti�s �t�b�tur. Columb�s[6]
+  enim, qu�s incl�s�s ante fam�[7] adf�cerat,                       {15}
+  epistul�s ad collum relig�bat e�sque � proxim� moenibus loc�
+  �mitt�bat. Illae, l�cis cib�que avidae, altissima aedifici�rum
+  petent�s excipi�bantur � Decim� Br�t�, qu� e� mod� d� omnibus
+  r�bus certior f��bat, utique[8] postquam disposit� quibusdam loc�s
+  cib� columb�s ill�c d�vol�re �nstituerat.                         {20}
+
+    [Illustration: YOUNG AUGUSTUS]
+
+  Bellum Mutin�nse Oct�vi�nus du�bus proeli�s c�nf�cit, qu�rum
+  in alter� n�n ducis modo, sed m�litis etiam f�nctus est offici�
+  atque in medi� d�mic�ti�ne, aquilifer� legi�nis suae graviter
+  sauci�,[9] aquilam umer�s sub�sse di�que fertur port�sse. Poste�
+  reconcili�t� cum Ant�ni� gr�ti�[10]i�nct�sque cum e� c�pi�s, ut   {25}
+  G�� Caesaris necem ulc�scer�tur, ad urbem host�liter accessit
+  m�sitque qu� n�mine exercit�s sibi c�nsul�tum d�p�scerent.
+  Cunctante sen�t� centuri�, pr�nceps l�g�ti�nis, r�iect� sagul�,[11]
+  ostend�ns gladi� capulum[12] n�n dubit�vit[13] in C�ri� d�cere: "H�c
+  faciet, s� v�s n�n f�ceritis."                                    {30}
+
+  Ita cum Oct�vi�nus v�c�sim� aet�tis ann� c�nsul�tum inv�sisset,
+  p�cem f�cit cum Ant�ni� et Lepid�, ita ut triumvir� re�
+    [[105]]
+  p�blicae c�nstituendae per qu�nquennium essent ipse et Lepidus
+  et Ant�nius, et ut su�s quisque inim�c�s pr�scr�berent. Quae
+  pr�scr�pti� Sull�n� long� cr�d�lior fuit. Exstant autem ex e�     {35}
+  multa vel extr�mae impiet�tis vel m�rae fide� �c c�nstantiae
+  exempla. T. T�ranius, triumvir�rum part�s sec�tus, pr�scr�pt�
+  patris su�, praet�ri� et �rn�t� vir�, latebr�s, aet�tem not�sque[1]
+  corporis, quibus �gn�sc� posset, centuri�nibus �didit, qu� eum
+  persec�t� sunt. Alius qu�dam cum pr�scr�ptum s� c�gn�visset,      {40}
+  ad clientem suum c�nf�git; sed f�lius �ius per ipsa v�st�gia
+  patris m�litibus duct�s occ�dendum eum in c�nspect� su� obi�cit.
+
+  Cum C. Pl�tius Plancus � triumvir�s pr�scr�ptus in regi�ne
+  Salernit�n�[2] lat�ret, serv� �ius, compreh�ns� multumque �c di�
+  tort�,[3] neg�bant s� sc�re ubi dominus esset. N�n sustinuit deinde
+  Plancus tam fid�l�s tamque bon� exempl� serv�s ulterius cruci�r�;
+  sed pr�cessit in medium iugulumque gladi�s m�litum obi�cit.       {47}
+  Sen�t�ris c�iusdam servus cum ad dominum pr�scr�ptum occ�dendum
+  m�lit�s adv�nisse c�gn�sset, comm�t�t� cum e� veste,
+  perm�t�t� etiam �nul�, illum post�c�[4] clam �m�sit, s� autem in  {50}
+  cubiculum ad lectulum[5] rec�pit et ut dominum occ�d� passus est.
+  "Quant�[6] vir� est" addit Seneca,[7] "cum praemia pr�diti�nis
+  ingentia ostendantur, praemium fide� mortem concup�scere!"
+
+  Oct�vi�nus deinde M. Br�tum, interfect�rem Caesaris, bell�
+  persec�tus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplic�     {55}
+  proeli� tr�ns�git; qu�rum pri�re castr�s ex�tus[8] vix fug� �v�sit.
+  Victor acerbissim� s� gessit: in n�bilissimum quemque capt�vum
+  n�n sine verb�rum contum�li� saeviit. �n� suppliciter sepult�ram
+  precant� respondisse d�citur iam istam in volucrum fore
+  potest�te. Ali�s, patrem et f�lium, pr� v�t� rogant�s sort�r�     {60}
+  fertur iussisse ut alterutr�[9] conc�der�tur, ac cum, patre quia
+    [[106]]
+  s� obtulerat occ�s�, f�lius quoque volunt�ri� occubuisset nece,
+  spect�sse utrumque morientem. �r�re veniam vel exc�s�re s�
+  c�nantibus, �n� v�ce occurr�bat[1] moriendum esse. Scr�bunt
+  qu�dam trecent�s ex d�dit�ci�s[2] �l�ct�s ad �ram d�v�[3] I�li�   {65}
+  exstr�ctam �dibus M�rti�s hosti�rum[4] m�re mact�t�s.[5]
+
+  Abali�n�tus poste� est ab Ant�ni�, quod is, repudi�t� Oct�vi�
+  sor�re, Cleopatram, Aegypt� r�g�nam, d�xisset ux�rem: quae quidem
+  mulier cum Ant�ni� l�x� et d�lici�s[6] cert�bat. �n� s� c�n�
+  centi�s[7] s�stertium abs�mpt�ram aliquand� d�xerat. Cupi�bat     {70}
+  d�scere Ant�nius, sed fier� posse n�n arbitr�b�tur. Poster� igitur
+  di� m�gnificam[8] ali�s c�nam, sed cott�di�nam Ant�ni� apposuit
+  inr�dent�, quod pr�miss� st�re n�n potuisset. At illa �nferr�
+  m�nsam[9] secundam iussit. Ex praecept� ministr� �num tantum      {74}
+  v�s ante eam posu�re ac�t�,[10] c�ius asperit�s v�sque margar�t�s[11]
+  resolvit.[12] Exspectante igitur Ant�ni� quidnam esset �ct�ra,
+  margar�tam, quam auribus ger�bat, d�tr�xit et ac�t� liquefactam
+  absorbuit. Victum Ant�nium omn�s, qu� aderant, pr�n�nti�v�runt.   {78}
+
+  Oct�vi�nus cum Ant�ni� apud Actium, qu� locus est in �p�r�,       {80}
+  n�v�l� proeli� d�mic�vit. Victum et fugientem persec�tus Aegyptum
+  petiit, et Alexandr�am, qu� Ant�nius cum Cleopatr� c�nf�gerat,
+  obs�dit. Ant�nius in ultim� r�rum d�sp�r�ti�ne, cum
+  habit� r�gis in soli�[13] r�g�l� s�disset, mortem sibi ipse c�nsc�vit.
+  Cleopatra, quam Oct�vi�nus, Alexandr�� in potest�tem red�ct�,     {85}
+  m�gn� opere cupi�bat v�vam comprehend� triumph�que serv�r�,
+  aspidem[14] sibi adferendam c�r�vit �iusque mors� periit. Cleopatrae
+  mortuae comm�nem cum Ant�ni� sepult�ram tribuit.
+
+    [[107]]
+  Tandem Oct�vi�nus, hostibus vict�s s�lus imperi� pot�tus,
+  cl�mentem s� exhibuit.[1] Omnia deinceps in e� pl�na m�nsu�t�dinis[2]
+  et h�m�nit�tis. Mult�s �gn�vit vel i�s qu� saepe graviter         {91}
+  eum offenderant. Reversus in �taliam triumph�ns R�mam
+  ingressus est. Tum bell�s t�t� orbe composit�s I�n� gemin� port�s
+  su� man� clausit, quae bis tantum ante� clausae fuerant, pr�mum
+  sub Num� r�ge, iterum post pr�mum P�nicum bellum. Tunc            {95}
+  omn�s praeterit�rum mal�rum obl�vi� c�pit populusque R�m�nus
+  praesentis �ti� laetiti� perfru�b�tur. Oct�vi�n� m�xim� hon�r�s
+  � sen�t� d�l�t� sunt. Ipse Augustus c�gn�min�tus et in hon�rem
+  �ius m�nsis Sext�lis[3] e�dem n�mine appell�tus est, quod ill�
+  m�nse bell�s c�v�libus f�nis esset impositus. Patris patriae     {100}
+  c�gn�men �nivers� m�xim� c�ns�ns� d�tul�runt e�. D�ferentibus
+  lacrim�ns respondit Augustus h�s verb�s: "Compos[4] factus
+  v�t�rum me�rum, patr�s conscr�pt�, quid habe� aliud, quod de�s
+  immort�l�s precer, quam ut hunc c�ns�nsum vestrum ad ultimum
+  v�tae f�nem mihi perferre liceat!"                               {105}
+
+  Dict�t�ram m�gn� v� offerente popul� d�prec�tus est. Domin�
+  appell�ti�nem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribu� �dict� vetuit.
+  Imm�[5] d� restituend� r� p�blic� n�n semel c�git�vit, sed
+  reput�ns et s� pr�v�tum n�n sine per�cul� fore, et rem p�blicam
+  pl�rium arbitri� commissum[6] �r�, summam retinuit potest�tem,   {110}
+  id v�r� studuit n� quem nov� stat�s paenit�ret. Bene d� i�s
+  etiam, qu�s advers�ri�s expertus erat, et senti�bat et loqu�b�tur.
+  Legentem aliquand� �num � nep�tibus inv�nit; cumque puer
+  territus vol�men Cicer�nis, quod man� ten�bat, veste tegeret,
+  Augustus librum c�pit e�que statim reddit�, "H�c vir," inquit    {115}
+  "f�l� m�, doctus fuit et patriae am�ns."
+
+    [[108]]
+  Pedibus saepe per urbem inc�d�bat summ�que c�mit�te adeunt�s
+  excipi�bat. Conv�nit[1] aliquand� eum veter�nus m�les, qu�
+  voc�tus in i�s per�clit�b�tur rog�vitque ut sibi adesset. Statim
+  Augustus �num � comit�t�[2] su� �l�git advoc�tum, qu� l�tig�t�rem
+  commend�ret. Tum veter�nus excl�m�vit: "At n�n ego,              {121}
+  t� per�clitante bell� Actiac�, vic�rium[3] quaes�v�, sed ipse pr� t�
+  p�gn�v�," simulque d�t�xit cic�tr�c�s.[4] �rubuit[5] Augustus
+  atque ipse v�nit in advoc�ti�nem.
+
+  Cum post Actiacam vict�riam Oct�vi�nus R�mam reverter�tur,       {125}
+  occurrit e� inter gr�tulant�s opifex[6] qu�dam corvum[7] ten�ns,
+  quem �nstituerat haec d�cere: "Av�,[8] Caesar, victor, imper�tor!"
+  M�r�tus Caesar offici�sam avem v�gint� m�libus numm�rum[9] �mit.
+  Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ill� l�ber�lit�te perv�nerat,
+  adf�rm�vit Caesar� hab�re illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre
+  c�ger�tur rog�vit. Adl�tus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:     {131}
+  "Av�, Ant�n�, victor, imper�tor!" Nihil exasper�tus Caesar
+  satis d�xit iub�re illum d�videre d�n�t�vum[10] cum contubern�l�.
+  Sal�t�tus similiter � psittac�[11] em� eum iussit.
+
+  Exemplum s�t�rem[12] pauperem sollicit�vit ut corvum �nstitueret
+  ad parem sal�t�ti�nem. Qu� impendi�[13] exhaustus saepe ad       {136}
+  avem n�n respondentem d�cere sol�bat "Opera et imp�nsa[13]
+  periit[14]!" Aliquand� tamen corvus coepit d�cere dictam
+  sal�t�ti�nem. H�c aud�t�, dum tr�nsit, Augustus respondit: "Satis
+  dom� t�lium sal�t�t�rum habe�." Superfuit corv� memoria, ut      {140}
+  et illa, quibus dominum querentem sol�bat aud�re, subtexeret[15]:
+  "Opera et imp�nsa periit." Ad quod Caesar r�sit em�que avem
+  iussit, quant�[16] n�llam ante �merat.
+
+  Sol�bat Graeculus qu�dam d�scendent� � pal�ti� Caesar� hon�rificum
+  aliquod epigramma porrigere.[17] Id cum fr�str� saepe f�cisset   {145}
+    [[109]]
+  et tamen r�rsus eum idem fact�rum d�xisset Augustus, breve
+  su� man� in chart�[1] exar�vit[2] Graecum epigramma et Graecul�
+  advenient� obviam m�sit. Ille inter legendum laud�re[3] m�r�r�que[3]
+  tam[4] v�ce quam[4] vult� gest�que. Deinde cum accessisset       {149}
+  ad sellam, qu� Caesar veh�b�tur, d�miss� in pauperem crum�nam[5]
+  man� pauc�s d�n�ri�s[6] pr�tulit, qu�s pr�ncip� daret, d�xitque
+  s� pl�s dat�rum fuisse, s� pl�s habuisset. Sec�t� omnium
+  r�s�, disp�ns�t�rem[7] Caesar voc�vit et satis grandem pec�niae
+  summam numer�r� Graecul� iussit.
+
+  Augustus fer� n�ll� s� inv�tant� neg�bat. Exceptus igitur �      {155}
+  qu�dam c�n� satis parc� et paene cott�di�n�, h�c tantum
+  �nsusurr�vit[8]: "N�n put�bam m� tibi esse tam famili�rem." Cum
+  aliquand� apud P�lli�nem quendam c�n�ret fr�gissetque �nus �
+  serv�s v�s crystallinum, rap� eum ad mortem P�lli� iussit et     {159}
+  obic� m�raen�s[9] qu�s ing�ns pisc�na[10] contin�bat. �v�sit � manibus
+  puer et ad ped�s Caesaris c�nf�git, nihil aliud pet�t�rus quam
+  ut aliter per�ret nec �sca[11] piscium fieret. M�tus est nov�
+      cr�d�lit�tis
+  genere Caesar et illum quidem mitt�,[12] crystallina autem
+  omnia c�ram s� frang� iussit compl�r�que pisc�nam.
+
+  Augustus in qu�dam v�ll� aegr�t�ns noct�s inqui�t�s ag�bat,      {165}
+  rumpente somnum �ius cr�br� noctuae[13] cant�. Qu� molesti� cum
+  l�ber�r� s� vehementer cupere s�gnific�sset, m�les qu�dam, aucupi�
+  per�tus, noctuam prehendendam c�r�vit, v�vamque August� attulit,
+  sp� ingentis praemi�. Cu� cum Augustus m�lle numm�s[14] dar�     {169}
+  iussisset, ille minus d�gnum praemium ex�stim�ns d�cere ausus est:
+  "M�l� ut v�vat," et avem d�m�sit. Imper�t�r� nec ad �r�scendum
+  causa deerat nec ad ulc�scendum potest�s: hanc tamen ini�riam
+  aequ� anim� tulit Augustus hominemque imp�n�tum ab�re passus est.
+
+    [[110]]
+  Augustus am�citi�s neque facile adm�sit et c�nstantissim� retinuit.
+  Impr�m�s famili�rem habuit Maec�n�tem, equitem R�m�num;          {175}
+  qu� e�, qu� apud pr�ncipem val�bat, gr�ti� ita semper �sus
+  est, ut pr�desset omnibus, quibus posset, noc�ret n�min�. I�s
+  aliquand� d�c�bat Augustus et mult�s capite damn�t�rus vid�b�tur.
+  Aderat tum Maec�n�s, qu� per
+  circumstantium turbam perrumpere et                              {180}
+  ad trib�nal propius acc�dere c�n�b�tur.
+  Quod cum fr�str� tent�sset, haec verba
+  in tabell� scr�psit: "Surge tandem,
+  carnifex[1]!" eamque tabellam ad Augustum
+  pr�i�cit. Qu� l�ct� is statim surr�xit                           {185}
+  neque quisquam est morte mult�tus.
+
+    [Illustration: AUGUSTUS]
+
+  Habit�vit Augustus in aedibus modic�s,
+  neque laxit�te[2] neque cult�[3] c�nspicu�s,
+  ac per ann�s amplius quadr�gint�
+  in e�dem cubicul� hieme et aest�te                               {190}
+  m�nsit. Suppellex[4] quoque �ius vix
+  pr�v�tae �legantiae erat. R�r� veste
+  ali� �sus est quam c�nfect� ab ux�re,
+  sor�re, f�li� neptibusque.[5] Item tamen
+  R�mam, quam pr� m�iest�te imperi� n�n                            {195}
+  satis �rn�tam inv�nerat, ade� excoluit, ut i�re gl�ri�r�tur
+  marmoream s� relinquere, quam later�ciam[6] acc�pisset.
+
+  F�rm� fuit Augustus eximi� et per omn�s aet�tis grad�s
+  venustissim�. Erat tamen omnis l�n�cini�[7] negleg�ns et in capite
+  c�mend� tam inc�ri�sus, ut e� ips� tempore, qu� illud t�ns�ribus
+  committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scr�beret.            {201}
+
+  Pauc�s ann�s antequam morer�tur, gravissimam in Germ�ni�
+  acc�pit cl�dem, tribus legi�nibus cum duce V�r� l�g�t�sque�et
+    [[111]]
+  auxili�s omnibus caes�s. H�c n�nti�t� excubi�s[1] per urbem      {204}
+  ind�xit, n� quis tumultus exsisteret, et m�gn�s l�d�s Iov� optim�
+  m�xim� v�vit, s� r�s p�blica in meli�rem statum vertisset. Ade�
+  d�nique[2] c�nstern�tum ferunt, ut, per continu�s m�ns�s barb�
+  capill�que submiss�,[3] caput interdum foribus inl�deret, v�cifer�ns:
+  "Qu�ntil� V�re, legi�n�s redde!" diemque cl�dis quotann�s
+  maestum habuerit ac l�gubrem.                                    {210}
+
+  Tandem adfl�ct� val�t�dine in Camp�niam concessit, ubi, remiss�
+  ad �tium anim�, n�ll� hilarit�tis genere abstinuit. Supr�m� v�tae
+  di� pet�t� specul�[4] capillum sibi c�m� iussit et am�c�s
+  circumstant�s percont�tus ecquid i�s vid�r�tur m�mum[5] v�tae commod�
+  tr�ns�gisse, adi�cit solitam clausulam[6]: "�dite strepitum      {215}
+  v�sque omn�s cum gaudi� applaudite." Obiit N�lae sextum et
+  septu�g�simum annum ag�ns.
+
+    [Footnotes: XXX (pages 103-111)
+
+    103.12: See Vocab., _Hisp�nia_.
+    103.13: #studi�s vac�bat#: 'had time for (i.e. devoted himself�to)
+    study.'
+    104.1: At Caesar's death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony
+    carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then
+    undertook to expel Brutus.
+    104.2: #plumbe�s l�min�s#: 'leaden plates.'
+    104.3: 'arm.'
+    104.4: 'divers.'
+    104.5: 'by swimming across.'
+    104.6: 'doves.'
+    104.7: 'hunger.'
+    104.8: 'especially.'
+    104.9: '(being) wounded.'
+    104.10: = _am�citi�_.
+    104.11: 'cloak.'
+    104.12: 'hilt.'
+    104.13: 'hesitate.'
+    105.1: 'marks.'
+    105.2: 'of Salernum,' a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.
+    105.3: 'though tortured.'
+    105.4: 'by a back door.'
+    105.5: 'couch.'
+    105.6: #Quant� . . . est#: 'What marvelous manhood it shows.'
+    105.7: A philosopher of the first century A.D.
+    105.8: 'stripped of.'
+    105.9: 'to one or the other,' i.e. to one, but not to both.
+    106.1: 'he met,' i.e. he answered.
+    106.2: 'prisoners of war.' Cf. _d�dere_, 'to surrender.'
+    106.3: Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after
+    his death.
+    106.4: 'sacrificial victims.'
+    106.5: 'slaughtered.'
+    106.6: 'pleasure.'
+    106.7: #centi�s# (sc. _cent�na m�lia_) #s�stertium# = 'ten million
+    sesterces,' or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p.�88,
+    n.�8.
+    106.8: #m�gnificam . . . Ant�ni�#: 'under other circumstances
+    truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.'
+    106.9: 'course.'
+    106.10: 'vinegar.'
+    106.11: 'pearls.'
+    106.12: 'melts,' 'dissolves.'
+    106.13: 'throne.'
+    106.14: 'asp.'
+    107.1: = _ostendit_.
+    107.2: 'gentleness.'
+    107.3: 'the sixth,' counting from March, with which, it is said,
+    the Roman year originally began.
+    107.4: #Compos . . . me�rum#: 'Now that I have gained my heart's
+    desire,' which had been to avenge his uncle's death.
+    107.5: 'Nay.'
+    107.6: #commissum �r�# is fut. infin. pass. of _committ�_, and =
+    'was sure to be (lit. was going to�be) handed over,' i.e. if he
+    resigned.
+    108.1: 'met.'
+    108.2: 'retinue.'
+    108.3: 'substitute.'
+    108.4: 'wounds.'
+    108.5: 'blushed.'
+    108.6: 'artisan.'
+    108.7: 'raven.'
+    108.8: 'Hail!'
+    108.9: = _s�sterti�rum_.
+    108.10: = _d�num_.
+    108.11: 'parrot.'
+    108.12: 'cobbler.'
+    108.13: 'outlay.'
+    108.14: 'have come to naught.'
+    108.15: 'added': lit., 'wove in.'
+    108.16: #quant� . . . �merat#: 'at a higher price than he had paid
+    before.'
+    108.17: 'offer.'
+    109.1: 'paper.'
+    109.2: 'scratched off,' 'wrote.'
+    109.3: Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it
+    is especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated
+    by an imperfect or perfect indicative.
+    109.4: = _et . . . et_.
+    109.5: 'purse.'
+    109.6: 'francs.'
+    109.7: 'steward.'
+    109.8: 'whispered.'
+    109.9: 'eels.'
+    109.10: 'fish-pond.'
+    109.11: 'food.'
+    109.12: 'freed.'
+    109.13: 'night-owl.'
+    109.14: = _s�sterti�s_.
+    110.1: 'executioner,' 'butcher.'
+    110.2: 'size.'
+    110.3: 'style.'
+    110.4: 'furniture.'
+    110.5: 'granddaughters.'
+    110.6: 'made of brick.'
+    110.7: 'finery.'
+    111.1: #excubi�s . . . ind�xit#: 'ordered watches to be set.'
+    111.2: Often used like our 'to cut a long story short,' 'in
+    short.'
+    111.3: #barb� . . . submiss�#: 'letting his beard grow.'
+    111.4: 'mirror' (of metal, generally bronze or silver).
+    111.5: 'comedy.'
+    111.6: 'conclusion.' Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of
+    the actors to the spectators to grant them 'loud and prolonged
+    applause.']
+
+
+    [Illustration {SPQR}]
+
+
+
+
+EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN
+
+Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square
+brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the 'Caution' on p. xxv. The
+section numbers refer to the selections.
+
+
+I.
+
+#Apposition.#
+
+1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and
+Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a�priestess of Vesta. 3. The boys
+were thrown into the river. 4. A�shepherd of the king[1] carried them to
+his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, when
+grown,[2] was caught by (some) robbers.[3] 7. They thus accused him:
+"You have trespassed on the king's lands." 8. A�dispute arose between
+the brothers. 9. Romulus said: "I�shall give my name to the new city."
+10. Which of them leaped over the wall?
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use adj.
+    2: See p. 2, n. 19.
+    3: H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.]
+
+
+II.
+
+#Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.#
+
+1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in[1] the city which Romulus had
+founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the
+king sent were nowhere kindly received. 4. The tribes to which he sent
+did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen
+Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines,
+who now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans
+carried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed
+Hostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Romans fell
+fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor[2] of Romulus and
+worshiped him as a god.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: _ad_ with acc.
+    2: See p. 8, n. 1.]
+
+
+III.
+
+#Expressions of place; extent of time.#
+
+1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come?
+From Cures, [from] a�city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome? 4.
+He established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed.
+5. A�shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in
+Rome[1] who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had
+peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of
+Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: Locative case.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+#Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.#
+
+1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more
+warlike king. 2. War[1] having broken[1] out between the Romans and the
+Sabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii
+and the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been
+taken up][1] advanced to battle. 4. At a given[2] signal,[2] with drawn
+swords, they rushed together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans
+falling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius
+began to weep when she saw her lover's cloak. 7. He drew his sword and
+stabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her
+country. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general,
+in anger[3] he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared
+against the Sabines.[4] 10. Very many young men were in military
+service, a�few were at home. 11. Tullus[5] Hostilius, who succeeded
+Numa, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 1, n. 4.
+    2: See p. 5, l. 12. [[in selection II]]
+    3: Use participle.
+    4: H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.
+    5: H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187,�II.]
+
+
+V.
+
+#Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.#
+
+1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa[1] in justice and
+piety, but was more warlike. 2. During[2] his reign[2] a�raid was made
+on the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this
+[which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having
+defeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the
+citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this
+wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished
+in war, two in peace.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192,�1.
+    2: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+VI.
+
+#Direct and indirect questions.#
+
+1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus
+died,[2] Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained
+the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a celebrated augur. 5. The king once
+asked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. Can[1] you cut
+a whetstone with�a razor? 7. You cannot[2] cut a whetstone with a razor,
+can you? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could
+commit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered[3]
+the palace and[3] began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king
+with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime?
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 378, 2 (351, 1, N. 1); M. 698; A. 210, _a_; G. 454;
+       B. 162, _c_.
+    2: H. 378 (351, 1, N. 3); M. 701; A. 210, _c_; G. 456;
+       B. 162, _b_.
+    3: See p. 2, n. 8.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+#Ablative of source; ablative of quality.#
+
+1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2.
+He was born of a woman[1] of rank, who, however, was a slave in
+Tarquin's house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil advising] he was
+brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of
+great bravery,[1] and became the king's son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius's
+daughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin's sons were of like
+character. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8.
+Tullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The
+people asked Tullia what she had done.[2]
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. Why?
+    2: See p. 3, n. 2.]
+
+
+VIII.
+
+#Temporal clauses with _cum_; ablative of price.#
+
+1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus
+had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he
+learned of the silence[1] and act of his father, he killed the chief men
+of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was
+decided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her
+husband[1] and father,[1] she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old
+woman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an
+enormous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had
+burned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+IX.
+
+#Causal clauses with _cum_; purpose clauses with _ut_.#
+
+1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for
+he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with
+Tarquin's sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to
+Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister
+of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors,
+they were put to death. 6. In order to regain[1] his throne, Tarquin
+undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to[2]
+reconnoitre,[2] met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first
+charge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the
+city alone.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 1, l. 3 and n. 5.
+    2: Express in two ways; cf. l. 30, and #ageret#, l.�26.]
+
+
+X.
+
+#Causal clauses with _quod_.#
+
+1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy,
+because (as�he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because he did not
+know which was[1] the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand
+which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After
+this he was called Scaevola.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: See p. 3, n. 2.]
+
+
+XI.
+
+#Dative of possessor; construction with _paenitet_.#
+
+1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian
+gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war at its own expense. 3.
+The senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4.
+When they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified
+post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Veientes soon repented of
+the peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed
+about in order to lay waste the enemy's territory. 7. They were
+entrapped in an ambush and all slain.
+
+
+XII.
+
+#Relative clauses of purpose.#
+
+1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.
+2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he
+could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for
+slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry[1]
+her off by force. 4. The girl's friends sent a messenger to carry the
+news[1] to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5.
+Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people.
+6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and
+killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.
+
+    [Footnote:
+    1: See p. 5, n. 3.]
+
+
+XIII.
+
+#Complementary infinitive; genitive with _obliv�scor_; hortatory
+subjunctive.#
+
+1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius,
+because with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2.
+When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to
+Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial
+devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father
+repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying
+on war with the Romans, a�Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the
+bravest Roman. 5. "Let him come on," said Titus Manlius, who was now
+tribune of the soldiers, "that I may show him which of us is the
+braver." 6. Between the two lines they joined[1] in close[1] combat,[1]
+and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his
+gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was
+afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without
+the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a
+single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be
+put to death because he had disobeyed[2] his commander. 10. The young
+man's companions did not forget the father's cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso
+was also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be
+put to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had
+not been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to
+Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the
+centurion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to
+death. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward
+his son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain[3] about his
+son Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was
+granted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he
+forbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day[4] the young man
+committed[5] suicide.[5]
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 11, l. 14.  [[in selection IV]]
+    2: The reason is that of the father, not the writer.
+    3: Cf. #conquestum#, l. 82, with #qu� d�p�sceret#, XII, l. 7, and
+       express in two ways.
+    4: H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.
+    5: See XII, l. 30.]
+
+
+XIV.
+
+#Construction of _medius_, _summus_, etc.#
+
+1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of a
+hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army in safety through
+the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself
+in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man.
+
+
+XV.
+
+#Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with _opus_.#
+
+1. "The Samnites are our enemies," said Curius; "let us set out against
+them." 2. Immediately he set out, and, having[1] conquered[1] the
+Samnites,[1] he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3.
+He swore (that there) was[2] none [nothing] of the booty in his house.
+4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] a�great
+weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned[1] their gold[1] (and) said
+that he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented
+with seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young
+man who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young
+man saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for
+an aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he
+returned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus
+was slain by a woman of Argos.[3] 11. So the Romans[4] did not need the
+aid[5] of Curius again.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. abs.
+    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
+    3: Use adj.
+    4: Dat. of poss.
+    5: Cf. #c�ve#, l. 22.]
+
+
+XVI.
+
+#_N�_ with verbs of fearing; ablative with _�tor_.#
+
+1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians in
+a naval battle. 2. He used grappling[1] irons[1] to seize and hold the
+enemy's ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans
+would have an easy victory [victory�to be about to be easy to the
+Romans]. 4. He now set[2] out boldly into the midst[3] of the enemy's
+fleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with
+this victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be
+supreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians,
+by a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Cf. #qu�#, p. 36, l. 4 and n. 10.
+    2: Use participle.
+    3: See Ex. XIV, sentence 2.]
+
+
+XVII.
+
+#Gerundive with _esse_; ablative of separation; ablative with
+comparatives.#
+
+1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to
+negotiate[1] [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that[2] he had
+come[2] treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did
+not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that[3] he would be
+arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear[4] and
+told him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa,
+Regulus[5] had[6] to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous
+serpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was
+compelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed.
+8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the
+next year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once.[7] 9. He
+said that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife
+and children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and
+children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this
+anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles,
+Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was
+sent from Carthage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about
+exchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his
+opinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be
+returned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the
+Romans.[8] 15. As[9] he had given[9] his oath,[9] he returned to
+Carthage and was put to death with terrible torture.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text.
+       Express this in as many ways as you can.
+    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
+    3: See p. 38, n. 12.
+    4: Abl. Why?
+    5: H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189,�1.
+    6: See p. 39, n. 11.
+    7: #statim.#
+    8: See #�fr�s#, l. 10, and note.
+    9: Abl. abs.]
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+#Ablative of time.#
+
+1. Appius Claudius was no[1] better than the preceding generals, who did
+not boast that they would sink the enemy's fleet (on) the first day[2]
+of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would
+not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. "Let[3] them drink then," said Appius,
+and ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he
+was defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards
+committed suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the
+people. 6. Upon his sister, too, a�heavy fine had[4] to be imposed.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See XVII, l. 10, and note.
+    2: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 19.
+    3: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 5.
+    4: Cf. Ex. XVII, sent. 5.]
+
+
+XIX.
+
+#Purpose clauses with _qu�_; ablative with _potior_; unreal conditions;
+_qu�n_ clauses; ablative with _d�gnus_.#
+
+1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of
+undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he
+stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said
+that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. "Give which you please,"
+replied the Carthaginians. 5. "I�give war," said Fabius. ["War," said
+Fabius, "I�give."] 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by
+Hannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing[1] the policy[1] of
+the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engagement
+with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling successes, his
+soldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune,
+he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could
+not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how[2] cautious Fabius was,[3] and got
+out (of�the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,[4] the master of
+horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against
+the dictator in order to obtain greater authority[5] himself. 13. When
+he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14.
+Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his
+own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum to
+Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the
+young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with his
+army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same[6] year[6] it was lost.
+18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When
+an old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse
+which he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul.
+20. "If you were not consul," said he, "I�should not dismount." 21. No
+one doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name _Maximus_. 22. At that
+time the Romans needed[7] a�cautious general.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Abl. abs.
+    2: #quam.#
+    3: See p. 3, n. 2.
+    4: Cf. l. 43.
+    5: Cf. #Tarent�#, l. 58, and note.
+    6: See l. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4.
+    7: See Ex. XV, sent. 11.]
+
+
+XX.
+
+#Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive genitive.#
+
+1. Varro was so rash that,[1] although he was opposed by his colleague,
+he formed[1] his army in line and gave[1] the signal for battle. 2. In
+the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged[2] Paulus to
+take[2] his horse and flee.[2] 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to
+perish with his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal's
+victory, they sent messengers to congratulate him.[3] 5. Maharbal[4] did
+not like[4] the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew
+(how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7.
+Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The
+terror at Rome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No
+one doubted that[5] Hannibal would come[5] with his victorious army. 10.
+If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been captured.
+11. Though Varro survived the battle,[6] he thought that he was not
+worthy of office[7] again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough
+weapons,[8] they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the
+enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,[9] whom Hannibal had sent to Rome to
+offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The
+senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound].
+15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 10, n. 9.
+    2: Cf. lines 26 and 27.
+    3: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.
+    4: Cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11.
+    5: See p. 39, n. 4.
+    6: See p. 2, n. 7.
+    7: See Ex. XIX, sent. 21.
+    8: H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.
+    9: Cf. with n. 7 �nus ex �ius praefect�s, l. 27.]
+
+
+XXI.
+
+#Concessive clauses with _cum_; genitive of characteristic; causal
+relative clauses; gerundive with _ad_; accusative of extent.#
+
+1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if
+his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet
+twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of
+years] to be a candidate for[1] the aedileship. 3. After the battle of
+Cannae, some young men of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy.
+4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although[2] he was
+alone, he forced them to give[3] up their conspiracy.[3] 5. After the
+Romans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul
+and sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and
+bravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he
+was worthy of the honor? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of
+money and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He
+did not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Romans the favor
+of the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the
+captive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty,[4] who said that
+his grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over
+into Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11.
+Scipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12.
+When the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain
+from that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio,
+who had[5] long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent
+Laelius, whose[6] friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of
+the African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself,
+and it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to
+have been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those
+chiefs were eager to form an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan,
+therefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily
+shrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to
+furnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not
+(men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Romans fought with such
+determination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal
+from Italy to defend his country. 20. A�battle was fought [it was
+fought] at Zama, a�town five days' march from Carthage. 21. The
+Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for
+peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On[7]
+his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24.
+Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was
+also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.[8] 25. The old
+writers say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to
+consult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephesus he[9]
+afterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that
+Hannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders.
+28. When the senate seemed on the point[10] of transferring the conduct
+of the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because
+(as�was thought) the former[11] had too little courage and too little
+wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother's
+lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After
+Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio
+an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he
+had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought
+not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus himself was afterwards
+summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle
+of Zama had been fought.[12] 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he
+mounted the rostrum and said: "Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose
+aid we obtained[13] so great a victory." 34. As the whole assembly
+followed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon
+afterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Rome.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use #ad# with gerundive or gerund.
+    2: H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309,�3.
+    3: Cf. _incept� d�sisterent_, l. 14.
+    4: Cf. lines 51 and 64.
+    5: See p. 56, n. 6.
+    6: See p. 55, n. 8.
+    7: See XIII, l. 59.
+    8: _religi�._
+    9: Use dat. of poss. with #esse#.
+    10: Use future participle.
+    11: _ille._
+    12: See sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4.
+    13: See p. 55, n. 8.]
+
+
+XXII.
+
+#Future conditions.#
+
+1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio
+Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was
+able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a
+guest at her house, that she[1] too had some very beautiful jewels. 4.
+Everybody knows that Cornelia's jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly
+been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons
+were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that
+they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more
+of [preferred] their country's safety than [to] their own lives. 8.
+Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that
+he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged[2]
+all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the
+senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece
+of a bench. 11. Caius had the same[3] love for the common people as[3]
+his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans
+because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. "If the law about
+distributing grain to the common people is[4] passed," said Piso,
+"I�shall come with the others to get the grain." 14. Finally this was
+decreed by the senate: "Let the consul see that the republic receive no
+harm." 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his household and took
+possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his
+slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate
+of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman
+republic.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: Use dat. of poss.
+    2: Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note.
+    3: Cf. #�dem qu�#, l. 31.
+    4: See XVII, l. 10, and note.]
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+#Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.#
+
+1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this (question)
+of Scipio. 2. If anything happens[1] to you, what equally great
+commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be
+a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he
+made charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander
+himself. 5. If you make me consul, I�will shortly bring Jugurtha under
+the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make[2] him
+consul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the
+Cimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them
+against the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the
+Alps. 10. As the Romans[3] had no water, Marius told his soldiers that,
+if they conquered[4] the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11.
+It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than
+water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12.
+The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask
+him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them[5] with the same
+fate[5] which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle
+was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness[6] followed. 15. When the
+women saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed
+themselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war
+against Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what
+Marius had done, he returned to Rome with his army and drove him into
+exile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught and thrown
+into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether
+he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia,
+Marius, who was a few days' journey from the city, returned and renewed
+the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state,
+he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death
+afforded the Romans[7] more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: See p. 40, n. 1.
+    2: Cf. #ut tr�deret#, l. 21.
+    3: Dat. Why?
+    4: Cf. #s� f�cissent#, etc., l. 11.
+    5: Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and�58.
+    6: Cf. #dict�#, l. 124, and p. 19, n. 15.
+    7: #Dative.#]
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+#Relative clause of characteristic.#
+
+1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing
+to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books
+to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen
+quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was
+soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and
+would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6.
+When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death
+all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to
+advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he had killed
+all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He
+wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10.
+When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed
+that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men
+and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a
+wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he
+should write nothing thereafter.
+
+
+XXV.
+
+#Genitive with adjectives.#
+
+1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated
+by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice
+and was untrained in the art[1] of war. 3. But in the war with
+Mithridates he surpassed even[2] experts in this art.[1] 4. All say that
+he was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for
+the reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not
+the only one of the Romans to[3] squander his money in building villas.
+7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8.
+Though fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great
+library, which was always open to the public.
+
+    [Footnotes:
+    1: H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204,�1.
+    2: Cf. #mare ipsum#, l. 25.
+    3: See p. 76, n. 11.]
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+
+  abl. = ablative.
+  abs. = absolute.
+  acc. = accusative.
+  act. = active.
+  adj. = adjective.
+  adv. = adverb.
+  cf. = compare.
+  comp. = comparative.
+  conj. = conjunction.
+  dat. = dative.
+  def. = defective.
+  dem. = demonstrative.
+  desid. = desiderative.
+  dim. = diminutive.
+  disc. = discourse.
+  e.g. = for example.
+  encl. = enclitic.
+  esp. = especially.
+  f. = feminine, following.
+  freq. = frequentative.
+  gen. = genitive.
+  i.e. = that is.
+  imperf. = imperfect.
+  impers. = impersonal.
+  indef. = indefinite.
+  indir. = indirect.
+  insep. = inseparable.
+  interj. = interjection.
+  interr. = interrogative.
+  intrans. = intransitive.
+  l. = line.
+  m. = masculine.
+  n. = neuter, note.
+  nom. = nominative.
+  num. = numeral.
+  obj. = objective.
+  orig. = originally.
+  p. = page.
+  part. = participle, partitive.
+  pass. = passive.
+  perf. = perfect.
+  pers. = personal.
+  pl. = plural.
+  poss. = possessive.
+  prep. = preposition.
+  pres. = present.
+  pron. = pronoun, pronominal.
+  rel. = relative.
+  sc. = supply.
+  sup. = superlative.
+  trans. = transitive.
+
+The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. #fl�g�# and #speci�#, indicates
+that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are
+defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this
+practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1)�When neither the simple
+verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and
+(2)�in the case of certain verbs like #s�m�# and #surg�#, which, though
+themselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and
+served as the base of further compounds.
+
+The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself
+when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary.
+This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and
+render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+
+#A.#, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen _Aulus_.
+
+#�, ab, abs#, prep. with abl.; (1) of place, _from, away from, out of_;
+(2)�of time, _from, since, after_; (3)�of agency, _by_; (4)�of
+separation, source, cause, _from, through, because of_; in composition,
+_off, away_.
+
+#abali�n�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ab# + #ali�nus#], _to remove, alienate,
+estrange_.
+
+#abdic�#, see #dic�#.
+
+#abditus# [orig. part. of #abd�#], adj., _hidden, concealed_.
+
+#abd�#, see #d�#.
+
+#abd�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#abe�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#abici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#ablu�, ere, �, �tus# [#ab# + #lu�#, _to wash_], _to wash, cleanse,
+purify_.
+
+#abnu�#, see #*nu�#.
+
+#abripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#abrog�#, see #rog�#.
+
+#abs#, see #�#.
+
+#absc�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#abscind�#, see #scind�#.
+
+#abs�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #absum#], adj., _absent, away_.
+
+#absist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#absolv�#, see #solv�#.
+
+#absorbe�, �re, u�, absorptus# [#ab# + #sorbe�#, _to swallow_], _to
+swallow_.
+
+#abstinentia, ae# [#abstine�#], f., _abstinence, self-restraint,
+integrity_.
+
+#abstine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#abstrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#absum#, see #sum#.
+
+#abs�m�#, see #s�m�#.
+
+#ac#, see #atque#.
+
+#Acca, ae#, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and
+Remus.
+
+#acc�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#accend�#, see #cande�#.
+
+#accid�#, see #cad�#.
+
+#accing�#, see #cing�#.
+
+#acci�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #cie�#, _to set in motion_], _to summon,
+invite_.
+
+#accipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#accl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#accommod�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #commodus#], _to fit to, adjust,
+regulate_.
+
+#accumb�#, see #*cumb�#.
+
+#accurr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#acc�s�ti�, �nis# [#acc�s�#], f., _accusation, prosecution_.
+
+#acc�s�tor, �ris# [#acc�s�#], m., _accuser, prosecutor_.
+
+#acc�s�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #causa#], _to call to trial, accuse,
+blame_.
+
+#�cer, �cris, �cre#, comp. #�crior#, sup. #�cerrimus#, adj., _sharp,
+bitter, piercing_; _keen, eager, vigorous, fierce_.
+
+#acerb�# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], adv., _bitterly, cruelly, severely_.
+
+#acerbit�s, �tis# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], f., _harshness, severity,
+unkindness_.
+
+#ac�tum, �# [cf. #�cer#], n., _vinegar_.
+
+#aci�s, ��# [cf. #�cer#], f., _a sharp point_ of a sword or dagger; _a
+battle line_ (conceived of as a sword point); _battle_.
+
+#�criter#, comp. #�crius#, sup. #�cerrim�# [#�cer#], adv., _sharply,
+spiritedly, fiercely, grievously_.
+
+#Actiacus#, adj., _of_ or _at Actium_.
+
+#Actium, �#, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31
+B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.
+
+#ad#, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, _to, towards, to the house of,
+at, near_; (2)�of time, _up to, towards, until, at_; (3)�of purpose,
+_to, in order to, for, for the sake of_; (4)�of other relations,
+_according to, at_. In composition, it = _to, towards_, and also denotes
+_addition_ and _intensity_.
+
+#adam�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #am�#, _to love_], _to love earnestly_.
+
+#add�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#add�#, see #d�#.
+
+#add�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+(1) #ade�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+(2) #ade�# [#ad# + (2) #e�#], adv., _to this point, so very, so, to such
+a degree, actually_; #atque ade�#, _and in fact_.
+
+#adequit�#, see #equit�#.
+
+#adfect�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #faci�#], _to strive after,
+aspire�to_.
+
+#adfer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#adfici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#adf�nis, is# [#ad# + #f�nis#], m., _a relative_ (by�marriage).
+
+#adf�rm�#, see #f�rm�#.
+
+#adfl�tus, �s# [#adfl�#], m., _a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation_.
+
+#adfl�ctus# [orig. part. of #adfl�g�#], adj., _shattered, weakened,
+wretched_.
+
+#adfl�g�#, see #*fl�g�#.
+
+#adfl�#, see #fl�#.
+
+#adhibe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#adhort�ti�, �nis# [#adhortor#, _to encourage_], f., _encouragement,
+exhortation_.
+
+#adici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#adig�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#adip�scor, �, adeptus sum# [#ad# + #ap�scor#, _to reach_], _to gain by
+effort, get, acquire_.
+
+#aditus, �s# [(1) #ade�#], m., _approach, access_.
+
+#adi�mentum# [orig. #adiuv�mentum#, from #adiuv�#], n., _help, aid,
+service_.
+
+#adiung�#, see #iung�#.
+
+#adiuv�, �re, i�v�, i�tus# [#ad# + #iuv�#, _to help_], _to aid, help_.
+
+#adlici�#, see #*laci�#.
+
+#adlig�#, see #lig�#.
+
+#adloquor#, see #loquor#.
+
+#administr�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ad# + #ministr�#, _to manage_], _to
+manage, direct, govern, regulate_.
+
+#adm�r�bilis, e# [#adm�ror#], adj., _admirable, wonderful_.
+
+#adm�randus# [#adm�ror#], adj., _marvelous, wonderful, strange_.
+
+#adm�r�ti�, �nis# [#adm�ror#], f., _wonder, admiration_; _surprise_.
+
+#adm�r�tor, �ris# [#adm�ror#], m., _admirer_.
+
+#adm�ror, �r�, �tus sum# [#ad# + #m�ror#, _to marvel at_], _to marvel
+at, admire_.
+
+#admitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#admodum# [#ad# + #modus#], adv., _up to the full limit, very,
+exceedingly_.
+
+#admone�#, see #mone�#.
+
+#admove�#, see #move�#.
+
+#adnu�#, see #*nu�#.
+
+#adol�sc�, ere, ol�v�, adultus# [#ad# + #ol�sc�#, _to grow_], _to grow
+up, become mature, reach manhood_.
+
+#adoperi�#, see #pari�#.
+
+#adopt�#, see #opt�#.
+
+#ad�rn�#, see #�rn�#.
+
+#ad�r�#, see #�r�#.
+
+#adqu�r�#, see #quaer�#.
+
+#adripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#adscr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#adsent�ti�, �nis# [#adsentor#, _to agree with, to flatter_], f.,
+_flattery_.
+
+#adsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#adside�#, see #sede�#.
+
+#ads�d�#, see #s�d�#.
+
+#adsiduus# [#adside�#], adj., _incessant, repeated, continued_.
+
+#ads�gn�#, see #s�gn�#.
+
+#adspici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#adsu�sc�#, see #su�sc�#.
+
+#adsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#ads�m�#, see #s�m�#.
+
+#adsurg�#, see #surg�#.
+
+#adul�sc�ns, entis# [#adol�sc�#], m. and f., _a young man_ or _woman_
+(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).
+
+#adul�scentia, ae# [#adul�sc�ns#], f., _youth_.
+
+#adul�scentulus, �# [dim. of #adul�sc�ns#], m., _a very young man,
+stripling_.
+
+#ad�lor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to flatter_.
+
+#adultus# [orig. part. of #adol�sc�#], adj., _grown up, mature, adult_.
+
+#adveh�#, see #veh�#.
+
+#adveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#advent�, �re, �v�#, -- [freq. of #adveni�#], _to advance, approach_.
+
+#adventus, �s# [#adveni�#], m., _coming, approach, arrival_.
+
+#advers�rius, �# [#adversor#], m., _opponent, enemy_.
+
+#adversor, �r�, �tus sum# [#adversus#], _to oppose, withstand, resist_.
+
+#adversus# [#ad# + #vert�#], adj., _turned towards, facing, in front_;
+_opposed, adverse, unfavorable_. As noun, #adversum, �#, n.,
+_misfortune, calamity_.
+
+#adversus# and #adversum#, prep. with acc., _in opposition to, against,
+towards_.
+
+#advoc�ti�, �nis# [#advoc�#], f., _advocacy, legal assistance_; #in
+advoc�ti�nem ven�re#, _to come to one's aid in court_.
+
+#advoc�tus, �# [#advoc�#], m., _adviser, advocate_.
+
+#advoc�#, see #voc�#.
+
+#aed�s#, see #aedis#.
+
+#aedificium, �# [#aedific�#], n., _a building_.
+
+#aedific�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#aedis# + #faci�#], _to build_.
+
+#aed�lis, is# [#aedis#], m., _aedile, commissioner of public works_, the
+name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care
+of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and
+the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor.
+They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents,
+and superintended the performance of certain public games.
+
+#aed�lit�s, �tis# [#aed�lis#], f., _aedileship_.
+
+#aedis# or #aed�s, is#, f., in sing., _temple_; in pl., _house,
+dwelling_.
+
+#aedituus, �# [#aedis# + #tueor#], m., _keeper of a temple, sexton_.
+
+#aeger, aegra, aegrum#, adj., _sick, ill, feeble_.
+
+#aegr�# [#aeger#], adv., _painfully, with difficulty, scarcely_; #aegr�
+ferre#, _to be vexed at, take amiss_.
+
+#aegrit�d�, inis# [#aeger#], f., _sickness_; _grief, vexation,
+mortification_.
+
+#aegr�t�, �re, �v�#, -- [#aeger#], _to be ill_ or _feeble, lie sick_.
+
+#Aegyptus, �#, m., _Egypt_.
+
+#Aemilius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Paulus#.
+
+#aemul�ti�, �nis# [#aemulor#, _to rival_], f., _rivalry, competition_.
+
+#aequ�lis, e# [#aequus#], adj., _equal, like_ (esp. in age). As noun,
+m., _comrade, companion_.
+
+#aequ�# [#aequus#], adv., _equally_.
+
+#aequit�s, �tis# [#aequus#], f., _evenness, fairness, justice_.
+
+#aequ�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#aequus#], _to make even, place on an
+equality_.
+
+#aequus#, adj., _even, level_; _fair, just_; #aequ� anim�#, _patiently_.
+
+#aer�rium, �# [#aes#], n., _state treasury_; _public money_.
+
+#aes, aeris#, n., _copper, bronze_; _money_ (first coined of bronze);
+#aes ali�num#, _debt_.
+
+#aest�s, �tis#, f., _summer_.
+
+#aest�vus# [#aest�s#], adj., _of summer, summer_.
+
+#aet�s, �tis#, f., _time of life, life, age, youth, old age_; _period,
+time_.
+
+#aeternum# [acc. sing. neut. of #aeternus#, _eternal_], adv.,
+_eternally, forever_.
+
+#�fer, �fr�#, m., _an African_, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.
+
+#�frica, ae#, f., _Africa_, esp. that part of it which lay near
+Carthage.
+
+#�fric�nus#, adj., _African_. As noun, #�fric�nus, �#, m., the cognomen
+bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See
+#Sc�pi�#.
+
+#agedum#, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,
+_come on! come! quick!_
+
+#agellus, �# [dim. of #ager#], m., _a little field, small estate_.
+
+#ager, agr�#, m., _field, farm, estate_; _territory, land, district_;
+_the country_.
+
+#agger, eris# [#ad# + #ger�#], m., _mass_ (esp. of earth and brushwood),
+_mound, rampart_.
+
+#aggredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#agit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #ag�#], _drive violently hither and
+thither_; _discuss, consider, meditate_.
+
+  #con--c�git�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to think, reflect, consider_;
+  _plan_.
+
+  #ex# + #con--exc�git�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to think out, devise_.
+
+#�gmen, inis# [#ag�#], n., _an army_ (on the march), _marching column_;
+_troop, array_.
+
+#�gn�sc�#, see #n�sc�#.
+
+#ag�, agere, �g�, �ctus#, _to set in motion, drive, lead_; _act, do,
+perform_; _treat, deal, arrange_; _spend, pass_ (of�time); #�ctum est
+d�#, _it was all up with_; #augurium agere#, _to perform the augural
+ceremonies_; #c�nsulem agere#, _to act the consul_, #d�l�ctum agere#,
+_to hold a levy_; #gr�ti�s agere#, _to feel thankful_; #triumphum
+agere#, _to celebrate a triumph_.
+
+  #ad--adig�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _drive, urge, compel, constrain_.
+
+  #con--c�g�, ere, co�g�, co�ctus#, _drive together, collect_;
+  _compel, force_.
+
+  #d�--d�g�, ere, d�g�, ----#, _pass, spend_ (of time).
+
+  #ex--exig�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _to drive out_; _finish_; _pass,
+  spend_.
+
+  #per--perag�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _to finish, accomplish, play_
+  (a�part); _set forth, relate, describe_.
+
+  #re--redig�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _to drive back, force, reduce,
+  bring_.
+
+  #sub--subig�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _to drive under, conquer, subdue_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsig�, ere, �g�, �ctus#, _to finish, settle, perform_.
+
+#agrestis, e# [#ager#], adj., _of the fields_; _rustic_; _countrified,
+rude, uncouth_.
+
+#�i�, ais, ait, �iunt# [def. verb], _to say_.
+
+#alacer, cris, cre#, adj., _lively, nimble, quick_; often = an adv.,
+_eagerly_.
+
+#alacrit�s, �tis# [#alacer#], f., _liveliness, eagerness, spirit_.
+
+#Alba# or #Alba Longa# (sc. #urbs#), f., an ancient town of the Latins.
+
+#Alb�nus#, adj., _pertaining to Alba, Alban_. As noun, #Alb�nus, �#, m.,
+_an inhabitant of Alba_.
+
+#�lea, ae#, f., _game of dice_; _die_.
+
+#Alexander, dr�#, m., _Alexander the Great_, king of Macedonia from 336
+to 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia.
+
+#Alexandr�a, ae#, f., _Alexandria_, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the
+Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.
+
+#ali�s# [#alius#], adv., _at another time, under other circumstances_.
+
+#alib�# [#alius# + #ibi#], adv., _elsewhere, in other places_.
+
+#ali�nus# [#alius#], adj., _belonging to another, another's_; #aes
+ali�num#, _debt_.
+
+#alimentum, �# [#al�#], n., _nourishment_; in plur., _food, provisions_.
+
+#ali�qu�#, adv., _in other respects, otherwise_.
+
+#aliquamdi�# [#aliquis# + #di�#], adv., _for a while, for some time_.
+
+#aliquand�# [#aliquis#], adv., _at some time or other, once, on a
+certain occasion_; _at length, at last_.
+
+#aliquantus#, adj., _some, considerable_. As noun, #aliquantum, �#, n.,
+_a little, something_.
+
+#aliqu�, aliqua, aliquod# [#alius# + #qu�#], indef. pron. adj., _some
+one or other, some, any_.
+
+#aliquis, qua, quid# [#alius# + #quis#], indef. pron., _some one,
+something_; _any one, anything_; _some, any_. As noun, #aliquid#, n.,
+_something, anything_.
+
+#aliquot# [#alius# + #quot#], indef. indecl. adj., _some, several_.
+
+#aliquoti�ns# [#aliquot#], adv., _several times_.
+
+#aliter# [#alius#], adv., _otherwise, differently_.
+
+#alius, a, ud# (gen. #al�us#, dat. #ali�#), pron. adj., _another, other,
+different_; #alius .�.�. alius#, _one .�.�. one, one .�.�. another_;
+#ali� .�.�. ali�#, _some .�.�. others_.
+
+#al�, ere, u�, tus#, _to feed, nourish, support, keep_.
+
+#Alp�s, ium#, f., _the Alps_.
+
+#alt�ria, ium#, pl. n., _an altar_.
+
+#alter, altera, alterum# (gen. #alter�us#, dat. #alter�#), pron. adj.,
+_one of two, the other, the second_; #alter .�.�. alter#, _the one .�.�.
+the other_.
+
+#altercor, �r�, �tus sum# [#alter#], _to dispute, wrangle_.
+
+#alteruter, utra, utrum# (gen. #alterutr�us#, dat. #alterutr�#), pron.
+adj., _one or the other of two, one_ (only) _of two_.
+
+#altus# [#al�#], adj., _high, lofty_; _deep_. As noun, #altum, �#, n.,
+_the deep sea, the deep_; sup. #altissimum, �#, n., _top_.
+
+#alveus, �#, m., _a basket, trough_.
+
+#am, amb, ambi#, insep. prefix (seen in #amput�#), _around, on both
+sides_.
+
+#am�ns, antis# [part. of #am�#, _to love_], adj., _loving, fond_; with
+gen., _fond of, devoted�to_.
+
+#ambiti�, �nis# [#ambi�#, _to go around_], f., _canvassing for public
+office, ambition_.
+
+#amb�, ae, �#, adj., _both_.
+
+#ambul�ti�, �nis# [#ambul�#], f., _a walk, promenade_.
+
+#ambul�, �re, �v�, --#, _to walk, stroll_.
+
+  #d�--deambul�, �re, --, --#, _to walk, stroll, promenade_.
+
+  #in--inambul�, �re, --, --#, _to walk up and down, stroll_.
+
+#am�citia, ae# [#am�cus#], f., _friendship_.
+
+#amictus# [orig. part. of #amici�#, _to wrap about_], adj., _clothed in,
+clad�in_.
+
+#am�cus# [#am�#, _to love_], adj., _friendly_.
+
+#am�cus, �# [#am�#, _to love_], m., _a friend_.
+
+#�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#amnis, is#, m., _river, torrent, stream_.
+
+#amor, �ris# [#am�#, _to love_], m., _love, passion_.
+
+#�move�#, see #move�#.
+
+#amphora, ae#, f., _a two-handled jar_. It held about six gallons.
+
+#amplector, �, amplexus sum#, _to twine around, embrace_.
+
+#ampli�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#amplus#], _to enlarge, widen, extend_.
+
+#amplius# [comp. of #amplus#], indecl. adj. and adv., _further, more,
+besides_.
+
+#amplus#, adj., _great, large_; _noble, distinguished_.
+
+#amput�#, see #put�#.
+
+#Am�lius, �#, m., _Am�lius_, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba
+Longa.
+
+#anceps, ancipitis# [#ambi# + #caput#], adj., _two-headed_; _doubtful,
+hazardous_.
+
+#anc�le, is#, n., a�small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a
+guitar.
+
+#ancilla, ae#, f., _a maid-servant, maid_.
+
+#Ancus, �#, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.
+
+#ang�, ere, --, --#, _squeeze, choke_; _vex, annoy_.
+
+#angor, �ris# [#ang�#], m., _vexation, sorrow, anguish_.
+
+#anguis, is# [#ang�#], m. and f., _a snake_.
+
+#angulus, �# [#ang�#], m., _corner, nook_.
+
+#angustiae, �rum# [#angustus#], f., _narrowness, narrow place, narrow
+pass_.
+
+#angustus# [#ang�#], adj., _narrow_.
+
+#anima, ae#, f., _air, breath, soul, life_.
+
+#animadvert�, ere, vert�, versus# [#animus# + #advert�#], _to turn the
+mind to, perceive, notice_; #in aliquem animadvertere#, _to punish_.
+
+#animal, �lis# [#anima#], n., _a living thing, an animal_.
+
+#animus, �#, m., _mind, soul, reason_; _courage, spirit_; _temper,
+disposition_; in plur., _affections, allegiance_.
+
+#Ani�, Ani�nis#, m., a tributary of the Tiber.
+
+#ann�lis, is# [#annus#], adj., _yearly, annual_. As noun, #Ann�l�s#
+(sc.�_libr�_), _year-books, records_; strictly brief abstracts of
+contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and
+exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official
+residence. #Ann�l�s# is a frequent title of Latin historical works.
+
+#ann�na, ae# [#annus#], f., _the year's crop_, esp. of grain; _corn
+supply_.
+
+#annus, �#, m., _a year_.
+
+#ante# (1) adv.; of space, _before, in front of_; of time, _before,
+previously, ago_; (2)�prep. with acc., both of space and time, _in front
+of, before_.
+
+#ante�# [#ante#], adv., _before, formerly_.
+
+#antec�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#antee�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#antequam# or #ante . . . quam#, conj., _before, until_.
+
+#Antiochus, �#, m., _Antiochus_.
+
+  1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by
+  Scipio Asiaticus in 190.
+
+  2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures
+  Cicero heard at Athens in 79 B.C.
+
+#ant�quus#, adj., _ancient_.
+
+#Ant�nius, �#, m., a Roman gentile name.
+
+  1. _M.�Ant�nius_, a�friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the
+  second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31
+  B.C., and killed himself the following year.
+
+  2. _C. Ant�nius Hybrida_, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with
+  Cicero, B.C.�63.
+
+#�nulus, �# [dim. of #�nus#, _a circle_], m., _a finger ring_.
+
+#anus, �s#, f., _an old woman_.
+
+#anxius# [#ang�#], adj., _anxious, troubled_.
+
+#aper, apr�#, m., _a wild boar_.
+
+#aperi�#, see #pari�#.
+
+#apert�# [#apertus#], adv., _openly, plainly_.
+
+#apertus# [orig. part. of #aperi�#], adj., _open, manifest_.
+
+#Apoll�, inis#, m., _Apollo_, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans
+also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was
+at Delphi, in Greece.
+
+#Apoll�nia, ae#, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century B.C. it was a famous
+seat of learning.
+
+#Apoll�nius, �#, m., _Apoll�nius_, surnamed _Mol�_, under whom Cicero
+studied rhetoric at Rhodes.
+
+#appar�tus, �s#, m., _equipment, preparation_; _splendor, pomp_.
+
+#app�re�#, see #p�re�#.
+
+#appell�ti�, �nis# [(2) #appell�#], f., _name, title_.
+
+(1)�#appell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+(2) #appell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#Appenn�nus, �#, m., _the Apennines_, a range of mountains in Italy.
+
+#Appius, �#, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.
+
+#applaud�, ere, plaus�, plausus# [#ad# + #plaud�#, _to clap the hands_],
+_to applaud_.
+
+#app�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#apprehend�#, see #prehend�#.
+
+#approb�#, see #prob�#.
+
+#appropinqu�, �re, �v�, --# [#ad# + #propinquus#], _to draw near,
+approach_.
+
+#apt�# [#aptus#], adv., _fitly, neatly_.
+
+#aptus#, adj., _fitted, suited for, adapted to_.
+
+#apud#, prep. with acc.; of place, _near_; of persons, _with, among, in
+the presence of, at the house of_; with the name of an author, _in the
+works�of_.
+
+#�p�lia, ae#, f., _Apulia_, a district in the southeastern part of
+Italy.
+
+#aqua, ae#, f., _water_.
+
+#aquila, ae#, f., _an eagle_; _standard_ (a�metal eagle, elevated upon a
+pole).
+
+#aquilifer, fer�# [#aquila# + #fer�#], m., _standard bearer_.
+
+#�ra, ae#, f., _an altar_.
+
+#arbiter, tr�#, m., _witness, judge, umpire_.
+
+#arbitrium, �# [#arbiter#], n., _judgment, decision_; _will, caprice_.
+
+#arbitror, �r�, �tus sum# [#arbiter#], _to think, believe, consider_.
+
+#arbor, oris#, f., _a tree_.
+
+#arca, ae# [#arce�#], f., _chest, box_.
+
+#arce�, �re, u�, --#, _to shut up, inclose_; _hinder, prevent_.
+
+  #con--coerce�, �re, u�, itus#, _to confine closely, shut in_;
+  _restrain, check_.
+
+  #ex--exerce�, �re, u�, itus#, _to exercise, drill, employ_; #l�gem
+  exerc�re#, _to enforce a law_.
+
+#arcess�, ere, �v�, �tus#, _to cause to come, summon, send for_.
+
+#Ardea, ae#, f., _Ardea_, a�town in Latium, about eighteen miles south
+of Rome.
+
+#�rd�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #�rde�#, _to burn, glow_], adj.,
+_glowing, fiery, bright_.
+
+#�rdor, �ris# [#�rde�#, _to burn, glow_], m., _heat, glow_; _zeal,
+enthusiasm, fire_.
+
+#argentum, �#, n., _silver_; _money_.
+
+#Arg�, �rum#, m., _Argos_, a city in the northeastern part of the
+Peloponnesus.
+
+#Arg�vus#, adj., of _Argos, Argive_.
+
+#argu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to show, prove_; _charge, accuse, blame_.
+
+#�ridus# [#�re�#, _to be dry_], adj., _dry, arid_.
+
+#arma, �rum#, n. pl., _arms, weapons_ (esp. for defense); _warfare_.
+
+#arm�tus# [orig. part. of #arm�#], adj., _armed, in full armor_. As
+noun, #arm�t�, �rum#, m. pl., _armed men, soldiers_.
+
+#Armenia, ae#, f., _Armenia_, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black
+Sea.
+
+#armilla, ae# [#armus#, _shoulder, arm_], f., _a bracelet, armlet_.
+
+#arm�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#arma#], _to arm, equip_.
+
+#Arp�num, �#, n., _Arpinum_, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast
+of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.
+
+#ars, artis#, f., _skill, art, knowledge_; _accomplishment_, esp. in
+pl.; _device, stratagem_.
+
+#artifex, icis# [#ars# + #faci�#], m., _workman, artist, builder_.
+
+#art�s, uum#, m. pl., _joints, limbs_.
+
+#�r�ns, untis#, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.
+
+#arx, arcis# [#arce�#], f., _citadel, stronghold_.
+
+#�s, assis#, m., _an as_, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a�pound of
+copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a
+cent.
+
+#�scend�#, see #scand�#.
+
+#Asia, ae#, f., _Asia_, esp. Asia Minor.
+
+  #Asi�ticus#, adj., _Asiatic_. As noun, #Asi�ticus, �#, m., (cognomen
+  of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.
+
+#asper, aspera, asperum#, adj., _rough, bitter, sharp_; _harsh, violent,
+severe_.
+
+#asperit�s, �tis# [#asper#], f., _roughness, harshness_; _acidity_
+(of�vinegar).
+
+#�spernor#, see #spern�#.
+
+#aspis, idis#, f., _an asp, viper_.
+
+#�st�tia, ae# [#�st�tus#], f., _shrewdness, smartness, cleverness_.
+
+#�st�tus# [#�st�#, _cunning_], adj., _smart, clever, shrewd, cunning_.
+
+#asy:lum, �#, n., _place of refuge, asylum_.
+
+#at#, conj., _but, but yet, nevertheless_.
+
+#Ath�nae, �rum#, f. plur., _Athens_, the chief city of Greece, situated
+in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.
+
+#Athesis, is#, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated
+the Cimbri in 101 B.C.
+
+#At�lius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #R�gulus#.
+
+#atque, ac#, conj., _and, and also_.
+
+#atqu�#, conj., _and yet, but yet, yet_.
+
+#atr�citer# [#atr�x#], adv., _fiercely, cruelly_.
+
+#atr�x, �cis#, adj., _savage, fierce, cruel, horrible_.
+
+#attentus#, adj., _attentive_.
+
+#attonitus# [#atton�#, _to thunder at_], adj., _thunder-struck,
+awe-struck, overwhelmed_.
+
+#Attus, �#, m., _Attus N�vius_, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.
+
+#auctor, �ris# [#auge�#], m., _producer, originator, cause_.
+
+#auct�rit�s, �tis# [#auctor#], f., _authority, power_; _influence,
+weight, dignity_.
+
+#aucupium, �# [#avis# + #capi�#], n., _bird-catching, fowling_.
+
+#aud�cia, ae# [#aud�x#, _bold_], f., _boldness, daring_; _rashness,
+presumption_.
+
+#aude�, �re, ausus sum#, _to venture, dare_.
+
+#audi�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to hear, listen to_; #dict� audi�ns esse#, _to
+obey_.
+
+  #ex--exaudi�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to hear clearly, distinguish_.
+
+#aufer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#aufugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#auge�, �re, aux�, auctus#, _to increase, enlarge_.
+
+#augur, uris# [#avis#], m., _an augur, soothsayer_, a�priest whose
+business it was to take the _auspicia_. See #auspicium#.
+
+#augurium, �# [#augur#], n., _observance of omens, divination_;
+#augurium agere#, _to perform the augural ceremonies_.
+
+#augustus# [#auge�#], adj., _majestic, venerable, imposing_.
+
+#Augustus, �# [#augustus#], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in
+B.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.
+
+#aureus# [#aurum#], adj., _golden_.
+
+#auris, is#, f., _ear_.
+
+#aurum, �#, n., _gold_.
+
+#auspicium, �# [#avis# + #*speci�#], n., _divination_ by noting the
+flight or cries of birds. In taking the #auspicia#, _auspices_, the
+augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed
+course of conduct.
+
+#aut#, conj., _or_; #aut . . . aut#, _either .�.�.�or_.
+
+#autem#, conj., always postpositive, _but, however, moreover_.
+
+#auxilium, �# [#auge�#], n., _help, aid_; plur., _auxiliary troops_
+(usually foreign and light-armed troops).
+
+#av�ritia, ae# [#av�rus#], f., _greed, avarice_.
+
+#av�rus#, adj., _greedy, grasping, covetous_.
+
+#�vell�, ere, vell�, vulsus# [#ab# + #vell�#, _to pluck_], _to tear off_
+or _away, sever_.
+
+#Avent�nus, �#, m. (sc. #m�ns#), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills
+of Rome.
+
+#Avent�nus#, adj., _of_ or _on the Aventine_.
+
+#ave�, �re, --, --#, _to fare well_, used only in the imperative #av�!#
+_hail! welcome! greetings!_
+
+#�versor, �r�, �tus sum# [#�vert�#], _to scorn, repulse_.
+
+#�vert�#, see #vert�#.
+
+#avid�# [#avidus#], adv., _eagerly, greedily_.
+
+#avidus#, adj., _desirous, eager, greedy_.
+
+#avis, is#, f., _bird_; _sign, omen_.
+
+#av�tus# [#avus#], adj., _ancestral_.
+
+#�voc�#, see #voc�#.
+
+#�vol�#, see (2) #vol�#.
+
+#avunculus# [dim. of #avus#], m., _uncle, mother's brother_.
+
+#avus, �#, m., _grandfather, ancestor_.
+
+
+#B#
+
+#baculum, �#, n., _a staff, stick_.
+
+#Bagrada(s), ae#, m., a river near Carthage.
+
+#ballista, ae#, f., _the ballista_, a military engine for hurling
+stones.
+
+#balneum, �#, n., _bath, bathing-place_.
+
+#barba, ae#, f., _beard_.
+
+#barbarus#, adj., _foreign, uncivilized, barbarous_. As noun, #barbar�,
+�rum#, pl. m., _foreigners, barbarians_.
+
+#bell�tor, �ris# [#bell�#], m., _fighter, brawler_; _warrior, soldier_.
+
+#bellic�sus# [#bellicus#, _warlike_], adj., _warlike_.
+
+#bell�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#bellum#], _to wage war, fight_.
+
+  #re--rebell�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to wage war again, rebel_.
+
+#bellum, �# (orig. #duellum#, from #duo#), n., _war, warfare_.
+
+#b�lua, ae#, f., _a wild beast_; of a person, _beast, brute, monster_.
+
+#bene# [#bonus#], adv., _well, successfully_; comp. #melius#, sup.
+#optim�#.
+
+#beneficium, �# [#bene# + #faci�#], n., _favor, kindness, service_.
+
+#benevolentia, ae# [#bene# + (1) #vol�#], f., _good will, kindly
+feeling_; _favor_.
+
+#ben�gn�# [#ben�gnus#], adv., _kindly, courteously_.
+
+#ben�gnus#, adj., _kind, favorable_.
+
+#biblioth�ca, ae#, f., _library_.
+
+#bib�, ere, �, --#, _to drink_.
+
+#Bibulus, �#, m., _L. Calpurnius_, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C.
+
+#b�duum, �# [#bis# + #di�s#], n., _a period of two days, two days'
+time_.
+
+#bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.
+
+#blanditia, ae#, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments, allurements_.
+
+#Blosius, �#, m., gentile name of _C. Blosius C�m�nus_, a�friend of
+C.�Gracchus.
+
+#Bocchus, �#, m., _Bocchus_, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.
+
+#Boiorix, icis#, m., _Boiorix_, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius,
+101 B.C.
+
+#bonus#, comp. #melior#, sup. #optimus#, adj., _good_; as noun, #bon�,
+�rum#, m. pl., _good men, loyal citizens_; #bona, �rum#, n. pl., _goods,
+possessions_.
+
+#b�s, bovis#, m. and f., _ox, cow_; pl., _cattle_.
+
+#bracchium, �#, n., _forearm, arm_.
+
+#brev�#, see #brevis#.
+
+#brevis, e#, adj., _short_; #brev�# (sc. #tempore#), adv., _in a little
+while, soon_.
+
+#Britann�, �rum#, m. pl., _the inhabitants of England, the Britons_.
+
+#Brundisium, �#, n., _Brundisium_, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the
+regular point of embarkation for Greece.
+
+#Br�tus, �#, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.
+
+  1. _L.�I�nius Br�tus_, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus,
+  and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C.
+
+  2. _M.�I�nius Br�tus_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44
+  B.C.
+
+  3. _D.�I�nius Br�tus_, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but
+  afterwards one of his murderers.
+
+#bulla, ae#, f., an _amulet_ or _charm_ for the neck, commonly of gold,
+though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid
+aside with the _toga praetexta_ (see #praetextus#), and consecrated to
+the _Lar�s_, or gods of the hearth.
+
+
+#C#
+
+#C#, orig. = English _G_, later = both _C_ and _G_, finally = _C_ alone;
+with proper names = _G�ius_, a�Roman praenomen.
+
+#cad�ver, eris# [#cad�#], n., _a corpse_.
+
+#cad�, ere, cecid�, c�s�rus#, _to fall_; _fall dead, be killed, die_;
+_happen_.
+
+  #ad--accid�, ere, cid�, --#, _to happen, befall, come to pass_.
+
+  #con--concid�, ere, cid�,--#, _to fall, be slain, perish_.
+
+  #in--incid�, ere, cid�,--#, _fall, fall into_ or _on, meet_;
+  _happen, occur_; #incidere in aliquem#, _to happen in the time of
+  anybody_.
+
+  #ob--occid�, ere, cid�, --#, _fall down, fall, perish_; _set_
+  (of�the sun).
+
+  #re--recid�, ere, cid�, --#, _to fall back, return_; _fall_.
+
+#caed�s, is# [#caed�#], f., _slaughter, massacre_.
+
+#caed�, ere, cec�d�, caesus#, _to cut, cut to pieces_; _kill, conquer,
+rout_; #virg�s caedere#, _to flog_.
+
+  #ob--occ�d�, ere, c�d�, c�sus#, _to cut down, kill, slay_.
+
+  #prae--praec�d�, ere, c�d�, c�sus#, _to cut short, cut off_.
+
+#caelestis, e# [#caelum#], adj., _from heaven, heavenly, celestial_.
+
+#Caelius, �#, m. (sc. #m�ns#), _the Caelian hill_, one of the seven
+hills of Rome.
+
+#caelum, �#, n., _the sky, heavens_.
+
+#caen�sus# [#caenum#], adj., _foul, filthy_.
+
+#caenum, �#, n., _mud, filth, mire_.
+
+#Caesar, aris#, m., _Caesar_, a family name in the Julian gens.
+
+  1. _C. I�lius Caesar_, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor
+  in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, consul in 59; conquered Gaul,
+  58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46;
+  created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15,�44.
+
+  2. The grandson of Caesar's sister, _C. Oct�vius_, was adopted by
+  Caesar, and henceforth known as _C.�I�lius Caesar Oct�vi�nus_. He
+  was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvirate with Antony and
+  Lepidus in 44; with Antony's help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the
+  murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium,
+  in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled
+  till his death in 14 A.D. See also #Augustus#.
+
+#caesari�s, --#, acc. #em#, f., _hair_ (of the head), _locks_ (only in
+sing.).
+
+#calamit�s, �tis#, f., _calamity, disaster_.
+
+#calcar, �ris#, n., _a spur_.
+
+#callidus#, adj., _shrewd, cunning, sly_.
+
+#Calpurnia, ae#, f., _Calpurnia_, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and
+wife of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Calpurnius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Bibulus#.
+
+#calvitium, �# [#calvus#], n., _baldness_.
+
+#calvus#, adj., _bald_.
+
+#Calvus, �# [#calvus#], m., cognomen of _C. Licinius Macer Calvus_, poet
+and orator, 82-47 B.C.
+
+#Camers, ertis#, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria,
+a�district in Central Italy.
+
+#Camp�nia, ae#, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of
+Latium.
+
+#Camp�nus#, adj., _Campanian_.
+
+#campus, �#, m., _a field_, especially the #Campus M�rtius#, a�plain
+lying between the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside
+the walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and
+place for reviews. Later, elections were held there.
+
+#cande�, �re, u�, --#, _to shine, glow_.
+
+  #ad--accend�, ere, �, c�nsus#, _to set fire to, kindle, burn_;
+  _arouse, fire, anger_.
+
+  #in--incend�, ere, �, c�nsus#, _to set on fire_; _arouse, excite_.
+
+#candidus# [#cande�#], adj., _white_.
+
+#Can�nius, �#, m., gentile name of _C. Can�nius R�bilus_, consul for a
+few hours on December 31, 45 B.C.
+
+#canis, is#, m. and f., _a dog_.
+
+#Cannae, �rum#, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy.
+
+#Cann�nsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Cannae_.
+
+#can�, ere, cecin�, --#, _to sing, chant, play_; _sound, give signal_.
+
+  #prae--praecin�, ere, u�, --#, _to play before_ (one).
+
+#cantus, �s# [#can�#], m., _song_; _note, cry_.
+
+#Canusium, �#, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.
+
+#capesso, ere, �v�, �tus# [desid. of #capi�#], _to take eagerly, seize,
+resort�to_.
+
+#capillus, �# [#caput#], m., _the hair_.
+
+#capi�, ere, c�p�, captus#, _to take, seize, capture_; #c�nsilium
+capere#, _to form a plan_.
+
+  #ad--accipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take to one's self, receive,
+  adopt_; _meet with, welcome_; _understand, interpret_.
+
+  #con--concipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take in, imagine, conceive_.
+
+  #d�--d�cipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take in, catch, deceive,
+  cheat_.
+
+  #ex--excipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take out, appropriate,
+  overhear_; _receive, greet_; _await, confront_.
+
+  #in--incipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take up, begin, undertake_.
+
+  #inter--intercipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to seize in passing, steal,
+  usurp_.
+
+  #prae--praecipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptum#, _direct, bid, order_.
+
+  #re--recipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take back, recover_; _take,
+  receive_; #s� recipere#, _to retreat, withdraw_.
+
+  #sub--suscipi�, ere, c�p�, ceptus#, _to take up, undertake, assume,
+  succeed�to_.
+
+#Capit�l�nus#, adj., _pertaining to the Capitol_.
+
+#Capit�lium, �#, n., _the Capitol_, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome;
+often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the _M�ns
+Capit�l�nus_, the citadel of Rome.
+
+#capra, ae#, f., _a she-goat_; #Caprae pal�s#, _Goat Swamp_, in the
+Campus Martius.
+
+#capt�vus# [#capi�#], adj., _captive_; as noun, #capt�vus, �#, m., _a
+prisoner, captive_.
+
+#capt�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #capi�#], _to seize eagerly, strive to
+seize, strive for_; _take in, deceive, trap_.
+
+#Capua, ae#, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.
+
+#capulus, �# [#capi�#], m., _hilt, handle_.
+
+#caput, itis#, n., _the head, life_; _head_ or _capital_ of a nation;
+#capite damn�re#, _to condemn to death_.
+
+#carb�, inis#, m., _a coal, charcoal_.
+
+#Carb�, inis#, m., _C. Pap�rius_, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey.
+
+#carcer, eris#, n., _a prison_, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by
+Ancus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the 'Mamertine
+Prison.' It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards
+the Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: "In the prison there
+is a place called the _Tulli�num_, about twelve feet below the surface
+of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it there is a
+room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible
+place on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench."
+
+#carnifex, ficis# [#car�#, _flesh_ + #faci�#], m., _executioner,
+butcher_.
+
+#carpentum, �#, n., _a two-wheeled carriage_.
+
+#carp�, ere, s�, tus#, _to pluck, tear_.
+
+  #dis--discerp�, ere, s�, tus#, _to pluck_ or _tear in pieces_.
+
+  #ex--excerp�, ere, s�, tus#, _to pluck out, choose, select_.
+
+#Carth�gini�nsis, e#, adj., _Carthaginian_.
+
+#Carth�g�, inis#, f., _Carthage_, a city on the northern coast of
+Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.
+
+#Carth�g� Nova#, f., _New Carthage_, a city on the east coast of Spain,
+founded by the Carthaginians.
+
+#c�rus#, adj., _dear, beloved_; _costly_.
+
+#casa, ae#, f., _a hut, cottage_.
+
+#Casca, ae#, m., _C. Serv�lius_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Cassius, �#, m., gentile name of _C. Cassius Long�nus_, one of the
+foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C.
+
+#castellum, �# [dim. of #castrum#], n., _a stronghold, castle, fort_.
+
+#cast�g�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#castus#, _pure_ + #ag�#], _to correct,
+punish, chastise_.
+
+#castrum, �#, n., _a fortified place_; pl., #castra, �rum#, _a camp_.
+
+#c�sus, �s# [#cad�#], m., _that which befalls, accident, chance_;
+_misfortune, calamity_.
+
+#catapulta, ae#, f., _an engine for hurling arrows, catapult_.
+
+#cat�na, ae#, f., _a chain, fetter_.
+
+#Catil�na, ae#, m., _L. Sergius_, who conspired against the state during
+Cicero's consulship, 63 B.C.
+
+#cat�llus, �#, m., _a small dish, plate_.
+
+#Cat�, �nis#, m., _M. Porcius_, called _Utic�nsis_, because he committed
+suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C.
+
+#Catullus, �#, m., _C. Valerius_, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C.
+
+#catulus, �#, m., _a young animal, cub_.
+
+#Catulus, �#, m., _Q. Lut�tius_, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of
+extraordinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates.
+
+#cauda, ae#, f., _tail_.
+
+#causa, ae#, f., _cause, reason, occasion_; _case at law_; #caus�# (with
+preceding gen.), _for the sake of_, a�common expression of purpose;
+#causam d�cere#, _to plead a case_ in court.
+
+#cautus# [orig. part. of #cave�#], adj., _careful, wary, cautious_.
+
+#cavea, ae# [#cavus#, _hollow_], f., _a cage_.
+
+#cave�, �re, c�v�, cautus#, _to be on one's guard, beware, guard
+against_.
+
+#c�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to go, move_; _to go from, retire_; _yield,
+submit_; #ex sententi� c�dere#, _to turn out to one's satisfaction_.
+
+  #ab--absc�d�, ere, cess�, cess�rus#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_.
+
+  #ad--acc�d�, ere, cess�, cess�rus#, _to go_ or _come to, move
+  towards, approach_; _be added_.
+
+  #ante--antec�d�, ere, cess�, --#, _to go before, precede._
+
+  #con--conc�d�, ere, cess�, cessus#, _to withdraw, retire, depart_;
+  _yield, submit_; _allow, grant, concede_.
+
+  #d�--d�c�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_;
+  _to die_ (sc.�#v�t�#).
+
+  #dis--disc�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to go away, depart_; _come
+  off_.
+
+  #in--inc�d�, ere, cess�, cess�rus#, _to advance, approach_; _march_;
+  _move slowly_.
+
+  #prae--praec�d�, ere, cess�, cess�rus#, _to go before_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�c�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to move forward, advance, make
+  progress_.
+
+  #re--rec�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to move back, withdraw, retire,
+  retreat_.
+
+  #s�--s�c�d�, ere, cess�, cess�rus#, _to retire, withdraw_.
+
+  #sub--succ�d�, ere, cess�, cessum#, _to follow, succeed_; _be
+  successful_.
+
+#celeber, bris, bre#, adj., _famous_.
+
+#celebr�tus# [part. of #celebr�#, _to throng_], adj., of a place,
+_thronged, frequented_; of persons, places, or things, _famous,
+brilliant_.
+
+#celer, eris, ere#, adj., _swift, quick, lively_.
+
+#celerit�s, �tis# [#celer#], f., _swiftness, speed, alertness_.
+
+#celeriter# [#celer#], adv., _quickly, soon_.
+
+#cella, ae#, f., _chamber, sanctuary, shrine_.
+
+#c�l�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to hide, conceal_.
+
+#Celtib�r�, �rum#, m. pl., _the Celtiberi_, a tribe in Spain.
+
+#c�na, ae#, f., _dinner_, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about
+three o'clock.
+
+#c�n�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#c�na#], _to dine, eat_.
+
+#c�nse�, �re, u�, us#, _to rate, value_; _be of the opinion, think_;
+_determine, decide_.
+
+#c�nsus, �s# [#c�nse�#], m., _an enumeration_ and _classification of the
+people_ according to wealth, _a census_.
+
+#centi�s# [#centum#], adv., _a hundred times_.
+
+#centum#, indecl. num. adj., _a hundred_.
+
+#centuria, ae# [#centum#], f., _a division of the army or the people_,
+containing a hundred persons, _a century_.
+
+#centuri�, �nis# [#centuria#], m., _a commander of a century, centurion,
+captain_.
+
+#cern�, ere, cr�v�, certus# [#cr�tus#], _to separate_; _see, perceive_;
+_decide, determine_.
+
+  #d�--d�cern�, ere, cr�v�, cr�tus#, _to decide, determine_; _decree,
+  vote, entrust_ (by�a decree); _contend, fight_.
+
+  #s�--s�cern�, ere, cr�v�, cr�tus#, _to separate, divide_.
+
+#cert�men, inis# [#cert�#], n., _match, trial_ of skill or strength;
+_contest, battle_.
+
+#cert�tim# [#cert�#], adv., _in rivalry, zealously_.
+
+#cert�# [#certus#], adv., _certainly, surely_.
+
+#cert�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#certus#], _to vie with, contend_.
+
+#certus# [orig. part. of #cern�#], adj., _determined, fixed_; _certain,
+definite, specified, assured_; #certi�rem facere#, _to inform_; #certior
+fier�#, _to be informed_.
+
+#cerv�x, �cis#, f., _neck, throat_.
+
+#cess�, �re, �v�, �tum# [freq. of #c�d�#], _to be inactive, loiter,
+delay_.
+
+#c�terum# [#c�terus#], adv. and conj., _for the rest, but, moreover,
+besides_.
+
+#c�ter�, ae, a#, adj., _the rest, the other, the others_.
+
+#charta, ae#, f., _writing material, paper, sheet_ (of�Egyptian
+papyrus).
+
+#Chry:sogonus, �#, m., _L. Corn�lius_, a freedman of Sulla.
+
+#cib�rius# [#cibus#], adj., _pertaining to food_; #r�s cib�ria#,
+_provisions_.
+
+#cibus, �#, m., _food, victuals_.
+
+#cic�tr�x, �cis#, f., _a scar_.
+
+#cicer, ciceris#, n., _a pea, chickpea_.
+
+#Cicer�, �nis# [#cicer#], m., cognomen of _M. Tullius Cicer�_, the
+famous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C.; quaestor in Sicily, 75;
+praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony's order in�43.
+
+#Cimber, br�#, m., _a Cimbrian_, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe
+which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by
+Marius in 101 B.C.
+
+#Cimbricus#, adj., _Cimbrian_.
+
+#cing�, ere, cinx�, cinctus#, _to encircle, surround_; _gird, gird on,
+equip_; #obsidi�ne cingere#, _to blockade, besiege_.
+
+  #ad--accing�, ere, cinx�, cinctus#, _to gird, gird on, equip, arm_.
+
+  #sub--succing�, ere, cinx�, cinctus#, _to gird, arm, equip_.
+
+#cinis, eris#, m., _ashes_.
+
+#Cinna, ae#, m., _L. Corn�lius_, leader with Marius of the popular
+party.
+
+#circ�#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, round about, throughout_.
+
+#circum#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, about_.
+
+#circumd�#, see #d�#.
+
+#circumfund�#, see #fund�#.
+
+#circumst�#, see #st�#.
+
+#circumveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#circus, �#, m., _a circle, enclosure_ for athletic sports, esp.
+chariot-races; #Circus M�ximus#: see p.�18, n.�6.
+
+#citerior, �ris#, adj., _on this side, hither, nearer_.
+
+#cit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #cie�#, _to set in motion_], _to rouse,
+urge on_; _summon_.
+
+  #con--concit�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to rouse, excite_; _move,
+  instigate_.
+
+  #ex--excit�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call or bring forth_; _rouse,
+  excite_.
+
+  #in--incit�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _urge on, arouse, incite_.
+
+#c�vicus# [#c�vis#], adj., _of citizens, civic_; #c�vica cor�na#, _the
+civic crown_, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in
+battle.
+
+#c�v�lis, e# [#c�vis#], adj., _of citizens, civil, civic_; _courteous,
+polite_.
+
+#c�vis, is#, m., _citizen, fellow-citizen_.
+
+#c�vit�s, �tis# [#c�vis#], f., _citizenship_; _state, body of citizens_.
+
+#cl�d�s, is#, f., _disaster, overthrow, defeat_; #cl�dem accipere#, _to
+sustain a defeat_; #cl�de adficere#, _to defeat_.
+
+#clam# [#c�l�#], adv., _secretly_.
+
+#cl�mit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #cl�m�#], _to cry aloud, shout
+loudly_.
+
+#cl�m�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to shout_.
+
+  #ad--accl�m�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to shout loudly, exclaim_.
+
+  #con--concl�m�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _cry out together, shout_.
+
+  #ex--excl�m�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim_.
+
+  #in--incl�m�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _shout loudly_; _cry out to, call
+  upon, appeal�to_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�cl�m�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to call, cry out, proclaim_.
+
+  #sub--succl�m�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to shout in answer, to answer
+  loudly_.
+
+#cl�mor, �ris# [#cl�m�#], m., _shout, cry, noise_.
+
+#clandest�nus# [#clam#], adj., _secret_.
+
+#clangor, �ris#, m., _noise, clash, clang_.
+
+#cl�rus#, adj., _bright_; _famous, renowned_; of sound, _clear, loud_.
+
+#classicum, �# [#classis#], n. (sc. #s�gnum#), _battle signal_ on the
+trumpet.
+
+#classis, is#, f., _a class_ or _division of citizens_; _a fleet_.
+
+#Claudia, ae#, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.
+
+#Claudius, �#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Appius Claudius_, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C.
+
+  2. _Appius Claudius Pulcher_, consul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a
+  naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily.
+
+#claud�, ere, claus�, clausus#, _to shut, close_; _shut in, imprison_.
+
+#ex--excl�d�, ere, cl�s�, cl�sus#, _to shut out, exclude_.
+
+#in--incl�d�, ere, cl�s�, cl�sus#, _to shut in, enclose_; _imprison_.
+
+#clausula, ae# [#claud�#], f., _conclusion_.
+
+#cl�vus, �#, m., _a nail_.
+
+#cl�m�ns, entis#, adj., _gentle, kindly, merciful_.
+
+#cl�menter# [#cl�m�ns#], adv., _quietly, mercifully, mildly_.
+
+#cl�mentia, ae# [#cl�m�ns#], f., _mercifulness, forbearance, kindness_.
+
+#Cleopatra, ae#, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and
+beauty. She lived 69-30 B.C.
+
+#cli�ns, entis# [orig. #clu�ns#, from #clue�#, _to hear_], m., _a
+vassal, dependent, client_. The #client�s# attached themselves to some
+patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was
+practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to
+respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in
+ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his
+daughters.
+
+#cl�vus, �#, m., _ascent, slope, hill_; #Cl�vus Capit�l�nus#, a�street
+running up from the Forum to the Capitol.
+
+#Cl�dius, �#, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of
+_P.�Cl�dius Pulcher_, Cicero's enemy, who, as tribune of the people,
+brought about his banishment.
+
+#Clypea, ae#, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.
+
+#Cn.#, abbreviation of the name #Gnaeus#.
+
+#coep�, coepisse, coeptus#, _to begin_.
+
+#coerce�#, see #arce�#.
+
+#c�git�ti�, �nis# [#c�git�#], f., _thought, consideration, plan_.
+
+#c�git�#, see #agit�#.
+
+#c�gn�ti�, �nis# [#c�gn�tus#], f., _blood relationship, ties of blood_.
+
+#c�gn�tus# [#con# + #(g)n�scor#], adj., _related by blood_; as noun, _a
+kinsman, blood relation_.
+
+#c�gniti�, �nis# [#c�gn�sc�#], f., _a legal investigation, judicial
+hearing_; #c�gniti�nem �nstituere#, _to hold a hearing_.
+
+#c�gn�men, inis# [#con# + #(g)n�men#], n., a name added to the
+individual and clan names of a person; _a surname_, either as a title of
+honor, as #�fric�nus, M�gnus, Torqu�tus#, or as a nickname, as #Cicer�#.
+_C�gn�mina_ served to distinguish different families of the same gens.
+
+#c�gn�min�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#c�gn�men#], _to surname, call_.
+
+#c�gn�sc�#, see #n�sc�#.
+
+#c�g�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#cohors, ortis#, f., _cohort, company_ (the tenth part of a legion). See
+#legi�#.
+
+#Coll�tia, ae#, f., a Sabine town near Rome.
+
+#Coll�t�nus, �#, m., _L. Tarquinius_, the husband of Lucretia, and one
+of the first two consuls, 509 B.C.
+
+#collis, is#, m., _a hill_.
+
+#collum, �#, n., _neck_.
+
+#col�, ere, u�, cultus#, to _till, cultivate_; _dwell in_; _practice,
+cherish_; _clothe, adorn_; _honor, esteem_.
+
+  #ex--excol�, ere, u�, cultus#, _to cultivate, improve, adorn_;
+  _refine_.
+
+  #in--incol�, ere, u�, --#, _to dwell, dwell in, live_.
+
+#col�nia, ae# [#col�#], f., _a colony, settlement_.
+
+#columba, ae#, f., _a dove, pigeon_.
+
+#com, con, co#, forms of the prep. #cum#, found only in compound words.
+See #cum#.
+
+#comb�r�#, see #�r�#.
+
+#comes, itis# [#con# + (1) #e�#], m., _companion, comrade_; _attendant,
+follower_.
+
+#c�mit�s, �tis# [#c�mis#, _courteous_], f., _courtesy, kindness_.
+
+#comit�tus, �s# [#comitor#], m., _escort, train_.
+
+#comitium, �# [#con# + (1) #e�#], n., _the Comitium_, a�place adjoining
+the Forum Romanum, where the voters assembled; #comitia, �rum#, _the
+comitia_, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); _election_;
+#comitia ind�cere#, _to set a date for an election_.
+
+#comitor, �r�, �tus sum# [#comes#], _to accompany_.
+
+#comme�tus, �s#, m., _a furlough_.
+
+#commend�#, see #mand�#.
+
+#commigr�#, see #migr�#.
+
+#comm�lit�, �nis# [#con# + #m�les#], m., _fellow-soldier, comrade_.
+
+#comminus# [#con# + #manus#], adv., _hand to hand, at close quarters_.
+
+#committ�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#commod�# [#commodus#], adv., _properly, fittingly, rightly_.
+
+#commodus# [#con# + #modus#], adj., _in due measure, suitable, fit,
+convenient_.
+
+#commove�#, see #move�#.
+
+#comm�ni�#, see #m�ni�#.
+
+#comm�nis, e# [#con# + #m�nus#], adj., _common, joint, general_.
+
+#comm�niter# [#comm�nis#], adv., _in common, together_.
+
+#comm�t�#, see #m�t�#.
+
+#c�m�#, see #em�#.
+
+#comp�r, paris# [#con# + #p�r#], adj., _equal to, like_; _fitting,
+suitable_.
+
+#compar�#, see #par�#.
+
+#compell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#comperi�#, see #pari�#.
+
+#comp�s, edis# [#con# + #p�s#], f., usually in the pl., _shackles,
+fetters_.
+
+#complector, �, plexus sum#, _to embrace_.
+
+#comple�#, see #*ple�#.
+
+#compl�r�ti�, �nis# [#compl�r�#, _to bewail_], f., _lamentation,
+wailing_.
+
+#compl�r�s, a# or #ia# [#con# + #pl�s#], adj., _several, many, very
+many_.
+
+#comp�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#compos, potis# [#con# + #potis#, _able_], adj., _master of_; #v�t�
+compos fier�#, _to gain one's heart's desire_.
+
+#compositum, �# [#comp�n�#], n., _agreement_.
+
+#comprehend�#, see #prehend�#.
+
+#comprim�#, see #prem�#.
+
+#comprob�#, see #prob�#.
+
+#comput�#, see #put�#.
+
+#con#, see #com#.
+
+#conc�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#concid�#, see #cad�#.
+
+#concili�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#concilium#], _to bring together,
+conciliate_; _win over, secure_.
+
+  #re--reconcili�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to reunite, reconcile_.
+
+#concilium, �# [#con# + #cal�#, _to call_], n., _assembly, gathering_.
+
+#concipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#concit�#, see #cit�#.
+
+#concl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#concordia, ae# [#con# + #cor#, _heart_], f., _union, harmony, concord_.
+
+#concup�sc�, ere, cup�v�, cup�tus# [#con# + #cupi�#], _to desire
+greatly, crave_.
+
+#concurr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#concursus, �s# [#concurr�#], m., _a concourse, throng_; _attack,
+charge, onset_.
+
+#condemn�#, see #damn�#.
+
+#condici�, �nis# [#cond�c�#, _to agree_], f., _agreement, stipulation,
+terms_.
+
+#cond�#, see #d�#.
+
+#cond�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#c�nfer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#c�nfertus# [part. of #c�nferci�#, _to stuff together_], adj., _crowded,
+dense_.
+
+#c�nfessi�, �nis# [#c�nfiteor#], f., _confession, acknowledgment_.
+
+#c�nf�stim#, adv., _immediately, at once_.
+
+#c�nfici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#c�nf�dentia, ae# [#c�nf�d�#, _to trust_], f., _boldness, assurance,
+confidence_.
+
+#c�nf�rm�tus# [orig. part. of #c�nf�rm�#], adj., _courageous, resolute_.
+
+#c�nf�rm�#, see #f�rm�#.
+
+#c�nfiteor#, see #fateor#.
+
+#c�nflagr�, �re, �v�, --# [#con# + #flagr�#, _to burn_], _to burn, be
+destroyed_ (by�fire).
+
+#c�nfl�g�#, see #*fl�g�#.
+
+#c�nfl�#, see #fl�#.
+
+#c�nflu�#, see #flu�#.
+
+#c�nfodi�#, see #fodi�#.
+
+#c�nfugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#conger�#, see #ger�#.
+
+#congredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#congressus, �s# [#congredior#], m., _meeting, interview, encounter,
+fight_.
+
+#congru�, ere, �, --#, _to agree, tally_.
+
+#conici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#coniung�#, see #iung�#.
+
+#coniunx# or #coniux# [#coniung�#], m. and f., _married person, husband,
+wife_.
+
+#coni�r�ti�, �nis# [#coni�r�#], f., _a conspiracy, plot_.
+
+#coni�r�t�, �rum# [orig. part. of #coni�r�#], m. pl., _conspirators_.
+
+#coni�r�#, see #i�r�#.
+
+#coniux#, see #coniunx#.
+
+#conlaud�#, see #laud�#.
+
+#conl�ga, ae# [#con# + #leg�#], m., _one chosen at the same time,
+a�colleague_.
+
+#conlig�#, see #leg�#.
+
+#conloc�#, see #loc�#.
+
+#conloquium, �# [#conloquor#], n., _an interview, conference_.
+
+#conloquor#, see #loquor#.
+
+#c�nor, �r�, �tus sum#, to _attempt, try_.
+
+#conqueror#, see #queror#.
+
+#conqu�r�#, see #quaer�#.
+
+#c�nsal�t�#, see #sal�t�#.
+
+#c�nscend�#, see #scand�#.
+
+#c�nscientia, ae# [#con# + #sci�#], f., _consciousness, knowledge_.
+
+#c�nsc�sc�#, see #sc�sc�#.
+
+#c�nscius# [#con# + #sci�#], adj., _acquainted with, aware�of_.
+
+#c�nscr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#c�nscr�ptus# [orig. part. of #c�nscr�b�#], adj., _enrolled_; #patr�s
+c�nscr�pt�#, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this
+phrase as = #patr�s et c�nscr�pt�#, explaining #patr�s# as _patricians_,
+of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and #c�nscr�pt�# as
+denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after
+the expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = _enrolled patricians_, to
+distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in
+the senate.
+
+#c�nsecr�#, see #sacr�#.
+
+#c�ns�nsus, �s# [#c�nsenti�#], m., _united opinion, consent, agreement_.
+
+#c�nsenti�#, see #senti�#.
+
+#c�nsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#c�nser�#, see #ser�#.
+
+#c�nserv�#, see #serv�#.
+
+#c�ns�der�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to look at closely, examine, reflect,
+consider_.
+
+#c�ns�d�#, see #s�d�#.
+
+#c�nsilium, �# [cf. #c�nsul�#], n., _plan, scheme_; _judgment, wit,
+sense, shrewdness_; #c�nsilium capere# or #in�re#, _to plan_.
+
+#c�nsist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#c�nsobr�nus, �# [#con# + #soror#], m., _first-cousin, cousin_.
+
+#c�ns�lor, �r�, �tus sum# [#con# + #s�lor#, _to comfort_], _to comfort,
+cheer_.
+
+#c�nspectus, �s# [#c�nspici�#], m., _sight, view_.
+
+#c�nspici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#c�nspicuus# [#c�nspici�#], adj., _in plain sight, conspicuous,
+remarkable_.
+
+#c�nsp�r�ti�, �nis# [#c�nsp�r�#, _to breathe together, plot_], f., _a
+plot_.
+
+#c�nsp�r�t�, �rum# [#c�nsp�r�#, _to plot_], m. pl., _conspirators_.
+
+#c�nst�ns, antis# [orig. part. of #c�nst�#], adj., _of strong character,
+firm, resolute_; _steadfast, consistent_.
+
+#c�nstanter# [#c�nst�ns#], adv., _firmly, resolutely, steadfastly_.
+
+#c�nstantia, ae# [#c�nst�ns#], f., a typical Roman virtue, _strength of
+character, steadiness of purpose, firmness_; _courage, faithfulness_.
+
+#c�nstern�#, see #stern�#.
+
+#c�nstitu�#, see #statu�#.
+
+#c�nst�#, see #st�#.
+
+#c�nsu�sc�#, see #su�sc�#.
+
+#c�nsu�t�d�, inis# [#c�nsu�tus#, part. of #c�nsu�sc�#], f., _habit,
+custom_.
+
+#c�nsul, ulis#, m., _a consul_, the title given to the two highest
+officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C.�At
+first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious
+matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other
+magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were
+used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls
+usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls.
+
+#c�nsul�ris, e# [#c�nsul#], adj., _of consular rank_; as noun, _an
+ex-consul_.
+
+#c�nsul�tus, �s# [#c�nsul#], m., _consulship_.
+
+#c�nsul�, ere, u�, tus#, _to take counsel, deliberate_; _to take counsel
+with, to consult_; #graviter c�nsulere#, _to take vigorous measures_.
+
+#c�nsult�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #c�nsul�#], _to take counsel,
+deliberate_.
+
+#c�ns�m�#, see #s�m�#.
+
+#contemn�, ere, temps�, temptus#, _to despise, scorn_.
+
+#contemptor, �ris# [#contemn�#], m., _one who despises, scorner_.
+
+#contend�#, see #tend�#.
+
+#contenti�, �nis# [#contend�#], f., _straining, effort, energy_;
+_dispute, strife_.
+
+#contentus# [orig. part. of #contine�#], adj., _content, satisfied
+with_.
+
+#continentia, ae# [#contine�#], f., _self-restraint, moderation_.
+
+#contine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#conting�#, see #tang�#.
+
+#continu�# [#continuus#], adv., _forthwith, straightway_.
+
+#continuus# [#contine�#], adj., _uninterrupted, continuous, successive,
+incessant_.
+
+#c�nti�, �nis# [orig. #co(n)venti�#, from #conveni�#], f., _an assembly,
+meeting_.
+
+#contr�#, prep. with acc., _against, contrary to_.
+
+#contrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#contr�rius# [#contr�#], adj., _opposite, contrary_.
+
+#contubern�lis, is# [#con# + #taberna#, _a tent_], m., _tent-companion,
+comrade_.
+
+#contum�lia, ae#, f., _insult, reproach, abuse_.
+
+#contund�# [#con# + #tund�#, _to beat, strike_], _to crush, destroy_.
+
+#contus, �#, m., _a pole, pike_.
+
+#c�n�bium, �# [#con# + #n�b�#], n., _marriage, right of intermarriage_.
+
+#conval�sc�, ere, valu�, --# [#con# + #vale�#], _to begin to be well,
+recover_.
+
+#conveni�ns, entis# [#conveni�#], adj., _agreeing or consistent with,
+befitting_.
+
+#conveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#convert�#, see #vert�#.
+
+#convinc�#, see #vinc�#.
+
+#conv�vium, �# [#con# + #v�v�#], n., _a feast_.
+
+#convoc�#, see #voc�#.
+
+#coorior#, see #orior#.
+
+#cophinus, �#, m., _a basket_.
+
+#c�pia, ae# [#co(n)# + #ops#], f., _abundance, supply_; _opportunity_;
+in pl., _resources, forces, troops_.
+
+#c�pi�s�# [#c�pi�sus#], adv., _abundantly_; _of speech, fluently,
+eloquently_.
+
+#c�pi�sus# [#c�pia#], adj., _abounding in, well supplied_.
+
+#coquus, �#, m., _a cook_.
+
+#c�ram# [#co(n)# + #�s#], adv., _before one's eyes, in person_; prep.
+with abl., _before, in the presence�of_.
+
+#corium, �#, n., _skin, hide_.
+
+#Corn�lia, ae#, f., _Cornelia_.
+
+  1. A�daughter of P.�Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the
+  Gracchi.
+
+  2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.
+
+#Corn�lius, �#, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See #Cinna,
+Cossus, Lentulus, Sc�pi�#, and #Sulla#.
+
+#corn�, �s#, n., _horn_; _wing_ (of an army).
+
+#cor�na, ae#, f., _a crown, garland_. See #c�vicus#.
+
+#corpus, oris#, n., _a body_.
+
+#corrig�#, see #reg�#.
+
+#corripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#corrump�#, see #rump�#.
+
+#corru�#, see #ru�#.
+
+#corvus, �#, m., _a raven_. In XVI. 3 it may be translated
+_grappling-iron_, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding
+bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In
+battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there
+by a sharp iron spike in its under side.
+
+#c�s, c�tis#, f., _flint stone, whetstone_.
+
+#Cossus, �#, m., _A. Corn�lius_, consul in 343 B.C.
+
+#cott�di�nus# [#cott�di�#, _daily_], adj., _daily_; _usual, customary_;
+_everyday, commonplace_.
+
+#Crassus, �#, m., _M. Licinius_, called _D�ves_ because of his enormous
+wealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60;
+defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C.
+
+#cr�ber, bra, brum#, adj., _crowded, numerous, incessant_.
+
+#cr�d�, ere, cr�did�, cr�ditus#, _to lend, entrust to_; _believe in,
+trust_; _believe, think_.
+
+#Cremera, ae#, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.
+
+#crem�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to burn_.
+
+#Crem�na, ae#, f., a town on the river Po.
+
+#cre�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to make, create_; _to choose, elect_.
+
+  #re--recre�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to renew, revive, encourage_.
+
+#cr�sc�, ere, cr�v�, cr�tus#, _to grow, increase_.
+
+#in--incr�sc�, ere, cr�v�, --#, _to grow upon_; _grow, increase_.
+
+#cr�minor, �r�, �tus sum# [#cr�men#, _a charge_], _to complain of,
+denounce_; with infin., _to charge_.
+
+#cr�nis, is#, m., _hair_.
+
+#cruci�tus, �s# [#cruci�#], m., _torture, torment_.
+
+#cruci�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#crux#], _to crucify, torture, torment_.
+
+#cr�d�lis, e#, adj., _cruel, unfeeling_.
+
+#cr�d�lit�s, �tis# [#cr�d�lis#], f., _cruelty_.
+
+#cruentus# [cf. #cruor#], adj., _blood-stained_.
+
+#crum�na, ae#, f., _a purse, money bag_.
+
+#cruor, �ris#, m., _running blood, gore_.
+
+#cr�s#, #cr�ris#, n., _a leg_.
+
+#crux#, #crucis#, f., _cross, gallows_.
+
+#crystallinus# [#crystallum#, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_; as noun,
+#crystallinum, �# (sc.�#v�s#), n., _a vase of crystal_.
+
+#cubiculum, �# [#cub�#], n., _a bedchamber_.
+
+#cub�, �re, u�, itum#, _to lie down, recline_; _to lie sick_.
+
+  #re--recub�, �re, --, --#, _to lie on one's back, lie, recline_.
+
+#c�i�s, �tis#, interr. pron., _of what country? whence?_
+
+#culpa, ae#, �., _fault, guilt_.
+
+#cultellus, �# [dim. of #culter#], m., _a small knife_.
+
+#culter, tr�#, m., _knife, dagger_.
+
+#cultus, �s# [#col�#], m., _cultivation; refinement, luxury_; _mode of
+living, style_.
+
+#cum#, prep. with abl., _with, together with, at the same time with_. In
+composition the forms #com, con#, and #co# are used, and denote
+(1)�accompaniment, (2)�intensity.
+
+#cum#, conj.; of time, _when, while, whenever_; of cause, _since_; of
+concession, _although_; #cum .�.�. tum#, _both .�.�. and, not only .�.�.
+but also_.
+
+#*cumb�#, an old verb, same root as #cub�#.
+
+  #ad--accumb�, ere, cubu�, cubitum#, _to lie or recline_ (esp. at
+  table).
+
+  #in--incumb�, ere, cubu�, cubitum#, _to lie or lean upon_; _devote
+  one's self_.
+
+  #ob--occumb�, ere, cubu�, cubitum#, _to fall_ (in death), _die_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�cumb�, ere, cubu�, cubitum#, _to fall forward, fall
+  prostrate_.
+
+#cunct�ti�, �nis# [#cunctor#], f., _delay_.
+
+#Cunct�tor, �ris# [#cunctor#], m., _Delayer_, a�name given to Q.�Fabius
+Maximus.
+
+#cunctor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to delay, linger_.
+
+#cupid�# [#cupidus#], adv., _eagerly_.
+
+#cupidit�s, �tis# [#cupidus#], f., _craving, desire, eagerness_.
+
+#cup�d�, inis# [cf. #cupidus#], f., _desire, craving, greed_.
+
+#cupidus# [#cupi�#], adj., _desirous, fond_; _greedy, covetous_.
+
+#cupi�, ere, �v� (i�), �tus#, _to crave, desire, covet_.
+
+#c�r#, adv., _why? for what reason?_
+
+#c�ra, ae#, f., _care, anxiety_.
+
+#Cur�s, �um#, f. pl., a Sabine town.
+
+#C�ria, ae#, f., _a curia, ward_, one of the ten divisions into which
+each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; _council chamber_,
+esp. the Roman _Senate-house_, either the _C�ria Host�lia_, adjoining
+the Forum on the north side, or the _C�ria Pomp�ia_, built by Pompey in
+the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.
+
+#C�ri�tius, �#, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the
+Horatii.
+
+#Curius, �#, m., gentile name of _M�nius Curius Dent�tus_, a�famous
+Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died
+in 270 B.C.
+
+#c�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#c�ra#], _to care for, attend to_; with
+gerundive and infin., _see to it that, take care that_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�c�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, to _care for, attend to_; of omens,
+  _to avert by sacrifices_.
+
+#curr�, ere, cucurr�, cursum#, _to run_.
+
+  #ad--accurr�, ere, (cu)curr�, cursum#, _to run, to, hasten towards_.
+
+  #con--concurr�, ere, (cu)curr�, cursum#, _to run together_; _to rush
+  together_ (in�battle), _charge, fight_.
+
+  #d�--d�curr�, ere, (cu)curri, cursum#, _to run down, hasten down_.
+
+  #dis--discurr�, ere, (cu)curr�, cursum#, _to run in different
+  directions_; _wander, roam_.
+
+  #ob--occurr�, ere, (cu)curr�, cursum#, _to run to meet, meet_;
+  _withstand, oppose_.
+
+  #sub--succurr�, ere, �, --#, _to run to, help, aid_.
+
+#currus, �s# [#curr�#], m., _a chariot_.
+
+#cursus, �s# [#curr�#], m., _running_; _journey, passage, course_;
+_speed_.
+
+#cur�lis, e# [#currus#], adj., _of a chariot_. #Sella cur�lis#, see
+#sella#.
+
+#c�st�dia, ae# [#c�st�s#], f., _watching_; _guard-house, prison_; pl.,
+_pickets, watchmen_.
+
+#c�st�di�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#c�st�s#], _to watch, guard, defend_.
+
+#c�st�s, �dis#, m. and f., _guardian, protector_.
+
+#Cy:rus, �#, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian
+empire.
+
+
+#D#
+
+#D.#, abbreviation of the name #Decimus#.
+
+#D�c�, �rum#, m. pl., _the Dacians_, a people living on the north of the
+Danube.
+
+#damn�ti�, �nis# [#damn�#], f., _condemnation_.
+
+#damn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to judge guilty, condemn_; #capite damn�re#,
+_to condemn to death_.
+
+  #con--condemn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to find guilty, condemn,
+  sentence_.
+
+#d�#, prep, with abl.; of place, _from, down from, out of_; of time,
+_after, during_; of cause, _in consequence of, through_; of relation,
+_concerning, in respect to_. In compounds it generally denotes
+thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force.
+
+#dea, ae#, f., _a goddess_.
+
+#deambul�#, see #ambul�#.
+
+#d�be�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#d�bilis# [#d�# + #habilis#], adj., _weak, disabled, helpless_.
+
+#d�c�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#decem#, indecl. num. adj., _ten_.
+
+#december, bris, bre#, adj., _tenth_; as noun, #December#
+(sc.�#m�nsis#), m., _December, the tenth month_ (counting from March,
+with which the Roman year originally began).
+
+#decemvir, �# [#decem# + #vir#], m., _a member of a commission of ten
+men, a�decemvir_.
+
+#d�cern�#, see #cern�#.
+
+#decet, �re, uit#, impers., _it is fitting_.
+
+#decimus# [#decem#], num. adj., _tenth_.
+
+#Decimus, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#d�cipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#Decius, �#, m., the gentile name of _P. Decius M�s_, consul B.C. 340.
+
+#d�cl�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�# + #cl�rus#], _to make clear, disclose_;
+_show, declare_.
+
+#decor�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#decus#], _to adorn, deck_.
+
+#d�curr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#decus, oris#, n., _grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament_.
+
+#d�cuti�#, see #quati�#.
+
+#d�dit�cius, �# [#d�ditus#], m., _a captive_.
+
+#d�diti�, �nis# [#d�d�#], f., _a surrender_.
+
+#d�ditus# [orig. part. of #d�d�#], adj., _surrendered_; #devoted to,
+addicted to#. As noun, #d�ditus, �#, m., _a captive_.
+
+#d�d�#, see #d�#.
+
+#d�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#d�fat�g�ti�, �nis#, f., _weariness_.
+
+#d�fend�#, see #*fend�#.
+
+#d�f�nsi�, �nis# [#d�fend�#], f., _a defense_.
+
+#d�f�nsor, �ris# [#d�fend�#], m., _a defender_.
+
+#d�fer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#d�fessus#, adj., _worn out, weary_.
+
+#d�fici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#d�f�g�#, see #f�g�#.
+
+#deflect�#, see #flect�#.
+
+#d�f�rmit�s, �tis# [#d�f�rmis#, _ugly_], f., _ugliness, disfigurement_.
+
+#d�fungor#, see #fungor#.
+
+#d�g�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#d�honest�, �re, --, --# [#d�# + #honest�# (cf.�#hon�s#), _to honor_],
+_to disgrace, dishonor_.
+
+#d�ici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#dein#, see #deinde#.
+
+#deinceps#, adv., _one after the other, in succession_; _next_;
+_thereafter, in the future_.
+
+#deinde# or #dein# [#d�# + #inde#], adv., _subsequently_; _then, next_;
+_thereafter, from that time�on_.
+
+#d�l�bor#, see #l�bor#.
+
+#d�l�ct�, �re, �vi, �tus# [#d�# + #laci�#], to _delight, please,
+entertain_.
+
+#d�l�ctus# [orig. part. of (1) #d�lig�#], adj., _picked, choice_.
+
+#d�l�ctus, �s# [(1) #d�lig�#], m., _a picking out, a�levy, draft_;
+#d�l�ctum agere# or #hab�re#, _to hold a levy_.
+
+#d�le�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to blot out, destroy_.
+
+#d�l�ber�bundus# [#d�l�ber�#], adj., _pondering, reflecting_.
+
+#d�l�ber�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�# + #l�bra#, _a balance_], _to weigh_
+(consider) _well, deliberate, ponder_.
+
+#d�lic�t�# [#d�lic�tus#], adv., _luxuriously, effeminately_.
+
+#d�lic�tus# [cf. #d�liciae#], adj., _devoted to pleasure, luxurious,
+effeminate_.
+
+#d�liciae, �rum#, pl. f., _delights, pleasure, luxury_.
+
+(1) #d�lig�#, see #leg�#.
+
+(2) #d�lig�, �re#, see #lig�#.
+
+#del�r�, �re, --, --# [#d�# + #l�ra#, _a furrow_], _to be crazy_.
+
+#d�lit�sc�, ere, litu�, --# [#d�# + #late�#, _to hide_], _lie hid, be
+concealed_.
+
+#Delphi, �rum#, pl. m., _Delphi_, a town of Phocis in Central Greece,
+renowned for its oracle of Apollo.
+
+#d�miss�# [#d�missus#, _modest_], adv., _modestly, humbly, abjectly_.
+
+#d�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#d�moror#, see #moror#.
+
+#d�mum#, adv., _at last, finally_; #tum d�mum#, _then at last, not till
+then_.
+
+#d�n�rius, �#, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to
+16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.
+
+#d�neg�#, see #neg�#.
+
+#d�nique#, adv., _thereafter, thereupon_; _at last, finally_; _briefly,
+in short_.
+
+#d�n�nti�#, see #n�nti�#.
+
+#d�nu�# [#d�# + #nov�#], adv., _anew, again_.
+
+#de�sculor#, see #�sculor#.
+
+#d�pell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#d�pere�#, see #pere�#.
+
+#d�p�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#d�p�sc�#, see #p�sc�#.
+
+#d�precor#, see #precor#.
+
+#d�prehend�#, see #prehend�#.
+
+#d�r�de�#, see #r�de�#.
+
+#d�scend�#, see #scand�#.
+
+#d�sc�sc�#, see #sc�sc�#.
+
+#d�scr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#d�ser�#, see #ser�#.
+
+#d�s�derium, �# [#d�s�der�#], n., _longing, yearning_; _regret_.
+
+#d�s�der�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to long for_; _require, need_.
+
+#d�sili�#, see #sali�#.
+
+#d�sipi�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #d�sipi�#], adj., _foolish, silly_.
+As noun, #d�sipi�ns, entis#, m., _a fool, madman_.
+
+#d�sipi�#, see #sapi�#.
+
+#d�sist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#d�sp�r�ti�, �nis# [#d�sp�r�#], f., _despair, desperation_.
+
+#d�sp�r�#, see #sp�r�#.
+
+#d�spici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#d�sponde�#, see #sponde�#.
+
+#d�stin�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to make fast, fix_; _resolve, design, plan_.
+
+#d�string�#, see #string�#.
+
+#d�sum#, see #sum#.
+
+#d�super# [#d�# + #super#], adv., _from above_.
+
+#d�teg�#, see #teg�#.
+
+#d�terre�#, see #terre�#.
+
+#d�tine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#d�trah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#d�tr�ct�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�# neg. + #tr�ct�#, _to handle, manage_],
+_to decline, shirk_.
+
+#d�tr�mentum, �# [#d�ter�#, _to rub away_], n., _loss, damage_.
+
+#de�r�#, see #�r�#.
+
+#deus, �#, m., _a god, divinity_.
+
+#d�vinc�#, see #vinc�#.
+
+#d�vol�#, see (2) #vol�#.
+
+#d�vove�#, see #vove�#.
+
+#dexter, era, erum#, and #tra, trum#, adj., _right_. As noun, #dextra#
+(sc.�#manus#), f., _the right hand_.
+
+#diad�ma, atis#, n., _a royal crown, diadem_.
+
+#Di�na, ae#, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans
+with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.
+
+#d�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#, _to say, speak_; _call, name_; _appoint_;
+#causam d�cere#, _to plead a case_; #diem d�cere alicu�#, _to bring a
+complaint against some one_; #i�s d�cere#, _to administer justice, hold
+court_; #multam d�cere#, _to impose a fine_.
+
+  #ad--add�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#, _to be propitious to, assent_;
+  with acc., _to adjudge, award_.
+
+  #�--�d�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#, _to make known, proclaim_; _order,
+  command_; #diem �d�cere#, _to set a day_ (by�public proclamation).
+
+  #in--ind�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#, _to proclaim, announce_; _appoint_;
+  _impose, inflict_.
+
+  #inter--interd�c�, ere, d�x�, dictum#, _to forbid, prohibit,
+  exclude_.
+
+  #prae--praed�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#, _to foretell, prophesy_; _warn,
+  admonish_.
+
+#dic�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to declare_; _dedicate, consecrate_.
+
+  #ab--abdic�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to disown, reject_; #s� abdic�re#,
+  _to resign_.
+
+  #in--indic�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to make known, reveal_.
+
+  #prae--praedic�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to say openly, assert, declare_.
+
+#dict�tor, �ris# [#dict�#, _to order_], m., _a dictator_, a�magistrate
+usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of
+the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator
+necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was
+limited to six months.
+
+#dict�t�ra, ae# [#dict�tor#], f., _dictatorship_.
+
+#dictit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #d�c�#], _to say often, assert,
+insist_.
+
+#dictum, �# [#d�c�#], n., _saying, word, remark_; _command_.
+
+#d�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#di�s, ��#, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., _a day_; #in di�s#, _from
+day to day_.
+
+#diff�d�, ere, f�sus sum# [#dis# neg. + #f�d�#, _to trust_], _to
+distrust, doubt_.
+
+#difflu�#, see #flu�#.
+
+#d�gnit�s, �tis# [#d�gnus#], f., _worth, high character_; _eminence,
+rank, reputation_.
+
+#d�gnus#, adj., _worthy, deserving of_.
+
+#d�gredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#d�ligenter# [#d�lig�#], adv., _industriously, diligently_.
+
+#d�ligentia, ae# [#d�lig�#], f., _carefulness, diligence, industry_.
+
+#d�lig�#, see #leg�#.
+
+#d�l�c�sc�, ere, l�x�, --# [cf. #l�x#], _to grow light, dawn_.
+
+#d�mic�ti�, �nis# [#d�mic�#], f., _a fight_.
+
+#d�mic�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to fight_.
+
+#d�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#d�rig�#, see #reg�#.
+
+#d�rim�#, see #em�#.
+
+#d�ripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#d�ru�#, see #ru�#.
+
+#d�s, d�tis#, comp. #d�tior#, sup. #d�tissimus#, adj., _rich, wealthy_.
+
+#dis# or #d�#, inseparable prefix, _apart, asunder_; sometimes negative,
+_not_.
+
+#disc�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#discerp�#, see #carp�#.
+
+#d�scipl�na, ae# [#d�sc�#], f., _teaching, training, discipline_.
+
+#d�scipulus, �# [#d�sc�#], m., _a pupil_.
+
+#d�sc�, ere, didic�, --#, _to learn_.
+
+#d�scr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#discr�men, inis# [#discern�#, _to divide_], n., _difference_;
+_turning-point, decision_; _peril, crisis_.
+
+#discurr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#disertus# [#disser�#], adj., _eloquent_.
+
+#disp�ns�tor, �ris# [#disp�ns�#, _to manage_], m., _manager, steward,
+treasurer_.
+
+#d�spici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#displice�#, see #place�#.
+
+#disp�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#disput�#, see #put�#.
+
+#diss�nsi�, �nis# [#dissenti�#, _to disagree_], f., _disagreement,
+strife_.
+
+#disser�#, see #ser�#.
+
+#dissimilis, e# [#dis# neg. + #similis#], adj., _unlike_.
+
+#dissimul�#, see #simul�#.
+
+#dissip�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to scatter, squander, dissipate_.
+
+#dissu�de�#, see #su�de�#.
+
+#distrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#distribu�#, see #tribu�#.
+
+#d�tior, d�tissimus#, see #d�s#.
+
+#d�t�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�s#], _to enrich_.
+
+#di�#, adv., _for a long time, long_.
+
+#diuturnus# [#di�#], adj., _prolonged, long_.
+
+#d�versus# [#d�vert�#], adj., _turned different ways, opposite,
+contrary_; #in d�versa#, _apart, asunder_.
+
+#d�vert�#, see #vert�#.
+
+#d�vid�, ere, v�s�, v�sus#, _to divide, separate, distribute_.
+
+#d�v�nitus# [#d�v�nus#], adv., _by divine agency, providentially_.
+
+#d�v�nus# [#d�vus#], adj., _godlike, divine_.
+
+#d�vitiae, �rum# [#dives#, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_.
+
+#d�vus#, adj., _godlike, deified_; often applied to the Roman emperors
+after death.
+
+#d�, dare, ded�, datus#, _to put, place_; _give, present, entrust_;
+#operam dare#, _to pay attention_; #poen�s dare#, _to suffer
+punishment_.
+
+  #ab--abd�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to put away, hide, conceal_.
+
+  #ad--add�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to put or join to, add_.
+
+  #circumd�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to place around, surround, enclose_.
+
+  #con--cond�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to put together, found, build_;
+  _put away, hide_; _sheathe_ (a�sword).
+
+  #d�--d�d�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to give up, surrender_.
+
+  #ex--�d�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to give out, give_; _give birth to,
+  bear_; _publish, announce, reveal_; _perform_; #l�d�s �dere#, _to
+  celebrate games_.
+
+  #in--ind�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to put in or on, give, confer_.
+
+  #per--perd�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to lose, destroy, ruin, waste_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�d�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to give_ or _put forth, make
+  known_; _hand down, record_; _betray_.
+
+  #re--redd�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to give back, restore, return_;
+  _deliver_ (a�letter); _render_.
+
+  #sub--subd�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to put under, apply_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�d�, dere, did�, ditus#, _to give over, give up,
+  surrender_; _hand down, report, relate_; _hand over, entrust_.
+
+#doce�, �re, u�, tus#, _to teach, point out_.
+
+  #�--�doce�, �re, u�, tus#, _to teach thoroughly_.
+
+#doctor, �ris# [#doce�#], m., _teacher_.
+
+#doctr�na, ae# [#doce�#], f., _instruction_; _learning, training_.
+
+#doctus# [orig. part. of #doce�#], adj., _educated, learned, skilled_.
+
+#dolor, �ris# [#dole�#, _to feel pain_], m., _pain, grief, resentment_.
+
+#dol�s�# [#dolus#], adv., _craftily_.
+
+#dolus, �#, m., _craft, trickery_.
+
+#domicilium, �# [#domus#], n., _dwelling_.
+
+#domin�ti�, �nis# [#dominor#], f., _rule, supremacy, dominion_.
+
+#domin�tus, �s# [#dominor#, _to rule_], m., _rule, sway, mastery,
+command_.
+
+#dominus, �#, m., #master# (esp. of slaves), _ruler, lord_.
+
+#dom�, �re, u�, itus#, _to tame, subdue_.
+
+#domus, �s#, f., _a house, home_; loc. #dom�#, _at home_; acc. #domum#,
+_homewards, home_.
+
+#d�n�t�vum, �# [#d�n�#], n., _a gift_.
+
+#d�nec#, conj., _while, until, as long as_.
+
+#d�n�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�num#], _to give, present_.
+
+#d�num, �# [#d�#], n., _a gift, present_.
+
+#dormi�, �re, �v�, --#, _to sleep_.
+
+#dorsum, �#, n., _back_ (of an animal); _range_ or _ridge_ (of�a
+mountain).
+
+#d�s, d�tis# [#d�#], f., _dowry_.
+
+#d�t�lis, e# [#d�s#], adj., of a dowry; #d�t�lia d�na#, _wedding
+presents_.
+
+#dubit�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#dubius#], _to doubt, waver, hesitate_.
+
+#dubius#, adj., _doubtful, uncertain_; #in dubium voc�re#, _to call in
+question_.
+
+#ducent�, ae, a# [#duo# + #centum#], num. adj., _two hundred_.
+
+#d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_; _prolong_; _consider, reckon_;
+#fossam d�cere#, _to build a ditch_; #f�nus d�cere#, _to celebrate a
+funeral_; #ux�rem d�cere#, _to marry_.
+
+  #ab--abd�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead off_ or _away, drag off,
+  remove_.
+
+  #ad--add�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead to, bring_; _induce,
+  influence_.
+
+  #con--cond�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to bring together_; _contribute
+  to, serve_.
+
+  #d�--d�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ (away); _attend, escort_.
+
+  #dis--d�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw apart,
+  separate, open_.
+
+  #�--�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead forth_ or _out_; _bring up,
+  rear_.
+
+  #in--ind�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, introduce_;
+  _lead, induce, influence_.
+
+  #intr�--intr�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, usher
+  in, admit_.
+
+  #per--perd�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead, conduct, escort_;
+  _pursue_; _spend, pass_.
+
+  #re--red�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _escort back,
+  accompany_.
+
+  #s�--s�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead apart_ or _aside_.
+
+  #sub--subd�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw away_
+  (secretly), _withdraw, remove_; _hide_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�d�c�, ere, d�x�, ductus#, _to lead_ or _carry across,
+  transport_; _spend, pass_ (time).
+
+#d�dum#, adv., _a while ago_. See #iam#.
+
+#Du�lius, �#, m., _C._, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians
+in a naval battle, 260 B.C.
+
+(1) #dum#, adverbial particle found only in compounds, _a while_; with
+negatives, _yet_.
+
+(2) #dum#, conj., _while, until_.
+
+#dummodo# [#dum# + #modo#], conj., _provided_.
+
+#duo, ae, o#, num. adj., _two_.
+
+#duodecim# [#duo# + #decem#], num. adj., _twelve_.
+
+#duod�n�, ae, a#, adj., _twelve each, twelve_.
+
+#duplex, icis# [#duo# + #plic�#, _to fold_], adj., _twofold, double_.
+
+#duplic�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#duplex#], _to double, repeat_.
+
+#d�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#d�rus#], _to harden_; _endure, hold out, last_.
+
+#d�rus#, adj., _hard, rough_; _rude, uncultivated_; _unfeeling_.
+
+#dux, ducis# [#d�c�#], m., _leader, guide_; _commander, general_.
+
+#Dy:rrachium, �#, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.
+
+
+#E#
+
+#�#, see #ex#.
+
+#ecquid#, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, _at
+all?_ (2)�in indir. question, _whether_.
+
+#�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#�dictum, �# [#�d�c�#], n., _proclamation, edict_.
+
+#�ditus# [orig. part. of #�d�#], adj., _high_.
+
+#ed�, ere (�sse), �s�, �sus#, _to eat, consume_.
+
+#�d�#, see #d�#.
+
+#�doce�#, see #doce�#.
+
+#�duc�ti�, �nis# [#�duc�#], f., _training, education_.
+
+#�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#�duc�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#�d�c�#], _to bring up, rear, train, educate_.
+
+#eff�min�tus# [orig. part. of #eff�min�#, _to make womanish_], adj.,
+_womanish_.
+
+(1) #effer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+(2) #effer�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #ferus#], _to render wild_ or
+_savage_; _madden_.
+
+#effici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#effl�git�#, see #fl�git�#.
+
+#effugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#effund�#, see #fund�#.
+
+#ege�, �re, u�, --#, _to be lacking_; _to be poor_ or _in need_.
+
+#Egeria, ae#, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations.
+
+#ego, me�#, pers. pron., _I_; pl., #n�s#, _we_.
+
+#�gredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#�gregi�# [#�gregius#], adv., _excellently, exceedingly, strikingly_.
+
+#�gregius# [#�# + #grex#], adj., _select, distinguished, excellent_.
+
+#�ici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#�l�bor#, see #l�bor#.
+
+#�lab�r�#, see #lab�r�#.
+
+#�langu�sc�, ere, �langu�, --#, _to grow faint_ or _feeble_; _slacken,
+abate_.
+
+#�l�tus# [orig. part. of (1) #effer�#], adj., _high_; _elated, exalted,
+puffed�up_.
+
+#�leganter# [#�leg�ns#, _choice_], adv., _with good judgment,
+judiciously_.
+
+#�legantia, ae# [#�leg�ns#, _choice_], f., _taste, refinement, elegance,
+grace_.
+
+#elephantus, �#, m., _the elephant_.
+
+#�lici�#, see #*laci�#.
+
+#�l�d�#, see #laed�#.
+
+#�lig�#, see #leg�#.
+
+#�loquentia, ae# [#�loquor#, _to speak_], f., _eloquence_.
+
+#�mine�, �re, u�, --#, _to stand out, tower up_.
+
+#�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#em�, ere, �m�, �mptus#, _to take_; _buy, purchase_; _gain, acquire_.
+
+  #con--c�m�, ere, c�mps�, c�mptus#, _to bring together, arrange,
+  dress_ (the hair), _comb_.
+
+  #dis--d�rim�, ere, �m�, �mptus#, _to take apart, separate_; #r�s
+  d�rimere#, _to adjust matters_.
+
+  #ex--eximo, ere, �m�, �mptus#, _to take out, remove_; _free,
+  release_.
+
+  #inter--interim�, ere, �m�, �mptus#, _to take from the midst_
+  (of�men), _kill_.
+
+  #re--redim�, ere, �m�, �mptus#, _to buy back, ransom_; _replace_.
+
+#�n#, interj., _lo! behold! see!_
+
+#enim#, conj., always postpositive, _namely, in fact, you know_; _for,
+because_.
+
+#�nite�#, see #nite�#.
+
+#�n�tor#, see #n�tor#.
+
+#�nsis, is#, m., _a sword_.
+
+(1) #e�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to go_ or _come, walk, march_.
+
+#ab--abe�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to go away, depart_; #ab�re in#,
+_pass into, change into_.
+
+#ad--ade�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to go_ or _come to, approach, visit_.
+
+#ante--antee�, �re, �v� (i�), --#, _to go before_.
+
+#d�# + #per--d�pere�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to die, perish_.
+
+#ex--exe�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to go_ or _come forth_; _retire_.
+
+#in--ine�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to enter, begin_; #c�nsilium in�re#,
+_to form a plan_.
+
+#inter--intere�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to perish, die_.
+
+#intr�--introe�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to enter_.
+
+#ob--obe�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to go to meet_; _perform_; _perish,
+die_.
+
+#per--pere�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to perish, disappear, die_.
+
+#praeter--praetere�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to go_ or _pass by_; _omit_.
+
+#re--rede�, �re, �v� (i�), it�rus#, _to go_ or _come back, return_.
+
+#sub--sube�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to come_ or _go up to, go under,
+encounter, face_ (danger); #ven�num subit#, _the poison spreads_.
+
+#tr�ns--transe�, �re, �v� (i�), itus#, _to cross_ (over); _pass�by_.
+
+(2) #e�# [#is#], adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _to that place,
+thither_; _to that degree, so far_.
+
+#Ephesius#, adj., _Ephesian_.
+
+#Ephesus, �#, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor.
+
+#epigramma, atis#, n., _epigram, poem_.
+
+#�p�rus, �#, f., a�country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece
+proper.
+
+#epistula, ae#, f., _a letter_.
+
+#epulor, �r�, �tus sum# [#epulum#], _to feast_.
+
+#epulum, �#, n. (pl., #epulae, �rum#, f.), _a feast, banquet_.
+
+#eques, itis# [#equus#], m., _a horseman, cavalryman_; _knight_, or
+member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights
+established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the
+number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by
+the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term
+_equit�s_ included not only those who actually served in the army, but
+also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of
+Augustus was set at about $15,000.
+
+#equester, tris, tre# [#equus#], adj., _of the knights, knightly_.
+
+#equit�, �re, �v�, --# [#equus#], _to ride_.
+
+  #ad--adequit�, �re, �v�, --#, _to ride to, ride�up_.
+
+#equus, �#, m., _a horse_.
+
+#�r�ctus# [orig. part. of #�rig�#], adj., _upright, erect_.
+
+#erg�#, prep. with acc., _towards, to, with respect to_.
+
+#erg�#, adv., expressing an inference, like _now, well, then,
+therefore_.
+
+#�rig�#, see #reg�#.
+
+#error, �ris# [#err�#, _to wander_], m., _wandering, error, mistake_.
+
+#�rub�sc�, ere, �rubu�, --#, _to grow red, blush_; _feel ashamed_.
+
+#�rudi�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#�# + #rudis#], _to polish, educate, train_.
+
+#�rump�#, see #rump�#.
+
+#�ru�#, see #ru�#.
+
+#�sca, ae# [#ed�#], f., _food, bait_.
+
+#�scend�#, see #scand�#.
+
+#�squil�nus, �#, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Esquiline Hill_, the largest of
+the seven hills of Rome.
+
+#et#, (1) adv., _also, too, even_; (2) conj., _and, and yet, but_; #et
+.�.�. et#, _both .�.�. and_.
+
+#etiam# [#et# + #iam#], adv. and conj., _and also, also, even_.
+
+#Etr�ria, ae#, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium.
+
+#Etr�sc�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria.
+
+#ets�# [#et# + #s�#], conj., _even if, although_.
+
+#Eur�pid�s, is#, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C.
+
+#Eur�pa, ae#, f., _Europe_.
+
+#�v�d�#, see #v�d�#.
+
+#�veh�#, see #veh�#.
+
+#�ventus, �s# [#�veni�#, _to come out_], m., _outcome, result_;
+_occurrence, event_.
+
+#�vert�#, see #vert�#.
+
+#�voc�#, see #voc�#.
+
+#ex#, before consonants often #�#, prep. with abl.; of place, _out of_
+(the midst�of), _from_; of cause, _in consequence of, because of_;
+_according to_; in compounds, _forth, out_; _thoroughly_; _not_.
+
+#ex�ctor, �ris# [#exig�#, _to exact_], m., _exactor, enforcer_.
+
+#ex�min�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex�men#, _means of weighing_], _to weigh,
+examine, compare_.
+
+#exanim�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #anima#], _to put out of breath,
+kill_.
+
+#ex�rd�sc�, ere, �rs�, --# [#ex# + #�rd�sc�#, intens. of #�rde�#, _to
+burn, glow_], _to blaze forth_.
+
+#exar�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #ar�#, _to plow_], _to scratch off,
+compose_.
+
+#exasper�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #asper#], _to roughen, irritate,
+provoke_.
+
+#exaudi�#, see #audi�#.
+
+#excelsus#, adj., _lofty, high_; as noun, #excelsum, �#, n., _elevated
+station_.
+
+#excerp�#, see #carp�#.
+
+#excidium, �#, n., _downfall, ruin_.
+
+#excipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#excit�#, see #cit�#.
+
+#excl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#excl�d�#, see #claud�#.
+
+#exc�git�#, see #agit�#.
+
+#excol�#, see #col�#.
+
+#excubiae, �rum# [#ex# + #cub�#], pl. f., _a lying out on guard_; _the
+watch, watchmen_.
+
+#exc�s�ti�, �nis# [#exc�s�#], f., _excuse_.
+
+#exc�s�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #causa#], _to free from trial, excuse_.
+
+#excuti�#, see #quati�#.
+
+#exemplum, �# [#exim�#], n., _specimen, example, precedent, warning_.
+
+#exe�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#exerce�#, see #arce�#.
+
+#exercitus, �s# [#exerce�#], m., _an army_.
+
+#exhauri�#, see #hauri�#.
+
+#exhibe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#exhorr�sc�, ere, horru�, --#, _to shudder at, shrink from_.
+
+#exig�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#exiguus# [#exig�#, _to weigh exactly_], adj., _scanty, short, brief_.
+
+#eximius# [#exim�#], adj., _choice, distinguished, remarkable,
+excellent_.
+
+#exim�#, see #em�#.
+
+#ex�stim�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #aestim�#, _to value_], _to value_;
+_think, believe_.
+
+#exitium, �# [#exe�#], n., _destruction, ruin, death_.
+
+#exitus, �s# [#exe�#], m., _outcome, close_; _departure_; _end of life,
+death_.
+
+#exorior#, see #orior#.
+
+#expedi�, �re, �v� (i�), �tus# [#ex# + #p�s#], _to set free, extricate_;
+_procure, obtain_.
+
+#expell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#expend�#, see #pend�#.
+
+#exper�mentum, �# [#experior#], n., _proof, test, trial_.
+
+#experior, �r�, tus sum#, _to test, try_; _find out, learn, experience_.
+
+#expet�#, see #pet�#.
+
+#exp�l�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to plunder, rob_.
+
+#expi�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ex# + #pi�#, _to appease_], _to make amends
+for, atone for_.
+
+#exple�#, see #*ple�#.
+
+#expl�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to reconnoiter_.
+
+#exp�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#exp�sc�#, see #p�sc�#.
+
+#expositi�, �nis# [#exp�n�#], f., _exposure_.
+
+#exprim�#, see #prem�#.
+
+#exp�gn�ti�, �nis# [#exp�gn�#], f., #a taking by storm, storming,
+capture#.
+
+#exp�gn�#, see #p�gn�#.
+
+#exqu�s�tus# [#exqu�r�#, _to seek out_], adj., _carefully sought out,
+special_.
+
+#exsecr�#, see #sacr�#.
+
+#exsequiae, �rum# [#ex# + #sequor#], pl. f., _funeral procession,
+funeral_.
+
+#exser�#, see #ser�#.
+
+#exsilium, �#, n., _banishment, exile_.
+
+#exsist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#exspect�ti�, �nis# [#exspect�#], f., _expectation, anticipation_.
+
+#exspect�#, see #spect�#.
+
+#exsp�r�#, see #sp�r�#.
+
+#exstingu�#, see #stingu�#.
+
+#exst�#, see #st�#.
+
+#exstru�#, see #stru�#.
+
+#exsult�#, see #salt�#.
+
+#extempl�# [#ex# + dim. of #tempus#], adv., _on the instant, at once,
+forthwith_.
+
+#exter# or #exterus, tera, terum#, adj., _outer, foreign_; comp.
+#exterior#; sup. #extr�mus#, _outermost, extreme_; _last, furthermost_;
+_last part�of_.
+
+#extim�sc�, ere, timu�, --# [#ex# + #*tim�sc�#, inceptive of #time�#],
+_to fear_ or _dread greatly_.
+
+#extr�# [#exter#], (1) adv., _on the outside, without_; (2)�prep, with
+acc., _outside of, beyond_.
+
+#extrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#extra�rdin�rius# [#extr�# + #�rd�#], adj., _out of the common run,
+uncommon_.
+
+#extr�mus#, see #exter#.
+
+#exu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to draw or pull off, lay aside_; _strip,
+despoil_.
+
+#ex�r�#, see #�r�#.
+
+
+#F#
+
+#faber, fabr�#, m., _a workman_ (in hard materials), _smith, carpenter_.
+
+#Fabius, �#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #M�ximus#.
+
+#fabric�, �re, �v�, �tus# [cf. #faber#], _to make, build, construct_.
+
+#f�bula, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _story, play_.
+
+#fac�t�# [#fac�tus#, _witty_], adv., #wittily#.
+
+#facile# [#facilis#], adv., _easily_; _readily, willingly_.
+
+#facilis, e# [#faci�#], adj., _easy_.
+
+#facinus, oris# [#faci�#], n., _a deed_; _crime_.
+
+#faci�, facere, f�c�, factus#, _to make, do, perform_; _choose,
+appoint_; #st�pendia facere#, _to serve a campaign_; #s�mptum facere#,
+_to spend_; #verba facere#, _to speak_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_;
+pass., #f��, fier�, factus sum#, _to be done, occur, take place,
+happen_.
+
+  #ad--adfici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to do something to, affect_;
+  _treat, visit with_.
+
+  #con--c�nfici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to do thoroughly_; _complete,
+  prepare_; _accomplish, make_; _exhaust, kill_.
+
+  #d�--d�fici�, ere, f�c�, fectum#, _withdraw, revolt_; _fail,
+  disappear, give out_.
+
+  #ex--effici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to work out, bring to pass,
+  accomplish_; _make, render, cause, effect_.
+
+  #in--�nfici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to stain, dye_; _pollute, taint_.
+
+  #inter--interfici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to kill_; _murder_.
+
+  #per--perfici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to do thoroughly, execute,
+  accomplish_.
+
+  #sub--suffici�, ere, f�c�, fectus#, _to put under_, or _in place of,
+  appoint as successor, substitute_; intrans., _suffice, be
+  sufficient_.
+
+#facti�, �nis# [#faci�#], f., _party, faction_.
+
+#factum, �# [#faci�#], n., _a deed, act_.
+
+#facult�s, �tis# [#facilis#], f., _means, opportunity_; _ability,
+skill_.
+
+#f�cundia, ae# [#f�cundus#, _eloquent_], f., _eloquence, oratory_.
+
+#Falernus#, adj., _Falernian_; #ager Falernus#, _a famous wine-growing
+district in Campania_.
+
+#f�ma, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _talk, report, rumor_; _tradition_;
+_fame, reputation_.
+
+#fam�s, is#, f., #hunger#.
+
+#familia, ae# [#famulus#, _a slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_;
+_family, house, race_.
+
+#famili�ris, e# [#familia#], adj., _belonging to a household, private,
+intimate, friendly_; _well-known_; #r�s famili�ris#, _private property_.
+As noun, m., _an intimate friend_.
+
+#famili�rit�s, �tis# [#famili�ris#], f., _friendship, intimacy_.
+
+#f�m�sus# [#f�ma#], adj., _famous_; _notorious_; _scurrilous,
+slanderous_.
+
+#famula, ae#, f., _a slave-woman_.
+
+#f�num, �#, n., _a shrine, temple_.
+
+#fascis, is#, m., _a bundle_; pl., _the fasces_, a�bundle of rods
+carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an
+axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the
+magistrate's power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death
+penalty. See #l�ctor#.
+
+#f�st�, �rum# [#f�stus#], pl. m., _a register_, esp. of business days,
+also of officers, triumphs, etc.; _the calendar_.
+
+#f�stus# [#f�s#, _right_], adj., _not forbidden, legal_; #di�s f�stus#,
+a�day on which it was legal to hold court, a�business day.
+
+#f�t�lis, e# [#f�tum#, _fate_], adj., _fateful, fatal_.
+
+#fateor, �r�, fassus sum#, _to confess_.
+
+  #con--c�nfiteor, �r�, fessus sum#, _to confess freely, acknowledge,
+  avow_.
+
+  #pr�--profiteor, �r�, fessus sum#, _to declare publicly, avow_;
+  #n�men profit�r�#, _to avow one's self a candidate_.
+
+#fauc�s, ium#, pl. f., _throat_.
+
+#Faustulus, �#, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus.
+
+#Faustus, �# [#fave�#], m., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
+son.
+
+#Fausta, ae# [#fave�#], f., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
+daughter.
+
+#fave�, �re, f�v�, faut�rus#, _to favor, support_.
+
+#favor, �ris# [#fave�#], m., _favor, good will_.
+
+#fax, facis#, f., _torch, firebrand_.
+
+#f�l�cit�s, �tis# [#f�l�x#], f., _good fortune, luck, happiness_.
+
+#f�l�x, �cis#, adj., _lucky, fortunate, happy_. As noun, m., cognomen of
+#Sulla#.
+
+#f�mina, ae#, f., _a woman, female_.
+
+#femur, femoris#, n., _the thigh_.
+
+#*fend�, ere#, _to strike_.
+
+  #d�--d�fend�, ere, �, f�nsus#, _to ward off, repel_; _defend,
+  protect_.
+
+  #ob--offend�, ere, �, f�nsus#, _to strike against, displease, vex_.
+
+#fer�#, adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with numbers).
+
+#feri�, �re, percuss�, percussus#, _to strike_.
+
+#ferm�# [for #ferim�#, sup. of #fer�#], adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with
+numbers).
+
+#fer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bear, carry, take_; _bear, endure,
+suffer_; _say, report, tell_; pass., _to be borne, rush_; #aegr�,
+ind�gn�# or #molest� ferre#, _to take amiss_; #l�gem ferre#, _to propose
+a law_.
+
+  #ab--aufer�, ferre, abstul�, abl�tus#, _to take_ or _carry away,
+  remove_; _steal_.
+
+  #ad--adfer�, ferre, attul�, adl�tus#, _to bring to, offer, give_;
+  _announce, report_.
+
+  #con--c�nfer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bring together, collect_;
+  _devote, apply_; _bestow_; #s� c�nferre#, _betake one's self,�go_.
+
+  #d�--d�fer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bring_ or _carry down_ or _to,
+  carry off, remove_; _give, offer_; _report_; #rem d�ferre ad
+  populum#, _to submit a matter to the people_.
+
+  #ex--effer�, ferre, extul�, �l�tus#, _to carry out, take away_;
+  _lift up, puff up, elate, exalt_.
+
+  #in--�nfer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bring in, upon_, or _against_;
+  #bellum �nferre#, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; #s�gna �nferre#, _to
+  advance against_; #s� �nferre#, _to betake one's self_.
+
+  #ob--offer�, ferre, obtul�, obl�tus#, _to bring before, offer,
+  present_; _expose_.
+
+  #per--perfer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bear or carry through,
+  carry_; _retain_.
+
+  #prae--praefer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to carry_ or _put before_;
+  _set before, prefer, rate higher_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�fer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to carry_ or _bring forth,
+  produce_; _cite, quote_; _make known, mention_.
+
+  #re--refer�, ferre, rettul�, rel�tus#, _to bear_ or _bring back_;
+  _give back, return, repay_; _lift, raise_; _count, reckon_; #s�
+  referre#, _to betake one's self_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsfer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus#, _to bear_ or _take over_ or
+  _across_, _transport_; _transfer, shift_.
+
+#fer�x, �cis# [#ferus#], adj., _bold, confident_; _high-strung,
+warlike_; _fierce, cruel_.
+
+#ferreus# [#ferrum#], adj., _of iron, iron_.
+
+#ferrum, �#, n., _iron_; _an iron tool_, as a _sword, axe, dagger_.
+
+#ferus#, adj., _wild, barbarous, cruel_.
+
+#fessus#, adj., _tired, weary_; _weak, feeble_.
+
+#f�st�n�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to hasten, hurry_.
+
+#F�ti�lis, is# (sc. #sacerd�s#), m., _an ambassador, treaty priest_, who
+negotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.
+
+#F�ti�lis, e#, adj., _pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial_ (see preceding
+word).
+
+#f�d�liter# [#f�d�lis#, _faithful_], adv., _faithfully_.
+
+#F�d�n�t�s, ium#, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the
+Tiber, five miles north of Rome.
+
+#fid�s, fide�#, f., _good faith, integrity_; _trust, belief, credence_;
+_pledge_.
+
+#f�d�cia, ae# [#f�dus#, _faithful_], f., _trust, confidence, reliance_;
+_courage_.
+
+#f�g�, ere, f�x�, f�xus#, _to fix, fasten_.
+
+  #d�--d�f�g�, ere, f�x�, f�xus#, _to fasten_, esp. _to fasten_
+  (to�the ground) _with amazement, astonish_.
+
+  #sub--suff�g�, ere, f�x�, f�xus#, _to fasten beneath_ or _on_;
+  #cruc� suff�gere#, _to crucify_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsf�g�, ere, f�x�, f�xus#, _to pierce through, transfix,
+  stab_.
+
+#f�lia, ae#, f., _daughter_.
+
+#f�lius, �#, m., _son_.
+
+#fing�, ere, finx�, f�ctus#, _to form, invent_; _feign, pretend_.
+
+#f�ni�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#f�nis#], _to limit, bound_; _finish, end,
+settle_.
+
+#f�nis, is#, m., _boundary, limit, end_; pl. m., _territory_.
+
+#f�nitimus# [#f�nis#], adj., _neighboring_; as noun, #f�nitim�, �rum#,
+pl. m., _neighbors_.
+
+#f��, fier�, factus sum#, see #faci�#.
+
+#f�rm�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#f�rmus#], _to make firm, strengthen_.
+
+  #ad--adf�rm�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to strengthen_; _assert, declare_.
+
+  #con--c�nf�rm�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to strengthen, ratify, confirm_;
+  _assert_.
+
+#f�rmus#, adj., _strong, powerful_; _trusty_.
+
+#fl�git�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to demand_.
+
+  #ex--effl�git�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to demand vigorously_ or
+  _earnestly_.
+
+#fl�men, inis#, m., _a Flamen_, a priest devoted to the service of a
+particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make
+sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god.
+
+#flamma, ae#, f., _flame, fire_.
+
+#fl�biliter# [#fl�bilis#, _mournful_], adv., _mournfully, tearfully_.
+
+#flect�, ere, flex�, flexus#, _to bend, turn_.
+
+  #d�--d�flect�, ere, flex�, flexus#, _to bend_ or _turn aside_ or
+  _away, turn_.
+
+  #in--�nflect�, ere, flex�, flexus#, _to bend, curb, relax_.
+
+#fle�, fl�re, fl�v�, fl�tus#, _to weep_; _bewail_.
+
+#*fl�g�, ere#, _to strike_.
+
+  #ad--adfl�g�, ere, fl�x�, fl�ctus#, _to dash against_ or _down_;
+  _afflict, ruin_.
+
+  #con--c�nfl�g�, ere, fl�x�, fl�ctus#, _to dash together, contend,
+  fight_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�fl�g�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to dash down, overcome_
+  (in�battle).
+
+#fl�, fl�re, fl�v�, --#, _to blow_.
+
+  #ad--adfl�, fl�re, fl�v�, --#, _to blow towards, blow_.
+
+  #con--c�nfl�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to blow up, kindle, cause_; #aes
+  ali�num c�nfl�re#, _to contract debt_.
+
+  #in--�nfl�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to blow up, inflate_.
+
+#fl�r�ns, entis# [#fl�re�#], adj., _blooming, flourishing_; #fl�r�ns
+iuventa#, _youthful beauty_.
+
+#fl�re�, �re, u�#, -- [#fl�s#, _a flower_], _to bloom, flourish,
+prosper_.
+
+#fluctus, �s# [#flu�#], m., _wave, billow, flood_.
+
+#fl�men, inis# [#flu�#], n., _stream, river_.
+
+#flu�, ere, flux�, --#, _to flow_.
+
+  #con--c�nflu�, ere, flux�, --#, _to flow_ or _stream together,
+  assemble_.
+
+  #dis--difflu�, ere, flux�, --#, _to flow in different directions,
+  melt away, disappear_; #�ti� et l�x� diffluere#, _to abandon one's
+  self to ease and luxury_.
+
+#fluvius, �# [#flu�#], m., _a stream, river_.
+
+#foculus, �# [dim. of #focus#], m., _a fire-pan, brazier_.
+
+#focus, �#, m., _fireplace, hearth_.
+
+#fodi�, ere, f�d�, fossus#, _to dig_.
+
+  #con--c�nfodi�, ere, f�d�, fossus#, _to stab, pierce_.
+
+  #sub--suffodi�, ere, f�d�, fossus#, _to dig beneath, undermine,
+  tunnel_; _stab beneath_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsfodi�, ere, f�d�, fossus#, _to pierce, stab, slash_.
+
+#foed�# [#foedus#, _foul_], adv., _foully, basely_.
+
+#foeder�tus# [#foedus#], adj., _leagued_ or _allied with_.
+
+#foedus, eris#, n., _a treaty, alliance_.
+
+#f�ns, fontis#, m., _a spring, fountain_.
+
+#for�s# [#*fora#, _a door_; cf. #foris#], adv., _out of doors, forth,
+out_.
+
+#fore#, fut. infin. of #sum#.
+
+#for�nsis, e# [#forum#], adj., _of_ or _in the forum, forensic_.
+
+#foris, is#, f., _a door_; usually in pl.
+
+#f�rma, ae#, f., _form, figure, beauty_.
+
+#form�dol�sus# [#form�d�#, _dread_], adj., _dreadful, terrible_.
+
+#fors, fortis# (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., _chance, accident, good
+fortune_.
+
+#fort�sse# [#fors#], adv., _perhaps, possibly_.
+
+#forte# [abl. of #fors#], adv., _by chance_.
+
+#fortis, e#, adj., _strong, brave_.
+
+#fortiter# [#fortis#], adv., _bravely_.
+
+#fortit�d�, inis# [#fortis#], f., _bravery, resolution_.
+
+#fort�na, ae# [#fors#], f., _luck, fortune_ (whether good or ill);
+personified, _the goddess of fortune_.
+
+#Forum, �# [cf. #for�s#, _out of doors_], n., _an out-of-door place,
+market, Forum_; esp. the _Forum R�m�num_ between the Capitoline and
+Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and
+business life of Rome.
+
+#fossa, ae# [#fodi�#], f., _a ditch_.
+
+#fove�, �re, f�v�, f�tus#, _to warm, cherish, favor_.
+
+#re--refove�, �re, f�v�, f�tus#, _to restore, refresh, revive_.
+
+#fr�gmentum, �# [#frang�#], n., _fragment, bit_.
+
+#fragor, �ris# [#frang�#], m., _noise_, esp. _thunder peal_.
+
+#frang�, ere, fr�g�, fr�ctus#, _to break in pieces, break_; _subdue,
+overcome_.
+
+  #re--refring�, ere, fr�g�, fr�ctus#, _to break up_ or _open_.
+
+#fr�ter, tris#, m., _brother_.
+
+#fr�ternus# [#fr�ter#], adj., _brother's, brotherly_.
+
+#fraud�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#fraus#], _to cheat, rob_.
+
+#fraus, fraudis#, f., _foul play, treachery_.
+
+#frend�, ere, --, --#, _to gnash the teeth_.
+
+#fr�num, �#, n., _bridle, curb, rein_.
+
+#frequ�ns, entis#, adj., _crowded, frequent_; _in great numbers_.
+
+#frequenter# [#frequ�ns#], adv., _often_.
+
+#frequentia, ae# [#frequ�ns#], f., _crowd, throng_.
+
+#fr�gidus# [#fr�ge�#, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_.
+
+#fr�g�lit�s, �tis# [#fr�g�lis#, _thrifty_], f., _thrift, economy,
+frugality_.
+
+#fr�ment�rius# [#fr�mentum#], adj., _concerning corn_; #r�s
+fr�ment�ria#, _the corn supply_.
+
+#fr�mentum, �# [#fruor#], n., _grain, corn_.
+
+#fruor, fru�, fr�ctus sum#, _to use, enjoy_.
+
+  #per--perfruor, fru�, fr�ctus sum#, _to enjoy thoroughly_.
+
+#fr�str�#, adv., _in vain, fruitlessly_.
+
+#F�fetius, �#, m., _Mettius F�fetius_, leader of the Albans against
+Tullius Hostilius.
+
+#F�fidius, �#, m., a follower of Sulla.
+
+#fuga, ae#, f., _flight_.
+
+#fugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee, flee from_.
+
+  #ab--aufugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee from, run away, escape_.
+
+  #con--c�nfugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee for refuge_; _resort�to_.
+
+  #ex--effugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to escape_.
+
+  #pr�--profugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee, escape_.
+
+  #re--refugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee back, escape_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsfugi�, ere, f�g�, --#, _to flee to the other side, go
+  over to the enemy, desert_.
+
+#fug�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#fugi�#], _to put to flight, rout_.
+
+#fulge�, �re, fuls�, --#, _to flash, gleam_.
+
+#fulmen, inis# [#fulge�#], n., _lightning flash, thunderbolt_.
+
+#Fulvius, �#, m., _A. Fulvius_, who put his son to death because he
+joined Catiline's conspiracy.
+
+#f�n�le, is# [#f�nis#, _a cord_], n., _a torch_.
+
+#fund�, ere, f�d�, f�sus#, _to pour, pour out, shed_; _rout, scatter_.
+
+  #circum--circumfundo, ere, f�d�, f�sus#, _to pour about_; pass., _to
+  surround_.
+
+  #ex--effund�, ere, f�d�, f�sus#, _to pour out_; _scatter, squander,
+  lavish_.
+
+  #pr�--profund�, ere, f�d�, f�sus#, _to pour forth or out, squander,
+  waste_.
+
+#fundus, �#, m., _farm, estate_.
+
+#fungor, �, f�nctus sum#, _to perform, discharge, serve through_
+(an�office).
+
+  #d�--d�fungor, �, f�nctus sum#, _to perform, finish_; _to die_
+  (sc.�#v�t�#).
+
+#f�nus, eris#, n., _burial, funeral rites_.
+
+#fur�ns, entis# [orig. part, of #fur�#, _to rave_], adj., _furious,
+raging_.
+
+#F�rius, �#, m., _P. F�rius Philus_, who revealed the plan of certain
+nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.
+
+#furor, �ris# [#fur�#, _to rave_], m., _rage, madness, fury_.
+
+#f�rt�# [abl. of #f�rtum#, _theft_], adv., _stealthily, secretly_.
+
+#fut�rus# [orig. fut. part, of #sum#], adj., _coming, future_.
+
+
+#G#
+
+#Gabi�, �rum#, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.
+
+#Gab�n�, �rum#, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.
+
+#Gad�s, ium#, pl. f., a�town on the southern coast of Spain (modern
+Cadiz).
+
+#Gaetul�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Gaetuli_, a tribe of northern Africa.
+
+#G�ius, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Gallia, ae#, f., _Gaul_, which included modern France, Belgium and
+Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine.
+
+#Gallus, �#, m., _a Gaul_.
+
+#gaudium, �#, n., _joy, gladness_.
+
+#Gaurus, �#, m., _a mountain of Campania_.
+
+#gaza, ae#, f., _treasure, riches_.
+
+#gemin�tus#, adj., _doubled, twofold_; _consecutive_.
+
+#geminus#, adj., _twin, twofold_. As noun, #gemin�, �rum#, pl. m.,
+_twins_.
+
+#gem�, ere, u�, --#, _to sigh, groan_.
+
+#gener, gener�#, m., _a son-in-law_.
+
+#genitus#, see #g�gn�#.
+
+#g�ns, gentis#, f., _a gens_ or _clan_, consisting of a number of
+families claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites
+in common; _tribe, people, nation_.
+
+#gen�, �s#, n., _knee_.
+
+#genus, eris#, n., _race, family, stock, birth_; _kind, class, sort_.
+
+#Germ�n�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Germans_.
+
+#Germ�nia, ae#, f., _Germany_.
+
+#ger�, ere, gess�, gestus#, _to bear, carry_; _wear_; _carry on, wage,
+manage_; _perform, do_; #s� gerere#, _to conduct one's self, behave_;
+#rem p�blicam gerere#, _to administer the state_; #r�s gestae#,
+_exploits, history_.
+
+  #con--conger�, ere, gess�, gestus#, _to bring_ or _heap together,
+  collect_.
+
+#gest�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #ger�#], _to bear, carry, wear_.
+
+#gestus, �s# [#ger�#], m., _bearing_; _gesture_.
+
+#g�gn�, ere, genu�, genitus#, _to produce, beget_; #genitus#, _born�of_.
+
+#gladius, �#, m., _a sword_.
+
+#gl�ria, ae#, f., _glory, fame, renown_.
+
+#gl�rior, �r�, �tus sum#, _to boast, brag, pride one's self_.
+
+#gl�ri�s�# [#gl�ria#], adv., _gloriously_.
+
+#Gnaeus, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Gracchus, �#, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.
+
+  1. _Ti. Sempr�nius Gracchus_, tribune of the people in 133 B.C.
+
+  2. _C. Sempr�nius Gracchus_, brother of (1), and tribune in 123
+  B.C.; killed in 121.
+
+#gradior, grad�, gressus sum#, _to walk, step_.
+
+  #ad--aggredior, �, gressus sum#, _to approach, attack, assail_.
+
+  #con--congredior, �, gressus sum#, _to meet_; _join battle, fight_.
+
+  #dis--d�gredior, �, gressus sum#, _to go apart or away, depart_.
+
+  #ex--�gredior, �, gressus sum#, _to go_ or _march out_ or _away_;
+  _disembark_. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with
+  #ex#, or the acc.).
+
+  #in--ingredior, �, gressus sum#, _to enter, advance, proceed_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�gredior, �, gressus sum#, _to go forth_ or _on, advance_.
+
+  #re--regredior, �, gressus sum#, _to go back, return, retreat_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsgredior, �, gressus sum#, _to step over_ or _across,
+  cross_.
+
+#gradus, �s#, m., _a step_; _stage, period, degree_; pl., _steps,
+stairs_.
+
+#Graecia, ae#, f., _Greece_.
+
+#Graeculus, �# [dim. of #Graecus#], m., _a poor_ or _paltry Greek_.
+
+#Graecus#, adj., _Greek, Grecian_. As noun, #Graecus, �#, m., _a Greek_.
+
+#gr�num, �#, n., _a grain, seed_.
+
+#graphium, �#, n., _stylus_ (of metal) for writing, _pen_.
+
+#gr�tia, ae# [#gr�tus#], f., _favor, regard, credit_; _influence_;
+_return, thanks, gratitude_; #gr�tiam hab�re#, _to feel thankful_;
+#gr�ti�s agere#, _to show gratitude, thank_; #gr�tiam referre#, _to
+repay a favor_; #gr�ti�#, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions
+of purpose, _for the sake�of_.
+
+#gr�tulor, �r�, �tus sum# [#gr�tus#], _to show joy, congratulate_.
+
+#gr�tus#, adj., _pleasing, dear, acceptable_.
+
+#gravis, e#, adj., _heavy, severe, difficult_; _weighty, important_.
+
+#gravit�s, �tis# [#gravis#], f., _weight_; _dignity, influence,
+importance_.
+
+#graviter# [#gravis#], adv., _weightily_; _vigorously, seriously, with
+dignity_.
+
+#gravor, �r�, �tus sum# [#gravis#], _to be burdened_; _take amiss,
+grudge_.
+
+#grex, gregis#, f., _herd, common herd_; _band, company_.
+
+#gubern�tor, �ris# [#gubern�#, _to steer_], m., _helmsman, pilot_.
+
+
+#H#
+
+#habe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to have, hold, keep_; _consider, regard, treat,
+use_; _render_ (honor, etc.); #�r�ti�nem hab�re#, _to deliver a speech_;
+#l�dibri� hab�re#, _to mock_.
+
+  #ad--adhibe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to hold to_ or _toward, apply,
+  employ_; _employ as counsel, consult_; _summon, invite_.
+
+  #d�--d�be�, �re, u�, itus#, _to withhold, owe_; #d�bet, d�buit# +
+  inf., _ought, must, should_.
+
+  #ex--exhibe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to hold forth, show, display,
+  exhibit_.
+
+  #in--inhibe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to hold_ or _draw in, restrain_.
+
+  #post--posthabe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to place after_ (i.e. lower
+  than), _rate lower, esteem less_.
+
+  #prae--praebe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to hold forth, offer, grant,
+  supply, furnish_; #aur�s praeb�re#, _to listen_.
+
+  #pr�--prohibe�, �re, u�, itus#, _to check, keep off_; _hinder,
+  prevent_.
+
+#habilis, e# [#habe�#], adj., _handy, easily wielded_.
+
+#habit�ti�, �nis# [#habit�#], f., _dwelling-place_.
+
+#habit�, �re, �v�, �tum# [freq. of #habe�#], _to inhabit_; _dwell,
+live_.
+
+#habitus, �s# [#habe�#], m., _state, condition_; _habit, dress, attire_.
+
+#h�litus, �s#, m., _breath_.
+
+#Hamilcar, aris#, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of
+Hannibal�(2).
+
+#Hannibal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.
+
+  1. A�naval commander, defeated by C.�Duilius, 260 B.C.
+
+  2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but
+  was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and
+  died in 183.
+
+#Hann�, �nis#, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus.
+
+#haruspex, icis#, m., _a soothsayer_.
+
+#Hasdrubal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.
+
+  1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against
+  Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the
+  Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C.
+
+  2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and
+  Africa.
+
+#hasta, ae#, f., _a spear_.
+
+#haud#, adv., _by no means, not, not at all_.
+
+#hauri�, �re, haus�, haustus#, _to drink, swallow_.
+
+  #ex--exhauri�, �re, haus�, haustus#, _to empty, exhaust_; _ruin,
+  impoverish_.
+
+#Hercul�s, is#, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and
+marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.
+
+#h�r�s, �dis#, m., _an heir_.
+
+#h�c, haec, h�c#, dem. pron., _this, the following, the latter_; _he,
+she,�it_.
+
+#h�c# [#h�c#], adv., _here, hereupon, at this point_.
+
+#hiems, hiemis#, f., _winter, storm_.
+
+#Hierosolyma, �rum#, pl. n., _Jerusalem_.
+
+#hilar�# [#hilarus#, _merry_], adv., _merrily, cheerfully, gaily_.
+
+#hilarit�s, �tis# [#hilaris#, _merry_], f., _merriment, gaiety_.
+
+#hinc# [#h�c#], adv., _from this place_ or _time, hence_; #hinc--hinc#,
+_on this side .�.�. on that, on the one side .�.�. on the other_.
+
+#hirund�, inis#, f., _a swallow_.
+
+#Hisp�nia, ae#, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided into
+two provinces, _Hisp�nia Citerior_ and _Hisp�nia �lterior_.
+
+#Hisp�ni�nsis, e#, adj., _Spanish, in Spain_.
+
+#Hisp�nus#, adj., _Spanish_. As noun, #Hisp�nus, �#, m., _a Spaniard_.
+
+#hodi�# [#h�(c)# + #di�#], adv., _to-day_.
+
+#hom�, inis#, m. and f., _a human being, man_; #homin�s#, _mankind, the
+world_.
+
+#honest�# [#honestus#], adv., _honorably_.
+
+#honestus# [#hon�s#], adj., _honored, respected_; _honorable, right,
+virtuous_.
+
+#hon�r�t�# [#hon�r�tus#, _honored_], adv., _honorably, with respect_.
+
+#hon�rificus# [#hon�s# + #faci�#], adj., _that does honor,
+complimentary_.
+
+#honor�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#hon�s#], _to honor, do honor�to_.
+
+#hon�s# or #honor, �ris#, m., _honor, respect, esteem_; _public office_;
+personified, _Honor_ (a�deity).
+
+#h�ra, ae#, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset)
+or night.
+
+#Hor�tius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+#horre�, �re, u�, --#, _to stand on end, bristle_; _shudder at, shrink
+from_.
+
+#horror, �ris# [#horre�#], m., _dread, terror, horror_.
+
+#hort�ti�, �nis# [#hortor#], f., _encouragement, exhortation_.
+
+#hortor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to exhort, urge_.
+
+#hortus, �#, m., _a garden_.
+
+#hospes, itis#, m., _entertainer, host_; _guest, friend_; _stranger_.
+
+#hospita, ae# [#hospes#], f., _a stranger_; _guest_.
+
+#hospitium, �# [#hospes#], n., _entertainment, hospitality_; _lodgings,
+inn_.
+
+#hostia, ae#, f., _an animal for sacrifice, victim_.
+
+#host�lis, e# [#hostis#], adj., _of_ or _from the enemy, hostile_.
+
+#host�liter# [#host�lis#], adv., _in hostile manner_.
+
+#Host�lius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Hostus Host�lius_, a�general of the time of Romulus.
+
+  2. _Tullus Host�lius_, third king of Rome.
+
+#hostis, is#, m., _an enemy_.
+
+#h�c# [#h�c#], adv., _to this place, hither_; #h�c .�.�. ill�c#, _hither
+.�.�. thither_.
+
+#h�iuscemod�# [#h�c# + #modus#], adv., _of this_ (i.e. the following)
+_kind_.
+
+#h�m�nit�s, �tis# [#h�m�nus#], f., _humanity, kindliness_; _refinement,
+culture_.
+
+#h�m�nus# [#hom�#], adj., _human, of man_; _kind, refined, cultured_.
+
+#humilis, e# [#humus#, _the ground_], adj., _low_; _lowly, humble,
+common_.
+
+
+#I#
+
+#iace�, �re, u�, --#, _to lie, lie prostrate_ or _dead_.
+
+#iaci�, iacere, i�c�, iactus#, _to throw, cast, hurl_.
+
+  #ab--abici�, ere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw down, away_, or _aside,
+  lay aside_.
+
+  #ad--adici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw to, add_ or _join to,
+  add_ (in�speech).
+
+  #con--conici�, icere, coni�c�, coniectus#, _to throw together,
+  unite_; _hurl, throw_.
+
+  #d�--d�ici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw_ or _hurl down, bring
+  down_; _lay low, dislodge, destroy_.
+
+  #ex--�ici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to cast_ or _drive out, expel_.
+
+  #in--inici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw in_; _put in_ or _on,
+  lay_; _inspire, suggest_.
+
+  #inter--interici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place
+  between, interpose; intervene_ (in�pass.).
+
+  #ob--obici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw before, put in the
+  way_; _put in the hands of, turn over_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�ici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw forth, fling out,
+  throw_.
+
+  #re--r�ici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw back, repel_.
+
+  #sub--subici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place under_;
+  _hand up_; _present, submit_; _subdue_.
+
+  #super--superiaci�, ere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw across, let down_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�ici�, icere, i�c�, iectus#, _to throw_ or _carry across,
+  transport_; _pierce, penetrate, transfix_; _go_ or _pass over,
+  cross_.
+
+#iact�ti�, �nis# [#iact�#], f., _tossing, motion_.
+
+#iactit�, �re, --, --# [freq. of #iact�#], _to boast, brag_.
+
+#iact�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to push_ or _toss about_; _boast of, take
+pride�in_.
+
+#iam#, adv., _already, by this time, now_; _soon, presently_; #iam iam#,
+_already, at that very moment_; #iam d�dum# or #iam pr�dem#, _long ago,
+long since_.
+
+#iam d�dum#, see #iam#.
+
+#I�niculum, �#, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.
+
+#i�nua, ae#, f., _a door, entrance_.
+
+#I�nus, �#, m., #Janus#, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all
+beginnings; commonly represented with two faces.
+
+#Iarb�s, ae#, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco).
+
+#ibi#, adv., _there, on that side_; _then, thereupon_.
+
+#ib�dem# [#ibi#], adv., _in the same place, on the spot_.
+
+#�c�, ere, �c�, �ctus#, _to strike_; #foedus �cere#, _to strike_
+(conclude) _a treaty_.
+
+#�ctus, �s# [#�c�#], m., _blow, stroke, wound_.
+
+#�dem, eadem, idem#, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by
+adv., _also, too, besides_.
+
+#ide�#, adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _with this_ (that)
+_purpose_.
+
+#�d�s, uum#, pl. f., _the Ides_, or middle of the month; the fifteenth
+of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months.
+
+#igitur#, adv., _then, therefore, accordingly_.
+
+#�gn�via, ae# [#�gn�vus#, _idle_], f., _idleness, sloth_;
+_worthlessness_.
+
+#�gnis, is#, m., _fire_.
+
+#�gn�minia, ae# [#in# neg. + #(g)n�men#], f., _dishonor, disgrace,
+degradation_.
+
+#�gn�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _not to know_; _to be ignorant of, be
+unacquainted with_.
+
+#�gn�sc�#, see #n�sc�#.
+
+#�gn�tus# [#in# neg. + #(g)n�tus#], adj., _unknown, unfamiliar,
+strange_.
+
+#�lic�# [#in# + #loc�#], adv., _on the spot, at once, immediately_.
+
+#ille, illa, illud#, dem. pron., _that, yonder_; _he, she, it_; _the
+famous, the_.
+
+#ill�c# [#ille#], adv., _there, yonder_.
+
+#ill�c# [#ille#], adv., _to that place, thither_.
+
+#im�g�, inis#, f., _likeness, semblance, image_; _statue_.
+
+#imbellis, e# [#in# neg. + #bellum#], adj., _unfit for war, unwarlike,
+cowardly_.
+
+#imber, bris#, m., _rain, shower_.
+
+#imbu�, ere, �, b�tus#, _to wet, moisten_; _inspire, imbue_.
+
+#imitor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to imitate, copy_.
+
+#imm�t�rus# [#in# neg. + #m�t�rus#, _ripe_], adj., _unripe_; _untimely,
+premature_.
+
+#imm�nsus# [#in# neg. + #m�tior#, _to measure_], adj., _immeasurable,
+vast, immense_.
+
+#immine�, �re, u�, --#, _to overhang, threaten_.
+
+#immitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#imm�#, adv., _by no means, nay_.
+
+#immol�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #mola#, _meal_], _to sprinkle_
+(a�victim) _with sacrificial meal, sacrifice_.
+
+#immort�lis, e# [#in# neg. + #mort�lis#], adj., _immortal_.
+
+#imm�tus# [#in# neg. + #m�tus#, part of #move�#], adj., _unmoved,
+motionless_.
+
+#imp�r, paris# [#in# neg. + #p�r#], adj., _unequal_.
+
+#impati�ns, entis# [#in# neg. + #pati�ns#], adj., _impatient,
+intolerant_.
+
+#impendium, �# [#impend�#, _to expend_], n., _outlay, cost, expense_.
+
+#imp�nsa, ae# [#impend�#, _to expend_], f., _outlay, cost, expense_.
+
+#imper�tor, �ris# [#imper�#], m., _commander-in-chief, general_;
+_emperor_.
+
+#imper�t�rius# [#imper�tor#], adj., _of a general_.
+
+#imperfectus# [#in# neg. + #perfectus#, part. of #perfici�#], adj.,
+_unfinished_.
+
+#imperium, �# [#imper�#], n., _a command, order_; _military authority_;
+_sovereignty, supremacy_; _the state_.
+
+#imper�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to command, order_; _rule, govern_; _levy,
+demand_.
+
+#impetr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to gain by asking, obtain, procure_.
+
+#impetus, �s# [#in# + #pet�#], m., _an attack, onset_; _impulse,
+excitement_; _violence, energy, fury_.
+
+#impiet�s, �tis# [#impius#], f., _irreverence, impiety_.
+
+#impiger, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + #piger#, _lazy_], adj., _active,
+energetic_.
+
+#impius# [#in# + #pius#], adj., _irreverent, wicked, undutiful_.
+
+#imple�#, see #*ple�#.
+
+#implic�, �re, �v�# or #u�, �tus# or #itus# [#in# + #plic�#, _to fold_],
+_to fold in, envelop_; _involve, attack_.
+
+#impl�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #pl�r�#, _to wail, lament_], _to beg,
+beseech, implore_.
+
+#imp�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#impr�m�s# [= #in pr�m�s#], adv., _especially_.
+
+#impr�v�sus# [#in# neg. + #pr�vide�#], adj., _unforeseen, unexpected_.
+
+#imp�b�s, eris# [#in# neg. + #p�b�s#, _full grown_], adj., _youthful_.
+
+#imp�gn�#, see #p�gn�#.
+
+#imp�n�tus# [#in# neg. + #p�ni�#], adj., _unpunished_.
+
+#in#, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, _into, to, on, upon, towards,
+against_; of purpose, _for, with a view to_; of other relations,
+_respecting, according to_; #in di�s#, _day by day_; (2)�with abl.; of
+place, _in, on, upon, in the midst of, among_; of time, _in, in the
+course of, during_; of other relations, _in the case of, respecting,
+according�to_.
+
+#in#, _not_, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles,
+negatives or reverses their meaning.
+
+#inaestim�bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #aestim�#, _to reckon_], _inestimable_.
+
+#inambul�#, see #ambul�#.
+
+#in�nis, e#, adj., _empty_; _vain, idle_.
+
+#inaud�tus# [#in# neg. + #aud�tus#, part. of #audi�#], adj., _unheard
+of, strange_.
+
+#incautus# [#in# neg. + #cautus#, _wary_], adj., _unsuspecting, off
+one's guard_.
+
+#inc�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#incendium, �# [#incend�#], n., _fire, conflagration_.
+
+#incend�#, see #cande�#�
+
+#inceptum, �# [#incipi�#], n., _beginning, attempt_; _undertaking,
+purpose_.
+
+#incertus# [#in# neg. + #certus#], adj., _uncertain, doubtful_.
+
+#inc�ss�, ere, --, --# [freq. of #inc�d�#], _to assail, attack_;
+_rail�at_.
+
+#incid�#, see #cad�#.
+
+#incipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#incit�#, see #cit�#.
+
+#incl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#incl�n�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #*cl�n�#, _to lean_], (1)�trans., _to
+cause to lean, bend, turn_; (2)�intrans., _lean, incline_; _yield, give
+way_.
+
+#inclitus#, adj., _famous_.
+
+#incl�d�#, see #claud�#.
+
+#inc�gnitus# [#in# neg. + #c�gnitus#, part. of #c�gn�sc�#], adj.,
+_unknown_.
+
+#incola, ae# [#incol�#], m., _inhabitant_.
+
+#incol�#, see #col�#.
+
+#incolumis, e#, adj., _safe, unharmed_.
+
+#inc�nstantia, ae# [#in# neg. + #c�nstantia#], f., _changeableness,
+fickleness_.
+
+#incr�dibilis, e# [#in# neg. + #cr�d�#], adj., _beyond belief,
+incredible_.
+
+#increp�, �re, u�, itus#, _to sound, resound_; _scold, upbraid_;
+_exclaim_.
+
+#incr�sc�#, see #cr�sc�#.
+
+#incumb�#, see #*cumb�#.
+
+#inc�ri�sus# [#in# neg. + #c�ri�sus#, _careful_], adj., _careless,
+negligent_.
+
+#incursi�, �nis# [#incurr�#, _to attack_], f., _onset, attack, raid_.
+
+#inde#, adv., _from that place_ or _time, thence_; _thereupon_; _from
+that circumstance, therefore_.
+
+#index, icis# [#indic�#], m., _mark, sign_.
+
+#indicium, �# [#indic�#], n., _sign, indication, evidence_.
+
+#ind�c�# see #d�c�#.
+
+#indic�#, see #dic�#.
+
+#indictus# [#in# neg. + #dictus#, part of #d�c�#], adj., _unsaid_;
+_unplead_.
+
+#ind�gn�ti�, �nis# [#ind�gnor#, _to be angry_], f., _displeasure,
+anger_.
+
+#ind�gn�# [#ind�gnus#], adv., _unworthily_; _angrily_; #ind�gn� ferre#
+_to take_ (_it_) _amiss_.
+
+#ind�gnor, �r�, �tus sum# [#ind�gnus#], _to think unworthy_; _be angry_.
+
+#ind�gnus# [#in# neg. + #d�gnus#], adj., _unworthy of, unfit for_ (with
+abl.).
+
+#ind�#, see #d�#.
+
+#indol�s, is#, f., _inborn quality, natural gifts_; _character, nature,
+spirit_.
+
+#ind�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#ind�stria, ae# [#ind�strius#, _active_], f., _diligence, activity,
+industry_.
+
+#ine�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#inermis, e# [#in# neg. + #arma#], adj., _unarmed, defenseless_.
+
+#�nfac�t�# [#in# neg. + #fac�t�#], adv., _without wit_.
+
+#�nf�ns, antis# [#in# neg. + #f�ns#, part. of #f�r�#, _to speak_], adj.,
+_not speaking, speechless_; as noun, m. and f., _an infant_.
+
+#�nf�l�x, �cis# [#in# neg. + #f�l�x#], adj., _unfortunate, disastrous_.
+
+#�nferior, �ris# [comp. of #�nferus#, _low_], adj., _lower, inferior_.
+
+#�nfer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#�nf�st�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#�nf�stus#], _to annoy, disturb_.
+
+#�nf�stus#, adj., _hostile, threatening_.
+
+#�nfici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#�nflamm�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #flamma#], _to kindle, arouse,
+excite_.
+
+#�nfl�tus# [#�nfl�#], adj., _blown up, inflated_.
+
+#�nflect�#, see #flect�#.
+
+#�nfl�#, see #fl�#.
+
+#�nf�rm�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #f�rma#], _to shape, mould, fashion_;
+_train, instruct_.
+
+#�nfr�#, adv. and prep. with acc., _below, beneath_.
+
+#ingem�sc�, ere, gemu�, --# [#in# + #gem�sc�#, incep. of #gem�#], _to
+groan over, groan_.
+
+#ingenium, �# [#in# + #g�gn�#], n., _natural gifts, nature_; _ability,
+intellect, wit_; _character, disposition_.
+
+#ing�ns, entis#, adj., _large, huge, great_.
+
+#ingenuus#, adj., _free-born_; _noble, liberal_.
+
+#ingr�tus# [#in# neg. + #gr�tus#], adj., _unpleasant, thankless,
+ungrateful_.
+
+#ingredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#inhibe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#inici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#inim�citia, ae# [#inim�cus#], f., _enmity_.
+
+#inim�cus# [#in# neg. + #am�cus#], adj., _unfriendly, hostile_; as noun,
+_a personal enemy, foe_, as distinguished from #hostis#, _a public
+enemy_.
+
+#in�qu�# [#in�quus#, _unjust_], adv., _unjustly_.
+
+#initium, �# [#ine�#], n., _beginning_; #initi�#, abl. as adv., _at the
+outset, at first_.
+
+#ini�ria, ae# [#in# neg. + #i�s#], f., _wrong, injustice_; _insult,
+injury_.
+
+(#iniussus, �s#) [#in# neg. + #iube�#], m., found in abl. only, _without
+orders_.
+
+#inl�d�#, see #laed�#.
+
+#inl�stris, e#, adj., _bright, clear_; _famous, renowned_
+(cf.�#cl�rus#).
+
+#inn�tor#, see #n�tor#.
+
+#innocentia, ae# [#in# neg. + #noce�#], f., _harmlessness, innocence,
+integrity_.
+
+#inn�t�sc�, ere, n�tu�, --# [#in# + #n�t�sc�#, _to become known_], _to
+become known_.
+
+#innoxius# [#in# neg. + #noxius#, _harmful_], adj., _harmless,
+blameless, innocent_.
+
+#innumer�bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #numer�#, _to count_], adj., _beyond
+number, countless_.
+
+#innumerus# [#in# neg. + #numerus#], adj., _countless_.
+
+#innu�#, see #*nu�#.
+
+#inopia, ae# [#inops#], f., _want, scarcity, need, poverty_.
+
+#inop�n�tus# [#in# neg. + #op�nor#, _to think_], adj., _unexpected_.
+
+#inops, opis# [#in# neg. + #ops#], adj., _without resources, helpless,
+poor, needy_.
+
+#inquam#, def. verb, _I say_. See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,�2.
+
+#inqui�tus# [#in# neg. + #qui�tus#], adj., _restless_.
+
+#inquin�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to stain, defile_.
+
+#inr�de�#, see #r�de�#.
+
+#inr�sus, �s# [#inr�de�#], m., _derision, mockery_.
+
+#inru�#, see #ru�#.
+
+#�nscientia, ae# [#�nsci�ns#, _ignorant_], adj., _ignorance_.
+
+#�nscius# [#in# neg. + #sci�#], adj., _ignorant, unaware_.
+
+#�nscr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#�nsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#�nside�#, see #sede�#.
+
+#�nsidiae, �rum# [#�nside�#], pl. f., _ambush_; _trap_; _artifice,
+plot_.
+
+#�nsidior, �r�, �tus sum# [#�nsidiae#], _to lie in wait for, plot
+against_.
+
+#�ns�gne, is# [#�ns�gnis#], n., _a mark, badge_.
+
+#�ns�gnis, e# [#in# + #s�gnum#], adj., _marked, conspicuous, noted,
+famous_.
+
+#�nsili�#, see #sali�#.
+
+#�nsinu�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #sinus#, _fold, coil_], _to push or
+thrust�in_.
+
+#�nsitus# [#inser�#, _to implant_], adj., _inborn, innate, ingrafted_.
+
+#�nsol�ns, entis# [#in# neg. + #sol�ns#, part. of #sole�#], adj.,
+_unusual, haughty, insolent_.
+
+#�nsolenter# [#�nsol�ns#], adv., _haughtily_.
+
+#�nsolentia, ae# [#�nsol�ns#], f., _unusual_ or _extravagant conduct,
+insolence_.
+
+#�nsp�r�bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #sp�r�#], adj., _unhoped for,
+unexpected_.
+
+#�nspici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#�nstitu�#, see #statu�#.
+
+#�nstit�tum, �# [#�nstitu�#], n., _institution_; _habit, custom_.
+
+#�nstr�mentum, �# [#�nstru�#], n., _tool_; _collectively, stock of
+tools, plant_.
+
+#�nstru�#, see #stru�#.
+
+#�nsusurr�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #susurrus#, _a whisper_], _to
+whisper to, suggest_.
+
+#�nsum#, see #sum#.
+
+#int�ctus# [#in# neg. + #t�ctus#, part. of #tang�#], adj., _untouched,
+uninjured_.
+
+#integer, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + root #tag# in #tang�#], adj.,
+_untouched, uninjured_; #integer, �#, _free from, untouched�by_.
+
+#intelleg�#, see #leg�#.
+
+#intempestus#, adj., _stormy_.
+
+#intend�#, see #tend�#.
+
+#intentus# [orig. part. of #intend�#], adj., _attentive, intent_.
+
+#inter#, prep. with acc.; of place, _between, among_; of time, _during_.
+
+#intercal�rius# [#intercal�#], adj., _intercalary, inserted in the
+calendar_.
+
+#intercal�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to intercalate, insert in the calendar_.
+
+#intercipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#interd�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#interdi�# [#inter# + #di�#], adv., _by day_.
+
+#interdum# [#inter# + (1) #dum#], adv., _between whiles, now and then,
+sometimes_.
+
+#intere�# [#inter# + #is#], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_.
+
+#intere�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#interfector, �ris# [#interfici�#], m., _slayer, assassin, murderer_.
+
+#interfici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#interici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#interim#, adv., _meanwhile_.
+
+#interim�#, see #em�#.
+
+#interitus, �s# [#intere�#], m., _overthrow, death, destruction_.
+
+#intern�ntius, �# [#inter# + #n�ntius#], m., _go-between, messenger_.
+
+#interpretor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to explain, interpret_; _maintain_.
+
+#interrog�#, see #rog�#.
+
+#intersum#, see #sum#.
+
+#interv�llum, �# [#inter# + #v�llum#], n., _interval_ (of�time or
+space), _distance_.
+
+#intervert�#, see #vert�#.
+
+#intimus#, adj., _inmost, deepest_; _close, intimate_.
+
+#intoler�bilis, e# [#in# neg. + #toler�#, _to bear_], adj.,
+_unendurable_.
+
+#intr�#, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of, within, during_.
+
+#intr�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#intr�#, adv., _within_], _to enter_.
+
+#intr�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#introe�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#intueor#, see #tueor#.
+
+#intum�sc�, ere, tumu�, --# [#in# + #tum�sc�#, incep. of #tume�#, _to be
+swollen_], _to swell, rise_.
+
+#inund�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#in# + #und�#, _to rise in waves_], _to
+deluge, flood_.
+
+#in�sit�tus# [#in# neg. + #�sit�tus#, _usual_], adj., _unusual,
+unfamiliar, novel_.
+
+#inv�d�#, see #v�d�#.
+
+#invalidus# [#in# neg. + #validus#], adj., _weak, feeble_.
+
+#inveh�#, see #veh�#.
+
+#inveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#invicem, in vicem#, see #vicis#.
+
+#invictus# [#in# neg. + #victus#, part. of #vinc�#], adj.,
+_unconquerable_.
+
+#invide�#, see #vide�#.
+
+#invidia, ae# [#invide�#], f., _envy_; _ill-will, odium, unpopularity_.
+
+#invidi�sus# [#invidia#], adj., _envious_; _exciting envy, unpopular,
+hateful_.
+
+#inviol�tus# [#in# neg. + #viol�#], adj., _unhurt_.
+
+#inv�sus# [orig. part. of #invide�#], adj., _hated, hateful_.
+
+#inv�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to invite, ask, summon_; _feast, entertain_.
+
+#inv�tus#, adj., _unwilling, on compulsion_.
+
+#iocus, �# (pl. also #ioca#), m., _a jest, joke_.
+
+#ipse, a, um#, _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; often best
+rendered by _very, mere, in person, even, actually_.
+
+#�ra, ae#, f., _anger, passion_.
+
+#�r�scor, �, �r�tus sum# [#�ra#], _to be_ or _become angry_.
+
+#�r�tus# [orig. part. of #�r�scor#], adj., _angered, enraged_; _in
+anger, angrily_.
+
+#is, ea, id#, dem. pron., _this_ or _that_; _he, she, it_; _such_ (esp.
+before #ut# with #subj.#).
+
+#iste, a, ud#, gen. #ist�us#, dat. #ist�#, _that of yours, your_; _that,
+this_.
+
+#ita# [#is#], adv., _in this way, so, thus, as follows_.
+
+#�talia, ae#, f., _Italy_. The name did not include the basin of the Po
+(Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.
+
+#�talicus, �#, m., _an Italian_.
+
+#itaque# [#ita# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and so, therefore, as a
+consequence, accordingly_.
+
+#item#, adv., _besides, likewise, also_.
+
+#iter, itineris# [#e�, �re#], n., _a journey, march_; _road, highway_.
+
+#iterum#, adv., _a second time, again_.
+
+#Iuba, ae#, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by
+Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C.�46.
+
+#iube�, �re, iuss�, iussus#, _to order, command_.
+
+#i�cund�# [#i�cundus#], adv., _agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully_.
+
+#i�cundus#, adj., _pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful_.
+
+#Iudaea, ae#, f., _Judaea_.
+
+#Iudaeus, �#, m., _a Jew_.
+
+#i�dex, icis# [#i�s# + #d�c�#], m., _a judge, juror_.
+
+#i�dicium, �# [#i�dex#], n., _judgment, decision_.
+
+#i�dic�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#i�dex#], _to examine judicially, judge,
+adjudge_; _think, consider_; _declare, resolve_.
+
+#i�gerum, �#, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre;
+_an acre_.
+
+#iugulum, �# [dim. of #iugum#], n., _throat, neck_.
+
+#iugum, �# [#iung�#], n., _a yoke, collar_; _mountain summit, range of
+mountains_; _a military yoke_, formed by fixing two spears upright in
+the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath
+such a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of
+complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors.
+
+#Iugurtha, ae#, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111
+to 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius.
+
+#Iugurth�nus#, adj., _of_ or _with Jugurtha, Jugurthine_.
+
+#I�lia, ae#, f., _Julia_.
+
+  1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.
+
+  2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus.
+
+#I�lius, �#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Caesar#.
+
+#iung�, ere, i�nx�, i�nctus#, _to join together, unite, bind, fasten,
+yoke_.
+
+  #ad--adiung�, ere, i�nx�, i�nctus#, _to join_ or _add to, attach_.
+
+  #con--coniung�, ere, i�nx�, i�nctus#, _to fasten together, join,
+  unite_.
+
+#i�nior#, see #iuvenis#.
+
+#I�nius, �#, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Br�tus#.
+
+#Iuppiter, Iovis#, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig.
+a�personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain,
+and storms.
+
+#i�re#, see #i�s#.
+
+#i�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#i�s#], _to take an oath, swear_; _swear�to_.
+
+  #con--c�ni�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to take an oath together, conspire,
+  plot_.
+
+#i�s, i�ris#, n., _right, justice, law_; _court of justice, trial in
+court_; abl. #i�re# as adv., _rightly, justly_; #in i�s voc�re#, _to
+summon into court, bring to trial_.
+
+#i�si�randum, �# [#i�s# + #i�r�#], n., _an oath_.
+
+(#iussus, �s#) [#iube�#], m., _order, command_ (found only in abl.
+sing.).
+
+#i�stitia, ae# [#i�s#], f., _justice, uprightness_.
+
+#iuvenis, is#, comp. #i�nior#, sup. #minimus n�t�#, adj., _young_. As
+noun, #iuvenis, is#, m., _young person, youth_ (between 17 and�45);
+#iuven�s# or #i�ni�r�s#, _the fighting men_.
+
+#iuventa, ae# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_.
+
+#iuvent�s, �tis# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_; collectively, _young people_,
+esp. _fighting men_. Cf. #iuvenis#.
+
+
+#K#
+
+#Kalendae, �rum#, pl. f., _the Kalends_, or the first day of the month.
+
+
+#L#
+
+#labor, �ris#, m., _labor, toil_; _hardship, distress_.
+
+#l�bor, �, l�psus sum#, _to slip_.
+
+  #d�--d�l�bor, �, l�psus sum#, _to glide down_; _slip_ or _fall down,
+  fall_.
+
+  #ex--�l�bor, �, l�psus sum#, _to slip away, glide off, escape_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�l�bor, �, l�psus sum#, _to fall down_; _slip, stumble_.
+
+  #re--rel�bor, �, l�psus sum#, _to slip_ or _sink back_; _flow back,
+  subside_.
+
+#lab�ri�s�# [#lab�ri�sus#, _toilsome_], adv., _laboriously, carefully_.
+
+#lab�r�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to labor, toil_; _be hard pressed, suffer, be
+afflicted_.
+
+  #ex--�lab�r�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to labor, toil, endeavor_.
+
+#Lacedaemonius, �#, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief
+city of Laconia, a�district of Southern Greece.
+
+#lacer�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound_.
+
+#*laci�, ere#, _to entice_.
+
+  #ad--adlici�, ere, lex�, lectus#, _to entice, win over, attract_.
+
+  #ex--�lici�, ere, u�, itus#, _to draw forth, call down_.
+
+  #per--perlici�, ere, lex�, lectus#, _to entice, allure, win over_.
+
+#lacrima, ae#, f., _a tear_.
+
+#lacrim�bundus# [#lacrim�#, _to weep_], adj., _weeping_.
+
+#laed�, ere, laes�, laesus#, _to hurt, injure_.
+
+  #ex--�l�d�, ere, l�s�, l�sus#, _to dash out_; _shatter, crush_.
+
+  #in--inl�d�, ere, l�s�, l�sus#, _to dash against_.
+
+#Laelius, �#, m., gentile name of _C. Laelius_, a friend of Scipio
+Africanus.
+
+#laetitia, ae# [#laetus#], f., _joy, exultation_.
+
+#laetus#, adj., _joyful, glad, cheerful_.
+
+#laevus#, adj., _left_.
+
+#lamb�, ere, --, --#, _to lick, lap_.
+
+#l�menta, �rum#, pl. n., _lamentations_.
+
+#l�mina, ae#, f., _a thin plate_.
+
+#l�na, ae#, f., _wool_.
+
+#lancea, ae#, f., _a spear, lance, dart_.
+
+#l�nificium, �# [#l�n�# + #faci�#], n., _spinning, weaving_.
+
+#lanius, �#, m., _a butcher_.
+
+#lapideus# [#lapis#], adj., _of stone, stone_.
+
+#lapis, idis#, m., _a stone_; _milestone_.
+
+#laqueus, �#, m., _noose, halter_.
+
+#L�rentia, ae#, f., see #Acca#.
+
+#larg�ti�, �nis# [#largior#, _to bribe_], f., _liberality_; _bribery_.
+
+#latebra, ae#, [#late�#, _to lie hid_], f., _hiding place_ (usually only
+in�pl.).
+
+#later�cius# [#later#, _a brick_], adj., _made of brick, brick_.
+
+#Lat�nus#, adj., _pertaining to Latium, Latin_; as noun, #Lat�nus, �#,
+m., _an inhabitant of Latium, a�Latin_.
+
+#l�tr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bark at_.
+
+#latr�, �nis#, m., _robber, brigand_.
+
+#latus, eris#, n., _side_; _flank_.
+
+#laud�bilis, e# [#laud�#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.
+
+#laudandus# [gerundive of #laud�#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.
+
+#laud�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to praise, extol_.
+
+  #con--conlaud�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to praise very highly, extol_.
+
+#laurea, ae# (sc. #cor�na#), f., _a laurel wreath_ or _crown_.
+
+#laus, laudis#, f., _praise, fame, glory_; _ability_ (as�that which
+excites praise). #laudibus ferre#, _to extol_.
+
+#lautus# [part. of #lav�#, _to wash_], adj., _well-washed, neat_;
+_elegant, splendid_.
+
+#laxit�s, �tis# [#laxus#, _roomy_], f., _spaciousness, roominess, size_.
+
+#lect�ca, ae# [#lectus#], f., _a litter, sedan chair, palanquin_.
+
+#lectulus, �# [dim. of #lectus#], m., _a small couch, bed_.
+
+#lectus, �#, m., _a couch, bed_.
+
+#l�g�ti�, �nis# [#l�g�#, to commission], f., _embassy, legation_.
+
+#l�g�tus, �# [#l�g�#, _to commission_], m., _one specially commissioned,
+ambassador, envoy_; _a deputy, lieutenant_, an officer next in command
+to the #imper�tor#, who selected him subject to the approval of the
+senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as
+his counsellors, and commanding in his absence.
+
+#legi�, �nis# [#leg�#], f., _a legion_, containing from four to six
+thousand men; #legi�n�s#, _the infantry_, as distinct from the cavalry.
+
+#l�gitimus# [#l�x#], adj., _fixed by law, legal_.
+
+#leg�, ere, l�g�, l�ctus#, _to gather, collect_; _select, appoint,
+choose_; _read_.
+
+  #con--conlig�, ere, l�g�, l�ctus#, _to collect, gather_.
+
+  #d�--d�lig�, ere, l�g�, l�ctus#, _to choose, select_; _levy_.
+
+  #dis--d�lig�, ere, l�x�, l�ctus#, _to single out, esteem, love,
+  prize_.
+
+  #ex--�lig�, ere, l�g�, l�ctus#, _to pick out, choose, select_.
+
+  #inter--intelleg�, ere, l�x�, l�ctus#, _learn_; _perceive,
+  understand_.
+
+#l�niter# [#l�nis#, _soft, gentle_], adv., _softly, mildly, lightly_.
+
+#l�n�cinium, �#, n., _excessive finery_ or _nicety in dress_.
+
+#Lentulus, �#, m., _P. Corn�lius Lentulus Dol�bella_, a�son-in-law of
+Cicero.
+
+#lentus#, adj., _pliant, tough_; _slow, sluggish_.
+
+#Lepidus, �#, m., _M. Aemilius_, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; a�member,
+with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate.
+
+#l�t�lis, e# [#l�tum#, _death_], adj., _deadly, fatal_.
+
+#levis, e#, adj., _light, slight, trivial_.
+
+#leviter# [#levis#], adv., _lightly, slightly_.
+
+#l�x, l�gis#, f., _law, decree_; _term, condition_.
+
+#lib�ns, entis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], adj., _willing_; _with good
+will_ or _pleasure, gladly_.
+
+#libenter# [#lib�ns#], adv., _gladly, willingly_.
+
+#l�ber, l�bera, l�berum#, adj., _free_; _generous_; _outspoken, frank_.
+
+#liber, libr�#, m., _a book_.
+
+#l�ber�lit�s, �tis# [#l�ber�lis#, _generous_], f., _generosity,
+kindness_; _a gift_.
+
+#l�ber�liter# [#l�ber�lis#, _generous_], adv., _kindly, generously,
+graciously_.
+
+#l�ber�, �rum# [#l�ber#], pl. m., _children_; properly the free persons
+of the family as distinct from the slaves.
+
+#l�ber�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#l�ber#], _to set free, free_; _acquit,
+absolve_.
+
+#l�bert�s, �tis# [#l�ber#], f., _freedom, independence_.
+
+#l�bertus, �# [#l�ber#], m., _a freedman_.
+
+#lib�d�, inis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust,
+wantonness, passion_.
+
+#l�br�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#l�bra#, _a balance_], _to balance, poise,
+brandish_.
+
+#licentia, ae# [#licet#], f., _freedom, license_.
+
+#licet, �re, uit# or #itum est#, impers., _it is allowed_ or
+_permitted_.
+
+#l�ctor, �ris#, m., _a lictor_, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig.
+attendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls,
+and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared
+in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the
+fasces, and executed criminal sentences.
+
+#l�gneus# [#l�gnum#, _wood_], adj., _wooden_.
+
+#lig�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bind_.
+
+  #ad--adlig�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bind to, bind fast, bind_.
+
+  #d�--d�lig�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bind to, tie, fasten_.
+
+  #re--relig�, �re, av�, �tus#, _to bind, fasten_.
+
+#l�men, inis#, n., _threshold, doorstep_.
+
+#l�ne�mentum, �# [#l�nea#, _a line_], n., _a line_; _feature,
+lineament_.
+
+#lingua, ae#, f., _tongue_; _language_.
+
+#liquefaci�, ere, f�c�, factus# [#lique�#, _to be liquid_ + #faci�#],
+_to melt, dissolve_.
+
+#L�tern�nus#, adj., _at Literum_, a town of Campania. As noun,
+#L�tern�num, �# (sc.�#praedium#, _an estate_), n., an estate of Scipio
+Africanus Maior at Liternum.
+
+#l�tig�tor, �ris# [#l�s#, _lawsuit_ + #ag�#], m., _a party to a lawsuit,
+litigant_.
+
+#littera, ae#, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); in pl., _a letter,
+epistle_; _literature_.
+
+#litter�tus# [#littera#], adj., _lettered, educated, learned_.
+
+#l�tus, oris#, n., (sea)_shore, beach, strand_.
+
+#L�vius, �#, m., gentile name of _M. L�vius Sal�n�tor_, who commanded
+the garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.
+
+#loc�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#locus#], _to place, put_; _contract for, let,
+lease_.
+
+  #con--conloc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to place, arrange, station,
+  establish_.
+
+#locupl�s, �tis# [#locus# + #pl�nus#], adj., _rich in lands, rich_.
+
+#locus, �#, m. (pl., #loc�# and #loca#), _a place, spot_; _locality,
+region_; _position, station, post_; _room, opportunity_.
+
+#long�# [#longus#], adv., _a long way_ or _distance, at a distance_;
+_far, by far_.
+
+#longinquus# [#longus#], adj., _remote, distant_.
+
+#longus#, adj., _long_; _distant_.
+
+#loquor, �, loc�tus sum#, _to speak, talk, say_.
+
+  #ad--adloquor, �, loc�tus sum#, _to speak to, address_.
+
+  #con--conloquor, �, loc�tus sum#, _to talk with, converse, confer_.
+
+#l�r�ca, ae# [#l�rum#], f., _a corselet_ of leather, _coat of mail_;
+#squ�m�rum l�r�ca#, _armor-like covering of scales_.
+
+#l�rum, �#, n., _a leather thong_ or _strap_.
+
+#L�cius, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#Lucr�tia, ae#, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron
+of the olden time.
+
+#luctor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to wrestle, struggle_.
+
+#l�ctus, �s# [#l�ge�#], m., _grief, sorrow, mourning_.
+
+#L�cullus, �#, m., _L. Licinius_, born about 110 B.C., consul 74;
+conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself
+to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or�56.
+
+#l�cus, �#, m., _a sacred grove, grove_.
+
+#l�dibrium, �# [#l�dus#], n., _laughing-stock, jest_; _mockery,
+derision_.
+
+#l�dicer, cra, crum# [#l�dus#], adj., _playful, sportive_.
+
+#l�dus, �#, m., _play, sport_; _a game_, esp. (in�pl.) _the public
+games_, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and
+theatrical performances.
+
+#l�ge�, �re, l�x�, l�ctus#, _to grieve_; _grieve for, mourn, lament_.
+
+#l�gubris, e# [#l�ge�#], adj., _mournful_.
+
+#l�men, inis# [cf. #lux#], n., _light_.
+
+#l�na, ae# [cf. #l�x#], f., _the moon_.
+
+#lupa, ae#, f., _a she-wolf_.
+
+#l�str�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to purify, cleanse_; _to review, inspect_.
+
+#l�x, l�cis#, f., _light, daylight, day_; #pr�m� l�ce#, _at dawn_.
+
+#l�xuria, ae# [#l�xus#], f., _luxury, excess_.
+
+#l�xus, �s#, m., _excess, luxury, self-indulgence_.
+
+
+#M#
+
+#Maced�, onis#, m., _a Macedonian_.
+
+#Macedonia, ae#, f., _Macedonia_, an extensive country north of Greece.
+Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander
+the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world.
+
+#m�china, ae#, f., _machine_ or _engine of war_; _a contrivance, trick_.
+
+#mact�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter_.
+
+#mactus#, adj., _worshiped, glorified_.
+
+#Maec�n�s, �tis#, m., _C. Cilnius_, the close friend of Augustus and his
+chief adviser in civil affairs.
+
+#maestus#, adj., _sad, gloomy, mournful_.
+
+#magis#, comp., adv., _in a greater degree_; _more, rather_; sup.
+#m�xim�# [#m�ximus#], _in the highest degree, particularly_;
+_exceedingly, very_.
+
+#magister, tr�#, m., _master, chief_; _teacher_; #magister equitum#,
+_Master of the Horse_, an officer appointed by a dictator as his
+lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of
+the cavalry.
+
+#magistr�tus, �s# [#magister#], m., _civil office, magistracy_.
+
+#m�gnific�# [#m�gnificus#], adv., in good sense, _grandly_; in bad
+sense, _in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly_.
+
+#m�gnificentia, ae# [#m�gnificus#], f., _splendor, grandeur_.
+
+#m�gnificus# [#m�gnus# + #faci�#], adj., _splendid, magnificent_.
+
+#m�gnit�d�, inis# [#m�gnus#], f., _greatness, size_.
+
+#m�gnus#, comp. #m�ior#, sup. #m�ximus#, adj., _great, large_; #m�ior#
+or #m�ximus# (sc.�#n�t�#), _elder, eldest_. As noun, #M�gnus, �#, m.,
+_the Great_, cognomen of Pompey; #m�i�r�s# (sc.�#n�t�#), pl. m.,
+_ancestors_.
+
+#Maharbal, alis#, m., _a Carthaginian general_.
+
+#m�iest�s, �tis# [cf. #m�ior#], f., _greatness, dignity_.
+
+#m�ior, m�ius#, gen. #m�i�ris#, see #m�gnus#.
+
+#male# [#malus#], comp. #p�ius#, sup. #pessim�#, adv., _badly, ill,
+unsuccessfully_; _feebly, barely, scarcely_.
+
+#maledictum, �# [#male# + #d�c�#], n., _a curse_.
+
+#m�l�, m�lle, m�lu�# [#magis# + (1) #vol�#], _to prefer_.
+
+#malus#, comp. #p�ior#, sup. #pessimus#, adj., _bad, wicked_; _evil,
+unfortunate_. As noun, #malum, �#, n., _evil, misfortune, trouble_.
+
+#M�murius, �#, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.
+
+#mand�tum, �# [#mand�#], n., _an order, command_.
+
+#mand�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#manus# + #d�#], _to hand over, commit,
+entrust_; _order, command_; #l�tter�s mand�re#, _to write_.
+
+  #con--commend�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to commit, entrust_; _assist,
+  defend_.
+
+#m�ne#, adv., _early in the morning_.
+
+#mane�, �re, m�ns�, m�ns�rus#, _to remain, stay, tarry_.
+
+  #re--remane�, �re, m�ns�, m�ns�rus#, _to stay behind, remain_.
+
+#M�n�s, ium#, pl. m., _the deified spirits of the dead_, to whom
+sacrifice was regularly made.
+
+#manif�stus# [#manus# + #*fend�#], adj., _clear, manifest, evident_;
+_exposed_.
+
+#manipulus, �# [#manus# + #*ple�#] m., _a company of soldiers, maniple_
+(one third of a cohort). The standard of the maniple orig. bore (it�is
+said) a�_handful_ of hay.
+
+#M�nius, �#, m., abbreviated #M'.#, a Roman praenomen.
+
+#M�nli�nus#, adj., _Manlian_.
+
+#M�nlius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Torqu�tus#.
+
+#m�n�, �re, �v�, --#, _to flow, trickle_; _to flow_ or _stream abroad,
+spread_.
+
+#m�nsu�t�d�, inis# [#m�nsu�tus#, _tame_], f., _mildness, gentleness_.
+
+#manubiae, �rum# [#manus#], pl. f., _prize-money, booty, plunder_.
+
+#man�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus# [#manus# + #mitt�#], _to set free,
+emancipate_.
+
+#manus, �s#, f., _hand, arm_; #ferreae man�s#, _grappling irons_ (see
+#corvus#); _force, strength, prowess_; _band, troop_; #man�s c�nserere#,
+_to join battle_.
+
+#M�rcus, �#, m., a common praenomen.
+
+#M�rcius, �#, m., see #Ancus#.
+
+#mare, is#, n., _the sea_; #Mare Superum#, _the Upper_ or _Adriatic
+Sea_.
+
+#margar�ta, ae#, f., _a pearl_.
+
+#maritimus# [#mare#], adj., _pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime_.
+
+#mar�tus, �#, m., _husband_.
+
+#Marius, �#, m., _C._, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered
+Jugurtha, 106; was seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri
+in 101; died in�86.
+
+#marmor, oris#, n., _marble_.
+
+#marmoreus# [#marmor#], adj., _marble, of marble_.
+
+#M�rs, M�rtis#, m., _Mars_, the Roman god of war; _war, battle_.
+
+#M�rtius# [#M�rs#], adj., _of March_.
+
+#Masinissa, ae#, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus Maior, in
+Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148.
+
+#Mass�va, ae#, m., nephew of Masinissa.
+
+#m�ter, m�tris#, f., _mother_.
+
+#m�ternus# [#m�ter#], adj., _of a mother, mother's_; _maternal, on the
+mother's side_.
+
+#m�trim�nium, �# [#m�ter#], n., _marriage_.
+
+#m�tr�na, ae# [#m�ter#], f., _a married woman, wife, matron_.
+
+#Maur�, �rum#, pl. m., _Moors_, inhabitants of Mauretania, the modern
+Morocco.
+
+#m�xim�# [#m�ximus#], adv., see #magis#.
+
+#m�ximus#, adj., see #m�gnus#.
+
+#M�ximus, �#, m., a Roman cognomen.
+
+  1. _M.�Valerius M�ximus Corv�nus_, consul 343 B.C.
+
+  2. _Q. Fabius M�ximus_, a famous general opposed to Hannibal,
+  surnamed _Cunct�tor_, from his caution. He was five times consul,
+  and died in 203.
+
+#medic�mentum, �# [#medic�#, _to heal_], n., _drug, potion_; _antidote,
+cure_.
+
+#medicus, �# [#medeor#, _to heal_], m., _a physician, surgeon, doctor_.
+
+#meditor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to reflect upon, consider_; _plan, devise_.
+
+#medius#, adj., _in the middle, middle, midst of_. As noun, #medium, �#,
+n., _the middle, midst, intervening space_; #in medi�#, _in the midst
+of, between_; #in medium pr�ferre#, _to bring out, produce_.
+
+#melior, ius#, gen. #�ris#, adj., see #bonus#.
+
+#melius#, adv., see #bene#.
+
+#Memmius, �#, m., gentile name of _C. Memmius Gemellus_, an opponent of
+Julius Caesar.
+
+#memor�bilis, e# [#memor�#], adj., _worth telling, remarkable_.
+
+#memoria, ae# [#memor#, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _record, account_.
+
+#memor�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#memor#, _mindful_], _to bring to mind,
+relate_; _say, tell_.
+
+#m�ns, mentis#, f., _the mind, intellectual faculties_; _thought,
+purpose_.
+
+#m�nsa, ae#, f., _table_; _course_ (at dinner).
+
+#m�nsis, is#, m., _a month_.
+
+#menti�, �nis#, f., _mention_.
+
+#mercor, �r�, �tus sum# [#merx#], _to buy, purchase_.
+
+#mere�, �re, u�, itus#, _to earn, deserve, merit_.
+
+#merg�, ere, mers�, mersus#, _to dip, plunge in_; _sink_.
+
+#merit�# [#meritum#, _desert_], adv., _deservedly, justly_.
+
+#merx, mercis#, f., _goods, wares, merchandise_.
+
+#Metellus, �#, m., a Roman cognomen.
+
+  1. _L.�Caecilius Metellus_, one of the young nobles who, after the
+  battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.
+
+  2. _Q. Caecilius Metellus_, called _Numidicus_, because of the
+  success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded
+  by Marius.
+
+  3. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius_, consul B.C. 80. He fought against
+  Sertorius.
+
+#m�tor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to measure off, mark out_.
+
+#Mettius, �#, m., see #F�fetius#.
+
+#metus, �s#, m., _fear, dread, terror_.
+
+#meus#, adj., _my, mine_. As noun, #me�, me�rum#, pl. m., _my friends,
+my followers_.
+
+#m�#, vocative sing. of #meus#.
+
+#mic�, �re, u�, --#, _to quiver, flash, gleam_.
+
+#migr�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to remove, migrate_.
+
+  #con--commigr�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to change one's home, move,
+  migrate_.
+
+  #re--remigr�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to journey_ (back), _return_.
+
+#m�les, itis#, m., _a soldier, fellow-soldier_; as collective noun,
+_soldiery_.
+
+#M�l�tus, �#, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.
+
+#m�lit�ris, e# [#m�les#], adj., _soldierly, military_; #r�s m�lit�ris#,
+_the art of war, military tactics_.
+
+#m�litia, ae# [#m�les#], f., _military service, war_; #m�litiae#, loc.,
+_in the field, abroad_, opposed to #dom�#, _at home_.
+
+#m�lit�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to be a soldier, serve in war, fight_.
+
+#m�lle#, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; as noun, #m�lia#, pl. n.,
+_thousands_.
+
+#m�lli�s# [#m�lle#], adv., _a thousand times_.
+
+#m�mus, �#, m., _farce, comedy_.
+
+#minim�# [#minimus#], adv., see #parum#.
+
+#minister, tr�#, m., _attendant, servant_.
+
+#minitor, �r�, �tus sum# [freq. of #minor#], _to threaten_.
+
+#minor, us#, gen. #�ris#, see #parvus#.
+
+#minor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to threaten_.
+
+#Minucius, �#, m., _M. Minucius R�fus, magister equitum_ under Q.�Fabius
+Maximus.
+
+#Minturnae, �rum#, pl. f., a town between Campania and Latium.
+
+#minu�, ere, �, �tus# [#minus#], _to diminish, lessen_; _weaken_.
+
+#minus#, adv., see #parum#.
+
+#m�r�bilis, e# [#m�ror#], adj., _wonderful, strange, amazing_.
+
+#m�r�culum, �# [#m�ror#], n., _a wonder, marvel, miracle_.
+
+#m�rificus# [#m�rus# + #faci�#], adj., _wonderful_.
+
+#m�ror, �r�, �tus sum#, _to wonder, marvel at_.
+
+#m�rus#, adj., _wonderful, marvelous_.
+
+#miser, era, erum#, adj., _wretched, unfortunate_.
+
+#misericordia, ae# [#misericors#], f., _pity, compassion, mercy_.
+
+#misericors, cordis# [#misere�#, _to pity_ + #cor#, _heart_], adj.,
+_tender-hearted, merciful_.
+
+#missi�, �nis# [#mitt�#], f., _release from service, discharge_.
+
+#Mithrid�t�s#, is, m., surnamed _the Great_, king of Pontus, B.C.
+120-63.
+
+#Mithrid�ticus#, adj., _Mithridatic_.
+
+#m�tig�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#m�tis# + #ag�#], _to make gentle, soften,
+civilize_.
+
+#m�tis, e#, adj., _mild, gentle, kind_.
+
+#mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _send, despatch, dismiss_; _throw, hurl,
+shoot_.
+
+  #ab--�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send away, let go, lose_.
+
+  #ad--admitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to admit, receive_.
+
+  #con--committ�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send_ or _bring together,
+  join_; _entrust, commit, bring_ (it) _about, cause, allow_; #p�gnam#
+  or #proelium committere#, _to begin battle_.
+
+  #d�--d�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send_ or _let down, cast down,
+  let fall_; _put_.
+
+  #dis--d�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send_ (away), _dismiss_;
+  _give up, abandon_.
+
+  #ex--�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send forth_ or _out_; _hurl,
+  cast_; _utter_; _let loose_.
+
+  #in--immitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send in, admit_; _send, hurl_.
+
+  #ob--omitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to lay aside_; _neglect, omit_;
+  _pass over, say nothing of_; _lose sight of, let slip_.
+
+  #per--permitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to let pass_; _permit, allow_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to put forward_; _promise_.
+
+  #re--remitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send back_; _yield, give up_;
+  _remit, grant exemption from_.
+
+  #re + pr�--repr�mitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to promise in return_.
+
+  #sub--submitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send_ or _let down_; _let
+  grow_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsmitt�, ere, m�s�, missus#, _to send_ or _put across_,
+  _make to cross_; _despatch_; intrans., _to go across, cross_.
+
+#Mityl�nae, �rum#, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean
+Sea.
+
+#moder�ti�, �nis# [#moderor#, _to set bounds to_], f., _self-control,
+moderation_.
+
+#moder�tus# [#moderor#, _to check_], adj., _within bounds, moderate,
+merciful_.
+
+#modicus# [#modus#], adj., _moderate, modest_.
+
+#modius, �# [#modus#], m., _a measure_; _a peck_.
+
+#modo# [#modus#], adv., _only_; _just now, lately_; #modo .�.�. modo#,
+_at one time .�.�. at another, now .�.�. now_; #n�n; modo .�.�. sed
+etiam#, _not only .�.�. but also_.
+
+#modus, �#, m., _measure, limit, end_; _way, manner_; _measure, strains_
+(of�music).
+
+#moenia, ium#, pl. n., _defensive walls, city walls, fortifications_.
+
+#m�l�s, is#, f., _mass, weight, bulk_; _massive structure_.
+
+#molest�# [#molestus#], adv., _with difficulty_ or _vexation_; #aegr�#
+or #molest� ferre#, _to take amiss, be vexed_�(at).
+
+#molestia, ae# [#molestus#], f., _trouble, annoyance, burden_.
+
+#molestus# [#m�l�s#], adj., _troublesome, annoying, vexatious_.
+
+#m�lior, �r�, �tus sum# [#m�l�s#], _to struggle, toil_; _undertake,
+attempt_.
+
+#mollis, e#, adj., _soft, tender_; _effeminate, unmanly_.
+
+#molliter# [#mollis#], adv., _effeminately, luxuriously_.
+
+#Mol�, �nis#, m., see #Apoll�nius#.
+
+#m�mentum, �# [#move�#], n., _movement_; _cause, circumstance_;
+(sc.�#temporis#), _moment, instant_.
+
+#mone�, �re, u�, itus#, _to remind, admonish_; _advise, warn_.
+
+  #ad--admone�, �re, u�, itus#, _to remind, admonish, warn_.
+
+#monitus, �s# [#mone�#], m., _warning, counsel_.
+
+#m�ns, montis#, m., _a mountain, height, hill_.
+
+#m�nstrum, �# [#mone�#], n., _a warning, omen_; _strange being,
+monster_.
+
+#mora, ae#, f., _delay, policy of delay_.
+
+#morbus, �#, m., _sickness, disease_.
+
+#morior, mor�, mortuus sum#, _to die_.
+
+#moror, �r�, �tus sum#, _to delay, linger, tarry_; with acc., _to
+hinder, impede_.
+
+  #d�--d�moror, �r�, �tus sum#, _to linger, tarry, remain_.
+
+#mors, mortis#, f., _death_.
+
+#morsus, �s# [#morde�#, _to bite_], m., _bite_; _pain, sting, agony_.
+
+#mort�lis, e# [#mors#], adj., _mortal, human_; as noun, _mort�lis, is_,
+m., _a man, mortal_.
+
+#mortuus# [part. of #morior#], adj., _dead_.
+
+#m�s, m�ris#, m., _a habit, custom_; _manner, fashion_; pl., _customs,
+character_.
+
+#m�tus, �s# [#move�#], m., _movement, agitation, tumult, insurrection_.
+
+#move�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to stir, move, remove_; _affect, arouse_.
+
+  #ab--�move�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to take away, remove_.
+
+  #ad--admove�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to move towards_; _bring near_;
+  _offer_.
+
+  #con--commove�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to move thoroughly_; _agitate,
+  excite_.
+
+  #per--permove�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to move deeply, excite,
+  influence_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�move�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to move forward, promote,
+  advance_.
+
+  #sub--submove�, �re, m�v�, m�tus#, _to thrust aside, remove,
+  dislodge_.
+
+#mox#, adv., _soon, presently_; _thereupon, next_.
+
+#m�cr�, �nis#, m., _sword-point, sword_.
+
+#muliebriter# [#muliebris#, _womanish_], adv., _like a woman, in
+womanish fashion_.
+
+#mulier, ieris#, f., _a woman, wife_.
+
+#muliercula, ae# [dim. of #mulier#], f., a (little, i.e.) _young woman,
+girl_.
+
+#m�li�, �nis# [#m�lus#, _a mule_], m., _a mule-driver_.
+
+#multa, ae#, f., _a fine, penalty_.
+
+#multiplex, icis# [#multus# + #plic�#, _to fold_], adj., _manifold,
+many_.
+
+#multit�d�, inis# [#multus#], f., _a multitude, throng_.
+
+#mult�# [#multus#], adv., _by far, much_.
+
+#mult�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.
+
+#multum# [#multus#], adv., _much_; _greatly, severely_.
+
+#multus#, comp. #pl�s#, sup. #pl�rimus#, adj., _much, many a_; in pl.,
+_many_; #pl�r�s#, _several_; often used as noun in all three degrees.
+
+#munditia, ae# [#mundus#, _neat_], f., _neatness, elegance, niceness_.
+
+#m�ni�, �re, �v� (i�), �tus#, _to fortify, protect_; _open up, build_
+(a�road).
+
+  #con--comm�ni�, �re, �v� (i�), �tus#, _to fortify strongly,
+  intrench_.
+
+#m�nus, eris#, n., _service_; _present, gift_.
+
+#muraena, ae#, f., _an eel_.
+
+#m�rus, �#, m., _city wall, wall_.
+
+#M�sae, �rum#, pl. f., _the Muses_, the goddesses of the liberal arts,
+esp. music and poetry.
+
+#Mutina, ae#, f., _Mutina_ (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south
+of the�Po.
+
+#Mutin�nsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Mutina_.
+
+#m�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to change, alter_.
+
+  #con--comm�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to alter, change_; _exchange_.
+
+  #per--perm�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to change throughout, exchange,
+  interchange_.
+
+#m�tuus# [#m�t�#], adj., _mutual_.
+
+
+#N#
+
+#nam#, conj. (1) causal, _for, because, inasmuch as_; (2)�explanatory,
+_you know, indeed_.
+
+#nanc�scor, �, nactus sum#, _to get_ (by accident), _happen upon, find,
+meet with_.
+
+#n�rr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to narrate, tell_.
+
+#n�scor, �, n�tus sum#, _to be born_; _spring from, arise_.
+
+#N�s�ca, ae#, m., cognomen of _P. Corn�lius Sc�pi� N�s�ca Ser�pi�_,
+opponent of Tiberius Gracchus.
+
+#n�sus, �#, m., _the nose_.
+
+#n�ti�, �nis# [#n�scor#], f., _birth, race_; _tribe, nation, people_.
+
+#n�t�ra, ae# [#n�scor#], f., _nature, character, disposition_;
+personified, _Nature_.
+
+#n�tus# [orig. part. of #n�scor#], adj., lit. _born_; with #ann�s#,
+_old_.
+
+(#n�tus, �s#) [#n�scor#], m., _birth, age_ (found only in abl. sing.).
+
+#naufragium, �# [#n�vis# + #frang�#], n., _shipwreck_.
+
+#n�v�lis, e# [#n�vis#], adj., _naval_.
+
+#n�vicula, ae# [dim. of #n�vis#], f., _a small vessel, boat, skiff_.
+
+#n�vig�ti�, �nis# [#n�vig�#, _to sail_], f., _voyage_.
+
+#n�vigium, �# [#n�vig�#, _to sail_], n., _ship, boat_.
+
+#n�vis, is#, f., _a ship_.
+
+#N�vius, �#, m., see #Attus#.
+
+#n�v�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#(g)n�vus#, _busy_], _to do with zeal_; #operam
+n�v�re#, _to render vigorous aid, act with vigor_.
+
+#n�#, (1) adv., _not_; #n� . . . quidem#, _not even, not at all_;
+(2)�conj., _in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest_.
+
+#ne#, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and
+then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2)�as conj. with
+indirect questions, _whether_.
+
+#nebul�, �nis# [#nebula#, _mist_], m., _a worthless fellow,
+good-for-naught, scamp_.
+
+#nec#, see #neque#.
+
+#necess�rius# [#necesse#, _necessary_], adj., _necessary,
+indispensable_.
+
+#necessit�s, �tis# [#necesse#, _necessary_], f., _necessity_.
+
+#nec�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#nex#], _to kill, slay_.
+
+#nef�rius# [#nef�s#, _a crime_], adj., _wicked, impious, nefarious_.
+
+#nef�stus# [#nef�s#, _a crime_], adj., _unhallowed_; #di�s nef�stus#,
+a�day on which no public business could be transacted.
+
+#negleg�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #negleg�#], adj., _heedless,
+careless_.
+
+#negleg�, ere, l�x�, l�ctus# [#nec# + #leg�#], _to disregard, despise,
+neglect_.
+
+#neg�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to say no_; _deny, refuse_.
+
+  #d�--d�neg�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to say no, deny_; _refuse, reject_.
+
+#n�m�#, gen. #n�ll�us#, dat. #n�min�#, acc. #n�minem#, abl. #n�ll�#; pl.
+not found [#n�# + #hom�#], m. and f., _no one, nobody_.
+
+#nemus, oris#, n., _a grove_.
+
+#nep�s, �tis#, m., _grandson, descendant_.
+
+#neptis, is#, f., _granddaughter_.
+
+#neque# or #nec# [#n�# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and not, but not, nor,
+nor yet_; #neque# or #nec .�.�. neque# or #nec#, _neither .�.�. nor_.
+
+#neque�, �re, �v�, --# [#n�# + #que�#, _to be able_], _to be unable_.
+
+#n� . . . quidem#, see #n�#.
+
+#nesci�, �re, �v� (i�), --# [#n�# + #sci�#], _not know, to be ignorant_.
+
+#neuter, tra, trum# [#n�# + #uter#], adj., _neither_.
+
+#nex, necis#, f., _death_; _murder, slaughter_.
+
+#n�#, conj., _if not, unless_.
+
+#niger, gra, grum#, adj., _black_.
+
+#nihil# or #n�l# [#n�# + #h�lum#, _a trifle_], n. indecl., _nothing_;
+acc. often as adv., _in no wise, not at all, not_.
+
+#nihilum, �# [older form of #nihil#], n., _nothing_; abl. #nihil�#, as
+adv., _not at all_; #nihil� minus#, _none the less_.
+
+#nihildum# [#nihil# + (1) #dum#], n. indecl., _nothing as yet_.
+
+#N�lus, �#, m., _the river Nile_.
+
+#n�m�rum#, adv., _without doubt, surely, truly, plainly_.
+
+#nimium# [#nimius#], adv., _excessively_.
+
+#nimius#, adj., _beyond measure, excessive, too much, too great_.
+
+#nisi# [#n�# + #s�#], conj., _if not, unless, except_.
+
+#nite�, �re, u�, --#, _to shine, glitter_; _be conspicuous, flourish_.
+
+  #ex--�nite�, �re, u�, --#, _to shine forth_; _be distinguished_.
+
+#n�tor, �, n�sus# or #n�xus sum#, _lean_ or _rest upon_; _to exert one's
+self, strive_.
+
+#ex--�n�tor, �, n�sus# or #n�xus sum#, _to strive, struggle_.
+
+#in--inn�tor, �, n�sus# or #n�xus sum#, _to lean upon, support one's
+self�by_.
+
+#n�, n�re, n�v�, --#, _to swim_.
+
+#tr�ns--tr�n�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to swim across_.
+
+#n�bilis, e# [#n�sc�#], adj., _known, noted, famous_; _high-born,
+noble_.
+
+#n�bilit�s, �tis# [#n�bilis#], f., _fame, renown_; _high birth_; _the
+nobility, nobles_.
+
+#n�bilit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#n�bilis#], _to make known_ or _famous,
+glorify, dignify_.
+
+#noceo, �re, u�, it�rus#, _to hurt, injure_.
+
+#noct�# [abl. of #*noctus# = #nox#], adv., _by night_.
+
+#noctua, ae# [#nox#], f., _night-owl, owl_.
+
+#nocturnus# [#nox#], adj., _of_ or _by night, nocturnal_.
+
+#N�la, ae#, f., a town of Campania.
+
+#n�l�, n�lle, n�lu�, --# [#n�n# + (1) #vol�#], _to be unwilling, not
+wish_.
+
+#n�men, inis# [#n�sc�#], n., _a name_, esp. the gentile name; #n�mina
+dare# or #profit�r�#, _to volunteer_.
+
+#n�min�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#n�men#], _to name, designate_.
+
+#n�n# [#n�# + #oenum# = #�num#], adv., _not, not at all_.
+
+#n�n�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_.
+
+#n�ndum# [#n�n# + (1) #dum#], adv., _not yet_.
+
+#n�nn�llus# [#n�n# + #n�llus#], adj., _some, several_.
+
+#n�nnumquam# [#n�n# + #numquam#], adv., _sometimes, at times_.
+
+#n�sc�, ere, n�v�, n�tus#, _to come to know, become acquainted with_; in
+perf., plup.; and fut. perf., _to know_.
+
+  #ad--�gn�sc�, ere, gn�v�, gnitus#, _to recognize_.
+
+  #con--c�gn�sc�, ere, cogn�v�, c�gnitus#, _to learn, perceive,
+  understand_.
+
+  #in--�gn�sc�, ere, �gn�v�, �gn�tus#, _to overlook, pardon, forgive_.
+
+#nota, ae# [cf. #n�sc�#], f., _a mark, sign_.
+
+#n�tus# [orig. part. of #n�sc�#], adj., _well-known, familiar_.
+
+#nov�cula, ae#, f., _a razor_.
+
+#novem#, indecl. num. adj., _nine_.
+
+#novus#, adj., _new, fresh, young, recent_.
+
+#nox, noctis#, f., _night_.
+
+#n�b�s, is#, f., _a cloud_.
+
+#n�b�, ere, n�ps�, n�ptum#, _to veil one's self, be married, wed_.
+
+#n�d�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#n�dus#], _to strip, bare_.
+
+#n�dus#, adj., _naked, lightly clad_.
+
+#n�llus#, gen. #n�ll�us#, dat. #n�ll�# [#n�# + #�llus#], adj., _none,
+no_; as noun, _no one_.
+
+#num#, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a
+negative answer, _not so .�.�. is it?_ (2)�in indir. questions,
+_whether,�if_.
+
+#Numa, ae#, m., see #Pompilius#.
+
+#numer�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#numerus#], _to count out_ (money), _pay_.
+
+#numerus, �#, m., _number, quantity_.
+
+#Numida, ae#, m., _a Numidian_.
+
+#Numidia, ae#, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now
+Algiers.
+
+#Numidicus#, adj., _Numidian_.
+
+#Numitor, �ris#, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus.
+
+#nummus, �#, m., _a piece of money, coin_, esp. the #s�stertius#. See
+#s�stertius#.
+
+#numquam# [#n�# + #umquam#, _ever_], adv., _never_.
+
+#nunc#, adv., _at the present moment, now_.
+
+#n�nti�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#n�ntius#], _to announce, inform, report_;
+_bid, urge, direct_.
+
+  #d�--d�n�nti�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to announce, declare, proclaim_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�n�nti�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to announce, declare_.
+
+  #re--ren�nti�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to send_ or _bring back word,
+  report, announce_; with dat., _to refuse, decline_.
+
+#n�ntius, �#, m., _a messenger_; _message tidings_.
+
+#*nu�, nuere#, _to nod_.
+
+  #ab--abnu�, ere, �, --#, _to refuse_.
+
+  #ad--adnu�, ere, �, --#, _to nod assent to, agree to_; _agree,
+  promise_.
+
+  #in--innu�, ere, �, --#, _to signal by a nod, hint, intimate_.
+
+  #re--renu�, ere, �, --#, _to nod refusal, refuse_.
+
+#n�per#, adv., _lately, recently_.
+
+#nurus, �s#, f., _a daughter-in-law_.
+
+#n�squam# [#n�# + #�squam#], adv., _nowhere, in no place_.
+
+#n�t�, �re, �v�, �tum# [freq. of #*nu�#], _to nod_; of an army, _to
+waver, be ready to give way_.
+
+#n�tr�x, �cis# [#n�tri�#, _to nourish_], f., _a nurse_.
+
+
+#O#
+
+#ob#, prep. with acc., _to, towards_; _for, on account of, by reason
+of_; in composition, _towards, against, at, before_.
+
+#obe�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#obici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#obi�rg�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to berate, scold_.
+
+#oblin�, ere, l�v�, litus# [#ob# + #lin�#, _to smear_], _to daub, smear,
+defile_.
+
+#oblitus#, see #oblin�#.
+
+#obl�tus#, see #obl�v�scor#.
+
+#obl�vi�, �nis# [cf. #obl�v�scor#], f., _forgetfulness_.
+
+#obl�v�scor, �, obl�tus sum#, _to forget_.
+
+#obnoxius# [#ob# + #noxa#, _harm_], adj., _liable to punishment_;
+_liable, exposed_.
+
+#obru�#, see #ru�#.
+
+#obsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#obses, idis#, m., _a hostage, surety_.
+
+#obside�#, see #sede�#.
+
+#obsidi�, �nis# [#obside�#], f., _a siege_.
+
+#obsist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#obstrep�, ere, u�, --# [#ob# + #strep�#, _to make a noise_], _to rail
+at, roar�at_.
+
+#obstup�sc�, ere, stupu�, --#, _to become amazed, be struck dumb_.
+
+#obtine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#obting�#, see #tang�#.
+
+#obtr�ct�tor, �ris# [#obtr�ct�#, _to under-rate_], m., _detractor,
+traducer_.
+
+#obtrunc�, �re, --, �tus# [#ob# + #trunc�#, _to maim_; cf. #truncus#],
+_to lop off_; _kill, slay_.
+
+#obveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#obviam# [#ob# + #via#], adv., _across one's path, in the way, towards_;
+#obviam �re, pr�gred�# or #ven�re#, _to go to meet_; #obviam esse# or
+#fier�#, _to meet_.
+
+#obvius# [#ob# + #via#], adj., _in the way, meeting_; with #esse,
+fier�#, or #ven�re#, _to meet_.
+
+#obvolv�, ere, �, vol�tus# [#ob# + #volv�#, _to roll_], _to wrap round,
+envelop, cover_.
+
+#occ�si�, �nis# [#occid�#], f., _fitting time, opportunity, chance_.
+
+#occ�sus, �s# [#occid�#], m., _downfall_.
+
+#occid�#, see #cad�#.
+
+#occ�d�#, see #caed�#.
+
+#occumb�#, see #*cumb�#.
+
+#occup�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#ob# + #capi�#], _to take possession of,
+seize_; _attack_.
+
+#occurr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#Oct�via, ae#, f., _sister of Octavianus_.
+
+#Oct�vi�nus, �#, m., see #Augustus# and #Caesar#.
+
+#oct�#, indecl. num. adj., _eight_.
+
+#oct�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _eighty_.
+
+#oculus, �#, m., _the eye_.
+
+#odium, �#, n., _hatred, grudge, aversion_.
+
+#odor, �ris#, m., _smell, perfume_.
+
+#offend�#, see #*fend�#.
+
+#off�nsus# [orig. part. of #offend�#], adj., _vexed, displeased,
+offended_.
+
+#offer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#offici�sus# [#officium#], adj., _courteous, obliging_.
+
+#officium, �# [#opus# + #faci�#], n., _service, kindness, favor_; _duty,
+office_.
+
+#�lim# [#ole#, old form of #ille#], adv., _formerly_.
+
+#omitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#omn�n�# [#omnis#], adv., _in all, altogether_.
+
+#omnis, e#, adj., _each, every, all, the whole_; #omn�s ad �num#, _all
+to a man_.
+
+#opera, ae# [#opus#], f., _work, labor, pains, aid_; #operam dare#, _to
+devote pains to_; #operam n�v�re#, see #n�v�#.
+
+#opifex, ficis# [#opus# + #faci�#], m., _workman, artisan_.
+
+#Op�mius, �#, m., _L�cius_, consul 121 B.C., and opponent of
+C.�Gracchus.
+
+#op�ni�, �nis# [#op�nor#, _to think_], f., _opinion, fancy, belief_.
+
+#oportet, �re, uit#, impers., _it is necessary_ or _proper, it befits_.
+
+#oppidum, �#, n., _a walled town, city_.
+
+#opple�#, see #*ple�#.
+
+#opp�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#opport�nus#, adj., _fit, suitable, convenient_.
+
+#opprim�#, see #prem�#.
+
+#opp�gn�ti�, �nis# [#opp�gn�#], f., _assault, attack, siege, storming_.
+
+#opp�gn�#, see #p�gn�#.
+
+#(ops), op�s#, f., _aid, help_; in pl., _power, influence_; _means,
+wealth_.
+
+#optim�t�s, um# or #ium# [#optimus#], pl. m., _the aristocrats, the
+nobles_.
+
+#optimus#, see #bonus#.
+
+#opti�, �nis# [#opt�#], f., _choice, option_.
+
+#opt�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to choose, select_; _wish_ or _pray for,
+desire_.
+
+  #ad--adopt�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to take to one's self by choice,
+  adopt_.
+
+#opulentus# [#ops#], adj., _rich, wealthy_.
+
+#opus, eris#, n., _work, labor_; _need, necessity_; #opus est# with
+abl., _there is need of_; #m�gn� opere#, _greatly_; #tant� opere#, _so
+greatly_.
+
+#�r�culum, �# [#�r�#], n., _an oracle_; _a prophecy_.
+
+#�r�ti�, �nis# [#�r�#], f., _a speech, oration, discourse_.
+
+#�r�tor, �ris# [#�r�#], m., _speaker, pleader, ambassador_.
+
+#orbis, is#, m., _ring, circle, orbit_; #orbis terr�rum# (or�#orbis#
+alone), _the world_.
+
+#orbus#, adj., _bereft_ (of parents or children), _parentless,
+childless_. As noun, #orbus, �#, m., _an orphan_.
+
+#�rdin�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#�rd�#], _to set in order, arrange, adjust,
+regulate_.
+
+#�rdior, �r�, �rsus sum#, _to begin_.
+
+#�rd�, inis#, f., _row, series, arrangement, order_; _bank_ or _tier of
+oars_; _class, rank_.
+
+#ori�ns, entis# [part. of #orior#], m. (sc. #s�l#), _the rising sun_;
+_the East, Orient_.
+
+#orior, �r�, tus sum#, _to arise, begin_; _to spring from, be descended
+from_.
+
+  #con--coorior, �r�, tus sum#, _to arise_.
+
+  #ex--exorior, �r�, tus sum#, _to arise, rise, begin_.
+
+#oriundus# [#orior#], adj., _descended, sprung from_.
+
+#�rn�mentum, �# [#�rn�#], n., _preparation_; _decoration, ornament,
+jewel_.
+
+#�rn�tus# [#�rn�#], adj., _fitted out, equipped_; of men,
+_distinguished, illustrious_.
+
+#�rn�tus, �s# [#�rn�#], m., _dress, fine attire_; _decoration,
+ornament_.
+
+#�rn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fit out, equip_; _adorn, decorate,
+beautify_.
+
+  #ad--ad�rn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to equip, provide_; _adorn,
+  beautify_.
+
+  #sub--sub�rn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to incite secretly, bribe_.
+
+#�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to speak, plead, treat_; _entreat, beseech,
+pray_.
+
+  #ad--ad�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to supplicate_; _worship, reverence_.
+
+  #per--per�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to speak, plead_.
+
+#�s, �ris#, n., _mouth, face_.
+
+#�sculor, �r�, �tus sum# [#�sculum#, _a kiss_], _to kiss_.
+
+  #d�--de�sculor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to kiss_.
+
+#ostend�#, see #tend�#.
+
+#ostent�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #ostend�#], _to show, exhibit_.
+
+#�stia, ae# [#�s#], f., _Ostia_, a town at the Tiber's mouth, the
+sea-port of Rome.
+
+#�ti�s�# [#�ti�sus#], adv., _leisurely, idly_.
+
+#�ti�sus# [#�tium#], adj., _at leisure, idle_; _in retirement_ (_i.e._,
+not in office).
+
+#�tium, �#, n., _leisure, ease, idleness_.
+
+#ov�, �re, --, --#, _to exult, rejoice_.
+
+
+#P#
+
+#P.#, abbreviation of the name _P�blius_.
+
+#p�c�tus# [#p�c�#, _to subdue_], adj., _pacified, subdued, at peace_.
+
+#pac�scor, �, pactus sum#, _to agree together, bargain, stipulate_.
+
+#paene#, adv., _almost, nearly_.
+
+#paenitet, �re, uit, --#, impers., _it grieves, it repents_.
+
+#palam#, adv., _openly, publicly_.
+
+#Pal�tium, �#, n., _the Palatine Hill_. Since Augustus had his palace
+there, #pal�tium# came to mean _palace_.
+
+#p�lor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to roam abroad, scatter, straggle_.
+
+#palpebrae, �rum#, pl. f., _the eyelids_.
+
+#pal�d�mentum, �#, n., _a military cloak, cloak_.
+
+#p�lus, �#, m., _a stake, post_.
+
+#pal�s, �dis#, f., _swamp, marsh, pool_.
+
+#pand�, ere, �, passus#, _to spread out, unfold_.
+
+#pap�ver, eris#, n., _poppy_.
+
+#p�r, paris#, adj., _equal, like, similar_; _well-matched_. As noun, _an
+equal, mate_.
+
+#par�bilis, e# [#par�#], adj., _easily obtainable, readily procured_.
+
+#parc�, ere, peperc�#, and #pars�, --#, _to spare_.
+
+#parcus# [#parc�#], adj., _sparing, frugal, temperate_.
+
+#par�ns, entis# [part. of #pari�#], m. and f., _a parent, a�father_ or
+_mother_.
+
+#p�re�, �re, u�, --#, _to appear_ (esp. in answer to a command), _obey_.
+
+  #ad--app�re�, �re, u�, --#, _to become visible, appear_; _be plain_
+  or _evident_.
+
+#pari�, ere, peper�, partus#, _to give birth to, bring forth, produce_;
+_acquire, obtain, procure_.
+
+#ab--aperi�, �re, u�, tus#, _to uncover, bare_; _open, disclose_.
+
+  #ad# + #op--adoperi�, �re, u�, tus#, _to cover, veil_.
+
+  #con--comperi�, �re, �, tus#, _to find out, learn_.
+
+  #re--reperi�, �re, repper�, repertus#, _to find_ (again), _meet
+  with, discover_.
+
+#pariter# [#p�r#], adv., _equally, alike_; _likewise_.
+
+#par�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to make ready, prepare_; _resolve, plan_; _get,
+acquire_.
+
+  #con--compar�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to prepare, make ready_; _obtain,
+  procure_.
+
+#parric�dium, �# [#pater# + #caed�#], n., _murder of a father,
+parricide_.
+
+#pars, partis#, f., _a part, portion_; _direction_; _a side, faction,
+political party_ (both sing. and�pl.); _a character, role_ (esp.
+in�pl.).
+
+#Parth�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Parthians_, a people in Asia, southeast of
+the Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to
+the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful
+archers, and successfully resisted the Roman power.
+
+#partim# [#pars#], adv., _partly_.
+
+#partior, �r�, �tus sum# [#pars#], _to distribute, divide_.
+
+#partus, �s# [#pari�#], m., _a bringing forth, delivery, birth_.
+
+#parum#, adv., _too little, not enough_; comp. #minus#, _less, by no
+means, not_; sup. #minim�#, _least of all, by no means, not at all_. As
+noun, #parum#, indecl. n., _too little, not enough_.
+
+#parvulus# [dim. of #parvus#], adj., _very small, tiny_. As noun,
+#parvulus, �#, m., _a small child, infant_.
+
+#parvus#, adj., _little, small_; comp. #minor#, _smaller, less_;
+_younger_ (sc.�#n�t�#); sup. #minimus#, _smallest, least_.
+
+#p�sc�, ere, p�v�, p�stus#, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze, browse_
+(esp. in pass. and supine).
+
+#passim# [#passus#, part. of #pand�#], adv., _in every direction,
+everywhere_.
+
+#p�stor, �ris# [#p�sc�#], m., _herdsman, shepherd_.
+
+#patefaci�# [#pate�# + #faci�#], _to lay open, disclose, bring to
+light_.
+
+#pate�, �re, u�, --#, _to be open_.
+
+#pater, patris#, m., _father_; pl., #patr�s# or #patr�s c�nscr�pt�#,
+_the senators_. See #c�nscr�ptus#.
+
+#paternus# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, fatherly, father's_.
+
+#pati�ns, entis# [#patior#], adj., _able to endure, long suffering,
+patient_.
+
+#patior, �, passus sum#, _to suffer, bear, endure_; _experience_;
+_allow, permit_.
+
+#patria, ae# [#pater#], f., _fatherland, native land_.
+
+#patricius# [#pater#], adj., _of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble_. As
+noun, #patrici�, �rum#, pl. m., _the nobles, patricians_, the
+descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome.
+
+#patrim�nium, �# [#pater#], n., _inheritance, patrimony, property_.
+
+#patrius# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, father's_.
+
+#patr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to carry out, perform, execute_.
+
+#patr�nus, �# [#pater#], m., _defender, patron_; _pleader, advocate,
+lawyer_.
+
+#paucus#, adj., _few, little_ (chiefly in pl.).
+
+#paul�tim# [#paulum#], adv., _little by little, by degrees, gradually_.
+
+#paul�# and #paulum# [#paulus#, _little_], adv., _by a little,
+somewhat_.
+
+#Paulus, �#, m., _L. Aemilius_, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216
+B.C.�In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a
+national hero.
+
+#pauper, eris#, adj., _poor_; _scanty, small_.
+
+#pauperculus# [dim. of #pauper#], adj., _quite poor_.
+
+#pavidus# [#pave�#, _to be afraid_], adj., _trembling, fearful,
+frightened_.
+
+#pavor, �ris# [#pave�#, _to be afraid_], m., _terror, fear, dread_.
+
+#p�x, p�cis#, f., _peace_; _treaty_.
+
+#pecc�tum, �# [#pecc�#], n., _an error, fault, sin_.
+
+#pecc�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin_.
+
+#pectus, oris#, n., _breast, bosom, heart_.
+
+#pec�nia, ae# [#pecus#], f., _money, property_.
+
+#pecus, oris#, n., _cattle, flock, herd_.
+
+#pedes, itis# [#p�s#], m., _a foot-soldier_; collectively,
+_foot-soldiers, infantry_.
+
+#pell�, ere, pepul�, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel_; _defeat,
+rout_.
+
+  #ad--#(1)�#appell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive towards, steer
+  for, direct_.
+
+  #ad--#(2) #appell�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call_ (by�name), _address_;
+  _appeal to, call upon_; _name, term, mention_.
+
+  #con--#(1) #compell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive together_;
+  _force, compel_.
+
+  #con--#(2) #compell�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to address_.
+
+  #d�--d�pell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel,
+  dislodge_.
+
+  #ex--expell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive out, expel, banish_.
+
+  #per--perpell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive, force, induce_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�pell�, ere, pul�, pulsus#, _to drive forward_ or _away_;
+  _incite_.
+
+  #re--repell�, ere, reppul�, repulsus#, _to drive back, shake off,
+  repulse, reject_.
+
+#pende�, �re, pepend�, --#, _to hang, be suspended_; _hang one's self_.
+
+#pend�, ere, pepend�, p�nsus#, _to weigh, pay_.
+
+  #ex--expend�, ere, �, p�nsus#, _to weigh_ or _pay out_.
+
+  #re--repend�, ere, �, p�nsus#, _to pay for, purchase_; used esp. of
+  buying a thing with its weight in money.
+
+#penitus#, adv., _inwardly, within_; _deeply, completely_.
+
+#per#, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, _through, across, over,
+throughout_; (2)�of time, _through, during_; (3)�of means or agency, _by
+means of, by the agency of, through_; (4)�often in adv. phrases, #per
+iocum#, _jokingly_, #per �tium#, _quietly_, #per interv�lla#, _at
+intervals_; in composition, _thoroughly, very_.
+
+#perag�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#peragr�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#per# + #ager#], _to wander through, roam
+over, traverse, scour_.
+
+#peramoenus# [#per# + #amoenus#, _lovely_], adj., _very lovely,
+charming_.
+
+#percell�, ere, cul�, culsus#, _to smite, strike_; _overturn, upset_;
+_dishearten, discourage_.
+
+#percie�, ci�re, c�v�, citus# [#per# + #cie�#, _to stir up_], _to arouse
+thoroughly, excite_.
+
+#percitus#, see #percie�#.
+
+#percontor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to ask, question_.
+
+#percussor, �ris# [#percuti�#], m., _murderer, assassin_.
+
+#percuti�#, see #quati�#.
+
+#perd�#, see #d�#.
+
+#perd�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#peregr�nus# [#per# + #ager#], adj., _from foreign parts, foreign_.
+
+#perendi�#, adv., _on the day after tomorrow_.
+
+#perennis, e# [#per# + #annus#], adj., _perennial_; _perpetual,
+never-failing_.
+
+#pere�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#perfer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#perfici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#perfidia, ae# [#perfidus#], f., _treachery_.
+
+#perfidus#, adj., _faithless, treacherous_.
+
+#perfor�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#per# + #for�#, _to bore_], _to bore through,
+pierce_.
+
+#perfruor#, see #fruor#.
+
+#perfuga, ae# [#perfugi�#], m., _a fugitive, deserter, refugee_.
+
+#perfugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#perg�#, see #reg�#.
+
+#per�clitor, �ri, �tus sum# [#per�culum#], _to try, test_; intrans., _to
+be in danger, incur risk_.
+
+#per�cul�sus# [#per�culum#], adj., _perilous, dangerous_.
+
+#per�culum, �#, n., _trial_; _danger, peril_.
+
+#per�tus#, adj., _experienced, skilled, expert_. As noun, #per�tus, �#,
+m., _an expert_.
+
+#perlici�#, see #*laci�#.
+
+#permitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#permove�#, see #move�#.
+
+#permultus# [#per# + #multus#], adj., _very much, very many_. As noun,
+#permultum, �#, n., _a great deal_; #permult�, �rum#, pl. m., _very
+many_ (persons).
+
+#perm�t�#, see #m�t�#.
+
+#pernici�s, ��#, f., _destruction, ruin, overthrow_.
+
+#pernici�sus# [#pernici�s#], adj., _dangerous, destructive_.
+
+#per�r�#, see #�r�#.
+
+#perpell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#perpetu�# [abl. of #perpetuus#], adv., _continually, forever_.
+
+#perpetuus#, adj., _continuous, uninterrupted_; #in perpetuum#,
+_forever_.
+
+#perrump�#, see #rump�#.
+
+#persaepe# [#per# + #saepe#], adv., _very often_.
+
+#perscr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#persequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#perstring�#, see #string�#.
+
+#persu�de�#, see #su�de�#.
+
+#pertaesus# [orig. part. of #pertaedet#, _it wearies, disgusts_], adj.,
+_disgusted with, sick�of_.
+
+#pertin�citer# [#pertin�x#, _persistent_], adv., _persistently,
+stubbornly_.
+
+#pertine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#pertrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#perturb�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#per# + #turb�#, _to disturb_], _to confuse,
+disturb, upset_.
+
+#perveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#p�s, pedis#, m., _the foot_; _a foot_ (in measurements).
+
+#pessimus#, see #malus#.
+
+#p�stifer, fera, ferum# [#p�stis# + #fer�#], adj., _baneful,
+destructive_.
+
+#p�stil�ns, entis# [#p�stis#], adj., _baneful_.
+
+#p�stilentia, ae# [#p�stil�ns#], f., _pest, plague, disease_.
+
+#p�stis, is#, f., _plague, pest_; _curse, bane_.
+
+#pet�ti�, �nis# [#pet�#], f., _candidacy_.
+
+#pet�, ere, �v� (i�), �tus#, _to strive for, seek_; _beg, ask, request_;
+_assail, attack_; intrans., _to be a candidate_.
+
+  #ex--expet�, ere, �v�, �tus#, _to seek, desire, crave_.
+
+  #re--repet�, ere, �v�, �tus#, _to seek again, try to get back,
+  demand back_.
+
+#phalerae, �rum#, pl. f., _a metal breastplate_ (esp. for horses),
+_trappings_.
+
+#Pharnac�s, is#, m., _a son of Mithridates_.
+
+#Phars�licus#, adj., _of_ or _at Pharsalus_.
+
+#Phars�lus, �#, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated
+Pompey, 48 B.C.
+
+#Philipp�, �rum#, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and
+Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C.�42.
+
+#philosophia, ae#, f., _philosophy_.
+
+#philosophus, �#, m., _a philosopher_.
+
+#Philus, �#, m., see #F�rius#.
+
+#piet�s, �tis# [#pius#, _dutiful_], f., _conscientiousness, dutiful
+conduct, devotion, piety_; _filial affection, loyalty_.
+
+#piget, �re, uit# and #itum est#, impers., _it pains, grieves,
+disgusts_.
+
+#p�gnus, oris#, n., _pledge, security_; _assurance, proof_.
+
+#pilleus, �#, m., _a_ (close-fitting) _cap_.
+
+#pinguis, e#, adj., _fat, sleek_.
+
+#p�r�ta, ae#, m., _a sea-robber, pirate_.
+
+#p�r�ticus# [#p�r�ta#], adj., _of_ or _with_ (against) _the pirates_.
+
+#pisc�na, ae# [#piscis#], f., _a fish-pond_.
+
+#piscis, is#, m., _a fish_.
+
+#P�s�, �nis#, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.
+
+  1. _Cn._ (_Calpurnius_) _P�s�_, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of
+  excessive rigor and severity.
+
+  2. _L. Calpurnius P�s� Fr�g�_, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of
+  C.�Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called _Ann�l�s_.
+
+#Placentia, ae#, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.
+
+#place�, �re, u�, --#, _to please, be agreeable to_; _seem best to_;
+impers., #placet, uit# or #placitum est#, with dat., _to be
+resolved�by_.
+
+  #dis--displice�, �re, u�, --#, _to displease_.
+
+#placid�# [#placidus#, _calm_], adv., _calmly, quietly_.
+
+#pl�c�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to soothe, appease_; _conciliate, reconcile_.
+
+#pl�ga, ae#, f., _a stroke, blow_.
+
+#Plancus, �#, m., _C. Pl�tius Plancus_, proscribed by the Second
+Triumvirate.
+
+#plaustrum, �#, n., _a wagon, cart_.
+
+#plausus, �s# [#plaud�#, _to clap the hands_] m., _applause,
+acclamations_.
+
+#pl�b�ius# [#pl�bs#], adj., _plebeian_. As noun, #pl�b��, �rum#, pl. m.,
+_the plebeians_. See #pl�bs#.
+
+#pl�bs, pl�bis#, f., _the common people, rabble_; _the plebeians_, or
+the population that grew up round the patricians (see #patricius#) from
+such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation
+of slaves.
+
+#plect�, ere, --, --#, _to beat, punish_ (usually in pass.).
+
+#pl�nus# [cf. #*ple�#], adj., _full, full of_.
+
+#*ple�, pl�re, pl�v�, pl�tus#, _to fill_.
+
+  #com--comple�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fill_ (to�the brim): _complete_.
+
+  #ex--exple�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fill up, fill_.
+
+  #in--imple�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fill up_.
+
+  #ob--opple�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fill_; _cover_.
+
+  #re--reple�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fill again, refill, fill�up_.
+
+#pl�r�que, aeque, aque#, adj., _very many, most_.
+
+#Pl�nius, �#, m., _C. Pl�nius Secundus_, commonly known as _Pliny the
+Elder_, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called _Historia
+N�t�r�lis_.
+
+#Pl�tius, �#, m., see #Plancus#.
+
+#plumbeus# [#plumbum#], adj., _leaden_.
+
+#plumbum, �#, n., _lead_.
+
+#pl�rimus#, see #multus#.
+
+#pl�s, pl�ris#, adj., see #multus#.
+
+#poena, ae#, f., _compensation, punishment, penalty_.
+
+#Poen�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Phoenicians, Carthaginians_ (see
+#Carth�g�#).
+
+#po�ta, ae#, m., _a poet_.
+
+#P�lli�, �nis#, m., _Vedius P�lli�_, punished by Augustus for cruelty to
+a slave.
+
+#Pomp�i�nus#, adj., _Pompey's, Pompeian_.
+
+#Pomp�ius, �#, m., _Cn. Pomp�ius_, surnamed _M�gnus_; born B.C. 106, he
+was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the
+pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with
+Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus
+in Thessaly, and soon after murdered.
+
+#Pompilius, �#, m., #Numa Pompilius#, second king of Rome.
+
+#Pomp�nius, �#, m., _M. Pomp�nius_, tribune of the people in 362 B.C.
+
+#Pompt�nus#, adj., _Pomptine_; #pal�d�s Pompt�nae#, _the Pomptine
+Marshes_ in Latium, southeast of Rome.
+
+#pondus, eris# [#pend�#,], n., _weight_.
+
+#p�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to put down, place, set, deposit_; _serve_
+(at�meals); _spend_; _set up, build_; #castra p�nere#, _to pitch a
+camp_; #rud�mentum p�nere#, _to lay aside_ (i.e. get through) _the first
+steps, to learn_.
+
+  #ad--app�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to set before, serve_
+  (at�table).
+
+  #con--comp�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to arrange, settle_;
+  _conclude, finish_.
+
+  #d�--d�p�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to lay down_ or _aside, put
+  down_; _stop_; _arrange, establish_.
+
+  #dis--disp�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to arrange, array, dispose_.
+
+  #ex--exp�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to set_ or _put forth_; _land,
+  disembark_; _expose, abandon_; _relate, explain_.
+
+  #in--imp�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_;
+  #l�g�s imp�nere#, _to dictate terms_.
+
+  #ob--opp�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to put in the way, set against,
+  oppose_.
+
+  #prae--praep�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to set over, put in
+  charge�of_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�p�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to put_ or _set forth_;
+  _expose�to view, submit_; _propose, offer_; _resolve, determine_.
+
+  #re--rep�n�, ere, posu�, positus#, _to put back, replace, restore_.
+
+#p�ns, pontis#, m., _a bridge_.
+
+#ponticulus, �# [dim. of #p�ns#], m., _a little bridge_.
+
+#Ponticus#, adj., _pertaining to Pontus, Pontic_.
+
+#Pontus, �#, m., _Pontus_, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black
+Sea.
+
+#popul�ris, is# [#populus#], m., _a fellow-countryman_.
+
+#populor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to lay waste, ravage, plunder_.
+
+#populus, �#, m., _a people, nation_; collectively, _the people, the
+citizens_.
+
+#Porcia, ae#, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see #Cat�#), and wife of
+M.�Brutus.
+
+#porrig�#, see #reg�#.
+
+#Porsena, ae#, m., _Porsena_, a king of Clusium in Etruria.
+
+#porta, ae#, f., _a city gate, gate_.
+
+#portend�#, see #tend�#.
+
+#porticus, �s# [#porta#], f., _a colonnade, arcade, portico_.
+
+#port�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bear, carry, bring_.
+
+  #re--report�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bring back_; _carry off or away_.
+
+#port�rium, �# [#portus#], n., _a tax, duty, tariff_.
+
+#portus, �s#, m., _a harbor, haven_.
+
+#p�sc�, ere, pop�sc�, --#, _to ask, demand_.
+
+  #d�--d�p�sc�, ere, pop�sc�, --#, _to demand urgently, claim_.
+
+  #ex--exp�sc�, ere, pop�sc�, --#, _to demand, claim_.
+
+  #re--rep�sc�, ere, --, --#, _to demand_ (back), _claim_.
+
+#Pos�d�nius, �#, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and
+Pompey.
+
+#possum, posse, potu�, --# [#potis#, _able_ + #sum#], _to be able, can_;
+_have influence, be strong_.
+
+#post#, (1) adv., _after, later, afterwards_; (2) prep, with acc.,
+_after, behind_.
+
+#poste�# [#post# + #is#], adv., _afterwards_.
+
+#posterus# [#post#], adj., _following, next_; comp. #posterior, us#,
+gen. #�ris#, _later_; sup. #postr�mus#, _last, lowest_; #in posterum#,
+_for the future_; #ad postr�mum#, _finally_; #postr�m�#, _at last,
+finally_. As noun, #poster�, �rum#, pl. m., _descendants, posterity_.
+
+#posthabe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#posth�c# [#post# + #h�c#], adv., _hereafter, thereafter, in the
+future_.
+
+#post�cum, �# [#post�cus#, _in the rear_], n., _a back door_.
+
+#postis, is#, m., _a door-post, post_.
+
+#postquam# or #post . . . quam# [#post# + #quam#], conj., _after, when_.
+
+#postr�m�#, see #posterus#.
+
+#postr�mus#, see #posterus#.
+
+#postr�di�# [#posterus# + #di�s#], adv., _on the following day, next
+day_.
+
+#p�stul�tum, �# [#p�stul�#], n., _a demand, request_.
+
+#p�stul�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to request, demand_.
+
+#pot�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #possum#], adj., _able, mighty,
+influential_.
+
+#potent�tus, �s# [#pot�ns#], m., _power, authority, dominion_.
+
+#potentia, ae# [#pot�ns#], f., _power, might_.
+
+#potest�s, �tis# [#potis#, _able_], f., _might, power_ (esp. that of a
+magistrate); _dominion, rule_; _opportunity_.
+
+#potior, �r�, �tus sum#, _to become master of, obtain, acquire, get_.
+
+#prae#, prep, with abl., _before, in front of_; _in comparison with_; in
+composition, _before, very_.
+
+#praeac�tus# [#prae# + #ac�tus#, _sharp_], adj., _sharp at the end,
+pointed_.
+
+#praebe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#praec�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#praeceptor, �ris# [#praecipi�#], m., _teacher_.
+
+#praeceptum, �# [#praecipi�#], n., _teaching, maxim, rule_; _command,
+order_.
+
+#praec�d�#, see #caed�#.
+
+#praecin�#, see #can�#.
+
+#praecipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#praecipu�# [#praecipuus#, _special_], adv., _chiefly, principally,
+especially_.
+
+#praecl�r�# [#praecl�rus#], adv., _gloriously, excellently_.
+
+#praecl�rus# [#prae# + #cl�rus#], adj., _very bright_ or _brilliant,
+excellent, distinguished_.
+
+#praec�, �nis#, m., _a crier, herald_.
+
+#praeda, ae#, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_.
+
+#praedic�ti�, �nis# [#praedic�#], f., _a public proclamation,
+statement_.
+
+#praedic�#, see #dic�#.
+
+#praed�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#praed�, �nis# [#praeda#], m., _one that makes_ (gains) _booty, robber_.
+
+#praefectus, �# [#praefici�#, _to place in command_], m., _a leader,
+commander_.
+
+#praefer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#praefer�x, �cis# [#prae# + #fer�x#], adj., _insolent, full of
+confidence_.
+
+#praefor, f�r�, f�tus sum# [#prae# + #for#, _to speak_], _to say by way
+of preface_.
+
+#prael�ce�, �re, l�x�, --# [#prae# + #l�ce�#, _to shine_], _to shine
+before, light the way before_.
+
+#praemium, �# [#prae# + #em�#], n., _reward, prize_.
+
+#praep�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#praeripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#praes�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #praesum#], adj., _present, at hand_;
+_face to face_.
+
+#praesidium, �# [#praeside�#, _to defend_], n., _help, aid, defense_;
+_defensive force, garrison_; _fort, post, station_.
+
+#praest�#, see #st�#.
+
+#praesum#, see #sum#.
+
+#praeter#, prep, with acc., _past, beyond_; _contrary to, against_;
+_besides, except_; in composition, _past, beyond_.
+
+#praetere�# [#praeter# + #is#], adv., _in addition to this, besides,
+moreover_.
+
+#praetere�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#praeteritus# [orig. part. of #praetere�#], adj., _past_.
+
+#praetextus# [orig. part. of #praetex�#, _to edge, border_], adj.,
+_bordered, edged_. As noun, #praetexta, ae# (sc.�#toga#), f., _the toga
+praetexta_, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by
+free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they
+became of age and assumed the _toga vir�lis_, which was wholly white.
+
+#praetor, �ris# [orig. #praeitor#, from #prae# + (1)�#e�#], m., _a
+leader, commander_; among the Romans, _a praetor_ or magistrate, whose
+especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla's time
+eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in
+command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in
+Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of
+_pr�praetor_.
+
+#praet�rius# [#praetor#], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the general, the
+general's_; _praetorian_. As noun, #praet�rius, �#, m., _a man of
+praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_.
+
+#praeveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#prandium, �#, n., _lunch_.
+
+#pr�tum, �#, n., _a field, meadow_.
+
+#pr�vus#, adj., _crooked, wrong_; _perverse, wicked_.
+
+#precor, �r�, �tus sum# [#prex#], _to ask, beg, beseech_.
+
+  #d�--d�precor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to plead against, plead, avert by
+  prayer_; _decline_.
+
+#prehend�, ere, �, preh�nsus#, _to grasp, seize, catch_.
+
+  #ad--apprehend�, ere, �, h�nsus#, _to lay hold of, seize, grasp_.
+
+  #con--comprehend�, ere, �, h�nsus#, _to seize, catch, arrest_;
+  _understand_.
+
+  #d�--d�prehend�, ere, �, h�nsus#, _to seize, catch_; _surprise,
+  detect, discover_.
+
+  #re--reprehend�, ere, �, h�nsus#, _to hold back, check_; _blame,
+  criticise, reprove_.
+
+#prem�, ere, press�, pressus#, _to press_; _press hard, crush_.
+
+#con--comprim�, ere, press�, pressus#, _to restrain, check, crush_.
+
+#ex--exprim�, ere, press�, pressus#, _to press_ or _force out_; _utter,
+express_.
+
+#ob--opprim�, ere, press�, pressus#, _to crush utterly, overpower,
+overwhelm, master_.
+
+#re--reprim�, ere, press�, pressus#, _to press_ or _keep back, check,
+restrain_.
+
+#preti�sus# [#pretium#], adj., _of great value, costly, precious_.
+
+#pretium, �#, n., _money value, price_; _money_; _recompense, reward_;
+#operae pretium est#, _it is worth while_.
+
+#prex, precis#, f., _a prayer, entreaty_ (chiefly in�pl.).
+
+#pr�dem#, adv., _long since, long ago_.
+
+#pr�di�# [#pri(or)# + #di�#], adv., _the day before_.
+
+#pr�m�#, see #prior#.
+
+#pr�m�r�s, um# [#pr�mus#], pl. m., _first men, chiefs, nobles_.
+
+#pr�mum#, see #prior#.
+
+#pr�mus#, see #prior#.
+
+#pr�nceps, ipis# [#pr�mus# + #capi�#], adj., _first, foremost_. As noun,
+m., _leading man, chief, leader_.
+
+#pr�ncipium, �# [#pr�nceps#], n., _beginning_.
+
+#prior, us#, gen. #pri�ris#, comp. adj., _foremost, first, prior_; sup.
+#pr�mus#, _first, foremost_; #pr�m�, pr�mum#, _at first, first_.
+
+#Pr�scus, �#, m., cognomen of _Tarquinius Pr�scus_, the fifth king of
+Rome.
+
+#prius# [neuter of #prior#], adv., _before, sooner, previously, first of
+all_.
+
+#priusquam# or #prius . . . quam# [#prius# + #quam#], conj., _earlier
+than, before_.
+
+#pr�v�tim# [#pr�v�tus#], adv., _individually_; _by one's self,
+privately_.
+
+#pr�v�tus# [#pr�v�#], adj., _personal, private, individual_. As noun,
+#pr�v�tus, �#, m., _a man in private life, a�private citizen_.
+
+#pr�v�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to bereave, deprive, rob_.
+
+#pr�#, prep. with abl., _in front of, before_; _in behalf of, for_;
+_instead of_; _in comparison with, in accordance with_; in composition,
+_forth, for_.
+
+#pr�#, interj., _O! ah! alas! Heavens!_
+
+#proavus, �# [#pr�# + #avus#], m., _great-grandfather_.
+
+#prob�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#probus#, _good_], _to test_ (and find good),
+_approve, commend_; _show, prove_.
+
+  #ad--approb�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to approve fully, favor_; _show,
+  demonstrate_.
+
+  #con--comprob�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to approve, sanction_; _confirm_.
+
+#Proca, ae#, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius.
+
+#pr�c�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#procella, ae#, f., _a strong wind_; _storm_.
+
+#pr�c�rit�s, �tis# [#pr�c�rus#, _tall_], f., _height, tallness_.
+
+#pr�cl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#pr�c�nsul, is# [#pr�#, _in place of_ + #c�nsul#], m., _a proconsul,
+governor of a province_. See #c�nsul# (end).
+
+#procul#, adv., _in the distance, afar_; with abl., _far from_.
+
+#Proculus, �#, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to
+him after his death.
+
+#pr�cumb�#, see #*cumb�#.
+
+#pr�c�r�#, see #c�r�#.
+
+#pr�digium, �#, n., _an omen, portent_; _strange being, prodigy,
+monster_.
+
+#pr�diti�, �nis# [#pr�d�#], f., _treason_.
+
+#pr�ditor, �ris# [#pr�d�#], m., _a traitor_.
+
+#pr�d�#, see #d�#.
+
+#proelior, �r�, �tus sum# [#proelium#], _to fight, wage war_.
+
+#proelium, �#, n., _a battle, combat_.
+
+#profect�# [#pr�# + #factum#], adv., _indeed, in truth, certainly, to be
+sure_.
+
+#pr�fer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#profic�scor, �, profectus sum#, _to set out, proceed_; _depart_.
+
+#profiteor#, see #fateor#.
+
+#pr�fl�g�#, see #*fl�g�#.
+
+#profugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#profugus, �# [#profugi�#], m., _a fugitive, exile_.
+
+#profund�#, see #fund�#.
+
+#prof�sus# [orig. part. of #profund�#], adj., _lavish, extravagant,
+profuse_.
+
+#pr�gredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#prohibe�#, see #habe�#.
+
+#pr�ici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#proinde# [#pr�# + #inde#], adv., _hence, therefore_.
+
+#pr�l�bor#, see #l�bor#.
+
+#pr�mine�, �re, u�, --#, _to project, extend, lean out_.
+
+#pr�missus# [orig. part. of #pr�mitt�#], adj., _hanging down, long,
+flowing_.
+
+#pr�missum, �# [#pr�mitt�#], n., _a promise_.
+
+#pr�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#pr�move�#, see #move�#.
+
+#pr�mpt�# [#pr�mptus#], adv., _quickly, readily_.
+
+#pr�mptus# [#pr�m�#, _to put forth_], adj., _visible, at hand_; _ready,
+alert, prompt_.
+
+#pronep�s, �tis# [#pr�# + #nep�s#], m., _great-grandson_.
+
+#pr�n�nti�#, see #n�nti�#.
+
+#prop�g�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to propagate, increase, prolong_.
+
+#prope#, adv., _near by_; _nearly, almost_ (esp. with numbers): comp.
+#propius#; sup. #proxim�#, _nearest, next_.
+
+#pr�pell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#proper�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#properus#, _quick_], _to speed, hasten_.
+
+#propinquus# [#prope#], adj., _neighboring, near_; as noun, _a
+relative_.
+
+#propior# [#prope#], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. #proximus#, _nearest,
+next_; _latest, last_; _next, following_; #in proxim�#, _near by_. As
+noun, #proxim�, �rum#, pl. m., _bystanders_.
+
+#pr�p�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#pr�positum, �# [#pr�p�n�#], n., _plan, purpose_.
+
+#propri�# [#proprius#], adv., _peculiarly, especially_.
+
+#proprius#, adj., _own, one's own_; with gen. or dat., _peculiar to,
+characteristic�of_.
+
+#propter#, prep. with acc., _on account of_.
+
+#pr�ripi�#, see #rapi�#.
+
+#pr�rog�#, see #rog�#.
+
+#pr�scr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#pr�scr�pti�, �nis# [#pr�scr�b�#], f., _a notice of sale_;
+_proscription, confiscation_.
+
+#pr�sequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#pr�sili�#, see #sali�#.
+
+#pr�spectus, �s# [#pr�spici�#, _to look forward_], m., _view, prospect_.
+
+#pr�sper�# [#pr�sperus#], adv., _propitiously, successfully_.
+
+#pr�sperus# [#pr�# + #sp�s#], adj., _according to one's hopes,
+favorable_.
+
+#pr�stern�#, see #stern�#.
+
+#pr�sum#, see #sum#.
+
+#pr�tend�#, see #tend�#.
+
+#pr�tinus#, adv., _right on, continuously_; _at once, immediately_.
+
+#pr�veh�#, see #veh�#.
+
+#pr�vincia, ae#, f., _a province_ (i.e. a territory outside of Italy
+under Roman government); _sphere of operations_.
+
+#pr�voc�#, see #voc�#.
+
+#proxim�#, see #prope#.
+
+#proximus#, see #propior#.
+
+#pr�d�ns, entis# [orig. #pr�vid�ns#, part. of #pr�vide�#, _to see
+ahead_], adj., _fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent_.
+
+#pr�dentia, ae# [#pr�d�ns#], f., _foresight, practical wisdom, good
+sense_.
+
+#psittacus, �#, m., _a parrot_.
+
+#Ptolemaeus, �#, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time
+of Alexander the Great.
+
+#p�blic�# [#p�blicus#], adv., _in the name of_ (by�order�of) _the state,
+publicly, officially_.
+
+#p�blic�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#p�blicus#], _to open to the public, make
+public_.
+
+#p�blicus# [orig. #populicus#: cf. #populus#], adj., _belonging to the
+people_ (state), _public_; _official_. As noun, #p�blicum, �#, n., _the
+state treasury_.
+
+#P�blius, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#pudor, �ris#, m., _modesty, shame, hesitancy_.
+
+#puella, ae# [dim. of #puer#], f., _a girl_.
+
+#puer, puer�#, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_.
+
+#puer�lis, e# [#puer#], adj., _boyish, youthful_.
+
+#pueritia, ae# [#puer#], f., _childhood_; _boyhood, youth_ (extending
+usually to the 17th year).
+
+#pugi�, �nis#, m., _a dagger, dirk_.
+
+#p�gna, ae#, f., _a combat, fight, battle_.
+
+#p�gn�x, �cis# [#p�gna#], adj., _fond of fighting, combative_.
+
+#p�gn�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to fight_; _oppose, resist_.
+
+  #ex--exp�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to take by storm, capture_;
+  _overpower, prevail upon_.
+
+  #in--imp�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fight against, oppose, attack_.
+
+  #ob--opp�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fight against, assault, besiege_.
+
+  #re--rep�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to fight back, oppose, resist_.
+
+#pulcher, chra, chrum#, adj., _beautiful_; _excellent, illustrious_.
+
+#Pulcher, chr�#, m., _P. Claudius_, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul
+249 B.C.
+
+#pull�rius, �# [#pullus#], m., _keeper of the sacred chickens_.
+
+#pullus, �#, m., _a young animal_; _chicken_.
+
+#pulvis, eris#, m., _dust_.
+
+#pung�, ere, pupug�, punctus#, _to strike, prick, puncture_; _sting,
+torment_.
+
+#P�nicus#, adj., _Phoenician, Punic_; _Carthaginian_ (see #Carth�g�#).
+
+#p�ni�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#poena#], _to punish_.
+
+#p�rg�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#p�rus#, _clean_ + #ag�#], _to make clean_;
+_clear away, excuse_.
+
+#put�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to cleanse_ (vines by cutting); _consider,
+think, suppose_.
+
+  #am--amput�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to cut all round, cut away, lop off_.
+
+  #con--comput�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to sum up, reckon, compute_.
+
+  #dis--disput�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to weigh, examine_; _discuss_;
+  _argue_.
+
+  #re--reput�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to think over, reflect on, reflect_.
+
+#Py:r�naeus, �# (sc. #m�ns#), m., _the Pyrenees_.
+
+#Pyrrhus, �#, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum,
+and invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C.
+
+
+#Q#
+
+#Q.#, abbreviation of the name #Qu�ntus#.
+
+#quadr�g�simus# [#quadr�gint�#], num. adj., _fortieth_.
+
+#quadr�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _forty_.
+
+#quadr�gae, �rum#, pl. f., a _four-horse team_.
+
+#quadringent�, ae, a# [#quattuor# + #centum#], num. adj., _four
+hundred_.
+
+#quaer�, ere, quaes�v�, quaes�tus#, _to seek_; _ask_; _get, gain_.
+
+  #ad--adqu�r�, ere, qu�s�v�, qu�s�tus#, _to acquire, get, gain_.
+
+  #con--conqu�r�, ere, qu�s�v�, qu�s�tus#, _to seek_ or _search fo_;
+  _hunt�up_.
+
+  #re--requ�r�, ere, qu�s�v� (i�), qu�s�tus#, _to seek_ or _search
+  for_.
+
+#quaes�, ere, �v�, --#, _to seek_; _beg, pray_.
+
+#quaestor, �ris# [orig. #quaes�tor#; cf. #quaer�, quaes�#], m.,
+_quaestor, quartermaster_, a�name given to certain magistrates who had
+the care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the
+provinces.
+
+#quaest�ra, ae# [#quaestor#], f., _the quaestorship_.
+
+#qu�lis, e#, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind? what sort of?_
+(2)�rel., _of such a kind, such as,�as_.
+
+#qu�liscumque, qu�lecumque#, adj., _of whatsoever kind, of any kind_.
+
+#quam# [(1) #quis#], adv., _how, how much_; after a comp., _than_; with
+a sup., _as possible_; #quam pr�mum#, _as soon as possible_; #quamdi�#,
+_as long as_; #tam .�.�. quam#, _as .�.�. so, not only .�.�. but also_.
+
+#quamquam#, conj., _although, even if_.
+
+#quamv�s# [#quam# + #v�s#, from #vol�#], adv. and conj., _howevermuch,
+although_.
+
+#quand�quidem# [#quand�#, _since_ + #quidem#], conj., _since indeed_.
+
+#quantus# [#quam#], adj., (1) interr., _how great? how much?_ (2)�rel.,
+correl. to #tantus#, _as great as,�as_.
+
+#quantum#, adv., _how much? how far?_
+
+#qu�propter# [(1) #quis# + #propter#], adv.; (1)�interr., _why?
+wherefore?_ (2)�rel., _for which reason, wherefore_.
+
+#qu�re# [#qu�# + #r�#], adv., (1) interr., _why?_ (2)�rel., _for which
+reason, wherefore, therefore_.
+
+#qu�rt�na, ae# [#qu�rtus#], f. (sc. #febris#, _fever_), a�fever or ague
+recurring every fourth day.
+
+#qu�rtus# [#quattuor#], num. adj., _fourth_.
+
+#quas�#, adv. and conj., _as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly_; _on
+the ground that_.
+
+#quater#, adv., _four times_.
+
+#quati�, ere, --, quassus#, _to shake, strike_.
+
+  #d�--d�cuti�, ere, cuss�, cussus#, _to shake off_ or _down, strike
+  off_.
+
+  #ex--excuti�, ere, cuss�, cussus#, _to shake off, fling off_.
+
+  #per--percuti�, ere, cuss�, cussus#, _to strike through, pierce_;
+  _smite, strike_; _kill, slay_; _overwhelm, shock_.
+
+#quattuor#, indecl. num. adj., _four_.
+
+#que#, conj., enclitic, _and, and yet, but_.
+
+#queror, �, questus sum#, _to complain_.
+
+  #con--conqueror, �, questus sum#, _to complain bitterly, lament,
+  deplore_.
+
+#questus, �s# [#queror#], m., _complaint, lament_.
+
+(1) #qu�, quae, quod#, interr. pron., used adjectively, _which? what?
+what kind of?_ See (1)�#quis#.
+
+(2) #qu�, quae, quod#, rel. pron., _who, which, what, that_; _whoever,
+whatever_.
+
+(3) #qu�, quae#, or #qua, quod#, indef. pron., used adjectively, _any,
+some_.
+
+(4) #qu�# [old abl. of (1) #qu�#], adv., _how?_
+
+#quia#, conj., _because, since_.
+
+#qu�cumque, quaecumque, quodcumque#, indef. rel. pron., _whoever,
+whichever, whatever_.
+
+#qu�dam, quaedam, quiddam#, and as adj., #quoddam#, indef. pron., _a
+certain one, somebody_; _a certain_.
+
+#quidem#, adv., _indeed, in fact, to be sure_; #n� .�.�. quidem#, _not
+even, not at all_.
+
+#qui�s, �tis#, f., _rest, sleep, quiet, respite_.
+
+#qui�tus# [orig. part, of #qui�sc�#, _to be at rest_], _quiet,
+peaceful_.
+
+#qu�n# [(4) #qu�# + #n�#], conj., _how not? why not_; _that, that not,
+but that_; #qu�n et# or #etiam#, _nay more_.
+
+#Qu�ntilius, �#, m., gentile name of _P. Qu�ntilius V�rus_, an officer
+of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans,
+B.C.�9.
+
+#Qu�nt�lis, is# [#Qu�ntus#], m. (sc. #m�nsis#), _July_, the fifth month
+(counting from March. See #December#).
+
+#qu�ndecemvir, �# [#qu�ndecem#, _fifteen_ + #vir#], m., _a member of a
+board of fifteen men_.
+
+#qu�ngent�, ae, a# [#qu�nque# + #centum#], num. adj., _five hundred_.
+
+#qu�nqu�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_.
+
+#qu�nque#, indecl. num. adj., _five_.
+
+#qu�nquennium, �# [#qu�nque# + #annus#], n., _a period of five years_.
+
+#qu�nqui�s# [#qu�nque#], adv., _five times_.
+
+#qu�ntus# [#qu�nque#], num. adj., _fifth_.
+
+#Qu�ntus, �#, m., a praenomen.
+
+#qu�ppe#, adv., _indeed, as you see, surely_.
+
+#Quir�n�lis, is# (sc. #collis#), m., _the Quirinal_, one of the hills of
+Rome.
+
+#Quir�nus, �#, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and
+deification.
+
+#Quir�t�s, ium# [#Cur�s#], pl. m., orig. _the people of Cures_; later,
+the name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence:
+_citizens, Romans_. See #R�m�n�#.
+
+(1) #quis, quid#, interr. pron. used substantively, _who? which? what?_
+See (1)�#qu�#.
+
+(2) #quis, qua, quid#, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one, any
+one_; _something, anything_. See (3)�#qu�#.
+
+#quisnam, quaenam, quidnam# [(1) #quis# + #nam#], interr. pron., _who_
+or _what in the world? who? which? what?_
+
+#quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam# and #quidpiam#, indef. pron., _some, any,
+some one_.
+
+#quisquam, quaequam, quicquam#, indef. pron., adj. or noun, _any one,
+anything, any_.
+
+#quisque, quaeque, quidque# or #quodque#, indef. pron., noun or adj.,
+_each, every, each one, every one_.
+
+#quisquis, quicquid#, indef. pron., _whoever, whatever, every one who,
+everything which_.
+
+#qu�# [#qu�#], adv. and conj. As adv., (1)�interr., _whither_? (2)�rel.,
+_whither_; as conj., _in order that, that, that thereby_.
+
+#qu�cumque#, adv., _whithersoever_.
+
+#quod#, conj., _because, that, in that_; _as to the fact that, so far
+as_; #quod s�#, _but�if_.
+
+#qu�modo# [(1) #qu�# + #modus#], adv., (1) interr., _how?_ (2)�rel., _in
+the manner that,�as_.
+
+#quondam#, adv., _once, formerly_.
+
+#quoniam# [#quom# (= #cum#, _since_) + #iam#], conj., _since, because,
+seeing that_.
+
+#quoque#, conj., _also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).
+
+#qu�rsum# or #qu�rsus# [orig. #qu�versus#; #qu�# + #vert�#], adv.,
+_whither?_
+
+#quotann�s# [#quot# + #annus#], adv., _each year, yearly_.
+
+#quo�sque# [#qu�# + #�sque#, _until_], adv., (1)�interr., _until what
+time?_ (2)�rel., _until_.
+
+
+#R#
+
+#radius, �#, m., _a staff, rod_; _beam, ray_.
+
+#rad�x, �cis#, f., _a root_; _foot, base_.
+
+#rap�na, ae# [#rapi�#], f., _robbery, pillage_.
+
+#rapi�, ere, rapu�, raptus#, _to seize_ and _carry off, drag off_;
+_plunder, destroy_; _hasten, hurry_.
+
+  #ab--abripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to take away forcibly, drag off_.
+
+  #ad--adripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to snatch quickly, seize_.
+
+  #con--corripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to seize, catch up_; #morb�
+  corrip�#, _to fall sick_.
+
+  #dis--d�ripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to tear apart_; _ravage, plunder_.
+
+  #prae--praeripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to snatch away, carry off_ or
+  _away_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�ripi�, ere, u�, reptus#, _to fling forth_; with #s�#,
+  _rush_.
+
+#r�r�# [#r�rus#], adv., _seldom, rarely_.
+
+#r�rus#, adj., _thin_; _scattered, rare_.
+
+#rati�, �nis# [#reor#], f., _reckoning, calculation, account_; _method,
+plan_.
+
+#ratis, is#, f., _a raft, boat, vessel_.
+
+#re# or #red#, insep. prefix, _again, back_.
+
+#rebell�#, see #bell�#.
+
+#rec�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#receptus, �s# [#recipi�#], m., _a retreat_.
+
+#recessus, �s# [#rec�d�#], m., _nook, corner_.
+
+#recid�#, see #cad�#.
+
+#reciper�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to regain, recover_.
+
+#recipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#reconcili�#, see #concili�#.
+
+#recre�#, see #cre�#.
+
+#r�ct�# [#r�ctus# (part. of #reg�#), _straight, right_], adv., _rightly,
+duly, well_.
+
+#recub�#, see #cub�#.
+
+#rec�s�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#re# + #causa#], _to decline, refuse_.
+
+#redd�#, see #d�#.
+
+#rede�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#redig�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#redim�#, see #em�#.
+
+#redintegr�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#red# + #integer#], _to make whole again,
+renew_.
+
+#reditus, �s# [#rede�#], m., _a going_ (or coming) _back, return_.
+
+#red�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#refell�, ere, �, --# [#re# + #fall�#, _to deceive_], _to prove false,
+refute, disprove_.
+
+#refer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#refove�#, see #fove�#.
+
+#refring�#, see #frang�#.
+
+#refugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#r�g�lis, e# [#r�x#], adj., _kinglike, royal_.
+
+#r�gia, ae# [#r�gius#], f. (sc. #domus#), _a palace_.
+
+#r�g�na, ae# [#r�x#], f., _a queen_.
+
+#regi�, �nis# [#reg�#], f., _district, region_.
+
+#r�gius# [#r�x#], adj., _kingly, royal, king's_.
+
+#r�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#r�gnum#], _to be king_; _rule, govern_.
+
+#r�gnum, �# [#r�x#], n., _kingly government, sovereignty, sway_; _a
+kingdom_.
+
+#reg�, ere, r�x�, r�ctus#, _to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule_.
+
+  #con--corrig�, ere, r�x�, r�ctus#, _to straighten, correct,
+  improve_.
+
+  #dis--d�rig�, ere, r�x�, r�ctus#, _to guide, steer, direct_.
+
+  #ex--�rig�, ere, r�x�, r�ctus#, _to raise_ or _lift up_; _stir up,
+  arouse_.
+
+  #per--perg�, ere, perr�x�, perr�ctus#, _to go straight on, proceed,
+  hasten_; with acc., _pursue with vigor, perform_; #part�s pergere#,
+  _to play the r�le_.
+
+  #por# (= #pr�#)#--porrig�, ere, porr�x�, porr�ctus#, _to spread_ or
+  _stretch out_; _hold forth, offer, present_.
+
+#regredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#R�gulus, �#, m., _M. At�lius_, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa
+and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255.
+
+#r�ici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#rel�bor#, see #l�bor#.
+
+#rel�g�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#re# + #l�g�#, _to send_], _to send out of the
+way, remove_.
+
+#religi�, �nis#, f., _sense of duty_; _religion, devotion to the gods_;
+_scruple_.
+
+#religi�sus# [#religi�#], adj., _careful, scrupulous_; _sacred, holy_.
+
+#relig�#, see #lig�#.
+
+#relinqu�, ere, l�qu�, l�ctus# [#re# + #linqu�#, _to leave_], _to leave
+behind, leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_.
+
+#reliquiae, �rum# [#relinqu�#], pl. f., _remainder, remnant, residue_.
+
+#reliquus# [cf. #relinqu�#], adj., _remaining, rest_.
+
+#remane�#, see #mane�#.
+
+#remedium, �# [#re# + #medeor#, _to cure_], n., _a cure, remedy_.
+
+#remigr�#, see #migr�#.
+
+#remitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#rem�neror, �r�, �tus sum# [#re# + #m�ner�#, _to reward_], _to reward,
+repay_.
+
+#Remus, �#, m., the brother of Romulus.
+
+#renov�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#re# + #novus#], _to renew, restore, revive_.
+
+#ren�nti�#, see #n�nti�#.
+
+#renu�#, see #*nu�#.
+
+#reor, r�r�, ratus sum#, _to reckon_; _think, suppose_; #ratus#,
+_thinking_.
+
+#repell�#, see #pell�#.
+
+#repend�#, see #pend�#.
+
+#repente# [#rep�ns#, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_.
+
+#repent�nus# [#rep�ns#, _sudden_], adj., _sudden, unexpected_.
+
+#reperi�#, see #pari�#.
+
+#repet�#, see #pet�#.
+
+#reple�#, see #*ple�#.
+
+#rep�n�#, see #p�n�#.
+
+#report�#, see #port�#.
+
+#rep�sc�#, see #p�sc�#.
+
+#reprehend�#, see #prehend�#.
+
+#reprim�#, see #prem�#.
+
+#repr�mitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#repudi�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to cast off, divorce_; _reject, scorn_.
+
+#rep�gn�#, see #p�gn�#.
+
+#repulsa, ae# [#repell�#], f., _rejection, repulse_; _a defeat at the
+polls_.
+
+#reput�#, see #put�#.
+
+#requ�r�#, see #quaer�#.
+
+#r�s, re�#, f., _thing, matter_; _affair, deed, exploit, event_;
+_circumstance_; _a story_; _property, fortune_; _trouble_; #r�s
+famili�ris#, _private property_; #r�s p�blica#, _the commonwealth,
+state_; #r�s gestae#, _exploits_; #r�s repetundae#, _extortion_; #r�
+v�r�#, _in reality, in truth_.
+
+#resec�#, see #sec�#.
+
+#reser�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#re# + #s�r�#, _to bolt_], _to unlock, open_.
+
+#res�d�#, see #s�d�#.
+
+#resist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#resolv�#, see #solv�#.
+
+#resperg�, ere, spers�, spersus# [#re# + #sparg�#, _to strew,
+sprinkle_], _to besprinkle, bespatter_.
+
+#respici�#, see #*speci�#.
+
+#resp�r�#, see #sp�r�#.
+
+#responde�#, see #sponde�#.
+
+#resp�nsum, �# [#responde�#], n., _answer, reply_, esp. of an oracle;
+_warning_.
+
+#r�s p�blica#, see #r�s#.
+
+#restingu�#, see #stingu�#.
+
+#restitu�#, see #statu�#.
+
+#retine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#retrah�#, see #trah�#.
+
+#reus, �#, m., _defendant, accused person, prisoner_.
+
+#revertor#, see #vert�#.
+
+#rev�v�sc�, ere, --, --# [#re# + #v�v�sc�#, inceptive of #v�v�#], _to
+come to life again_.
+
+#revoc�#, see #voc�#,
+
+#r�x, r�gis# [cf. #reg�#], m., _king, monarch_.
+
+#Rh�a, ae#, f., _Rh�a_, also called _Rh�a Silvia_, mother of Romulus and
+Remus.
+
+#Rh�nus, �#, m., the river Rhine.
+
+#rh�tor, oris#, m., _a teacher of oratory, rhetorician_; _orator_.
+
+#Rhodus, �#, f., _Rhodes_, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor,
+famous for its schools of rhetoric (see #Apoll�nius#), its colossal
+statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.
+
+#r�de�, �re, r�s�, r�sus#, _to smile, laugh_; _laugh at, mock_.
+
+  #d�--d�r�de�, �re, r�s�, r�sus#, _to laugh at, mock, deride_.
+
+  #in--inr�de�, �re, r�s�, r�sus#, _to jeer at, mock, ridicule_.
+
+#rig�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to wet, moisten_.
+
+#rigor, �ris#, m., _severity, rigor_.
+
+#r�pa, ae#, f., _a bank_ (of a river).
+
+#r�sus, �s# [#r�de�#], m., _laughter_.
+
+#r�t�# [cf. #r�tus#], adv., _with due ceremonies, duly, fitly,
+properly_.
+
+#r�tus, �s#, m., _religious ceremony, rite_.
+
+#rixa, ae#, f., _a quarrel_ (of blows), _brawl_.
+
+#r�bur, oris#, n., _hard wood, oak_; _strength, vigor, power_.
+
+#rog�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to ask, inquire_; _request, implore_.
+
+  #ab--abrog�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to repeal, annul_.
+
+  #inter--interrog�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to ask, question_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�rog�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to prolong, extend_.
+
+#R�ma, ae#, f., _Rome_.
+
+#R�m�nus#, adj., _Roman_; as noun, #R�m�nus, �#, m., _a Roman_; #R�m�n�,
+�rum#, pl. m., _the Romans_, the name given to the Romans in their
+military capacity.
+
+#R�mulus, �#, m., _Romulus_, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea
+and Mars.
+
+#R�scius, �#, m., _Sextus R�scius_, defended by Cicero on a capital
+charge.
+
+#r�strum, �# [#r�d�#, _to gnaw_], n., _the beak_ or _ram of a ship_;
+pl., _the Rostra_, or speaker's platform in the Forum (adorned with
+beaks of captured ships).
+
+#Rubic�, �nis#, m., _the Rubicon_, a river in the northeastern part of
+Italy.
+
+#rud�mentum, �# [#rudis#], n., _first attempt, beginning_. See #p�n�#.
+
+#rudis, e#, adj., _uncouth, unpolished_; _ignorant, rude_.
+
+#ru�na, ae# [#ru�#], f., _downfall, ruin, destruction_; pl., _a fallen
+building, ruins_.
+
+#r�mor, �ris#, m., _a story, report, rumor_.
+
+#rump�, ere, r�p�, ruptus#, _to break, destroy_.
+
+  #con--corrump�, ere, r�p�, ruptus#, _to destroy_; _seduce, bribe,
+  corrupt_.
+
+  #ex--�rump�, ere, r�p�, ruptum#, _to break forth_ or _out, burst
+  forth_.
+
+  #per--perrump�, ere, r�p�, ruptus#, _to break through, force a way
+  through, get across_.
+
+#ru�, ere, �, tus#, _to fall_; _rush, hasten_; with acc., _to cause to
+fall, overthrow_.
+
+  #con--corru�, ere, �, --#, _to fall_ (in�battle).
+
+  #dis--d�ru�, ere, �, tus#, _to tear apart, overthrow, destroy_.
+
+  #ex--�ru�, ere, �, tus#, _to cast out_; _dig up, destroy utterly_.
+
+  #in--inru�, �re, �, --#, _to rush in, make an attack_.
+
+  #ob--obru�, ere, �, tus#, _to overwhelm, hide, bury_.
+
+#r�p�s, is# [#rump�#], f., _a rock, cliff_.
+
+#r�rsus# or #r�rsum# [orig. #revorsus#; cf. #revert�#], adv., _back_;
+_again_.
+
+#r�s, r�ris#, n., _the country_; pl., _the fields_; #r�r�#, _in the
+country_.
+
+#r�sticor, �ri, �tus sum# [#r�s#], _to live in the country_; _take a
+vacation_.
+
+#r�sticus# [#r�s#], adj., _rural, rustic_.
+
+
+#S#
+
+#Sab�n�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy,
+adjoining Latium on the north.
+
+#sacer, cra, crum#, adj., _holy, sacred_; as noun, #sacrum, �#, n., _a
+holy thing, sacred vessel_; pl., _religious rites, sacrifices_.
+
+#sacerd�s, �tis# [#sacer#], m. and f., _priest, priestess_.
+
+#sacr�rium, �# [#sacer#], n., _sanctuary, shrine_.
+
+#sacrificium, �# [#sacer# + #faci�#], n., _a sacrifice_.
+
+#sacr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_.
+
+  #con--c�nsecr�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to dedicate, consecrate, devote_.
+
+  #ex--exsecror, �r�, �tus sum#, _to curse, abhor_.
+
+#saeculum, �#, n., _a race_; _generation, age, time_.
+
+#saepe#, adv., _frequently, often_.
+
+#saevi�, �re, �v� (i�), �tum# [#saevus#], _to be fierce_ or _cruel,
+rage_; #saev�re in aliquem#, _to treat any one cruelly_.
+
+#saevitia, ae# [#saevus#], f., _fury, cruelty_.
+
+#saevus#, adj., _raging, fierce, cruel_.
+
+#sag�n�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#sag�na#, _stuffing_], _to fatten_.
+
+#sagulum, �#, n., _a short military cloak_.
+
+#Saguntus, �#, f., and #Saguntum, �#, n., _Saguntum_, a�town on the east
+coast of Spain.
+
+#Salernit�nus#, adj., _of_ or _near Salernum_ (modern Salerno), a�town
+in Campania.
+
+#Sali�, �rum# [#sali�#], pl. m., _the Salii_ or _Leapers_, the dancing
+priests of Mars.
+
+#Sal�n�tor, �ris#, m., see #L�vius#.
+
+#sali�, �re, u�, tus#, _to leap_.
+
+  #d�--d�sili�, �re, u�, sultum#, _to leap down_.
+
+  #in--�nsili�, �re, u�, --#, _to leap up_ or _on, mount_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�sili�, �re, u�, --#, _to leap_ or _spring forward_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nsili�, �re, u�, --#, _to leap across, jump over_.
+
+#saltem#, adv., _at least, at all events_.
+
+#salt�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #sali�#], _to dance, leap_.
+
+  #ex--exsult�, �re, �v�, --#, _to leap, dance_ (esp. with joy),
+  _exult, rejoice_.
+
+#saltus, �s# [#sali�#], m., _a leap, bound_; _leaping, jumping_.
+
+#saltus, �s#, m., _a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass_.
+
+#sal�bris, e# [#sal�s#], adj., _health-giving, wholesome, healthy_;
+_beneficial_.
+
+#sal�s, �tis#, f., _health, vigor_; _safety_.
+
+#sal�t�ti�, �nis# [#sal�t�#], f., _greeting, salutation_.
+
+#sal�t�tor, �ris# [#sal�t�#], m., _saluter, visitor_.
+
+#sal�t�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#sal�s#], _to wish one health, greet, salute,
+visit_.
+
+  #con--c�nsal�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to greet_ or _salute warmly_.
+
+#salve�, �re, --, --# [#salvus#], _to be well_; imperative, #salv�,
+salv�te#, _hail! greetings!_
+
+#salvus#, adj., _well, sound, safe_.
+
+#samb�ceus# [#samb�cus#, _an elder-tree_], adj., _of elder, elder_.
+
+#Samn�t�s, ium#, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a branch of the Sabine race
+inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.
+
+#s�n�# [#s�nus#, _sound_], adv., _indeed, truly, by all means_;
+_certainly_.
+
+#sanguinolentus# [#sanguis#], adj., _bloody_.
+
+#sanguis, inis#, m., _blood_.
+
+#sapi�, ere, �v�, --#, _to taste_; _to have taste_ or _understanding_;
+_be wise_.
+
+  #d�--d�sipi�, ere, --, --#, _to be foolish_ or _crazy_.
+
+#sapi�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #sapi�#], adj., _wise, sensible,
+discreet_.
+
+#sapientia, ae# [#sapi�ns#], f., _wisdom_.
+
+#Sardinia, ae#, f., an island between Italy and Spain.
+
+#sarmentum, �# [#sarp�#, _to prune_], n., _a twig_; pl., _brushwood,
+fagots_.
+
+#satis#, adv., _enough_; _tolerably, quite_; as noun, n., _enough,
+sufficiency_.
+
+#satisfaci�, ere, f�c�, factum# [#satis# + #faci�#], _to satisfy, make
+reparation_.
+
+#saucius#, adj., _wounded, hurt_.
+
+#saxum, �#, n., _a stone, rock, boulder_.
+
+#scamnum, �#, n., _a bench, stool_.
+
+#scand�, ere, --, --#, _to climb, mount_.
+
+  #ad--�scend�, ere, �, sc�nsus#, _to climb up, mount, ascend_.
+
+  #con--c�nscend�, ere, �, sc�nsus#, _to mount, ascend_; _go on
+  board_.
+
+  #d�--d�scend�, ere, �, sc�nsum#, _to climb_ or _come down, descend_;
+  _dismount_.
+
+  #ex--�scend�, ere, �, sc�nsus#, _to mount, ascend_.
+
+  #tr�ns--tr�nscend�, ere, �, sc�nsus#, _to climb_ or _pass over,
+  cross_.
+
+#scapha, ae#, f., _a light boat, skiff_.
+
+#sceler�tus# [#scelus#], adj., _wicked, impious, accursed_.
+
+#scelest�# [#scelestus#, _impious_], adv., _wickedly, impiously_.
+
+#scelus, eris#, n., _wicked deed, sin, crime_.
+
+#schola, ae#, f., _leisure, leisure for learning_; _place of learning,
+school_.
+
+#sc�licet# [#sc�re# + #licet#], adv., _plainly, of course, doubtless_.
+
+#scind�, ere, scid�, scissus#, _to cut, tear, rend, split_.
+
+  #ab--abscind�, ere, scid�, scissus#, _to cut_ or _tear off, hew
+  off_.
+
+#sci�, �re, sc�v�, sc�tus#, _to know, understand_; with infin., _to know
+how_.
+
+#Sc�pi�, �nis#, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of
+Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens.
+
+  1. _P.�Corn�lius Sc�pi�_, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at
+  the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain,
+  in 212.
+
+  2. _P. Corn�lius Sc�pi� �fric�nus M�ior_, son of (1), born B.C. 237;
+  commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama
+  in 202. He died about 183 B.C.
+
+  3. _L. Corn�lius Sc�pi�_, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After
+  defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen
+  _Asi�ticus_.
+
+  4. _P. Corn�lius Sc�pi� �fric�nus Minor_, captured Carthage, B.C.
+  146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129.
+
+  5. _P. Corn�lius Sc�pi� N�s�ca Ser�pi�_, see #N�s�ca#.
+
+  6. _Q. Metellus Pius Sc�pi�_, father-in-law of Pompey.
+
+#sc�scitor, �r�, �tus sum# [#sc�sc�#], _to ask, inquire_.
+
+#sc�sc�, ere, sc�v�, sc�tus# [#sci�#], _to seek to know_; _approve,
+enact, decree_.
+
+  #con--c�nsc�sc�, ere, sc�v�, sc�tus#, _to approve of, decree_;
+  #mortem sibi c�nsc�scere#, _to commit suicide_.
+
+  #d�--d�sc�sc�, ere, sc�v�, sc�tum#, _to withdraw, desert, revolt_.
+
+#scr�ba, ae# [#scr�b�#], m., _a clerk, secretary_.
+
+#scr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to write_.
+
+  #ad--adscr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to add, include, enroll_.
+
+  #con--c�nscr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to enroll, enlist_.
+
+  #d�--d�scr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to copy off, sketch,
+  describe_.
+
+  #dis--d�scr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to mark off, divide_.
+
+  #�n--�nscr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to write on, inscribe�on_.
+
+  #per--perscr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to write out_ (in�full).
+
+  #pr�--pr�scr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to offer for sale_;
+  _proscribe, outlaw_.
+
+  #sub--subscr�b�, ere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus#, _to write beneath_.
+
+#scr�nium, �#, n., _a case, box_ (esp. for books or papers).
+
+#scr�ptor, �ris# [#scr�b�#], m., _a writer, author_; _narrator_.
+
+#Scultenna, ae#, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.
+
+#sc�tum, �#, n., _a shield_.
+
+(1) #s�#, see #su�#.
+
+(2) #s�# or #s�d#, insep. prefix, _apart, away from_.
+
+#s�c�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#s�cern�#, see #cern�#.
+
+#sec�, �re, u�, tus#, _to cut_.
+
+  #re--resec�, �re, u�, tus#, _to cut loose_ or _off_.
+
+#s�cr�tus# [part. of #s�cern�#], adj., _separate_; _hidden, concealed_;
+_secret_; abl. #s�cr�t�# as adv., _secretly_.
+
+#sector, �r�, �tus sum# [freq. of #sequor#], _to follow eagerly, pursue,
+seek the society�of_.
+
+#secundus# [#sequor#], adj., _following, second_; _favorable,
+fortunate_.
+
+#sec�ris, is# [#sec�#], f., _an axe, hatchet_.
+
+#secus#, comp. #s�tius#, adv., _otherwise, differently_.
+
+#sed#, conj., _but, on the contrary_.
+
+#s�decim# [#sex# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_.
+
+#sede�, �re, s�d�, sessum#, _to sit_.
+
+  #ad--adside�, �re, s�d�, sessus#, _to sit at_ or _beside, besiege_.
+
+  #in--�nside�, �re, s�d�, sessus#, with dat., _to sit in, on_, or
+  _upon_; with acc., _to settle on, occupy_.
+
+  #ob--obside�, �re, s�d�, sessus#, _block, besiege, beset_.
+
+#s�d�s, is# [cf. #sede�#], f., _seat, chair_; _residence, abode_.
+
+#s�diti�, �nis# [#s�d# + #iti�#, from #e�, �re#], f., _dissension,
+rebellion, revolt_.
+
+#s�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#s�dulit�s, �tis# [#s�dulus#, _earnest_], f., _earnestness,
+persistency_.
+
+#s�dul�# [abl. of #s�dulus#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, busily_;
+_purposely, deliberately_.
+
+#s�gnis, �#, adj., _slow, tardy, sluggish_.
+
+#s�gniter# [#s�gnis#], adv., _without spirit_ or _vigor, lazily_.
+
+#sella, ae# [#sede�#], f., _a seat, chair_; #sella cur�lis#, a�portable
+stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such
+chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with
+ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this
+chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles,
+praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.
+
+#semel#, adv., _once, once for all_.
+
+#s�met#, see #su�#.
+
+#semper#, adv., _always, continually_.
+
+#sempiternus# [#semper#], adj., _eternal_.
+
+#Sempr�nius, �#, m., _Ti. Sempr�nius Longus_, defeated by Hannibal at
+the Trebia B.C. 218.
+
+#sen�tor, �ris# [#sen�tus#], m., _a senator_.
+
+#sen�t�rius# [#sen�tor#], adj., _senatorial_.
+
+#sen�tus, �s# [cf. #senex#], m., _council of elders, senate_, in the
+time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when
+he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.
+
+#Seneca, ae#, m., _L. Annaeus Seneca_, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of
+the Emperor Nero.
+
+#senecta, ae# [#senex#], f., _old age_.
+
+#senect�s, �tis# [#senex#], f., _old age_.
+
+#senex#, gen. #senis#, adj., _old_; comp. #senior#, _elder_; sup.
+#m�ximus# (#n�t�#), _eldest_. As noun, #senex, senis#, m., _an old man_;
+#seni�r�s, um#, pl. m., _the elders_ (men over�45).
+
+#senior#, see #senex#.
+
+#senium, �# [#senex#], n., _old age, decay_.
+
+#sententia, ae# [#senti�#], f., _opinion, thought_; _wish, inclination_.
+
+#senti�, �re, s�ns�, s�nsus#, _to discern by sense, feel_; _see,
+perceive_; #bene sent�re d�#, _to think well�of_.
+
+  #con--c�nsenti�, �re, s�ns�, s�nsum#, _to agree_; _conspire, plot_.
+
+#s�par�tim# [(2) #s�# + #par�#], adv., _separately, apart_.
+
+#sepeli�, �re, �v� (i�), sepultus#, _to bury, inter_.
+
+#septem#, indecl. num. adj., _seven_.
+
+#sept�n�, ae, a# [#septem#], num. adj., _seven each, seven apiece_.
+
+#Septimul�ius, �#, m., _L. Septimul�ius_ of Anagnia in Latium, a�friend
+of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold.
+
+#septimus# [#septem#], num. adj., _seventh_.
+
+#septir�mis, e# [#septem# + #r�mus#, _oar_], f. (sc.�#n�vis#), _a ship
+with seven banks_ or _tiers of oars_.
+
+#septu�g�simus# [#septu�gint�#, _seventy_], num. adj., _seventieth_.
+
+#sepult�ra, ae# [#sepeli�#], f., _burial, funeral_.
+
+#sequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow_; _favor_.
+
+  #ad--adsequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow up, overtake_; _gain,
+  attain_.
+
+  #con--c�nsequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow, overtake_; _attain,
+  acquire_.
+
+  #in--�nsequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to pursue, overtake_.
+
+  #ob--obsequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to comply with, yield to,
+  submit�to_.
+
+  #per--persequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow persistently, pursue,
+  hound_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�sequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow, accompany, escort_.
+
+  #sub--subsequor, �, sec�tus sum#, _to follow after, follow_.
+
+#Sergius, �#, m., a Roman gentile name.
+
+  1. _L.�Sergius Catil�na_, see #Catil�na#.
+
+  2. _M. Sergius Catil�na_, grandfather of (1).
+
+#s�ri�# [abl. of #s�rius#], adv., _in earnest, seriously, in good
+faith_.
+
+#s�rius#, adj., _grave, serious, earnest_.
+
+#serm�, �nis# [#ser�#], m., _talk, conversation_; _speech_.
+
+#ser�, ere, --, tus#, _to bind together_.
+
+  #con--c�nser�, ere, u�, tus#, _to join_; #man�s# or #p�gnam
+  c�nserere#, _to join battle, fight_.
+
+  #d�--d�ser�, ere, u�, tus#, _to leave, abandon_; _forsake, neglect_.
+
+  #dis--disser�, ere, u�, tus#, _to speak, discourse, harangue_.
+
+  #ex--exser�, ere, u�, tus#, _to thrust out_.
+
+#s�r�# [abl. of #s�rus#, _late_], adv., _late, too late_.
+
+#Sert�rius, �#, m., _Qu�ntus_, an officer in the army of Marius. He went
+to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of
+an independent force till his death in�72.
+
+#serva, ae# [#servus#], f., _a slave woman_.
+
+#serv�lis, e# [#servus#], adj., _of a slave_; _slavish, servile_.
+
+#servit�s, �tis# [#servus#], f., _slavery_.
+
+#Servius, �#, m., see #Tullius#.
+
+#serv�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to save, preserve, watch_.
+
+  #con--c�nserv�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to keep safe, preserve_.
+
+#servus, �#, m., _a slave_.
+
+#s�se#, see #su�#.
+
+#s�stertius, �# [#s�mis#, _half_ + #tertius#], m. (sc.�#nummus#), _a
+sesterce_, a�small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half
+asses, but later worth about four cents. See #�s#. In naming large sums
+of money the Romans speak of 'so many times a hundred thousand
+_s�sterti�_' (_cent�na m�lia s�stertium_).
+
+#s�tius#, see #secus#.
+
+#seu#, see #s�ve#.
+
+#sev�r�# [#sev�rus#], adv., _gravely, severely, sternly, strictly_.
+
+#sev�rit�s, �tis# [#sev�rus#], f., _sternness, strictness_.
+
+#sev�rus#, adj., _stern, strict, severe_.
+
+#sex#, indecl. num. adj., _six_.
+
+#sex�gint�#, num. adj., _sixty_.
+
+#Sext�lis, e#, adj., _of the sixth month_. As noun, #Sext�lis, is#, m.
+(sc.�#m�nsis#), _August_. See #December#.
+
+#Sext�lius, �#, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88.
+
+#sextus# [#sex#], num. adj., _sixth_.
+
+#Sextus, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#s�#, conj., _if, whether_; #quod s�#, _but if_.
+
+#sibi#, see #su�#.
+
+#s�bilus, �#, m., _a hissing, whistling_.
+
+#Sibyll�nus# [#Sibylla#, _a Sibyl, prophetess_], adj., _pertaining to
+the Sibyls, Sibylline_.
+
+#s�c#, adv., _in this way, thus, so_.
+
+#sicc�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#siccus#], _to drain_.
+
+#siccus#, adj., _dry_. As noun, #siccum, �#, n., _the dry ground_.
+
+#Sicilia, ae#, f., _Sicily_.
+
+#Siculus#, adj., _Sicilian_.
+
+#s�d�, s�dere, --, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.
+
+  #ad--ads�d�, ere, s�d�, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.
+
+  #con--c�ns�d�, ere, s�d�, sessum#, _to sit down_; _settle, encamp_;
+  _take a position_.
+
+  #re--res�d�, ere, s�d�, --#, _to settle down, sink, subside_;
+  _abate, grow calm_.
+
+#s�gnific�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#s�gnum# + #faci�#], _to make signs, show_;
+_point out, indicate_.
+
+#s�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#s�gnum#], _to set a mark on_; _sign, seal_
+(a�document).
+
+  #ad--ads�gn�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to allot, award, assign_.
+
+#s�gnum, �#, n., _sign, signal_; _military standard, ensign_; _statue,
+image_; #s�gna �nferre alicu�#, _to advance against_ or _attack any
+one_.
+
+#S�l�nus, �#, m., _D. I�nius S�l�nus M�nli�nus_, praetor in Macedonia
+B.C. 142.
+
+#sil�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #sile�#, _to be still_], adj., _still,
+quiet, silent_.
+
+#silentium, �# [#sil�ns#], n., _stillness, quiet, silence_.
+
+#silva, ae#, f., _a wood, forest_.
+
+#Silvia, ae#, f., see #Rh�a#.
+
+#similis, e#, adj., _like, similar_.
+
+#similiter# [#similis#], adv., _in like manner, similarly_.
+
+#similit�d�, inis# [#similis#], f., _likeness, resemblance, similarity_.
+
+#simul#, adv., _at the same time_; #simul atque# or #�c#, _as soon�as_.
+
+#simul�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#similis#], _to make like, copy_; _feign,
+pretend_.
+
+  #dis--dissimul�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to disguise, conceal, dissemble_.
+
+#simult�s, �tis# [#simul#], f., _enmity, hatred_; #simult�t�s gerere#,
+_to carry on a feud_.
+
+#sine#, prep, with abl., _without_.
+
+#singul�ris, e# [#singul�#], adj., _one by one, single, individual_;
+_remarkable, singular, unparalleled_.
+
+#singul�, ae, a#, adj., _one at a time, one apiece, single_.
+
+#sinister, tra, trum#, adj., _left_.
+
+#sin�, ere, s�v�, situs#, _to put, place_; _permit, let_.
+
+#sinus, �s#, m., _a curve, hollow, fold_; _fold of the toga_ (as�it
+crosses the breast), _pocket_; _bosom_.
+
+#sist�, ere, stit�, status#, trans., _to cause to stand, place, set_;
+intrans., _stand_.
+
+  #ab--absist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to withdraw, cease, desist_.
+
+  #con--c�nsist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to stand, take position_ (of�an
+  army); _stop, halt_; _be firm, endure, continue_.
+
+  #d�--d�sist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to stand off from, cease, desist_.
+
+  #ex--exsist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to step forth_; _come to be, become,
+  arise_.
+
+  #ob--obsist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to stand in the way of, resist,
+  oppose_.
+
+  #re--resist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to oppose, withstand, resist_.
+
+  #sub--subsist�, ere, stit�, --#, _to take a stand, remain, tarry_.
+
+#situs# [orig. part. of #sin�#], adj., _placed, situate, lying_.
+
+#situs, �s# [#sin�#], m., _location, site_.
+
+#s�ve# or #seu#, conj., _or, or if, whether_; #s�ve .�.�. s�ve# or #seu
+.�.�. seu#, _whether .�.�. or, if .�.�. or�if_.
+
+#s�brius#, adj., _sober, temperate_.
+
+#socer, socer�#, m., _a father-in-law_.
+
+#societ�s, �tis# [#socius#], f., _fellowship, association_; _alliance_.
+
+#soci�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#socius#], _to join, unite_; _hold in common,
+share, divide_.
+
+#socius, �#, m., _fellow, comrade, ally_.
+
+#sod�lis, is#, m., _companion, associate_.
+
+#s�l, s�lis#, m., _the sun_.
+
+#sole�, �re, itus sum#, _to be wont, be accustomed, use_.
+
+#s�lit�rius# [#s�lus#], adj., _lonely, isolated_.
+
+#s�lit�d�, inis# [#solus#], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place,
+wilderness_.
+
+#solitus# [#sole�#], adj., _wonted, usual, accustomed_; as noun,
+#solitum, �#, n., _the customary, the usual_.
+
+#solium, �#, n., _chair of state, throne_.
+
+#sollemnis, e#, adj., _religiously fixed, holy, sacred_.
+
+#sollicit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#sollicitus#, _troubled_], _to stir up,
+arouse, excite_.
+
+#s�lum# [#s�lus#], adv., _only_; #n�n . . . s�lum .�.�. sed .�.�.
+etiam#, _not only .�.�. but also_.
+
+#s�lus#, adj., _alone, single-handed, single, only_; _lonely, solitary_.
+
+#solv�, ere, �, sol�tus#, _to loosen, unbind_; _let down_; _impair,
+destroy_.
+
+  #ab--absolv�, ere, �, sol�tus#, _to set free, release_; _acquit_.
+
+  #re--resolv�, ere, �, sol�tus#, _to loosen_; _dissolve, melt_.
+
+#somnium, �# [#somnus#], n., _a dream, vision_.
+
+#somnus, �#, m., _sleep_.
+
+#sonitus, �s# [#son�#, _to resound_], m., _sound, crash, noise_.
+
+#s�pi�, �re, �v� (i�), �tus# [cf. #sopor#, _a deep sleep_], _to put to
+sleep_; pass., _to sleep_; #s�p�t�#, _buried in slumber_.
+
+#soror, �ris#, f., _a sister_.
+
+#sor�rius# [#soror#], adj., _of a sister, sister's_.
+
+#sors, sortis#, f., _lot, fate, destiny_; _decision by lot_.
+
+#sortior, �r�, �tus sum# [#sors#], _to cast lots_; _obtain by lot_.
+
+#spatium, �#, n., _space, room_; _distance_; _period of time_.
+
+#speci�s, --#, acc. em, abl. #�# [#*speci�#], f., _sight, appearance_;
+_semblance, pretense_.
+
+#*speci�, ere, spex�, --#, _to look_.
+
+  #ad--adspici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to look at, examine, inspect_.
+
+  #con--c�nspici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to catch sight of, spy_;
+  _see_.
+
+  #d�--d�spici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to look down upon, despise_.
+
+  #d�s--d�spici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to descry, perceive_.
+
+  #in--�nspici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to look into, examine,
+  consider_.
+
+  #re--respici�, ere, spex�, spectus#, _to look back_ (_at_), _gaze
+  at, consider_; _regard, respect_.
+
+#spect�culum, �# [#spect�#], n., _show, sight, spectacle_.
+
+#spect�tor, �ris# [#spect�#], m., _spectator_.
+
+#spect�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #*speci�#], _to look at, watch,
+behold_.
+
+  #ex--exspect�, �re, �v�, �tus#, trans., _to look out for, await,
+  expect_; intrans., _wait, wait to see_.
+
+#specul�tor, �ris# [#speculor#], m., _a lookout, spy, scout_.
+
+#speculor, �r�, �tus sum# [#specula#, _a watch-tower_], _to spy out,
+examine_.
+
+#speculum, �# [#*speci�#], n., _a looking-glass, mirror_ (usually of
+metal).
+
+#spern�, ere, spr�v�, spr�tus#, _to set aside, despise, scorn_.
+
+  #ab--�spernor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to disdain, despise, scorn_.
+
+#sp�r�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#sp�s#], _to hope_ (for), _look for, expect_.
+
+  #d�--d�sp�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to lose hope, despair, despair�of_.
+
+#sp�s, spe�#, f., _hope, expectation_; _promise_.
+
+#sp�ritus, �s# [#sp�r�#], m., _breath_; _disposition, lofty spirit,
+ambition, pride_.
+
+#sp�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to breathe_.
+
+  #ex--exsp�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to breathe out_; _die, expire_
+  (sc.�#animam#).
+
+  #re--resp�r�, �re, �v�, �tum#, _to breathe back_ or _out, breathe_
+  (again); intrans., _to recover breath, revive_.
+
+#splendor, �ris# [#splende�#, _to shine_], m., _brightness, splendor,
+magnificence_.
+
+#spoli�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#spolium#], _to strip, rob, plunder_.
+
+#spolium, �#, n., _booty, spoil_.
+
+#sponde�, �re, spopond�, sp�nsus#, _to promise_ (sacredly), _agree_.
+
+  #d�--d�sponde�, �re, �, sp�nsus#, _to promise in marriage, betroth_.
+
+  #re--responde�, �re, �, sp�nsus#, _to answer, reply_; _correspond
+  to, agree with_.
+
+#sp�nsus, �# [#sponde�#], m., _a lover, betrothed man_.
+
+#sponte# [abl. of #*sp�ns#, _free will_], f., _voluntarily_; with #me�,
+tu�#, or #su�#, _of my, your_, or _his own free will_.
+
+#Sp�rinna, ae#, m., _Vestritius Sp�rinna_, an augur of the time of
+Julius Caesar.
+
+#squ�ma, ae#, f., _scale_ (of fish or snake).
+
+#statim# [cf. #st�#], adv., _instantly, at once_.
+
+#stati�, �nis# [#st�#], f., _station, post_; _picket line, guard_.
+
+#statua, ae# [#statu�#], f., _a statue, image_.
+
+#statu�, ere, �, �tus# [#st�#], _to cause to stand, set up, place_;
+_determine_; _determine on, appoint, arrange_.
+
+  #con--c�nstitu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to set up, erect_; _set in order,
+  organize_; _arrange, appoint_; _resolve_.
+
+  #in--�nstitu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to set in place, arrange_; _found,
+  establish_; _determine, undertake, begin_; _train, teach_.
+
+  #re--restitu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to set up again, replace, restore,
+  reinstate_; _repair, remedy, save_.
+
+  #sub--substitu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to put in place of, substitute_;
+  _put_.
+
+#stat�ra, ae# [#st�#], f., _size, height, stature_.
+
+#status, �s# [#st�#], m., _state, condition, rank_.
+
+#stercus, oris#, n., _dung, manure_.
+
+#Sthenius, �#, m., _a Sicilian chief_.
+
+#stern�, ere, str�v�, str�tus#, _to spread out, scatter_; _lay low_.
+
+  #con--c�nstern�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to terrify, frighten, confound_;
+  _move deeply, affect powerfully_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�stern�, ere, str�v�, str�tus#, _to overthrow, destroy_.
+
+#stimulus, �#, m., _goad_; _sharp point, prick_.
+
+#stingu�, ere, --, --#, _to quench_.
+
+  #ex--exstingu�, ere, st�nx�, st�nctus#, _to extinguish_; _destroy,
+  kill_.
+
+  #re--restingu�, ere, st�nx�, st�nctus#, _to quench, extinguish,
+  destroy_.
+
+#st�pendium, �# [#stips#, _gift_ + #pend�#], n., _a payment_; _salary,
+pay_; _campaign_; #st�pendia facere# or #mer�re#, _to serve a campaign_.
+
+#stirps, stirpis#, f., _stock, race_; _offspring, progeny_.
+
+#st�, st�re, stet�, statum#, _to stand_; _stand firm, abide_; #st�re
+pr�miss�#, _to stand by_ (lit., _on_) _one's promise_.
+
+  #circum--circumst�, �re, stit�, --#, _to stand about, surround_.
+
+  #con--c�nst�, �re, stit�, --#, _to agree_; _stand firm, be fixed_;
+  _consist of_; #c�nstat#, _it is agreed, it is well known, it is
+  certain_; #sibi c�nst�re#, _to be consistent_.
+
+  #ex--exst�, �re, stit�, --#, _to be extant, remain, exist_.
+
+  #prae--praest�, �re, stit�, stitus#, intrans., _to stand before,
+  surpass, excel_; trans., _to show, make, render_.
+
+#stolid�# [#stolidus#, _stupid_], adv., _stupidly_.
+
+#str�g�s, is# [#stern�#], f., _overthrow, ruin, defeat_; _massacre_.
+
+#str�gulum, �# [#stern�#], n., _coverlet, bedspread_.
+
+#str�nuus#, adj., _brisk, active, vigorous_.
+
+#strepitus, �s# [#strep�#, _to make a noise_], m., _noise, din, crash_;
+_applause_.
+
+#string�, ere, strinx�, strictus#, _to draw_ or _bind tight_, _press
+together, graze_; _draw, unsheathe_ (a�sword or dagger).
+
+  #d�--d�string�, ere, strinx�, strictus#, _to draw, unsheathe_.
+
+  #per--perstring�, ere, strinx�, strictus#, _to touch, graze_;
+  _thrill, run through_.
+
+#stru�, ere, str�x�, str�ctus#, _to pile up, arrange_; _build, erect_.
+
+  #ex--exstru�, ere, str�x�, str�ctus#, _to pile_ or _heap up, build_.
+
+  #in--�nstru�, ere, str�x�, str�ctus#, _to build_; _arrange, draw up_
+  or _array_ (troops); _make ready, equip, fit out_.
+
+#studi�s�# [#studi�sus#, _eager_], adv., _eagerly, zealously_.
+
+#studium, �# [#stude�#, _to be eager_], n., _zeal, enthusiasm_; _desire,
+pursuit, study_; _good-will, affection_.
+
+#stultitia, ae# [#stultus#], f., _folly_.
+
+#stultus#, adj., _foolish, silly_.
+
+#stup�ns, entis# [orig. part. of #stupe�#], adj., _dazed, confused,
+dumbfounded_.
+
+#stupe�, �re, u�, --#, _to be struck senseless, be amazed_ or
+_astounded_.
+
+#su�de�, �re, su�s�, su�s�rus#, _to advise, urge, exhort_.
+
+  #dis--dissu�de�, �re, su�s�, su�sus#, _to advise against, oppose_
+  (by�argument).
+
+  #per--persu�de�, �re, su�s�, su�s�rus#, _to persuade, induce_;
+  _convince_.
+
+#sub#, prep. with (1) acc., _under, towards, until, after_; (2)�with
+abl., _under, beneath, at the foot of, close to_; _in the reign of_; in
+composition, _under, somewhat_; _in place of_; _underhandedly_.
+
+#subd�#, see #d�#.
+
+#subd�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#sube�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#subici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#subig�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#subitus# [#sube�#], adj., _sudden, unexpected_; abl. #subit�# as adv.,
+_on short notice, suddenly_.
+
+#subl�tus#, see #toll�#.
+
+#sublicius# [#sublica#, _a pile_], adj., _consisting of_ or _resting on
+piles_.
+
+#subl�mis, e#, adj., _uplifted, lofty_; _on high, through the sky_.
+
+#submitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#submove�#, see #move�#.
+
+#subol�s, is#, f., _a sprout, shoot_; _offspring, issue_; _race_.
+
+#sub�rn�#, see #�rn�#.
+
+#subscr�b�#, see #scr�b�#.
+
+#subsellium, �# [#sub# + #sella#], n., _a low bench, seat_.
+
+#subsequor#, see #sequor#.
+
+#subsidium, �# [cf. #subs�d�#, _to lie in wait_], n., _reserve troops_;
+_aid, help_.
+
+#subsist�#, see #sist�#.
+
+#substitu�#, see #statu�#.
+
+#subtex�, ere, u�, tus# [#sub# + #tex�#, _to weave_], _to weave under,
+join_; _subjoin, add_ (in�speech).
+
+#succ�d�#, see #c�d�#.
+
+#succ�ssor, �ris# [#succ�d�#], m., _follower, successor_.
+
+#succ�ssus, �s# [#succ�d�#], m., _favorable outcome, success_.
+
+#succing�#, see #cing�#.
+
+#succl�m�#, see #cl�m�#.
+
+#succurr�#, see #curr�#.
+
+#su�sc�, ere, su�v�, su�tus#, _to become accustomed to_.
+
+  #ad--adsu�sc�, ere, su�v�, su�tus#, _to accustom one's self to, be
+  wont_.
+
+  #con--c�nsu�sc�, ere, su�v�, su�tus#, _to become accustomed_.
+
+#suffici�#, see #faci�#.
+
+#suff�g�#, see #f�g�#.
+
+#suff�c�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#sub# + #fauces#, _the throat_], _to choke,
+strangle_.
+
+#suffodi�#, see #fodi�#.
+
+#suffr�g�tor, �ris# [#suffr�gor#, _to vote for_], m., _supporter,
+partisan, follower_.
+
+#suffr�gium, �#, n., _a voting tablet, vote, ballot_.
+
+#su�# gen., #sibi# dat., #s�# acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron.,
+sing. and pl., _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; #s�se, s�met#,
+strengthened forms of #s�#.
+
+#Sulla, ae#, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.
+
+  1. _L.�Corn�lius Sulla_, surnamed F�l�x, born B.C. 138; consul in
+  88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and
+  again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen
+  perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He
+  resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year.
+
+  2. _P. Corn�lius Sulla_, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by
+  Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.
+
+#Sull�nus#, adj., _of_ or _by Sulla, Sullan_; as noun, #Sull�n�, �rum#,
+pl. m., _the followers of Sulla_.
+
+#Sulpicius, �#, m., _Ser. Sulpicius R�fus_, tribune of the people in 88
+B.C., and a supporter of Marius.
+
+#sum, esse, fu�, fut�rus#, _to be, exist, live_; with gen., _belong to,
+be the part of_; _be true, be so_; _happen, take place_; with dat.,
+_have, possess_.
+
+  #ab--absum, esse, �fu�#, _to be away_ or _absent, be far from_;
+  #prope abesse#, _to be at no great distance, be near_.
+
+  #ad--adsum, esse, adfu�#, _to be present_ or _near_; _to aid_ (esp.
+  in court).
+
+  #d�--d�sum, deesse, d�fu�#, _to be away_ or _absent_; _be wanting_;
+  _fail_; _to miss, let slip_.
+
+  #in--�nsum, inesse, �nfu�#, _to be in_ or _on_; _belong�to_.
+
+  #inter--intersum, esse, fu�#, _to be present at, take part�in_.
+
+  #prae--praesum, praeesse, fu�#, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule,
+  govern, be in command�of_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�sum, pr�desse, pr�fu�#, _to benefit, profit, aid_.
+
+  #super--supersum, esse, fu�#, _to be over_ and _above, remain_;
+  _survive, outlive_.
+
+#summa, ae# [#summus#], f., _top, summit_; _chief point_ or _place,
+supremacy_; _total, amount, sum_.
+
+#summus#, see #superus#.
+
+#s�m�, ere, s�mps�, s�mptus# [#sub# + #em�#], _to take up, take,
+choose_; _enter upon, begin_; _spend_.
+
+  #ab--abs�m�, ere, s�mps�, s�mptus#, _to use up, consume_; _spend_.
+
+  #ad--ads�m�, ere, s�mps�, s�mptus#, _to take to one's self,
+  receive_.
+
+  #con--c�ns�m�, ere, s�mps�, s�mptus#, _to use up, spend_.
+
+#s�mptu�rius# [#s�mptus#], adj., _relating to expense, sumptuary_.
+
+#s�mptus, �s# [#s�m�#], m., _outlay, expense_.
+
+#supellex, supellectilis#, f., _household stuff, furniture_.
+
+#super#, prep. (1) with acc., _over, above, upon, in addition to_;
+_during_; (2)�with abl., _over, upon, beyond, in addition�to_.
+
+#superb�# [#superbus#], adv., _haughtily, proudly, arrogantly_.
+
+#superbia, ae# [#superbus#], f., _pride, arrogance_.
+
+#superbus# [#super#], adj., _haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent_.
+
+#Superbus, �#, m., see #Tarquinius#.
+
+#superiaci�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#superior#, see #superus#.
+
+#super�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#superus#], _to pass over, cross_; _overcome,
+subdue, conquer_; _excel, surpass_.
+
+#supersum#, see #sum#.
+
+#superus# [#super#], adj., _above, upper, higher_; comp. #superior#,
+_higher, superior, earlier_; as noun, _a superior_; sup. #supr�mus#,
+_highest, topmost, last_, or #summus#, _highest, greatest, extreme, most
+distinguished_; _often the highest part of, top of_; #Mare Superum#,
+_the Upper_ or _Adriatic Sea_.
+
+#superveni�#, see #veni�#.
+
+#superv�v�#, see #v�v�#.
+
+#supplex, icis# [#sub# + #plic�#, _to fold, bend_], adj., bending the
+knees in entreaty, _begging, suppliant_; as noun, _a suppliant_.
+
+#suppliciter# [#supplex#], adv., _suppliantly, humbly_.
+
+#supplicium, �# [#supplex#], n., _a kneeling down_ (as�suppliant, or to
+receive punishment); _punishment, execution_.
+
+#supplic�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#supplex#], _to kneel down_; _entreat,
+beseech_; _pray, worship_; _thank_.
+
+#supr�# [#super#], adv., _above_.
+
+#surg�, ere, surr�x�, surr�ctum# [#sub# + #reg�#], _to stand up, rise,
+arise_.
+
+  #ad--adsurg�, ere, surr�x�, --#, _to rise up, arise_.
+
+#suscipi�#, see #capi�#.
+
+#s�spectus# [orig. part. of #s�spici�#, _to suspect_], adj.,
+_mistrusted, suspected_.
+
+#suspendium, �#, n., _hanging_.
+
+#sustine�#, see #tene�#.
+
+#s�tor, �ris# [#su�#, _to sew, stitch_], m., _a shoemaker, cobbler_.
+
+#suus# [#su�#], adj., _his own, her own, its own, their own_; _his, her,
+its, their_; as noun, #su�, �rum#, pl. m., _his_ (their) _friends,
+followers, soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_.
+
+#Syph�x, �cis#, m., a prince of Numidia.
+
+#Syria, ae#, f., _Syria_, a country on the eastern coast of the
+Mediterranean.
+
+
+#T#
+
+#T.#, abbreviation of the name #Titus#.
+
+#tabella, ae# [dim. of #tabula#], f., _a small board, writing tablet_.
+
+#taberna, ae#, f., _stall, shop_ (of boards); _hut, tent_.
+
+#tabern�culum, �# [#taberna#], n., _a tent_.
+
+#tabula, ae#, f., _a board, plank_; _picture_ (sc.�#picta#, _painted_);
+_writing tablet_; _record, list_.
+
+#tace�, �re, u�, --#, _to be silent, say nothing_.
+
+#tacitus# [#tace�#], adj., _silent, secret_.
+
+#taedium, �# [#taedet#, _it wearies_], n., _weariness, disgust,
+loathing_.
+
+#talentum, �#, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100.
+
+#t�lis, e#, adj., such, _of such a kind_; #t�lis .�.�. qu�lis#, _such
+.�.�.�as_.
+
+#tam#, adv., _to such a degree, so much, as much, so_; #tam .�.�. quam#,
+_as .�.�. so, not only .�.�. but also_.
+
+#tamdi�#, adv., _so long_.
+
+#tamen#, adv., _yet, still, for all that, all the same, however,
+nevertheless_.
+
+#tamquam#, conj., _as if_.
+
+#Tanaquil, �lis#, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.
+
+#tandem#, adv., _at length, at last, finally_.
+
+#tang�, ere, tetig� t�ctus#, _to touch_.
+
+  #con--conting�, ere, tig�, t�ctus#, with acc., _to touch_; with
+  dat., _to occur to, fall to lot of, befall_; _happen_.
+
+  #ob--obting�, ere, tig�, --#, _to fall to the lot of, befall_;
+  _occur_.
+
+#tantum# [#tantus#], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only, merely_.
+
+#tantummod�# [#tantum# + #mod�#], adv., _only, merely_.
+
+#tantus#, adj., _so great, such_; as noun, #tantum, �#, n., _so much_.
+
+#tard�# [#tardus#, _slow_], adv., _slowly_.
+
+#tardit�s, �tis# [#tardus#, _slow_], f., _slowness, sluggishness_.
+
+#tard�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#tardus#, _slow_], _to delay, hinder, impede_.
+
+#Tarent�nus#, adj., of _Tarentum, Tarentine_; as noun, #Tarent�n�,
+�rum#, pl. m., _the people of Tarentum_.
+
+#Tarentum, �#, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of
+Italy; modern _Taranto_.
+
+#Tarp�ia, ae#, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.
+
+#Tarp�ius#, adj., _of Tarpeia, Tarpeian_; #r�p�s Tarp�ia#, _the
+Tarpeian_ rock, a�part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the
+Forum.
+
+(1) #Tarquini�, �rum#, pl. m., a city in Etruria.
+
+(2) #Tarquini�, �rum#, pl. m., _the Tarquin family, the Tarquins_.
+
+#Tarquinius, �#, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come
+from Etruria.
+
+  1. _Tarquinius Pr�scus_, the fifth king of Rome.
+
+  2. _Tarquinius Superbus_, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509.
+
+  3. _Sextus Tarquinius_, son of (2).
+
+  4. _L. Tarquinius Coll�tinus_, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia.
+
+#Tatius, �#, m., #Titus Tatius#, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with
+Romulus.
+
+#t�ctum, �# [#teg�#], n., _a covering, roof_; _covered structure,
+house_.
+
+#teg�, ere, t�x�, t�ctus#, _to cover_; _hide, conceal_; _defend, guard_.
+
+  #d�--d�teg�, ere, t�x�, t�ctus#, _to uncover, expose_; _betray_.
+
+#t�gula, ae# [#tego#], f., _roof tile, tile_.
+
+#t�lum, �#, n., _missile_; _spear, javelin_.
+
+#temer�rius# [#temer�#], adj., _heedless, rash, reckless_.
+
+#temer�#, adv., _blindly, rashly, heedlessly_.
+
+#temerit�s, �tis# [#temer�#], f., _rashness, heedlessness, temerity_.
+
+#temper�ns, antis# [orig. part. of #temper�#], adj., _moderate,
+temperate, sober_.
+
+#temper�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#tempus#], _to set bounds to, restrain_.
+
+#tempest�s, �tis# [#tempus#], f., _point_ or _period of time; storm,
+tempest_.
+
+#templum, �#, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_.
+
+#tempus, oris#, n., _time, period, season_; _opportunity, occasion_.
+
+#tend�, ere, tetend�, tentus# and #t�nsus#, _to spread out, stretch_;
+#�nsidi�s tendere#, _to lay a trap for, plot against_.
+
+  #con--contend�, ere, �, tentus#, _to stretch_; _exert one's self,
+  strive, insist_; _hasten, march quickly_.
+
+  #in--intend�, ere, �, tentus#, _to stretch, stretch, towards_; _aim,
+  direct_.
+
+  #ob(s)--ostend�, ere, �, tentus#, _to stretch out, show_; _produce,
+  furnish_; _disclose, make known_.
+
+  #por (= pr�)--portend�, ere, �, tentus#, _to point out, indicate_;
+  _foreshadow, portend_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�tend�, ere, �, tentus#, _to stretch out, extend_.
+
+#tenebrae, �rum#, pl. f., _darkness, gloom_; _a hiding place_.
+
+#tenebric�sus# [#tenebrae#], adj., _dark, gloomy_.
+
+#tene�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to hold, keep_; _possess_; _maintain, guard,
+defend_; _seize_.
+
+  #ab--abstine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _from_; _keep
+  aloof from_; _refrain from, abstain_.
+
+  #con--contine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to keep, hold, contain_;
+  _restrain, rule, curb_.
+
+  #d�--d�tine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _off_; _detain,
+  hinder_.
+
+  #ob--obtine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to hold, possess_; _rule, govern_.
+
+  #per--pertine�, �re, u�, --#, _to stretch out, extend_; _reach_.
+
+  #re--retine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to keep_ or _hold_ (back), _retain,
+  detain_.
+
+  #sub(s)--sustine�, �re, u�, tentus#, _to hold up, support, sustain_;
+  _bear, endure_; _hold in check, restrain_.
+
+#tent�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #tend�#], _to touch, handle_; _try,
+attempt_; _sound, try to win over_.
+
+#tent�rium, �# [#tend�#], n., _a tent_.
+
+#ter#, num. adv., _thrice, three times_.
+
+#Terentius, �#, m., a Roman gentile name. See #Varr�#.
+
+#Terentius, �#, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.
+
+#tergiversor, �r�, --# [#tergum# + #vert�#], _to twist and turn,
+shuffle, evade_.
+
+#tergum, �#, n., _back, rear_.
+
+#tern�, ae, a# [cf. #tr�s#], num. adj., _three on each side, by threes,
+three_.
+
+#ter�, ere, tr�v�, tr�tus#, _to rub, wear away_; _waste, kill_.
+
+#terra, ae#, f., _the earth, ground_; _land_.
+
+#terre�, �re, u�, itus#, _to frighten, alarm, terrify_; _deter_.
+
+  #d�--d�terre�, �re, u�, itus#, _to frighten off, deter, keep from_.
+
+#terribilis, e# [#terre�#], adj., _frightful, dreadful_.
+
+#terror, �ris# [#terre�#], m., _fear, panic_.
+
+#tertius# [cf. #tr�s#], adj., _third_; abl. n. #terti�# as adv., _the
+third time_.
+
+#t�stim�nium, �# [#t�stis#, _a witness_], n., _evidence, testimony,
+proof_.
+
+#t�stor, �r�, �tus sum# [#t�stis#, _a witness_], _to bear witness, be a
+witness_.
+
+#Teutobochus, �#, m., a chief of the Teutones.
+
+#Teuton�s, um#, pl. m., _the Teutones_, a Germanic people which invaded
+Italy, but was defeated by Marius.
+
+#th�saurus, �#, m., _a treasure, hoard_.
+
+#Thessalia, ae#, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern
+part of Greece.
+
+#Ti.#, abbreviation of the name #Tiberius#.
+
+#Tiberis, is#, m., _the river Tiber_.
+
+#Tiberius, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#T�cinus, �#, m., _the Ticinus_, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to
+the�Po.
+
+#tigillum, �# [dim. of #t�gnum#, _beam_], n., _a little beam_.
+
+#Tigr�n�s, is#, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates.
+
+#time�, �re, u�, --#, _to be afraid, fear_.
+
+#timidus# [#time�#], adj., _fearful, timid_.
+
+#t�r�cinium, �# [#t�r�#, _a raw recruit_], n., _a soldier's first
+campaign_; _military inexperience_.
+
+#titulus, �#, m., _inscription, placard, notice_.
+
+#Titus, �#, m., a Roman praenomen.
+
+#toga, ae#, f., _the toga_, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.
+See also #praetextus#.
+
+#tog�tus# [#toga#], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful garb,
+unarmed_.
+
+#toll�, ere, sustul�, subl�tus#, _to lift, raise, take up_; _remove,
+abolish_.
+
+#tonitrus, �s# [#ton�#, _to thunder_], m., _thunder, peal of thunder_.
+
+#t�nsor, �ris# [#tonde�#, _to shear_], m., _a barber_.
+
+#t�ns�rius# [#t�nsor#], adj., _of a barber, barber's_.
+
+#T�ranius, �#, m., _Titus_, who betrayed his father to the second
+triumvirate.
+
+#Torqu�tus, �# [#torquis#], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens.
+
+  1. _T.�M�nlius Torqu�tus_, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347,
+  344, and 340.
+
+  2. _T. M�nlius Torqu�tus_, son of (1), put to death by his father
+  for disobedience of orders.
+
+#torque�, �re, tors�, tortus#, _to turn, twist_; _torture, torment_.
+
+#torquis, is# [#torque�#], m., _a twisted collar, necklace_.
+
+#torv�# [#torvus#, _grim_], adv., _sternly, grimly_.
+
+#tot#, indecl. adj., _so many_.
+
+#totidem# [#tot#], indecl. adj., _just as many, the same number�of_.
+
+#toti�ns# [#tot#], adv., _so many times, so often_.
+
+#t�tus#, gen. #t�t�us#, dat. #t�t�#, adj., _all, all the, the whole,
+entire_.
+
+#tr�d�#, see #d�#.
+
+#tr�d�c�#, see #d�c�#.
+
+#trah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw, drag_; _detain_.
+
+  #ab--abstrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to drag off_ or _away_; _carry
+  off_.
+
+  #con--contrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw together, collect,
+  assemble_.
+
+  #d�--d�trah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw_ or _strip off,
+  remove_; _drag_.
+
+  #dis--distrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to pull asunder, part,
+  separate_.
+
+  #ex--extrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw_ or _pull out_;
+  _prolong, waste_.
+
+  #per--pertrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw along, drag_; _lead_.
+
+  #re--retrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#, _to draw_ or _drag back_.
+
+#tr�ici�#, see #iaci�#.
+
+#tr�n�#, see #n�#.
+
+#tr�ns#, prep. with acc., _across, beyond, over_.
+
+#tr�nscend�#, see #scand�#.
+
+#tr�nse�#, see (1) #e�#.
+
+#transfer�#, see #fer�#.
+
+#tr�nsf�g�#, see #f�g�#.
+
+#tr�nsfodi�#, see #fodi�#.
+
+#tr�nsfugi�#, see #fugi�#.
+
+#tr�nsgredior#, see #gradior#.
+
+#tr�nsig�#, see #ag�#.
+
+#tr�nsili�#, see #sali�#.
+
+#tr�nsmitt�#, see #mitt�#.
+
+#tr�nsversus# [#tr�ns# + #vert�#], adj., _turned across, crosswise_;
+_out of the way_.
+
+#Trasum�nus, �#, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of
+Hannibal's victory over the Romans in B.C. 217.
+
+#Trebia, ae#, f., _the Trebia_, a small tributary of the Po, near
+Placentia.
+
+#trecent�simus# [#trecent�#], num. adj., _three hundredth_.
+
+#trecent�, ae, a# [#tr�s# + #centum#], num. adj., _three hundred_.
+
+#tredecim# [#tr�s# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _thirteen_.
+
+#trem�, ere, u�, --#, _to quake, tremble_.
+
+#trepid�ti�, �nis# [#trepid�#], f., _alarm, confusion_.
+
+#trepid�, �re, �v�, --#, _to be in alarm_ or _confusion_; _tremble,
+waver_.
+
+#tr�s, tria#, num. adj., _three_.
+
+#trib�nal, �lis# [#trib�nus#], n., _a judgment seat, tribunal_.
+
+#trib�n�tus, �s# [#trib�nus#], m., _the tribuneship, office of tribune_.
+
+#trib�n�cius# [#trib�nus#], adj., _of a tribune, tribunitial_.
+
+#trib�nus, �# [#tribus#], m., _chief of a tribe, tribune_; #trib�nus
+m�litum# or #m�lit�ris#, _military tribune, captain_, one of the minor
+officers of a legion, six in number; #trib�nus pl�bis#, _tribune of the
+people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C.
+to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten _trib�n� pl�bis_
+were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.
+
+#tribu�, ere, �, �tus# [#tribus#], _to assign, grant, give_.
+
+  #dis--distribu�, ere, �, �tus#, _to divide, distribute, apportion_.
+
+#tribus, �s# [cf. #tr�s#], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the
+people).
+
+#trib�tum, �# [#tribu�#], n., _tax, tribute_.
+
+#triennium, �# [#tr�s# + #annus#], n., _the space of three years, three
+years_.
+
+#trigemin�, ae, a# [#tr�s# + #geminus#], adj., _born three at a birth_;
+as noun, pl. m., _triplets_.
+
+#tr�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_.
+
+#tr�stis, e#, adj., _sad, sorrowful_; _stern, severe_.
+
+#triumph�lis, e# [#triumphus#], adj., _pertaining to a triumph,
+triumphal_.
+
+#triumph�, �re, �v�, �tum# [#triumphus#], _to celebrate a triumph,
+triumph_.
+
+#triumphus, �#, m., _a triumph_, the splendid procession in which the
+victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the
+spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the
+Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to
+the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
+
+#triumvir, vir�# [#tr�s# + #vir#], m., _a triumvir_, one of a board of
+three commissioners.
+
+#tropaeum, �#, n., _a trophy, sign of victory_, made usually by
+fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.
+
+#truc�d�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher_.
+
+#truncus, �#, m., _stem, trunk_ (of a tree); _trunk, body_.
+
+#t�, tu�#, pl. #v�s, vestrum# or #vestr�#, pers. pron., _thou, you_.
+
+#tueor, �r�, itus sum#, _to look at, watch_; _defend, protect_.
+
+  #in--intueor, �r�, itus sum#, _to look closely at or upon, gaze�at_.
+
+#Tullius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _Servius Tullius_, sixth king of Rome.
+
+  2. _M. Tullius Cicer�_, the orator. See #Cicer�#.
+
+#Tullus, �#, m., praenomen of _Tullus Host�lius_, third king of Rome.
+
+#tum#, adv., _then, at that time_; _thereupon_.
+
+#tumultuor, �r�, �tus sum# [#tumultus#], _to make a disturbance, riot_.
+
+#tumultus, �s#, m., _a disturbance, uproar_; _rebellion, riot_.
+
+#tumulus, �# [#tume�#, _to swell_], m., _a hillock, mound, hill_.
+
+#tunc#, adv., _then, at that time_; _accordingly, thereupon_.
+
+#turba, ae#, f., _a hubbub, crowd, throng_.
+
+#turbulentus# [#turba#], adj., _stormy, confused, troubled_.
+
+#turdus, �#, m., _a thrush, fieldfare_.
+
+#turma, ae#, f., _a troop_ or _squadron_ (of cavalry).
+
+#turpis, e#, adj., _ugly_; _base, dishonorable_.
+
+#turris, is#, m., _tower, castle_; _howdah_.
+
+#t�s, t�ris#, n., _incense_.
+
+#t�t�la, ae# [#tueor#], f., _protection, guardianship_.
+
+(1) #t�tor, �ris# [#tueor#], m., _protector, guardian_.
+
+(2) #t�tor, �r�, �tus sum# [freq. of #tueor#], _to guard, protect_.
+
+#t�tus# [orig. part. of #tueor#], adj., _safe_; #t�t�#, abl. as adv.,
+_safely_.
+
+
+#U#
+
+#�ber, eris#, n., _teat, dug, udder_.
+
+#ubi#, interr. adv., _where? when?_ As conj. interr. and rel., _where,
+when_.
+
+#ulc�scor, �, ultus sum#, _to punish, avenge_.
+
+#�llus#, gen. #�ll�us#, adj., _any, any one_.
+
+#ulterior, ius#, gen. #�r�s# [#ultr�#], adj., _farther, remoter_; sup.
+#ultimus#, _farthest, last, utmost, greatest_; #ultima manus#,
+_finishing touches_; #ulterius#, adv., _beyond, farther, more, longer_;
+#ultimum#, adv., _for the last time_.
+
+#ultimum, ultimus#, see #ulterior#.
+
+#ulti�, �nis# [#ulc�scor#], f., _revenge_.
+
+#ultr�#, adv., and prep. with acc., _on the other side, beyond_; #ultr�
+fidem#, _incredibly_.
+
+#ultr�#, adv., _of one's own accord, voluntarily_.
+
+#umbra, ae#, f., _shadow, shade_.
+
+#umerus, �#, m., _the shoulder_.
+
+#umquam#, adv., _at any time, ever_.
+
+#unde#, adv. (1) interr., _whence? from whom, from which?_ (2)�rel.,
+_whence, from whom, from which_; _wherefore_.
+
+#�ndecim# [#�nus# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _eleven_.
+
+#undique#, adv., _from all sides_; _on all sides, everywhere_.
+
+#unguis, is#, m., _a_ (finger) _nail_.
+
+#�niversus# [#�nus# + #vert�#], adj., _all in one, whole, entire_.
+
+#�nus#, gen. #un�us#, adj., _one, only, sole, alone_; #�nus quisque#,
+_each one_.
+
+#urb�nus# [#urbs#], adj., _of_ or _in the city_, esp. _in Rome_;
+_refined, witty_; as noun, #urb�n�, �rum#, pl. m., _city people_; _town
+wits_.
+
+#urbs, urbis#, f., _a city_; The City (Rome).
+
+#�r�n�tor, �ris#, m., _a diver_.
+
+#�rna, ae# [#�r�#], f., _a vessel, urn_ (of baked clay).
+
+#�r�, ere, �ss�, �stus#, _to burn_.
+
+  #co# + #amb(i)--comb�r�, ere, �ss�, �stus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+  #d�--de�r�, ere, �ss�, �stus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+  #ex--ex�r�, ere, �ss�, �stus#, _to burn up, consume_.
+
+#�squam#, adv., _anywhere_.
+
+#�sque#, adv., _all the way, right on, continuously, even_.
+
+#�s�rp�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#�sus# + #rapi�#], _to make use of, enjoy_.
+
+#�sus, �s# [#�tor#], m., _use, employment_; _experience, training_;
+_profit, advantage, convenience_.
+
+#ut#, adv., interr., _how? in what way?_ rel., _as, just as_; _since,
+seeing that_; #ut .�.�. ita#, _just as .�.�.�so_.
+
+#ut#, conj., (1) with indic., _when_; #ut pr�mum#, _as soon as_;
+(2)�with subj. of purpose, _in order that, that_; of result, _so that,
+that_.
+
+(1) #uter, utris#, m., _leather bag, skin_.
+
+(2) #uter, utra, utrum#, adj., (1) interr., _which of (the) two?_
+(2)�rel., _whichever one_ (of�the two).
+
+#uterque, traque, trumque# [#uter# + #que#], adj., _each_ (of�the two),
+_both_.
+
+#�tilis, e# [#�tor#], adj., _useful, helpful_; _profitable, expedient_.
+
+#�tilit�s, �tis# [#�tilis#], f., _profit, advantage_.
+
+#utinam#, adv., _oh that! would that!_
+
+#utique#, adv., _at any rate, surely_; _especially_.
+
+#�tor, �t�, �sus sum#, _make use of, employ_; _enjoy, take advantage
+of_; #aliquid �tendum dare#, _to lend_.
+
+#utpote#, adv., _seeing that, inasmuch as, since_.
+
+#utrimque# [#uterque#], adv., _from_ or _on both sides, on either hand_.
+
+#uxor, �ris#, f., _a wife_.
+
+
+#V#
+
+#vac�, �re, �v�, --#, _to be empty, be free_ (e.g. from labor), _have
+leisure_.
+
+#vacuus# [#vac�#], adj., _empty, unoccupied_.
+
+#v�d�, ere, --, --#, _to go, rush_.
+
+  #ex--�v�d�, ere, v�s�, v�sus#, _to go forth_ or _away_; _get away,
+  escape_; _get to be, become_.
+
+  #in--inv�d�, ere, v�s�, v�sum#, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize, take
+  possession�of_.
+
+#vae#, interj., _oh! alas! woe!_
+
+#v�g�tus, �s# [#v�gi�#, _to cry_], m., _squalling, crying_.
+
+#vale�, �re, u�, it�rus#, _to be well_ or _strong_; _have power_ or
+_influence, prevail_.
+
+#Valerius, �#, m., the name of a Roman gens.
+
+  1. _M.�Valerius M�ximus Corv�nus_. See #M�ximus#�(1).
+
+  2. _C. Valerius Catullus_. See #Catullus#.
+
+#val�t�d�, inis# [#vale�#], f., _health_ (good or bad); _good health_;
+_sickness_.
+
+#validus# [#vale�#], adj., _strong, stout; powerful_.
+
+#vall�s#, or #vallis, is#, f., _valley, vale_.
+
+#v�llum, �#, n., _stockade, rampart, wall_.
+
+#v�nus#, adj., _empty, idle_; _ostentatious, vain_.
+
+#varius#, adj., _various, different, diverse_.
+
+#varix, icis#, m., _a dilated vein_.
+
+#Varr�, �nis#, m., _C. Terentius Varr�_, consul in 219 and 216; defeated
+at Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.
+
+#V�rus, �#, m., see #Qu�ntilius#.
+
+#vas, vadis#, m., _bail, security_; _surety_.
+
+#v�s, v�sis# (pl. #v�sa, �rum#), n., _a vessel, dish_.
+
+#v�st�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#v�stus#], _to lay waste, devastate, destroy_.
+
+#v�stus#, adj., _empty, waste_; _immense, huge_.
+
+#vegetus# [#vege�#, _to quicken_], adj., _lively, animated_.
+
+#vehementer# [#vehem�ns#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, seriously,
+severely_; _exceedingly_.
+
+#veh�, ere, vex�, vectus#, _to bear, carry, convey_; in pass., with
+#n�v�# or #equ�#, _to sail, ride_.
+
+  #ad--adveh�, ere, vex�, vectus#, _to carry_ or _bring to, bring_.
+
+  #ex--�veh�, ere, vex�, vectus#, _to lift, raise, elevate_.
+
+  #in--inveh�, ere, vex�, vectus#, _to carry in_ or _to_; in pass.,
+  _ride into, sail�to_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�veh�, ere, vex�, vectus#, _to carry forward_; in pass., _to
+  sail, proceed_.
+
+#V�ient�s, um#, pl. m., _the people of Veii_, a town in Etruria, about
+twelve miles from Rome.
+
+#vel# [old imperative of (1) #vol�#], adv. and conj., _even_; _or, or
+else_; #vel .�.�. vel#, _either .�.�.�or_.
+
+#v�l�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to cover up, veil_.
+
+#v�l�cit�s, �tis# [#v�l�x#], f., _speed, swiftness_.
+
+#v�l�x, �cis#, adj., _swift, fleet, quick_.
+
+#velut# or #velut�#, adv., _just as if, as if_; _ostensibly_.
+
+#v�n�bulum, �# [#v�nor#], n., _a hunting spear_.
+
+#v�n�ti�, �nis# [#v�nor#], f., _hunting_; _a hunting spectacle_, in
+which wild beasts fought against men, or against one another.
+
+#v�nd�, ere, did�, ditus# [contr. from v�numd�], _to sell_.
+
+#ven�num, �#, n., _poison_.
+
+#vener�ti�, �nis# [#veneror#], f., _respect, reverence_; _an object of
+reverence_ or _awe_.
+
+#veneror, �r�, �tus sum#, _to reverence, worship, revere, respect,
+honor_.
+
+#venia, ae#, f., _indulgence, favor, pardon_.
+
+#veni�, �re, v�n�, ventum#, _to come, go_.
+
+  #ad--adveni�, �re, v�n�, ventum#, _to come to, reach, arrive at,
+  arrive_.
+
+  #circum--circumveni�, �re, v�n�, ventus#, _to surround, beset_.
+
+  #con--conveni�, �re, v�n�, ventus#, _to come together, assemble_;
+  with acc., _to meet_; #convenit#, impers., _it is agreed, an
+  arrangement is made_.
+
+  #in--inveni�, �re, v�n�, ventus#, _to come upon, find, discover_.
+
+  #ob--obveni�, �re, v�n�, ventum#, _to come_ or _go to meet_;
+  _befall, occur to_; _fall to the lot�of_.
+
+  #per--perveni�, �re, v�n�, ventum#, _to come to, reach_; _penetrate,
+  attain�to_.
+
+  #prae--praeveni�, �re, v�n�, ventus#, _to come before, get start of,
+  anticipate, outstrip_.
+
+  #super--superveni�, �re, v�n�, ventum#, _to come to the rescue,
+  arrive_.
+
+#v�nor, �r�, �tus sum#, _to hunt, chase_.
+
+#venter, tris#, m., _the stomach_.
+
+#ventit�, �re, �v�, --# [freq. of #veni�#], _to come_ or _go often,
+resort_.
+
+#ventus, �#, m., _wind_.
+
+#v�numd�, dare, ded�, datus# [#v�num#, _sale_ + #d�#], _to sell_.
+
+#Venusia, ae#, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania.
+
+#venustus# [#venus#, _grace_], adj., _charming, graceful_.
+
+#verber, eris#, n., _a lash, whip_; _blow_.
+
+#verbum, �#, n., _a word_; _saying, phrase_.
+
+#v�r�# [#v�rus#], adv., _truthfully, truly_.
+
+#ver�cundia, ae# [#vereor#], f., _modesty, shame_; _respect, reverence_.
+
+#vereor, �r�, itus sum#, _to feel awe of, respect_; _fear, be afraid_.
+
+#v�r�# [abl. of #v�rus#], adv., _truly, heartily_; _in truth, indeed,
+however, but_.
+
+#verr�ca, ae#, f., _a wart, pimple_.
+
+#versiculus# [dim. of #versus#], m., _a little verse_; _a line_.
+
+#vers�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #vert�#], _to twist, turn_; pass., _to
+dwell, abide, be_; _employ one's self, conduct one's self_.
+
+#versus, �s# [#vert�#], m., _a verse, line_.
+
+#vertex, icis# [#vert�#], m., _summit, peak, crest_.
+
+#vert�, ere, �, versus#, _to turn, change_; in pass., _turn about,
+return_.
+
+  #ab--�vert�, ere, �, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside, avert,
+  divert_.
+
+  #con--convert�, ere, �, versus#, _to turn round, change_; _turn,
+  direct_; _divert, misuse_; #conversus#, _turning_.
+
+  #dis--d�vert�, ere, �, versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside_.
+
+  #ex--�vert�, ere, �, versus#, _to overturn, destroy, ruin_.
+
+  #inter--intervert�, ere, �, versus#, _to turn aside_; _embezzle,
+  misappropriate_.
+
+  #re--revertor, �, revert�# or (less often) #reversus sum#, _to
+  return_; _revert, recur_.
+
+#v�rum# [#v�rus#], adv., _truly, certainly_; _but_.
+
+#v�rus#, adj., _true, real, genuine_. For #r� v�r�#, see #r�s#.
+
+#vescor, �, --#, _to eat_.
+
+#vesper, er�#, m., _evening_.
+
+#Vesta, ae#, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the
+state. A�fire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum,
+which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans
+believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with
+the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry
+during their term of office.
+
+#vester, tra, trum# [orig. #voster#; cf. #v�s#], poss. pron. adj.,
+_your, yours_.
+
+#v�stibulum, �#, n., _vestibule, entrance_.
+
+#v�st�gium, �#, n., _footstep, footprint_.
+
+#vestis, is#, f., _clothing, garments_; _a robe_.
+
+#veter�nus# [#vetus#], adj., _old, veteran_. As noun, #veter�n�, �rum#,
+pl. m., _veteran soldiers, veterans_.
+
+#vet�, �re, u�, itus#, _not allow, forbid_.
+
+#vetus, eris#, adj., _old, aged_; _of a former time, ancient_.
+
+#vex�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #veh�#], _to shake_; _trouble,
+disturb_.
+
+#via, ae#, f., _highway, road_; _passage, march, journey_.
+
+#vic�rius, �# [#vicis#], m., _a substitute, proxy_.
+
+#v�c�simus# [cf. #v�gint�#], num. adj., _twentieth_.
+
+#v�ci�s# [cf. #v�gint�#], num. adv., _twenty times_.
+
+#v�c�nus# [#v�cus#], adj., _neighboring, near_.
+
+(#vicis#), #is# (nom. wanting), f., _alternation, change, succession_;
+#in vicem#, _in turn_.
+
+#victor, �ris# [#vinc�#], m., _conqueror, victor_; as adj.,
+_victorious_.
+
+#vict�ria, ae# [#victor#], f., _victory_.
+
+#v�cus, �#, m., _a street_; _village, town_.
+
+#vid�licet# [#vid�re# + #licet#], adv., _you see, clearly_; _of course,
+that�is_.
+
+#vide�, �re, v�d�, v�sus#, _to see, perceive, understand_; in pass.,
+_seem_.
+
+  #in--invide�, �re, v�d�, v�sus#, _to look askance at, to envy_.
+
+#vigil, vigilis#, adj., _wakeful, alert_; as noun, _a watchman,
+sentinel_.
+
+#vigilantia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness_.
+
+#vigilia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness_; _a watch_ (a�fourth part of
+the night).
+
+#v�gint�#, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_.
+
+#v�licus, �# [#v�lla#], m., _overseer, steward_.
+
+#v�lla, ae#, f., _a country house, villa_.
+
+#v�min�lis, e# [#v�men#, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as noun,
+#V�min�lis, is#, m. (sc.�#collis#), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the seven
+hills of Rome.
+
+#vinci�, �re, vinx�, vinctus#, _to bind, fetter_.
+
+#vinc�, ere, v�c�, victus#, _to conquer, defeat_; _surpass_; intrans.,
+_prevail_.
+
+  #d�--d�vinc�, ere, v�c�, victus#, _to conquer completely, subdue_.
+
+#vinculum, �# [#vinci�#], n., _a bond_; in pl., _bonds, chains, jail_.
+
+#vindex, icis#, m., _champion, protector_.
+
+#vindic�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#v�s# + #d�c�#], _to claim_; _protect_;
+_avenge_; _punish_.
+
+#v�num, �#, n., _wine_.
+
+#violentus# [#v�s#], adj., _violent, impetuous_.
+
+#viol�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#v�s#], _to injure_; _dishonor, outrage_.
+
+#vir, vir�#, m., _a man, hero_; _husband_.
+
+#v�r�s#, see #v�s#.
+
+#virga, ae#, f., _a rod, scourge_.
+
+#Virg�nia, ae#, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius
+Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, B.C. 449.
+
+#Virg�nius, �#, m., _L._, the father of Virginia, consul in B.C. 449.
+
+#virg�, inis#, f., _young girl, maiden, virgin_.
+
+#vir�lis, e# [#vir#], adj., _manly_.
+
+#vir�tim# [#vir#], adv., _man by man, singly, individually_.
+
+#virt�s, �tis# [#vir#], f., _manliness, strength, bravery_; _ability_.
+
+#v�s#, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. #vim#, abl. #v�#, f., _strength,
+force_; _hostile force, violence_; _quantity, number_; pl., #v�r�s#,
+_energy, vigor, resources_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_.
+
+#v�s�, ere, �, us# [freq. of #vide�#], _to go to see, visit_.
+
+#v�sus, �s# [#vide�#], m., _appearance, vision_.
+
+#v�ta, ae# [cf. #v�v�#], f., _life_.
+
+#vitium, �# [#vie�#, _to twist_], n., _a fault, failing, vice_.
+
+#vituperandus# [gerundive of #vituper�#], adj., _blameworthy_.
+
+#vituper�ti�, �nis# [#vituper�#], f., _censure, criticism_.
+
+#vituper�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to blame, censure_.
+
+#v�v�, ere, v�x�, v�ctum#, _to live_.
+
+  #super--superv�v�, ere, v�x�, --#, _to live beyond, outlive,
+  survive_.
+
+#v�vus# [#v�v�#], adj., _living, alive_; of water, _running_.
+
+#vix#, adv., _with difficulty, hardly, scarcely_.
+
+#v�ciferor, �r�, �tus sum# [#v�x# + #fer�#], _to cry out, shout,
+exclaim_.
+
+#vocit�, �re, �v�, �tus# [freq. of #voc�#], _to call repeatedly_ or
+_loudly_.
+
+#voc�, �re, �v�, �tus# [cf. #v�x#], _to call, summon, name_.
+
+  #ab--�voc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call off_, or _away_.
+
+  #ad--advoc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call to_ (one), _summon_; _call
+  together_.
+
+  #con--convoc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call together, summon_.
+
+  #ex--�voc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call forth_ or _out, summon_.
+
+  #pr�--pr�voc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call forth, challenge_;
+  _appeal�to_.
+
+  #re--revoc�, �re, �v�, �tus#, _to call back, call again, recall_.
+
+#volit�, �re, �v�, --# [freq. of (2) #vol�#], _flit about_; _fly,
+hasten_.
+
+(1) #vol�, velle, volu�, --#, _to wish_; _be willing_; _be minded,
+determine_.
+
+(2) #vol�, �re, �v�, �t�rus#, _to fly_.
+
+  #ab--�vol�, �re, �v�, --#, _to fly_ or _hasten away_.
+
+  #d�--d�vol�, �re, --, --#, _to fly down, fly_.
+
+#Volsc�, �rum#, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of
+Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338.
+
+#volucer, cris, cre# [(2) #vol�#], adj., _flying, winged_; as noun, f.
+(sc.�#avis#), _a bird_.
+
+#vol�men, inis# [#volv�#, _to roll_], n., _roll of writing, scroll,
+volume, book_.
+
+#volunt�rius# [#volunt�s#], adj., _of free will, voluntary_.
+
+#volunt�s, �tis# [(1)�#vol�#], f., _will, wish, desire, inclination_.
+
+#volupt�s, �tis#, f., _pleasure, enjoyment_.
+
+#v�s#, see #t�#.
+
+#v�tum, �# [#vove�#], n., _a vow, wish, prayer_.
+
+#vove�, �re, v�v�, v�tus#, _to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate_.
+
+  #d�--d�vove�, �re, v�v�, v�tus#, _to consecrate, doom, devote_.
+
+#v�x, v�cis#, f., _voice, sound, tone_; _cry, call_; _saying, speech_.
+
+#vulg�ris, e# [#vulgus#], adj., _commonplace, ordinary, vulgar_.
+
+#vulg�# [#vulgus#], adv., _commonly, popularly, generally_.
+
+#vulgus, �#, n., _the masses, multitude, the common people_.
+
+#vulner�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#vulnus#], _to wound, hurt, injure_.
+
+#vulnus, eris#, n., _a wound_; _blow, misfortune_.
+
+#vultur, uris#, m., _a vulture_.
+
+#vultus, �s#, m., _the expression of the face, features, countenance_.
+
+
+#X#
+
+#Xanthippus, �#, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians
+defeated Regulus in B.C. 255.
+
+#Xenoph�n, �ntis#, m., _Xenophon_, an Athenian general and author, who
+lived about B.C. 440-350.
+
+#Xerx�s, is#, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis
+B.C. 480.
+
+
+#Z#
+
+#Zama, ae#, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.
+
+#z�na, ae#, f., _a girdle, belt_; _money belt_.
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCES TO HARKNESS' COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR
+
+To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp's Viri Romae
+
+
+Page   Note
+
+  1     4  489
+        5  568
+        6  446, 2
+
+  2     7  429
+        8  639
+       10  476
+       18  622
+
+  3     2  649, II.
+        4  418
+       10  595
+       11  480
+       14  533, 4
+       15  532, 3
+
+  4     1  475
+        6  477, I.
+       12  598
+
+  5     3  590
+        6  205, 2
+       14  396, 2
+       20  633
+
+  6     1  646
+       16  615
+
+  7     7  600, II.
+       16  642
+       17  473, 2
+       20  565
+
+  8     5  462
+
+  9     6  568
+
+ 10     2  430
+        6  429
+        9  570
+       15  417
+       18  471
+
+ 12     1  417
+        5  605, I.
+       23  454
+
+ 13    10  652, 1
+
+ 14    13  568, 7
+       15  440, 1 and 2
+
+ 15     3  484, 2
+
+ 16     6  559, 1
+
+ 17     4  427
+       11  451, 1
+
+ 18     4  584
+       17  440, 3
+
+ 19    15  424
+
+ 20    11  603, 2
+       12  426
+
+ 21     8  611, 1
+       14  473, 2
+       15  666, 2
+
+ 23     8  467
+
+ 24     9  478
+       12  565
+
+ 25     6  433
+        7  483
+
+ 27     3  489, 1
+        6  588, II.
+       16  430
+
+ 28     7  457
+        9  425, 4, N.
+       13  484, 2
+
+ 30     2  441
+        3  426, 2
+
+ 31     1  592, 1
+        9  559, 1
+       11  576
+
+ 33     2  454
+       13  426
+
+ 34     2  426
+
+ 35     2  489
+        6  497, 4
+
+ 36     8  456
+       10  477, I.
+       18  476, 1
+
+ 37     4  477, III.
+
+ 38     1  497 and 1
+       12  567
+
+ 39     4  595, 1
+       12  479
+
+ 41    10  473, 3
+
+ 42     5  399, 5
+
+ 44     2  428, 3
+
+ 47    12  579 and N.
+
+ 48     4  481
+        5  499
+
+ 49     4  83, 5
+        7  561, 2
+
+ 51     6  626, 3
+
+ 53    12  451, 2
+
+ 54     8  473, 2, N. 1
+        9  416, 2
+
+ 62     5  591, 4
+        9  565, 4
+
+ 63     5  642, 4
+
+ 66     4  556
+
+ 67     4  448, 1
+
+ 70     2  581, 1
+
+ 72     8  592
+
+ 73     5  591, 1
+
+ 74     5  470, 1
+
+ 75    10  456, 3
+
+ 76     4  432
+
+ 85     6  474, 2, N. 1
+
+ 86     7  586, II.
+
+ 87     7  587
+
+ 90     2  535, 1
+
+112     3  468
+
+114     2  429
+        3  426, 1
+        4  434
+        6  378, 2
+
+115     1  378
+
+118     4  486
+
+120     7  431
+
+123     2  426, 2
+        7  440, 5
+
+124     1  598
+
+129     1  451, 1
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Harkness's New Latin Grammars
+
+
+=A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR=
+
+  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages    =$1.25=
+
+=A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR=
+
+  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 254 pages    =.80=
+
+  By ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor Emeritus in
+  Brown University.
+
+These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which has
+made the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and
+teachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological
+science, and embody the results of the author's large experience in
+teaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the
+suggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of
+Historical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of
+simplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical
+needs of the student and of the class room,--qualities that have always
+characterized the Harkness Grammars,--have been preserved and even
+intensified in these new books.
+
+The Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the
+class room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to
+present systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts
+and laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the
+needs of the advanced student.
+
+The Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who prefer
+to begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not contemplate
+a collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the convenience and
+interest of the student have been carefully consulted. The paradigms,
+rules, and discussions have in general been introduced in the exact form
+and language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it may at any time
+be supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the two books is also
+alike.
+
+
+_Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of
+the price by the Publishers_:
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN PROSE WRITING
+
+  =With Full Introductory Notes On Idiom=
+
+  By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.
+  Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University
+
+  and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.
+  Instructor in Latin in Yale University
+
+  =Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages    Price $1.00=
+
+
+The present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing of
+average passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to
+write isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the
+book assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is
+ready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The
+authors have based their exercises on Caesar's Gallic War Books III and
+IV, Nepos's Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero's Manilian Law and
+Archias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are
+usually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the
+individual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or
+two constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at
+any time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for
+instance, being taken up at the very beginning.
+
+While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any exercise
+are supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is based, yet
+enough variation from the language of the model is required to give the
+pupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions. By this
+means the pupil's power of observation is increased, his interest is
+quickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember the word
+much better than if he found it ready at hand in a dictionary.
+
+A number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been
+inserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests
+and occasional examinations. The notes accompanying some of the papers
+belong to the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes
+of words and constructions, and of English words and phrases with
+references to sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part�I.
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+PEARSON'S ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR BEGINNERS
+
+  BY
+  HENRY C. PEARSON
+  Horace Mann School, Teachers' College, Columbia University
+
+  Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages
+  Price, 90 Cents
+
+
+This book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read
+Caesar's Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are
+devoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first
+seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before
+he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and
+satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain
+principles of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their
+pupils during the first year's work. They are independent of one another
+and of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order
+that the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted.
+
+The work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which will
+commend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various
+simplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest
+care has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating
+principles in the simplest forms.
+
+
+
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+  NEW YORK � CINCINNATI � CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+_Revised Edition_
+
+VIRGIL'S AENEID
+
+  With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by #HENRY S. FRIEZE#, late
+  Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by #WALTER
+  DENNISON#, Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan.
+
+  First Six Books       $1.30
+  Complete      $1.50
+  Complete Text Edition      $0.50
+
+#This Work# differs in many respects from the former edition. Such
+changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to make
+the book conform to modern demands, and many important additions have
+also been made.
+
+#The Introduction# has been enlarged by the addition of sections on the
+life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter,
+manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference.
+
+#The Text# has been corrected to conform to the readings that have
+become established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of
+inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early
+assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first
+two books are fully indicated.
+
+#The Notes# have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The old
+grammar references are corrected and new ones (to�Harkness's Complete,
+Lane & Morgan's, and Bennett's Grammars) added. The literary
+appreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations from
+English literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book are also
+given with sufficient explanations.
+
+#The Vocabulary# has been made as simple as possible and includes only
+those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound words are not
+indicated separately when they appear unmodified in the compound form.
+The principal parts of verbs are given which are understood to be in
+actual use.
+
+#The Illustrations# for the most part are new and fresh, and have been
+selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the
+interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wanderings
+of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and a full-page
+facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the Codex Palatinus.
+
+  #American Book Company, Publishers#
+
+
+
+
+#CICERO'S ORATIONS#
+
+AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS
+
+  Edited By
+
+  WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.
+  President of the University of Chicago
+
+  and
+
+  FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M.
+  Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy
+
+  =Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and Illustrations.
+  Price, $1.30=
+
+
+This edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all the
+orations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is
+intended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of
+secondary and preparatory schools.
+
+  =The Orations= have been arranged in the order in which it is
+  thought they can be read to the best advantage and include, besides
+  the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo, Marcellus, and
+  Ligarius, Pompey's Commission, and the Fourteenth Philippic.
+
+  =The Letters= have been selected with special reference to their
+  fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose they have no equal
+  in Roman literature.
+
+  =The Introduction= includes a well balanced life of Cicero with a
+  just estimate of his standing and character and many helpful
+  features which will give the student a comprehensive knowledge of
+  Roman life and politics.
+
+  =The Notes= suggest rather than tell the student and help him to
+  get, instead of getting for him, that acquaintance with the orator
+  and with the language which is the result of true study.
+
+  =The Vocabulary= shows great care and thoroughness and meets the
+  requirements of the average student.
+
+  =The Maps= are accurate and drawn especially for this work and the
+  Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate both text and time.
+
+
+  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EMPIRE
+
+  =Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions=
+
+  By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D.
+  Associate Professor of Classical Philology,
+  University of Pennsylvania
+
+  =In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo.  Per Volume, $1.80=
+
+  VOL. I--PROSE. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca
+  Rhetor, Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including
+  Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the
+  Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius--Ammianus
+  Marcellinus, and Boethius.
+
+  VOL. II--POETRY. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius,
+  Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca,
+  the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial,
+  Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus.
+
+
+The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have hitherto,
+with a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from the
+classical curricula of colleges and universities.
+
+The present collection has been made primarily for the use of students
+in higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found useful as
+collateral reading in connection with lectures on classical literature,
+and will also furnish suitable material for sight reading.
+
+The selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently worthy
+of perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give a
+continuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the
+author at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the
+deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical
+appendices.
+
+
+  _Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
+
+  By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D.
+  Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University
+
+  =Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and
+  exact reproductions of inscriptions    Price, $3 50=
+
+This work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in
+Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch
+of archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the
+belief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the
+equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has
+become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form
+at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies.
+
+A distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its
+illustrations,--there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of
+inscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice
+in reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions,
+showing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the
+inscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography
+and valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc.
+
+
+_Copies of Egbert's Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any
+address on receipt of the price by the Publishers:_
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+FIRST LATIN READINGS
+
+An Equivalent for Caesar
+
+  by
+
+  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.
+
+  and
+
+  G. M. WHICHER, M.A.
+
+  Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y.
+
+  =Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages. Price, $1.25=
+
+This work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new
+first reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting
+material for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar's
+Commentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin
+course.
+
+It is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student's first
+reading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes
+first; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead
+of a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a
+narrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other
+departments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than
+Caesar's Commentaries.
+
+The selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen with
+reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, as far
+as possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not with
+reference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal
+classical construction.
+
+Exercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each author
+represented, have been prepared, and are included in the book.
+
+_Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address on
+receipt of the price by the Publishers:_
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+LATIN DICTIONARIES
+
+
+=HARPER'S LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  Founded on the translation of "Freund's Latin-German Lexicon."
+  Edited by E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great
+  part Rewritten by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHARLES SHORT, LL.D.
+
+Royal Octavo, 2030 pages    Sheep, =$6.50=; Full Russia, =$10.00=
+
+The translation of Dr. Freund's great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by
+the late Dr. E.�A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from that
+time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and America.
+Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which
+lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in
+philological study and research, and is in every respect the most
+complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published.
+
+
+=LEWIS'S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS=
+
+  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.
+
+  Large Octavo, 1200 pages    Cloth, =$4 50=; Half Leather, =$5.00=
+
+This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and
+independent work, designed to include all of the student's needs, after
+acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin
+authors commonly read in school.
+
+
+=LEWIS'S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D.
+
+  Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather    =$2.00=
+
+This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in
+secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second
+years' work in colleges.
+
+
+=SMITH'S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY=
+
+  A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By WILLIAM SMITH,
+  LL.D., and THEOPHILUS D. HALL, M.A., Fellow of University College,
+  London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names.
+
+  Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep    =$4.00=
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+
+
+GREEK DICTIONARIES
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON=
+
+  Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, D.D., and
+  ROBERT SCOTT, D.D., assisted by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. Large Quarto,
+  1794 pages. Sheep      =$10.00=
+
+The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, and
+large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the
+co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been
+entirely rewritten.
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Intermediate=
+
+  Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages.
+
+    Cloth, =$3.50=; Half Leather, =$4.00=
+
+This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the ordinary
+requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller abridged
+edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large Lexicon,
+and contains a large amount of new matter.
+
+
+=LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON--Abridged=
+
+  Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather =$1.25=
+
+This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary and
+College Preparatory Schools.
+
+
+=THAYER'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT=
+
+  Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised,
+  and Enlarged by JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D., LL.D. Royal Quarto,
+  727 pages    Cloth, =$5.00=; Half Leather, =$6.50=
+
+This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest
+researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces
+historically the signification and use of all words used in the New
+Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and
+sacred usage.
+
+
+=YONGE'S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON=
+
+  By C. D. YONGE. Edited by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D.
+
+  Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep    =$4.50=
+
+
+=AUTENRIETH'S HOMERIC DICTIONARY=
+
+  Translated and Edited by ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. New Edition.
+  Revised by ISAAC FLAGG, Ph.D.
+
+  12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth    =$1.10=
+
+
+_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._
+
+  =American Book Company=
+  =New York � Cincinnati � Chicago=
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber):
+
+_Main Text_
+
+  page 3: R�mulus statim arm�t�s[3] p�st�ribus  [arm�tis]
+  Footnote 2.18 ... See p. xviii, E�4, H�622 ... B�337, 7,�2.
+    [E�4. H�622 ... B�337, 7,�2).]
+  Footnote 3.4 ... B�182, 1, _a_;  [B�182, 1, _a_);]
+  Footnote 10.13: _sepeli�_  [_final . missing_]
+  Footnote 18.13: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.  [cf.]
+  Footnote 18.14 ... quod in mente conc�p�?_'  [_close quote missing_]
+  page 23: Incidit[10] d� ux�ribus menti�  [de]
+  Footnote 28.9: dat. of reference  [dat of]
+  page 29: n� faciat,[16]  [faci�t]
+  Footnote 29.16 ... v� (t�) abstraham  [te]
+  Footnote 39.4 ... H�595, 1 (504, 3,�2)  [(504, 3,�2))]
+  page 41 Inde R�mam d� perm�tand�s capt�v�s  [capt�vis]
+  page 48: n� R�ma opprim� posset  [ne]
+  Footnote 44.2 ... Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,�3):  [(385, 4,�3))]
+  page 63: deinde posit�s ante v�stibulum d�n�s  [v�stibul�m]
+  Footnote 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m�_  [sc. _me_]
+  page 72: v�nit ad eum l�ctor  [�d]
+  page 74: Cum aedem Hon�ris  [a�dem]
+  Footnote 85.1 ... #pr�mum .�.�. triumph�vit#  [primum]
+  Footnote 85.6 ... (419, III, 1,�1)  [(419, III, 1,�1))]
+  page 88: s�ri� d�xit Caesar m�lle  [m�ll�]
+  page 96: [Illustration: CICER�]  [CICERO]
+  page 100 Sed Ant�nius, init� cum Oct�vi�n� societ�te,[5]  [S�d]
+  Footnote 98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'
+    [_first open quote missing_]
+  page 106: aspidem[14] sibi adferendam c�r�vit  [13]
+
+_Glossary_
+
+  #ad#, prep. with accus. ... (3) of purpose  [_missing (3)_]
+  #c�nfodi�#, see #fodi�#.  [#c�nfodi�#.]
+  #ad--add�c�, ere, d�x�, dictus#  [add�c�, �re]
+  #bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.
+    [_close parenthesis for bracket_]
+  #Falernus# ... _a famous wine-growing district in Campania_.
+    [_printed as shown, with anomalous italics_]
+  #impl�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#  [�v� �tus]
+  #integer, gra, grum# ... #integer, �#  [integer �]
+  #�r�tus# [orig. part. of #�r�scor#]  [orig part.]
+  #per--perlici�, ere, lex�, lectus#,  [_missing , after "lectus"_]
+  #inquam# ... See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,�2.
+    [_reference printed as shown_]
+  #introe�#, see (1) #e�#.  [_final . missing_]
+  #latebra, ae#,  [_missing , after "ae"_]
+  #mult�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.  [�re �v�]
+  #per--perm�t�, �re, �v�, �tus#  [�re, �vi]
+  #�rdior, �r�, �rsus sum#, _to begin_.  [�r� �rsus]
+  #ad--ad�r�, �re, �v�, �tus#  [ad ad�r�]
+  #persu�de�#, see #su�de�#.  [#persu�de�# see]
+  #d�--d�cuti�, ere, cuss�, cussus#  [d� d�cuti�]
+  #ex--�rump�, ere, r�p�, ruptum#,  [_missing , after "ruptum"_]
+  #s�pi�, �re, �v� (i�), �tus#  [�ro, �v�]
+  #spern�, ere, spr�v�, spr�tus#  [spern�, �re]
+  #super�, �re, �v�, �tus# [#superus#]  [�re, �vi]
+  #re--retrah�, ere, tr�x�, tr�ctus#,  [tr�ctus#.]
+  #vindic�, �re, �v�, �tus#  [�re, �vi]
+
+_References to Harkness_
+
+  90  2  535, 1  [_missing 1_]
+
+_Advertising_
+
+Format of prices (usually $4.50, sometimes $4 50) is unchanged.
+
+  sight tests and occasional examinations.  [_final . missing_]
+  VOL. I--PROSE. ... Seneca Rhetor, Justinus  [Rhetor. Justinus]
+  [last page]
+  _Copies sent ... on receipt of the price_.  [_final . missing_]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Selections from Viri Romae, by 
+Charles Fran�ois L'Homond
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 33311-8.txt or 33311-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/3/1/33311/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/33311-8.zip b/33311-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bed1743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-8.zip
diff --git a/33311-h.zip b/33311-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5182459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h.zip
diff --git a/33311-h/33311-h.htm b/33311-h/33311-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0cb0f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/33311-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,30803 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Selections from Viri Romae</title>
+<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
+<style type = "text/css">
+
+/* standard styles */
+
+body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+div.section {margin: 2em auto; padding-top: 1em; clear: both;
+border-top: 5px double #CCC;}
+
+hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+text-align: center;}
+hr.small {width: 30%;}
+hr.micro {width: 10%;}
+
+span.figfloat img {padding-bottom: .5em;}
+
+div.footnote a, table.toc a, div.vocab a, div.intro a,
+.mynote a, a.tag {text-decoration: none;}
+a.tag {vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 80%;
+padding-left: .25em; line-height: .1em;}
+a.error {border-bottom: 1px solid red;}
+a.float {float: right; clear: right; text-decoration: none;
+padding-top: .25em;
+font-weight: normal; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: smaller;}
+
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal;
+font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em;
+margin-bottom: .5em;}
+
+h1 {font-size: 300%; margin: 1em;}
+h2 {font-size: 200%; margin: 1.5em;}
+div.maintext h2 {margin-bottom: 1em;}
+h2 span.subhead {font-style: italic; font-size: 67%;}
+h3 {font-size: 160%;}
+div.intro h3 {margin-top: 2em;}
+
+h4, .four {font-size: 125%;}
+div.intro h4, div.maintext h4 {font-size: 108%; margin-top: 2em;}
+div.maintext h4 {font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+div.maintext h4 span.subhead {font-weight: normal;}
+
+h5, .five {font-size: 100%;}
+div.intro h5 {text-align: left; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 108%;
+line-height: 1.2;}
+h5.runin {display: run-in;}
+h5.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .1em;}
+h5 span.smallcaps {letter-spacing: .1em;}
+div.pub_ads h5 {font-family: sans-serif; text-align: left;
+margin-top: 1em;}
+div.exercises h5 {font-size: 108%; font-weight: bold;
+margin-top: 1.5em;}
+h6, .six {font-size: 85%;}
+
+div.float {float: left; padding-right: 1em; padding-left: 1em;
+margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+div.float + div.float {border-left: 1px solid black;}
+p.allclear {clear: both;}
+
+p {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.2;}
+
+p.illustration {text-align: center; margin-top: 1em;
+margin-bottom: 1em;}
+
+p.caption {text-align: center; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5;}
+
+p.center {text-align: center;}
+p.right {text-align: right;}
+p.rightside {margin-left: 60%;}
+
+p.inset {margin-left: 1em;}
+
+p.double {width: 4em; margin: 1em auto; border-top: 4px double #000;}
+p.hanging {margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
+p.notation {font-size: 92%;}
+
+div.verse {margin: .5em 2em;}
+div.verse p {margin-top: 0; margin-left: 4em; text-indent: -4em;}
+div.verse p.stanza {margin-top: .5em;}
+
+/* sections */
+
+p.header {font-size: 108%; line-height: 1.2; text-indent: 1em;}
+h5.runin + p.header {text-indent: 0;}
+
+div.maintext p {line-height: 1.3;}
+
+div.vocab p {margin-top: .1em; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;}
+div.subentry p, div.vocab p.subentry
+{margin-left: 1em; text-indent: 1em;}
+div.vocab p.letterhead {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .75em;
+margin-left: 30%; font-weight: bold;}
+
+/* footnotes */
+
+p.footnote, div.footnote {margin: 1em 2em; font-size: 92%;
+line-height: 1.1;}
+div.maintext div.footnote {margin: 2em; padding-top: 1em;
+border-top: 1px solid #999; clear: both;}
+div.footnote p {margin-top: .2em;}
+
+
+/* tables */
+
+table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em;
+margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit;}
+
+td {vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: .1em;}
+
+td.center {text-align: center;}
+td.right {text-align: right;}
+
+td.number, td.item {text-align: right;}
+
+td.dots {background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: 50% 75%;
+background-image: url("images/dots.gif");}
+span.opaque {color: inherit; background-color: #FFF; padding: 0 .2em;}
+
+/* with float div */
+
+table.inline, table.refs {margin: 0 auto 0 0;}
+table.inline td {padding: 0 .1em;}
+
+table.refs th {font-weight: bold; font-style: normal;
+text-align: center;}
+table.refs td {padding: 0 1em;}
+table.refs tr.page td {padding-top: .5em;}
+
+/* contents */
+
+table.toc {width: 90%;}
+table.toc td {font-variant: small-caps; padding-top: .5em;}
+table.toc td.plain {font-variant: normal;}
+table.toc td.item {width: 3.5em; padding-right: 1em;}
+table.toc td.number {vertical-align: bottom; width: 2em;}
+
+table p {margin-top: 0; margin-left: 2em;
+text-indent: -2em; line-height: normal;}
+
+
+/* advertising */
+
+div.pub_ads p {clear: right;}
+div.pub_ads p.inset {margin-left: 3em; text-indent: -1em;}
+span.price {float: right; clear: right; white-space: nowrap;
+padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em; text-indent: 0;}
+div.pub_ads span.firstword {text-transform: uppercase;}
+
+table.advert {width: 28em;}
+table.advert td {font-family: sans-serif; width: 20%;}
+table.advert.serif td {font-family: serif; width: 33%;}
+table.boldf {font-weight: bold;}
+
+
+/* floats */
+
+span.sidenote {float: left; clear: left; width: auto; font-size: 88%;
+font-weight: bold; padding: .75em 1em .5em 0;}
+
+span.figfloat {text-align: center; font-size: 80%;
+float: right; clear: right; width: auto; padding: .5em 0 .5em 1em;}
+span.figfloat.left {float: left; clear: left; width: auto;
+padding: .5em 1em .5em 0;}
+
+
+/* text formatting */
+
+span.firstword {font-variant: small-caps;}
+span.dropcap {font-size: 3em; float: left; width: auto;
+padding-right: .1em; margin-top: -.1em;}
+
+span.smallroman {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;}
+.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.smaller {font-size: 88%;}
+td.smallest {font-size: 75%;}
+.larger {font-size: 110%;}
+td.giant {font-size: 150%;}
+.extended {letter-spacing: 0.2em; margin-right: -.2em;}
+.sans {font-family: sans-serif;}
+
+
+/* my additions */
+
+/* correction popup */
+
+ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;}
+
+/* page number */
+
+span.pagenum, a.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 2%;
+font-size: small; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;
+font-variant: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0;
+padding-top: .2em;}
+
+a.linenum {position: absolute; right: 91%; font-size: 75%;
+font-style: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;
+padding-top: .33em;}
+
+/* Transcriber's Note */
+
+.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000;
+font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+
+div.mynote {margin: 1em 5%; padding: .5em 1em 1em;}
+p.mynote {margin: 1em 5%; padding: 1em;}
+span.mynote {padding: .25em .5em;}
+
+div.endnote {padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 1em; border: 3px ridge #A9F;
+font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+
+div.contents {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+div.contents p {margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
+
+
+</style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles François L'Homond
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Selections from Viri Romae
+
+Author: Charles François L'Homond
+
+Editor: Robert Arrowsmith
+        Charles Knapp
+
+Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that
+require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, mainly vowels with macron (“long”
+mark):</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū<br>
+ā ē ī ō ū ȳ &nbsp; (long y is rare)</p>
+
+<p>If any of these characters do not display properly&mdash;in
+particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the
+letter&mdash;or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph
+appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable
+fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file
+encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your
+browser’s default font.</p>
+
+<p>There is no Greek in this book.</p>
+
+<p>For this e-text, the Selections are given twice, in “stripped” and
+as-printed form. In the stripped form, all footnote anchors, page and
+line numbers have been omitted, along with macrons, illustrations and
+sidenotes, leaving only the original <i>Viri Romae</i> text.</p>
+
+<p>The book as printed includes several hundred cross-references to
+footnotes identified by page number, and to text passages identified by
+line number. Line numbers (by multiples of 5) are shown in the left
+margin; footnote numbering starts from 1 on each page. Words split
+across line or page breaks may appear on either the first or second
+line, depending on space.</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<a href = "#contents">Contents</a><br>
+<a href = "#preface">Introduction</a><br>
+<a href = "#stripped">Viri Romae</a> (“stripped” text)<br>
+<a href = "#viri">Viri Romae</a> (as printed)<br>
+<a href = "#exercises">Exercises</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a><br>
+<a href = "#ads">Publisher’s Advertising</a></p>
+
+<p>The map of the Mediterranean area, shown here at the end of the
+Exercises, was printed as a foldout facing page 68 (middle of selection
+XXIII).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/frontis_thumb.jpg" width = "453" height = "655"
+alt = "map of Italy"></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "mynote">
+<a href = "images/frontis_large.jpg" target = "_blank">
+larger view</a></span></p>
+
+<div class = "section titlepage">
+
+<h2>SELECTIONS</h2>
+
+<h2 class = "six">FROM</h2>
+
+<h1><span class = "extended">VIRI ROMAE</span></h1>
+
+<h3 class = "five">EDITED BY</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallcaps">ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.</h3>
+
+<h4 class = "six">LATE PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS
+COLLEGE</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3 class = "six">AND</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallcaps">CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.</h3>
+
+<h4 class = "six">INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, BARNARD COLLEGE</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smaller">NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO</h5>
+
+<h5 class = "four">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h5>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h6 class = "smallcaps">Copyright, 1896, by</h6>
+
+<h6>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</h6>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h6>VIRI ROMAE.</h6>
+
+<h6>W. P. 18</h6>
+
+
+<div class = "section intro">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_iii" id = "page_iii">iii</a>
+
+<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">Upon</span> the reviving perception of the
+true scope of Latin teaching has followed a return to some of the
+methods of former times, which, with all their faults, were yet imbued
+with the true spirit of the Classics. Since for many years the study of
+Latin lay in bondage to the spirit which regarded the language merely as
+a <i>corpus vile</i> for grammatical dissection, and ignored the rich
+literature lying beyond the classical trinity of authors, it is not
+surprising that it fell into disfavor as unsuited to the requirements of
+the times. The revival upon which the study has now entered is due
+largely to a recognition of the fact that mental culture rather than
+mere mental training is its true aim, and that, with this aim kept
+steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a barren waste of time and
+energy, but a most potent agency in securing that broad and sympathetic
+culture which must ever remain the mark of the educated man. The results
+of classical study most valuable to the character are surely not to be
+found in the ability, usually lost after a few years, to recite
+paradigms faultlessly, to give the principal parts of verbs, and to
+enumerate the various kinds of <i>cum</i>-constructions and the
+subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater worth are the mental
+breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice and Philistinism, and
+the increased power of entering into higher forms of enjoyment which
+must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a great people as
+revealed in its literature and art.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_iv" id = "page_iv">iv</a>
+<p>This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some
+modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in
+use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and
+particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by
+which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the
+fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to
+destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,
+however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the <i>Viri Romae</i>
+offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,
+from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the
+literature.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early
+recognition of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now
+returning. It was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris,
+Charles François Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an
+enviable reputation as a successful teacher, especially of younger
+pupils. His experience taught him the need of an introductory text
+combining interest of story with simplicity of style. The best proof of
+the excellence of his work is the fact that it has ever since remained a
+favorite with teachers of Latin. The material is taken from the works of
+various authors, chiefly Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by
+Lhomond in vocabulary and construction wherever necessary to fit it to
+the requirements of beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the
+early stories of Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it
+is therefore eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further
+reading.</p>
+
+<p>The present edition has been prepared with reference to the
+difficulties most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of
+the new study. One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the
+inability to discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms
+encountered in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in
+italics in the footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily
+recognizable. For a similar reason grammatical
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_v" id = "page_v">v</a>
+constructions are, on their first occurrence, explained in simple
+language, or their nature briefly indicated, in order that the student
+may more intelligently consult the grammatical references which follow.
+For purposes of comparison, and as a means of helping the pupil to form
+proper habits of study and observation, subsequent occurrences are
+referred to previous instances, or to the tables of constructions on
+pages xvi-xxvi.</p>
+
+<p>Although the compiler of the <i>Viri Romae</i> greatly simplified the
+language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the
+book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It
+is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more
+difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later
+period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon
+matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common
+usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to
+one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of
+expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,
+means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as
+possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience
+of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a
+construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates
+a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have
+experienced none.</p>
+
+<p>The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally
+full with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the
+pupil, under the teacher’s guidance, to discover for himself further
+details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern
+authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too
+strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures</p>
+<p>Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_vi" id = "page_vi">vi</a>
+<p>All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of
+this edition is, in the main, that of C.&nbsp;Holzer (tenth edition,
+Stuttgart, 1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed.
+In the vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an
+aid to the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed
+and their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been
+made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as
+subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important
+reading power.</p>
+
+<p>The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the
+Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coöperation in the work,
+and particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the
+exercises.</p>
+
+<p class = "rightside">
+ROBERT ARROWSMITH.<br>
+CHARLES KNAPP.</p>
+
+<p class = "smallcaps">August, 1895.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_vii" id = "page_vii">vii</a>
+
+<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<table class = "toc" summary = "contents">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "right smallest">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "dots" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "opaque">Suggestions to the Student</span></td>
+<td class = "number plain"><a href = "#page_ix">ix</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "dots" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "opaque">Plan of Rome</span></td>
+<td class = "number plain"><a href = "#page_xxviii">xxviii</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_I">I.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Rōmānī Imperiī
+Exōrdium</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_II">II.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Rōmulus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page4">4</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_III">III.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Numa Pompilius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page8">8</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_IV">IV.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tullus Hostīlius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page10">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_V">V.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Ancus Mārcius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page15">15</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VI">VI.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Tarquinius
+Prīscus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page17">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VII">VII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Servius Tullius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VIII">VIII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tarquinius
+Superbus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page22">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_IX">IX.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Iūnius Brūtus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page25">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_X">X.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mūcius Scaevola</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page26">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XI">XI.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Fabiī Trecentī Sex</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page27">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XII">XII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Virgīnius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIII">XIII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Titus Mānlius
+Torquātus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page30">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIV">XIV.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Pūblius Decius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page35">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XV">XV.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mānius Curius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page36">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVI">XVI.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Duīlius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page38">38</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVII">XVII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Atīlius
+Rēgulus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page39">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVIII">XVIII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Appius Claudius
+Pulcher</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page42">42</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIX">XIX.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Quīntus Fabius
+Māximus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page43">43</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_viii" id = "page_viii">viii</a>
+<a href = "#selection_XX">XX.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Aemilius Paulus et Terentius
+Varrō</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page48">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXI">XXI.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpio
+Āfricānus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page52">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXII">XXII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius
+Gracchus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page63">63</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIII">XXIII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Marius</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page68">68</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIV">XXIV.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Cornēlius
+Sulla</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page74">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXV">XXV.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Lūcullus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page77">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVI">XXVI.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gnaeus Pompēius
+Māgnus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page80">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVII">XXVII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Iūlius
+Caesar</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page86">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Tullius
+Cicerō</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page96">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIX">XXIX.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Brūtus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page102">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXX">XXX.</a></td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Octāviānus Caesar
+Augustus</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page103">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "dots" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "opaque">Exercises for Translation</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page112">112</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "dots" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "opaque">Vocabulary</span></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page131">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_ix" id = "page_ix">ix</a>
+
+<h3><a name = "suggestions" id = "suggestions">
+SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">To</span> read Latin quickly and
+intelligently, and to enjoy the reading properly, we must possess
+(1)&nbsp;a&nbsp;vocabulary, <i>i.e.</i> a collection of Latin words with
+whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are thoroughly
+familiar; (2)&nbsp;a&nbsp;knowledge of the inflectional system of the
+language, <i>i.e.</i> its declensions and conjugations;
+(3)&nbsp;a&nbsp;knowledge of its syntax; and (4)&nbsp;a&nbsp;knowledge
+of the plan upon which the Latin sentence is constructed, or, in other
+words, we must be able to overcome the difficulties arising out of the
+peculiar order of the words and clauses that form a Latin sentence.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vocabulary.</b>&mdash;Words are the material out of which
+sentences are constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their
+meanings. The best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary,
+is by constant reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual
+words as they occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very
+frequently used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do
+with everyday life, such as <i>dīcō</i>, <i>eō</i>, <i>faciō</i>,
+<i>habeō</i>, <i>veniō</i>, <i>sum</i>, and their compounds. These at
+least must be mastered at the very outset. It is worth while to notice
+what prefixes are used in forming compound verbs, and the modifications
+of meaning which they produce. If the force of the simple verb is
+mastered, a&nbsp;little practice will enable the student to detect at
+sight the meaning of any of its compounds without reference to any
+dictionary.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_x" id = "page_x">x</a>
+<p>It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the
+same stem, <i>e.g.</i> <i>canō</i>, <i>cantus</i>; <i>certō</i>,
+<i>certāmen</i>; <i>dūcō</i>, <i>dux</i>; <i>regō</i>, <i>rēx</i>,
+<i>rēgius</i>; <i>caedō</i>, <i>caedēs</i>. A&nbsp;specially interesting
+study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin
+originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is
+borrowed from Latin. Cf. <i>donate</i> with <i>dōnō</i> and
+<i>dōnum</i>, <i>lucid</i> with <i>lūx</i>, <i>regent</i> with
+<i>rēx</i> and <i>regō</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin
+aloud, for thus the <i>ear</i> will help the <i>eye</i> and words will
+have meaning when <i>heard</i> as well as when <i>seen</i>. Indeed, we
+ought to use our ears far more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin
+vocabulary, in order that Latin words, when heard, shall suggest at once
+to our minds the same pictures which they suggested to the minds of
+Roman boys.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inflections and Syntax.</b>&mdash;It is not enough, however, to be
+familiar with the meanings of individual words, however many we may
+succeed in mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of
+<i>inflections</i>, <i>i.e.</i> of the declensions and conjugations,
+which tell us how individual words may be altered in form in order to
+express different relations to other words, and of <i>syntax</i>, which
+tells us how words are combined together into sentences.
+A&nbsp;knowledge of inflections and an understanding of syntax are the
+tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a whole. As the
+wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so one who
+undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his mastery
+of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed that
+students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner
+inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur
+in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are
+discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the
+grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi
+to xxvi. A&nbsp;very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax
+firmly in mind is
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xi" id = "page_xi">xi</a>
+by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be
+remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study
+enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Order of Words.</b>&mdash;The greatest difficulty that
+confronts the student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of
+the words in a Latin sentence is widely different from that which he
+ordinarily finds in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly
+to two causes. (1)&nbsp;Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture,
+in which the meaning is developed stroke by stroke, <i>the separate
+parts being introduced in the order of their importance</i>. (2)&nbsp;It
+is a principle of Latin to keep the meaning in suspense until the very
+end, so that the last word completes not only the form, but also the
+meaning of the sentence. Both these principles may be seen at work in
+lines 1 to 5 of <a href = "#selection_I">selection I</a>, page 1.
+<i>Proca</i> naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is a
+story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is especially
+important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose his own
+successor. The phrase <i>rēx Albānōrum</i> very properly follows, as
+defining the scene of the action. <i>Numitor</i> and <i>Amūlius</i> are
+next mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of
+persons. The sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very
+last word, <i>habuit</i>. In the next sentence <i>Numitōrī</i> is first,
+because now Numitor is more important, as being Proca’s successor. The
+relative clause <i>quī .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. erat</i> not only states a fact,
+but also gives the reason why Proca bequeathed his kingdom (<i>rēgnum
+relīquit</i>) to Numitor. So in the words <i>ut .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+fēcit</i>, the <i>ut</i>-clause tells why Amulius performed the act
+indicated by the words <i>Rhēam Silviam .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. fēcit</i>, so
+that by the time we know <i>what</i> the act was we know also exactly
+<i>why</i> it was performed. The Latin thus pictures the parts of the
+scene in their true order, for the motive in every case precedes the
+act. We see therefore that, however strange at times the Latin order may
+seem to be, there is
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xii" id = "page_xii">xii</a>
+always good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will
+be our pleasure, to determine just what this reason&nbsp;is.</p>
+
+<p>Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered
+possible by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional
+system, whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with
+Latin declensions would know at once that in the first sentence
+discussed above Proca was actor (<i>i.e.</i> subject), and Numitor and
+Amulius acted upon (<i>i.e.</i> object). So in the sentence <i>ut
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. fēcit</i> it is clear that Amulius is the actor and that
+Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the inflectional system serves to
+relieve, in part at least, the very difficulty which it creates.</p>
+
+<p><b>How to Read.</b>&mdash;By far the best way for the beginner to
+make himself familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to <i>make
+a practice from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from
+beginning to end before attempting to translate at all</i>. If the
+meaning is not clear at once, a&nbsp;repetition of such reading will
+often serve to make it clear, provided the student knows the force of
+the individual words and constructions. If he does not, he must seek the
+aid of the vocabulary or the notes. Then let him read the sentence once
+more aloud, slowly and carefully. He should not, however, look into
+either vocabulary or notes until he has read the Latin through at least
+once. Progress at first will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure.
+By every page read in the manner indicated above the pupil is preparing
+himself to read with more and more intelligence and pleasure the pages
+that remain. Besides, in this way he reads his Latin precisely as he
+reads English, word after word, in the order in which it is written, and
+precisely as a Roman boy 1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He
+will gain further the advantage of training his ear as well as his eye
+and of making it do its fair share of the work. In translating, too, it
+will be wise to follow as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it
+will be found that the resulting English
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xiii" id = "page_xiii">xiii</a>
+order, even if not very common, is none the less intelligible. So the
+sentence <i>ut .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. fēcit</i> discussed above may be
+translated almost exactly in the Latin order.</p>
+
+
+<h4 class = "smallcaps">Latin Composition</h4>
+
+<p><b>Its Value.</b>&mdash;An exercise which is very practical and
+helpful, and which may also become extremely delightful, is the
+rendering into Latin of English sentences based upon that portion of the
+Latin text which has already been carefully studied. This exercise is
+helpful, because it calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge
+which we have acquired in reading; it may become delightful because it
+shows us accurately the measure of our advance and thus affords us the
+pleasure which comes from the feeling that one is making sure progress
+in a given line of study.</p>
+
+<p><b>Essentials.</b>&mdash;To write Latin well one needs precisely the
+things which we found necessary in reading (page&nbsp;ix). The words and
+constructions required in the sentences for translation given on pages
+112 to 129 are illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text.
+The pupil should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form,
+phrase, or construction for himself before referring to his text or to
+his grammar. In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought
+rather than of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Object.</b>&mdash;We read the Latin text in order to
+understand the thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences
+into Latin our chief object is to clothe the <i>thoughts</i> which such
+sentences convey in proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin
+<i>words</i> for English <i>words</i>. Every language has its own
+peculiar expressions, which are called <i>idioms</i>. Such expressions
+can never be literally translated from one language into another. Hence
+in attempting to turn an English sentence into Latin, we must begin by
+noting carefully the thought which it expresses,
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xiv" id = "page_xiv">xiv</a>
+and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that thought.</p>
+
+<p><b>Choice of Expression.</b>&mdash;In Latin, just as in English, it
+often happens that the same thought may be expressed in several ways,
+which differ greatly in the words used as well as in the form and
+expression. In English it is often impossible to give a reason for the
+choice of one form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the
+choice is made consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is
+a very slight shade of difference in meaning,&mdash;so slight that we
+can perhaps feel it, but cannot put it into words; sometimes
+unconsciously, because every one falls into the habit of using certain
+phrases and manners of speech with no deeper reason than the habit. The
+same is true of Latin writers. Their various forms of expression have
+been noted and collected, and we find them laid down in the grammars as
+<i>rules</i>. Some of these expressions are found to be used by the best
+writers more frequently than others, and these are considered the best
+models. But the student must avoid the error of confining himself
+absolutely to one iron-bound form because most stress is laid upon it by
+the grammars, if he finds other modes of expression in the writings of
+good authors. By searching out the greatest variety of forms in which an
+idea may be expressed, by trying to discover the differences in meaning
+between them, and by placing yourself as far as possible in the writer’s
+place, you will gain a far greater grasp and appreciation of the
+language than by learning a single rigid rule and forcing it to fit
+every case.</p>
+
+<p>One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be
+to render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your
+authority from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from
+your grammar.</p>
+
+<p>Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several
+of the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given
+and try to trace out the reasons for the different
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xv" id = "page_xv">xv</a>
+forms. In many cases you will not be able to do so, and are free to
+choose one of several modes of expression. In others the meaning of the
+sentences and the aid of the grammar will give the reason for your
+choice.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caution.</b>&mdash;The pupil should note that all the words and
+constructions necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences
+given below, pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin
+text upon which the exercises are based. <i>An English-Latin vocabulary
+or dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary.</i> Additional
+sentences based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as
+required.</p>
+
+
+<h4 class = "smallcaps">Tables of Constructions</h4>
+
+<p>The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording
+the pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under
+appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually
+occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the
+student in two ways: (1)&nbsp;by supplementing and illustrating the
+notes, and (2)&nbsp;by affording him guides which he may follow in his
+writing of Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any
+given head all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil
+will find it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists
+himself as he finds new instances in his own reading.</p>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xvi" id = "page_xvi">xvi</a>
+
+<h4><i>A.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE</h4>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+1. Place at or near which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Rōmae</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_26">VII, 26</a>, and often;
+<b>Tarentī</b>, <a href = "#line_xv_30">XV, 30</a>; salūbriōra
+<b>mīlitiae</b> quam <b>domī</b> esse iuvenum corpora, <a href =
+"#line_iv_70">IV, 70</a> (locative: chiefly used with names of
+towns);&mdash;<b>in siccō</b>, <a href = "#line_i_10">I, 10</a>; <b>in
+iīs locīs</b>, <a href = "#line_i_11">I, 11</a>; <b>in</b> (on)
+<b>sinistrīs manibus</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_21">II, 21</a>; <b>in
+colle Quirīnālī</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_54">II, 54</a>; <b>in ārā</b>,
+<a href = "#line_iii_4">III, 4</a>; <b>in mediā urbe</b>, <a href =
+"#line_v_23">V, 23</a>; ponte .&nbsp;. <b>in</b> (over) <b>Tiberī</b>
+factō, <b>in</b> (at) <b>ōre</b> Tiberis, <a href = "#line_v_27">V,
+27</a>;&mdash;<b>multīs locīs</b>, <a href = "#line_xxv_17">XXV, 17</a>;
+<b>terrā marīque</b>, <a href = "#line_xxi_125">XXI,
+125</a>;&mdash;<b>apud Tīcīnum</b> amnem .&nbsp;. <b>apud Trebiam</b>,
+<a href = "#line_xix_16">XIX, 16</a>;&mdash;<b>ad</b> Caprae
+<b>palūdem</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_44">II, 44</a>; <b>ad</b> tertium
+<b>lapidem</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_12">XIII, 12</a>; <b>ad flūmen</b>
+Bagradam, <a href = "#line_xvii_18">XVII,&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>B.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION</h4>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+1. Place from which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Curibus</b> . . accītus est, <a href = "#line_iii_2">III, 2</a>;
+<b>Tarquiniīs</b> . . profectus, <a href = "#line_vi_1">VI, 1</a>
+(simple abl., especially with names of towns);&mdash;<b>ā portā</b>
+.&nbsp;. pergit, <a href = "#line_xiii_5">XIII, 5</a>; <b>ab urbe</b>
+profectus, <a href = "#line_xiii_13">XIII, 13</a>; <b>ā&nbsp;lūdīs</b>
+pūblicīs revertēns, <a href = "#line_xviii_17">XVIII,
+17</a>;&mdash;dēlābitur <b>ē caelō scissō</b> scūtum, <a href =
+"#line_iii_15">III, 15</a>; <b>ex eō locō</b> .&nbsp;. aufūgerat,
+<a href = "#line_iv_20">IV, 20</a>; dōnec novae cōpiae <b>ex Āfricā</b>
+advenīrent, <a href = "#line_xvii_3">XVII, 3</a>; <b>ex angustiīs</b>
+ēvāsit, <a href = "#line_xix_38">XIX,&nbsp;38</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+2. Place towards which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Albam</b> properāvit, <a href = "#line_i_25">I, 25</a>; Quī cum
+<b>Rōmam</b> vēnisset, <a href = "#line_iii_3">III, 3</a>; <b>Rōmam</b>
+also in <a href = "#line_iv_64">IV, 64</a>, <a href = "#line_v_20">V,
+20</a>, and often; Pergunt inde <b>Collātiam</b>, <a href =
+"#line_viii_21">VIII, 21</a>; Profectus <b>Delphōs</b>, <a href =
+"#line_ix_4">IX, 4</a>; <b>Carthāginem</b> rediit, <a href =
+"#line_xvii_54">XVII, 54</a>; <b>domum</b> dēdūcunt, <a href =
+"#line_iv_31">IV, 31</a>; <b>domum</b> refugiēns, <a href =
+"#line_vii_45">VII, 45</a>; cum .&nbsp;. <b>domum</b> redīret, <a href =
+"#line_vii_48">VII, 48</a> (simple accusative, chiefly with names of
+towns);&mdash;Cum lupa saepius <b>ad parvulōs</b> .&nbsp;. reverterētur,
+<a href = "#line_i_16">I, 16</a>; Remum .&nbsp;. <b>ad Amūlium</b> rēgem
+perdūxērunt, <a href = "#line_i_27">I, 27</a>; <b>ad Gabīnōs</b> sē
+contulit, <a href = "#line_viii_4">VIII, 4</a>;&mdash;<b>in Āfricam</b>
+.&nbsp;. trāiēcit, <a href = "#line_xvii_15">XVII, 15</a>; <b>in
+Ītaliam</b> vēnit, <a href = "#line_xix_15">XIX, 15</a>; abiēcit <b>in
+Tiberim</b>, <a href = "#line_i_7">I, 7</a>; Sabīnōs <b>in urbem</b>
+recēpit, <a href = "#line_ii_38">II, 38</a>; aciem <b>in</b> (to)
+<b>collem</b> subdūxit, <a href = "#line_iv_58">IV, 58</a>; cum
+<b>in</b> (upon)
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xvii" id = "page_xvii">xvii</a>
+<b>tribūnal</b> ēscendisset, <a href = "#line_xii_20">XII, 20</a>;
+<b>In</b> (against) <b>eum</b> .&nbsp;. rediit, <a href =
+"#line_iv_22">IV, 22</a>; ausae sunt sē <b>inter tēla</b> .&nbsp;.
+īnferre, <a href = "#line_ii_36">II,&nbsp;36</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+3. Way by which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>portā</b> (abl. of means) <b>quā</b> profectī erant, <a href =
+"#line_xi_19">XI, 19</a>; <b>Per</b> (over) <b>loca alta</b> āgmen
+dūcēbat, <a href = "#line_xix_23">XIX, 23</a>; Quī cum .&nbsp;. <b>per
+montēs, per silvās</b> hūc illūc discurrerent, <a href =
+"#line_xix_35">XIX,&nbsp;35</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>C.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF TIME<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_1"
+id = "tag_intro_1" href = "#note_intro_1">1</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+1. Time at which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Posterō diē</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_61">IV, 61</a>, <a href =
+"#line_viii_24">VIII, 24</a>; <b>Prīmō impetū</b>, <a href =
+"#line_ii_29">II, 29</a>; <b>Kalendīs Mārtiīs</b>, <a href =
+"#line_iii_20">III, 20</a>; <b>eā tempestāte</b>, <a href =
+"#line_vi_17">VI, 17</a>; <b>nocte mediā</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_68">XIX,&nbsp;68</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+2. Time within which or in the course of which:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Annō trecentēsimō</b> ab urbe conditā, <a href = "#line_xii_1">XII,
+1</a>; <b>eōdem annō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_11">XIII, 11</a>;
+<b>bellō Latīnō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_11">XIV, 11</a>; <b>hōc
+bellō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_12">XIV, 12</a>; <b>in proeliō</b>,
+<a href = "#line_vi_26">VI, 26</a>; <b>In proeliō quōdam, in quō</b>,
+<a href = "#line_vii_8">VII, 8</a>; <b>In quō bellō</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xv_2">XV, 2</a>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_2" id =
+"tag_intro_2" href = "#note_intro_2">2</a></p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+3. Age:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+fīlium <b>tredecim annōrum</b>, <a href = "#line_vi_25">VI, 25</a>;
+Hannibal . . <b>novem annōs nātus</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_1">XIX,&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>D.</i> DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE</h4>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+1. Duration of time:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Rōmulus <b>septem</b> et <b>trīgintā</b> rēgnāvit <b>annōs</b>, <a href
+= "#line_iii_38">III, 38</a>; rēgnāvit <b>annōs duōs</b> et
+<b>trīgintā</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>; rēgnāvit <b>annōs
+quattuor</b> et <b>quadrāgintā</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_52">VII,
+52</a>; <b>per tōtum bīduum</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_87">XIII, 87</a>;
+<b>omnī deinde vītā</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_60">XIII, 60</a>. (This
+last form should not be imitated.)</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">
+2. Extent of space:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Iam <b>aliquantum</b> spatiī . . aufūgerat, <a href = "#line_iv_20">IV,
+20</a>; centum et vīgintī <b>pedēs</b> longum, <a href =
+"#line_xvii_27">XVII, 27</a>; quīnque diērum <b>iter</b> .&nbsp;. abest,
+<a href = "#line_xxi_163">XXI, 163</a>.</p>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xviii" id = "page_xviii">xviii</a>
+<h4><i>E.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE</h4>
+
+<h5>1. Pure purpose: <b>ut</b> or <b>nē</b> with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>ut</b> eum subole <b>prīvāret</b>, <a href = "#line_i_3">I, 3</a>;
+<b>ut</b> populum ferum religiōne <b>mītigāret</b>, <a href =
+"#line_iii_3">III, 3</a>; <b>ut esset</b> index pācis et bellī, <a href
+= "#line_iii_25">III, 25</a>;&mdash;<b>nē</b> fūrtō auferrī
+<b>posset</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_16">III, 16</a>; <b>nē</b> duo
+violenta ingenia mātrimōniō <b>iungerentur</b>, <a href =
+"#line_vii_38">VII,&nbsp;38</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>2. Relative clause:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+mīsit <b>quī</b> societātem . . <b>peterent</b>, <a href =
+"#line_ii_5">II, 5</a>; Centum .&nbsp;. ēlēgit, <b>quōrum</b> cōnsiliō
+omnia <b>ageret</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_40">II, 40</a>; sacerdōtēs
+lēgit, <b>quī</b> ancīlia .&nbsp;. <b>cūstōdīrent</b> et .&nbsp;.
+<b>ferrent</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_19">III, 19</a>; Rōmam missus,
+<b>ubi</b> (= ut ibi) .&nbsp;. <b>interesset</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxviii_8">XXVIII,&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>3. <b>Quō</b><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_3" id =
+"tag_intro_3" href = "#note_intro_3">3</a> (whereby) with
+subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>quō frequentius habitārētur</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_66">IV, 66</a>
+(see note); <b>quō minor</b> turba Rōmae <b>foret</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xviii_21">XVIII, 21</a>; <b>quō diūtius</b> in magistrātū
+<b>esset</b>, <a href = "#line_xix_46">XIX,&nbsp;46</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>4. Gerundive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+coniugī dedit <b>ēducandōs</b>, <a href = "#line_i_19">I, 19</a>; īgnem
+. . perpetuō <b>alendum</b> virginibus dedit, <a href =
+"#line_iii_4">III, 4</a>; agellum <b>colendum</b> locāvit, <a href =
+"#line_xvii_36">XVII, 36</a>; <b>ad exercitum lūstrandum</b>, <a href =
+"#line_ii_44">II, 44</a>; mīlitēs <b>ad vindicandum</b> facinus
+accendit, <a href = "#line_xii_26">XII,&nbsp;26</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>5. Future participle:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+quasi dē pāce <b>āctūrus</b>, rē vērā ut tempus extraheret, <a href =
+"#line_xvii_2">XVII, 2</a> (see note).</p>
+
+<h5>6. Supine:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+aquam . . <b>petītum</b> ierat, <a href = "#line_ii_17">II, 17</a>; ē
+suīs ūnum . . mittit <b>scīscitātum</b>, <a href = "#line_viii_8">VIII,
+8</a>; Cum .&nbsp;. lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent <b>conquestum</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xiii_81">XIII, 81</a>; pecora .&nbsp;. quae <b>pāstum</b>
+prōpulsa essent, <a href = "#line_xix_63">XIX,&nbsp;63</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>7. Substantive clauses:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+adfīrmāns . . Rōmulum . . praecipere <b>ut</b> sēditiōnibus
+<b>abstinērent</b> et rem mīlitārem <b>colerent</b>, <a href =
+"#line_ii_51">II, 51-53</a>; Latīnōrum populīs suāsit <b>ut</b> .&nbsp;.
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xix" id = "page_xix">xix</a>
+fānum Diānae . . in Aventīnō monte <b>aedificārent</b>, <a href =
+"#line_vii_25">VII, 25</a>; optāvit <b>ut</b> frāter .&nbsp;.
+<b>revīvīsceret</b> atque iterum classem <b>āmitteret</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xviii_19">XVIII, 19</a>; ēdīxit <b>nē</b> quis .&nbsp;. in hostēs
+<b>pūgnāret</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_42">XIII, 42</a>; Veritus autem
+<b>nē</b> .&nbsp;. poenās <b>daret</b>, <a href = "#line_xvi_21">XVI,
+21</a>; petiit ā patribus cōnscrīptīs <b>nē</b> quid dē eā rē
+<b>statuerent</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_83">XIII,&nbsp;83</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>F.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT</h4>
+
+<h5>1. Pure result: <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nōn</b> with the
+subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+ita omnium animōs eā pietāte imbuit <b>ut</b> fidēs . . cīvēs
+<b>continēret</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_33">III, 33</a>; adeō frāctī
+.&nbsp;. sunt spīritūs .&nbsp;. <b>ut</b> nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs
+operam <b>daret</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_72">IV, 72</a>; ita eōs
+adliciēns <b>ut</b> apud omnēs plūrimum <b>posset</b>, <a href =
+"#line_viii_6">VIII,&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "notation">
+Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like <b>ita</b>,
+<b>adeō</b>, <b>tam</b>, <b>tālis</b>, <b>is</b>, which paves the way
+for the result clause.</p>
+
+<h5>2. Relative (characteristic):</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+invenīrī potuit nēmō, <b>quī . . peteret</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxiii_119">XXIII, 119</a>; Ūnus adulēscēns fuit, <b>quī
+audēret</b> querī, <a href = "#line_xxiv_50">XXIV, 50</a>. Here too
+belongs <b>quīn</b> with the subjunctive: haud procul erat <b>quīn
+.&nbsp;. āgnōsceret</b>, <a href = "#line_i_33">I, 33</a>; nōn esse
+dubium <b>quīn .&nbsp;. oportēret</b>, <a href = "#line_xvi_27">XVI,
+27</a>; Nēminī dubium est <b>quīn .&nbsp;. restituerit</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_105">XIX, 105</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>3. Substantive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+(Rōmulus dīxit) <b>futūrum ut</b> omnium gentium dominī
+<b>exsisterent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_53">II, 53</a>; <b>oportet</b>
+dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, .&nbsp;. <b>restituās</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xiii_54">XIII, 54</a>; <b>concessum est ut</b> .&nbsp;.
+praecinente tībīcine ā cēnā <b>redīret</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xvi_16">XVI,&nbsp;16</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>G.</i> TEMPORAL CLAUSES<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_4" id =
+"tag_intro_4" href = "#note_intro_4">4</a></h4>
+
+<h5>1. <b>Ubi</b>, <b>ut</b>, or <b>postquam</b> with the indicative
+mood, especially the perfect tense:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Ubi</b> spectāculī tempus <b>vēnit</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_11">II,
+11</a>; <b>Ut . . increpuēre</b> arma micantēsque
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xx" id = "page_xx">xx</a>
+<b>fulsēre</b> gladiī, <a href = "#line_iv_13">IV, 13</a>; Is
+<b>postquam adolēvit</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_7">VII, 7</a>; Quī
+<b>postquam</b> frequentēs <b>convēnēre</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xiii_52">XIII,&nbsp;52</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>2. <b>Dum</b> (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is
+generally the present):</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Ea rēs <b>dum</b> Numitōris animum anxium <b>tenet</b>, <a href =
+"#line_i_36">I, 36</a>; <b>dum</b> Albānus exercitus <b>inclāmat</b>
+Cūriātiīs, <a href = "#line_iv_23">IV, 23</a>; Latīnus <b>dum</b> ad
+Tiberim <b>dēscendit</b>, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit, <a href =
+"#line_vii_34">VII,&nbsp;34</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>3. <b>Dum</b>, <b>dōnec</b> (until) with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>dum convalēsceret</b> (indirect discourse also), <a href =
+"#line_vii_17">VII, 17</a>; ut tempus extrāheret, <b>dōnec</b> novae
+cōpiae ex Āfricā <b>advenīrent</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_3">XVII,
+3</a>&nbsp;(partly purpose).</p>
+
+<h5>4. <b>Antequam</b> and <b>priusquam</b> with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Alterum . . <b>priusquam</b> tertius <b>posset</b> cōnsequī, interfēcit,
+<a href = "#line_iv_24">IV, 24</a>; <b>priusquam</b> eīs bellum
+<b>indīceret</b>, lēgātum mīsit quī rēs repeteret, <a href =
+"#line_v_7">V, 7</a>; petiit .&nbsp;. nē quid .&nbsp;. statuerent
+<b>antequam</b> ipse <b>īnspexisset</b> Macedonum .&nbsp;. causam,
+<a href = "#line_xiii_83">XIII, 83</a> (indirect discourse).</p>
+
+<h5>5. <b>Cum</b> with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>cum</b> iīs <b>īnsidiātī essent</b> latrōnēs, <a href =
+"#line_i_22">I, 22</a>; <b>cum</b> Numitor .&nbsp;. <b>comparāret</b>,
+<a href = "#line_i_30">I, 30</a>; <b>cum</b> (as) Rōmae
+<b>appropinquārent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_15">II, 15</a>; cum (while)
+.&nbsp;. cōntiōnem .&nbsp;. <b>habēret</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_44">II,
+44</a>; Quī <b>cum</b> Rōmam <b>vēnisset</b>, <a href =
+"#line_iii_2">III, 2</a>. This form of temporal clause is extremely
+common.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>H.</i> CAUSAL CLAUSES<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_5" id =
+"tag_intro_5" href = "#note_intro_5">5</a></h4>
+
+<h5>1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+quīppe <b>quī cerneret</b> ferrum ante oculōs micāns, accūsātiōnem
+dīmīsit, <a href = "#line_xiii_8">XIII, 8</a>; cum in eam cīvitātem
+animadvertere dēcrēvisset <b>quae</b> (= cum&nbsp;ea) sibi <b>adversāta
+fuisset</b>, <a href = "#line_xxvii_37">XXVII,&nbsp;37</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>2. <b>Cum</b> with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Cum</b> vērō uxōrēs . . nōn <b>habērent</b>, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās
+gentēs mīsit,
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxi" id = "page_xxi">xxi</a>
+II, 3; <b>cum</b> sē invidiōsum . . <b>vidēret</b>, Vēientēs .&nbsp;.
+adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit, <a href = "#line_iv_55">IV, 55</a>;
+<b>Cum</b> .&nbsp;. facinora clandestīna <b>fierent</b>, Ancus carcerem
+.&nbsp;. aedificāvit, <a href = "#line_v_21">V, 21-25</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>3. <b>Quod</b>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_6" id =
+"tag_intro_6" href = "#note_intro_6">6</a> <b>quia</b>, <b>quoniam</b>,
+or <b>quandō</b>, with the indicative:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>quia</b> tribus impār <b>erat</b>, . . fugam capessīvit, <a href =
+"#line_iv_18">IV, 18</a>; <b>quandōquidem .&nbsp;. pūgnāvistī</b>,
+<a href = "#line_xiii_53">XIII, 53</a>; <b>quia</b> nōn <b>pāruistī</b>,
+<a href = "#line_xiii_77">XIII,&nbsp;77</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>4. <b>Quod</b> with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+cum sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret, <b>quod</b> bellum ūnō paucōrum
+certāmine <b>fīnīsset</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_55">IV, 55-56</a> (see
+note); Tarquinius fīlium .&nbsp;. <b>quod</b> in proeliō hostem
+<b>percussisset</b>, praetextā .&nbsp;. dōnāvit, <a href =
+"#line_vi_25">VI, 25-27</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>5. <b>Quasi</b> with the subjunctive (assumed reason):</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+eum accūsantēs, <b>quasi</b> Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre <b>solitus
+esset</b>, <a href = "#line_i_28">I, 28</a>; Is cum īrātus ad mortem
+dūcī iussisset mīlitem, <b>quasi</b> (because, as was supposed,)
+<b>interfēcisset</b> commīlitōnem, <a href =
+"#line_xiii_65">XIII,&nbsp;65</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "notation">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;These clauses resemble
+those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed to some one other than the
+writer. They show also that the reason is fictitious, and invented by
+the person who advances&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>I.</i> CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES</h4>
+
+<h5>1. <b>Cum</b> (although) with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>cum retinērētur</b> ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen Carthāginem rediit,
+<a href = "#line_xvii_53">XVII,&nbsp;53</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>2. <b>Quamquam</b> with the indicative:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>quamquam . . pellēbātur</b>, <a href = "#line_xxi_242">XXI,
+242</a>.</p>
+
+<h5>3. <b>Quamvīs</b> with the subjunctive:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>quamvīs sīs</b> molestus, <a href = "#line_xxvi_158">XXVI,
+158</a>.</p>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxii" id = "page_xxii">xxii</a>
+<h4><i>J.</i> CUM CLAUSES</h4>
+
+<p class = "header">
+The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of <b>cum</b> have already
+been given separately. <b>Cum</b> was originally a temporal conjunction.
+From the temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English
+<i>when</i> frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and
+concession combined, and <i>while</i> also is frequently at once
+temporal and concessive. So <b>cum</b> also may represent these ideas in
+combination as well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is
+difficult, if not impossible, to decide which meaning is more
+prominent:&nbsp;cf.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>Cum</b> (<i>when</i> and <i>since</i>) lupa saepius ad parvulōs
+.&nbsp;. <b>reverterētur</b>, <a href = "#line_i_16">I, 16</a>; Hīs
+artibus <b>cum</b> (<i>when</i> and <i>although</i>) Hannibalem Fabius
+.&nbsp;. <b>clausisset</b>, ille .&nbsp;. sē expedīvit, <a href =
+"#line_xix_31">XIX,&nbsp;31</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>K.</i> THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE</h4>
+
+<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">1. Form.&mdash;</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a participle. The
+participle is generally passive, but often active: <b>Eō rēgnante</b>,
+<a href = "#line_iv_3">IV, 3</a>; <b>relābente flūmine</b>, <a href =
+"#line_i_9">I,&nbsp;9</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and
+adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there
+is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of <b>sum</b>:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>māgnā glōriā</b> bellī, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>;
+<b>parī</b> ferē <b>ōrnātū</b>, <a href = "#line_x_6">X, 6</a>; <b>Appiō
+iūdice</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_15">XII, 15</a>; <b>Valeriō</b> et
+<b>Cossō cōnsulibus</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_1">XIV,&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<h5><a name = "K3" id = "K3">3.</a> <span class =
+"smallcaps">Meaning.</span>&mdash;The ablative absolute may denote</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Time</span>; compare Temporal Clauses,
+<i>G</i> 1, 2, and&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>pulsō frātre</b>, rēgnāvit, <a href = "#line_i_3">I, 3</a>; <b>Eā rē
+cōgnitā</b>, parvulōs .&nbsp;. abiēcit in Tiberim, <a href =
+"#line_i_5">I, 5</a>; <b>armātīs pāstōribus</b>, Albam properāvit,
+<a href = "#line_i_25">I,&nbsp;25</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "notation">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;This is the original and
+most frequent use of the ablative absolute.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxiii" id = "page_xxiii">xxiii</a>
+
+<h5><a name = "K4" id = "K4">4.</a> <span class =
+"smallcaps">Cause:</span> compare Causal Clauses, <i>H</i> 2 and 3.</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>ortā</b> inter eōs <b>contentiōne</b>, <a href = "#line_i_40">I,
+40</a>; dūrissimā squāmārum <b>lōrīcā</b> omnia tēla facile
+<b>repellente</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_22">XVII, 22</a>; in cōnfertā
+multitūdine aegrē <b>prōcēdente carpentō</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xviii_17">XVIII,&nbsp;17</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Concession:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+agrum ēius, <b>omnibus</b> circā <b>vāstātīs</b>, intāctum relīquit,
+<a href = "#line_xix_39">XIX,&nbsp;39</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, <i>J</i>.
+Examples are:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>mīlitibus</b> sēgnius <b>dīmicantibus</b>, raptum sīgnum in hostem
+mīsit, <a href = "#line_vii_9">VII, 9</a>; <b>occīsō Tatiō</b>, ad
+Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit, <a href =
+"#line_ii_40">II,&nbsp;40</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Condition:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>rē</b> male <b>gestā</b> (if he fails), <a href = "#line_xvi_31">XVI,
+31</a>; nē, <b>dēsertō</b> agrō, nōn esset (lest, if he neglected his
+farm, he might not have), <a href =
+"#line_xvii_34">XVII,&nbsp;34</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">8. Means:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>advectīs ballistīs</b> et <b>catapultīs</b> (by bringing up, etc.)
+.&nbsp;. dēiciendus hostis fuit, <a href =
+"#line_xvii_23">XVII,&nbsp;23</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">9. Attendant circumstance:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>crīnibus passīs</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_36">II, 36</a>; <b>māgnā
+glōriā</b> bellī rēgnāvit, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>; scrībā
+cum rēge <b>parī ferē ōrnātū</b> sedēbat, <a href =
+"#line_x_6">X,&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English
+perfect active participle with an object: <b>armātīs pāstōribus</b>,
+<a href = "#line_i_25">I, 25</a>, <i>having armed</i> the shepherds.
+A&nbsp;combination of an abl. abs. and a finite verb is often best
+rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense: <b>interēmptō
+Amūliō</b>, Numitōrem in rēgnum <b>restituit</b>, <a href =
+"#line_i_37">I, 37</a>, <i>he killed</i> Amulius <i>and restored</i>
+Numitor to the throne.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>L.</i> PARTICIPLES</h4>
+
+<p>In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle,
+are used far more frequently than in English, and with a
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxiv" id = "page_xxiv">xxiv</a>
+much larger variety of meanings. The use of the participle tends to
+produce brevity of expression. Thus the Latin participle may be
+equivalent&nbsp;to</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. A relative clause:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>raptae</b> mulierēs, <a href = "#line_ii_35">II, 35</a>; Rōmānus . .
+male <b>sustinentem</b> (= quī male sustinēbat) arma Cūriātium cōnficit,
+<a href = "#line_iv_29">IV, 29</a>; ab laniō cultrō <b>adreptō</b> (with
+a knife <i>which he caught up</i> from a butcher’s stall), <a href =
+"#line_xii_24">XII, 24</a>; <b>volentibus</b> (= eīs quī volēbant)
+cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit, <a href =
+"#line_xiii_97">XIII,&nbsp;97</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. A causal clause:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+necessitāte <b>compulsus</b> indicāvit, <a href = "#line_i_24">I,
+24</a>; nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit <b>dēterritus</b> .&nbsp;. Nāviī
+auctōritāte, <a href = "#line_vi_16">VI, 16</a>; Hōc terrōre cēterī
+<b>adāctī</b> nōmina prōmptius dedērunt, <a href =
+"#line_xv_25">XV,&nbsp;25</a>.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. A concessive clause:</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+<b>victus</b> (though beaten) crucis supplicium effūgit, <a href =
+"#line_xvi_30">XVI,&nbsp;30</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a
+noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a
+limiting genitive:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+ob <b>virginēs</b> raptās (on account of the <i>seizure of</i> the
+maidens), <a href = "#line_ii_14">II, 14</a>; Annō trecentēsimō ab
+<b>urbe conditā</b> (from the <i>founding of</i> the city), <a href =
+"#line_xii_1">XII,&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the
+same mood, tense, and construction, <i>e.g.</i> ‘They took the ass and
+saddled him.’ Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers
+to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,
+<i>e.g.</i> a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two
+classes of sentences:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+(<i>a</i>) Such sentences as fulmine <b>īctum cōnflagrāsse</b>, <a href
+= "#line_iv_74">IV, 74</a>, which = fulmine <b>īctum esse et
+cōnflagrāsse</b>, <i>i.e.</i> ‘he <i>was struck</i> by lightning <i>and
+burned</i>,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+(<i>b</i>) such sentences as the following: parvulōs alveō <b>impositōs
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxv" id = "page_xxv">xxv</a>
+abiēcit</b>, <a href = "#line_i_6">I, 6</a> = parvulōs alveō <b>imposuit
+et abiēcit</b>; <b>ēlatam</b> secūrim in ēius caput <b>dēiēcit</b>,
+<a href = "#line_vi_37">VI, 37</a> = <b>extulit</b> secūrim <b>et</b> in
+ēius caput <b>dēiēcit</b>; cōniugem ē Cūriā <b>ēvocātum</b> .&nbsp;.
+rēgem <b>salūtāvit</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_47">VII, 47</a> = cōniugem
+ē Cūriā <b>ēvocāvit et</b> eum rēgem <b>salūtāvit</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>M.</i> INDIRECT DISCOURSE</h4>
+
+<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">1. Indirect Discourse defined.&mdash;</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+The terms <i>Direct Discourse</i> and <i>Indirect Discourse</i> denote
+the two distinct ways in which a writer may quote the statement or
+represent the thought of another person. If the writer gives the exact
+words in which the statement was made, or in which the thought was
+formulated (if&nbsp;put into words at all), he is said to use the
+<i>direct</i> discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely the
+substance or the gist of his own or another’s statements or thoughts, he
+is said to use the <i>indirect</i> discourse. In Latin, as in English,
+the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.</p>
+
+<p class = "header">
+2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous
+changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under
+two heads: (<i>a</i>) those which occur in principal clauses, and
+(<i>b</i>) those which occur in subordinate clauses.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">3. Changes in Principal
+Clauses.&mdash;</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+Principal clauses may be declarative, interrogative, or imperative; that
+is, they may make a statement, ask a question, or give expression to a
+command. We thus have to consider three forms of principal clauses:
+(<i>a</i>) Statements, (<i>b</i>) Questions, (<i>c</i>) Commands.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">4. Statements in Indirect Discourse.</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of
+saying:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+adfīrmāns <b>vīsum</b> (sc. <b>esse</b>) ā sē Rōmulum . . eundemque
+<b>praecipere</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_51">II, 51</a> (direct form,
+<b>vīsus est</b> ā mē Rōmulus .&nbsp;. īdemque <b>praecipit</b>);
+prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre <b>caesam esse</b>, <a href =
+"#line_iv_43">IV, 43</a> (direct
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxvi" id = "page_xxvi">xxvi</a>
+form, fīlia mea iūre <b>caesa est</b>); minātur sē vī
+<b>abstrāctūrum</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_12">XII, 12</a> (direct form
+(ego) vī tē <b>abstraham</b>).</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Questions in Indirect Discourse.</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
+fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on
+a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse
+occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions
+(cf.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;2), however, fall under this general head
+as giving some one’s thoughts without quoting his exact words.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">6. Commands in Indirect Discourse.</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall
+into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb
+like <i>imperāvit</i>, to be supplied in thought:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+proinde <b>nē gravārētur</b> sē spectandum praebēre, <a href =
+"#line_xxi_289">XXI, 289</a> (direct form, <b>Nōlī gravārī</b> tē
+spectandum praebēre); satis cōnstat Sullam .&nbsp;. prōclāmāsse,
+<b>vincerent</b>, dummodo scīrent, <a href = "#line_xxvii_12">XXVII,
+12-15</a> (direct form, <b>Vincite</b>, dummodo sciātis).</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect
+Discourse.</h5>
+
+<p class = "header">
+All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in
+the subjunctive mood:</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Tatius . . Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris dedit, <b>sī . . perdūxisset</b>,
+<a href = "#line_ii_19">II, 19-21</a> (direct form, dō or dabō optiōnem
+mūneris, <b>sī .&nbsp;. perdūxeris</b>: see note); Illa petiit quod
+<b>gererent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_21">II, 21</a> (direct form, Petō
+quod .&nbsp;. <b>geritis</b>).</p>
+
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_1" id = "note_intro_1" href =
+"#tag_intro_1">1</a>
+See also below, Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K3"><i>K</i> 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_2" id = "note_intro_2" href =
+"#tag_intro_2">2</a>
+The form with <b>in</b> is the more exact.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_3" id = "note_intro_3" href =
+"#tag_intro_3">3</a>
+This is merely a special form of (2), but its importance entitles it to
+separate treatment.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_4" id = "note_intro_4" href =
+"#tag_intro_4">4</a>
+Cf. also Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K3"><i>K</i> 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_5" id = "note_intro_5" href =
+"#tag_intro_5">5</a>
+Cf. also Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K4"><i>K</i> 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_6" id = "note_intro_6" href =
+"#tag_intro_6">6</a>
+These conjunctions are regularly used with the indicative. They are
+employed with the subjunctive only when the writer is indirectly quoting
+the reason given by some one else.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- end div intro -->
+
+<div class = "section">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxvii" id = "page_xxvii">xxvii</a>
+
+<p>The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars
+in most common use; H&nbsp;= Harkness’ Complete Latin Grammar,
+references to Harkness’ Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses;
+M&nbsp;= Lane &amp; Morgan; A&nbsp;= Allen &amp; Greenough; G&nbsp;=
+Gildersleeve; B&nbsp;= Bennett.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxviii" id = "page_xxviii">xxviii</a>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic_xxviii.png" width = "542" height = "543"
+alt = "THE HILLS OF ROME" title = "THE HILLS OF ROME"></p>
+
+<p class = "notation">
+The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion
+of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,
+and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the
+Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which
+was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the
+Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built
+a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and
+Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,
+of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the
+Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The
+only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its
+population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow
+strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet
+wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut
+away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the
+excavations stands the well-known ‘Trajan’s Column,’ 140 feet high,
+‘erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the
+Emperor.’ The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus
+Martius, its main artery, the famous ‘Corso,’ following the line of the
+ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, <i>Ancient Rome</i>,
+p.&nbsp;86.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "section maintext">
+
+<h2><a name = "stripped" id = "stripped">URBIS ROMAE VIRI
+INLUSTRES</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">“Stripped” text</span></h2>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_I">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_I" id = "stripped_I">I.</a>
+Romani imperii exordium</h4>
+
+<p>Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori,
+qui natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre,
+regnavit et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae
+sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re
+cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos
+abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,
+relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis
+solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,
+infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur,
+Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae
+Larentiae coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo
+ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et
+latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati
+essent latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum
+Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum
+avus, quae mater. Romulus statim <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘armatis’">armatis</ins> pastoribus Albam properavit.</p>
+
+<p>Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,
+quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege
+Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum
+considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul
+erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri
+simillimus<!-- he had a wolfish look --> aetasque expositionis
+temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente
+Romulus supervenit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in
+regnum restituit.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique
+educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen
+novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.
+Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,
+victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere
+vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id
+traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: “Sic
+deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!” Ita solus potitus est
+imperio Romulus.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a class = "float" href = "#selection_II">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_II" id = "stripped_II">II.</a>
+Romulus, Romanorum rex primus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+753-715 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant.
+Erat in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum
+pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
+legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo
+populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam
+additum: “Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret
+conubium.” Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici
+deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam
+videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi
+spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum
+signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.</p>
+
+<p>Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum
+adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam
+virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius
+pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae
+optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.
+Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos
+anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem
+perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis
+habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum
+Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,
+nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu
+consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: “Vicimus
+perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse
+virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.” Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum
+tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus
+restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus
+passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc
+viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.</p>
+
+<p>Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et
+regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad
+Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit,
+quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter
+senectutem. Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta
+curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum
+contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta est
+tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus
+est. Ad deos transisse vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius
+Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in
+contionem processit, iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore
+forma, eundemque praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem
+colerent; futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle
+Quirinali Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est
+appellatus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_III">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_III" id = "stripped_III">III.</a>
+Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+716-673 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione.
+Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut
+populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae
+consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem
+Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.
+Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus
+fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam
+docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii
+certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem
+populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt
+silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e
+caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri
+posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.
+Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa
+imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et
+rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae
+descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino
+aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse
+civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.</p>
+
+<p>Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem
+institutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria
+esse conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere.
+Lucus erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine
+arbitris se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea
+pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum
+metus cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus
+civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte
+sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem
+auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et
+quadraginta.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_IV">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_IV" id = "stripped_IV">IV.</a>
+Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+673-641 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo
+regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum
+inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio
+placuit rem paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini
+fratres Horatii, tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro
+sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde
+victoria, ibi imperium esset.</p>
+
+<p>Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies
+procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique
+armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut
+primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens
+spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani
+alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad
+casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes
+tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is
+integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam
+capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum
+spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt
+unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,
+et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam
+Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset
+consequi, interfecit.</p>
+
+<p>Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat
+intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum
+cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male
+sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac
+gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat
+Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,
+quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris
+paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere
+coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio
+publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis
+increpans: “Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,
+oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.”</p>
+
+<p>Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius
+Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque
+laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex
+proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque
+Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia
+stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris
+lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure
+causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam
+sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite
+adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum <i>Sororium</i> appellatum
+est.</p>
+
+<p>Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum
+se invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine
+finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos
+concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem
+subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus
+intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a
+tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero
+die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis
+religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter
+ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.</p>
+
+<p>Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons
+Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus
+regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus
+bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis
+quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam
+domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est
+implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi
+feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum
+fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit
+annos duos et triginta.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_V">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_V" id = "stripped_V">V.</a>
+Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+641-616 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii
+nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc
+Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos,
+et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum
+indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri
+acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit
+a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato “Audi, Iuppiter,” inquit “audite,
+fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis
+fides sit.” Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit,
+hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea
+de re mittitur, <i>Fetialis</i> ritusque belli indicendi <i>Ius
+Fetiale</i> appellatur.</p>
+
+<p>Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare
+bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus
+Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum
+autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus
+carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit.
+Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in
+Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit.
+Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte
+praereptus obiit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VI">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_VI" id = "stripped_VI">VI.</a>
+Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+616-578 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe,
+profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur
+haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui
+Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte
+reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum
+perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa
+et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes
+urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et
+industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus
+est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita
+administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.</p>
+
+<p>Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit;
+de Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum
+centurias duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt,
+Atti Navii auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id
+fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum
+artis eum interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset;
+Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. “Atqui hoc” inquit rex
+“agitabam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem.” “Potes ergo” inquit
+augur, et rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod
+in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec
+ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.</p>
+
+<p>Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno
+fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos
+ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in
+vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam
+pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et
+certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere,
+unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus
+avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in
+vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_VII" id = "stripped_VII">VII.</a>
+Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+578-534 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili
+femina, captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci
+educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae
+species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei
+dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac
+suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio
+insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos
+conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem
+misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et
+signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et
+cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius
+celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave
+quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum
+convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius
+regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit;
+montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas
+circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et
+centurias distribuit.</p>
+
+<p>Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum
+erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum
+fama ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae
+cum populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos
+mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum
+eum populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae
+immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti
+Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus
+abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem
+immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.</p>
+
+<p>Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum
+Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in
+matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed
+mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo
+coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum
+paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit,
+iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est.
+Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum
+prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset
+domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem
+inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille
+Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et
+quadraginta.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VIII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_VIII" id = "stripped_VIII">VIII.</a>
+Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+534-510 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus
+Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude
+Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non
+posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.
+Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur,
+fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et
+ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit
+sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil
+respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans
+sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius,
+fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et
+facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit
+patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.</p>
+
+<p>Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent,
+Tarquinius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum
+Tarquinium cum iuvenibus regiis. Incidit <ins class = "correction" title
+= "text reads ‘de’">de</ins> uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque
+laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias
+nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam;
+Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea
+ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus
+Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die, advocatis
+patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste abditum
+habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum coniurant.
+Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et exsilium
+indictum.</p>
+
+<p>In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque
+incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros
+ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare.
+Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum
+poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum
+cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex
+eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo
+risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem
+statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut
+tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque
+attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam
+intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod
+erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam
+postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi
+Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt,
+cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_IX">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_IX" id = "stripped_IX">IX.</a>
+Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus</h4>
+
+<p>Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam
+timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab
+avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est.
+Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem
+muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit
+deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt
+quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam
+potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus,
+velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod
+ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.</p>
+
+<p>Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et
+Tarquinius Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per
+dolum et proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana
+adulescentes aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum
+legatis, quos rex ad bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis
+regibus conloquuntur, ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii
+adsumunt. Sermonem eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules
+detulit. Datae ad Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt.
+Proditores in vincula coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum
+deligati iuvenes nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se
+oculos avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores
+nudatos virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo,
+sed et exactor erat Brutus. qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem
+ageret.</p>
+
+<p>Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est.
+Equitibus praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus
+sequebatur. Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum
+equitatu antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira
+“Ille est vir” inquit “qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris
+decoratus insignibus magnifice incedit.” Tum concitat calcaribus equum
+atque in ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo
+infestis animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus
+tamen proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit.
+Bruti conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut
+parentem, annum luxerunt.</p>
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_X">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_X" id = "stripped_X">X.</a>
+Mucius Scaevola</h4>
+
+<p>Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum
+adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta
+potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba
+prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et
+scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex
+esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus
+dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod
+in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus
+iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus
+eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis
+obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia
+appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XI">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XI" id = "stripped_XI">XI.</a>
+Fabii trecenti sex<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+479-477 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens
+senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: “Vos alia bella curate;
+Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in
+animo est.” Gratiae&nbsp;ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia
+egressus, comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe
+rumor; Fabium ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt.
+Numquam exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione
+hominum per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes
+patricii, omnes unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is
+opportunus visus est locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi
+pacem supplices petunt.</p>
+
+<p>Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello
+inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu
+Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur,
+pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in
+insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter
+nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est
+appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem
+impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium
+Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XII" id = "stripped_XII">XII.</a>
+Lucius Virginius</h4>
+
+<p>Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri
+creati sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim
+tabulis eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia
+in exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam
+adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e
+clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum
+se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius,
+puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini
+venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit
+manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘faciat’">faciat</ins>, minatur se vi
+abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis fit
+concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat in
+ius, ipso Appio iudice.</p>
+
+<p>Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a
+castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro
+exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et
+civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum
+in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi
+nihil usquam auxilii vidit, “Quaeso,” inquit “Appi, ignosce patrio
+dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui.” Data venia pater cum filiam
+seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero
+sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad
+vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum
+insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se
+abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius
+Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XIII" id = "stripped_XIII">XIII.</a>
+Titus Manlius Torquatus</h4>
+
+<p>Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rus relegatus
+erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno
+plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate
+laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad
+Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii
+stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat.
+Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans,
+accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod
+animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem
+anno tribunus militum factus est.</p>
+
+<p>Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra
+posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii
+constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine
+in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit “Quem nunc” inquit
+“Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus
+certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior.” Diu inter
+primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione
+ad imperatorem pergit: “Iniussu tuo,” inquit, “imperator, extra ordinem
+numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis,
+volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae
+Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit.” Cui imperator “Macte virtute,”
+inquit “Tite Manli, esto: pergeet nomen Romanum invictum praesta.”</p>
+
+<p>Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur
+gladio, ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide
+laetus et linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies,
+Gallus ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero
+inter corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem
+transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem
+detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor
+cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur
+et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde
+Torquati cognomen accepit.</p>
+
+<p>Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam
+militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret.
+T.&nbsp;Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium
+accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium
+agnovit, “Visne” inquit “congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu
+cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?” Movit ferocem animum
+iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii
+paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit
+spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus
+consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere,
+“Quandoquidem” inquit “tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti,
+oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste
+exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad
+palum.” Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est
+cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores
+tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita
+exsecrata est.</p>
+
+<p>Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum
+proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et
+furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et
+cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci
+iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus
+erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad
+conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est
+et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui
+occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium
+carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti
+concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille
+conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et
+centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: “Te morte
+plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis
+commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non
+paruisti.”</p>
+
+<p>Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios
+acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit.
+Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii
+Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae
+severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re
+statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id
+a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari
+iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae,
+solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die
+pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales
+eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam
+tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et
+proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et
+religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat
+ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne
+exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et
+eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus
+consulere se de iure praebuit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIV">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XIV" id = "stripped_XIV">XIV.</a>
+Publius Decius</h4>
+
+<p>P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus
+militum fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius
+editum collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio
+verticem occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum
+agmen in aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis
+circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno
+oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona
+civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello
+Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio
+obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset,
+convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se
+Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus
+devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit:
+corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XV">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XV" id = "stripped_XV">XV.</a>
+Manius Curius</h4>
+
+<p>Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis
+vicit. In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset,
+ipse inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,
+catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato
+iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse.
+Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti
+cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt
+dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent
+aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie
+vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo
+viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret,
+plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque
+perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non
+esset.</p>
+
+<p>Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in
+Capitolio delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent,
+coniectis in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum
+citari iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae
+subiecit, deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis
+appellasset, ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo
+cive, qui nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti
+auxilio fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite
+acto, qui militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore
+ceteri adacti nomina promptius dederunt.</p>
+
+<p>His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit.
+Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum
+primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum
+revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum
+consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit.
+Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam
+Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus
+paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae
+cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri,
+periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu
+libratam in caput regis deiecit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVI">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XVI" id = "stripped_XVI">XVI.</a>
+Gaius Duilius</h4>
+
+<p>Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret
+naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos,
+machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem,
+excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto
+ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus
+dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit.
+Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam
+praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.</p>
+
+<p>Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla
+victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari
+plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam
+praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham
+saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria
+classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa
+infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex
+amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, “Consulit”
+inquit “vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis
+instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?” Acclamavit
+universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille
+“Conflixit” inquit “et superatus est.” Ita non potuerunt factum damnare,
+quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis
+supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos
+adficiebatur.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XVII" id = "stripped_XVII">XVII.</a>
+Marcus Atilius Regulus</h4>
+
+<p>Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno
+Carthaginiensis ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus
+extraheret, donec novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem
+accessit, exortus est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum
+esse, quod paucis ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset.
+Cornelius enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis
+comprehensus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat,
+sed periculum astuto responso avertit: “Hoc vero” inquit “si feceritis,
+nihilo eritis Afris meliores.” Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari
+referri volebant, et conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: “Isto
+te metu, Hanno, fides Romana liberat.” De pace, quia neque Poenus serio
+agebat et consul victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.</p>
+
+<p>Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam
+urbem et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed
+etiam cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet,
+anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites
+ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso
+pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari
+poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente.
+Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut
+arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere
+oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu
+vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium
+beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.</p>
+
+<p>Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est.
+Quod ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem
+septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum,
+aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor
+in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi
+alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica
+pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac
+liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes
+contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi
+durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium
+petierunt.</p>
+
+<p>Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus
+miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia
+hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in
+carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘captivis’">captivis</ins> missus est
+dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui
+cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne
+diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse
+senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos
+Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam
+confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti
+sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem
+rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad
+exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit.
+Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim
+resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset
+ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in
+arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut
+erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
+quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore
+continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita
+clarior et inlustrior.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVIII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XVIII" id = "stripped_XVIII">XVIII.</a>
+Appius Claudius Pulcher</h4>
+
+<p>Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos
+profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die
+hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam
+navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei
+nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in
+aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi
+iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso
+proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt,
+viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est
+damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati
+fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens,
+in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut
+frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo
+minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata
+gravisque ei dicta est multa.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIX">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XIX" id = "stripped_XIX">XIX.</a>
+Quintus Fabius Maximus</h4>
+
+<p>Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus
+odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse
+secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli
+quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit.
+Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali
+auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius,
+legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto “Hic” inquit “vobis bellum et
+pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite.” Poenis daret utrum vellet
+succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni
+accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se
+gesturos.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium
+Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud
+Trasumenum profligavit.</p>
+
+<p>Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator
+Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus
+belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum
+insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam
+constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca
+alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum
+neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret,
+miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab
+hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus
+proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae
+aut fortunae paenitere.</p>
+
+<p>His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis
+clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque
+arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi
+bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis
+cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo
+attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra
+vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.</p>
+
+<p>Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius,
+omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto
+filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos
+Romanos redemit.</p>
+
+<p>Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto
+timidum, pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius,
+magister equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo
+tempus terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in
+exercitu imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori
+magistrum equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit
+Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere
+proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito
+adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se
+Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt
+tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum
+procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum
+Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.</p>
+
+<p>Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut
+Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant.
+Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud
+procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent,
+conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium,
+quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste
+factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac
+saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque
+noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc
+Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus
+est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum
+vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil
+incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est.
+Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum
+suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator,
+Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem
+confugit.</p>
+
+<p>Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione
+cinxit. Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit.
+Praefectus praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater
+in exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum
+transiit ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius
+vigilia prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat.
+Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem
+transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu
+intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam
+festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, “Et Romani” inquit “suum
+Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus.”</p>
+
+<p>Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem
+Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse,
+“Certe” inquit Fabius ridens, “nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam
+recepissem.”</p>
+
+<p>Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in
+eius castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim
+lictoribus pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque
+appropinquante consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia
+paternae maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul
+animadvertisset, proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex
+equo descenderet. Pater tum desiliens “Non ego, fili,” inquit “tuum
+imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse.” Ad
+summam senectutem vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior
+quam promptior habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello,
+quod tum gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem
+Romanam cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando
+maxime civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua
+Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘ne’">ne</ins> Roma opprimi posset.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XX">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XX" id = "stripped_XX">XX.</a>
+Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro</h4>
+
+<p>Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo
+consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio
+magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur
+consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
+communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et
+signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis
+et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent.
+Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere
+adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem
+cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam
+tribunus militum, “Cape” inquit “hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine
+tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est.” Ad ea consul: “Tu quidem
+macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi
+perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis
+victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum
+patere exspirare.” Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit.
+Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi
+triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria
+milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios
+aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum
+et senatorum detraxerat.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem
+iam ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis,
+Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam
+pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal
+illud non probasset, Maharbal “Non omnia nimirum” inquit “eidem dii
+dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.” Mora huius diei
+satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria
+posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius
+deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam
+Hannibali Cannas fuisse.</p>
+
+<p>Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis
+nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam
+animo civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam
+irent et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si
+Poenorum dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non
+autem vitae cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo
+aetatis suae tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et
+postea numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei
+deferrentur a
+populo, renuntiavit. dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus
+esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim
+respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera
+hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat
+aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod
+in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum
+exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique
+vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in
+publicum deferrentur.</p>
+
+<p>Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex
+ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis
+postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse
+redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non
+esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Unus ex iis
+legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post
+in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is
+ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum
+esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus
+illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis
+audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis
+tam excelso esset animo.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXI">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXI" id = "stripped_XXI">XXI.</a>
+Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus</h4>
+
+<p>Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem
+singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem
+commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset,
+filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem
+periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti
+favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes
+rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas
+esset, “Si me” inquit Scipio “omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt,
+satis annorum habeo.” Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut
+tribuni incepto desisterent.</p>
+
+<p>Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium
+perfugerant; cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium
+consensu ad Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii
+delata est. Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus,
+consularis viri filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem
+consilium de Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui
+conspirationis erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi
+iuvenum, de quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita
+consultantium gladio, “Iurate” inquit “vos neque ipsos rem publicam
+populi Romani deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros:
+qui non iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.” Haud secus
+pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes
+custodiendosque semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.</p>
+
+<p>Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi
+imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri
+eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de
+re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto
+dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud
+imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii
+comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P.&nbsp;Cornelius Scipio,
+quattuor et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in
+superiore, unde conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium
+ora conversa sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse
+iusserunt. At postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit
+facti paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi
+animadvertit Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de
+bello, quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque
+certissima impleret.</p>
+
+<p>Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die
+venit, expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae
+opes, ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus
+omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae
+formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos
+natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis
+parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam
+redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id
+a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad
+se virginis sponso, “Super dotem” inquit “quam accepturus a socero es,
+haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent” aurumque tollere ac sibi habere
+iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos
+Romanis conciliavit.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium
+potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio
+domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus
+regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et
+cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit
+puer, “Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum
+maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui
+nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus
+propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo
+pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in
+aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis.” Scipio eum
+interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis,
+id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque
+ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset,
+circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio,
+silentio per praeconem facto, “Nomen imperatoris” inquit, “quo me mei
+milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae
+intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis
+licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis
+appellatione abstineatis.” Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua
+Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et
+concupiscunt.</p>
+
+<p>Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre
+meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit.
+Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem
+magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum
+cum donis ad eum misit C.&nbsp;Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate
+vivebat. Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec
+dare nec accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio
+igitur in Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore
+Hasdrubal pulsus Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis
+amicitiam pariter petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus.
+Cenatum simul apud regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal
+accubuerunt. Tanta autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem
+modo, sed etiam hostem infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret.
+Scipio, foedere icto cum Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.</p>
+
+<p>Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat.
+Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio
+statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso
+tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et
+Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex
+fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio
+cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries
+habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac
+militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida
+gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam
+quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi
+et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in
+societatem recepit.</p>
+
+<p>Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia
+ei provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui
+cum vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum
+complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti
+consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos
+et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent,
+legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati
+adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores,
+magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes
+cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit,
+arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum
+horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma
+et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem
+acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos
+instruxit ornavitque equites.</p>
+
+<p>Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto
+militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae
+praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque
+brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus
+esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem
+adferebat, in hortationem convertens, “Africam oppressi” inquit,
+“milites!” Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi
+speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec
+supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est,
+sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein
+interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi,
+prandio dato incolumes dimisit.</p>
+
+<p>Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva
+equitum turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal,
+Poenorum dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra
+una nocte perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem
+pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis
+velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse
+vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri,
+cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam
+misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea
+corona donavit.</p>
+
+<p>Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum
+terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam
+revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur
+legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae
+litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi
+pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum
+iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi
+secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies
+locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis
+duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero
+de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt,
+renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal
+victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero
+confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.</p>
+
+<p>Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt
+triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam
+civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem
+transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas
+condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta
+essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra
+marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem
+advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed
+etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium
+plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine
+victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.</p>
+
+<p>Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum
+est. Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris
+mandaverunt, Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in
+Capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu
+demorari, quasi consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius
+templi saepe esse miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium
+ingredientem canes, semper in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi
+de Scipione opiniones confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta
+factaque eius pleraque admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi.
+Adsidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac
+defensoribus validum et munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla
+eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio
+atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in
+iure apud eum stabant, interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem
+locumque vades sisti iuberet. Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod
+obsidebatur, arcem protendens, “Perendie” inquit “sese sistant illo in
+loco,” atque ita factum. Die tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat,
+oppidum captum est. Eodem die in arce eius oppidi ius dixit.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae
+regem, confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad
+Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi
+conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet.
+Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri,
+quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem
+secundum poneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod primus castra metari docuit
+nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit.” Sciscitanti
+denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio
+“Quidnam tu diceres” inquit “si me vicisses?” “Tum me vero” respondit
+Hannibal “et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios
+imperatores posuissem.” Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e
+grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.</p>
+
+<p>Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem
+dicerent, “Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit.” Idem dicere
+solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam
+muniendam.</p>
+
+<p>Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio
+Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus
+gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C.&nbsp;Laelio.
+Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam
+familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse
+virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab
+eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum:
+itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam
+diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen
+Asiatici peperisset.</p>
+
+<p>Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum
+deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab
+eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem
+Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique
+filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset.
+Cui Scipio respondit “Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias
+agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut
+bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset.” Pax non convenit;
+tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem
+venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.</p>
+
+<p>Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur,
+Africanus prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae
+continebantur et refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit,
+indignatus de ea re dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset.
+Quin etiam hunc in modum verba fecit: “Non est quod quaeratis, patres
+conscripti, num parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud
+Punico auro repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari.
+Cum Africam totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter
+cognomen rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae
+gazae avarum reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est
+locupletior.” Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus
+comprobavit.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod
+praeda ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies
+venit, Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus
+causam dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo
+imposita, “Hoc ego die” inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro
+inimicissimum, magno proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et
+victoriam peperi insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati,
+sed censeo relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in
+Capitolium Iovi optimo maximo supplicatum.” A rostris in Capitolium
+ascendit; simul se universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta
+Scipionem est, nec quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum
+tribunis remansit. Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo
+triumphans de Syphace rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus.
+Inde, ne amplius tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum
+concessit, ubi reliquam egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.</p>
+
+<p>Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad
+eum videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire
+existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat,
+quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt,
+abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se
+non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum
+tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne
+gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores
+reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam
+religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt
+ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘vestibulum’">vestibulum</ins> donis laeti, quod
+sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post
+mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam
+referretur.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXII" id = "stripped_XXII">XXII.</a>
+Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus</h4>
+
+<p>Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.
+Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad
+egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia
+Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum
+matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater
+illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta
+sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia
+traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos
+hospitae ostendens, “Haec” inquit “mea ornamenta sunt.” Nihil quidem his
+adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem
+publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.</p>
+
+<p>Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi
+favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat;
+provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem
+sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per
+plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum
+convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius
+Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo
+commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret,
+segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus
+Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra
+proclamavit: “Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!” Dein
+optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum
+inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii
+ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.
+Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.</p>
+
+<p>Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit.
+Tribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu
+comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia:
+maximas largitiones fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi
+dividendo tulit: civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis
+quanta poterant contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime
+Piso, vir consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset,
+lege tamen lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi
+animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente
+populo Romano: “Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas,
+quam dissuasisti?” Cui Piso “Nolim quidem, Gracche” inquit, “mea bona
+tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.” Quo responso
+aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus,
+patrimonium publicum dissipari.</p>
+
+<p>Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti
+res publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.
+Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad
+arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam
+comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum
+super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii
+mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a
+Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.
+Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius
+efficeretur, explesse.</p>
+
+<p>Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos,
+qui cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii
+amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam
+adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi
+faciendum putaret. Tum consul “Quid?” inquit “si te Gracchus templo
+Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati
+illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?” “Numquam”
+inquit Blosius “voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem.”
+Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa
+peccaveris.</p>
+
+<p>Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia
+tum haec de se narrat: “Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro
+existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo
+possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea
+causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas
+argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas
+vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt.”</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXIII" id = "stripped_XXIII">XXIII.</a>
+Gaius Marius</h4>
+
+<p>C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce
+Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et
+impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam
+Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res
+publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso
+leniter Marii umero, “Fortasse hunc” inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius
+dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.</p>
+
+<p>Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat,
+cum ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum
+ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum
+Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est
+consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum
+confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum
+adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus
+fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non
+sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium
+misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho
+persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad
+Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in
+carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste
+ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque
+desipienti exclamasse fertur: “Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!”
+Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.</p>
+
+<p>Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei
+contra Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis
+Germaniae finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et
+Hispania cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae
+darent petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere
+constituunt. Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt.
+Omnes fugati, exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius
+fuisset. Hic primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio
+oppressit. Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum
+nulla copia. Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam
+flagitante aquam exercitu Marius “Viri” inquit “estis, en illic aquam
+habetis.” Itaque tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut
+Romani victores de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam
+sanguinis barbarorum. Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta
+nonaginta. Rex ipse Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne
+spectaculum triumphi fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea
+ipsa eminebat.</p>
+
+<p>Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex
+alia parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed
+iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis
+C.&nbsp;Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi
+et fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente
+Mario quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens
+Marius “Omittite” inquit “fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram
+aeternumque tenebunt.” Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem
+Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. “Atqui adsunt”
+inquit Marius “nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis
+discedere.” Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio
+capti erant.</p>
+
+<p>His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad
+vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam
+provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit
+consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora
+hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum
+multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum
+uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris,
+desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum
+missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis
+elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo
+e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere,
+Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui
+offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu
+ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo
+rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes,
+mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat.
+Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter
+armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.</p>
+
+<p>Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello
+dedit C.&nbsp;Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem
+Ponti, missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum
+tulit ut Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C.&nbsp;Mario bellum decerneretur
+Mithridaticum. Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam
+armis occupavit, Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes
+persequentes fugiens aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post
+repertus extractusque, ut erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in
+collum loro Minturnas raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est
+ad eum occidendum servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus
+auctoritate deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem
+vidisset “Tune, homo,” inquit “C. Marium audebis occidere?” Quo audito
+attonitus ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse
+occidere clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere
+voluerant, e&nbsp;carcere emissus est.</p>
+
+<p>Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem
+pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘ad’">ad</ins> eum lictor Sextilii
+praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam laesisset,
+Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at lictor
+decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet: torveque
+intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem ecquid
+renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius “Abi” inquit, “nuntia vidisse te
+Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem.” Duobus clarissimis
+exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis
+maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.</p>
+
+<p>Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in
+Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu
+Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae
+factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies
+continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc
+tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius
+occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit
+nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors
+continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit.
+Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et
+ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum
+virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace
+perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam
+primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter
+evertit.</p>
+
+<p>Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium
+contemptor. Cum <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘aedem’">aedem</ins> Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset,
+spreta peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam
+vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas
+litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem
+profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum
+ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse
+doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti,
+noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem
+iudicaret.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIV">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXIV" id = "stripped_XXIV">XXIV.</a>
+Lucius Cornelius Sulla<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+138-78 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia “Salve”
+inquit “puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix,” et statim quaesita quae
+haec dixisset, non potuit inveniri.</p>
+
+<p>Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae
+comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam
+perduxisset, C.&nbsp;Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi
+gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.
+Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello
+Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde
+factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est.
+Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,
+odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea
+omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes
+civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere
+videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia
+profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et
+oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans
+qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia
+multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere
+paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.</p>
+
+<p>Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit;
+eos, qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit
+crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui
+se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum
+inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest
+computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec
+admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus
+imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit,
+qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium
+orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens
+caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se
+dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae
+magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui
+fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque
+videret ascriptum, “Vae” inquit “misero mihi! me fundus Albanus
+persequitur.” Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat,
+confossus est.</p>
+
+<p>Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto
+appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum
+Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post
+repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis
+lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum
+privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non
+minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas
+constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui
+auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere.
+Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec
+effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti
+animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: “Hic adulescens efficiet ne
+quis posthac tale imperium deponat.”</p>
+
+<p>Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere
+coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus
+voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis
+eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali
+cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in
+eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit,
+sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis
+vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et
+Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos
+saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi
+postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen
+proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXV">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXV" id = "stripped_XXV">XXV.</a>
+Lucius Lucullus</h4>
+
+<p>Lucius Lucullus ingenio, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam
+quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude
+provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,
+inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam
+admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus
+a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum
+ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum
+exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum
+tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii
+magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et
+navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in
+rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma
+profectus rei militaris rudis.</p>
+
+<p>Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe
+multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit,
+ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed
+alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini
+nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam
+effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium
+rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere:
+magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare
+ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis,
+suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete
+Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.</p>
+
+<p>Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo
+cum venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset
+quidem aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui
+Lucullus “Putasne” inquit “me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae
+adveniente hieme sedem commutant?” Villarum magnificentiae respondebat
+epularum sumptus. Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset
+posita, coquum graviter obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non
+debuisse lautum parare convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus,
+“Quid ais?” inquit iratus Lucullus. “Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie
+cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?”</p>
+
+<p>Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et
+optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus
+bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant
+maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis
+liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum
+virorum turbam ambulabat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVI">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXVI" id = "stripped_XXVI">XXVI.</a>
+Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</h4>
+
+<p>Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem
+consilio servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam
+esset invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei
+Pompei filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii
+tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti
+nuntiata esset, nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum
+Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus
+clam subduxit se tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam.
+Terentius tum destricto ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus
+stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit
+agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci
+reconciliavit.</p>
+
+<p>Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo
+maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio
+veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus
+exstitit. Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio
+fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi
+vinique temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum
+alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum
+ad Sullam iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut
+fudit aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit
+egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque
+salutavit imperatorem et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et
+caput aperire et equo descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio
+tribuebat.</p>
+
+<p>Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae
+inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus
+est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et
+flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe
+moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis
+principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae
+sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob
+unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus
+esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “qui cives meos ad id induxi.” Tam libera
+voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.</p>
+
+<p>Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii
+partibus favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et
+Africam subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum
+litterae ei a Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una
+legione successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id
+ferebat, tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum
+multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni
+cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit:
+neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere
+plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae
+potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia
+adulescentis perculsus, “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclamavit.</p>
+
+<p>Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus
+Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in
+proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine
+impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum
+concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus
+in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum
+eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam
+inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero
+proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius
+recedere coactus dixisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc
+puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.” Metellum anum
+appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam
+deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam
+Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio
+extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant
+quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione
+dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni
+omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: “Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius
+locum substituetis?” summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, “Te,
+Quinte Catule.” Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e
+contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus
+navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis
+locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris
+procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra
+quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.</p>
+
+<p>Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus
+in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere
+cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates
+interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum
+hoste in locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem
+aggressus esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a
+tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque
+hostium ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras,
+tamquam in propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in
+Pontum profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a
+patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus
+venenum sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis
+antea medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret
+se petierat, interfectus est.</p>
+
+<p>Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat,
+Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum
+procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum
+diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse
+iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum
+primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure
+victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad
+urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,
+et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis
+inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam
+quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant:
+Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex
+Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si,
+quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset
+expertus iam senex.</p>
+
+<p>Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi
+dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum
+civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius,
+relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules
+senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit.
+Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus
+erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis
+uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in
+Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo
+viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus
+cremandum curavit.</p>
+
+<p>Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae
+exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue
+admiranda frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum
+ederet, negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse
+reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius
+turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit: “Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus
+deliciis esset, non viveret Pompeius?” Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset,
+sibi iussit apponi.</p>
+
+<p>Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens,
+confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit
+audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer
+eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos
+erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret,
+admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris
+causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod
+eum non posset audire. At ille “Tu vero” inquit “potes, nec committam ut
+dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.” Itaque
+cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi
+quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum
+vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor!
+quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.”</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXVII" id = "stripped_XXVII">XXVII.</a>
+Gaius Iulius Caesar</h4>
+
+<p>C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens
+sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem;
+cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit
+compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar
+bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe
+elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per
+singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae
+liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo
+per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam,
+cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu
+denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem
+proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere
+cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent,
+exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.</p>
+
+<p>Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona
+civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium
+Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc
+dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope
+quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis
+pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad
+expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta
+piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus
+numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs
+proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum
+locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem
+mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo
+supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique
+suffixit.</p>
+
+<p>Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes
+transiret et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum
+inter se disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit
+Caesar <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘malle’">malle</ins>
+se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum.
+Dominationis avidus a&nbsp;prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque
+in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia</p>
+<p>Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud
+Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus
+ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate,
+qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo
+efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in
+urbe.</p>
+
+<p>Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit
+porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M.&nbsp;Bibulo et
+separatim edidit: quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus
+gratiam caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit
+aes alienum, ut ipse diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut
+haberet nihil.</p>
+
+<p>Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et
+Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod
+displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi
+divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit.
+Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum
+commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus
+effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro
+expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus
+Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad
+arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia
+signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, ‘consulibus Caesare et Bibulo’
+actum scriberent, sed ‘Iulio et Caesare,’ unum consulem nomine et
+cognomine pro duobus appellantes.</p>
+
+<p>Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem
+novem annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae
+formam redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum
+ponte fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est
+Britannos, ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit.
+Hic cum multa Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium
+ipsius Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu
+scuto in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio
+legionis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus
+comprehensum in contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens
+“Quorsum tu” inquit “abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus.” Qua
+adhortatione omnium legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas
+vincere docuit.</p>
+
+<p>Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris
+filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim
+aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari
+Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem.
+Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello
+discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum
+consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum
+ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et
+bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis
+erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans
+quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredi
+possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.”
+Postremo autem “Iacta alea esto!” exclamans exercitum traici iussit
+plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius
+consulesque confugerant.</p>
+
+<p>Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio,
+Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit;
+copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas
+arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim
+impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto
+capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat,
+in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore
+trepidante, “Quid times?” inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius
+gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus
+esset fluctibus.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit,
+et fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii
+interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit;
+quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium,
+rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu
+diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie,
+more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit.
+Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam
+visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: “Veni,
+vidi, vici.” Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias
+Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.</p>
+
+<p>Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense,
+quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac
+terribile conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis
+magnitudinem sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in
+Hispaniam comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius
+periculosiusque ab eo initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte,
+descenderet equo consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans
+fortunam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus
+vestigio se non recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco
+imperatorem deserturi essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies
+restituta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium
+victor, regressus in urbem omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit
+et quinquies triumphavit.</p>
+
+<p>Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae
+statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut
+trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense
+sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime
+ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio
+movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue
+sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo
+ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius
+civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima
+quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas
+Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas
+paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque:
+Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre
+per Armeniam.</p>
+
+<p>Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in
+perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem
+sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit.
+Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus
+conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema,
+insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus
+videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio
+et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in
+senatu confodere.</p>
+
+<p>Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor
+Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret
+orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi
+fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar
+Spurinnae “Ecquid scis” inquit “Idus Martias iam venisse?” et is “Ecquid
+scis illas nondum praeterisse?” Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum
+venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque
+unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque
+umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem “Ista quidem vis est!” Casca,
+unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae
+bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere
+tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti,
+toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum
+Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse
+fertur: “Tu quoque, mi fili!”</p>
+
+<p>Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia
+obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima
+valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis
+genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in
+sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus,
+repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio
+quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes
+alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet
+eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.</p>
+
+<p>Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda
+magis est. C.&nbsp;Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est;
+cum enim scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis,
+qui videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere
+noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum
+darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci
+soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens
+deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C.&nbsp;Calvo post famosa eius
+adversum se epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam
+laceratam non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C.&nbsp;Memmii suffragator in
+petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes
+sciebat.</p>
+
+<p>Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris
+vegetisque oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe
+obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus
+decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut
+usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini
+parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est
+unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse.
+Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in
+agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu
+sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate
+conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur
+flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVIII">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXVIII" id = "stripped_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a>
+Marcus Tullius Cicero</h4>
+
+<p>Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum
+oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam
+habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum.
+Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, “Dabo operam” inquit “ut
+istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat.” Cum a patre
+Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas
+artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari,
+tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum
+admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad
+alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas
+adirent, reperti esse dicantur.</p>
+
+<p>Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse
+intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium
+incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro
+et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque
+diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus
+Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob
+Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo
+defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum
+in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus
+Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose
+audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum
+rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem
+audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude
+privaretur.</p>
+
+<p>Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut
+gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas,
+initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere;
+postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores
+quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia
+reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum
+patronos et esset et haberetur princeps.</p>
+
+<p>Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari
+virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum,
+M.&nbsp;Sergium, incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert.
+Stipendia is fecit secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum
+perdidit: stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra
+manu, neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis
+miles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus,
+viginti mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus.
+Sinistra manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo,
+suffossis. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam
+obsidione exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in
+Gallia cepit. Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere,
+Sergius vicit etiam fortunam.</p>
+
+<p>Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus.
+Hic enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum
+conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus
+indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset,
+coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem
+incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo
+imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules
+incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit.
+Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina,
+incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad
+exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed
+socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt.
+A.&nbsp;Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et
+forma inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam
+secutum inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio
+mortis adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed
+patriae adversus Catilinam genuisse.</p>
+
+<p>Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis
+Romam petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit
+exitus docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando
+ceperat locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter
+hostium cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic
+concidisset! Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae
+appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium
+patriae servandae fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset
+adversus eam. “O dii immortales,” inquit “vos profecto incendistis tum
+animum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a
+cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae.
+Vos denique praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis
+erroris et inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero
+possum tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate
+illa turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu.”</p>
+
+<p>Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod
+cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in
+publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset
+armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem
+fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius
+edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius
+domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus
+fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare
+coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est.
+Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit
+iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica
+pecunia restituta est.</p>
+
+<p>Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt
+inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem
+summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis
+calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere
+posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore
+veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem,
+fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis
+iudicaretur.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sed’">Sed</ins>
+Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi inimicum
+proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in villam,
+quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in
+Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo
+venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset,
+taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam
+“Moriar” inquit “in patria saepe servata.” Satis constat, adventantibus
+percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad
+dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua
+cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti
+caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad
+Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.</p>
+
+<p>Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa
+commiserat, in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat
+Cicero et plus operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem
+dominatu unius C.&nbsp;Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus
+dedidit nec indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori
+urbisque rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat.
+Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime
+molestias posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui
+adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit
+ad scribendum: atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset,
+elaboravit ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore,
+eversa re publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic
+facundiae et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum
+sapientium praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima
+oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.</p>
+
+<p>Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae
+staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, “Quis” inquit
+“generum meum ad gladium adligavit?”&mdash;Matrona quaedam iuniorem se,
+quam erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui
+Cicero “Verum est,” inquit “nam hoc viginti annos audio.”&mdash;Caesar,
+altero consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora
+septima in reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent
+salutatum de more, “Festinemus” inquit Cicero “priusquam abeat
+magistratu.” De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero: “Fuit mirifica vigilantia
+Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu somnum non viderit.”</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIX">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXIX" id = "stripped_XXIX">XXIX.</a>
+Marcus Brutus</h4>
+
+<p>M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus,
+Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae
+partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo
+graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod
+iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati
+posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam
+factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et
+regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus,
+vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L.&nbsp;Bruti
+statuae: “Utinam viveres!” Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: “Brutus, quia
+reges eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit,
+postremo rex factus est.” Inscriptum quoque est M.&nbsp;Bruti praetoris
+tribunali: “Dormis, Brute!”</p>
+
+<p>Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem
+conspiravit. Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis
+filia, consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium
+quasi unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se
+vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare
+eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia
+“Non est” inquit “hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro
+mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi
+propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem
+interemptura.” Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos
+sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: “Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus
+videri possem!”</p>
+
+<p>Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans
+populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in
+Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et
+Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset,
+audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus
+transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum
+tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum
+iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque
+interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus in
+eum animadvertit, praefatus: “Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri
+sepulturam commisissem?” Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio,
+is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae
+subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset,
+quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris
+exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.</p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXX">As printed</a>
+<a name = "stripped_XXX" id = "stripped_XXX">XXX.</a>
+Octavianus Caesar Augustus</h4>
+
+<p>Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens
+patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus
+Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis
+vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem
+regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque
+veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae
+obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus
+rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis
+inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem
+transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur.
+Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum
+religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique
+avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto,
+qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito
+quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.</p>
+
+<p>Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in
+altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in
+media dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam
+umeris subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio
+gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad
+urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum
+deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto
+sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: “Hic
+faciet, si vos non feceritis.”</p>
+
+<p>Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem
+fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae
+per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque
+inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit.
+Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac
+constantiae exempla. T.&nbsp;Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus,
+proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem
+notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum
+persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem
+suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis
+occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione
+Salernitana lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti,
+negabant se scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam
+fideles tamque boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in
+medium iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum
+ad dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata
+cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem
+in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est.
+“Quanti viri est” addit Seneca, “cum praemia proditionis ingentia
+ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!”</p>
+
+<p>Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus
+id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit;
+quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se
+gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia
+saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam
+istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita
+rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum,
+patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset
+nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se
+conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam
+trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus
+Martiis hostiarum more mactatos.</p>
+
+<p>Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore,
+Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum
+Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium
+absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri
+posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed
+cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non
+potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri
+unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque
+margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura,
+margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam
+absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.</p>
+
+<p>Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali
+proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et
+Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in
+ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset,
+mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in
+potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque
+servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit.
+Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.</p>
+
+<p>Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem
+se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis.
+Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in
+Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis
+Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae
+fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc
+omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis
+otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati
+sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis
+eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis
+esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu
+detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis:
+“Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod
+deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae
+finem mihi perferre liceat!”</p>
+
+<p>Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini
+appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de
+restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum
+non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri,
+summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status
+paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et
+sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit;
+cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste
+tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, “Hic vir,” inquit
+“fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.”</p>
+
+<p>Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes
+excipiebat. Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius
+periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e
+comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum
+veteranus exclamavit: “At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco,
+vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi,” simulque detexit
+cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.</p>
+
+<p>Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit
+ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec
+dicere: “Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!” Miratus Caesar officiosam avem
+viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa
+liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium
+corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae
+didicerat, expressit: “Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!” Nihil
+exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum
+contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.</p>
+
+<p>Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem
+salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem
+dicere solebat “Opera et impensa periit!” Aliquando tamen corvus coepit
+dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit:
+“Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo.” Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et
+illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: “Opera et
+impensa periit.” Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam
+ante emerat.</p>
+
+<p>Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum
+aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen
+rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta
+exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille
+inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde
+cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem
+crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se
+plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu,
+dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari
+Graeculo iussit.</p>
+
+<p>Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam
+cena satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: “Non
+putabam me tibi esse tam familiarem.” Cum aliquando apud Pollionem
+quendam cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad
+mortem Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat.
+Evasit e manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud
+petiturus quam ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo
+crudelitatis genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem
+omnia coram se frangi iussit complerique piscinam.</p>
+
+<p>Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente
+somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se
+vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam
+prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii.
+Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium
+existimans dicere ausus est: “Malo ut vivat,” et avem dimisit.
+Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas:
+hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum
+abire passus est.</p>
+
+<p>Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit.
+Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud
+principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus,
+quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos
+capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium
+turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum
+frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: “Surge tandem,
+carnifex!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim
+surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.</p>
+
+<p>Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu
+conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et
+aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro
+veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque.
+Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam
+invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere,
+quam latericiam accepisset.</p>
+
+<p>Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima.
+Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam
+incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut
+legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.</p>
+
+<p>Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit
+cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus
+caesis. Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus
+exsisteret, et magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in
+meliorem statum vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per
+continuos menses barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus
+inlideret, vociferans: “Quintili Vare, legiones redde!” diemque cladis
+quotannis maestum habuerit ac lugubrem.</p>
+
+<p>Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad
+otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die
+petito speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes
+percontatus ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse,
+adiecit solitam clausulam: “Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio
+applaudite.” Obiit Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class = "section maintext">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page1" id = "page1">1</a>
+
+<h2><a name = "viri" id = "viri">URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+Complete text as printed</span></h2>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_I">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_I" id = "selection_I">I.</a>
+Rōmānī imperiī exōrdium</h4>
+
+<p>Proca,<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_1" id = "tag1_1" href =
+"#note1_1">1</a> rēx Albānōrum, Numitōrem et Amūlium fīliōs habuit.<br>
+Numitōrī, quī nātū<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_2" id = "tag1_2" href =
+"#note1_2">2</a> māior erat, rēgnum relīquit;<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag1_3" id = "tag1_3" href = "#note1_3">3</a> sed Amūlius,<br>
+<a name = "line_i_3" id = "line_i_3"> </a>
+pulsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_4" id = "tag1_4" href =
+"#note1_4">4</a> frātre, rēgnāvit et, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_5"
+id = "tag1_5" href = "#note1_5">5</a> eum subole<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag1_6" id = "tag1_6" href = "#note1_6">6</a> prīvāret,<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note1_5">5</a> Rhēam<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page2" id = "page2">2</a>
+Silviam, ēius fīliam, Vestae<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_1" id =
+"tag2_1" href = "#note2_1">1</a> sacerdōtem fēcit, quae<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag2_2" id = "tag2_2" href = "#note2_2">2</a> tamen<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_5" id = "line_i_5">5</a>
+Rōmulum et Remum geminōs ēdidit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_3" id =
+"tag2_3" href = "#note2_3">3</a> Eā<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_4" id =
+"tag2_4" href = "#note2_4">4</a> rē cōgnitā Amūlius ipsam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag2_5" id = "tag2_5" href = "#note2_5">5</a><br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat left">
+<img src = "images/pic2a.png" width = "100" height = "94"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+TEMPLE OF VESTA<br>
+<i>From a coin</i></span>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic2b.png" width = "130" height = "260"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+A VESTAL</span>
+
+<a name = "line_i_6" id = "line_i_6"> </a>
+in vincula coniēcit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_6" id = "tag2_6" href
+= "#note2_6">6</a> parvulōs<br>
+<a name = "line_i_7" id = "line_i_7"> </a>
+alveō<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_7" id = "tag2_7" href =
+"#note2_7">7</a> impositōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_8" id = "tag2_8"
+href = "#note2_8">8</a> abiēcit in<br>
+Tiberim, quī tunc forte super<br>
+<a name = "line_i_9" id = "line_i_9"> </a>
+rīpās erat effūsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_9" id = "tag2_9" href =
+"#note2_9">9</a>; sed, relābente<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_10" id = "line_i_10">10</a>
+flūmine, eōs aqua in siccō<br>
+<a name = "line_i_11" id = "line_i_11"> </a>
+relīquit. Vāstae tum in iīs<br>
+locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Lupa,<br>
+ut fāmā<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_10" id = "tag2_10" href =
+"#note2_10">10</a> trāditum est, ad vāgītum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag2_11" id = "tag2_11" href = "#note2_11">11</a> accurrit,<br>
+īnfantēs linguā<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_10">10</a> lambit, ūbera
+eōrum ōrī<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_7">7</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_15" id = "line_i_15">15</a>
+mātremque<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_12" id = "tag2_12" href =
+"#note2_12">12</a> sē gessit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_i_16" id = "line_i_16"> </a>
+Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_13" id = "tag2_13" href =
+"#note2_13">13</a> lupa saepius<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_14" id =
+"tag2_14" href = "#note2_14">14</a> ad<br>
+parvulōs velutī ad catulōs reverterētur,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note2_13">13</a> Faustulus, pāstor<br>
+<a name = "line_i_18" id = "line_i_18"> </a>
+rēgius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_15" id = "tag2_15" href =
+"#note2_15">15</a> rē<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_16" id = "tag2_16"
+href = "#note2_16">16</a> animadversā eōs tulit in casam et<br>
+<a name = "line_i_19" id = "line_i_19"> </a>
+Accae Lārentiae coniugī dedit<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_17" id =
+"tag2_17" href = "#note2_17">17</a> ēducandōs.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag2_18" id = "tag2_18" href = "#note2_18">18</a> Adultī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag2_19" id = "tag2_19" href = "#note2_19">19</a>
+deinde<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_20" id = "line_i_20">20</a>
+hī inter pāstōrēs prīmō lūdicrīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_20" id =
+"tag2_20" href = "#note2_20">20</a> certāminibus vīrēs auxēre,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag2_21" id = "tag2_21" href = "#note2_21">21</a><br>
+deinde vēnandō<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_22" id = "tag2_22" href =
+"#note2_22">22</a> saltūs peragrāre et latrōnēs ā rapīnā<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag2_23" id = "tag2_23" href = "#note2_23">23</a> pecorum<br>
+<a name = "line_i_22" id = "line_i_22"> </a>
+arcēre coepērunt. Quārē cum<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_13">13</a>
+iīs īnsidiātī essent<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_13">13</a>
+latrōnēs,<br>
+Remus captus est, Rōmulus<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_24" id =
+"tag2_24" href = "#note2_24">24</a> vī sē dēfendit. Tum Faustulus,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page3" id = "page3">3</a>
+<a name = "line_i_24" id = "line_i_24"> </a>
+necessitāte compulsus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_1" id = "tag3_1"
+href = "#note3_1">1</a> indicāvit Rōmulō quis esset<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag3_2" id = "tag3_2" href = "#note3_2">2</a> eōrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_25" id = "line_i_25">25</a>
+avus, quae māter. Rōmulus statim <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘armātis’">armātīs</ins><a class = "tag" name = "tag3_3" id =
+"tag3_3" href = "#note3_3">3</a> pāstōribus Albam<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_4" id = "tag3_4" href = "#note3_4">4</a><br>
+properāvit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_i_27" id = "line_i_27"> </a>
+Intereā Remum latrōnēs ad Amūlium rēgem perdūxērunt,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag3_5" id = "tag3_5" href = "#note3_5">5</a><br>
+<a name = "line_i_28" id = "line_i_28"> </a>
+eum accūsantēs, quasi<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_6" id = "tag3_6" href
+= "#note3_6">6</a> Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre solitus<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag3_7" id = "tag3_7" href = "#note3_7">7</a> esset;<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic3.png" width = "160" height = "125"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CASA</span>
+
+itaque Remus ā rēge Numitōrī ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_8" id =
+"tag3_8" href = "#note3_8">8</a> supplicium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_30" id = "line_i_30">30</a>
+trāditus est; at cum Numitor,<br>
+adulēscentis vultum cōnsīderāns, aetātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_9"
+id = "tag3_9" href = "#note3_9">9</a><br>
+minimēque servīlem indolem comparāret,<br>
+<a name = "line_i_33" id = "line_i_33"> </a>
+haud<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_10" id = "tag3_10" href =
+"#note3_10">10</a> procul erat quīn nepōtem āgnōsceret.<br>
+Nam Remus ōris līneāmentīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_11" id =
+"tag3_11" href = "#note3_11">11</a> erat mātrī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_12" id = "tag3_12" href = "#note3_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_35" id = "line_i_35">35</a>
+simillimus<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_13" id = "tag3_13" href =
+"#note3_13">13</a><!-- he had a wolfish look --> aetāsque expositiōnis
+temporibus<br>
+<a name = "line_i_36" id = "line_i_36"> </a>
+congruēbat. Ea rēs dum Numitōris animum anxium tenet,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag3_14" id = "tag3_14" href = "#note3_14">14</a><br>
+<a name = "line_i_37" id = "line_i_37"> </a>
+repente Rōmulus supervenit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_15" id =
+"tag3_15" href = "#note3_15">15</a> frātrem līberat,<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note3_15">15</a> interēmptō Amūliō<br>
+avum Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note3_15">15</a></p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>754.</span>
+
+<p>Deinde Rōmulus et Remus urbem in iīsdem locīs, ubi expositī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag3_16" id = "tag3_16" href = "#note3_16">16</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_40" id = "line_i_40">40</a>
+ubique ēducātī erant, condidērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_17" id =
+"tag3_17" href = "#note3_17">17</a>; sed ortā<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_18" id = "tag3_18" href = "#note3_18">18</a> inter eōs<br>
+contentiōne, uter nōmen novae urbī daret<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_19" id = "tag3_19" href = "#note3_19">19</a> eamque imperiō<br>
+regeret, auspicia<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_20" id = "tag3_20" href =
+"#note3_20">20</a> dēcrēvērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_21" id =
+"tag3_21" href = "#note3_21">21</a> adhibēre. Remus prior<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag3_22" id = "tag3_22" href = "#note3_22">22</a> sex<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page4" id = "page4">4</a>
+vulturēs, Rōmulus posteā duodecim vīdit. Sīc Rōmulus, victor<br>
+auguriō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_1" id = "tag4_1" href =
+"#note4_1">1</a> urbem Rōmam vocāvit. Ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_2"
+id = "tag4_2" href = "#note4_2">2</a> novae urbis tūtēlam sufficere<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_45" id = "line_i_45">45</a>
+vāllum vidēbātur. Cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_3" id = "tag4_3"
+href = "#note4_3">3</a> angustiās inrīdēns cum Remus<br>
+saltū id trāiēcisset, eum īrātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_4" id =
+"tag4_4" href = "#note4_4">4</a> Rōmulus interfēcit, hīs increpāns<br>
+verbīs: “Sīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_5" id = "tag4_5" href =
+"#note4_5">5</a> deinde, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea!”<br>
+Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_6" id =
+"tag4_6" href = "#note4_6">6</a> Rōmulus.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was Aeneas, the
+son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many wanderings Aeneas reached
+Italy, married there Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of the
+Latins, and founded a town called Lavinium, from the name of his wife.
+He was succeeded by his son Ascanius, who founded a second city, called
+Alba Longa, and transferred thither the seat of government. The date
+traditionally assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> Hence it is clear that Alba Longa was settled
+more than 400 years before the foundation of Rome in 754 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> To fill this gap a list of fourteen Alban
+kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman writers. How
+Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described in the text. It
+should be kept constantly in mind that little faith is to be put in
+these traditional accounts of Rome’s early history, at least as far as
+details are concerned. Latin writers tell us that the oldest records of
+the city perished in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 388 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> The first historical work written by a Roman
+was published about 215 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, more
+than 500 years after the foundation of the city. Many of the stories
+were obviously invented to account for institutions which existed in the
+later times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies
+and contradictions.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_II">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note1_1" id = "note1_1" href = "#tag1_1">1.1</a>
+<b>Proca</b> was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_2" id = "note1_2" href = "#tag1_2">1.2</a>
+<b>nātū māior</b>: ‘greater by birth’ = ‘elder.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_3" id = "note1_3" href = "#tag1_3">1.3</a>
+from <i>relinquō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_4" id = "note1_4" href = "#tag1_4">1.4</a>
+<b>pulsō</b> (<i>pellō</i>) <b>frātre</b>: abl. abs.; ‘his brother
+having been driven out’ (pass.) = ‘having driven out,’ <i>or</i> ‘when
+he had driven out his brother’ (act.): H&nbsp;489 (431): M&nbsp;638:
+A&nbsp;255: G&nbsp;409: B&nbsp;227.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_5" id = "note1_5" href = "#tag1_5">1.5</a>
+<b>ut prīvāret</b>: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
+G&nbsp;545: B&nbsp;282.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_6" id = "note1_6" href = "#tag1_6">1.6</a>
+abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;405:
+B&nbsp;214, 1, c.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_1" id = "note2_1" href = "#tag2_1">2.1</a>
+See Voc., <i>Vesta</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_2" id = "note2_2" href = "#tag2_2">2.2</a>
+<b>quae</b> = <i>sed ea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_3" id = "note2_3" href = "#tag2_3">2.3</a>
+<i>ēdō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_4" id = "note2_4" href = "#tag2_4">2.4</a>
+<b>eā rē cōgnitā</b> (<i>cōgnōscō</i>): cf. <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1,
+n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_5" id = "note2_5" href = "#tag2_5">2.5</a>
+i.e. Rhea Silvia.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_6" id = "note2_6" href = "#tag2_6">2.6</a>
+<i>coniciō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_7" id = "note2_7" href = "#tag2_7">2.7</a>
+dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A 228: G 347: B 187,
+III.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_8" id = "note2_8" href = "#tag2_8">2.8</a>
+<b>impositōs</b> (<i>impōnō</i>) <b>abiēcit</b> (<i>abiciō</i>) =
+<i>imposuit et abiēcit</i>. English is fond of coördination of clauses;
+Latin prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin
+avoids two coördinated verbs. See <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>,
+L&nbsp;5, and H&nbsp;639 (549,&nbsp;5): A&nbsp;292, <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span>: G&nbsp;664, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>
+1, 2: B&nbsp;337,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_9" id = "note2_9" href = "#tag2_9">2.9</a>
+<i>effundō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_10" id = "note2_10" href = "#tag2_10">2.10</a>
+abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G 401: B 218.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_11" id = "note2_11" href = "#tag2_11">2.11</a>
+<b>ad vāgītum</b>: ‘to (their) squalling,’ i.e. to them as they were
+crying.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_12" id = "note2_12" href = "#tag2_12">2.12</a>
+<b>mātrem sē gessit</b> (<i>gerō</i>): ‘conducted herself, acted like a
+mother.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_13" id = "note2_13" href = "#tag2_13">2.13</a>
+not only ‘<i>when</i>,’ but also ‘<i>because</i> the wolf kept coming
+back.’ See <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>,&nbsp;J.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_14" id = "note2_14" href = "#tag2_14">2.14</a>
+‘very often.’ The comparative often has this intensive force.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_15" id = "note2_15" href = "#tag2_15">2.15</a>
+adj. = the genitive of <i>rēx</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_16" id = "note2_16" href = "#tag2_16">2.16</a>
+<b>rē . . . tulit</b> (<i>ferō</i>) = <i>rem animadvertit et eōs
+tulit</i>; cf. <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K&nbsp;10.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_17" id = "note2_17" href = "#tag2_17">2.17</a>
+<i>dō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_18" id = "note2_18" href = "#tag2_18">2.18</a>
+= <i>ut ēducārentur</i>. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as often.
+See <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E&nbsp;4: H&nbsp;622 (544,
+<span class = "smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;994: A&nbsp;294,
+<i>d</i>: G&nbsp;430: B&nbsp;337, 7,&nbsp;<ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has superfluous )">2.</ins></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_19" id = "note2_19" href = "#tag2_19">2.19</a>
+<b>adultī</b> (<i>adolēscō</i>): ‘having grown’ = ‘when grown.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_20" id = "note2_20" href = "#tag2_20">2.20</a>
+<b>lūdicrīs certāminibus</b>: ‘with playful contests,’&mdash;such as
+running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. <a href =
+"#note2_10">n.&nbsp;10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_21" id = "note2_21" href = "#tag2_21">2.21</a>
+= <i>auxērunt</i> (<i>augeō</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_22" id = "note2_22" href = "#tag2_22">2.22</a>
+The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_23" id = "note2_23" href = "#tag2_23">2.23</a>
+‘from the seizure of’ = ‘from stealing.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_24" id = "note2_24" href = "#tag2_24">2.24</a>
+= ‘<i>but</i> Romulus.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_1" id = "note3_1" href = "#tag3_1">3.1</a>
+<i>compellō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_2" id = "note3_2" href = "#tag3_2">3.2</a>
+indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G 467: B 300.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_3" id = "note3_3" href = "#tag3_3">3.3</a>
+See <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_4" id = "note3_4" href = "#tag3_4">3.4</a>
+acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380, II): M 515: A 258,
+<i>b</i>: G&nbsp;337: B&nbsp;182, 1, <i>a</i><ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has superfluous )">; </ins>cf. English ‘to go
+<i>home</i>.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_5" id = "note3_5" href = "#tag3_5">3.5</a>
+<i>perdūcō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_6" id = "note3_6" href = "#tag3_6">3.6</a>
+‘because, as they said’; <i>quasi</i> often denotes a statement or
+thought of some person other than the writer himself. See <a href =
+"#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_7" id = "note3_7" href = "#tag3_7">3.7</a>
+<i>soleō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_8" id = "note3_8" href = "#tag3_8">3.8</a>
+<b>ad supplicium</b>: ‘to be punished’; <i>ad</i> with its noun often
+denotes purpose.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_9" id = "note3_9" href = "#tag3_9">3.9</a>
+<b>aetātem . . . comparāret</b>: ‘compared his age with his nature,
+(which was) by no means that of a slave’; i.e. his appearance and
+demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher station than the
+shepherds.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_10" id = "note3_10" href = "#tag3_10">3.10</a>
+<b>haud . . . āgnōsceret</b>: ‘he came very near to recognizing him’;
+how literally? In this construction <i>quīn</i> = <i>ut nōn</i>, and the
+subjunctive is one of result: H&nbsp;595 (504): M&nbsp;913: A&nbsp;319,
+<i>d</i>: G&nbsp;555: B&nbsp;284,&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_11" id = "note3_11" href = "#tag3_11">3.11</a>
+abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: B
+226,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_12" id = "note3_12" href = "#tag3_12">3.12</a>
+<i>similis</i> is construed with both gen. and dat.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_13" id = "note3_13" href = "#tag3_13">3.13</a>
+‘very like’; cf. a similar use of the comparative in <a href =
+"#line_i_16">l. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_14" id = "note3_14" href = "#tag3_14">3.14</a>
+<i>dum</i>, ‘while,’ regularly takes the pres. indic. where English uses
+the imperfect: H&nbsp;533, 4 (467,&nbsp;4): M&nbsp;917: A&nbsp;276,
+<i>e</i>: G&nbsp;570, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>:
+B&nbsp;293.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_15" id = "note3_15" href = "#tag3_15">3.15</a>
+historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A 276, <i>d</i>:
+G&nbsp;229: B&nbsp;259,&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_16" id = "note3_16" href = "#tag3_16">3.16</a>
+<i>expōnō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_17" id = "note3_17" href = "#tag3_17">3.17</a>
+<i>condō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_18" id = "note3_18" href = "#tag3_18">3.18</a>
+<b>ortā</b> (<i>orior</i>) . . . <b>contentiōne</b> = ‘<i>because</i> a
+strife arose’; see <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_19" id = "note3_19" href = "#tag3_19">3.19</a>
+indir. quest. depending on <i>contentiōne</i>; cf. <a href =
+"#note3_2">n. 2</a>. The strife centered in the question, “Which of us
+shall rule?”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_20" id = "note3_20" href = "#tag3_20">3.20</a>
+Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the Aventine.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_21" id = "note3_21" href = "#tag3_21">3.21</a>
+<i>dēcernō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_22" id = "note3_22" href = "#tag3_22">3.22</a>
+‘first.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_1" id = "note4_1" href = "#tag4_1">4.1</a>
+‘by virtue of the augury’; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M 612:
+A&nbsp;245: G&nbsp;408: B&nbsp;219.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_2" id = "note4_2" href = "#tag4_2">4.2</a>
+<b>Ad . . . tūtēlam</b>: ‘to guard the new city.’ Cf. <a href =
+"#note3_8">p. 3, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_3" id = "note4_3" href = "#tag4_3">4.3</a>
+Render ‘its.’ Latin is fond of closely connecting successive clauses,
+and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun, where English
+uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or personal pronoun with
+a conjunction,&mdash;generally <i>and</i>, often <i>but</i> or
+<i>for</i>: cf. <a href = "#note2_2">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_4" id = "note4_4" href = "#tag4_4">4.4</a>
+‘in anger.’ An adjective may often be best rendered by an adverb or
+adverbial phrase.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_5" id = "note4_5" href = "#tag4_5">4.5</a>
+Sc. <i>pereat</i> (subjunctive of wish).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_6" id = "note4_6" href = "#tag4_6">4.6</a>
+H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic4.png" width = "269" height = "148"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+TIBER STATUE<br>
+<i>Paris</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_II">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_II" id = "selection_II">II.</a>
+Rōmulus, Rōmānōrum rēx prīmus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+753-715 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Rōmulus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_7" id = "tag4_7" href =
+"#note4_7">7</a> imāginem urbis magis quam urbem fēcerat; incolae<br>
+deerant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_8" id = "tag4_8" href =
+"#note4_8">8</a> Erat in<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_9" id = "tag4_9"
+href = "#note4_9">9</a> proximō lūcus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_10"
+id = "tag4_10" href = "#note4_10">10</a>; hunc asȳlum fēcit. Et<br>
+statim eō mīra vīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_11" id = "tag4_11" href
+= "#note4_11">11</a> latrōnum pāstōrumque cōnfūgit. Cum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag4_12" id = "tag4_12" href = "#note4_12">12</a> vērō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page5" id = "page5">5</a>
+uxōrēs ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_1" id = "tag5_1" href =
+"#note5_1">1</a> populusque nōn habērent, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_5" id = "line_ii_5">5</a>
+gentēs mīsit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_2" id = "tag5_2" href =
+"#note5_2">2</a> quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_3" id = "tag5_3" href
+= "#note5_3">3</a> societātem cōnūbiumque<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag5_4" id = "tag5_4" href = "#note5_4">4</a> novō populō<br>
+peterent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note5_3">3</a> Nūsquam benīgnē audīta
+lēgātiō est; lūdibrium etiam<br>
+additum<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_5" id = "tag5_5" href =
+"#note5_5">5</a>: “Cūr nōn fēminīs quoque asȳlum aperuistis? Id<br>
+enim compār foret<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_6" id = "tag5_6" href =
+"#note5_6">6</a> cōnūbium.” Rōmulus, aegritūdinem animī<br>
+dissimulāns, lūdōs parat; indīcī<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_7" id =
+"tag5_7" href = "#note5_7">7</a> deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_10" id = "line_ii_10">10</a>
+iubet. Multī convēnēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_8" id = "tag5_8"
+href = "#note5_8">8</a> studiō etiam<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_9" id
+= "tag5_9" href = "#note5_9">9</a> videndae novae urbis,<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_11" id = "line_ii_11"> </a>
+māximē Sabīnī cum līberīs et coniugibus. Ubi spectāculī tempus<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_12" id = "line_ii_12"> </a>
+vēnit eōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_10" id = "tag5_10" href =
+"#note5_10">10</a> conversae<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_11" id =
+"tag5_11" href = "#note5_11">11</a> mentēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag5_12" id = "tag5_12" href = "#note5_12">12</a> cum oculīs erant, tum
+sīgnō<br>
+datō iuvenēs Rōmānī discurrunt, virginēs rapiunt.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag5_13" id = "tag5_13" href = "#note5_13">13</a></p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_ii_14" id = "line_ii_14"> </a>
+Haec<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_14" id = "tag5_14" href =
+"#note5_14">14</a> fuit statim causa bellī. Sabīnī enim ob<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag5_15" id = "tag5_15" href = "#note5_15">15</a> virginēs
+raptās<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic5.png" width = "99" height = "82"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+ARMILLA</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_15" id = "line_ii_15">15</a>
+bellum adversus Rōmānōs sūmpsērunt,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_16" id
+= "tag5_16" href = "#note5_16">16</a> et cum<br>
+Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_17" id = "tag5_17" href =
+"#note5_17">17</a> appropinquārent, Tarpēiam virginem nactī<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_17" id = "line_ii_17"> </a>
+sunt,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_18" id = "tag5_18" href =
+"#note5_18">18</a> quae aquam forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_19" id
+= "tag5_19" href = "#note5_19">19</a> extrā moenia petītum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag5_20" id = "tag5_20" href = "#note5_20">20</a><br>
+ierat. Hūius pater Rōmānae praeerat arcī. Titus<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_19" id = "line_ii_19"> </a>
+Tatius, Sabīnōrum dux, Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_20" id = "line_ii_20">20</a>
+dedit, sī exercitum suum in Capitōlium<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page6" id = "page6">6</a>
+<a name = "line_ii_21" id = "line_ii_21"> </a>
+perdūxisset.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_1" id = "tag6_1" href =
+"#note6_1">1</a> Illa petiit quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_2" id =
+"tag6_2" href = "#note6_2">2</a> Sabīnī in sinistrīs manibus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag6_3" id = "tag6_3" href = "#note6_3">3</a> gererent,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag6_4" id = "tag6_4" href = "#note6_4">4</a><br>
+vidēlicet aureōs ānulōs et armillās. Quibus dolōsē prōmissīs,<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic6.png" width = "106" height = "98"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+DEATH OF TARPĒIA</span>
+
+Tarpēia Sabīnōs in arcem perdūxit, ubi Tatius<br>
+scūtīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_5" id = "tag6_5" href =
+"#note6_5">5</a> eam obruī iussit; nam et<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag6_6" id = "tag6_6" href = "#note6_6">6</a> ea in laevīs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag6_7" id = "tag6_7" href = "#note6_7">7</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_25" id = "line_ii_25">25</a>
+habuerant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_8" id = "tag6_8" href =
+"#note6_8">8</a> Sīc impia prōditiō celerī poenā<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note6_5">5</a> vindicāta<br>
+est.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Rōmulus ad certāmen prōcessit, et in<br>
+eō locō, ubi nunc Rōmānum Forum<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_9" id =
+"tag6_9" href = "#note6_9">9</a> est, pūgnam<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_29" id = "line_ii_29"> </a>
+cōnseruit. Prīmō<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_10" id = "tag6_10" href =
+"#note6_10">10</a> impetū vir inter<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_11" id
+= "tag6_11" href = "#note6_11">11</a> Rōmānōs īnsīgnis, nōmine<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag6_12" id = "tag6_12" href = "#note6_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_30" id = "line_ii_30">30</a>
+Hostīlius, fortissimē dīmicāns cecidit; cūius interitū<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag6_13" id = "tag6_13" href = "#note6_13">13</a>
+cōnsternātī<br>
+Rōmānī fugere coepērunt. Iam Sabīnī clāmitābant: “Vīcimus<br>
+perfidōs hospites,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_14" id = "tag6_14" href
+= "#note6_14">14</a> imbellēs hostēs. Nunc sciunt longē<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag6_15" id = "tag6_15" href = "#note6_15">15</a> aliud<br>
+esse virginēs rapere,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_16" id = "tag6_16"
+href = "#note6_16">16</a> aliud pūgnāre<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note6_16">16</a> cum virīs.” Tunc Rōmulus,<br>
+arma ad caelum tollēns, Iovī aedem<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_17" id =
+"tag6_17" href = "#note6_17">17</a> vōvit, et exercitus seu forte<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_35" id = "line_ii_35">35</a>
+seu dīvīnitus restitit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_18" id = "tag6_18"
+href = "#note6_18">18</a> Itaque proelium redintegrātur; sed raptae<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_36" id = "line_ii_36"> </a>
+mulierēs crīnibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_19" id = "tag6_19" href =
+"#note6_19">19</a> passīs ausae sunt sē inter tēla volantia īnferre<br>
+et hinc patrēs, hinc virōs ōrantēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_20" id
+= "tag6_20" href = "#note6_20">20</a> pācem conciliārunt.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_ii_38" id = "line_ii_38"> </a>
+Rōmulus, foedere<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_21" id = "tag6_21" href =
+"#note6_21">21</a> cum Tatiō īctō, et Sabīnōs in urbem recēpit<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page7" id = "page7">7</a>
+et rēgnum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_1" id = "tag7_1" href =
+"#note7_1">1</a> cum Tatiō sociāvit. Vērum haud ita multō post,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_40" id = "line_ii_40">40</a>
+occīsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_2" id = "tag7_2" href =
+"#note7_2">2</a> Tatiō, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag7_3" id = "tag7_3" href = "#note7_3">3</a> Centum<br>
+deinde ex seniōribus ēlēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag7_4" id = "tag7_4" href = "#note7_4">4</a> omnia ageret,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag7_5" id = "tag7_5" href = "#note7_5">5</a> quōs<br>
+senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Trēs equitum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7_6" id = "tag7_6" href = "#note7_6">6</a> centuriās<br>
+cōnstituit, populum in trīgintā cūriās distribuit. Hīs ita<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_44" id = "line_ii_44"> </a>
+ōrdinātīs, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_7" id = "tag7_7" href =
+"#note7_7">7</a> ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_8" id = "tag7_8" href =
+"#note7_8">8</a> exercitum lūstrandum cōntiōnem in campō<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7_9" id = "tag7_9" href = "#note7_9">9</a> ad<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic7.png" width = "100" height = "101"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+RŌMULUS AS QUIRĪNUS<br>
+<i>From a coin</i></span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_45" id = "line_ii_45">45</a>
+Caprae<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_10" id = "tag7_10" href =
+"#note7_10">10</a> palūdem habēret, subitō coorta est<br>
+tempestās cum māgnō fragōre tonitribusque et<br>
+Rōmulus ē cōnspectū ablātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_11" id =
+"tag7_11" href = "#note7_11">11</a> est. Ad deōs<br>
+trānsīsse vulgō crēditus<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_12" id = "tag7_12"
+href = "#note7_12">12</a> est; cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_13" id =
+"tag7_13" href = "#note7_13">13</a> reī fidem<br>
+fēcit Iūlius Proculus, vir nōbilis. Ortā<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag7_14" id = "tag7_14" href = "#note7_14">14</a> enim<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_50" id = "line_ii_50">50</a>
+inter patrēs et plēbem sēditiōne, in cōntiōnem<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_51" id = "line_ii_51"> </a>
+prōcessit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_15" id = "tag7_15" href =
+"#note7_15">15</a> iūreiūrandō adfīrmāns vīsum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag7_16" id = "tag7_16" href = "#note7_16">16</a> ā sē<br>
+Rōmulum augustiōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_17" id = "tag7_17" href
+= "#note7_17">17</a> fōrmā, eundemque<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_18"
+id = "tag7_18" href = "#note7_18">18</a> praecipere<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag7_19" id = "tag7_19" href = "#note7_19">19</a> ut sēditiōnibus<br>
+<a name = "line_ii_53" id = "line_ii_53"> </a>
+abstinērent<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_20" id = "tag7_20" href =
+"#note7_20">20</a> et rem mīlitārem colerent<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note7_20">20</a>; futūrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_21" id =
+"tag7_21" href = "#note7_21">21</a> ut<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page8" id = "page8">8</a>
+<a name = "line_ii_54" id = "line_ii_54"> </a>
+omnium gentium dominī exsisterent. Aedēs in colle Quirīnālī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_55" id = "line_ii_55">55</a>
+Rōmulō<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_1" id = "tag8_1" href =
+"#note8_1">1</a> cōnstitūta,<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_2" id =
+"tag8_2" href = "#note8_2">2</a> ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_3" id
+= "tag8_3" href = "#note8_3">3</a> prō deō cultus<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note8_2">2</a> et Quirīnus est<br>
+appellātus.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_III">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note4_7" id = "note4_7" href = "#tag4_7">4.7</a>
+It has been suggested that the name <i>Rōmulus</i> is derived from
+<i>Rōma</i>, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word
+<i>Rumon</i>, ‘river.’ <i>Rōma</i> would then be ‘the town by the
+river,’ ‘Rivertown’ (cf.&nbsp;English ‘Watertown,’ etc.), and
+<i>Rōmulus</i> would be ‘the man from Rivertown.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_8" id = "note4_8" href = "#tag4_8">4.8</a>
+<i>dēsum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_9" id = "note4_9" href = "#tag4_9">4.9</a>
+<b>in proximō</b>: ‘near by.’ Phrases consisting of a preposition and a
+neuter adjective are common, and have the force of adjectives or
+adverbs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_10" id = "note4_10" href = "#tag4_10">4.10</a>
+This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline Hill.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_11" id = "note4_11" href = "#tag4_11">4.11</a>
+<b>vīs</b> often means ‘number,’ as here, or ‘quantity’; ‘power’ is used
+in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_12" id = "note4_12" href = "#tag4_12">4.12</a>
+<b>cum</b>: ‘since’: H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G 586: B 286, 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_1" id = "note5_1" href = "#tag5_1">5.1</a>
+= <i>Rōmulus</i>. Cf. <i>ipsam</i>, I, 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_2" id = "note5_2" href = "#tag5_2">5.2</a>
+<i>mittō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_3" id = "note5_3" href = "#tag5_3">5.3</a>
+<b>quī . . . peterent</b>: rel. clause of purpose; see <a href =
+"#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E&nbsp;2, and H&nbsp;590 (497,&nbsp;I):
+M&nbsp;835: A&nbsp;317, 2: G&nbsp;630: B&nbsp;282,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_4" id = "note5_4" href = "#tag5_4">5.4</a>
+In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist between
+neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_5" id = "note5_5" href = "#tag5_5">5.5</a>
+Sc. <i>est</i>, which, like <i>esse</i>, is often omitted with the
+passive, especially in rapid narrative.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_6" id = "note5_6" href = "#tag5_6">5.6</a>
+= <i>esset</i>: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span>: G&nbsp;116, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>
+1, <i>c</i>: B&nbsp;100, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_7" id = "note5_7" href = "#tag5_7">5.7</a>
+<b>indīcī . . . iubet</b>: ‘he bids a show to be announced.’ Such an
+announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_8" id = "note5_8" href = "#tag5_8">5.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note2_21">p. 2, n. 21</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_9" id = "note5_9" href = "#tag5_9">5.9</a>
+i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they were also
+curious to see the new city.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_10" id = "note5_10" href = "#tag5_10">5.10</a>
+= <i>in spectāculum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_11" id = "note5_11" href = "#tag5_11">5.11</a>
+<i>convertō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_12" id = "note5_12" href = "#tag5_12">5.12</a>
+<b>mentēs cum oculīs</b>: ‘minds and eyes alike.’ The emphasis is on
+<i>mentēs</i>; they were thinking only of the show.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_13" id = "note5_13" href = "#tag5_13">5.13</a>
+In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by side
+without a connective. See also <a href = "#note5_5">n.&nbsp;5</a>
+above.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_14" id = "note5_14" href = "#tag5_14">5.14</a>
+<b>Haec</b>, referring to the matters related in the preceding
+paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because the
+predicate noun <b>causa</b> is feminine. Such attraction is the rule in
+Latin. H&nbsp;396, 2 (445,&nbsp;4): A&nbsp;195, <i>d</i>: G&nbsp;211, 5:
+B&nbsp;246,&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_15" id = "note5_15" href = "#tag5_15">5.15</a>
+<b>ob virginēs raptās</b>: ‘on account of the stolen maidens’ = ‘on
+account of the seizure of the maidens.’ A&nbsp;participle agreeing with
+a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a dependent
+genitive.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_16" id = "note5_16" href = "#tag5_16">5.16</a>
+<i>sūmō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_17" id = "note5_17" href = "#tag5_17">5.17</a>
+dat.; why?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_18" id = "note5_18" href = "#tag5_18">5.18</a>
+‘they happened upon’ (<i>nancīscor</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_19" id = "note5_19" href = "#tag5_19">5.19</a>
+<b>forte . . . ierat</b>: ‘had gone by chance’ = ‘happened to have
+gone.’ <i>Forte</i> is often best rendered by a clause: ‘as it
+happened,’ or ‘it so happened.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_20" id = "note5_20" href = "#tag5_20">5.20</a>
+supine denoting purpose; see <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 6,
+and H 633 (546): M&nbsp;1005: A&nbsp;302: G&nbsp;435: B&nbsp;340, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_1" id = "note6_1" href = "#tag6_1">6.1</a>
+The subjunctive here, as in <b>gererent</b>, is due to implied indirect
+discourse; <b>sī perdūxisset</b> represents the fut. perf. indic. of
+direct discourse <i>sī perdūxeris</i>, ‘if you shall have led’ = ‘if you
+(shall) lead’; H&nbsp;646 (527,&nbsp;I): M&nbsp;1034, 1038: A&nbsp;337:
+G&nbsp;656-7: B&nbsp;319, <span class = "smallroman">B.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_2" id = "note6_2" href = "#tag6_2">6.2</a>
+‘that which.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_3" id = "note6_3" href = "#tag6_3">6.3</a>
+<i>manus</i> often = ‘arm,’ just as <i>pēs</i> = ‘leg.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_4" id = "note6_4" href = "#tag6_4">6.4</a>
+<b>gererent</b>: either ‘wore’ or ‘bore.’ Tarpeia meant it in the former
+sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_5" id = "note6_5" href = "#tag6_5">6.5</a>
+Why abl.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_6" id = "note6_6" href = "#tag6_6">6.6</a>
+<b>et ea</b> = <i>ea quoque</i>: ‘these too,’ as well as the
+<i>armillae</i> and <i>ānulī</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_7" id = "note6_7" href = "#tag6_7">6.7</a>
+Sc. <i>manibus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_8" id = "note6_8" href = "#tag6_8">6.8</a>
+Note the tense; they <i>had had</i> these, too, on their arms when the
+bargain was struck.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_9" id = "note6_9" href = "#tag6_9">6.9</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_forum"><i>Forum</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_10" id = "note6_10" href = "#tag6_10">6.10</a>
+<b>Prīmō impetū</b>: ‘in the very first charge.’ The ablative fixes the
+time of <b>cecidit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_11" id = "note6_11" href = "#tag6_11">6.11</a>
+<b>inter . . . īnsīgnis</b>: ‘the most conspicuous of the Romans.’ How
+literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_12" id = "note6_12" href = "#tag6_12">6.12</a>
+abl. of specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_13" id = "note6_13" href = "#tag6_13">6.13</a>
+= <i>morte</i>. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_14" id = "note6_14" href = "#tag6_14">6.14</a>
+‘hosts.’ The relation of host and guest was regarded by the Romans, as
+by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_15" id = "note6_15" href = "#tag6_15">6.15</a>
+<b>longē aliud . . . aliud</b>: ‘one thing . . . quite another.’ Note
+here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_16" id = "note6_16" href = "#tag6_16">6.16</a>
+Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are subjects of
+<b>esse</b>; H&nbsp;615 (538): M&nbsp;972: A&nbsp;270: G&nbsp;422:
+B&nbsp;377.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_17" id = "note6_17" href = "#tag6_17">6.17</a>
+This temple was called the Temple of <i>Iuppiter Stator</i>, i.e. the
+‘Stayer,’ the god who had <i>stayed</i> the army’s flight.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_18" id = "note6_18" href = "#tag6_18">6.18</a>
+<i>resistō</i>: ‘maintained its ground,’ ‘held its own,’ as contrasted
+with its previous flight (<i>fugere coepērunt</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_19" id = "note6_19" href = "#tag6_19">6.19</a>
+<b>crīnibus passīs</b> (<i>pandō</i>): ‘with streaming hair.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_20" id = "note6_20" href = "#tag6_20">6.20</a>
+‘<i>by</i> beseeching’; the abl. of the gerund (<i>ōrandō</i>) might
+have been used.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_21" id = "note6_21" href = "#tag6_21">6.21</a>
+<b>foedere . . . īctō</b> (<i>īcō</i>): ‘having struck a treaty.’ How
+literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in Latin for
+the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase <i>foedus
+īcere</i>, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in the
+sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_1" id = "note7_1" href = "#tag7_1">7.1</a>
+<b>rēgnum . . . sociāvit</b>: i.e. henceforth there were two kings.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_2" id = "note7_2" href = "#tag7_2">7.2</a>
+By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had insulted.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_3" id = "note7_3" href = "#tag7_3">7.3</a>
+Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty ‘came <i>back</i>,’ or
+‘devolved <i>again</i>’ upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared it
+with Tatius.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_4" id = "note7_4" href = "#tag7_4">7.4</a>
+abl. of means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_5" id = "note7_5" href = "#tag7_5">7.5</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_6" id = "note7_6" href = "#tag7_6">7.6</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_eques"><i>eques</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_7" id = "note7_7" href = "#tag7_7">7.7</a>
+‘When’: H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B 288.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_8" id = "note7_8" href = "#tag7_8">7.8</a>
+<b>ad . . . lūstrandum</b> = <i>ut . . . lūstrāret</i>. What does the
+gerundive construction express?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_9" id = "note7_9" href = "#tag7_9">7.9</a>
+Sc. <i>Mārtiō</i>. See Vocab., <a href =
+"#vocab_campus"><i>campus</i></a>, and map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p.
+xxviii</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_10" id = "note7_10" href = "#tag7_10">7.10</a>
+<b>Caprae palūdem</b>: ‘Goat Swamp.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_11" id = "note7_11" href = "#tag7_11">7.11</a>
+<i>auferō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_12" id = "note7_12" href = "#tag7_12">7.12</a>
+<b>crēditus est</b>: we would say: ‘it was believed that he,’ etc.;
+Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: ‘he was believed to
+have,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_13" id = "note7_13" href = "#tag7_13">7.13</a>
+<b>cuī . . . fēcit</b>: literally ‘for which thing he made (i.e.
+secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_14" id = "note7_14" href = "#tag7_14">7.14</a>
+What does the abl. abs. here express? See <a href = "#page_xxiii">p.
+xxiii</a>, K 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_15" id = "note7_15" href = "#tag7_15">7.15</a>
+<i>prōcēdō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_16" id = "note7_16" href = "#tag7_16">7.16</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>. <b>vīsum esse</b> and <b>praecipere</b> depend on
+<b>adfīrmāns</b>: see H&nbsp;642 (523,&nbsp;I): M&nbsp;1023: A&nbsp;336,
+2: G&nbsp;650: B&nbsp;314: and <a href = "#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>,
+M&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_17" id = "note7_17" href = "#tag7_17">7.17</a>
+<b>augustiōre fōrmā</b>: ‘of more imposing presence’ (than he was while
+on earth); abl. of characteristic, H&nbsp;473, 2 (419,&nbsp;II):
+M&nbsp;643: A&nbsp;251: G&nbsp;400: B&nbsp;224.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_18" id = "note7_18" href = "#tag7_18">7.18</a>
+i.e. <i>Rōmulum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_19" id = "note7_19" href = "#tag7_19">7.19</a>
+Note the change of tense from that in <i>vīsum</i> (<i>esse</i>) above.
+Proculus actually said: (<i>Rōmulus</i>) <i>praecipit</i>, i.e. he used
+the historical present. Above <i>vīsum</i> (<i>esse</i>) represents
+<i>vīsus est</i> of the direct discourse.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_20" id = "note7_20" href = "#tag7_20">7.20</a>
+substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M 892: A 331: G&nbsp;546:
+B&nbsp;295,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_21" id = "note7_21" href = "#tag7_21">7.21</a>
+<b>futūrum ut . . . exsisterent</b> gives the statement, not of
+Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. <b>futūrum</b> (<i>esse</i>)
+depends on a verb of saying implied in <b>praecipere</b>. Romulus said
+<i>exsistētis</i>. Since, however, <i>exsistō</i> has no supine and so
+no future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from it.
+Hence the phrase <i>futūrum ut</i> with subjunctive becomes necessary:
+‘it would happen that they would become,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_1" id = "note8_1" href = "#tag8_1">8.1</a>
+‘in honor of Romulus’; dat. of advantage.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_2" id = "note8_2" href = "#tag8_2">8.2</a>
+With <b>cōnstitūta</b> and <b>cultus</b> (<i>colō</i>) sc.
+<i>est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_3" id = "note8_3" href = "#tag8_3">8.3</a>
+For the omission of the conjunction before <b>ipse</b>, cf. <a href =
+"#note5_13">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;13</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_III">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_III" id = "selection_III">III.</a>
+Numa Pompilius, Rōmānōrum rēx secundus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+716-673 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Successit Rōmulō Numa Pompilius, vir inclitā iūstitiā<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag8_4" id = "tag8_4" href = "#note8_4">4</a> et<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_2" id = "line_iii_2"> </a>
+religiōne.<a class = "tag" href = "#note8_4">4</a> Is Curibus,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag8_5" id = "tag8_5" href = "#note8_5">5</a> ex oppidō
+Sabīnōrum, accītus est. Quī cum<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_3" id = "line_iii_3"> </a>
+Rōmam vēnisset, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_6" id = "tag8_6" href =
+"#note8_6">6</a> populum ferum religiōne mītigāret, sacra<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_4" id = "line_iii_4"> </a>
+plūrima īnstituit. Āram Vestae cōnsecrāvit, et īgnem<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag8_7" id = "tag8_7" href = "#note8_7">7</a> in ārā<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic8.png" width = "105" height = "100"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+SELLA CURŪLIS<br>
+<i>From a coin</i></span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_5" id = "line_iii_5">5</a>
+perpetuō alendum virginibus dedit. Flāminem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag8_8" id = "tag8_8" href = "#note8_8">8</a><br>
+Iovis sacerdōtem creāvit eumque īnsīgnī veste<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag8_9" id = "tag8_9" href = "#note8_9">9</a><br>
+et curūlī<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_10" id = "tag8_10" href =
+"#note8_10">10</a> sellā adōrnāvit. Dīcitur<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag8_11" id = "tag8_11" href = "#note8_11">11</a> quondam<br>
+ipsum Iovem ē caelō ēlicuisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_12" id =
+"tag8_12" href = "#note8_12">12</a> Hīc, ingentibus<br>
+fulminibus in urbem dēmissīs, dēscendit in nemus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_10" id = "line_iii_10">10</a>
+Aventīnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrīs<br>
+fulmina<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_13" id = "tag8_13" href =
+"#note8_13">13</a> essent prōcūranda,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note8_13">13</a> et praetereā imperiī<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page9" id = "page9">9</a>
+certa<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_1" id = "tag9_1" href =
+"#note9_1">1</a> pīgnora populō Rōmānō datūrum sē esse prōmīsit.
+Numa<br>
+laetus rem populō nūntiāvit. Postrīdiē omnēs ad aedēs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag9_2" id = "tag9_2" href = "#note9_2">2</a> rēgiās<br>
+convēnērunt silentēsque exspectābant<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_3" id
+= "tag9_3" href = "#note9_3">3</a> quid futūrum esset.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag9_4" id = "tag9_4" href = "#note9_4">4</a> Atque<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic9a.png" width = "102" height = "98"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+ANCĪLIA<br>
+<i>From a coin</i></span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_15" id = "line_iii_15">15</a>
+sōle ortō dēlābitur ē caelō scissō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_5" id =
+"tag9_5" href = "#note9_5">5</a> scūtum, quod<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_16" id = "line_iii_16"> </a>
+ancīle appellāvit Numa. Id nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_6" id =
+"tag9_6" href = "#note9_6">6</a> fūrtō auferrī<br>
+posset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_6">6</a> Māmurium fabrum ūndecim
+scūta eādem<br>
+fōrmā fabricāre iussit. Duodecim autem Saliōs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9_7" id = "tag9_7" href = "#note9_7">7</a><br>
+<a name = "line_iii_19" id = "line_iii_19"> </a>
+Mārtis sacerdōtēs lēgit, quī ancīlia, sēcrēta<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_20" id = "line_iii_20">20</a>
+illa imperiī pīgnora, cūstōdīrent<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_8" id =
+"tag9_8" href = "#note9_8">8</a> et Kalendīs<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic9b.png" width = "135" height = "139"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+IĀNUS</span>
+
+Mārtiīs per urbem canentēs et rīte saltantēs<br>
+ferrent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_8">8</a> Annum in duodecim<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag9_9" id = "tag9_9" href = "#note9_9">9</a>
+mēnsēs ad<br>
+cursum lūnae dēscrīpsit; nefāstōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_10" id =
+"tag9_10" href = "#note9_10">10</a> fāstōsque<br>
+diēs fēcit; portās Iānō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_11" id = "tag9_11"
+href = "#note9_11">11</a> geminō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_12" id =
+"tag9_12" href = "#note9_12">12</a> aedificāvit<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_25" id = "line_iii_25">25</a>
+ut esset index pācis et bellī; nam apertus,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9_13" id = "tag9_13" href = "#note9_13">13</a> in<br>
+armīs esse cīvitātem, clausus,<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_13">13</a>
+pācātōs circā<br>
+omnēs populōs, sīgnificābat.</p>
+
+<p>Lēgēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_14" id = "tag9_14" href =
+"#note9_14">14</a> quoque plūrimās et ūtilēs tulit<br>
+Numa. Ut vērō māiōrem īnstitūtīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_15" id =
+"tag9_15" href = "#note9_15">15</a> suīs auctōritātem conciliāret,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page10" id = "page10">10</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_30" id = "line_iii_30">30</a>
+simulāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_1" id = "tag10_1" href =
+"#note10_1">1</a> sibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_2" id = "tag10_2"
+href = "#note10_2">2</a> cum deā Ēgeriā esse conloquia nocturna
+ēiusque<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_3" id = "tag10_3" href =
+"#note10_3">3</a><br>
+monitū sē omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lūcus erat, quem<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag10_4" id = "tag10_4" href = "#note10_4">4</a> medium<br>
+fōns perennī rigābat aquā; eō saepe Numa sine arbitrīs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag10_5" id = "tag10_5" href = "#note10_5">5</a> sē<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_33" id = "line_iii_33"> </a>
+īnferēbat, velut<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_6" id = "tag10_6" href =
+"#note10_6">6</a> ad congressum deae; ita<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag10_7" id = "tag10_7" href = "#note10_7">7</a> omnium animōs eā<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note10_7">7</a><br>
+pietāte imbuit, ut fidēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_8" id = "tag10_8"
+href = "#note10_8">8</a> ac iūsiūrandum nōn minus quam lēgum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_35" id = "line_iii_35">35</a>
+et poenārum metus cīvēs continēret.<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_9" id
+= "tag10_9" href = "#note10_9">9</a> Bellum quidem<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag10_10" id = "tag10_10" href = "#note10_10">10</a> nūllum<br>
+gessit, sed<a class = "tag" href = "#note10_10">10</a> nōn minus
+cīvitātī prōfuit quam Rōmulus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_11" id =
+"tag10_11" href = "#note10_11">11</a> Morbō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag10_12" id = "tag10_12" href = "#note10_12">12</a><br>
+exstīnctus in Iāniculō monte sepultus<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_13"
+id = "tag10_13" href = "#note10_13">13</a> est. Ita duo<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag10_14" id = "tag10_14" href = "#note10_14">14</a>
+deinceps<br>
+<a name = "line_iii_38" id = "line_iii_38"> </a>
+rēgēs, ille bellō, hīc pāce, cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem<br>
+et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_15" id =
+"tag10_15" href = "#note10_15">15</a> Numa trēs et quadrāgintā.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_IV">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note8_4" id = "note8_4" href = "#tag8_4">8.4</a>
+See <a href = "#note7_17">p. 7, n. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_5" id = "note8_5" href = "#tag8_5">8.5</a>
+<b>Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum</b>: ‘from Cures, a town of the Sabines.’
+H&nbsp;462 (412,&nbsp;II): M&nbsp;605: A&nbsp;258, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;391:
+B&nbsp;229, 1. ‘<i>At</i> Cures, a&nbsp;town of the Sabines,’ would be
+<i>Curibus, in oppidō Sabīnōrum</i>. The two phrases well illustrate the
+difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common
+nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from
+a given point.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_6" id = "note8_6" href = "#tag8_6">8.6</a>
+<b>ut . . . mītigāret</b>: purpose clause, to be joined with what
+follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they
+modify.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_7" id = "note8_7" href = "#tag8_7">8.7</a>
+<b>īgnem . . . alendum</b>: for the form of expression, see <a href =
+"#note2_18">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_8" id = "note8_8" href = "#tag8_8">8.8</a>
+<b>Flāminem . . . creāvit</b>: ‘he appointed a priest to be Jupiter’s
+Flamen.’ See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_flamen"><i>flāmen</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_9" id = "note8_9" href = "#tag8_9">8.9</a>
+The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the <i>Flāminēs</i> were
+(1)&nbsp;a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of
+olive wood, called <i>apex</i>; (2)&nbsp;the <i>toga praetexta</i> (see
+Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_toga"><i>toga</i></a>); and (3)&nbsp;a laurel
+crown.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_10" id = "note8_10" href = "#tag8_10">8.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_sella"><i>sella</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_11" id = "note8_11" href = "#tag8_11">8.11</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note7_12">p. 7, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_12" id = "note8_12" href = "#tag8_12">8.12</a>
+<i>ēliciō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_13" id = "note8_13" href = "#tag8_13">8.13</a>
+The Romans derived many omens from thunder. <i>Prōcūrāre</i> is the
+technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful
+effects by sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_1" id = "note9_1" href = "#tag9_1">9.1</a>
+‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase
+‘a&nbsp;certain man.’ In that sense <i>quīdam</i> is used.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_2" id = "note9_2" href = "#tag9_2">9.2</a>
+<b>aedēs rēgiās</b>: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings does <i>aedēs</i>
+bear?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_3" id = "note9_3" href = "#tag9_3">9.3</a>
+‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_4" id = "note9_4" href = "#tag9_4">9.4</a>
+Why subjunctive? See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_5" id = "note9_5" href = "#tag9_5">9.5</a>
+<i>scindō</i>. <b>dēlābitur . . . scūtum</b>: ‘the heavens were opened
+and a shield descended.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_6" id = "note9_6" href = "#tag9_6">9.6</a>
+Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
+G&nbsp;545, 3: B&nbsp;282. On the possession of this <i>ancīle</i>
+Rome’s power was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in
+guarding&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_7" id = "note9_7" href = "#tag9_7">9.7</a>
+<b>Saliōs . . . fēcit</b>: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of
+Mars.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_8" id = "note9_8" href = "#tag9_8">9.8</a>
+Why subjunctive? Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_9" id = "note9_9" href = "#tag9_9">9.9</a>
+Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained only ten
+months, a&nbsp;statement hardly credible.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_10" id = "note9_10" href = "#tag9_10">9.10</a>
+<b>nefāstōs . . . fēcit</b>: ‘he made a distinction between <i>diēs
+nefāstī</i> and <i>diēs fāstī</i>.’ See Vocab., <a href =
+"#vocab_fastus"><i>fāstus</i></a> and <a href =
+"#vocab_nefastus"><i>nefāstus</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_11" id = "note9_11" href = "#tag9_11">9.11</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note8_1">p. 8, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_12" id = "note9_12" href = "#tag9_12">9.12</a>
+‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with
+two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an
+arch.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_13" id = "note9_13" href = "#tag9_13">9.13</a>
+Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively ‘when open,’
+‘when shut.’ They agree with <i>Iānus</i> understood, which means the
+temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple remained open till 235
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> It was opened again in the same
+year, and not closed till 29 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_14" id = "note9_14" href = "#tag9_14">9.14</a>
+<b>Lēgēs quoque</b>: ‘<i>Laws</i> too,’ i.e. laws as well as religious
+ceremonies and priestly orders.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_15" id = "note9_15" href = "#tag9_15">9.15</a>
+<b>īnstitūtīs</b>: dative with <b>conciliāret</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_1" id = "note10_1" href = "#tag10_1">10.1</a>
+How different in meaning from <i>dissimulāns</i>, II, 9?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_2" id = "note10_2" href = "#tag10_2">10.2</a>
+<b>sibi . . . esse conloquia</b>: ‘that he had conversations.’
+<b>sibi</b> is dat. of the possessor; H&nbsp;430 (387): M&nbsp;542:
+A&nbsp;231: G&nbsp;349: B&nbsp;190.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_3" id = "note10_3" href = "#tag10_3">10.3</a>
+<b>ēius monitū</b>: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf. <i>quōrum cōnsiliō</i>,
+II,&nbsp;41.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_4" id = "note10_4" href = "#tag10_4">10.4</a>
+<b>quem medium</b>: ‘the middle of which.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_5" id = "note10_5" href = "#tag10_5">10.5</a>
+Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_6" id = "note10_6" href = "#tag10_6">10.6</a>
+<b>velut . . . deae</b>: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet the
+goddess’; <b>velut</b> is used here as <i>quasi</i> is in I, 28. See
+<a href = "#note3_6">note there</a>. For <b>ad congressum</b> see <a href =
+"#note3_8">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;8</a>. <b>deae</b> is dat. after the
+prefix in <b>congressum</b>; cf. H&nbsp;429 (386): M&nbsp;532:
+A&nbsp;228: G&nbsp;347: B&nbsp;187, III.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_7" id = "note10_7" href = "#tag10_7">10.7</a>
+<b>ita</b> and <b>eā</b> reinforce each other. ‘To such a degree
+(<b>ita</b>), and with such (<b>eā</b>) piety,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_8" id = "note10_8" href = "#tag10_8">10.8</a>
+Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’ <b>fidēs ac
+iūsiūrandum</b> together = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to the
+restraints of the law.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_9" id = "note10_9" href = "#tag10_9">10.9</a>
+subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: G 552, 2:
+B&nbsp;284.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_10" id = "note10_10" href = "#tag10_10">10.10</a>
+<b>quidem</b> is concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ Hence
+<b>quidem .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed</b> = <i>quamquam .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed
+tamen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_11" id = "note10_11" href = "#tag10_11">10.11</a>
+Sc. <i>prōfuerat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_12" id = "note10_12" href = "#tag10_12">10.12</a>
+<b>Morbō exstīnctus</b> (<i>exstinguō</i>) means that he died a natural
+death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of
+Romulus, as described on page&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_13" id = "note10_13" href = "#tag10_13">10.13</a>
+<i>sepeliō</i><ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_14" id = "note10_14" href = "#tag10_14">10.14</a>
+<b>duo deinceps rēgēs</b>: ‘two <i>successive</i> kings.’ When an adverb
+like <i>deinceps</i> stands between an adjective and a noun, it has the
+value of an adjective.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_15" id = "note10_15" href = "#tag10_15">10.15</a>
+acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: G 336: B&nbsp;181.
+See also <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D&nbsp;1.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_IV">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_IV" id = "selection_IV">IV.</a>
+Tullus Hostīlius, Rōmānōrum rēx tertius<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+673-641 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_16" id = "tag10_16" href =
+"#note10_16">16</a> Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōn<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_2" id = "line_iv_2"> </a>
+sōlum proximō<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_17" id = "tag10_17" href =
+"#note10_17">17</a> rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag10_18" id = "tag10_18" href = "#note10_18">18</a>
+fuit.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page11" id = "page11">11</a>
+<a name = "line_iv_3" id = "line_iv_3"> </a>
+Eō rēgnante<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_1" id = "tag11_1" href =
+"#note11_1">1</a> bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag11_2" id = "tag11_2" href = "#note11_2">2</a> est.<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_4" id = "line_iv_4"> </a>
+Ducibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_3" id = "tag11_3" href =
+"#note11_3">3</a> Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11_4" id = "tag11_4" href = "#note11_4">4</a> paucōrum certāmine<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag11_5" id = "tag11_5" href =
+"#note11_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_5" id = "line_iv_5">5</a>
+fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apud<br>
+Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_6" id = "tag11_6"
+href = "#note11_6">6</a> eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_7" id = "line_iv_7"> </a>
+patriā dīmicent<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_7" id = "tag11_7" href =
+"#note11_7">7</a> ferrō. Foedus<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_8" id =
+"tag11_8" href = "#note11_8">8</a> īctum est eā<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11_9" id = "tag11_9" href = "#note11_9">9</a> lēge, ut, unde<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag11_10" id = "tag11_10" href = "#note11_10">10</a><br>
+victōria, ibi imperium esset.</p>
+
+<p>Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_10" id = "line_iv_10">10</a>
+aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datur<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_11" id = "line_iv_11"> </a>
+sīgnum, īnfēstīque<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_11" id = "tag11_11"
+href = "#note11_11">11</a> armīs ternī<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_12"
+id = "tag11_12" href = "#note11_12">12</a> iuvenēs, māgnōrum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag11_13" id = "tag11_13" href = "#note11_13">13</a>
+exercituum<br>
+animōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag11_14" id = "tag11_14" href = "#note11_14">14</a><br>
+<a name = "line_iv_13" id = "line_iv_13"> </a>
+arma micantēsque fulsēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_15" id =
+"tag11_15" href = "#note11_15">15</a> gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag11_16" id = "tag11_16" href =
+"#note11_16">16</a><br>
+<a name = "line_iv_14" id = "line_iv_14"> </a>
+perstringit. Cōnsertīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_17" id = "tag11_17"
+href = "#note11_17">17</a> deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_15" id = "line_iv_15">15</a>
+super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_18" id
+= "tag11_18" href = "#note11_18">18</a>; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag11_19" id = "tag11_19" href =
+"#note11_19">19</a><br>
+cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōs<br>
+iam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiī<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_18" id = "line_iv_18"> </a>
+circumsteterant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_20" id = "tag11_20" href
+= "#note11_20">20</a> Forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_21" id =
+"tag11_21" href = "#note11_21">21</a> is integer fuit; sed quia tribus
+impār<br>
+erat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11_22" id = "tag11_22" href = "#note11_22">22</a> singulōs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag11_23" id = "tag11_23" href = "#note11_23">23</a> per
+intervālla<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page12" id = "page12">12</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_20" id = "line_iv_20">20</a>
+secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_1" id
+= "tag12_1" href = "#note12_1">1</a> spatiī ex eō locō,<br>
+ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīs<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_22" id = "line_iv_22"> </a>
+haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_2" id =
+"tag12_2" href = "#note12_2">2</a> eum māgnō impetū redit,<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_23" id = "line_iv_23"> </a>
+et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_3" id =
+"tag12_3" href = "#note12_3">3</a> Cūriātiīs ut opem ferant<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_24" id = "line_iv_24"> </a>
+frātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag12_4" id = "tag12_4" href = "#note12_4">4</a> deinde, priusquam<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag12_5" id = "tag12_5" href =
+"#note12_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_25" id = "line_iv_25">25</a>
+tertius posset<a class = "tag" href = "#note12_5">5</a> cōnsequī,
+interfēcit.</p>
+
+<p>Iam singulī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_6" id = "tag12_6" href =
+"#note12_6">6</a> supererant,<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_7" id =
+"tag12_7" href = "#note12_7">7</a> sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag12_8" id = "tag12_8" href = "#note12_8">8</a>
+Alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_9" id = "tag12_9" href =
+"#note12_9">9</a><br>
+erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag12_10" id = "tag12_10" href = "#note12_10">10</a>; alter fessum<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag12_11" id = "tag12_11" href =
+"#note12_11">11</a> vulnere,<br>
+fessum cursū trahēbat<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_12" id = "tag12_12"
+href = "#note12_12">12</a> corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_29" id = "line_iv_29"></a>
+Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag12_13" id = "tag12_13" href = "#note12_13">13</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_30" id = "line_iv_30">30</a>
+iacentem<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_14" id = "tag12_14" href =
+"#note12_14">14</a> spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag12_15" id = "tag12_15" href = "#note12_15">15</a> ac grātulantēs
+Horātium<br>
+accipiunt et domum<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_16" id = "tag12_16"
+href = "#note12_16">16</a> dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium
+frātrum<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_31" id = "line_iv_31"> </a>
+spolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_17" id =
+"tag12_17" href = "#note12_17">17</a> obvia fuit soror, quae
+dēspōnsa<br>
+fuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_18" id =
+"tag12_18" href = "#note12_18">18</a> super umerōs frātris
+palūdāmentō<br>
+spōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag12_19" id = "tag12_19" href = "#note12_19">19</a> solvere coepit.
+Movet<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_35" id = "line_iv_35">35</a>
+ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō;<br>
+itaque strictō<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_20" id = "tag12_20" href =
+"#note12_20">20</a> gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag12_21" id = "tag12_21" href = "#note12_21">21</a>
+increpāns:<br>
+“Abī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_22" id = "tag12_22" href =
+"#note12_22">22</a> hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag12_23" id = "tag12_23" href = "#note12_23">23</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page13" id = "page13">13</a>
+frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_1" id =
+"tag13_1" href = "#note13_1">1</a> quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbit<br>
+hostem.”</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_40" id = "line_iv_40">40</a>
+Atrōx id vīsum est facinus<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_2" id =
+"tag13_2" href = "#note13_2">2</a> patribus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13_3" id = "tag13_3" href = "#note13_3">3</a> plēbīque; quārē
+raptus<br>
+est in iūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_4" id = "tag13_4" href =
+"#note13_4">4</a> Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam
+accesserat<br>
+līctor<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_5" id = "tag13_5" href =
+"#note13_5">5</a> iniciēbatque<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_6" id =
+"tag13_6" href = "#note13_6">6</a> laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum
+prōvocāvit.<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_43" id = "line_iv_43"> </a>
+Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre<br>
+caesam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_7" id = "tag13_7" href =
+"#note13_7">7</a> esse; et iuvenem amplexus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13_8" id = "tag13_8" href = "#note13_8">8</a> spoliaque
+Cūriātiōrum<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic13.png" width = "113" height = "204"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+FASCĒS</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_45" id = "line_iv_45">45</a>
+ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_9" id =
+"tag13_9" href = "#note13_9">9</a> sē, quem paulō<br>
+ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_10"
+id = "tag13_10" href = "#note13_10">10</a> orbum<br>
+līberīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_11" id = "tag13_11" href =
+"#note13_11">11</a> faceret.<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_9">9</a>
+Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimās<br>
+iuvenemque<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_12" id = "tag13_12" href =
+"#note13_12">12</a> absolvit admīrātiōne<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13_13" id = "tag13_13" href = "#note13_13">13</a> magis<br>
+virtūtis quam iūre<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_13">13</a> causae. Ut
+tamen caedēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_50" id = "line_iv_50">50</a>
+manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_14"
+id = "tag13_14" href = "#note13_14">14</a> sacrificiīs<br>
+perāctīs trānsmīsit per viam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_15" id =
+"tag13_15" href = "#note13_15">15</a> tigillum et fīlium<br>
+capite adopertō velut sub iugum<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_16" id =
+"tag13_16" href = "#note13_16">16</a> mīsit; quod<br>
+tigillum <i>Sorōrium</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag13_17" id =
+"tag13_17" href = "#note13_17">17</a> appellātum est.</p>
+
+<p>Nōn diū pāx<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_18" id = "tag13_18" href =
+"#note13_18">18</a> Albāna mānsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_19" id =
+"tag13_19" href = "#note13_19">19</a>; nam Mettius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_55" id = "line_iv_55">55</a>
+Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_20" id =
+"tag13_20" href = "#note13_20">20</a> sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs
+vidēret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_20">20</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page14" id = "page14">14</a>
+quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_1" id = "tag14_1" href =
+"#note14_1">1</a> bellum ūnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_2" id =
+"tag14_2" href = "#note14_2">2</a> paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag14_3" id = "tag14_3" href = "#note14_3">3</a>
+rem corrigeret,<br>
+Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse,<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_58" id = "line_iv_58"> </a>
+ā Tullō in<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_4" id = "tag14_4" href =
+"#note14_4">4</a> auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut
+fortūnam<br>
+bellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_5" id
+= "tag14_5" href = "#note14_5">5</a> rē Tullus intellēctā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_60" id = "line_iv_60">60</a>
+māgnā vōce ait<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_6" id = "tag14_6" href =
+"#note14_6">6</a> suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergō<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_61" id = "line_iv_61"> </a>
+circumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterō<br>
+diē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīus<br>
+quadrīgīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_7" id = "tag14_7" href =
+"#note14_7">7</a> religātus et in<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_8" id =
+"tag14_8" href = "#note14_8">8</a> dīversa distrāctus<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag14_9" id = "tag14_9" href = "#note14_9">9</a> est. Deinde
+Tullus Albam<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_64" id = "line_iv_64"> </a>
+propter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag14_10" id = "tag14_10" href = "#note14_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_65" id = "line_iv_65">65</a>
+Rōma interim crēvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_11" id = "tag14_11"
+href = "#note14_11">11</a> Albae ruīnīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag14_12" id = "tag14_12" href = "#note14_12">12</a>; duplicātus est
+cīvium<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_66" id = "line_iv_66"> </a>
+numerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag14_13" id = "tag14_13" href = "#note14_13">13</a> frequentius<br>
+habitārētur,<a class = "tag" href = "#note14_13">13</a> eam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag14_14" id = "tag14_14" href = "#note14_14">14</a> sēdem
+Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde habitāvit.<br>
+Auctārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_15" id = "tag14_15" href =
+"#note14_15">15</a> vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag14_16" id = "tag14_16" href = "#note14_16">16</a> bellum Sabīnīs
+indīxit. Pēstilentia<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page15" id = "page15">15</a>
+īnsecūta<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_1" id = "tag15_1" href =
+"#note15_1">1</a> est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_70" id = "line_iv_70">70</a>
+enim rēx bellicōsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_2" id = "tag15_2" href
+= "#note15_2">2</a> salūbriōra mīlitiae<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_3"
+id = "tag15_3" href = "#note15_3">3</a> quam domī esse<br>
+iuvenum<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_4" id = "tag15_4" href =
+"#note15_4">4</a> corpora, sed ipse quoque<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_5" id = "tag15_5" href = "#note15_5">5</a> diuturnō morbō est
+implicitus.<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_72" id = "line_iv_72"> </a>
+Tunc vērō adeō<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_6" id = "tag15_6" href =
+"#note15_6">6</a> frāctī<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_7" id = "tag15_7"
+href = "#note15_7">7</a> simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag15_8" id = "tag15_8" href = "#note15_8">8</a><br>
+illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret.
+Memorant<br>
+<a name = "line_iv_74" id = "line_iv_74"> </a>
+Tullum fulmine<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_9" id = "tag15_9" href =
+"#note15_9">9</a> īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_75" id = "line_iv_75">75</a>
+māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_V">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note10_16" id = "note10_16" href = "#tag10_16">10.16</a>
+<b>Mortuō Numā</b>: abl. abs. = <i>post Numae mortem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_17" id = "note10_17" href = "#tag10_17">10.17</a>
+<b>proximō rēgī</b>: ‘his predecessor.’ Join with <b>dissimilis</b>,
+which has the same constructions as <i>similis</i> (<a href =
+"#note3_12">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;12</a>). <i>Proximus</i> may mean
+‘nearest (in&nbsp;the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest (in&nbsp;the future)’
+= ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_18" id = "note10_18" href = "#tag10_18">10.18</a>
+abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_1" id = "note11_1" href = "#tag11_1">11.1</a>
+<b>Eō rēgnante</b>: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. differ
+from those in I, lines <a href = "#line_i_3">3, 5</a>, <a href =
+"#line_i_18">18</a>, <a href = "#line_i_37">37</a>, and <a href =
+"#line_i_40">40</a>? Cf. <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>,
+K&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_2" id = "note11_2" href = "#tag11_2">11.2</a>
+<i>exorior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_3" id = "note11_3" href = "#tag11_3">11.3</a>
+<b>Ducibus . . . placuit</b>: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The
+subject of <b>placuit</b> is the clause <b>rem .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+fīnīrī</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_4" id = "note11_4" href = "#tag11_4">11.4</a>
+The meanings of <i>rēs</i> are extremely varied. Here <b>rem</b> may be
+translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically = <i>bellum</i> above. For the
+mood of <i>fīnīrī</i>, see <a href = "#note6_16">p.&nbsp;6,
+n.&nbsp;16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_5" id = "note11_5" href = "#tag11_5">11.5</a>
+The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which
+the quarrel was to be ended.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_6" id = "note11_6" href = "#tag11_6">11.6</a>
+<b>Cum . . . rēgēs</b>: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_7" id = "note11_7" href = "#tag11_7">11.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note1_5">p. 1, n. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_8" id = "note11_8" href = "#tag11_8">11.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note6_21">p. 6, n. 21</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_9" id = "note11_9" href = "#tag11_9">11.9</a>
+<b>eā lēge ut</b>: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the proviso
+(<b>lēge</b>) that.’ The clause <b>ut .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. esset</b>
+expresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_10" id = "note11_10" href = "#tag11_10">11.10</a>
+Sc. <i>fuisset</i>. <b>unde</b> = <i>quā ex parte</i>. We would rather
+say, ‘<i>on</i> which side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as
+one of <i>motion from</i> a place where the English views it rather as
+that of <i>rest at</i> a point. Why?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_11" id = "note11_11" href = "#tag11_11">11.11</a>
+<b>īnfēstī armīs</b>: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with hostile
+arms.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_12" id = "note11_12" href = "#tag11_12">11.12</a>
+‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the adjective?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_13" id = "note11_13" href = "#tag11_13">11.13</a>
+<b>māgnōrum . . . gerentēs</b>: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty armies.’
+So we speak of a person as ‘a&nbsp;host in himself.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_14" id = "note11_14" href = "#tag11_14">11.14</a>
+<b>increpuēre</b> describes the sound made by the spears as they struck
+the shields.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_15" id = "note11_15" href = "#tag11_15">11.15</a>
+<i>fulgeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_16" id = "note11_16" href = "#tag11_16">11.16</a>
+= <i>spectātōrēs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_17" id = "note11_17" href = "#tag11_17">11.17</a>
+<i>cōnserō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_18" id = "note11_18" href = "#tag11_18">11.18</a>
+<i>cadō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_19" id = "note11_19" href = "#tag11_19">11.19</a>
+<b>Ad cāsum</b>: we say ‘<i>at</i> the fall,’ but the Latin thinks of
+the shout as rising <i>against</i> (i.e. to greet) the fall.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_20" id = "note11_20" href = "#tag11_20">11.20</a>
+<i>circumstō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_21" id = "note11_21" href = "#tag11_21">11.21</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_19">p. 5, n. 19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_22" id = "note11_22" href = "#tag11_22">11.22</a>
+<b>fugam capessīvit</b>: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to one’s
+heels.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_23" id = "note11_23" href = "#tag11_23">11.23</a>
+<b>singulōs per intervālla</b>: ‘one by one, at intervals.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_1" id = "note12_1" href = "#tag12_1">12.1</a>
+<b>aliquantum spatiī</b>: ‘some distance.’ <b>spatiī</b> is a partitive
+genitive; <b>aliquantum</b> is an acc. of extent of space: H&nbsp;417
+(379): M&nbsp;513: A&nbsp;257: G&nbsp;335: B&nbsp;181.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_2" id = "note12_2" href = "#tag12_2">12.2</a>
+<b>In . . . redit</b> (<i>redeō</i>): ‘he turned and made a furious
+attack upon him.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_3" id = "note12_3" href = "#tag12_3">12.3</a>
+<b>inclāmat . . . ferant</b>: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear
+aid.’ For <b>inclāmat</b>, see <a href = "#note3_14">p.&nbsp;3,
+n.&nbsp;14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_4" id = "note12_4" href = "#tag12_4">12.4</a>
+= <i>secundum</i>, as often.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_5" id = "note12_5" href = "#tag12_5">12.5</a>
+H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_6" id = "note12_6" href = "#tag12_6">12.6</a>
+‘one on each side.’ Cf. <i>ternī</i>, <a href = "#line_iv_11">l. 11</a>,
+and note there.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_7" id = "note12_7" href = "#tag12_7">12.7</a>
+<i>supersum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_8" id = "note12_8" href = "#tag12_8">12.8</a>
+‘equally matched.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_9" id = "note12_9" href = "#tag12_9">12.9</a>
+<b>alter . . . alter</b>: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ With
+<b>intāctus</b> cf. <i>integer</i>, <a href =
+"#line_iv_18">l.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_10" id = "note12_10" href = "#tag12_10">12.10</a>
+‘inspirited, emboldened.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_11" id = "note12_11" href = "#tag12_11">12.11</a>
+The repetition of <b>fessum</b> gives emphasis by dwelling upon the
+fact.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_12" id = "note12_12" href = "#tag12_12">12.12</a>
+‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would
+rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we would render
+<b>male sustinentem arma</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_29">l.&nbsp;29</a>, as
+‘barely able to endure (the weight&nbsp;of) his armor.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_13" id = "note12_13" href = "#tag12_13">12.13</a>
+= <i>occidit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_14" id = "note12_14" href = "#tag12_14">12.14</a>
+‘as he lay prostrate.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_15" id = "note12_15" href = "#tag12_15">12.15</a>
+<b>ovantēs ac grātulantēs</b>: ‘with rejoicing and congratulations.’
+Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_16" id = "note12_16" href = "#tag12_16">12.16</a>
+accus. of limit of motion; cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_17" id = "note12_17" href = "#tag12_17">12.17</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_18" id = "note12_18" href = "#tag12_18">12.18</a>
+<b>vīsō . . . spōnsī</b>: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. Cf.
+<a href = "#note1_4">p.&nbsp;1, n.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_19" id = "note12_19" href = "#tag12_19">12.19</a>
+<b>crīnēs solvere</b>: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf.
+<i>crinibus passīs</i>, II,&nbsp;36.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_20" id = "note12_20" href = "#tag12_20">12.20</a>
+<i>stringō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_21" id = "note12_21" href = "#tag12_21">12.21</a>
+<b>verbīs increpāns</b>: cf. <i>hīs increpāns verbīs</i>, I, 46.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_22" id = "note12_22" href = "#tag12_22">12.22</a>
+<i>abeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_23" id = "note12_23" href = "#tag12_23">12.23</a>
+<b>oblīta</b> (<i>oblivīscor</i>) <b>frātrum</b>: ‘you who have
+forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitives
+<b>frātrum</b> and <b>patriae</b>, see H&nbsp;454 (406,&nbsp;II):
+M&nbsp;588: A&nbsp;219: G&nbsp;376: B&nbsp;206, 1. Cf. the English
+‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition of <b>oblīta</b> see <a href =
+"#note12_11">n.&nbsp;11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_1" id = "note13_1" href = "#tag13_1">13.1</a>
+‘fare, perish.’ The subject is <i>fēmina</i>, or <i>illa fēmina</i>, as
+suggested by <b>quaecumque</b>. How? With the whole sentence cf. <i>Sīc
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. mea</i>, I, 47, and see note there.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_2" id = "note13_2" href = "#tag13_2">13.2</a>
+<b>facinus</b>, by its derivation from <i>faciō</i>, properly =
+‘a&nbsp;deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a&nbsp;crime.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_3" id = "note13_3" href = "#tag13_3">13.3</a>
+= <i>senātōribus</i>, who were officially styled <i>Patrēs
+Cōnscrīptī</i>. <b>patribus plēbīque</b> virtually = <i>omnibus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_4" id = "note13_4" href = "#tag13_4">13.4</a>
+‘court.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_5" id = "note13_5" href = "#tag13_5">13.5</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_lictor"><i>līctor</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_6" id = "note13_6" href = "#tag13_6">13.6</a>
+The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) putting on.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_7" id = "note13_7" href = "#tag13_7">13.7</a>
+<i>caedō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_8" id = "note13_8" href = "#tag13_8">13.8</a>
+<i>amplector</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_9" id = "note13_9" href = "#tag13_9">13.9</a>
+clause of negative purpose: see <a href = "#note9_6">p. 9, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_10" id = "note13_10" href = "#tag13_10">13.10</a>
+<i>cōnspiciō</i>. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by
+attraction to <b>faceret</b>, H&nbsp;652, 1 (529,&nbsp;II): M&nbsp;793:
+A&nbsp;342: G&nbsp;663: B&nbsp;324, or (2)&nbsp;as in informal indir.
+disc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_11" id = "note13_11" href = "#tag13_11">13.11</a>
+abl. of separation (cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>), to be
+joined with <b>orbum faceret</b>, which = <i>orbāret</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_12" id = "note13_12" href = "#tag13_12">13.12</a>
+After a negative clause the Romans often use <i>que</i> or <i>et</i>,
+where the English idiom requires <i>but</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_13" id = "note13_13" href = "#tag13_13">13.13</a>
+why abl.? see <a href = "#note4_1">p. 4, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_14" id = "note13_14" href = "#tag13_14">13.14</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note6_21">p. 6, n. 21</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_15" id = "note13_15" href = "#tag13_15">13.15</a>
+‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the slope of the
+Esquiline Hill.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_16" id = "note13_16" href = "#tag13_16">13.16</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_iugum"><i>iugum</i></a>. The father of
+Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically
+executed the sentence of death passed by the judges.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_17" id = "note13_17" href = "#tag13_17">13.17</a>
+Sc. <i>Tigillum</i>. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to
+time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of
+this fight was the <i>Pīla</i> (‘Column’) <i>Horātia</i>, adjoining the
+Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the
+Curiatii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_18" id = "note13_18" href = "#tag13_18">13.18</a>
+<b>pāx Albāna</b> = <i>pāx cum Albā īcta</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_19" id = "note13_19" href = "#tag13_19">13.19</a>
+<i>maneō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_20" id = "note13_20" href = "#tag13_20">13.20</a>
+<b>cum . . . vidēret</b>: subjunctive of cause. See <a href =
+"#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>; <a href = "#note4_12">p.&nbsp;4,
+n.&nbsp;12</a>; and <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_1" id = "note14_1" href = "#tag14_1">14.1</a>
+<b>quod . . . fīnīsset</b>: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The
+subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the
+thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ subjects. See <a href =
+"#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_2" id = "note14_2" href = "#tag14_2">14.2</a>
+<b>ūnō . . . certāmine</b>: ‘by one contest (only), and that a contest
+in which but few fought.’ Cf. <a href = "#line_iv_4">l.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_3" id = "note14_3" href = "#tag14_3">14.3</a>
+<b>ut . . . corrigeret</b>: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to regain
+the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_4" id = "note14_4" href = "#tag14_4">14.4</a>
+<b>in auxilium</b>: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. Cf. <i>ad
+supplicium</i>, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance
+with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the
+Curiatii (<a href = "#line_iv_7">l.&nbsp;7</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_5" id = "note14_5" href = "#tag14_5">14.5</a>
+<b>Quā rē . . . intellēctā</b> (<i>intellegō</i>): ‘when he noticed this
+state of things.’ For <b>quā</b>, see <a href = "#note4_3">p.&nbsp;4,
+n.&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_6" id = "note14_6" href = "#tag14_6">14.6</a>
+<b>ait . . . circumvenīrentur</b>: Tullus’ purpose in making this
+statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own
+men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the
+Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius
+exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was
+regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_7" id = "note14_7" href = "#tag14_7">14.7</a>
+abl. of separation (cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>).
+<i>ligāre</i> and its compounds are construed with either (1)&nbsp;the
+simple ablative, or (2)&nbsp;the ablative with <i>ab</i>, <i>dē</i>, or
+<i>ex</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_8" id = "note14_8" href = "#tag14_8">14.8</a>
+<b>in . . . est</b>: ‘was torn limb from limb.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_9" id = "note14_9" href = "#tag14_9">14.9</a>
+<i>distrahō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_10" id = "note14_10" href = "#tag14_10">14.10</a>
+<i>iubeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_11" id = "note14_11" href = "#tag14_11">14.11</a>
+<i>crēscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_12" id = "note14_12" href = "#tag14_12">14.12</a>
+abl. of means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_13" id = "note14_13" href = "#tag14_13">14.13</a>
+<b>quō . . . habitārētur</b>: ‘that it might be more densely inhabited,’
+i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In
+purpose clauses containing a comparative, <i>quō</i> is used instead of
+<i>ut</i>: H&nbsp;568, 7 (497,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;909: A&nbsp;317,
+<i>b</i>: G&nbsp;545, 2; B&nbsp;282, <i>a</i>. This <i>quō</i> is the
+abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and = <i>ut eō</i>, ‘that
+thereby.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_14" id = "note14_14" href = "#tag14_14">14.14</a>
+<b>eam . . . cēpit</b> (<i>capiō</i>): ‘Tullus chose it (the mountain)
+as the site of his palace,’ Why is <b>eam</b> feminine, although
+referring to <i>mōns Caelius</i>, which is masculine? Cf. <a href =
+"#note5_14">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_15" id = "note14_15" href = "#tag14_15">14.15</a>
+<b>Auctārum . . . fīdūciā</b>: ‘because of the confidence (begotten) of
+his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in his increased
+strength.’ In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it
+is objective; H&nbsp;440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M&nbsp;553, 571:
+A&nbsp;213, 1, 2: G&nbsp;363, 1 and 2: B&nbsp;199, 200.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_16" id = "note14_16" href = "#tag14_16">14.16</a>
+<i>efferō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_1" id = "note15_1" href = "#tag15_1">15.1</a>
+<i>īnsequor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_2" id = "note15_2" href = "#tag15_2">15.2</a>
+<b>bellicōsus</b> = a causal clause <i>quod ipse bellicōsus
+erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_3" id = "note15_3" href = "#tag15_3">15.3</a>
+<b>mīlitiae quam domī</b>: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2
+(426,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;622: A&nbsp;258, <i>d</i>: G. 411, <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span> 2: B&nbsp;232, 2; xvi, A&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_4" id = "note15_4" href = "#tag15_4">15.4</a>
+= ‘the fighting men,’ because <i>iuvenēs</i> (men under 45) were
+eligible for military duty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_5" id = "note15_5" href = "#tag15_5">15.5</a>
+<b>sed ipse quoque</b>: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he
+too.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_6" id = "note15_6" href = "#tag15_6">15.6</a>
+‘so completely.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_7" id = "note15_7" href = "#tag15_7">15.7</a>
+<i>frangō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_8" id = "note15_8" href = "#tag15_8">15.8</a>
+<b>spīritūs illī ferōcēs</b>: ‘that high spirit of his’; <b>illī</b> =
+‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf. <a href =
+"#line_iv_2">l.&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_9" id = "note15_9" href = "#tag15_9">15.9</a>
+<b>fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse</b> = <i>fulmine īctum esse et
+cōnflagrāsse</i>. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common
+subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass.
+part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that
+common subject. Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;8</a>, and
+<a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L&nbsp;5.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_V">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_V" id = "selection_V">V.</a>
+Ancus Mārcius, Rōmānōrum rēx quārtus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+641-616 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic15.png" width = "136" height = "126"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+NUMA AND ANCUS<br>MĀRCIUS</span>
+
+<p>Tullō mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_10" id = "tag15_10" href =
+"#note15_10">10</a> Ancum Mārcium rēgem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_11" id = "tag15_11" href = "#note15_11">11</a><br>
+populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōs<br>
+Ancus Mārcius erat, aequitāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_12" id =
+"tag15_12" href = "#note15_12">12</a> et<br>
+religiōne<a class = "tag" href = "#note15_12">12</a> avō similis. Tunc
+Latīnī, cum quibus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_5" id = "line_v_5">5</a>
+Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat,<br>
+sustulerant<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_13" id = "tag15_13" href =
+"#note15_13">13</a> animōs, et incursiōnem in agrum<br>
+<a name = "line_v_7" id = "line_v_7"> </a>
+Rōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_14" id
+= "tag15_14" href = "#note15_14">14</a> eīs<br>
+bellum indīceret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note15_14">14</a> lēgātum
+mīsit, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_15" id = "tag15_15" href =
+"#note15_15">15</a> rēs<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page16" id = "page16">16</a>
+<a name = "line_v_9" id = "line_v_9"> </a>
+repeteret, eumque<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_1" id = "tag16_1" href =
+"#note16_1">1</a> mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_10" id = "line_v_10">10</a>
+modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēs<br>
+repetuntur, capite<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_2" id = "tag16_2" href
+= "#note16_2">2</a> vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag16_3" id = "tag16_3" href = "#note16_3">3</a> “audīte,<br>
+fīnēs hūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_4" id = "tag16_4" href =
+"#note16_4">4</a> populī. Ego sum pūblicus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_5" id = "tag16_5" href = "#note16_5">5</a> nūntius populī
+Rōmānī;<br>
+<a name = "line_v_13" id = "line_v_13"> </a>
+verbīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_6" id = "tag16_6" href =
+"#note16_6">6</a> meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn
+dēduntur<br>
+rēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_15" id = "line_v_15">15</a>
+ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur, <i>Fētiālis</i><a class =
+"tag" name = "tag16_7" id = "tag16_7" href = "#note16_7">7</a> rītusque
+bellī<br>
+indīcendī <i>Iūs Fētiāle</i> appellātur.</p>
+
+<p>Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_8" id = "tag16_8" href = "#note16_8">8</a> est ā Latīnīs;<br>
+quārē bellum hōc<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_9" id = "tag16_9" href =
+"#note16_9">9</a> modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitū<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat left">
+<img src = "images/pic16.png" width = "168" height = "156"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CARCER MAMERTĪNUS</span>
+
+cōnscrīptō, profectus<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_10" id = "tag16_10"
+href = "#note16_10">10</a> Latīnōs fūdit et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_20" id = "line_v_20">20</a>
+complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmam<br>
+<a name = "line_v_21" id = "line_v_21"> </a>
+trādūxit<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_11" id = "tag16_11" href =
+"#note16_11">11</a>. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_12" id =
+"tag16_12" href = "#note16_12">12</a> autem in tantā hominum<br>
+multitūdine facinora clandestīna<br>
+<a name = "line_v_23" id = "line_v_23"> </a>
+fierent, Ancus carcerem<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_13" id =
+"tag16_13" href = "#note16_13">13</a> in mediā urbe<br>
+ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_14" id = "tag16_14" href =
+"#note16_14">14</a> terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_25" id = "line_v_25">25</a>
+Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit,<br>
+Iāniculum montem ponte<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_15" id = "tag16_15"
+href = "#note16_15">15</a> subliciō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page17" id = "page17">17</a>
+<a name = "line_v_27" id = "line_v_27"> </a>
+in Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_1"
+id = "tag17_1" href = "#note17_1">1</a> Tiberis Ōstiam urbem<br>
+condidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs;<br>
+immātūrā morte praereptus obiit.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VI">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note15_10" id = "note15_10" href = "#tag15_10">15.10</a>
+What is the force of this abl. abs.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_11" id = "note15_11" href = "#tag15_11">15.11</a>
+<b>rēgem populus creāvit</b>: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat
+misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor
+elective. On the death of a king an <i>interrēx</i>, or regent, was
+chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs
+that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the
+Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_12" id = "note15_12" href = "#tag15_12">15.12</a>
+abl. of specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_13" id = "note15_13" href = "#tag15_13">15.13</a>
+<b>sustulerant</b> (<i>tollō</i>) <b>animōs</b>: ‘had plucked up
+courage.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_14" id = "note15_14" href = "#tag15_14">15.14</a>
+Cf. <i>priusquam . . . posset</i>, IV, 25, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_15" id = "note15_15" href = "#tag15_15">15.15</a>
+<b>quī . . . repeteret</b>: relative clause of purpose. <i>Rēs
+repetere</i> = ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase of
+war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The opposite is
+<i>rēs reddere</i>, or <i>rēs dēdere</i>, as in <a href =
+"#line_v_13">l.&nbsp;13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_1" id = "note16_1" href = "#tag16_1">16.1</a>
+<b>eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt</b>: ‘that custom posterity (the Romans of
+later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign
+of Augustus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_2" id = "note16_2" href = "#tag16_2">16.2</a>
+While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga,
+that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. The
+<i>lēgātus</i> here covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter
+and to the <b>fīnēs</b>, which are personified.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_3" id = "note16_3" href = "#tag16_3">16.3</a>
+This word, rather than <i>dīxit</i>, is used with direct discourse, and
+regularly stands, as here, <i>within</i> the quotation.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_4" id = "note16_4" href = "#tag16_4">16.4</a>
+The <i>lēgātus</i>, of course, said <i>fīnēs Albānōrum</i>, or
+<i>Vēientium</i>, as the case might&nbsp;be.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_5" id = "note16_5" href = "#tag16_5">16.5</a>
+‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_6" id = "note16_6" href = "#tag16_6">16.6</a>
+<b>verbīs . . . sit</b> = <i>verbīs meīs crēdite</i>. Cf. II, 48, <i>cuī
+reī fidem fēcit</i>. <b>sit</b> is a hortatory subjunctive; H&nbsp;559,
+1 (484,&nbsp;II): M&nbsp;713: A&nbsp;266: G&nbsp;263: B&nbsp;274.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_7" id = "note16_7" href = "#tag16_7">16.7</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_fetialis"><i>fētiālis</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_8" id = "note16_8" href = "#tag16_8">16.8</a>
+<b>respōnsum . . . Latīnīs</b> = <i>Latīnī respondērunt</i>. The
+impersonal passive is common.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_9" id = "note16_9" href = "#tag16_9">16.9</a>
+<b>hōc</b>: ‘described <i>above</i>,’ in lines 9-16. In <a href =
+"#line_v_9">l.&nbsp;9</a> <i>hōc</i> = ‘described <i>below</i>.’
+<i>Hīc</i> more often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what
+follows.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_10" id = "note16_10" href = "#tag16_10">16.10</a>
+<b>profectus . . . fūdit</b> (<i>fundō</i>): cf. <a href =
+"#note15_9">p. 15, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_11" id = "note16_11" href = "#tag16_11">16.11</a>
+‘transferred, removed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_12" id = "note16_12" href = "#tag16_12">16.12</a>
+<b>Cum . . . fierent</b>: a causal clause; cf. <a href = "#note13_20">p.
+13, n. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_13" id = "note16_13" href = "#tag16_13">16.13</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_carcer"><i>carcer</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_14" id = "note16_14" href = "#tag16_14">16.14</a>
+<b>ad . . . audāciae</b> = <i>ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret</i>. Cf.
+<a href = "#note3_8">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;8</a>, and <i>ad congressum
+deae</i>, III, 33. <b>audāciae</b> is objective genitive: cf. <a href =
+"#note14_15">p.&nbsp;14, n.&nbsp;15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_15" id = "note16_15" href = "#tag16_15">16.15</a>
+<b>ponte subliciō</b>: abl. abs., with <b>factō</b>, expressing means.
+This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber,
+derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood
+and supported on piles (<i>sublicae</i>). It is this bridge that figures
+so largely in Macaulay’s <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>, Horatius, stanzas
+xxix. ff.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_1" id = "note17_1" href = "#tag17_1">17.1</a>
+<b>in ōre</b>: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from its
+position <i>in ōre Tiberis</i>. It was the port of Rome, and thus
+attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of
+the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for
+the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VI">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_VI" id = "selection_VI">VI.</a>
+Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus, Rōmānōrum rēx quīntus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+616-578 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p><a name = "line_vi_1" id = "line_vi_1"> </a>
+Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag17_2" id = "tag17_2" href = "#note17_2">2</a> ex Etrūriae urbe,<br>
+profectus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_3" id = "tag17_3" href =
+"#note17_3">3</a> cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit.<br>
+Additur haec fābula: advenientī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_4" id =
+"tag17_4" href = "#note17_4">4</a> aquila pilleum sustulit<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag17_5" id = "tag17_5" href = "#note17_5">5</a> et
+super<br>
+carpentum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_6" id = "tag17_6" href =
+"#note17_6">6</a> cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_7" id = "tag17_7"
+href = "#note17_7">7</a> Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre
+volitāns<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_5" id = "line_vi_5">5</a>
+rūrsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_8" id = "tag17_8" href =
+"#note17_8">8</a> capitī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_9" id = "tag17_9"
+href = "#note17_9">9</a> aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag17_10" id = "tag17_10" href = "#note17_10">10</a> abiit.
+Tanaquil<br>
+coniux, caelestium<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_11" id = "tag17_11"
+href = "#note17_11">11</a> prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag17_12" id = "tag17_12" href = "#note17_12">12</a> eī
+portendī<br>
+intellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag17_13" id = "tag17_13" href = "#note17_13">13</a> et alta<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note17_13">13</a> spērāre<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page18" id = "page18">18</a>
+eum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbem<br>
+ingressī<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_1" id = "tag18_1" href =
+"#note18_1">1</a> sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā
+et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_10" id = "line_vi_10">10</a>
+indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātem<br>
+cōnsecūtus<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_2" id = "tag18_2" href =
+"#note18_2">2</a> est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag18_3" id = "tag18_3" href = "#note18_3">3</a> rēgnum intercēpit et
+ita<br>
+administrāvit, quasi<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_4" id = "tag18_4"
+href = "#note18_4">4</a> iūre adeptus<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_5"
+id = "tag18_5" href = "#note18_5">5</a> esset.</p>
+
+<p>Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag18_6" id = "tag18_6" href = "#note18_6">6</a> Māximum<br>
+aedificāvit; dē<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_7" id = "tag18_7" href =
+"#note18_7">7</a> Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag18_8" id = "tag18_8" href = "#note18_8">8</a> lapideum urbī<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic18.png" width = "125" height = "202"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+AUGUR</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_15" id = "line_vi_15">15</a>
+circumdedit. Equitum centuriās<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_9" id =
+"tag18_9" href = "#note18_9">9</a> duplicāvit,<br>
+<a name = "line_vi_16" id = "line_vi_16"> </a>
+nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt,<br>
+<a name = "line_vi_17" id = "line_vi_17"> </a>
+Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eā<br>
+tempestāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_10" id = "tag18_10" href =
+"#note18_10">10</a> augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat,<br>
+nisi<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_11" id = "tag18_11" href =
+"#note18_11">11</a> avēs addīxissent<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note18_11">11</a>; īrātus rēx in<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_12" id
+= "tag18_12" href = "#note18_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_20" id = "line_vi_20">20</a>
+experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag18_13" id = "tag18_13" href = "#note18_13">13</a><br>
+quod ipse mente concēpisset<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_14" id =
+"tag18_14" href = "#note18_14">14</a>; Attus auguriō<br>
+āctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag18_15" id = "tag18_15" href = "#note18_15">15</a> inquit<br>
+rēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secāre<br>
+novāculā possem.”<a class = "tag" href = "#note18_13">13</a> “Potes<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag18_16" id = "tag18_16" href =
+"#note18_16">16</a> ergō” inquit<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_25" id = "line_vi_25">25</a>
+augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecim<br>
+<a name = "line_vi_26" id = "line_vi_26"> </a>
+annōrum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_17" id = "tag18_17" href =
+"#note18_17">17</a> quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag18_18" id = "tag18_18" href = "#note18_18">18</a> praetextā<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag18_19" id = "tag18_19" href =
+"#note18_19">19</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page19" id = "page19">19</a>
+bullāque<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_1" id = "tag19_1" href =
+"#note19_1">1</a> dōnāvit; unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_2" id =
+"tag19_2" href = "#note19_2">2</a> haec<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_3"
+id = "tag19_3" href = "#note19_3">3</a> ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia
+esse<br>
+coepērunt.</p>
+
+<p>Supererant<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_4" id = "tag19_4" href =
+"#note19_4">4</a> duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag19_5" id = "tag19_5" href = "#note19_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_30" id = "line_vi_30">30</a>
+rēgnō fraudātōs esse,<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_6" id = "tag19_6"
+href = "#note19_6">6</a> rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribus<br>
+duōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātā<br>
+rixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_7" id = "tag19_7" href = "#note19_7">7</a> clāmor cum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag19_8" id = "tag19_8" href = "#note19_8">8</a><br>
+penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmō<br>
+uterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_9"
+id = "tag19_9" href = "#note19_9">9</a> alter alterī obstrepere.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_35" id = "line_vi_35">35</a>
+Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_10" id = "tag19_10" href = "#note19_10">10</a> compositō rem<br>
+ōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alter<br>
+<a name = "line_vi_37" id = "line_vi_37"> </a>
+ēlātam<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_11" id = "tag19_11" href =
+"#note19_11">11</a> secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag19_12" id = "tag19_12" href = "#note19_12">12</a> in
+vulnere<br>
+tēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note17_2" id = "note17_2" href = "#tag17_2">17.2</a>
+<b>Tarquiniīs . . . urbe</b>: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria.’ Cf.
+<a href = "#note8_5">p.&nbsp;8, n.&nbsp;5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_3" id = "note17_3" href = "#tag17_3">17.3</a>
+<i>proficīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_4" id = "note17_4" href = "#tag17_4">17.4</a>
+Sc. <i>Rōmam</i>: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle agrees with
+<i>eī</i> understood, which is a dat. of separation, or disadvantage,
+with <b>sustulit</b>: H&nbsp;427 (385,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;539: A&nbsp;229:
+G&nbsp;345, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 1: B&nbsp;188, 2,
+<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_5" id = "note17_5" href = "#tag17_5">17.5</a>
+<i>tollō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_6" id = "note17_6" href = "#tag17_6">17.6</a>
+A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_7" id = "note17_7" href = "#tag17_7">17.7</a>
+<b>cuī</b>: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_8" id = "note17_8" href = "#tag17_8">17.8</a>
+<b>rūrsus . . . reposuit</b>: since <i>repōnō</i> = ‘to put
+<i>back</i>,’ or ‘to place <i>again</i>,’ <b>rūrsus</b> is
+unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_9" id = "note17_9" href = "#tag17_9">17.9</a>
+More often <i>repōnō</i> is followed by <i>in</i> with the abl., or the
+acc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_10" id = "note17_10" href = "#tag17_10">17.10</a>
+<b>sublīmis abiit</b>: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_11" id = "note17_11" href = "#tag17_11">17.11</a>
+<b>caelestium . . . perīta</b>: ‘skilled in (interpreting) portents from
+heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as exceptionally skillful in
+such matters. For the gen., see H&nbsp;451, 1 (399, I,&nbsp;2).
+M&nbsp;573: A&nbsp;218, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;374: B&nbsp;204,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_12" id = "note17_12" href = "#tag17_12">17.12</a>
+<b>rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit</b>: ‘perceived that the sign indicated
+that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to Livy, the
+significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came from a favorable
+quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east); it concerned
+his <i>head</i>, the <i>supreme</i> part of his being; hence the removal
+of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ‘king of gods and men,’
+and its restoration, implied that his <i>cap</i> was to be removed and
+replaced by a <i>crown</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_13" id = "note17_13" href = "#tag17_13">17.13</a>
+neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted destiny.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_1" id = "note18_1" href = "#tag18_1">18.1</a>
+<i>ingredior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_2" id = "note18_2" href = "#tag18_2">18.2</a>
+<i>cōnsequor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_3" id = "note18_3" href = "#tag18_3">18.3</a>
+<i>relinquō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_4" id = "note18_4" href = "#tag18_4">18.4</a>
+H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 1: G&nbsp;602 and <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span>: B&nbsp;307.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_5" id = "note18_5" href = "#tag18_5">18.5</a>
+<i>adipīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_6" id = "note18_6" href = "#tag18_6">18.6</a>
+<b>Circum Māximum</b>: see map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p. xxviii</a>.
+In its final form it could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The
+Romans of the Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of
+the circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew Wallace’s
+<i>Ben Hur</i>, Book V, Chap. XII.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_7" id = "note18_7" href = "#tag18_7">18.7</a>
+<b>dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit</b>: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got a
+triumph out of.’ See Vocab., <a href =
+"#vocab_triumphus"><i>triumphus</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_8" id = "note18_8" href = "#tag18_8">18.8</a>
+<b>mūrum . . . circumdedit</b>: ‘he built a stone wall round the city.’
+According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by
+his successor, Servius Tullius.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_9" id = "note18_9" href = "#tag18_9">18.9</a>
+Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of
+horsemen he called one <i>Ramnēs</i>, after his own name, another
+<i>Titiēnsēs</i>, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new
+centuries after himself.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_10" id = "note18_10" href = "#tag18_10">18.10</a>
+= <i>tempore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_11" id = "note18_11" href = "#tag18_11">18.11</a>
+<b>nisi . . . addīxissent</b>: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ i.e.
+without taking the <i>auspicia</i> and finding them favorable. Cf. I,
+42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, see
+<a href = "#note6_1">p.&nbsp;6, n.&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_12" id = "note18_12" href = "#tag18_12">18.12</a>
+<b>in experīmentum artis</b>: ‘to test his art.’ Cf. <a href =
+"#note14_4">p. 14, n.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_13" id = "note18_13" href = "#tag18_13">18.13</a>
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘cf.’">Cf.</ins> <a href =
+"#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_14" id = "note18_14" href = "#tag18_14">18.14</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. The king said ‘<i>Potestne
+fierī quod in mente concēpī?</i><ins class = "correction" title =
+"’ missing">’</ins>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_15" id = "note18_15" href = "#tag18_15">18.15</a>
+<b>hōc</b> is emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind was
+<i>this</i>.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_16" id = "note18_16" href = "#tag18_16">18.16</a>
+<b>Potes ergō</b>: ‘well, you can.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_17" id = "note18_17" href = "#tag18_17">18.17</a>
+descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: B 203.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_18" id = "note18_18" href = "#tag18_18">18.18</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_19" id = "note18_19" href = "#tag18_19">18.19</a>
+Sc. <i>togā</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_1" id = "note19_1" href = "#tag19_1">19.1</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_bulla"><i>bulla</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_2" id = "note19_2" href = "#tag19_2">19.2</a>
+= <i>ex quō</i>: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_3" id = "note19_3" href = "#tag19_3">19.3</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_14">p. 5, n. 14</a>, and <a href = "#note16_9">p.
+16, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_4" id = "note19_4" href = "#tag19_4">19.4</a>
+‘were still alive.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_5" id = "note19_5" href = "#tag19_5">19.5</a>
+= <i>patris</i>. Cf. the use of <i>rēgius</i>, I, 17.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_6" id = "note19_6" href = "#tag19_6">19.6</a>
+The infinitive depends on <b>aegrē ferentēs</b>. Phrases expressive of
+emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the
+infinitive with subject accus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_7" id = "note19_7" href = "#tag19_7">19.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_8" id = "note19_8" href = "#tag19_8">19.8</a>
+The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or
+two words, sometimes by a larger number.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_9" id = "note19_9" href = "#tag19_9">19.9</a>
+<b>certātim . . . obstrepere</b>: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s
+voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (<i>ob</i>)
+the other.’ Why is <i>alterī</i> dative?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_10" id = "note19_10" href = "#tag19_10">19.10</a>
+<b>ex compositō</b>: ‘according to previous agreement.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_11" id = "note19_11" href = "#tag19_11">19.11</a>
+<b>ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit</b> = <i>extulit</i> (‘raised’) <i>et
+dēiēcit</i>. Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_12" id = "note19_12" href = "#tag19_12">19.12</a>
+<b>relīctō . . . tēlō</b>: we say, ‘leaving the weapon&mdash;they flee,’
+i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans say more
+exactly: ‘having left&mdash;they flee,’ i.e. the act of leaving is
+viewed as prior to that of flight.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_VII" id = "selection_VII">VII.</a>
+Servius Tullius, Rōmānōrum rēx sextus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+578-534 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī<br>
+fēminā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_13" id = "tag19_13" href =
+"#note19_13">13</a> captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō
+Tarquiniī<br>
+Prīscī ēducārētur, ferunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_14" id =
+"tag19_14" href = "#note19_14">14</a> prōdigium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_15" id = "tag19_15" href = "#note19_15">15</a> vīsū ēventūque
+mīrābile<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page20" id = "page20">20</a>
+accidisse. Flammae<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_1" id = "tag20_1" href
+= "#note20_1">1</a> speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_5" id = "line_vii_5">5</a>
+Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_2" id = "tag20_2"
+href = "#note20_2">2</a> eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxit<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic20.png" width = "41" height = "229"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+SIGNUM</span>
+
+coniugīque suāsit ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_3" id = "tag20_3"
+href = "#note20_3">3</a> eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag20_4" id = "tag20_4" href = "#note20_4">4</a><br>
+<a name = "line_vii_7" id = "line_vii_7"> </a>
+ēducāret.<a class = "tag" href = "#note20_3">3</a> Is postquam adolēvit,
+et fortitūdine et cōnsiliō<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_8" id = "line_vii_8"> </a>
+īnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_5" id =
+"tag20_5" href = "#note20_5">5</a> in quō rēx Tarquinius<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_9" id = "line_vii_9"> </a>
+adversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_6"
+id = "tag20_6" href = "#note20_6">6</a> sēgnius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_10" id = "line_vii_10">10</a>
+dīmicantibus, raptum<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_7" id = "tag20_7"
+href = "#note20_7">7</a> sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag20_8" id = "tag20_8" href = "#note20_8">8</a><br>
+recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut et<br>
+sīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō gener<br>
+adsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil,<br>
+Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_15" id = "line_vii_15">15</a>
+ex superiōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_9" id = "tag20_9" href =
+"#note20_9">9</a> parte aedium adlocūta<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag20_10" id = "tag20_10" href = "#note20_10">10</a> ait rēgem
+grave<br>
+quidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, ut<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_17" id = "line_vii_17"> </a>
+interim dum convalēsceret,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_11" id =
+"tag20_11" href = "#note20_11">11</a> Serviō Tulliō<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag20_12" id = "tag20_12" href = "#note20_12">12</a> dictō audientēs
+essent.<br>
+Sīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_13" id = "tag20_13" href =
+"#note20_13">13</a> Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium
+administrāvit.<br>
+Sabīnōs subēgit<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_14" id = "tag20_14" href =
+"#note20_14">14</a>; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_20" id = "line_vii_20">20</a>
+urbī adiūnxit; fossās<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_15" id = "tag20_15"
+href = "#note20_15">15</a> circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag20_16" id = "tag20_16" href = "#note20_16">16</a><br>
+ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_17" id =
+"tag20_17" href = "#note20_17">17</a> et centuriās<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag20_18" id = "tag20_18" href = "#note20_18">18</a> distribuit.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page21" id = "page21">21</a>
+<p>Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag21_1" id = "tag21_1" href = "#note21_1">1</a> tum<br>
+inclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_2" id
+= "tag21_2" href = "#note21_2">2</a> Id commūniter<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag21_3" id = "tag21_3" href = "#note21_3">3</a> ā cīvitātibus<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic21.png" width = "97" height = "198"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+DIANA OF EPHESUS</span>
+
+Asiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_25" id = "line_vii_25">25</a>
+populīs suāsit ut et<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_4" id = "tag21_4"
+href = "#note21_4">4</a> ipsī fānum Diānae<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_26" id = "line_vii_26"> </a>
+cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_5" id = "tag21_5" href =
+"#note21_5">5</a> populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monte<br>
+aedificārent. Quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_6" id = "tag21_6" href =
+"#note21_6">6</a> factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag21_7" id = "tag21_7" href = "#note21_7">7</a><br>
+<a name = "line_vii_28" id = "line_vii_28"> </a>
+cuīdam Latīnō nāta<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_8" id = "tag21_8" href
+= "#note21_8">8</a> dīcitur, et respōnsum somniō<br>
+datum<a class = "tag" href = "#note21_8">8</a> eum populum summam
+imperiī habitūrum,<a class = "tag" href = "#note21_8">8</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_30" id = "line_vii_30">30</a>
+cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag21_9" id = "tag21_9" href = "#note21_9">9</a><br>
+Latīnus<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_10" id = "tag21_10" href =
+"#note21_10">10</a> bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causam<br>
+sacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag21_11" id = "tag21_11" href = "#note21_11">11</a> dīxit<br>
+prius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre.<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_34" id = "line_vii_34"> </a>
+Latīnus dum ad Tiberim<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_12" id = "tag21_12"
+href = "#note21_12">12</a> dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_35" id = "line_vii_35">35</a>
+Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_vii_36" id = "line_vii_36"> </a>
+Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag21_13" id = "tag21_13" href = "#note21_13">13</a><br>
+cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_14"
+id = "tag21_14" href = "#note21_14">14</a> vidēret, ferōcem<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag21_15" id = "tag21_15" href = "#note21_15">15</a>
+mītī,<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_38" id = "line_vii_38"> </a>
+mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingenia<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page22" id = "page22">22</a>
+mātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt;<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_40" id = "line_vii_40">40</a>
+ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquinius<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic22.png" width = "167" height = "158"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+SACRIFICE</span>
+
+ā Tulliā<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_1" id = "tag22_1" href =
+"#note22_1">1</a> incitātus advocātō<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_2" id
+= "tag22_2" href = "#note22_2">2</a> senātū rēgnum<br>
+paternum repetere coepit. Quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_3" id =
+"tag22_3" href = "#note22_3">3</a> rē<br>
+audītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit,<br>
+iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_4" id =
+"tag22_4" href = "#note22_4">4</a> dēiectus et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_45" id = "line_vii_45">45</a>
+domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tullia<br>
+carpentō vecta in Forum properāvit et<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_47" id = "line_vii_47"> </a>
+cōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgem<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_48" id = "line_vii_48"> </a>
+salūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā ac<br>
+tumultū dēcessisset<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_5" id = "tag22_5" href
+= "#note22_5">5</a> domumque redīret,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_50" id = "line_vii_50">50</a>
+vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentem<br>
+super ipsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_6" id = "tag22_6" href =
+"#note22_6">6</a> corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag22_7" id = "tag22_7" href = "#note22_7">7</a> vīcus ille<br>
+<a name = "line_vii_52" id = "line_vii_52"> </a>
+Scelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et<br>
+quadrāgintā.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VIII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note19_13" id = "note19_13" href = "#tag19_13">19.13</a>
+Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius’
+father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her
+high rank, Tanaquil set her free and welcomed her to the palace. There
+Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tarquin’s household.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_14" id = "note19_14" href = "#tag19_14">19.14</a>
+<b>ferunt . . . accidisse</b>: in English, the verb corresponding to
+<b>ferunt</b> would be parenthetical, thus: ‘a&nbsp;prodigy, <i>they
+say</i>, happened.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_15" id = "note19_15" href = "#tag19_15">19.15</a>
+<b>prōdigium . . . mīrābile</b>: ‘a prodigy, strange to look upon, and
+marvelously fulfilled.’ <b>vīsū</b> and <b>ēventū</b> are ablatives of
+specification to <b>mīrābile</b>: H&nbsp;480 (424): M&nbsp;650:
+A&nbsp;253: G&nbsp;397: B&nbsp;226, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_1" id = "note20_1" href = "#tag20_1">20.1</a>
+<b>Flammae speciēs</b>: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render the whole
+sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_2" id = "note20_2" href = "#tag20_2">20.2</a>
+<b>summam . . . intellēxit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note17_12">p. 17, n.
+12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_3" id = "note20_3" href = "#tag20_3">20.3</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note1_5">p. 1, n. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_4" id = "note20_4" href = "#tag20_4">20.4</a>
+governed by <i>ēducābat</i> understood.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_5" id = "note20_5" href = "#tag20_5">20.5</a>
+<i>quīdam</i> and <i>ūnus</i> often have no more force than the English
+indefinite article.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_6" id = "note20_6" href = "#tag20_6">20.6</a>
+<b>mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus</b>: causal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_7" id = "note20_7" href = "#tag20_7">20.7</a>
+<b>raptum . . . mīsit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>. To
+lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose
+the flag.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_8" id = "note20_8" href = "#tag20_8">20.8</a>
+<b>Cūius . . . grātiā</b>: an expression of purpose = <i>quod ut
+reciperet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_9" id = "note20_9" href = "#tag20_9">20.9</a>
+Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_10" id = "note20_10" href = "#tag20_10">20.10</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note19_12">p. 19, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_11" id = "note20_11" href = "#tag20_11">20.11</a>
+H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and <a href =
+"#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_12" id = "note20_12" href = "#tag20_12">20.12</a>
+dat. with <b>dictō audientēs essent</b>, which together =
+<i>pārērent</i>: H&nbsp;426 (385,&nbsp;I): M&nbsp;530: A&nbsp;227 and
+<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2: G&nbsp;346 and <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 5: B&nbsp;187, II. <b>dictō</b> is dat. with
+<b>audientēs</b>, which here itself = ‘obeying.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_13" id = "note20_13" href = "#tag20_13">20.13</a>
+i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (<a
+href = "#note15_11">p.&nbsp;15, n.&nbsp;11</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_14" id = "note20_14" href = "#tag20_14">20.14</a>
+<i>subigō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_15" id = "note20_15" href = "#tag20_15">20.15</a>
+<b>fossās . . . dūxit</b>: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14: see
+note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along
+the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_16" id = "note20_16" href = "#tag20_16">20.16</a>
+The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabitants,
+but an enrollment and classification of them according to property for
+purposes of taxation and military service. Hence the clause <b>in
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. distribuit</b> is in part an explanation of <b>cēnsum
+ōrdināvit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_17" id = "note20_17" href = "#tag20_17">20.17</a>
+These classes were six in number.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_18" id = "note20_18" href = "#tag20_18">20.18</a>
+According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections each century
+cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being
+regarded as the voice of the whole century. The first, or richest class,
+contained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a
+majority.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_1" id = "note21_1" href = "#tag21_1">21.1</a>
+<b>Iam tum</b>: ‘even in those early days.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_2" id = "note21_2" href = "#tag21_2">21.2</a>
+This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts
+xix, 24&nbsp;f.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_3" id = "note21_3" href = "#tag21_3">21.3</a>
+<b>commūniter . . . factum</b> (<i>esse</i>): ‘that the states of Asia
+had united in building it.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_4" id = "note21_4" href = "#tag21_4">21.4</a>
+<b>et ipsī</b> = <i>etiam ipsī</i>, or <i>ipsī quoque</i>: ‘they too,’
+i.e. as well as the <i>cīvitātēs Asiae</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_5" id = "note21_5" href = "#tag21_5">21.5</a>
+‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed thus: <i>ut
+illī</i> (i.e. the <i>Latīnī</i>) <i>et populus Rōmānus .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+aedificārent</i>. Cf. lines 23,&nbsp;24.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_6" id = "note21_6" href = "#tag21_6">21.6</a>
+<b>Quō factō</b> = <i>postquam hōc</i> (i.e. the building of the temple)
+<i>factum est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_7" id = "note21_7" href = "#tag21_7">21.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note18_17">p. 18, n. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_8" id = "note21_8" href = "#tag21_8">21.8</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>. For the personal construction <b>dīcitur</b>, see
+H&nbsp;611, 1 (534, I&nbsp;and <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;1): M&nbsp;962: A&nbsp;330, <i>b</i>, 1:
+G&nbsp;528, 1: B&nbsp;332.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_9" id = "note21_9" href = "#tag21_9">21.9</a>
+Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. For the
+tense, cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p.&nbsp;6, n.&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_10" id = "note21_10" href = "#tag21_10">21.10</a>
+‘<i>The</i> (aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned in <a href = "#line_vii_28">l.
+28</a>. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of
+the definite article.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_11" id = "note21_11" href = "#tag21_11">21.11</a>
+‘cunningly.’ Cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p. 4, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_12" id = "note21_12" href = "#tag21_12">21.12</a>
+The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (<a href =
+"#line_vii_26">l.&nbsp;26</a>) the temple of Diana stood.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_13" id = "note21_13" href = "#tag21_13">21.13</a>
+= <i>cum habēret</i>, ‘since he had.’ <b>cum . . . vidēret</b> is also
+causal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_14" id = "note21_14" href = "#tag21_14">21.14</a>
+abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_15" id = "note21_15" href = "#tag21_15">21.15</a>
+<b>ferōcem . . . ferōcī</b>: note that the order in the second of these
+two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. Cf. <a href =
+"#line_vii_36">l.&nbsp;36</a>, <i>alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram</i>.
+This arrangement is called <i>Chiasmus</i>: H&nbsp;666, 2 (562):
+M&nbsp;1150: A&nbsp;344, <i>f</i>, and <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span>: G&nbsp;682, and <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span>: B&nbsp;350, II, <i>c</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_1" id = "note22_1" href = "#tag22_1">22.1</a>
+The daughter of Tullius.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_2" id = "note22_2" href = "#tag22_2">22.2</a>
+<b>advocātō . . . coepit</b> = <i>senātum advocāvit et . . . coepit</i>.
+Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_3" id = "note22_3" href = "#tag22_3">22.3</a>
+<b>quā rē . . . contendit</b>: ‘while Servius, after he had heard of
+this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense of <b>contendit</b>, see
+<a href = "#note3_14">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_4" id = "note22_4" href = "#tag22_4">22.4</a>
+Sc. <i>Cūriae</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_5" id = "note22_5" href = "#tag22_5">22.5</a>
+<b>dēcessisset . . . redīret</b>: ‘had departed . . . and <i>was</i>
+returning.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_6" id = "note22_6" href = "#tag22_6">22.6</a>
+<b>super ipsum corpus</b>: ‘over the <i>very</i> body’; <b>ipsum</b>
+emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that
+the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_7" id = "note22_7" href = "#tag22_7">22.7</a>
+Used here as in VI, 27.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VIII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_VIII" id = "selection_VIII">VIII.</a>
+Tarquinius Superbus, Rōmānōrum rēx septimus et ūltimus<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+534-510 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_8"
+id = "tag22_8" href = "#note22_8">8</a> occupāvit.<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag22_9" id = "tag22_9" href = "#note22_9">9</a> Tamen bellō<br>
+strēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātem<br>
+redēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbem<br>
+<a name = "line_viii_4" id = "line_viii_4"> </a>
+ā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_10" id =
+"tag22_10" href = "#note22_10">10</a> ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris
+saevitiam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_5" id = "line_viii_5">5</a>
+in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātim<br>
+<a name = "line_viii_6" id = "line_viii_6"> </a>
+eōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs
+adliciēns,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page23" id = "page23">23</a>
+ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_1" id =
+"tag23_1" href = "#note23_1">1</a> et ad postrēmum dux bellī<br>
+<a name = "line_viii_8" id = "line_viii_8"> </a>
+ēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag23_2" id = "tag23_2" href = "#note23_2">2</a><br>
+quidnam sē<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_3" id = "tag23_3" href =
+"#note23_3">3</a> facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit,
+sed<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_10" id = "line_viii_10">10</a>
+velut dēlīberābundus<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_4" id = "tag23_4"
+href = "#note23_4">4</a> in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulāns<br>
+sequente nūntiō altissima<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_5" id =
+"tag23_5" href = "#note23_5">5</a> papāverum capita baculō dēcussit.<br>
+Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitō<br>
+silentiō patris et factō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_6" id =
+"tag23_6" href = "#note23_6">6</a> intellēxit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag23_7" id = "tag23_7" href = "#note23_7">7</a> quid vellet pater.
+Prīmōrēs<br>
+cīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_15" id = "line_viii_15">15</a>
+trādidit.</p>
+
+<p>Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent,<br>
+Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_8" id =
+"tag23_8" href = "#note23_8">8</a> rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apud<br>
+Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_9" id =
+"tag23_9" href = "#note23_9">9</a> rēgiīs. Incidit<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag23_10" id = "tag23_10" href = "#note23_10">10</a> <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘de’">dē</ins> uxōribus<br>
+mentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_20" id = "line_viii_20">20</a>
+Itaque citātīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_11" id = "tag23_11" href =
+"#note23_11">11</a> equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag23_12" id = "tag23_12" href = "#note23_12">12</a> nurūs in
+convīviō<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_13" id = "tag23_13" href =
+"#note23_13">13</a><br>
+<a name = "line_viii_21" id = "line_viii_21"> </a>
+et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag23_14" id = "tag23_14" href = "#note23_14">14</a>; Lucrētiam,<br>
+Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_15"
+id = "tag23_15" href = "#note23_15">15</a> dēditam inveniunt. Ea<br>
+ergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sextus<br>
+<a name = "line_viii_24" id = "line_viii_24"> </a>
+Collātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_16" id =
+"tag23_16" href = "#note23_16">16</a> attulit. Illa posterō diē,
+advocātīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_25" id = "line_viii_25">25</a>
+patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub veste<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page24" id = "page24">24</a>
+abditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag24_1" id = "tag24_1" href = "#note24_1">1</a> exitium<br>
+rēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_2" id =
+"tag24_2" href = "#note24_2">2</a> Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunt<br>
+urbis portae et exsilium indictum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_3" id =
+"tag24_3" href = "#note24_3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag24_4" id = "tag24_4" href = "#note24_4">4</a> Anus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_30" id = "line_viii_30">30</a>
+hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgem<br>
+adiit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_5" id = "tag24_5" href =
+"#note24_5">5</a> novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula:
+eōs<br>
+sē velle<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_6" id = "tag24_6" href =
+"#note24_6">6</a> vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est:
+mulier<br>
+nimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag24_7" id = "tag24_7" href = "#note24_7">7</a> anus aetāte
+dēsiperet,<br>
+dērīsit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_8" id = "tag24_8" href =
+"#note24_8">8</a> Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_35" id = "line_viii_35">35</a>
+ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag24_9" id = "tag24_9" href = "#note24_9">9</a> emere<br>
+vellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis,<br>
+dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statim<br>
+trēs aliōs librōs exūssit<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_10" id =
+"tag24_10" href = "#note24_10">10</a>; atque id<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag24_11" id = "tag24_11" href = "#note24_11">11</a> ipsum dēnuō
+placidē rogat,<br>
+ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_12" id = "tag24_12" href =
+"#note24_12">12</a> trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius
+ōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_13" id = "tag24_13" href =
+"#note24_13">13</a> iam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_40" id = "line_viii_40">40</a>
+sēriō atque attentiōre animō<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_13">13</a>
+fit; eam<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_14" id = "tag24_14" href =
+"#note24_14">14</a> cōnstantiam cōnfīdentiamque<br>
+nōn neglegendam<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_15" id = "tag24_15" href =
+"#note24_15">15</a> intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercātur<br>
+nihilō minōre pretiō<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_9">9</a> quam quod
+erat petītum prō omnibus. Sed<br>
+eam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag24_16" id = "tag24_16" href = "#note24_16">16</a> posteā nūsquam
+locī<br>
+vīsam<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_15">15</a> cōnstitit. Librī<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag24_17" id = "tag24_17" href =
+"#note24_17">17</a> trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_45" id = "line_viii_45">45</a>
+appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cum<br>
+diī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_IX">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note22_8" id = "note22_8" href = "#tag22_8">22.8</a>
+Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_9" id = "note22_9" href = "#tag22_9">22.9</a>
+not ‘occupied.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_10" id = "note22_10" href = "#tag22_10">22.10</a>
+The infinitive depends on <b>indīgnē ferret</b>, an expression of
+emotion. Cf. <a href = "#note19_6">p.&nbsp;19, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_1" id = "note23_1" href = "#tag23_1">23.1</a>
+<b>plūrimum posset</b>: ‘he possessed great influence.’ <b>plūrimum</b>
+is an accusative of extent.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_2" id = "note23_2" href = "#tag23_2">23.2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_20">p. 5, n. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_3" id = "note23_3" href = "#tag23_3">23.3</a>
+<b>sē</b> refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the
+messenger: <i>Quidnam mē facere vīs?</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_4" id = "note23_4" href = "#tag23_4">23.4</a>
+Adjectives ending in -<i>bundus</i> generally have the force of the
+English present participle active.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_5" id = "note23_5" href = "#tag23_5">23.5</a>
+<b>altissima . . . capita</b> = ‘the heads of the tallest poppies.’ How
+literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_6" id = "note23_6" href = "#tag23_6">23.6</a>
+<b>factō</b> is here a noun.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_7" id = "note23_7" href = "#tag23_7">23.7</a>
+It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived from Greek
+sources, and that the incident described in the text is, so far as Gabii
+is concerned, without foundation.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_8" id = "note23_8" href = "#tag23_8">23.8</a>
+H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_9" id = "note23_9" href = "#tag23_9">23.9</a>
+<b>iuvenibus rēgiīs</b>: ‘the princes.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_10" id = "note23_10" href = "#tag23_10">23.10</a>
+<b>Incidit . . . mentiō</b>: ‘the conversation happened to turn on (the
+merits&nbsp;of) their (respective) wives.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_11" id = "note23_11" href = "#tag23_11">23.11</a>
+<b>citātīs equīs</b>: ‘at top speed.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_12" id = "note23_12" href = "#tag23_12">23.12</a>
+<b>rēgiās nurūs</b>: ‘the king’s daughters-in-law,’ i.e. the princes’
+wives.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_13" id = "note23_13" href = "#tag23_13">23.13</a>
+<b>convīviō et lūxū</b>: ‘a banquet and luxury’ = ‘a luxurious
+banquet.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_14" id = "note23_14" href = "#tag23_14">23.14</a>
+The home of Collatinus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_15" id = "note23_15" href = "#tag23_15">23.15</a>
+<b>lānae dēditam</b>: ‘wholly intent on spinning.’ In the oldest times
+the Roman housewife made all the garments of the household. Hence a
+frequent laudatory inscription on the tombstones of Roman ladies is
+<i>lānam fēcit</i>. Macaulay had this feature of Roman life in mind when
+(<i>Horatius</i>, stanza LXX) he wrote:</p>
+<div class = "verse">
+<p>“When the goodwife’s shuttle merrily</p>
+<p>&nbsp; Goes flashing through the loom.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_16" id = "note23_16" href = "#tag23_16">23.16</a>
+<b>vim attulit</b> (<i>adferō</i>): ‘outraged.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_1" id = "note24_1" href = "#tag24_1">24.1</a>
+<b>in exitium rēgum</b>: ‘to kill the royal family (<b>rēgum</b>).’ For
+<b>in exitium</b> cf. <a href = "#note14_4">p.&nbsp;14,
+n.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_2" id = "note24_2" href = "#tag24_2">24.2</a>
+dat. of disadvantage. Translate: ‘against T., on his return to
+Rome.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_3" id = "note24_3" href = "#tag24_3">24.3</a>
+Sc. <i>est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_4" id = "note24_4" href = "#tag24_4">24.4</a>
+<i>prōdō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_5" id = "note24_5" href = "#tag24_5">24.5</a>
+<i>adeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_6" id = "note24_6" href = "#tag24_6">24.6</a>
+infin. because dependent on <i>dīxit</i> understood, to be supplied from
+<b>dīcēbat</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_7" id = "note24_7" href = "#tag24_7">24.7</a>
+<b>quasi . . . dēsiperet</b>: ‘thinking that the old woman’s mind was
+failing through age.’ See <a href = "#note3_6">p.&nbsp;3,
+n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_8" id = "note24_8" href = "#tag24_8">24.8</a>
+<i>dērīdeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_9" id = "note24_9" href = "#tag24_9">24.9</a>
+abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B 225.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_10" id = "note24_10" href = "#tag24_10">24.10</a>
+<i>exūrō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_11" id = "note24_11" href = "#tag24_11">24.11</a>
+explained by the clause <b>ut . . . emat</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_12" id = "note24_12" href = "#tag24_12">24.12</a>
+<b>ut . . . emat</b>: a substantive clause of purpose depending on
+<b>rogat</b>: H&nbsp;565 (498,&nbsp;I): M&nbsp;894: A&nbsp;331:
+G&nbsp;546: B&nbsp;295,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_13" id = "note24_13" href = "#tag24_13">24.13</a>
+abl. of quality with <b>fit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_14" id = "note24_14" href = "#tag24_14">24.14</a>
+= <i>tālem</i>, as often.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_15" id = "note24_15" href = "#tag24_15">24.15</a>
+sc. <i>esse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_16" id = "note24_16" href = "#tag24_16">24.16</a>
+<b>dīgressam</b> (<i>dīgredior</i>) = <i>postquam dīgressa est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_17" id = "note24_17" href = "#tag24_17">24.17</a>
+<b>Librī . . . appellātī</b>: the <i>Sibyllae</i> were inspired maidens
+devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from whom Tarquin was
+believed to have received the Sibylline books, lived at Cumae, on the
+coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were placed in a vault beneath
+the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When this temple was burned in 83
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, the senate sent envoys to Greece
+to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also were deposited
+for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its restoration.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page25" id = "page25">25</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_IX">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_IX" id = "selection_IX">IX.</a>
+Iūnius Brūtus, Rōmānōrum cōnsul prīmus</h4>
+
+<p>Iūnius Brūtus, sorōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_1" id = "tag25_1"
+href = "#note25_1">1</a> Tarquiniī Superbī nātus, cum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag25_2" id = "tag25_2" href = "#note25_2">2</a> eandem<br>
+fortūnam timēret, in quam frāter inciderat, quī ob dīvitiās et<br>
+prūdentiam ab avunculō erat occīsus, stultitiam finxit, unde<br>
+<a name = "line_ix_4" id = "line_ix_4"> </a>
+Brūtus dictus est. Profectus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_3" id =
+"tag25_3" href = "#note25_3">3</a> Delphōs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag25_4" id = "tag25_4" href = "#note25_4">4</a> cum Tarquiniī
+fīliīs,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_5" id = "line_ix_5">5</a>
+quōs pater ad Apollinem mūneribus honōrandum mīserat, baculō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag25_5" id = "tag25_5" href = "#note25_5">5</a><br>
+sambūceō aurum inclūsum dōnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_6" id =
+"tag25_6" href = "#note25_6">6</a> tulit deō. Perāctīs deinde<br>
+mandātīs patris, iuvenēs Apollinem cōnsulunt quisnam ex ipsīs<br>
+Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_7" id = "tag25_7" href =
+"#note25_7">7</a> rēgnātūrus esset.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_8" id
+= "tag25_8" href = "#note25_8">8</a> Respōnsum est eum Rōmae<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note25_7">7</a> summam<br>
+potestātem habitūrum, quī prīmus mātrem ōsculātus esset.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag25_9" id = "tag25_9" href = "#note25_9">9</a> Tunc<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_10" id = "line_ix_10">10</a>
+Brūtus, velut sī cāsū prōlāpsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_10" id =
+"tag25_10" href = "#note25_10">10</a> cecidisset, terram ōsculātus
+est,<br>
+scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium esset.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>509.</span>
+
+<p>Expulsīs rēgibus duo cōnsulēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_11" id =
+"tag25_11" href = "#note25_11">11</a> creātī sunt, Iūnius Brūtus et<br>
+Tarquinius Collātīnus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_12" id = "tag25_12"
+href = "#note25_12">12</a> Lucrētiae marītus. At lībertās<br>
+modo parta<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_13" id = "tag25_13" href =
+"#note25_13">13</a> per dolum et prōditiōnem paene āmissa est.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_15" id = "line_ix_15">15</a>
+Erant in iuventūte Rōmānā adulēscentēs aliquot, sodālēs<br>
+adulēscentium Tarquiniōrum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_14" id =
+"tag25_14" href = "#note25_14">14</a> Hī cum lēgātīs, quōs rēx ad bona
+sua<br>
+repetenda Rōmam mīserat, dē restituendīs rēgibus conloquuntur,<br>
+ipsōs Brūtī cōnsulis fīliōs in societātem cōnsiliī adsūmunt.
+Sermōnem<br>
+eōrum ex servīs ūnus excēpit; rem ad cōnsulēs dētulit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_20" id = "line_ix_20">20</a>
+Datae<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_15" id = "tag25_15" href =
+"#note25_15">15</a> ad Tarquinium lītterae manifēstum facinus
+fēcērunt.<br>
+Prōditōrēs in vincula coniectī sunt, deinde damnātī. Stābant ad<br>
+pālum dēligātī iuvenēs nōbilissimī; sed ā cēterīs līberī cōnsulis<br>
+omnium in sē oculōs āvertēbant. Cōnsulēs in sēdem prōcessēre<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag25_16" id = "tag25_16" href = "#note25_16">16</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page26" id = "page26">26</a>
+suam, missīque līctōrēs nūdātōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_1" id =
+"tag26_1" href = "#note26_1">1</a> virgīs caedunt secūrīque feriunt.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_25" id = "line_ix_25">25</a>
+Suppliciī nōn spectātor modo, sed et<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_2" id
+= "tag26_2" href = "#note26_2">2</a> exāctor erat Brūtus,<br>
+<a name = "line_ix_26" id = "line_ix_26"> </a>
+quī tunc patrem exuit, ut cōnsulem ageret.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag26_3" id = "tag26_3" href = "#note26_3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>Tarquinius deinde bellō apertō rēgnum reciperāre cōnātus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag26_4" id = "tag26_4" href = "#note26_4">4</a> est.<br>
+Equitibus praeerat Ārūns, Tarquiniī fīlius: rēx ipse cum legiōnibus<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic26.png" width = "142" height = "140"
+alt = "Brutus" title = "Brutus"></span>
+
+sequēbātur. Obviam hostī<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_5" id = "tag26_5"
+href = "#note26_5">5</a> cōnsulēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_30" id = "line_ix_30">30</a>
+eunt; Brūtus ad explōrandum cum equitātū<br>
+antecessit. Ārūns, ubi procul Brūtum<br>
+āgnōvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_6" id = "tag26_6" href =
+"#note26_6">6</a> īnflammātus īrā “Ille est vir” inquit<br>
+“quī nōs patriā expulit; ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_7" id =
+"tag26_7" href = "#note26_7">7</a> ēn ille nostrīs<br>
+decorātus īnsīgnibus māgnificē incēdit.” Tum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_35" id = "line_ix_35">35</a>
+concitat calcāribus equum atque in ipsum cōnsulem<br>
+dīrigit; Brūtus avidē sē certāminī offert. Adeō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag26_8" id = "tag26_8" href = "#note26_8">8</a> īnfēstīs<br>
+animīs concurrērunt, ut ambō hastā trānsfīxī caderent; fugātus<br>
+tamen proeliō est Tarquinius. Alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_9" id
+= "tag26_9" href = "#note26_9">9</a> cōnsul Rōmam triumphāns<br>
+rediit. Brūtī conlēgae fūnus, quantō<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_10"
+id = "tag26_10" href = "#note26_10">10</a> potuit apparātū, fēcit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_40" id = "line_ix_40">40</a>
+Brūtum mātrōnae, ut parentem, annum lūxērunt.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag26_11" id = "tag26_11" href = "#note26_11">11</a></p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_X">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note25_1" id = "note25_1" href = "#tag25_1">25.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note23_8">p. 23, n. 8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_2" id = "note25_2" href = "#tag25_2">25.2</a>
+<b>cum</b>: causal; cf. <a href = "#note4_12">p. 4, n. 12</a>; also
+<a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_3" id = "note25_3" href = "#tag25_3">25.3</a>
+<i>proficīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_4" id = "note25_4" href = "#tag25_4">25.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_5" id = "note25_5" href = "#tag25_5">25.5</a>
+Join with <b>inclūsum</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_6" id = "note25_6" href = "#tag25_6">25.6</a>
+dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A 233, <i>a</i>:
+G&nbsp;356: B&nbsp;191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection
+with another dat., as <b>deō</b> here (dat. of advantage).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_7" id = "note25_7" href = "#tag25_7">25.7</a>
+locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, <i>c</i>, 2: G 411:
+B&nbsp;228,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_8" id = "note25_8" href = "#tag25_8">25.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>. The whole clause is the object
+of <b>cōnsulunt</b>, ‘consult (by&nbsp;asking).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_9" id = "note25_9" href = "#tag25_9">25.9</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. The oracle said: <i>Is . . .
+habēbit, quī . .&nbsp;. erit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_10" id = "note25_10" href = "#tag25_10">25.10</a>
+<b>prōlāpsus</b> (<i>prōlābor</i>) <b>cecidisset</b> (<i>cadō</i>) =
+<i>prōlāpsus esset et cecidisset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_11" id = "note25_11" href = "#tag25_11">25.11</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_consul"><i>cōnsul</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_12" id = "note25_12" href = "#tag25_12">25.12</a>
+Cf. VIII, 17.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_13" id = "note25_13" href = "#tag25_13">25.13</a>
+<i>pariō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_14" id = "note25_14" href = "#tag25_14">25.14</a>
+The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, <a href = "#line_ix_4">l.
+4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_15" id = "note25_15" href = "#tag25_15">25.15</a>
+= <i>quae datae erant</i>. <i>datae</i> = <i>missae</i>, and so is
+construed with <i>ad</i> and the accusative.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_16" id = "note25_16" href = "#tag25_16">25.16</a>
+= <i>prōcessērunt.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_1" id = "note26_1" href = "#tag26_1">26.1</a>
+<b>nūdātōs virgīs caedunt</b> = <i>nūdant (eōs) et virgīs
+caedunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_2" id = "note26_2" href = "#tag26_2">26.2</a>
+= <i>etiam.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_3" id = "note26_3" href = "#tag26_3">26.3</a>
+What does the subjunctive express?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_4" id = "note26_4" href = "#tag26_4">26.4</a>
+<i>cōnor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_5" id = "note26_5" href = "#tag26_5">26.5</a>
+dat. after <i>ob</i> in <b>obviam</b>. The rule regarding compound verbs
+(<a href = "#note2_7">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;7</a>) holds true often of
+nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_6" id = "note26_6" href = "#tag26_6">26.6</a>
+<i>āgnōscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_7" id = "note26_7" href = "#tag26_7">26.7</a>
+<b>ipse . . . incēdit</b>: the <i>spirit</i> of this dramatic sentence
+may be reproduced thus: ‘Look at him (<b>ēn&nbsp;ille</b>)! He is
+actually adorned with <i>our</i> insignia! See in what a lordly way he
+advances!’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_8" id = "note26_8" href = "#tag26_8">26.8</a>
+<b>Adeō</b>, ‘such,’ in part qualifies <b>īnfēstīs</b>, in part paves
+the way for the result clause <b>ut .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. caderent</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_9" id = "note26_9" href = "#tag26_9">26.9</a>
+<b>Alter</b>: ‘the remaining.’ Why may it be so translated?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_10" id = "note26_10" href = "#tag26_10">26.10</a>
+<b>quantō . . . apparātū</b>: ‘with the greatest possible splendor.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_11" id = "note26_11" href = "#tag26_11">26.11</a>
+<i>lūgeō</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_X">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_X" id = "selection_X">X.</a>
+Mūcius Scaevola</h4>
+
+<p>Cum Porsena<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_12" id = "tag26_12" href =
+"#note26_12">12</a> Rōmam obsidēret, Mūcius, vir Rōmānae<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag26_13" id = "tag26_13" href = "#note26_13">13</a><br>
+cōnstantiae, senātum adiit et veniam<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_14"
+id = "tag26_14" href = "#note26_14">14</a> trānsfugiendī petiit,
+necem<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>507</span>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page27" id = "page27">27</a>
+rēgis reprōmittēns. Acceptā<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_1" id =
+"tag27_1" href = "#note27_1">1</a> potestāte cum in castra Porsenae<br>
+vēnisset, ibi in cōnfertissimā turbā prope tribūnal cōnstitit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_x_5" id = "line_x_5">5</a>
+Stīpendium tunc forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_2" id = "tag27_2"
+href = "#note27_2">2</a> mīlitibus dabātur et scrība cum<br>
+<a name = "line_x_6" id = "line_x_6"> </a>
+rēge parī<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_3" id = "tag27_3" href =
+"#note27_3">3</a> ferē ōrnātū sedēbat. Mūcius, īgnōrāns uter rēx
+esset,<br>
+illum prō rēge occīdit. Apprehēnsus et ad rēgem pertrāctus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag27_4" id = "tag27_4" href = "#note27_4">4</a><br>
+dextram accēnsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_5" id = "tag27_5" href =
+"#note27_5">5</a> ad sacrificium foculō iniēcit, velut manum<br>
+pūniēns, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_6" id = "tag27_6" href =
+"#note27_6">6</a> in caede peccāsset. Attonitus mīrāculō rēx<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_x_10" id = "line_x_10">10</a>
+iuvenem āmovērī ab altāribus iussit. Tum Mūcius, quasi beneficium<br>
+remūnerāns, ait trecentōs adversus eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_7"
+id = "tag27_7" href = "#note27_7">7</a> suī similēs coniūrāsse.<br>
+Quā rē ille territus<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_8" id = "tag27_8"
+href = "#note27_8">8</a> bellum acceptīs obsidibus dēposuit.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag27_9" id = "tag27_9" href = "#note27_9">9</a><br>
+Mūciō prāta trāns Tiberim data,<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_10" id =
+"tag27_10" href = "#note27_10">10</a> ab eō Mūcia appellāta. Statua<br>
+quoque eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_11" id = "tag27_11" href =
+"#note27_11">11</a> honōris grātiā cōnstitūta est.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XI">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note26_12" id = "note26_12" href = "#tag26_12">26.12</a>
+Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the Etruscan city of
+Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne. Porsena gathered a large
+army and marched against Rome. For this story, see Macaulay’s <i>Lays of
+Ancient Rome, Horatius</i>. Modern authorities on Roman history maintain
+that Porsena was so successful in his operations that he compelled the
+Romans to submit to a very humiliating treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_13" id = "note26_13" href = "#tag26_13">26.13</a>
+We would say, ‘truly Roman.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_14" id = "note26_14" href = "#tag26_14">26.14</a>
+<b>veniam trānsfugiendī</b>: ‘permission to go over (to the enemy).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_1" id = "note27_1" href = "#tag27_1">27.1</a>
+<b>Acceptā</b> (<i>accipiō</i>) <b>. . . vēnisset</b> = <i>Cum
+potestātem accēpisset et .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. vēnisset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_2" id = "note27_2" href = "#tag27_2">27.2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_19">p. 5, n. 19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_3" id = "note27_3" href = "#tag27_3">27.3</a>
+<b>parī . . . ōrnātū</b>: abl. abs. to denote an attendant circumstance:
+H&nbsp;489, 1 (431,&nbsp;1): M&nbsp;640: A&nbsp;255, <i>d</i>, 5:
+G&nbsp;409, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>: B&nbsp;227.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_4" id = "note27_4" href = "#tag27_4">27.4</a>
+<i>pertrahō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_5" id = "note27_5" href = "#tag27_5">27.5</a>
+<i>accendō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_6" id = "note27_6" href = "#tag27_6">27.6</a>
+<b>quod . . . peccāsset</b> expresses Scaevola’s thought: see
+H&nbsp;588, II (516,&nbsp;II): M&nbsp;851: A&nbsp;321: G&nbsp;541:
+B&nbsp;286, 1, and cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p.&nbsp;14, n.&nbsp;1</a>,
+and <a href = "#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_7" id = "note27_7" href = "#tag27_7">27.7</a>
+<b>eum</b> refers to the king, <b>suī</b> to Scaevola. Scaevola’s speech
+was: <i>Trecentī adversus tē meī similēs coniūrāvērunt.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_8" id = "note27_8" href = "#tag27_8">27.8</a>
+<i>terreō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_9" id = "note27_9" href = "#tag27_9">27.9</a>
+<i>dēpōnō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_10" id = "note27_10" href = "#tag27_10">27.10</a>
+Sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_11" id = "note27_11" href = "#tag27_11">27.11</a>
+dat. of advantage with <b>cōnstitūta est</b>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XI">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XI" id = "selection_XI">XI.</a>
+Fabiī trecentī sex<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+479-477 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_12" id = "tag27_12" href =
+"#note27_12">12</a> adsiduīs Vēientium<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_13"
+id = "tag27_13" href = "#note27_13">13</a> incursiōnibus vexārentur<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note27_12">12</a> Rōmānī,<br>
+Fabia gēns senātum adit; cōnsul Fabius prō gente loquitur:<br>
+“Vōs alia bella cūrāte; Fabiōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_14" id =
+"tag27_14" href = "#note27_14">14</a> hostēs Vēientibus date: id<br>
+bellum prīvātō sūmptū<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_15" id = "tag27_15"
+href = "#note27_15">15</a> gerere nōbīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag27_16" id = "tag27_16" href = "#note27_16">16</a> in animō est.”
+Grātiae&nbsp;eī<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page28" id = "page28">28</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_5" id = "line_xi_5">5</a>
+ingentēs āctae sunt. Cōnsul ē Cūriā ēgressus, comitante<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag28_1" id = "tag28_1" href = "#note28_1">1</a><br>
+Fabiōrum āgmine, domum rediit. Mānat tōtā urbe rūmor; Fabium<br>
+ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_2" id = "tag28_2" href =
+"#note28_2">2</a> caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabiī posterō diē arma
+capiunt.<br>
+Numquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_3" id = "tag28_3" href =
+"#note28_3">3</a> exercitus neque minor numerō neque clārior fāmā et<br>
+admīrātiōne hominum per urbem incessit. Ībant sex et trecentī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_10" id = "line_xi_10">10</a>
+mīlitēs, omnēs patriciī, omnēs ūnīus gentis. Ad Cremeram flūmen<br>
+perveniunt. Is opportūnus vīsus est locus commūniendō praesidiō.<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag28_4" id = "tag28_4" href = "#note28_4">4</a><br>
+Hostēs nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_5" id = "tag28_5" href =
+"#note28_5">5</a> semel fūsī pācem supplicēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag28_6" id = "tag28_6" href = "#note28_6">6</a> petunt.</p>
+
+<p>Vēientēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_7" id = "tag28_7" href =
+"#note28_7">7</a> pācis impetrātae cum brevī paenituisset,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag28_8" id = "tag28_8" href = "#note28_8">8</a>
+redintegrātō<br>
+bellō iniērunt cōnsilium īnsidiīs ferōcem hostem captandī.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_15" id = "line_xi_15">15</a>
+Multō successū Fabiīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_9" id = "tag28_9"
+href = "#note28_9">9</a> audācia crēscēbat. Cum igitur pālātī<br>
+passim agrōs populārentur, pecora ā Vēientibus obviam<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag28_10" id = "tag28_10" href = "#note28_10">10</a> ācta<br>
+sunt; ad quae prōgressī Fabiī in īnsidiās dēlāpsī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag28_11" id = "tag28_11" href = "#note28_11">11</a> omnēs ad<br>
+ūnum periērunt. Diēs, quō id factum est, inter nefāstōs relātus<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag28_12" id = "tag28_12" href = "#note28_12">12</a><br>
+<a name = "line_xi_19" id = "line_xi_19"> </a>
+est; porta, quā profectī erant, Scelerāta est appellāta. Ūnus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_20" id = "line_xi_20">20</a>
+omnīnō superfuit ex eā gente, quī propter aetātem impūberem<br>
+domī<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_13" id = "tag28_13" href =
+"#note28_13">13</a> relīctus<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_14" id =
+"tag28_14" href = "#note28_14">14</a> erat. Is<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag28_15" id = "tag28_15" href = "#note28_15">15</a> genus propāgāvit
+ad Quīntum<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_16" id = "tag28_16" href =
+"#note28_16">16</a> Fabium<br>
+Māximum, quī Hannibalem morā<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_17" id =
+"tag28_17" href = "#note28_17">17</a> frēgit.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag28_18" id = "tag28_18" href = "#note28_18">18</a></p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note27_12" id = "note27_12" href = "#tag27_12">27.12</a>
+The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. <a href =
+"#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>, and <a href = "#page_xxii">p.
+xxii</a>,&nbsp;J.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_13" id = "note27_13" href = "#tag27_13">27.13</a>
+The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a very early
+time (cf.&nbsp;IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by Romulus)
+till their city was completely destroyed in 396 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_14" id = "note27_14" href = "#tag27_14">27.14</a>
+<b>Fabiōs . . . date</b>: ‘give the Veientes the Fabii as their
+enemies,’ i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special business
+of the Fabii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_15" id = "note27_15" href = "#tag27_15">27.15</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note24_9">p. 24, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_16" id = "note27_16" href = "#tag27_16">27.16</a>
+<b>nōbīs . . . est</b>: since <b>nōbīs</b> is a dat. of possession
+(H&nbsp;430 (387): M&nbsp;542: A&nbsp;231: G&nbsp;349: B&nbsp;190) with
+<b>est</b>, the phrase exactly = ‘we have it in mind.’ The subject of
+<b>est</b> is the clause <b>id .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. gerere</b>. <b>Fabiōs</b>
+is strongly opposed to <b>vōs</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_1" id = "note28_1" href = "#tag28_1">28.1</a>
+<b>comitante . . . āgmine</b>: ‘the Fabii accompanying him in a body.’
+How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_2" id = "note28_2" href = "#tag28_2">28.2</a>
+<b>ad . . . ferunt</b>: so we ‘laud a person to the skies.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_3" id = "note28_3" href = "#tag28_3">28.3</a>
+<b>Numquam . . . neque . . . neque</b>: in Latin, as in English, two
+negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To this law
+there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general negative like
+<i>nōn</i>, <i>numquam</i>, or <i>nēmō</i> is followed (1)&nbsp;by
+<i>neque .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. neque</i> or (2)&nbsp;by the emphatic <i>nē
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. quidem</i>. In the former case the negation is
+distributed by the <i>neque .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. neque</i> into two
+(or&nbsp;more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the full weight of the
+negation is concentrated upon a single word or phrase. In English a
+single negative is always to be employed.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_4" id = "note28_4" href = "#tag28_4">28.4</a>
+dat. of purpose: cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>. This
+construction is especially frequent with phrases consisting of a
+gerundive and a noun.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_5" id = "note28_5" href = "#tag28_5">28.5</a>
+<b>nōn semel</b>: ‘not once (only),’ i.e. repeatedly.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_6" id = "note28_6" href = "#tag28_6">28.6</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p. 4, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_7" id = "note28_7" href = "#tag28_7">28.7</a>
+<b>Vēientēs . . . paenituisset</b>: lit., ‘when it had repented the V.
+of the peace which they had secured.’ What is our idiom?
+<b>paenituisset</b> is wholly impersonal; <b>Vēientēs</b> is acc.,
+though logically its subject, and <b>pācis</b> is gen., though logically
+its object. H&nbsp;457 (409, III): M&nbsp;585: A&nbsp;221, <i>b</i>:
+G&nbsp;377: B&nbsp;209.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_8" id = "note28_8" href = "#tag28_8">28.8</a>
+See <a href = "#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_9" id = "note28_9" href = "#tag28_9">28.9</a>
+dat<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>of reference: H
+425, 4, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (384, 4, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;537: A&nbsp;235, <i>a</i>:
+G&nbsp;346: B&nbsp;187,&nbsp;II.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_10" id = "note28_10" href = "#tag28_10">28.10</a>
+Sc. <i>eīs</i>: ‘to meet them.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_11" id = "note28_11" href = "#tag28_11">28.11</a>
+<i>dēlābor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_12" id = "note28_12" href = "#tag28_12">28.12</a>
+<i>refero</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_13" id = "note28_13" href = "#tag28_13">28.13</a>
+locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, <i>d</i>: G 411, <span class
+= "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B&nbsp;232,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_14" id = "note28_14" href = "#tag28_14">28.14</a>
+<i>relinquō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_15" id = "note28_15" href = "#tag28_15">28.15</a>
+<b>Is . . . Māximum</b>: freely ‘he saved the family from extinction and
+became the ancestor of Maximus.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_16" id = "note28_16" href = "#tag28_16">28.16</a>
+See Selection XIX.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_17" id = "note28_17" href = "#tag28_17">28.17</a>
+Fabius, by his ‘policy of masterly inactivity,’ gained the title of
+<i>Cunctātor</i>, ‘the Delayer.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_18" id = "note28_18" href = "#tag28_18">28.18</a>
+<i>frangō</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page29" id = "page29">29</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XII" id = "selection_XII">XII.</a>
+Lūcius Virgīnius</h4>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xii_1" id = "line_xii_1"> </a>
+Annō trecentēsimō<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_1" id = "tag29_1" href =
+"#note29_1">1</a> ab urbe<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_2" id =
+"tag29_2" href = "#note29_2">2</a> conditā prō duōbus cōnsulibus<br>
+decemvirī creātī sunt, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_3" id =
+"tag29_3" href = "#note29_3">3</a> adlātās ē Graeciā lēgēs populō<br>
+prōpōnerent.<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_4" id = "tag29_4" href =
+"#note29_4">4</a> Duodecim<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_5" id =
+"tag29_5" href = "#note29_5">5</a> tabulīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag29_6" id = "tag29_6" href = "#note29_6">6</a> eae sunt perscrīptae.
+Cēterum<br>
+decemvirī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_7" id = "tag29_7" href =
+"#note29_7">7</a> suā<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_8" id = "tag29_8"
+href = "#note29_8">8</a> ipsōrum īnsolentiā in exitium āctī sunt.
+Nam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_5" id = "line_xii_5">5</a>
+ūnus ex iīs Appius Claudius virginem plēbēiam adamāvit. Quam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag29_9" id = "tag29_9" href = "#note29_9">9</a><br>
+cum Appius nōn posset pretiō ac spē perlicere, ūnum ē<br>
+clientibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_10" id = "tag29_10" href =
+"#note29_10">10</a>
+<a name = "line_xii_7" id = "line_xii_7"> </a>
+subōrnāvit, quī eam in<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_11" id = "tag29_11"
+href = "#note29_11">11</a> servitūtem dēpōsceret,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag29_12" id = "tag29_12" href = "#note29_12">12</a> facile<br>
+victūrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_13" id = "tag29_13" href =
+"#note29_13">13</a> sē spērāns, cum ipse esset et accūsātor et iūdex.
+Lūcius<br>
+Virgīnius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mīlitiae causā. Cliēns igitur<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_10" id = "line_xii_10">10</a>
+virginī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_14" id = "tag29_14" href =
+"#note29_14">14</a> venientī in Forum (namque ibi in tabernīs
+litterārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_15" id = "tag29_15" href =
+"#note29_15">15</a><br>
+lūdī erant) iniēcit manum, adfīrmāns suam esse servam. Eam<br>
+<a name = "line_xii_12" id = "line_xii_12"> </a>
+sequī sē iubet; nī <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘faciāt’">faciat</ins>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_16" id =
+"tag29_16" href = "#note29_16">16</a> minātur sē vī abstrāctūrum.
+Pavidā<br>
+puellā<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_17" id = "tag29_17" href =
+"#note29_17">17</a> stupente,<a class = "tag" href = "#note29_17">17</a>
+ad clāmōrem nūtrīcis fit concursus. Itaque cum<br>
+ille puellam vī nōn posset abdūcere, eam vocat in iūs, ipsō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_15" id = "line_xii_15">15</a>
+Appiō<a class = "tag" href = "#note29_17">17</a> iūdice.<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note29_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p>Intereā missī nūntiī ad Virgīnium properant. Is commeātū<br>
+sūmptō ā castrīs profectus prīmā lūce Rōmam advēnit, cum iam<br>
+cīvitās in Forō exspectātiōne ērēcta stābat. Virgīnius statim in<br>
+Forum lacrimābundus et cīvium opem implōrāns fīliam suam<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page30" id = "page30">30</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_20" id = "line_xii_20">20</a>
+dēdūcit. Neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_1" id = "tag30_1" href =
+"#note30_1">1</a> eō sētius Appius, cum in tribūnal ēscendisset,<br>
+Virgīniam clientī suō addīxit. Tum pater, ubi nihil ūsquam<br>
+auxiliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_2" id = "tag30_2" href =
+"#note30_2">2</a> vīdit, “Quaesō,” inquit “Appī, īgnōsce patriō dolōrī<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag30_3" id = "tag30_3" href =
+"#note30_3">3</a>;<br>
+sine mē fīliam ultimum adloquī.” Datā veniā pater cum fīliam<br>
+<a name = "line_xii_24" id = "line_xii_24"> </a>
+sēdūxisset, ab laniō cultrō<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_4" id =
+"tag30_4" href = "#note30_4">4</a> adreptō pectus puellae
+trānsfīgit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_25" id = "line_xii_25">25</a>
+Tum vērō sibi viam facit et respersus cruōre ad exercitum profugit<br>
+<a name = "line_xii_26" id = "line_xii_26"> </a>
+et mīlitēs ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitātus<br>
+exercitus montem Aventīnum īnsēdit; decem tribūnōs<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag30_5" id = "tag30_5" href = "#note30_5">5</a> mīlitum<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>449.</span>
+creāvit; decemvirōs magistrātū sē abdicāre coēgit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag30_6" id = "tag30_6" href = "#note30_6">6</a> eōsque omnēs<br>
+aut morte aut exiliō multāvit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_30" id = "line_xii_30">30</a>
+coniectus mortem sibi cōnscīvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_7" id =
+"tag30_7" href = "#note30_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note29_1" id = "note29_1" href = "#tag29_1">29.1</a>
+The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in 451 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_2" id = "note29_2" href = "#tag29_2">29.2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_3" id = "note29_3" href = "#tag29_3">29.3</a>
+<b>quī . . . prōpōnerent</b>: i.e. after studying the laws of Greece,
+they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_4" id = "note29_4" href = "#tag29_4">29.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_5" id = "note29_5" href = "#tag29_5">29.5</a>
+From this circumstance the code was known as the <i>Lēgēs XII
+Tabulārum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_6" id = "note29_6" href = "#tag29_6">29.6</a>
+abl. of means; we say ‘<i>on</i> tablets.’ The tablets were of bronze.
+For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these laws to
+memory.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_7" id = "note29_7" href = "#tag29_7">29.7</a>
+The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of which time
+they reported their work still unfinished, and a second board was
+chosen. The story that follows concerns the second board. All accounts
+agree that the rule of the first board was in all respects just.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_8" id = "note29_8" href = "#tag29_8">29.8</a>
+<b>suā ipsōrum</b>: a strong expression for ‘their own.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_9" id = "note29_9" href = "#tag29_9">29.9</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_10" id = "note29_10" href = "#tag29_10">29.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_cliens"><i>cliēns</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_11" id = "note29_11" href = "#tag29_11">29.11</a>
+<b>in servitūtem</b> expresses purpose (cf. <a href = "#note14_4">p. 14,
+n. 4</a>), and so = <i>ut serva esset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_12" id = "note29_12" href = "#tag29_12">29.12</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_13" id = "note29_13" href = "#tag29_13">29.13</a>
+<i>vincō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_14" id = "note29_14" href = "#tag29_14">29.14</a>
+Join with <b>iniēcit manum</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n.
+7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_15" id = "note29_15" href = "#tag29_15">29.15</a>
+<b>litterārum lūdī</b>: schools where children were taught their A B
+C’s, i.e. what we should call ‘primary schools.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_16" id = "note29_16" href = "#tag29_16">29.16</a>
+subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect quotation, which
+depends on <b>minātur</b>. The threat was: <i>Nī (id) fēceris, vī (<ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘te’">tē</ins>)
+abstraham</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_17" id = "note29_17" href = "#tag29_17">29.17</a>
+abl. abs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_1" id = "note30_1" href = "#tag30_1">30.1</a>
+<b>Neque eō sētius</b>: ‘nevertheless.’ How literally? <b>eō</b> = ‘for
+that reason.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_2" id = "note30_2" href = "#tag30_2">30.2</a>
+partitive gen. with <b>nihil</b>: H 441 (397, 1): M 564: A 216,
+<i>a</i>, 3: G&nbsp;369: B&nbsp;201,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_3" id = "note30_3" href = "#tag30_3">30.3</a>
+dat. with <b>īgnōsce</b>: H 426, 2 (385, II): M 531: A 227: G&nbsp;346:
+B&nbsp;187, II, <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_4" id = "note30_4" href = "#tag30_4">30.4</a>
+<b>cultrō . . . trānsfīgit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n.
+8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_5" id = "note30_5" href = "#tag30_5">30.5</a>
+<b>tribūnōs</b>: two armies were in the field against the Sabines and
+Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed, and ten
+tribunes, or ‘captains,’ were chosen in their place.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_6" id = "note30_6" href = "#tag30_6">30.6</a>
+<i>cōgō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_7" id = "note30_7" href = "#tag30_7">30.7</a>
+<i>cōnscīscō</i>. With this whole story cf. Macaulay’s <i>Lays</i>,
+<i>Virginia</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XIII" id = "selection_XIII">XIII.</a>
+Titus Mānlius Torquātus</h4>
+
+<p>Titus Mānlius ob ingeniī et linguae tarditātem ā patre rūs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag30_8" id = "tag30_8" href = "#note30_8">8</a><br>
+relēgātus erat. Quī cum audīvisset patrī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag30_9" id = "tag30_9" href = "#note30_9">9</a> diem dictam esse ā<br>
+Pompōniō, tribūnō plēbis, cēpit cōnsilium rudis quidem et agrestis<br>
+animī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_10" id = "tag30_10" href =
+"#note30_10">10</a> sed pietāte laudābile. Cultrō succinctus māne in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_5" id = "line_xiii_5">5</a>
+urbem atque ā portā cōnfēstim ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_11" id =
+"tag30_11" href = "#note30_11">11</a> Pompōnium pergit:<br>
+intrōductus<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_12" id = "tag30_12" href =
+"#note30_12">12</a> cultrum stringit et super lectum Pompōniī stāns sē
+eum<br>
+trānsfīxūrum minātur, nisi ab inceptā accūsātiōne dēsistat.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag30_13" id = "tag30_13" href = "#note30_13">13</a>
+Pavidus<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page31" id = "page31">31</a>
+<a name = "line_xiii_8" id = "line_xiii_8"> </a>
+tribūnus, quīppe<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_1" id = "tag31_1" href =
+"#note31_1">1</a> quī cerneret ferrum ante oculōs micāns,
+accūsātiōnem<br>
+dīmīsit. Ea rēs adulēscentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_2" id =
+"tag31_2" href = "#note31_2">2</a> eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_3"
+id = "tag31_3" href = "#note31_3">3</a> māiōrī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag31_4" id = "tag31_4" href = "#note31_4">4</a> fuit honōrī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_10" id = "line_xiii_10">10</a>
+quod animum ēius acerbitās paterna ā pietāte nōn āvertisset,<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_11" id = "line_xiii_11"> </a>
+ideōque eōdem annō tribūnus mīlitum factus est.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xiii_12" id = "line_xiii_12"> </a>
+Cum posteā Gallī<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_5" id = "tag31_5" href =
+"#note31_5">5</a> ad tertium<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_6" id =
+"tag31_6" href = "#note31_6">6</a> lapidem trāns Aniēnem fluvium<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_13" id = "line_xiii_13"> </a>
+castra posuissent, exercitus Rōmānus ab urbe profectus in citeriōre<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic31.png" width = "77" height = "192"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+MĪLIĀRIUM</span>
+
+rīpā fluviī cōnstitit. Pōns in mediō<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_7" id
+= "tag31_7" href = "#note31_7">7</a> erat: tunc Gallus<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>361.</span>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_15" id = "line_xiii_15">15</a>
+eximiā corporis māgnitūdine in vacuum pontem<br>
+prōcessit et quam<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_8" id = "tag31_8" href =
+"#note31_8">8</a> māximā vōce potuit “Quem<br>
+nunc” inquit “Rōma fortissimum habet, is prōcēdat<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag31_9" id = "tag31_9" href = "#note31_9">9</a><br>
+agedum ad pūgnam, ut ēventus certāminis nostrī<br>
+ostendat utra gēns bellō sit melior.” Diū inter<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_20" id = "line_xiii_20">20</a>
+prīmōrēs iuvenum Rōmānōrum silentium fuit. Tum<br>
+Titus Mānlius ex statiōne ad imperātōrem pergit:<br>
+“Iniussū<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_10" id = "tag31_10" href =
+"#note31_10">10</a> tuō,” inquit, “imperātor, extrā ōrdinem<br>
+numquam pūgnāverim,<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_11" id = "tag31_11"
+href = "#note31_11">11</a> nōn sī certam victōriam<br>
+videam<a class = "tag" href = "#note31_11">11</a>; sī tū permittis, volō
+ego illī bēluae ostendere mē ex eā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_25" id = "line_xiii_25">25</a>
+familiā ortum esse, quae Gallōrum āgmen ex rūpe Tarpēiā dēiēcit.”<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag31_12" id = "tag31_12" href =
+"#note31_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page32" id = "page32">32</a>
+Cuī imperātor “Macte<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_1" id = "tag32_1"
+href = "#note32_1">1</a> virtūte,” inquit “Tite Mānlī, estō: perge<br>
+et nōmen Rōmānum invictum praestā.”</p>
+
+<p>Armant deinde iuvenem aequālēs: scūtum capit, Hispānō<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag32_2" id = "tag32_2" href = "#note32_2">2</a><br>
+cingitur<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_3" id = "tag32_3" href =
+"#note32_3">3</a>
+<a name = "line_xiii_29" id = "line_xiii_29"> </a>
+gladiō, ad propiōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_4" id = "tag32_4"
+href = "#note32_4">4</a> pūgnam habilī. Exspectābat eum<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic32.png" width = "80" height = "275"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+GLADIUS</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_30" id = "line_xiii_30">30</a>
+Gallus stolidē laetus et linguam ab inrīsū exserēns.<br>
+Ubi cōnstitēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_5" id = "tag32_5" href =
+"#note32_5">5</a> inter duās aciēs, Gallus ēnsem cum<br>
+ingentī sonitū in arma Mānliī dēiēcit. Mānlius vērō<br>
+inter corpus et arma Gallī sēsē īnsinuāns ūnō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_6" id = "tag32_6" href = "#note32_6">6</a> alterōque<br>
+īctū ventrem trānsfōdit et in spatium ingēns<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_35" id = "line_xiii_35">35</a>
+ruentem porrēxit hostem; iacentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_7" id =
+"tag32_7" href = "#note32_7">7</a> torquem dētrāxit,<br>
+quem cruōre respersum<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_8" id = "tag32_8"
+href = "#note32_8">8</a> collō<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_9" id =
+"tag32_9" href = "#note32_9">9</a> circumdedit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_10" id = "tag32_10" href = "#note32_10">10</a> suō.<br>
+Dēfīxerat pavor<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_11" id = "tag32_11" href =
+"#note32_11">11</a> cum admīrātiōne Gallōs; Rōmānī<br>
+alacrēs obviam mīlitī suō prōgrediuntur et grātulantēs<br>
+laudantēsque ad imperātōrem perdūcunt. Mānlius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_40" id = "line_xiii_40">40</a>
+inde Torquātī cōgnōmen accēpit.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>340.</span>
+
+<p>Īdem Mānlius, posteā cōnsul factus bellō Latīnō,<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_42" id = "line_xiii_42"> </a>
+ut dīsciplīnam mīlitārem restitueret, ēdīxit nē<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_12" id = "tag32_12" href = "#note32_12">12</a> quis<br>
+extrā ōrdinem in hostēs pūgnāret. T. Mānlius,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_13" id = "tag32_13" href = "#note32_13">13</a><br>
+cōnsulis fīlius, cum propius forte ad statiōnem hostium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_45" id = "line_xiii_45">45</a>
+accessisset, is, quī Latīnō equitātuī praeerat, ubi cōnsulis fīlium<br>
+āgnōvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_14" id = "tag32_14" href =
+"#note32_14">14</a> “Vīsne” inquit “congredī mēcum, ut singulāris
+certāminis<br>
+ēventū cernātur, quantum eques Latīnus Rōmānō praestet?”<br>
+Mōvit ferōcem animum iuvenis seu īra seu dētrēctandī<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag32_15" id = "tag32_15" href = "#note32_15">15</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page33" id = "page33">33</a>
+certāminis pudor. Itaque oblītus<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_1" id =
+"tag33_1" href = "#note33_1">1</a> imperiī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag33_2" id = "tag33_2" href = "#note33_2">2</a> paternī in
+certāmen<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_50" id = "line_xiii_50">50</a>
+ruit et Latīnum<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_3" id = "tag33_3" href =
+"#note33_3">3</a> ex equō excussum trānsfīxit spoliīsque lēctīs<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic33.png" width = "103" height = "129"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+LĪCTOR</span>
+
+in castra ad patrem vēnit. Extemplō fīlium āversātus<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_52" id = "line_xiii_52"> </a>
+cōnsul mīlitēs classicō advocat. Quī postquam<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_53" id = "line_xiii_53"> </a>
+frequentēs convēnēre, “Quandōquidem” inquit “tū,<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_54" id = "line_xiii_54"> </a>
+fīlī, contrā imperium cōnsulis pūgnāstī, oportet<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag33_4" id = "tag33_4" href = "#note33_4">4</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_55" id = "line_xiii_55">55</a>
+dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, poenā<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_5" id =
+"tag33_5" href = "#note33_5">5</a> tuā restituās.<br>
+Trīste exemplum, sed in<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_6" id = "tag33_6"
+href = "#note33_6">6</a> posterum salūbre iuventūtī<br>
+eris. Ī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_7" id = "tag33_7" href =
+"#note33_7">7</a> līctor, dēligā<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_8" id =
+"tag33_8" href = "#note33_8">8</a> ad pālum.” Metū omnēs<br>
+obstupuēre; sed postquam cervīce caesā fūsus est cruor, in questūs<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_59" id = "line_xiii_59"> </a>
+et lāmenta ērūpēre.<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_9" id = "tag33_9" href
+= "#note33_9">9</a> Mānliō Rōmam redeuntī seniōrēs tantum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_60" id = "line_xiii_60">60</a>
+obviam exiērunt: iuventūs et tunc eum et omnī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag33_10" id = "tag33_10" href = "#note33_10">10</a> deinde vītā<br>
+exsecrāta est.</p>
+
+<p>Operae pretium erit aliud sevēritātis dīsciplīnae Rōmānae<br>
+exemplum prōferre, simul ut appāreat quam facile sevēritās in<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag33_11" id = "tag33_11" href = "#note33_11">11</a><br>
+crūdēlitātem et furōrem abeat. Cn. Pīsō fuit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag33_12" id = "tag33_12" href = "#note33_12">12</a> vir ā multīs
+vitiīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_65" id = "line_xiii_65">65</a>
+integer, sed prāvus et cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_13" id =
+"tag33_13" href = "#note33_13">13</a> placēbat prō cōnstantiā rigor.
+Is<br>
+cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, quasi<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag33_14" id = "tag33_14" href = "#note33_14">14</a>
+interfēcisset<br>
+commīlitōnem, cum quō ēgressus erat ē castrīs et sine quō redierat,<br>
+rogantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_15" id = "tag33_15" href =
+"#note33_15">15</a> tempus aliquod ad conquīrendum<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag33_16" id = "tag33_16" href = "#note33_16">16</a> nōn dedit.<br>
+Damnātus mīles extrā castrōrum vāllum ductus est et iam cervīcem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_70" id = "line_xiii_70">70</a>
+porrigēbat, cum subitō appāruit ille commīlitō, quī occīsus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag33_17" id = "tag33_17" href = "#note33_17">17</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page34" id = "page34">34</a>
+dīcēbātur. Tunc centuriō suppliciō praepositus condere gladium<br>
+carnificem iubet. Ambō commīlitōnēs alter alterum complexī<br>
+ingentī concursū et māgnō gaudiō exercitūs dēdūcuntur ad Pīsōnem.<br>
+Ille cōnscendit tribūnal furēns et utrumque ad mortem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_75" id = "line_xiii_75">75</a>
+dūcī iubet, adicit et centuriōnem, quī damnātum mīlitem redūxerat,<br>
+haec praefātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_1" id = "tag34_1" href =
+"#note34_1">1</a>: “Tē morte plectī iubeō, quia iam damnātus<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_77" id = "line_xiii_77"> </a>
+es; tē, quia causa damnātiōnis commīlitōnī fuistī; tē, quia<br>
+iussus occīdere mīlitem imperātōrī<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_2" id =
+"tag34_2" href = "#note34_2">2</a> nōn pāruistī.”</p>
+
+<p>Cēterum Mānliānae gentis<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_3" id =
+"tag34_3" href = "#note34_3">3</a> propriam ferē fuisse<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag34_4" id = "tag34_4" href = "#note34_4">4</a> illam in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_80" id = "line_xiii_80">80</a>
+fīliōs acerbitātem alius Mānlius, illīus dē quō suprā dīximus<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_81" id = "line_xiii_81"> </a>
+nepōs, ostendit. Cum Macedonum lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent<br>
+conquestum<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_5" id = "tag34_5" href =
+"#note34_5">5</a>
+<a name = "line_xiii_82" id = "line_xiii_82"> </a>
+dē Sīlānō, Mānliī Torquātī fīliō, quod praetor<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag34_6" id = "tag34_6" href = "#note34_6">6</a> prōvinciam<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_83" id = "line_xiii_83"> </a>
+expīlāsset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_7" id = "tag34_7" href =
+"#note34_7">7</a> pater, avītae sevēritātis hērēs, petiit ā patribus<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag34_8" id = "tag34_8" href =
+"#note34_8">8</a><br>
+cōnscrīptīs nē quid dē eā rē statuerent, antequam ipse īnspexisset<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_85" id = "line_xiii_85">85</a>
+Macedonum et fīliī suī causam. Id ā senātū libenter concessum<br>
+est virō summae<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_9" id = "tag34_9" href =
+"#note34_9">9</a> dīgnitātis, cōnsulārī iūrisque cīvīlis
+perītissimō.<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_87" id = "line_xiii_87"> </a>
+Itaque, īnstitūtā domī cōgnitiōne causae, sōlus per tōtum bīduum<br>
+utramque partem audiēbat ac tertiō diē prōnūntiāvit fīlium suum<br>
+vidērī nōn tālem fuisse in prōvinciā, quālēs ēius māiōrēs fuissent,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_90" id = "line_xiii_90">90</a>
+et in cōnspectum suum deinceps venīre vetuit. Tam trīstī patris<br>
+iūdiciō perculsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_10" id = "tag34_10" href
+= "#note34_10">10</a> lūcem<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_11" id =
+"tag34_11" href = "#note34_11">11</a> ulterius intuērī nōn sustinuit
+et<br>
+proximā<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_12" id = "tag34_12" href =
+"#note34_12">12</a> nocte vītam suspendiō fīnīvit. Perēgerat<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag34_13" id = "tag34_13" href = "#note34_13">13</a>
+Torquātus sevērī<br>
+et religiōsī iūdicis partēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_14" id =
+"tag34_14" href = "#note34_14">14</a> satisfactum erat reī pūblicae,
+habēbat<br>
+ultiōnem Macedonia, at nōndum erat īnflexus patris rigor. Igitur<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_95" id = "line_xiii_95">95</a>
+nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_15" id = "tag34_15" href =
+"#note34_15">15</a> exsequiīs quidem fīliī interfuit, ut patribus mōs
+erat apud<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page35" id = "page35">35</a>
+Rōmānōs, et eō ipsō diē, quō fūnus ēius dūcēbātur, aurēs, ut<br>
+<a name = "line_xiii_97" id = "line_xiii_97"> </a>
+solēbat, volentibus cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIV">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note30_8" id = "note30_8" href = "#tag30_8">30.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_9" id = "note30_9" href = "#tag30_9">30.9</a>
+<b>patrī . . . esse</b>: ‘that a day had been set against his father
+(for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to appear for
+trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty
+to his son. <b>patrī</b> is a dat. of disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_10" id = "note30_10" href = "#tag30_10">30.10</a>
+<b>cēpit . . . laudābile</b>: ‘he formed a plan (which, though it gave
+token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless commendable by
+reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ For <b>quidem
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed</b>, cf. <a href = "#note10_10">p.&nbsp;10,
+n.&nbsp;10</a>. <b>animī</b> is a genitive of quality or description
+with <b>cōnsilium</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_11" id = "note30_11" href = "#tag30_11">30.11</a>
+<b>ad Pompōnium</b> = ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_12" id = "note30_12" href = "#tag30_12">30.12</a>
+= a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_13" id = "note30_13" href = "#tag30_13">30.13</a>
+For the mood, cf. <a href = "#note29_16">p. 29, n. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_1" id = "note31_1" href = "#tag31_1">31.1</a>
+<b>quīppe quī</b>: ‘since indeed he,’ etc. <b>quī</b> = <i>cum is</i>
+(cf.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;4, n.&nbsp;3), and the relative clause has its verb in
+the subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H&nbsp;592, 1 (517,
+3,&nbsp;1)): M&nbsp;840: A&nbsp;320, <i>e</i>, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 1: G&nbsp;633: B&nbsp;283, 3, <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_2" id = "note31_2" href = "#tag31_2">31.2</a>
+dat. of advantage.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_3" id = "note31_3" href = "#tag31_3">31.3</a>
+<b>eō</b> = ‘for this reason,’ explained by <b>quod . . .
+āvertisset</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_4" id = "note31_4" href = "#tag31_4">31.4</a>
+<b>māiōrī fuit honōrī</b>: ‘was all the more credit’; cf. <a href =
+"#note25_6">p. 25, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_5" id = "note31_5" href = "#tag31_5">31.5</a>
+In the fifth century <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> the Gauls
+left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained
+control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian
+peninsula was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the
+lands to the south.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_6" id = "note31_6" href = "#tag31_6">31.6</a>
+With <b>tertium</b> sc. <i>ab urbe Rōmā</i>. On all the roads leading
+from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in
+the Servian Wall (see map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p. xxviii</a>), by
+which the road issued from the capital.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_7" id = "note31_7" href = "#tag31_7">31.7</a>
+Sc. <i>duōrum exercituum</i>, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_8" id = "note31_8" href = "#tag31_8">31.8</a>
+<b>quam . . . potuit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note26_10">p. 26, n.
+10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_9" id = "note31_9" href = "#tag31_9">31.9</a>
+subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713:
+A&nbsp;266: G&nbsp;263, 3: B&nbsp;274.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_10" id = "note31_10" href = "#tag31_10">31.10</a>
+<b>Iniussū tuō</b>: ‘without your consent.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_11" id = "note31_11" href = "#tag31_11">31.11</a>
+subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: A 307, <i>b</i>:
+G&nbsp;596: B&nbsp;303.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_12" id = "note31_12" href = "#tag31_12">31.12</a>
+In 388 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> the Gauls had captured and
+destroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by
+M.&nbsp;Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the
+cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a
+secret path, and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison,
+hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the
+Capitol.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_1" id = "note32_1" href = "#tag32_1">32.1</a>
+<b>macte virtūte . . . estō</b>: lit., ‘be glorified in
+(respect&nbsp;of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of
+commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success attend
+thee!’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_2" id = "note32_2" href = "#tag32_2">32.2</a>
+A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for
+thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and
+without point.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_3" id = "note32_3" href = "#tag32_3">32.3</a>
+= <i>cingit sē</i>, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_4" id = "note32_4" href = "#tag32_4">32.4</a>
+‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_5" id = "note32_5" href = "#tag32_5">32.5</a>
+<i>cōnsistō</i>. What tense?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_6" id = "note32_6" href = "#tag32_6">32.6</a>
+<b>ūnō alterōque īctū</b>: ‘with one stroke after the other’; i.e. he
+killed him with two quick blows.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_7" id = "note32_7" href = "#tag32_7">32.7</a>
+Sc. <i>eī</i>, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ See <a href =
+"#note17_4">p.&nbsp;17, n.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_8" id = "note32_8" href = "#tag32_8">32.8</a>
+<i>respergō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_9" id = "note32_9" href = "#tag32_9">32.9</a>
+What case?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_10" id = "note32_10" href = "#tag32_10">32.10</a>
+In its compounds, <i>dare</i> more often = ‘to put’ than ‘to give.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_11" id = "note32_11" href = "#tag32_11">32.11</a>
+<b>pavor cum admīrātiōne</b> = <i>pavor et admīrātiō</i>; cf. <i>mentēs
+cum oculīs</i>, II,&nbsp;12.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_12" id = "note32_12" href = "#tag32_12">32.12</a>
+<b>nē quis . . . pūgnāret</b>: ‘that no one should fight.’ For the
+subjunctive, see <a href = "#note9_6">p.&nbsp;9, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_13" id = "note32_13" href = "#tag32_13">32.13</a>
+Subject of <b>accessisset</b>. For its position, see <a href =
+"#note19_7">p. 19, n.&nbsp;7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_14" id = "note32_14" href = "#tag32_14">32.14</a>
+<i>āgnōscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_15" id = "note32_15" href = "#tag32_15">32.15</a>
+<b>dētrēctandī . . . pudor</b>: ‘his unwillingness to decline the
+fight.’ A&nbsp;literal translation would be impossible. <i>Pudor</i>
+implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be
+attributed to cowardice.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_1" id = "note33_1" href = "#tag33_1">33.1</a>
+<i>oblivīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_2" id = "note33_2" href = "#tag33_2">33.2</a>
+dependent on <b>oblītus</b>: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1:
+G&nbsp;376: B&nbsp;206,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_3" id = "note33_3" href = "#tag33_3">33.3</a>
+<b>excussum trānsfīxit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_4" id = "note33_4" href = "#tag33_4">33.4</a>
+<b>oportet restituās</b>: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’
+<i>Oportet</i> is construed either with the infinitive or with the
+subjunctive of result with <i>ut</i> omitted.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_5" id = "note33_5" href = "#tag33_5">33.5</a>
+Why abl.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_6" id = "note33_6" href = "#tag33_6">33.6</a>
+<b>in posterum</b> (cf. <a href = "#note4_9">p. 4, n. 9</a>) = ‘for the
+future.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_7" id = "note33_7" href = "#tag33_7">33.7</a>
+Imperative of <i>eō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_8" id = "note33_8" href = "#tag33_8">33.8</a>
+Cf. <i>Stābant ad pālum dēligāti</i>, IX, 21.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_9" id = "note33_9" href = "#tag33_9">33.9</a>
+<i>ērumpō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_10" id = "note33_10" href = "#tag33_10">33.10</a>
+<b>omnī . . . vītā</b>: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ In this
+sense the simple acc., or the acc. with <i>per</i> is far more common.
+<b>deinde</b>, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by
+an adj.: cf. <a href = "#note10_14">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_11" id = "note33_11" href = "#tag33_11">33.11</a>
+<b>in . . . abeat</b>: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_12" id = "note33_12" href = "#tag33_12">33.12</a>
+<b>fuit . . . sed</b>: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . but, after
+all,’ i.e. ‘although he was .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. yet.’ In this sense
+<i>quidem .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed</i> is commonly used: cf. <a href =
+"#note10_10">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_13" id = "note33_13" href = "#tag33_13">33.13</a>
+H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_14" id = "note33_14" href = "#tag33_14">33.14</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note3_6">p. 3, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_15" id = "note33_15" href = "#tag33_15">33.15</a>
+Sc. <i>mīlitī</i>, and join with <i>dedit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_16" id = "note33_16" href = "#tag33_16">33.16</a>
+Sc. <i>commīlitōnem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_17" id = "note33_17" href = "#tag33_17">33.17</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_1" id = "note34_1" href = "#tag34_1">34.1</a>
+<i>praefor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_2" id = "note34_2" href = "#tag34_2">34.2</a>
+H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_3" id = "note34_3" href = "#tag34_3">34.3</a>
+Join with <i>propriam</i>. <i>Proprius</i>, like <i>similis</i>, is
+construed with both the gen. and the dat.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_4" id = "note34_4" href = "#tag34_4">34.4</a>
+dependent on <b>ostendit</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_81">l. 81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_5" id = "note34_5" href = "#tag34_5">34.5</a>
+supine of <i>conqueror</i>, expressing purpose. Cf. <a href =
+"#note5_20">p. 5, n. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_6" id = "note34_6" href = "#tag34_6">34.6</a>
+‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_7" id = "note34_7" href = "#tag34_7">34.7</a>
+Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched themselves by
+extortion.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_8" id = "note34_8" href = "#tag34_8">34.8</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_conscriptus"><i>cōnscrīptus</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_9" id = "note34_9" href = "#tag34_9">34.9</a>
+<b>summae . . . perītissimō</b>: these words contain the reasons why
+<b>Id .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. concessum est</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_10" id = "note34_10" href = "#tag34_10">34.10</a>
+<i>percellō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_11" id = "note34_11" href = "#tag34_11">34.11</a>
+<b>lūcem . . . sustinuit</b>: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How
+literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_12" id = "note34_12" href = "#tag34_12">34.12</a>
+The context must determine whether <b>proximā nocte</b> = ‘the next
+night’ or ‘last night.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_13" id = "note34_13" href = "#tag34_13">34.13</a>
+<i>pergō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_14" id = "note34_14" href = "#tag34_14">34.14</a>
+‘role.’ This meaning of <i>partēs</i> is borrowed from the theater.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note34_15" id = "note34_15" href = "#tag34_15">34.15</a>
+<b>nē . . . quidem</b> is a very strong negative, and generally
+emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the <i>nē</i> and the
+<i>quidem</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIV">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XIV" id = "selection_XIV">XIV.</a>
+Pūblius Decius</h4>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>343.</span>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xiv_1" id = "line_xiv_1"> </a>
+P. Decius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_1" id = "tag35_1" href =
+"#note35_1">1</a> Valeriō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_2" id =
+"tag35_2" href = "#note35_2">2</a> Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō
+cōnsulibus,<br>
+tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurī<br>
+montis clausō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_3" id = "tag35_3" href =
+"#note35_3">3</a> Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentem<br>
+hostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag35_4" id = "tag35_4" href = "#note35_4">4</a> occupāvit, hostēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_5" id = "line_xiv_5">5</a>
+terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōrem<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic35.png" width = "139" height = "136"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CORŌNA CĪVICA</span>
+
+locum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_5" id
+= "tag35_5" href = "#note35_5">5</a> undique<br>
+armātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocte<br>
+per<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_6" id = "tag35_6" href =
+"#note35_6">6</a> mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag35_7" id = "tag35_7" href = "#note35_7">7</a><br>
+incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_10" id = "line_xiv_10">10</a>
+dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī,<br>
+<a name = "line_xiv_11" id = "line_xiv_11"> </a>
+quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellō<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>340.</span>
+<a name = "line_xiv_12" id = "line_xiv_12"> </a>
+Latīnō cum Mānliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_8" id = "tag35_8" href =
+"#note35_8">8</a> Torquātō. Hōc<br>
+bellō cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_9" id = "tag35_9" href =
+"#note35_9">9</a> utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset<br>
+eōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_15" id = "line_xiv_15">15</a>
+convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag35_10" id = "tag35_10" href = "#note35_10">10</a><br>
+sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēs<br>
+<a name = "line_xiv_17" id = "line_xiv_17"> </a>
+diīs Mānibus dēvōvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_11" id = "tag35_11"
+href = "#note35_11">11</a> Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōs<br>
+hostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XV">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note35_1" id = "note35_1" href = "#tag35_1">35.1</a>
+His full name was P. Decius Mus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_2" id = "note35_2" href = "#tag35_2">35.2</a>
+<b>Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus</b>: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For the
+abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H&nbsp;489 (431,&nbsp;4):
+M&nbsp;639: A&nbsp;255, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;409: B&nbsp;227, 1. For another
+method of dating events, cf. XII,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_3" id = "note35_3" href = "#tag35_3">35.3</a>
+<i>claudō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_4" id = "note35_4" href = "#tag35_4">35.4</a>
+Sc. <i>collis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_5" id = "note35_5" href = "#tag35_5">35.5</a>
+<i>īnsideō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_6" id = "note35_6" href = "#tag35_6">35.6</a>
+<b>per . . . cūstōdiās</b>: ‘through the <i>midst of</i> the enemy’s
+pickets.’ Cf. <a href = "#line_xiv_17">l.&nbsp;17</a>, <b>in mediōs
+hostēs</b>, ‘against the enemy’s center.’ Note the difference between
+the Latin and the English idioms. H&nbsp;497, 4 (440, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 1-2): M&nbsp;565: A&nbsp;193: G&nbsp;291, <span
+class = "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B&nbsp;241,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_7" id = "note35_7" href = "#tag35_7">35.7</a>
+<i>opprimō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_8" id = "note35_8" href = "#tag35_8">35.8</a>
+Cf. XIII, 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_9" id = "note35_9" href = "#tag35_9">35.9</a>
+<b>cum . . . obvēnisset</b>: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ How
+literally? The subject of <b>obvēnisset</b> is <b>eōs .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+cecidisset</b>. So the subject of <b>convēnit</b> is <b>utī
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. dēvovēret</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_10" id = "note35_10" href = "#tag35_10">35.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_manes"><i>Mānēs</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note35_11" id = "note35_11" href = "#tag35_11">35.11</a>
+Decius’ act was called <b>dēvōtiō</b>, and proceeded from the idea that
+for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be
+substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this formula: “As a
+substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies
+of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and
+allies of the enemy.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page36" id = "page36">36</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XV">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XV" id = "selection_XV">XV.</a>
+Mānius Curius</h4>
+
+<p>Mānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_1" id = "tag36_1" href = "#note36_1">1</a> eōs ingentibus
+proeliīs<br>
+<a name = "line_xv_2" id = "line_xv_2"> </a>
+vīcit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_2" id = "tag36_2" href =
+"#note36_2">2</a> In quō bellō cum permultum agrī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_3" id = "tag36_3" href = "#note36_3">3</a> hominumque<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note36_3">3</a><br>
+māximam vim<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_4" id = "tag36_4" href =
+"#note36_4">4</a> cēpisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_5" id =
+"tag36_5" href = "#note36_5">5</a> ipse inde<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_6" id = "tag36_6" href = "#note36_6">6</a> dītārī adeō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag36_7" id = "tag36_7" href = "#note36_7">7</a> nōluit,
+ut, cum<br>
+interversae<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_8" id = "tag36_8" href =
+"#note36_8">8</a> pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_9" id = "tag36_9" href = "#note36_9">9</a> līgneō, quō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag36_10" id = "tag36_10" href = "#note36_10">10</a> ūtī
+ad<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_5" id = "line_xv_5">5</a>
+sacrificia cōnsuēverat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_11" id =
+"tag36_11" href = "#note36_11">11</a> in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil
+amplius<br>
+dē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag36_12" id = "tag36_12" href = "#note36_12">12</a> ad focum<br>
+sedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnum<br>
+aurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_13" id =
+"tag36_13" href = "#note36_13">13</a> repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitque<br>
+nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_14" id = "tag36_14" href =
+"#note36_14">14</a> aurum habēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_15" id =
+"tag36_15" href = "#note36_15">15</a> sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs
+quī habērent<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_10" id = "line_xv_10">10</a>
+aurum imperāre.<a class = "tag" href = "#note36_15">15</a> Quō respōnsō
+Curius Samnītibus ostendit sē<br>
+neque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēna<br>
+iūgera populō virītim dīvīsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_16" id =
+"tag36_16" href = "#note36_16">16</a>; cumque ipsī senātus iūgera<br>
+quīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibus<br>
+erat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_17" id = "tag36_17" href = "#note36_17">17</a> quī eō,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag36_18" id = "tag36_18" href = "#note36_18">18</a>
+quod<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_15" id = "line_xv_15">15</a>
+reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_19" id = "tag36_19" href = "#note36_19">19</a></p>
+
+<p>Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque<br>
+in Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag36_20" id = "tag36_20" href = "#note36_20">20</a> bellī nōmina<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag36_21" id = "tag36_21" href =
+"#note36_21">21</a><br>
+nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibus<br>
+prīmum<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_22" id = "tag36_22" href =
+"#note36_22">22</a> nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns
+nōn<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_20" id = "line_xv_20">20</a>
+respondēret, bona<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_23" id = "tag36_23" href
+= "#note36_23">23</a> ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum is<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page37" id = "page37">37</a>
+questus<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_1" id = "tag37_1" href =
+"#note37_1">1</a> dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag37_2" id = "tag37_2" href = "#note37_2">2</a> plēbis appellāsset,
+ipsum quoque<br>
+<a name = "line_xv_22" id = "line_xv_22"> </a>
+vēndidit, nihil<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_3" id = "tag37_3" href =
+"#note37_3">3</a> opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag37_4" id = "tag37_4" href = "#note37_4">4</a> quī nescīret<br>
+pārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag37_5" id = "tag37_5" href = "#note37_5">5</a> auxiliō<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note37_5">5</a> fuērunt;<br>
+posteāque rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_6" id = "tag37_6" href =
+"#note37_6">6</a> in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_25" id = "line_xv_25">25</a>
+quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_7" id = "tag37_7" href =
+"#note37_7">7</a> mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag37_8" id = "tag37_8" href = "#note37_8">8</a>
+terrōre<br>
+cēterī adāctī<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_9" id = "tag37_9" href =
+"#note37_9">9</a> nōmina prōmptius dedērunt.</p>
+
+<p>Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag37_10" id = "tag37_10" href = "#note37_10">10</a> dēque eō rēge<br>
+triumphāvit. Īnsīgnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_11" id = "tag37_11"
+href = "#note37_11">11</a> triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantī<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic37.png" width = "175" height = "227"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+ELEPHANT</span>
+
+cum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_12" id
+= "tag37_12" href = "#note37_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_30" id = "line_xv_30">30</a>
+vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note37_12">12</a> praesidiō<br>
+in Ēpīrum revertit. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_13" id =
+"tag37_13" href = "#note37_13">13</a> autem<br>
+bellum renovātūrus putārētur, Mānium<br>
+Curium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_14"
+id = "tag37_14" href = "#note37_14">14</a><br>
+Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_35" id = "line_xv_35">35</a>
+līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōs<br>
+oppūgnat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_15" id = "tag37_15" href =
+"#note37_15">15</a> urbem iam ingressus ā iuvene<br>
+quōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātus<br>
+est. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula,<br>
+cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_40" id = "line_xv_40">40</a>
+spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulneris<br>
+suī māgnō impetū ferrī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_16" id =
+"tag37_16" href = "#note37_16">16</a> perīculō fīliī suī commōta
+prōtinus tēgulam<br>
+corripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_17" id
+= "tag37_17" href = "#note37_17">17</a> in caput rēgis dēiēcit.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVI">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note36_1" id = "note36_1" href = "#tag36_1">36.1</a>
+<i>proficīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_2" id = "note36_2" href = "#tag36_2">36.2</a>
+<i>vincō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_3" id = "note36_3" href = "#tag36_3">36.3</a>
+partitive gen.: cf. <a href = "#note30_2">p. 30, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_4" id = "note36_4" href = "#tag36_4">36.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_11">p. 4, n. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_5" id = "note36_5" href = "#tag36_5">36.5</a>
+<i>capiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_6" id = "note36_6" href = "#tag36_6">36.6</a>
+i.e. from the <i>ager</i>, or the money derived from the sale of the
+<i>hominēs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_7" id = "note36_7" href = "#tag36_7">36.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note26_8">p. 26, n. 8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_8" id = "note36_8" href = "#tag36_8">36.8</a>
+See <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M
+582: A 220: G 378: B&nbsp;208,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_9" id = "note36_9" href = "#tag36_9">36.9</a>
+<b>catīllō . . . prōlātō</b> (<i>prōferō</i>) <b>iūrāret</b> =
+<i>catīllum prōferret et iūrāret</i>. Cf. <a href =
+"#note2_8">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_10" id = "note36_10" href = "#tag36_10">36.10</a>
+H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_11" id = "note36_11" href = "#tag36_11">36.11</a>
+<i>cōnsuēscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_12" id = "note36_12" href = "#tag36_12">36.12</a>
+Join with <b>attulissent</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_13" id = "note36_13" href = "#tag36_13">36.13</a>
+<i>adferō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_14" id = "note36_14" href = "#tag36_14">36.14</a>
+<b>nōn . . . imperāre</b>: ‘it was not the having gold that seemed to
+him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ Give Curius’ exact
+words.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_15" id = "note36_15" href = "#tag36_15">36.15</a>
+subjects of <b>vidērī</b>: cf. <a href = "#note6_16">p. 6, n.
+16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_16" id = "note36_16" href = "#tag36_16">36.16</a>
+= <i>distribuit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_17" id = "note36_17" href = "#tag36_17">36.17</a>
+We would say, ‘<i>that</i> citizen.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_18" id = "note36_18" href = "#tag36_18">36.18</a>
+H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, <i>b</i>, 2: G 401, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 6: B&nbsp;219.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_19" id = "note36_19" href = "#tag36_19">36.19</a>
+Why subjunctive?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_20" id = "note36_20" href = "#tag36_20">36.20</a>
+abl. of cause.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_21" id = "note36_21" href = "#tag36_21">36.21</a>
+<i>nōmina dare</i> = to hand in one’s name to a recruiting officer, i.e.
+‘to volunteer.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_22" id = "note36_22" href = "#tag36_22">36.22</a>
+<b>prīmum nōmen</b>: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note36_23" id = "note36_23" href = "#tag36_23">36.23</a>
+<b>bona . . . subiēcit</b>: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. At Roman
+auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a&nbsp;spear was set in the
+ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_1" id = "note37_1" href = "#tag37_1">37.1</a>
+<i>queror</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_2" id = "note37_2" href = "#tag37_2">37.2</a>
+The <i>tribūnī plēbis</i> had been created for the express purpose of
+protecting the people from unjust treatment by the patrician
+magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any
+magistrate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_3" id = "note37_3" href = "#tag37_3">37.3</a>
+<b>nihil</b> (adv. acc.) <b>. . . cīve</b>: ‘the state had no need of
+that citizen.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_4" id = "note37_4" href = "#tag37_4">37.4</a>
+abl. with <b>opus</b>: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243, <i>e</i>:
+G&nbsp;406: B&nbsp;218,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_5" id = "note37_5" href = "#tag37_5">37.5</a>
+For the two datives see <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_6" id = "note37_6" href = "#tag37_6">37.6</a>
+<b>rēs . . . ābiit</b>: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.
+<i>sevēritās .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. abeat</i>, XIII,&nbsp;63.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_7" id = "note37_7" href = "#tag37_7">37.7</a>
+‘whoever.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_8" id = "note37_8" href = "#tag37_8">37.8</a>
+<b>Hōc terrōre</b>: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this (act).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_9" id = "note37_9" href = "#tag37_9">37.9</a>
+<i>adigō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_10" id = "note37_10" href = "#tag37_10">37.10</a>
+At Beneventum, 275 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_11" id = "note37_11" href = "#tag37_11">37.11</a>
+<b>Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī</b>: ‘this triumph was made notable by the
+presence of four elephants.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_12" id = "note37_12" href = "#tag37_12">37.12</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note25_7">p. 25, n. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_13" id = "note37_13" href = "#tag37_13">37.13</a>
+<b>Cum . . . putārētur</b>: with <b>renovātūrus</b> sc. <i>esse</i>. For
+the personal construction, see <a href = "#note7_12">p.&nbsp;7,
+n.&nbsp;12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_14" id = "note37_14" href = "#tag37_14">37.14</a>
+Sc. <i>populō Rōmānō</i>. Its subject is the clause <b>Mānium
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. fierī</b>; hence the infin. <b>fierī</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_15" id = "note37_15" href = "#tag37_15">37.15</a>
+‘<i>was</i> besieging.’ Cf. <a href = "#note3_14">p. 3, n. 14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_16" id = "note37_16" href = "#tag37_16">37.16</a>
+‘rushing.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note37_17" id = "note37_17" href = "#tag37_17">37.17</a>
+<b>lībrātam . . . dēiēcit</b> = <i>lībrāvit et dēiēcit</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page38" id = "page38">38</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVI">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XVI" id = "selection_XVI">XVI.</a>
+Gāius Duīlius</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat left">
+<img src = "images/pic38a.png" width = "100" height = "198"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+COLUMNA RŌSTRĀTA<br>
+OF DUĪLIUS</span>
+
+<p>Gāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag38_1" id = "tag38_1" href = "#note38_1">1</a> dēvīcit.<br>
+Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīs<br>
+vēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs,<br>
+māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_5" id = "line_xvi_5">5</a>
+tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_2"
+id = "tag38_2" href = "#note38_2">2</a> manūs ubi<br>
+hostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō ponte<br>
+trānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_3" id = "tag38_3"
+href = "#note38_3">3</a> et in ipsōrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_4"
+id = "tag38_4" href = "#note38_4">4</a> ratibus<br>
+comminus dīmicābant, unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_5" id =
+"tag38_5" href = "#note38_5">5</a> Rōmānīs, quī rōbore<br>
+praestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_10" id = "line_xvi_10">10</a>
+expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiam<br>
+praetōria<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_6" id = "tag38_6" href =
+"#note38_6">6</a> septirēmis<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_7" id =
+"tag38_7" href = "#note38_7">7</a> capta est, mersae<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag38_8" id = "tag38_8" href = "#note38_8">8</a> tredecim.</p>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic38b.png" width = "151" height = "150"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+TĪBĪCEN</span>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xvi_12" id = "line_xvi_12"> </a>
+Duīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmus<br>
+nāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōria<br>
+Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_9" id =
+"tag38_9" href = "#note38_9">9</a> invictī terrā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_15" id = "line_xvi_15">15</a>
+iam etiam marī plūrimum<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_10" id =
+"tag38_10" href = "#note38_10">10</a> possent.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note38_9">9</a> Itaque<br>
+<a name = "line_xvi_16" id = "line_xvi_16"> </a>
+Duīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītam<br>
+praelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ā<br>
+cēnā redīret.<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_11" id = "tag38_11" href =
+"#note38_11">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_20" id = "line_xvi_20">20</a>
+quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrum<br>
+<a name = "line_xvi_21" id = "line_xvi_21"> </a>
+manūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_12" id =
+"tag38_12" href = "#note38_12">12</a> in patriā classis<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag38_13" id = "tag38_13" href = "#note38_13">13</a> āmissae<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page39" id = "page39">39</a>
+poenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcī<br>
+pūgnā priusquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_1" id = "tag39_1" href =
+"#note39_1">1</a> clādis nūntius domum<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_2"
+id = "tag39_2" href = "#note39_2">2</a> pervenīret<a class = "tag" href
+= "#note39_1">1</a> quendam<br>
+ex amīcīs Carthāginem<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_2">2</a> mīsit.
+Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_25" id = "line_xvi_25">25</a>
+“Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_3" id
+= "tag39_3" href = "#note39_3">3</a> dux Rōmānōrum māgnīs<br>
+cōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note39_3">3</a> num cum eō cōnflīgere<br>
+<a name = "line_xvi_27" id = "line_xvi_27"> </a>
+dēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag39_4" id = "tag39_4" href = "#note39_4">4</a><br>
+cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātus<br>
+est.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_30" id = "line_xvi_30">30</a>
+iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit:<br>
+<a name = "line_xvi_31" id = "line_xvi_31"> </a>
+nam eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_5" id = "tag39_5" href =
+"#note39_5">5</a> poenae genere dux rē<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_6"
+id = "tag39_6" href = "#note39_6">6</a> male gestā apud Poenōs<br>
+adficiēbātur.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note38_1" id = "note38_1" href = "#tag38_1">38.1</a>
+<b>prīmus dēvīcit</b>: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf. <i>prīmus
+ēgit</i>, <a href = "#line_xvi_12">l.&nbsp;12</a>. H&nbsp;497, and 1
+(443 and&nbsp;1): A&nbsp;191: G&nbsp;325, <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span> 6: B&nbsp;239. Such a phrase as <i>prīmus fuit
+dēvincere</i> is never used by good writers.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_2" id = "note38_2" href = "#tag38_2">38.2</a>
+‘These’; cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_3" id = "note38_3" href = "#tag38_3">38.3</a>
+a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_4" id = "note38_4" href = "#tag38_4">38.4</a>
+Sc. <i>hostium</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_5" id = "note38_5" href = "#tag38_5">38.5</a>
+= ‘and as a consequence.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_6" id = "note38_6" href = "#tag38_6">38.6</a>
+Cf. <i>rēgius</i>, I, 17. The Romans applied the term <i>praetor</i> to
+the commander of any foreign force.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_7" id = "note38_7" href = "#tag38_7">38.7</a>
+Sc. <i>nāvis</i>. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five
+banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, the Romans,
+it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been
+wrecked on the coast of Italy.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_8" id = "note38_8" href = "#tag38_8">38.8</a>
+<i>mergō</i>; sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_9" id = "note38_9" href = "#tag38_9">38.9</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_10" id = "note38_10" href = "#tag38_10">38.10</a>
+‘were supreme’; cf. <a href = "#note23_1">p. 23, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_11" id = "note38_11" href = "#tag38_11">38.11</a>
+In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta was erected in
+the Forum.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_12" id = "note38_12" href = "#tag38_12">38.12</a>
+<b>nē . . . daret</b>: a clause of purpose, dependent on <b>veritus</b>:
+H&nbsp;567 (498, III) M&nbsp;897: A&nbsp;331, <i>f</i>: G&nbsp;550:
+B&nbsp;296,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note38_13" id = "note38_13" href = "#tag38_13">38.13</a>
+<b>classis āmissae</b>: ‘for losing the fleet’; see <a href =
+"#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_1" id = "note39_1" href = "#tag39_1">39.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note12_5">p. 12, n. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_2" id = "note39_2" href = "#tag39_2">39.2</a>
+Why accusative?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_3" id = "note39_3" href = "#tag39_3">39.3</a>
+causal subjunctive.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_4" id = "note39_4" href = "#tag39_4">39.4</a>
+<i>quīn</i> with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after
+negative expressions of doubt: H&nbsp;595, 1 (504, 3,&nbsp;2<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has )):">):</ins> M&nbsp;913: A&nbsp;332,
+<i>g</i>, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>: G&nbsp;555, 2:
+B&nbsp;298.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_5" id = "note39_5" href = "#tag39_5">39.5</a>
+<b>eō . . . adficiēbātur</b>: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ How
+literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_6" id = "note39_6" href = "#tag39_6">39.6</a>
+<b>rē male gestā</b>: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XVII" id = "selection_XVII">XVII.</a>
+Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus</h4>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>256.</span>
+
+<p>Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag39_7" id = "tag39_7" href = "#note39_7">7</a> adfēcisset, Hannō<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_2" id = "line_xvii_2"> </a>
+Carthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag39_8" id = "tag39_8" href = "#note39_8">8</a> rē<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_3" id = "line_xvii_3"> </a>
+vērā ut<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_8">8</a> tempus extraheret,<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note39_8">8</a> dōnec<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag39_9" id = "tag39_9" href = "#note39_9">9</a> novae cōpiae ex
+Āfricā<br>
+advenīrent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_9">9</a> Is ubi ad cōnsulem
+accessit, exortus<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_10" id = "tag39_10" href
+= "#note39_10">10</a> est mīlitum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_5" id = "line_xvii_5">5</a>
+clāmor audītaque vōx, idem<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_11" id =
+"tag39_11" href = "#note39_11">11</a> huīc faciendum esse, quod
+paucīs<br>
+ante annīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_12" id = "tag39_12" href =
+"#note39_12">12</a> Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset.
+Cornēlius<br>
+enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīs<br>
+comprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēre<br>
+incipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page40" id = "page40">40</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_10" id = "line_xvii_10">10</a>
+“sī fēceritis,<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_1" id = "tag40_1" href =
+"#note40_1">1</a> nihilō<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_2" id = "tag40_2"
+href = "#note40_2">2</a> eritis Āfrīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_3"
+id = "tag40_3" href = "#note40_3">3</a> meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēre<br>
+iussit eōs, quī pār<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_4" id = "tag40_4" href
+= "#note40_4">4</a> parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag40_5" id = "tag40_5" href = "#note40_5">5</a> gravitātī<br>
+Rōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmāna<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_13" id = "line_xvii_13"> </a>
+līberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsul<br>
+victōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_15" id = "line_xvii_15">15</a>
+Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_6" id =
+"tag40_6" href = "#note40_6">6</a> Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit.<br>
+Clypeam urbem et trecenta<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_7" id =
+"tag40_7" href = "#note40_7">7</a> castella expūgnāvit, neque<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag40_8" id = "tag40_8" href = "#note40_8">8</a><br>
+cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Nam<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_18" id = "line_xvii_18"> </a>
+cum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdine<br>
+exercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit;<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_20" id = "line_xvii_20">20</a>
+plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_9" id =
+"tag40_9" href = "#note40_9">9</a>; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentis<br>
+hālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārī<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_22" id = "line_xvii_22"> </a>
+poterat, dūrissimā<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_10" id = "tag40_10"
+href = "#note40_10">10</a> squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile
+repellente.<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_23" id = "line_xvii_23"> </a>
+Cōnfugiendum<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_11" id = "tag40_11" href =
+"#note40_11">11</a> fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag40_12" id = "tag40_12" href = "#note40_12">12</a><br>
+et catapultīs, velut<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_13" id = "tag40_13"
+href = "#note40_13">13</a> arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis
+fuit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_25" id = "line_xvii_25">25</a>
+Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_14" id =
+"tag40_14" href = "#note40_14">14</a> iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmen<br>
+corporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castra<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_27" id = "line_xvii_27"> </a>
+inde submovēre coēgit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_15" id = "tag40_15"
+href = "#note40_15">15</a> Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag40_16" id = "tag40_16" href =
+"#note40_16">16</a><br>
+longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus.</p>
+
+<p>Huīc ob rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_17" id = "tag40_17" href =
+"#note40_17">17</a> bene gestās imperium in annum proximum
+prōrogātum<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page41" id = "page41">41</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_30" id = "line_xvii_30">30</a>
+est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicum<br>
+suum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_1" id
+= "tag41_1" href = "#note41_1">1</a> habēbat, mortuum esse et<br>
+servum, occāsiōnem nactum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_2" id =
+"tag41_2" href = "#note41_2">2</a> aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag41_3" id = "tag41_3" href = "#note41_3">3</a><br>
+rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_4" id =
+"tag41_4" href = "#note41_4">4</a> successor in Āfricam mitterētur,<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_34" id = "line_xvii_34"> </a>
+nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_5" id =
+"tag41_5" href = "#note41_5">5</a> uxor et līberī alerentur.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag41_6" id = "tag41_6" href = "#note41_6">6</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_35" id = "line_xvii_35">35</a>
+Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā
+pecūniā<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_36" id = "line_xvii_36"> </a>
+redimī iussit, agellum colendum<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_7" id =
+"tag41_7" href = "#note41_7">7</a> locāvit, alimenta<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag41_8" id = "tag41_8" href = "#note41_8">8</a> coniugī ac<br>
+līberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsium<br>
+opēs contudit<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_9" id = "tag41_9" href =
+"#note41_9">9</a> eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cum<br>
+Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag41_10" id = "tag41_10" href = "#note41_10">10</a> dare, ā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_40" id = "line_xvii_40">40</a>
+Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>255</span>
+
+<p>Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum,
+Carthāginiēnsibus<br>
+mīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē<a class = "tag" href
+= "#note41_10">10</a>:<br>
+nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānō<br>
+exercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carcerem<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>251</span>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_45" id = "line_xvii_45">45</a>
+coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs <ins class = "correction" title
+= "text reads ‘captīvis’">captīvīs</ins> missus<br>
+est datō iūreiūrandō. ut,<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_11" id =
+"tag41_11" href = "#note41_11">11</a> sī nōn impetrāsset,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag41_12" id = "tag41_12" href = "#note41_12">12</a>
+redīret ipse<br>
+Carthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātum<br>
+mandāta exposuit; sententiam<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_13" id =
+"tag41_13" href = "#note41_13">13</a> nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag41_14" id = "tag41_14" href =
+"#note41_14">14</a><br>
+iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_50" id = "line_xvii_50">50</a>
+tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_15" id =
+"tag41_15" href = "#note41_15">15</a> esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōs<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page42" id = "page42">42</a>
+reddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iam<br>
+cōnfectum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_1" id = "tag42_1" href =
+"#note42_1">1</a> senectūte. Cūius cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_2"
+id = "tag42_2" href = "#note42_2">2</a> valuisset auctōritās,
+captīvī<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_53" id = "line_xvii_53"> </a>
+retentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen<br>
+<a name = "line_xvii_54" id = "line_xvii_54"> </a>
+Carthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_55" id = "line_xvii_55">55</a>
+hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandum<br>
+cōnservandum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_3" id = "tag42_3" href =
+"#note42_3">3</a> putāvit. Reversum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_4" id
+= "tag42_4" href = "#note42_4">4</a> Carthāginiēnsēs omnī<br>
+cruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locō<br>
+tenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repente<br>
+ēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_60" id = "line_xvii_60">60</a>
+undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctus<br>
+perpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,<br>
+quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et
+dolōre<br>
+continuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītā<br>
+clārior et inlūstrior.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVIII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note39_7" id = "note39_7" href = "#tag39_7">39.7</a>
+<b>clāde adfēcisset</b> = ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf. <i>eō genere
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. adficiēbātur</i>, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval
+victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_8" id = "note39_8" href = "#tag39_8">39.8</a>
+Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle
+being exactly equivalent to <i>ut</i> with the subjunctive. See <a href
+= "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E&nbsp;5; <b>quasi</b> = ‘as if,’ and is
+contrasted with <b>rē vērā</b>, ‘in reality.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_9" id = "note39_9" href = "#tag39_9">39.9</a>
+The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also <a href =
+"#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_10" id = "note39_10" href = "#tag39_10">39.10</a>
+<i>exorior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_11" id = "note39_11" href = "#tag39_11">39.11</a>
+<b>idem . . . esse</b>: ‘the same thing <i>ought to be done</i> to him.’
+The gerundive with <i>esse</i> denotes either physical necessity
+(‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note39_12" id = "note39_12" href = "#tag39_12">39.12</a>
+abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250:
+G&nbsp;403: B&nbsp;223. <b>paucīs annīs</b> is a sort of temporal adverb
+with <i>ante</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_1" id = "note40_1" href = "#tag40_1">40.1</a>
+Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two <i>past</i>
+actions the prior is expressed by the <i>pluperfect</i> tense; of two
+<i>future</i> actions the prior is expressed by the <i>future
+perfect</i> tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if
+you&nbsp;do.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_2" id = "note40_2" href = "#tag40_2">40.2</a>
+Join with <b>meliōrēs</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note39_12">p. 39, n.
+12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_3" id = "note40_3" href = "#tag40_3">40.3</a>
+i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind <i>Pūnica fidēs</i> was a
+synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal
+that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ For
+<b>Āfrīs</b>, see <a href = "#note10_18">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_4" id = "note40_4" href = "#tag40_4">40.4</a>
+<b>pār . . . referrī</b> = ‘retaliation.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_5" id = "note40_5" href = "#tag40_5">40.5</a>
+‘consistent with.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_6" id = "note40_6" href = "#tag40_6">40.6</a>
+<b>prīmus . . . trāiēcit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note38_1">p. 38, n.
+1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_7" id = "note40_7" href = "#tag40_7">40.7</a>
+indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’ <i>Sēscentī</i> and <i>mīlle</i> are
+often used in the same way.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_8" id = "note40_8" href = "#tag40_8">40.8</a>
+= <i>et nōn</i> (cf. <a href = "#line_xvii_13">l. 13</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_9" id = "note40_9" href = "#tag40_9">40.9</a>
+<i>ēlīdō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_10" id = "note40_10" href = "#tag40_10">40.10</a>
+<b>dūrissimā . . . repellente</b>: what does the abl. abs. express?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_11" id = "note40_11" href = "#tag40_11">40.11</a>
+<b>Cōnfugiendum . . . ad</b>: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort
+to.’ Cf. <a href = "#note39_11">p.&nbsp;39, n.&nbsp;11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_12" id = "note40_12" href = "#tag40_12">40.12</a>
+The <i>ballistae</i> and <i>catapultae</i> were the artillery of
+antiquity. It is said that from the <i>ballistae</i> stones weighing one
+hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_13" id = "note40_13" href = "#tag40_13">40.13</a>
+<b>velut . . . mūnīta</b>: to be taken with what follows.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_14" id = "note40_14" href = "#tag40_14">40.14</a>
+<i>opprimō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_15" id = "note40_15" href = "#tag40_15">40.15</a>
+<i>cōgō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_16" id = "note40_16" href = "#tag40_16">40.16</a>
+acc. of extent (cf. <a href = "#note12_1">p. 12, n. 1</a>) with
+<b>longum</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note40_17" id = "note40_17" href = "#tag40_17">40.17</a>
+<b>rēs bene gestās</b>: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast <i>rē male
+gestā</i>, XVI, 31, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_1" id = "note41_1" href = "#tag41_1">41.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note18_17">p. 18, n. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_2" id = "note41_2" href = "#tag41_2">41.2</a>
+<b>occāsiōnem nactum</b> (<i>nancīscor</i>): ‘seizing the
+opportunity.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_3" id = "note41_3" href = "#tag41_3">41.3</a>
+<b>īnstrūmentō rūsticō</b>: ‘his farming implements.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_4" id = "note41_4" href = "#tag41_4">41.4</a>
+Join with <b>successor</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note26_5">p. 26, n.
+5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_5" id = "note41_5" href = "#tag41_5">41.5</a>
+<b>unde . . . alerentur</b>: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_6" id = "note41_6" href = "#tag41_6">41.6</a>
+subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which see
+<a href = "#note13_10">p.&nbsp;13, n.&nbsp;10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_7" id = "note41_7" href = "#tag41_7">41.7</a>
+<b>colendum</b>: ‘to be tilled’ (cf. <a href = "#note2_18">p. 2, n.
+18</a>), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was
+divided equally between owner and tenant.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_8" id = "note41_8" href = "#tag41_8">41.8</a>
+<b>alimenta . . . praebuit</b>: i.e. they were supported at public
+expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given
+to Roman officials.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_9" id = "note41_9" href = "#tag41_9">41.9</a>
+<i>contundō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_10" id = "note41_10" href = "#tag41_10">41.10</a>
+abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B
+220,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_11" id = "note41_11" href = "#tag41_11">41.11</a>
+<b>ut . . . redīret</b> gives the purpose of the Carthaginians in
+exacting the oath.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_12" id = "note41_12" href = "#tag41_12">41.12</a>
+subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: <i>Sī nōn impetrāverō,
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. redībō.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_13" id = "note41_13" href = "#tag41_13">41.13</a>
+<b>sententiam . . . recūsāvit</b>: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’
+<i>recūsāre</i> is construed (1)&nbsp;with the simple infinitive;
+(2)&nbsp;with <i>nē</i> and a subjunctive of purpose; (3)&nbsp;with
+<i>quīn</i> or <i>quōminus</i> and a subjunctive of result.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_14" id = "note41_14" href = "#tag41_14">41.14</a>
+<b>quamdiū . . . senātōrem</b>: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as
+long as,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note41_15" id = "note41_15" href = "#tag41_15">41.15</a>
+<b>negāvit esse ūtile</b>: ‘he <i>said</i> that it was <i>not</i>
+expedient.’ In such sentences <i>negāre</i> rather than <i>nōn
+dīcere</i> is used. The subject of <b>esse</b> is the clause <b>captīvōs
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. reddī</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_1" id = "note42_1" href = "#tag42_1">42.1</a>
+‘exhausted.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_2" id = "note42_2" href = "#tag42_2">42.2</a>
+Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown by
+<b>tamen</b>: see <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>,&nbsp;J.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_3" id = "note42_3" href = "#tag42_3">42.3</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>, and cf. <a href = "#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_4" id = "note42_4" href = "#tag42_4">42.4</a>
+Sc. <i>eum</i>: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier
+than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole
+narrative as fictitious.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVIII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XVIII" id = "selection_XVIII">XVIII.</a>
+Appius Claudius Pulcher</h4>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>249.</span>
+
+<p>Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōs<br>
+profectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbat<br>
+sēque, quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_5" id = "tag42_5" href =
+"#note42_5">5</a> diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esse<br>
+iactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_5" id = "line_xviii_5">5</a>
+auspicia<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_6" id = "tag42_6" href =
+"#note42_6">6</a> habēret pullāriusque<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_7"
+id = "tag42_7" href = "#note42_7">7</a> eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre
+ē<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page43" id = "page43">43</a>
+caveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltem<br>
+biberent, quoniam ēsse<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_1" id = "tag43_1"
+href = "#note43_1">1</a> nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag43_2" id = "tag43_2" href = "#note43_2">2</a> īrātīs diīs,<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic43.png" width = "201" height = "240"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+SACRED CHICKENS<br>
+<i>From the tomb of a Pullārius</i></span>
+
+mīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsque<br>
+fēcisset, commissō proeliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_3" id =
+"tag43_3" href = "#note43_3">3</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_10" id = "line_xviii_10">10</a>
+māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est:<br>
+octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintī<br>
+mīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā ā<br>
+populō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_4"
+id = "tag43_4" href = "#note43_4">4</a><br>
+īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_15" id = "line_xviii_15">15</a>
+praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_5" id =
+"tag43_5" href = "#note43_5">5</a> fuit<br>
+etiam Claudiae,<a class = "tag" href = "#note43_5">5</a> cōnsulis
+sorōrī: quae<br>
+<a name = "line_xviii_17" id = "line_xviii_17"> </a>
+ā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_6" id =
+"tag43_6" href = "#note43_6">6</a> cōnfertā<br>
+multitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō,<br>
+<a name = "line_xviii_19" id = "line_xviii_19"> </a>
+palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_20" id = "line_xviii_20">20</a>
+revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret,<br>
+<a name = "line_xviii_21" id = "line_xviii_21"> </a>
+quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_7" id = "tag43_7" href =
+"#note43_7">7</a> minor turba Rōmae foret.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note43_7">7</a> Ob vōcem illam impiam<br>
+Claudia quoque damnāta gravisque<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_8" id =
+"tag43_8" href = "#note43_8">8</a> eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_9"
+id = "tag43_9" href = "#note43_9">9</a> dicta est multa.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIX">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note42_5" id = "note42_5" href = "#tag42_5">42.5</a>
+<b>quō diē</b>: we should expect <i>diē quō</i>, or <i>eōdem diē
+quō</i>, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative
+clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H&nbsp;399, 3 (445,&nbsp;9):
+A&nbsp;200, <i>b</i>: G&nbsp;616: B&nbsp;251,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_6" id = "note42_6" href = "#tag42_6">42.6</a>
+<b>auspicia habēret</b>: cf. <i>auspicia adhibēre</i>, I, 42.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note42_7" id = "note42_7" href = "#tag42_7">42.7</a>
+<b>pullārius . . . vescī</b>: on setting out for the seat of war, the
+commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in
+charge of a special keeper (<b>pullārius</b>). If, when food was thrown
+before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell
+from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable
+omen. The circumstance described in the text would be regarded by the
+superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_1" id = "note43_1" href = "#tag43_1">43.1</a>
+infinitive of <i>edō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_2" id = "note43_2" href = "#tag43_2">43.2</a>
+<b>quasi . . . diīs</b>: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods were
+angry.’ Cf. <a href = "#note3_6">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;6</a>. <b>īrātīs
+diīs</b> is an abl. abs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_3" id = "note43_3" href = "#tag43_3">43.3</a>
+The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123
+ships.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_4" id = "note43_4" href = "#tag43_4">43.4</a>
+<b>que</b> here = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently after
+negative sentences (<a href = "#note13_12">p.&nbsp;13,
+n.&nbsp;12</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_5" id = "note43_5" href = "#tag43_5">43.5</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_6" id = "note43_6" href = "#tag43_6">43.6</a>
+<b>in . . . carpentō</b>: an abl. abs., giving the cause of
+<b>optāvit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_7" id = "note43_7" href = "#tag43_7">43.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note14_13">p. 14, n. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_8" id = "note43_8" href = "#tag43_8">43.8</a>
+<b>gravis . . . multa</b>: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_9" id = "note43_9" href = "#tag43_9">43.9</a>
+dat. of disadvantage.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIX">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XIX" id = "selection_XIX">XIX.</a>
+Quīntus Fabius Māximus</h4>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>236.</span>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xix_1" id = "line_xix_1"> </a>
+Hannibal, Hamilcaris<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_10" id = "tag43_10"
+href = "#note43_10">10</a> fīlius, novem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag43_11" id = "tag43_11" href = "#note43_11">11</a> annōs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag43_12" id = "tag43_12" href = "#note43_12">12</a>
+nātus, ā<br>
+patre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit.<br>
+Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag43_13" id = "tag43_13" href = "#note43_13">13</a> Pūnicum
+bellum.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page44" id = "page44">44</a>
+Nam, mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_1" id = "tag44_1" href =
+"#note44_1">1</a> Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns
+Saguntum,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_5" id = "line_xix_5">5</a>
+cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_2" id =
+"tag44_2" href = "#note44_2">2</a> foederātam ēvertit.<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic44.png" width = "124" height = "163"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+HANNIBAL</span>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>219.</span>
+Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginem<br>
+lēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent.<br>
+Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius,<br>
+lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc”<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_10" id = "line_xix_10">10</a>
+inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag44_3" id = "tag44_3" href = "#note44_3">3</a><br>
+placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_4" id =
+"tag44_4" href = "#note44_4">4</a> utrum vellet<br>
+succlāmantibus, Fabius, excussā<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_5" id =
+"tag44_5" href = "#note44_5">5</a> togā, bellum<br>
+sē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et,<br>
+quibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_6" id = "tag44_6" href =
+"#note44_6">6</a> acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag44_7" id = "tag44_7" href = "#note44_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_15" id = "line_xix_15">15</a>
+Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit.<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_16" id = "line_xix_16"> </a>
+Pūblium<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_8" id = "tag44_8" href =
+"#note44_8">8</a> Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag44_9" id = "tag44_9" href = "#note44_9">9</a> amnem, Semprōnium
+apud<br>
+Trebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabius<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_19" id = "line_xix_19"> </a>
+dictātor<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_10" id = "tag44_10" href =
+"#note44_10">10</a> Hannibalis impetum morā<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag44_11" id = "tag44_11" href = "#note44_11">11</a> frēgit; namque,
+priōrum ducum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_20" id = "line_xix_20">20</a>
+clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag44_12" id = "tag44_12" href = "#note44_12">12</a> Hannibalem,<br>
+succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag44_13" id = "tag44_13" href = "#note44_13">13</a> ab ancipitī
+discrīmine<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_22" id = "line_xix_22"> </a>
+et tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisque<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_23" id = "line_xix_23"> </a>
+nōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmen<br>
+dūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_14" id
+= "tag44_14" href = "#note44_14">14</a> ut neque omitteret<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag44_15" id = "tag44_15" href = "#note44_15">15</a>
+eum<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page45" id = "page45">45</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_25" id = "line_xix_25">25</a>
+neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_1" id
+= "tag45_1" href = "#note45_1">1</a> nisi<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45_2" id = "tag45_2" href = "#note45_2">2</a> quantum necessitās<br>
+cōgeret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note45_2">2</a> mīles tenēbātur. Dux
+neque occāsiōnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_3" id = "tag45_3" href =
+"#note45_3">3</a> reī<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_4" id = "tag45_4"
+href = "#note45_4">4</a> bene<br>
+gerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostī<br>
+dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet,<br>
+mīlitem<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_5" id = "tag45_5" href =
+"#note45_5">5</a> minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_30" id = "line_xix_30">30</a>
+paenitēre.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xix_31" id = "line_xix_31"> </a>
+Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrum<br>
+angustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē
+expedīvit.<br>
+Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45_6" id = "tag45_6" href = "#note45_6">6</a> prīncipiō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag45_7" id = "tag45_7" href = "#note45_7">7</a><br>
+noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_35" id = "line_xix_35">35</a>
+iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūc<br>
+illūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipse<br>
+Fabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_8" id =
+"tag45_8" href = "#note45_8">8</a> mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī
+vetuit.<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_38" id = "line_xix_38"> </a>
+Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xix_39" id = "line_xix_39"> </a>
+Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_40" id = "line_xix_40">40</a>
+ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missō<br>
+Rōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusque<br>
+pretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xix_43" id = "line_xix_43"> </a>
+Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prō<br>
+cautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_9" id
+= "tag45_9" href = "#note45_9">9</a> vocitābant. Augēbat<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_45" id = "line_xix_45">45</a>
+invidiam Minucius, magister<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_10" id =
+"tag45_10" href = "#note45_10">10</a> equitum, dictātōrem
+crīminandō:<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_46" id = "line_xix_46"> </a>
+illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45_11" id = "tag45_11" href = "#note45_11">11</a> quō diūtius in<br>
+magistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperium<br>
+habēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45_12" id = "tag45_12" href = "#note45_12">12</a> magistrum<br>
+<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a>
+equitum imperiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_1" id = "tag46_1" href =
+"#note46_1">1</a> aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag46_2" id = "tag46_2" href = "#note46_2">2</a> animō tulit<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_50" id = "line_xix_50">50</a>
+Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autem<br>
+Minucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag46_3" id = "tag46_3" href = "#note46_3">3</a> perīclitantī
+auxiliō<br>
+vēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag46_4" id = "tag46_4" href = "#note46_4">4</a><br>
+cecinit, palam cōnfessus<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_5" id = "tag46_5"
+href = "#note46_5">5</a> ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse.<br>
+Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_6" id =
+"tag46_6" href = "#note46_6">6</a> ferunt tandem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag46_7" id = "tag46_7" href = "#note46_7">7</a> eam nūbem, quae<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_55" id = "line_xix_55">55</a>
+sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse.<br>
+Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit et<br>
+patrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xix_58" id = "line_xix_58"> </a>
+Posteā Hannibal Tarentō<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_8" id = "tag46_8"
+href = "#note46_8">8</a> per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hanc<br>
+urbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_60" id = "line_xix_60">60</a>
+coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_9" id =
+"tag46_9" href = "#note46_9">9</a> speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī,<br>
+ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuī<br>
+cum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitque<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_63" id = "line_xix_63"> </a>
+ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_10" id = "tag46_10" href =
+"#note46_10">10</a> redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag46_11" id = "tag46_11" href =
+"#note46_11">11</a> prōpulsa<br>
+essent, ad urbem agerent<a class = "tag" href = "#note46_10">10</a> et
+velutī<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_12" id = "tag46_12" href =
+"#note46_12">12</a> praedam ex hoste<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_65" id = "line_xix_65">65</a>
+factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note46_10">10</a> Id<br>
+iterum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_13"
+id = "tag46_13" href = "#note46_13">13</a> cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēs<br>
+est, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag46_14" id = "tag46_14" href = "#note46_14">14</a> sīgnum,
+porta<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_68" id = "line_xix_68"> </a>
+urbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decem<br>
+mīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page47" id = "page47">47</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_70" id = "line_xix_70">70</a>
+nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit.<br>
+Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dum<br>
+bēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressī<br>
+prōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_1" id =
+"tag47_1" href = "#note47_1">1</a> obtruncant. Tum Hannibal<br>
+cum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_75" id = "line_xix_75">75</a>
+Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt,<br>
+in arcem cōnfūgit.</p>
+
+<p>Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōne<br>
+cinxit. Leve<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_2" id = "tag47_2" href =
+"#note47_2">2</a> dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam<br>
+eum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag47_3" id = "tag47_3" href = "#note47_3">3</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_80" id = "line_xix_80">80</a>
+amōre mulierculae,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_4" id = "tag47_4" href
+= "#note47_4">4</a> cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīles<br>
+iussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrem<br>
+praefectum ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_5" id = "tag47_5" href =
+"#note47_5">5</a> trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag47_6" id = "tag47_6" href = "#note47_6">6</a> prīmā<br>
+accessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat.
+Adiuvantibus<br>
+recipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_85" id = "line_xix_85">85</a>
+Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_7" id =
+"tag47_7" href = "#note47_7">7</a> Fabius cum exercitū<br>
+intrāvit. Hannibal<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_8" id = "tag47_8" href
+= "#note47_8">8</a> nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opem<br>
+ferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī”<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_88" id = "line_xix_88"> </a>
+inquit “suum<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_9" id = "tag47_9" href =
+"#note47_9">9</a> Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arte<br>
+Tarentum āmīsimus.”</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_90" id = "line_xix_90">90</a>
+Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag47_10" id = "tag47_10" href = "#note47_10">10</a><br>
+arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note47_10">10</a>
+dīxissetque eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_11" id = "tag47_11" href =
+"#note47_11">11</a> suā operā<br>
+Tarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tū<br>
+āmīsissēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_12" id = "tag47_12" href =
+"#note47_12">12</a> ego numquam recēpissem.”<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note47_12">12</a></p>
+
+<p>Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page48" id = "page48">48</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_95" id = "line_xix_95">95</a>
+in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est,<br>
+duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag48_1" id = "tag48_1" href = "#note48_1">1</a> vehēbātur<br>
+senex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribus<br>
+ūndecim verēcundiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_2" id = "tag48_2" href
+= "#note48_2">2</a> paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant.<br>
+Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_100" id = "line_xix_100">100</a>
+inclāmāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_3" id = "tag48_3" href =
+"#note48_3">3</a> Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tum<br>
+dēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sed<br>
+experīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtem<br>
+vīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag48_4" id = "tag48_4" href = "#note48_4">4</a> Cautior<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag48_5" id = "tag48_5" href = "#note48_5">5</a><br>
+quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_6"
+id = "tag48_6" href = "#note48_6">6</a> ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_105" id = "line_xix_105">105</a>
+bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag48_7" id = "tag48_7" href = "#note48_7">7</a> dubium<br>
+est quīn<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_8" id = "tag48_8" href =
+"#note48_8">8</a> rem<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_9" id = "tag48_9"
+href = "#note48_9">9</a> Rōmānam cunctandō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag48_10" id = "tag48_10" href = "#note48_10">10</a> restituerit. Ut
+Scīpiō<br>
+pūgnandō,<a class = "tag" href = "#note48_10">10</a> ita hīc nōn
+dīmicandō<a class = "tag" href = "#note48_10">10</a> māximē cīvitātī
+Rōmānae<br>
+succurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginem<br>
+<a name = "line_xix_109" id = "line_xix_109"> </a>
+oppressit, alter cunctātiōne id<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_11" id =
+"tag48_11" href = "#note48_11">11</a> ēgit, <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘ne’">nē</ins> Rōma opprimī posset.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XX">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note43_10" id = "note43_10" href = "#tag43_10">43.10</a>
+In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had successfully
+maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans.
+Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to
+offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with
+Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the
+conflict.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_11" id = "note43_11" href = "#tag43_11">43.11</a>
+<b>novem . . . nātus</b>: ‘when only nine years old.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_12" id = "note43_12" href = "#tag43_12">43.12</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note10_15">p. 10, n. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note43_13" id = "note43_13" href = "#tag43_13">43.13</a>
+This war lasted from 218 to 202 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_1" id = "note44_1" href = "#tag44_1">44.1</a>
+When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law
+Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was
+succeeded by Hannibal in 219.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_2" id = "note44_2" href = "#tag44_2">44.2</a>
+dat. with <b>foederātam</b>. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has )):">):</ins> A&nbsp;248, <i>a</i>, <span
+class = "smallroman">R.</span>: G&nbsp;359: B&nbsp;192, 1. Compare the
+dat. used with <i>iungō</i> and <i>mīsceō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_3" id = "note44_3" href = "#tag44_3">44.3</a>
+<b>utrum</b> is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative
+<b>placet</b>, with which we must supply <i>vōbīs</i>. In <b>utrum
+vellet</b>, however, <b>utrum</b> is interrogative: hence the
+subjunctive.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_4" id = "note44_4" href = "#tag44_4">44.4</a>
+= a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original imperative. See
+<a href = "#page_xxvi">p. xxvi</a>, M&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_5" id = "note44_5" href = "#tag44_5">44.5</a>
+<i>excutiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_6" id = "note44_6" href = "#tag44_6">44.6</a>
+<b>quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem</b>: abl. of manner. See <a href =
+"#note42_5">p. 42, n.&nbsp;5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_7" id = "note44_7" href = "#tag44_7">44.7</a>
+Sc. <i>bellum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_8" id = "note44_8" href = "#tag44_8">44.8</a>
+P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
+Maior, and consul in 218.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_9" id = "note44_9" href = "#tag44_9">44.9</a>
+The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_10" id = "note44_10" href = "#tag44_10">44.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_dictator"><i>dictātor</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_11" id = "note44_11" href = "#tag44_11">44.11</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note28_17">p. 28, n. 17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_12" id = "note44_12" href = "#tag44_12">44.12</a>
+<b>adversus Hannibalem</b> = a causal clause: ‘since he was facing H.’
+Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to <i>sum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_13" id = "note44_13" href = "#tag44_13">44.13</a>
+<b>recēdere . . . discrīmine</b>: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous risk.’
+<b>recēdere</b> depends on <b>cōnstituit</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_22">l.&nbsp;22</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_14" id = "note44_14" href = "#tag44_14">44.14</a>
+<b>modicō . . . intervāllō</b>: we say, ‘at a moderate distance.’ For
+the abl., see <a href = "#note39_12">p.&nbsp;39, n.&nbsp;12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note44_15" id = "note44_15" href = "#tag44_15">44.15</a>
+‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_1" id = "note45_1" href = "#tag45_1">45.1</a>
+apparently = <i>in castrīs</i>, but really an abl. of means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_2" id = "note45_2" href = "#tag45_2">45.2</a>
+<b>nisi . . . cōgeret</b>: ‘except as far as necessity forced (Fabius to
+lead them forth).’ <b>cōgeret</b> is an example of the iterative
+subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It
+generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in
+Livy, on whom this story is based.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_3" id = "note45_3" href = "#tag45_3">45.3</a>
+<b>neque . . . deerat</b>: ‘missed no chance of scoring a success.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_4" id = "note45_4" href = "#tag45_4">45.4</a>
+<b>reī bene gerendae</b>: cf. <a href = "#note40_17">p. 40, n.
+17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_5" id = "note45_5" href = "#tag45_5">45.5</a>
+<b>mīlitem . . . paenitēre</b>: ‘the soldiers began to be less
+discontented with (i.e. to be more confident&nbsp;of),’ etc. For the
+construction, see <a href = "#note28_7">p.&nbsp;28, n.&nbsp;7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_6" id = "note45_6" href = "#tag45_6">45.6</a>
+<b>dēligāta . . . incendī</b> = <i>dēligārī et incendī</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_7" id = "note45_7" href = "#tag45_7">45.7</a>
+Why abl.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_8" id = "note45_8" href = "#tag45_8">45.8</a>
+<i>reor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_9" id = "note45_9" href = "#tag45_9">45.9</a>
+Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_10" id = "note45_10" href = "#tag45_10">45.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_magister"><i>magister</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_11" id = "note45_11" href = "#tag45_11">45.11</a>
+indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying suggested by
+<b>crīminandō</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note45_12" id = "note45_12" href = "#tag45_12">45.12</a>
+Indirect object with <b>aequāvit</b>, which = <i>aequum fēcit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_1" id = "note46_1" href = "#tag46_1">46.1</a>
+<b>abl.</b> of specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_2" id = "note46_2" href = "#tag46_2">46.2</a>
+<b>aequō animō</b> is an abl. of manner (<a href = "#note41_10">p. 41,
+n. 10</a>), and = ‘patiently.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_3" id = "note46_3" href = "#tag46_3">46.3</a>
+<b>eī . . . auxiliō</b>: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf. <a href =
+"#note25_6">p. 25, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_4" id = "note46_4" href = "#tag46_4">46.4</a>
+<b>receptuī cecinit</b>: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’
+<b>receptuī</b> is a dat. of purpose: cf. <a href =
+"#note25_6">p.&nbsp;25, n.&nbsp;6</a>. <i>canere</i> is used of
+instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of
+vocal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_5" id = "note46_5" href = "#tag46_5">46.5</a>
+<i>cōnfiteor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_6" id = "note46_6" href = "#tag46_6">46.6</a>
+i.e. Hannibal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_7" id = "note46_7" href = "#tag46_7">46.7</a>
+<b>tandem . . . dedisse</b>: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought wind
+and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Carthaginians, had
+at last proceeded to active measures.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_8" id = "note46_8" href = "#tag46_8">46.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note4_6">p. 4, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_9" id = "note46_9" href = "#tag46_9">46.9</a>
+<b>per . . . vēnandī</b>: ‘under pretense of hunting.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_10" id = "note46_10" href = "#tag46_10">46.10</a>
+a substantive clause of purpose, object of <b>monuit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_11" id = "note46_11" href = "#tag46_11">46.11</a>
+supine of <i>pāscō</i>, denoting the purpose of <b>prōpulsa essent</b>:
+cf. <a href = "#note5_20">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_12" id = "note46_12" href = "#tag46_12">46.12</a>
+<i>veluti . . . factam</i>: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder
+captured from the foe.’ <b>praedam</b> is accus. by attraction to <i>ea
+pecora</i>, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_13" id = "note46_13" href = "#tag46_13">46.13</a>
+<b>eō . . . est</b>: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the matter
+brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’
+<b>cōnsuētūdinis</b> is a partitive gen. with <b>eō</b>, which strictly
+= ‘thither, to that point.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note46_14" id = "note46_14" href = "#tag46_14">46.14</a>
+subjunctive by attraction (<a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n. 10</a>) to
+<b>aperīrētur</b>, which itself denotes result.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_1" id = "note47_1" href = "#tag47_1">47.1</a>
+‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as often, = a
+relative clause.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_2" id = "note47_2" href = "#tag47_2">47.2</a>
+<b>Leve . . . mōmentum</b>: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling to
+mention.’ For <b>dictū</b>, see <a href = "#note19_15">p.&nbsp;19,
+n.&nbsp;15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_3" id = "note47_3" href = "#tag47_3">47.3</a>
+<b>dēperībat amōre</b>: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ i.e. was
+desperately in love with.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_4" id = "note47_4" href = "#tag47_4">47.4</a>
+objective gen. with <b>amōre</b>: cf. <a href = "#note14_15">p. 14, n.
+15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_5" id = "note47_5" href = "#tag47_5">47.5</a>
+<b>ad . . . perpulit</b> (<i>perpellō</i>): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. induced
+him to, etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_6" id = "note47_6" href = "#tag47_6">47.6</a>
+‘<b>watch.</b>’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_7" id = "note47_7" href = "#tag47_7">47.7</a>
+<i>refringō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_8" id = "note47_8" href = "#tag47_8">47.8</a>
+emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction <b>cum</b>:
+cf. <a href = "#note19_8">p.&nbsp;19, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_9" id = "note47_9" href = "#tag47_9">47.9</a>
+<b>suum Hannibalem</b>: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_10" id = "note47_10" href = "#tag47_10">47.10</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_11" id = "note47_11" href = "#tag47_11">47.11</a>
+i.e. Fabius. Livius said: <i>meā operā tū Tarentum recēpistī</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note47_12" id = "note47_12" href = "#tag47_12">47.12</a>
+A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary to the facts:
+H&nbsp;579 and <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (510 and <span class
+= "smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;1): M&nbsp;938: A&nbsp;308: G&nbsp;597:
+B&nbsp;304.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_1" id = "note48_1" href = "#tag48_1">48.1</a>
+<b>equō vehēbātur</b>: ‘was riding.’ <b>equō</b> is an abl. of
+means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_2" id = "note48_2" href = "#tag48_2">48.2</a>
+<b>verēcundiā . . . māiestātis</b>: ‘out of respect for his dignity as a
+father.’ Explain the case of <b>verēcundiā</b>, also of
+<b>māiestātis</b>. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their
+children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in
+official position took precedence of the honors due a father.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_3" id = "note48_3" href = "#tag48_3">48.3</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note12_3">p. 12, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_4" id = "note48_4" href = "#tag48_4">48.4</a>
+abl. with <b>dīgnus</b>: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245, <i>a</i>:
+G&nbsp;397, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2:
+B&nbsp;226,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_5" id = "note48_5" href = "#tag48_5">48.5</a>
+<b>Cautior . . . est</b>: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather than
+alert.’ See H&nbsp;499 (444,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;429: A&nbsp;192:
+G&nbsp;299: B&nbsp;240,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_6" id = "note48_6" href = "#tag48_6">48.6</a>
+<b>īnsita . . . prūdentia</b>: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the caution
+implanted in his nature. For <i>ingeniō</i>, see <a href =
+"#note2_7">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_7" id = "note48_7" href = "#tag48_7">48.7</a>
+possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_8" id = "note48_8" href = "#tag48_8">48.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note39_4">p. 39, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_9" id = "note48_9" href = "#tag48_9">48.9</a>
+= <i>rem pūblicam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_10" id = "note48_10" href = "#tag48_10">48.10</a>
+abl. of means. With <b>cunctandō</b> cf. <i>morā</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_19">l.&nbsp;19</a>, and <i>cunctātiōne</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xix_109">l.&nbsp;109</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note48_11" id = "note48_11" href = "#tag48_11">48.11</a>
+<b>id . . . posset</b>: ‘accomplished this, that it should be impossible
+to overthrow Rome.’ <b>nē .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. posset</b> is a clause of
+purpose, in apposition with <b>id</b>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XX">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XX" id = "selection_XX">XX.</a>
+Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō</h4>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>216.</span>
+
+<p>Hannibal<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_12" id = "tag48_12" href =
+"#note48_12">12</a> in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmā<br>
+profectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page49" id = "page49">49</a>
+Varrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag49_1" id = "tag49_1" href = "#note49_1">1</a> autem, ferōx<br>
+et temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_5" id = "line_xx_5">5</a>
+vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibi<br>
+deinde Varrō, invītō<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_2" id = "tag49_2"
+href = "#note49_2">2</a> conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnae<br>
+<a name = "line_xx_7" id = "line_xx_7"> </a>
+dedit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag49_3" id = "tag49_3" href = "#note49_3">3</a> et<br>
+sōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversī<br>
+essent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_10" id = "line_xx_10">10</a>
+vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutus<br>
+cecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōre<br>
+cōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “hunc<br>
+equum et fuge, Aemilī.<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_4" id = "tag49_4"
+href = "#note49_4">4</a> Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satis<br>
+lūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_5" id =
+"tag49_5" href = "#note49_5">5</a>: “Tū<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_6"
+id = "tag49_6" href = "#note49_6">6</a> quidem macte virtūte<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_15" id = "line_xx_15">15</a>
+estō! Sed cavē<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_7" id = "tag49_7" href =
+"#note49_7">7</a> exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendī<br>
+perdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quam<br>
+hostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrum<br>
+mīlitum patere<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_8" id = "tag49_8" href =
+"#note49_8">8</a> exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibus<br>
+Venusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidērunt<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic49.png" width = "111" height = "113"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+ĀNULUS</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_20" id = "line_xx_20">20</a>
+vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēs<br>
+virī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitum<br>
+tria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_9" id
+= "tag49_9" href = "#note49_9">9</a> tēstimōnium<br>
+victōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag49_10" id = "tag49_10" href = "#note49_10">10</a><br>
+Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_25" id = "line_xx_25">25</a>
+equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page50" id = "page50">50</a>
+<p><a name = "line_xx_26" id = "line_xx_26"> </a>
+Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque ut<br>
+<a name = "line_xx_27" id = "line_xx_27"> </a>
+quiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēius<br>
+praefectīs, Maharbal, minimē<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_1" id =
+"tag50_1" href = "#note50_1">1</a> cessandum ratus, Hannibalem<br>
+hortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_30" id = "line_xx_30">30</a>
+Capitōliō epulātūrus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_2" id = "tag50_2"
+href = "#note50_2">2</a> Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset,<br>
+Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50_3" id = "tag50_3" href = "#note50_3">3</a> diī dedēre.<br>
+Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satis<br>
+crēditur salūtī<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_4" id = "tag50_4" href =
+"#note50_4">4</a> fuisse urbī<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_4">4</a>
+et imperiō.<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_4">4</a> Hannibal cum
+victōriā<br>
+posset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_35" id = "line_xx_35">35</a>
+cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_5" id = "tag50_5" href =
+"#note50_5">5</a> dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē
+dictum<br>
+sit Capuam<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_6" id = "tag50_6" href =
+"#note50_6">6</a> Hannibalī Cannās fuisse.</p>
+
+<p>Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50_7" id = "tag50_7" href = "#note50_7">7</a> ubi acceptae<br>
+clādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est;<br>
+quīn<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_8" id = "tag50_8" href =
+"#note50_8">8</a> etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex
+tantā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_40" id = "line_xx_40">40</a>
+clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicā<br>
+nōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50_9" id = "tag50_9" href = "#note50_9">9</a> temeritātis poenās<br>
+omnī suppliciō dedisset.<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_9">9</a> Nōn
+autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reī<br>
+pūblicae amōre sē superfuisse<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_10" id =
+"tag50_10" href = "#note50_10">10</a> reliquō aetātis suae tempore<br>
+approbāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50_11" id = "tag50_11" href = "#note50_11">11</a> et posteā
+numquam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_45" id = "line_xx_45">45</a>
+recubāns<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_12" id = "tag50_12" href =
+"#note50_12">12</a> cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur
+ā<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page51" id = "page51">51</a>
+populō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag51_1" id = "tag51_1" href = "#note51_1">1</a> reī
+pūblicae<br>
+opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat.<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic51.png" width = "294" height = "107"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CONVĪVIUM</span>
+
+Rōmānī interim respīrāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_2" id = "tag51_2"
+href = "#note51_2">2</a><br>
+coepērunt. Arma nōn<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_50" id = "line_xx_50">50</a>
+erant: dētrācta sunt<br>
+templīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_3" id = "tag51_3" href =
+"#note51_3">3</a> vetera hostium<br>
+spolia. Deerat iuventūs:<br>
+servī manūmissī et armātī<br>
+sunt. Egēbat aerārium:<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_55" id = "line_xx_55">55</a>
+opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod in<br>
+bullīs singulīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_4" id = "tag51_4" href
+= "#note51_4">4</a> ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt.<br>
+Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēs<br>
+tribūs. Dēnique vix<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_5" id = "tag51_5" href
+= "#note51_5">5</a> suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cum<br>
+omnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_60" id = "line_xx_60">60</a>
+Cum Hannibal redimendī<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_6" id = "tag51_6"
+href = "#note51_6">6</a> suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset,<br>
+decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliud<br>
+fideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn
+impetrāssent,<br>
+in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuit<br>
+responditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_65" id = "line_xx_65">65</a>
+essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrum<br>
+ēgressus, velutī<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_7" id = "tag51_7" href =
+"#note51_7">7</a> aliquid<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_8" id =
+"tag51_8" href = "#note51_8">8</a> oblītus, paulō post in castra
+erat<br>
+regressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rē<br>
+nōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātum<br>
+esse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_9" id =
+"tag51_9" href = "#note51_9">9</a> Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page52" id = "page52">52</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_70" id = "line_xx_70">70</a>
+illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēs<br>
+Hannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusque<br>
+Rōmānus rēbus<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_1" id = "tag52_1" href =
+"#note52_1">1</a> adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXI">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note48_12" id = "note48_12" href = "#tag48_12">48.12</a>
+Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had been no general
+engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The latter, closely watched
+and followed by Fabius, had marched into southern Italy, hoping to
+induce the peoples there to desert Rome and join him. When Fabius
+resigned the dictatorship at the end of the legal period,
+C.&nbsp;Terentius Varro and L.&nbsp;Aemilius Paulus were elected
+consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their instructions were to
+fight as speedily as possible.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_1" id = "note49_1" href = "#tag49_1">49.1</a>
+A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact that Paulus
+was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_2" id = "note49_2" href = "#tag49_2">49.2</a>
+<b>invītō conlēgā</b>: abl. abs.: ‘though opposed by his colleague.’ How
+literally? The consuls held supreme command on alternate days.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_3" id = "note49_3" href = "#tag49_3">49.3</a>
+Construe with <b>adversī</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_4" id = "note49_4" href = "#tag49_4">49.4</a>
+H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, <i>c</i>: G 33, 2: B 25, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_5" id = "note49_5" href = "#tag49_5">49.5</a>
+sc. <i>inquit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_6" id = "note49_6" href = "#tag49_6">49.6</a>
+<b>Tū . . . estō</b>: ‘God bless you!’ Cf. <a href = "#note32_1">p. 32,
+n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_7" id = "note49_7" href = "#tag49_7">49.7</a>
+<b>cavē . . . perdās</b> = <i>cavē nē . . . perdās</i>: ‘Take care
+lest,’ etc. For this form see H&nbsp;561, 2 (489,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;715:
+A&nbsp;269, <i>a</i>, 3: G&nbsp;271, 2: B&nbsp;276, <i>c</i>. We really
+have two commands here side by side, thus: ‘Take care’; ‘Don’t waste,’
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_8" id = "note49_8" href = "#tag49_8">49.8</a>
+imperative of <i>patior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_9" id = "note49_9" href = "#tag49_9">49.9</a>
+<b>in . . . suae</b>: ‘to prove his victory.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note49_10" id = "note49_10" href = "#tag49_10">49.10</a>
+The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans, having
+arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of iron. When
+gold rings were first used they served to distinguish the higher
+classes.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_1" id = "note50_1" href = "#tag50_1">50.1</a>
+<b>minimē . . . ratus</b>: ‘thinking that there ought to be no delay.’
+With <b>cessandum</b> sc. <i>esse</i>, and see <a href =
+"#note16_8">p.&nbsp;16, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_2" id = "note50_2" href = "#tag50_2">50.2</a>
+<b>victor . . . epulātūrus</b>: ‘for he would surely dine as victor on
+the Capitol.’ The fut. part. is often thus used to denote the certain
+occurrence of a future event. Further, the clause expresses the reason
+why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to Rome. What were Maharbal’s exact
+words?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_3" id = "note50_3" href = "#tag50_3">50.3</a>
+dat. sing.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_4" id = "note50_4" href = "#tag50_4">50.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>. Contrast the words of a
+modern historian: “Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in
+ancient and modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the
+struggle by a march on the enemy’s capital.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_5" id = "note50_5" href = "#tag50_5">50.5</a>
+<b>cūius . . . fuisse</b>: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal successfully
+maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_6" id = "note50_6" href = "#tag50_6">50.6</a>
+Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to Rome, had
+formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of Cannae.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_7" id = "note50_7" href = "#tag50_7">50.7</a>
+Sc. <i>fuit.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_8" id = "note50_8" href = "#tag50_8">50.8</a>
+<b>quīn etiam</b>: ‘on the contrary.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_9" id = "note50_9" href = "#tag50_9">50.9</a>
+For the construction, see <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>. For
+the fact, cf. XVI, 19&nbsp;ff.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_10" id = "note50_10" href = "#tag50_10">50.10</a>
+<b>superfuisse . . . approbāvit</b>: ‘he showed that he had effected his
+escape (lit., had survived).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_11" id = "note50_11" href = "#tag50_11">50.11</a>
+‘let grow.’ This manner of showing grief is often mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note50_12" id = "note50_12" href = "#tag50_12">50.12</a>
+The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro’s act was a kind of
+penance, since it indicated that he denied himself the pleasures of the
+table.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_1" id = "note51_1" href = "#tag51_1">51.1</a>
+<b>magistrātibus . . . esse</b>: cf. <a href = "#note37_3">p. 37, notes
+3 and 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_2" id = "note51_2" href = "#tag51_2">51.2</a>
+‘to repair their losses’; lit., ‘to get their breath again.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_3" id = "note51_3" href = "#tag51_3">51.3</a>
+dat.; cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>. After a victory, captured
+arms, as well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in
+some temple as a thank-offering to the gods.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_4" id = "note51_4" href = "#tag51_4">51.4</a>
+<b>singulīs . . . ānulīs</b>: ‘a ring apiece.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_5" id = "note51_5" href = "#tag51_5">51.5</a>
+<b>vix . . . manūs</b>: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets
+sufficient to keep the record of contributions.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_6" id = "note51_6" href = "#tag51_6">51.6</a>
+<b>redimendī suī</b>: ‘of ransoming themselves.’ H 626, 3 (542,
+<b>I</b>, <span class = "smallroman">N.&nbsp;1</span>): M&nbsp;1000:
+A&nbsp;298, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;428, <span class = "smallroman">R.
+1</span>: B&nbsp;339,&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_7" id = "note51_7" href = "#tag51_7">51.7</a>
+<b>velutī . . . oblītus</b>: ‘pretending to have forgotten something.’
+How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_8" id = "note51_8" href = "#tag51_8">51.8</a>
+A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of remembering or
+forgetting. Contrast <i>oblīta frātrum</i>, IV, 37, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note51_9" id = "note51_9" href = "#tag51_9">51.9</a>
+‘maintained, held.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_1" id = "note52_1" href = "#tag52_1">52.1</a>
+abl. abs.: ‘though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.’</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXI">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXI" id = "selection_XXI">XXI.</a>
+Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic52.png" width = "152" height = "159"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+SCĪPIŌ</span>
+
+<p>Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_2" id =
+"tag52_2" href = "#note52_2">2</a> nōndum annōs<br>
+pueritiae ēgressus patrem singulārī virtūte<br>
+servāvit; quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_3" id = "tag52_3" href =
+"#note52_3">3</a> cum pūgnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_4" id =
+"tag52_4" href = "#note52_4">4</a> apud Tīcīnum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag52_5" id = "tag52_5" href = "#note52_5">5</a><br>
+contrā Hannibalem commissā graviter vulnerātus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_5" id = "line_xxi_5">5</a>
+in hostium manūs iam iam<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_6" id = "tag52_6"
+href = "#note52_6">6</a> ventūrus<br>
+esset, fīlius interiectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_7" id = "tag52_7"
+href = "#note52_7">7</a> corpore Poenīs inruentibus<br>
+sē opposuit et patrem perīculō līberāvit.<br>
+Quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_8" id = "tag52_8" href =
+"#note52_8">8</a> pietās Scīpiōnī posteā aedīlitātem<br>
+petentī favōrem populī conciliāvit. Cum obsisterent<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_10" id = "line_xxi_10">10</a>
+tribūnī plēbis, negantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_9" id = "tag52_9"
+href = "#note52_9">9</a> ratiōnem ēius esse habendam,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_11" id = "line_xxi_11"> </a>
+quod nōndum ad petendum lēgitima<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_10" id =
+"tag52_10" href = "#note52_10">10</a> aetās esset, “Sī mē” inquit<br>
+Scīpiō “omnēs Quirītēs aedīlem facere volunt, satis annōrum<br>
+habeō.” Tantō inde favōre ad suffrāgia itum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag52_11" id = "tag52_11" href = "#note52_11">11</a> est, ut
+tribūnī<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_14" id = "line_xxi_14"> </a>
+inceptō dēsisterent.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_15" id = "line_xxi_15">15</a>
+Post clādem Cannēnsem Rōmānī exercitūs reliquiae Canusium<br>
+perfūgerant; cumque ibi tribūnī mīlitum quattuor essent, tamen<br>
+omnium cōnsēnsū ad Pūblium Scīpiōnem, admodum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag52_12" id = "tag52_12" href = "#note52_12">12</a> adulēscentem,<br>
+summa imperiī dēlāta est. Quibus cōnsultantibus nūntiat<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page53" id = "page53">53</a>
+Pūblius Fūrius Philus, cōnsulāris virī fīlius, nōbilēs quōsdam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_20" id = "line_xxi_20">20</a>
+iuvenēs propter dēspērātiōnem cōnsilium dē Italiā dēserendā<br>
+inīre. Statim in hospitium Metellī, quī cōnspīrātiōnis erat
+prīnceps,<br>
+sē contulit Scīpiō, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, dē quibus<br>
+adlātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_1" id = "tag53_1" href =
+"#note53_1">1</a> erat, invēnisset, strictō super cāpita
+cōnsultantium<br>
+gladiō, “Iūrāte” inquit “vōs neque ipsōs rem pūblicam populī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_25" id = "line_xxi_25">25</a>
+Rōmānī dēsertūrōs, neque alium cīvem Rōmānum dēserere<br>
+passūrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_2" id = "tag53_2" href =
+"#note53_2">2</a>: quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_3" id = "tag53_3"
+href = "#note53_3">3</a> nōn iūrāverit, in sē hunc gladium strictum
+esse<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_27" id = "line_xxi_27"> </a>
+sciat.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_4" id = "tag53_4" href =
+"#note53_4">4</a> Haud<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_5" id = "tag53_5"
+href = "#note53_5">5</a> secus pavidī, quam sī victōrem Hannibalem<br>
+cernerent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_6" id = "tag53_6" href =
+"#note53_6">6</a> iūrant omnēs cūstōdiendōsque sēmet ipsōs Scīpiōnī<br>
+trādunt.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>212.</span>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_30" id = "line_xxi_30">30</a>
+Cum Rōmānī duās clādēs in Hispāniā accēpissent duoque ibi<br>
+summī imperātōrēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_7" id = "tag53_7" href =
+"#note53_7">7</a> intrā diēs trīgintā cecidissent, placuit<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag53_8" id = "tag53_8" href = "#note53_8">8</a><br>
+exercitum augērī eōque prōcōnsulem mittī; nec tamen<br>
+quem mitterent<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_9" id = "tag53_9" href =
+"#note53_9">9</a> satis cōnstābat. Eā dē rē indicta sunt comitia.<br>
+Prīmō populus exspectābat ut, quī sē tantō dīgnōs imperiō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_35" id = "line_xxi_35">35</a>
+crēderent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_10" id = "tag53_10" href =
+"#note53_10">10</a> nōmina profitērentur; sed nēmō audēbat illud
+imperium<br>
+suscipere. Maesta igitur cīvitās ac prope inops<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag53_11" id = "tag53_11" href = "#note53_11">11</a> cōnsiliī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag53_12" id = "tag53_12" href = "#note53_12">12</a><br>
+comitiōrum diē in campum dēscendit. Subitō P. Cornēlius Scīpiō,<br>
+quattuor et vīgintī fermē annōs nātus, professus sē petere,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag53_13" id = "tag53_13" href = "#note53_13">13</a>
+in<br>
+superiōre, unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_14" id = "tag53_14" href =
+"#note53_14">14</a> cōnspicī posset, locō cōnstitit. In quem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_40" id = "line_xxi_40">40</a>
+postquam omnium ōra conversa sunt, ad ūnum omnēs Scīpiōnem in<br>
+Hispāniā prōcōnsulem esse iussērunt. At postquam animōrum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag53_15" id = "tag53_15" href = "#note53_15">15</a><br>
+impetus resēdit, populum<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_16" id =
+"tag53_16" href = "#note53_16">16</a> Rōmānum coepit factī
+paenitēre:<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page54" id = "page54">54</a>
+aetātī Scīpiōnis māximē diffīdēbant. Quod ubi animadvertit<br>
+Scīpiō, advocātā cōntiōne ita māgnō ēlātōque animō dē bellō,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_45" id = "line_xxi_45">45</a>
+quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut hominēs cūrā līberāret spēque<br>
+certissimā implēret.</p>
+
+<p>Profectus igitur in Hispāniam Scīpiō Carthāginem Novam,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_48" id = "line_xxi_48"> </a>
+quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_1" id = "tag54_1" href =
+"#note54_1">1</a> diē vēnit, expūgnāvit. Eō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag54_2" id = "tag54_2" href = "#note54_2">2</a> congestae<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag54_3" id = "tag54_3" href = "#note54_3">3</a> erant
+omnēs paene<br>
+Āfricae et Hispāniae opēs, ibi arma, ibi pecūnia, ibi tōtīus
+Hispāniae<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_50" id = "line_xxi_50">50</a>
+obsidēs erant: quibus omnibus potītus est Scīpiō. Inter<br>
+captīvōs ad eum adducta est eximiae fōrmae adulta virgō. Quam<br>
+ubi comperit inlūstrī locō inter Celtibērōs nātam prīncipīque ēius<br>
+gentis adulēscentī dēspōnsam esse, arcessītīs parentibus et spōnsō<br>
+eam reddidit. Parentēs virginis, quī ad eam redimendam satis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag54_4" id = "tag54_4" href = "#note54_4">4</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_55" id = "line_xxi_55">55</a>
+māgnum aurī pondus attulerant, Scīpiōnem ōrābant ut id ā sē<br>
+dōnum acciperet. Scīpiō aurum ante pedēs pōnī iūssit vocātōque<br>
+ad sē virginis spōnsō, “Super dōtem” inquit “quam acceptūrus<br>
+ā socerō es, haec tibi ā mē dōtālia dōna accēdent” aurumque<br>
+tollere āc sibi habēre iūssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_60" id = "line_xxi_60">60</a>
+Scīpiōnī grātiam Celtibērōs Rōmānīs conciliāvit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "line_xxi_61" id = "line_xxi_61"> </a>
+Deinde Scīpiō Hasdrubalem<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_5" id =
+"tag54_5" href = "#note54_5">5</a> victum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag54_6" id = "tag54_6" href = "#note54_6">6</a> ex Hispāniā
+expulit.<br>
+Castrīs hostium potītus omnem praedam mīlitibus concessit,<br>
+captīvōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_7" id = "tag54_7" href =
+"#note54_7">7</a> Hispānōs sine pretiō domum dīmīsit; Āfrōs vērō
+vēndī<br>
+iussit. Erat inter eōs puer adultus rēgiī generis,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag54_8" id = "tag54_8" href = "#note54_8">8</a> fōrmā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_65" id = "line_xxi_65">65</a>
+īnsīgnī<a class = "tag" href = "#note54_8">8</a>: quem cum percontārētur
+Scīpiō quis et cūiās esset, et<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_66" id = "line_xxi_66"> </a>
+cūr id<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_9" id = "tag54_9" href =
+"#note54_9">9</a> aetātis in castrīs fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit
+puer,<br>
+“Massīvam populārēs vocant: orbus ā patre relīctus, apud avum<br>
+māternum, Numidiae rēgem, ēducātus sum. Cum avunculō Masinissā,<br>
+quī nūper subsidiō Carthāginiēnsibus vēnit, in Hispāniam<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page55" id = "page55">55</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_70" id = "line_xxi_70">70</a>
+trāiēcī; prohibitus propter aetātem ā Masinissā numquam ante<br>
+proelium iniī. Eō diē, quō pūgnātum est cum Rōmānīs, īnsciō<br>
+avunculō, clam armīs equōque sūmptō, in aciem exiī: ibi, prōlāpsō<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_73" id = "line_xxi_73"> </a>
+equō, captus sum ā Rōmānīs.” Scīpiō eum interrogat velletne<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag55_1" id = "tag55_1" href = "#note55_1">1</a><br>
+ad avunculum revertī. Cum, effūsīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_2" id =
+"tag55_2" href = "#note55_2">2</a> gaudiō lacrimīs, id<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_75" id = "line_xxi_75">75</a>
+vērō sē cupere puer dīceret, tum Scīpiō puerō ānulum aureum<br>
+equumque ōrnātum dōnat datīsque quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_3" id
+= "tag55_3" href = "#note55_3">3</a> tūtō dēdūcerent equitibus<br>
+dīmīsit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō sē ergā Hispānōs clēmenter
+gessisset,<br>
+circumfūsa multitūdō eum rēgem ingentī cōnsēnsū appellāvit;<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_80" id = "line_xxi_80">80</a>
+at Scīpiō, silentiō per praecōnem factō, “Nōmen imperātōris”<br>
+inquit, “quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_4" id = "tag55_4" href =
+"#note55_4">4</a> mē meī mīlitēs appellārunt, mihi<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag55_5" id = "tag55_5" href = "#note55_5">5</a> māximum est:<br>
+rēgium<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_6" id = "tag55_6" href =
+"#note55_6">6</a> nōmen, alibī māgnum, Rōmae intolerābile est. Sī id<br>
+amplissimum iūdicātis, quod rēgāle est, vōbīs licet exīstimāre
+rēgālem<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_84" id = "line_xxi_84"> </a>
+in mē esse animum; sed ōrō vōs ut ā rēgis appellātiōne abstineātis.”<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_85" id = "line_xxi_85">85</a>
+Sēnsēre etiam barbarī māgnitūdinem animī, quā Scīpiō id<br>
+āspernābātur, quod cēterī mortālēs admīrantur et concupīscunt.</p>
+
+<p>Scīpiō receptā Hispāniā cum iam bellum in ipsam Āfricam<br>
+trānsferre meditārētur, conciliandōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_7" id
+= "tag55_7" href = "#note55_7">7</a> prius rēgum et gentium<br>
+animōs exīstimāvit. Syphācem, Maurōrum rēgem, opulentissimum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_90" id = "line_xxi_90">90</a>
+tōtīus Āfricae rēgem, quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_8" id =
+"tag55_8" href = "#note55_8">8</a> māgnō ūsuī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag55_9" id = "tag55_9" href = "#note55_9">9</a> sibi<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note55_9">9</a> fore<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_10" id =
+"tag55_10" href = "#note55_10">10</a> spērāret,<br>
+prīmum tentāre statuit. Itaque lēgātum cum dōnīs ad eum mīsit<br>
+C. Laelium, quōcum intimā familiāritāte vīvēbat. Syphāx amīcitiam<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>206.</span>
+Rōmānōrum sē accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare<br>
+nec accipere, nisi cum ipsō cōram duce Rōmānō, voluit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_95" id = "line_xxi_95">95</a>
+Scīpiō igitur in Āfricam trāiēcit. Forte ita incidit, ut eō ipsō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page56" id = "page56">56</a>
+tempore Hasdrubal<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_1" id = "tag56_1" href =
+"#note56_1">1</a> pulsus Hispāniā ad eundem portum appelleret,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag56_2" id = "tag56_2" href = "#note56_2">2</a><br>
+Syphācis amīcitiam pariter petītūrus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_3"
+id = "tag56_3" href = "#note56_3">3</a> Uterque ā rēge in<br>
+hospitium invītātus. Cēnātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_4" id =
+"tag56_4" href = "#note56_4">4</a> simul apud rēgem est; eōdem<br>
+etiam lectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_5" id = "tag56_5" href =
+"#note56_5">5</a> Scīpiō atque Hasdrubal accubuērunt. Tanta autem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_100" id = "line_xxi_100">100</a>
+inerat cōmitās in Scīpiōne, ut nōn Syphācem modo, sed etiam<br>
+hostem īnfēstissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliāret. Scīpiō, foedere<br>
+īctō cum Syphāce, in Hispāniam ad exercitum rediit.</p>
+
+<p>Masinissa quoque amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne iungere iam dūdum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag56_6" id = "tag56_6" href = "#note56_6">6</a><br>
+cupiēbat. Quārē ad eum trēs Numidārum prīncipēs mīsit ad<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_105" id = "line_xxi_105">105</a>
+tempus locumque conloquiō statuendum. Duōs prō obsidibus retinērī<br>
+ā Scīpiōne iubet; remissō tertiō, quī Masinissam ad locum<br>
+cōnstitūtum addūceret, Scīpiō et Masinissa cum paucīs in<br>
+conloquium vēnērunt. Cēperat iam ante Numidam ex fāmā rērum<br>
+gestārum admīrātiō virī, sed māior praesentis<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag56_7" id = "tag56_7" href = "#note56_7">7</a> venerātiō cēpit:<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_110" id = "line_xxi_110">110</a>
+erat enim in vultū māiestās summa; accēdēbat prōmissa caesariēs<br>
+habitusque corporis, nōn cultus<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_8" id =
+"tag56_8" href = "#note56_8">8</a> munditiīs, sed virīlis vērē ac<br>
+mīlitāris, et flōrēns iuventa. Prope attonitus ipsō congressū<br>
+Numida grātiās dē<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_9" id = "tag56_9" href =
+"#note56_9">9</a> fīliō frātris remissō agit: adfīrmat sē ex eō<br>
+tempore eam quaesīvisse<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_10" id =
+"tag56_10" href = "#note56_10">10</a> occāsiōnem, quam tandem oblātam<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag56_11" id = "tag56_11" href =
+"#note56_11">11</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_115" id = "line_xxi_115">115</a>
+nōn omīserit; cupere sē illī et populō Rōmānō operam nāvāre.<br>
+Laetus eum Scīpiō audīvit atque in societātem recēpit.</p>
+
+<p>Scīpiō deinde Rōmam rediit et ante annōs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag56_12" id = "tag56_12" href = "#note56_12">12</a> cōnsul factus
+est.<br>
+Sicilia eī prōvincia dēcrēta est permissumque ut in Āfricam inde<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page57" id = "page57">57</a>
+trāiceret. Quī cum vellet ex fortissimīs peditibus Rōmānīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_120" id = "line_xxi_120">120</a>
+trecentōrum equitum numerum complēre, nec posset illōs subitō<br>
+armīs et equīs īnstruere, id prūdentī cōnsiliō perfēcit. Namque<br>
+ex omnī Siciliā trecentōs iuvenēs nōbilissimōs et dītissimōs, quī<br>
+equīs mīlitārent<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_1" id = "tag57_1" href =
+"#note57_1">1</a> et sēcum in Āfricam trāicerent,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note57_1">1</a> lēgit diemque<br>
+iīs ēdīxit, quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_2" id = "tag57_2" href =
+"#note57_2">2</a> equīs armīsque īnstrūctī atque ōrnātī adessent.<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note57_1">1</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_125" id = "line_xxi_125">125</a>
+Gravis ea mīlitia, procul domō, terrā marīque multōs labōrēs,<br>
+māgna perīcula adlātūra vidēbātur; neque ipsōs modo, sed parentēs<br>
+cōgnātōsque eōrum ea cūra angēbat. Ubi diēs quae dicta<br>
+erat advēnit, arma equōsque ostendērunt, sed omnēs ferē<br>
+longinquum et grave bellum horrēre appārēbat. Tunc Scīpiō mīlitiam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_130" id = "line_xxi_130">130</a>
+iīs sē remissūrum ait, sī arma et equōs mīlitibus Rōmānīs<br>
+voluissent<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_3" id = "tag57_3" href =
+"#note57_3">3</a> trādere. Laetī condiciōnem accēpērunt iuvenēs
+Siculī.<br>
+Ita Scīpiō sine pūblicā impēnsā suōs īnstrūxit ōrnāvitque equitēs.</p>
+
+<p>Tunc Scīpiō ex Siciliā in Āfricam ventō secundō profectus est<br>
+tantō mīlitum ārdōre, ut nōn ad bellum dūcī vidērentur, sed ad<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_135" id = "line_xxi_135">135</a>
+certa victōriae praemia. Celeriter nāvēs ē cōnspectū Siciliae<br>
+ablātae sunt cōnspectaque brevī Āfricae lītora. Scīpiō cum ēgrediēns<br>
+ad terram nāvī prōlāpsus esset et ob hōc attonitōs mīlitēs<br>
+cerneret, id, quod trepidātiōnem adferēbat, in hortātiōnem
+convertēns,<br>
+“Āfricam oppressī” inquit, “mīlitēs!” Expositīs cōpiīs in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_140" id = "line_xxi_140">140</a>
+proximīs tumulīs castra mētātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_4" id =
+"tag57_4" href = "#note57_4">4</a> est. Ibi speculātōrēs hostium<br>
+in castrīs dēprehēnsōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_5" id = "tag57_5"
+href = "#note57_5">5</a> et ad sē perductōs<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note57_5">5</a> nec suppliciō adfēcit<br>
+nec dē cōnsiliīs ac vīribus Poenōrum percontātus est, sed circā<br>
+omnēs Rōmānī exercitūs manipulōs cūrāvit dēdūcendōs; dein<br>
+interrogātōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_6" id = "tag57_6" href =
+"#note57_6">6</a> num ea satis cōnsīderāssent, quae speculārī erant<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_145" id = "line_xxi_145">145</a>
+iūssī, prandiō datō incolumēs dīmīsit.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page58" id = "page58">58</a>
+<p>Scīpiōnī in Āfricam advenientī Masinissa sē coniūnxit cum<br>
+parvā equitum turmā. Syphāx vērō ā Rōmānīs ad Poenōs dēfēcerat.<br>
+Hasdrubal, Poenōrum dux, Syphāxque Scīpiōnī sē opposuērunt,<br>
+quī utrīusque castra ūnā nocte perrūpit et incendit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_150" id = "line_xxi_150">150</a>
+Syphāx ipse captus et vīvus ad Scīpiōnem pertrāctus est.<br>
+Syphācem in castra addūcī cum esset nūntiātum, omnis velut ad<br>
+spectāculum triumphī multitūdō effūsa est; praecēdēbat ipse<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag58_1" id = "tag58_1" href = "#note58_1">1</a><br>
+vinctus, sequēbātur grex nōbilium Maurōrum. Movēbat omnēs<br>
+fortūna<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_2" id = "tag58_2" href =
+"#note58_2">2</a> virī, cūius amīcitiam ōlim Scīpiō petierat. Rēgem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_155" id = "line_xxi_155">155</a>
+aliōsque captīvōs Rōmam mīsit Scīpiō; Masinissam, quī ēgregiē rem<br>
+Rōmānam adiūverat, aureā corōnā dōnāvit.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>203.</span>
+
+<p>Haec et aliae, quae sequēbantur, clādēs Carthāginiēnsibus<br>
+tantum terrōris intulērunt, ut Hannibalem ex Ītaliā ad<br>
+tuendam patriam revocārent. Frendēns gemēnsque ac vix<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_160" id = "line_xxi_160">160</a>
+lacrimīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_3" id = "tag58_3" href =
+"#note58_3">3</a> temperāns is dīcitur lēgātōrum vērba audīsse<br>
+mandātīsque pāruisse. Respexit saepe Ītaliae lītora, sēmet accūsāns,<br>
+quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_4" id = "tag58_4" href =
+"#note58_4">4</a> nōn victōrem exercitum statim ab<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag58_5" id = "tag58_5" href = "#note58_5">5</a> Cannēnsī pūgnā
+Rōmam<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_163" id = "line_xxi_163"> </a>
+dūxisset. Zamam vēnerat Hannibal, quae urbs quīnque diērum<br>
+iter<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_6" id = "tag58_6" href =
+"#note58_6">6</a> ā Carthāgine abest, et nūntium ad Scīpiōnem mīsit
+ut<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_165" id = "line_xxi_165">165</a>
+conloquendī sēcum potestātem faceret. Scīpiō cum conloquium haud<br>
+abnuisset, diēs locusque cōnstituitur. Itaque congressī sunt duo<br>
+clārissimī suae aetātis ducēs. Stetērunt aliquamdiū tacitī mūtuāque<br>
+admīrātiōne dēfīxī.<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_7" id = "tag58_7" href
+= "#note58_7">7</a> Cum vērō dē condiciōnibus pācis inter<br>
+eōs nōn convēnisset, ad suōs sē recēpērunt, renūntiantēs armīs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag58_8" id = "tag58_8" href = "#note58_8">8</a><br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>202.</span>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_170" id = "line_xxi_170">170</a>
+dēcernendum esse. Commissō deinde proeliō Hannibal<br>
+victus cum quattuor equitibus fūgit. Cēterum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag58_9" id = "tag58_9" href = "#note58_9">9</a> cōnstat<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page59" id = "page59">59</a>
+utrumque dē alterō cōnfessum esse nec melius īnstruī aciem nec<br>
+ācrius potuisse pūgnārī.</p>
+
+<p>Carthāginiēnsēs metū perculsī<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_1" id =
+"tag59_1" href = "#note59_1">1</a> ad petendam pācem ōrātōrēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_175" id = "line_xxi_175">175</a>
+mittunt trīgintā cīvitātis prīncipēs. Quī ubi in castra Rōmāna<br>
+vēnērunt, veniam cīvitātī petēbant nōn culpam pūrgantēs,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag59_2" id = "tag59_2" href = "#note59_2">2</a> sed<br>
+initium culpae in Hannibalem trānsferentēs.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note59_2">2</a> Victīs lēgēs<br>
+imposuit Scīpiō. Lēgātī, cum nūllās condiciōnēs recūsārent, Rōmam<br>
+profectī sunt, ut, quae ā Scīpiōne pacta<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag59_3" id = "tag59_3" href = "#note59_3">3</a> essent, ea patrum
+ac<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_180" id = "line_xxi_180">180</a>
+populī auctōritāte cōnfīrmārentur. Ita pāce terrā marīque<br>
+partā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_4" id = "tag59_4" href =
+"#note59_4">4</a> Scīpiō exercitū in nāvēs impositō Rōmam revertit.
+Ad<br>
+quem advenientem concursus ingēns factus est; effūsa nōn ex<br>
+urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agrīs multitūdō viam obsidēbat.<br>
+Scīpiō inter grātulantium plausūs triumphō omnium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag59_5" id = "tag59_5" href = "#note59_5">5</a> clārissimō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_185" id = "line_xxi_185">185</a>
+urbem est invectus prīmusque nōmine victae ā sē gentis est<br>
+nōbilitātus Āfricānusque appellātus.</p>
+
+<p>Ex hīs rēbus gestīs virum eum esse virtūtis dīvīnae vulgō<br>
+crēditum est. Id etiam dīcere haud piget,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag59_6" id = "tag59_6" href = "#note59_6">6</a> quod scrīptōrēs dē<br>
+eō litterīs mandāvērunt, Scīpiōnem cōnsuēvisse, priusquam<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic59.png" width = "152" height = "140"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+TEMPLE OF IUPPITER<br>CAPITŌLĪNUS</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_190" id = "line_xxi_190">190</a>
+dīlūcēsceret, in Capitōlium<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_7" id =
+"tag59_7" href = "#note59_7">7</a> ventitāre ac iubēre<br>
+aperīrī cellam Iovis ibi sōlum diū dēmorārī,<br>
+quasi cōnsultantem dē rē pūblicā cum Iove:<br>
+aedituōsque ēius templī saepe esse mīrātōs,<br>
+quod eum id<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_8" id = "tag59_8" href =
+"#note59_8">8</a> temporis in Capitōlium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_195" id = "line_xxi_195">195</a>
+ingredientem canēs, semper in aliōs saevientēs,<br>
+nōn lātrārent. Hās vulgī dē Scīpiōne<br>
+opīniōnēs cōnfīrmāre atque approbāre vidēbantur<br>
+dicta factaque ēius plēraque admīranda, ex<br>
+quibus est ūnum hūiuscemodī. Adsidēbat oppūgnābatque oppidum<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page60" id = "page60">60</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_200" id = "line_xxi_200">200</a>
+in Hispāniā, sitū moenibusque ac dēfēnsōribus validum et<br>
+mūnītum, rē etiam cibāriā cōpiōsum, neque ūlla ēius potiundī<br>
+spēs erat. Quōdam diē iūs in castrīs sedēns dīcēbat Scīpiō atque<br>
+ex eō locō id oppidum procul vidēbātur. Tum ē<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag60_1" id = "tag60_1" href = "#note60_1">1</a> mīlitibus, quī<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_204" id = "line_xxi_204"> </a>
+in iūre apud eum stābant, interrogāvit quispiam ex mōre in<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag60_2" id = "tag60_2" href = "#note60_2">2</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_205" id = "line_xxi_205">205</a>
+quem diem locumque vadēs sistī iubēret. Et Scīpiō manum ad<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_206" id = "line_xxi_206"> </a>
+ipsam oppidī, quod obsidēbātur, arcem prōtendēns, “Perendiē”<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_207" id = "line_xxi_207"> </a>
+inquit “sēsē<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_3" id = "tag60_3" href =
+"#note60_3">3</a> sistant illō in locō,” atque ita factum. Diē<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag60_4" id = "tag60_4" href = "#note60_4">4</a>
+tertiā,<br>
+in quam vadēs sistī iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eōdem diē<br>
+in arce ēius oppidī iūs dīxit.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_210" id =
+"line_xxi_210">210</a>
+Hannibal, ā Scīpiōne victus suīsque invīsus, ad Antiochum,<br>
+Syriae rēgem, cōnfūgit eumque hostem Rōmānīs fēcit. Missī<br>
+sunt Rōmā lēgātī ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scīpiō Āfricānus,<br>
+quī cum Hannibale Ephesī<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_5" id = "tag60_5"
+href = "#note60_5">5</a> conlocūtus ab eō quaesīvit, quem<br>
+fuisse māximum imperātōrem crēderet. Respondit Hannibal<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_215" id = "line_xxi_215">215</a>
+Alexandrum, Macedonum rēgem, māximum sibi vidērī, quod<br>
+parvā manū innumerābilēs exercitūs fūdisset. Quaerentī deinde,<br>
+quem secundum pōneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod prīmus castra<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag60_6" id = "tag60_6" href = "#note60_6">6</a><br>
+mētārī docuit nēmōque illō<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_7" id =
+"tag60_7" href = "#note60_7">7</a> ēlegantius loca<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag60_8" id = "tag60_8" href = "#note60_8">8</a> cēpit et
+praesidia<br>
+dēposuit.” Scīscitantī dēnique quem tertium dūceret, sēmet ipsum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_220" id = "line_xxi_220">220</a>
+dīxit. Tum rīdēns Scīpiō “Quidnam tū dīcerēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag60_9" id = "tag60_9" href = "#note60_9">9</a>” inquit “sī mē<br>
+vīcissēs<a class = "tag" href = "#note60_9">9</a>?” “Tum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag60_10" id = "tag60_10" href = "#note60_10">10</a> mē vērō”
+respondit Hannibal “et ante<br>
+Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnēs aliōs imperātōrēs<br>
+posuissem.<a class = "tag" href = "#note60_9">9</a>” Ita imprōvīsō
+adsentātiōnis genere Scīpiōnem ē<br>
+grege imperātōrum velut inaestimābilem sēcernēbat.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page61" id = "page61">61</a>
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_225" id =
+"line_xxi_225">225</a>
+Scīpiō ipse fertur quondam dīxisse, cum eum quīdam parum<br>
+pūgnācem dīcerent, “Imperātōrem mē māter, nōn bellātōrem<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag61_1" id = "tag61_1" href = "#note61_1">1</a><br>
+peperit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_2" id = "tag61_2" href =
+"#note61_2">2</a>” Īdem dīcere solitus est nōn sōlum dandam esse
+viam<br>
+fugientibus, sed etiam mūniendam.</p>
+
+<p>Dēcrētō adversus Antiochum bellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_3" id
+= "tag61_3" href = "#note61_3">3</a> cum Syria prōvincia<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_230" id = "line_xxi_230">230</a>
+obvēnisset Lūciō Scīpiōnī, quia parum in eō putābātur esse animī,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag61_4" id = "tag61_4" href =
+"#note61_4">4</a><br>
+parum rōboris,<a class = "tag" href = "#note61_4">4</a> senātus gerendī
+hūius bellī cūram mandārī volēbat<br>
+conlēgae ēius C. Laeliō. Surgēns tunc Scīpiō Āfricānus,<br>
+frāter māior Lūciī Scīpiōnis, illam familiae īgnōminiam<br>
+dēprecātus est: dīxit in frātre suō summam esse virtūtem, summum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_235" id = "line_xxi_235">235</a>
+cōnsilium sēque eī lēgātum fore prōmīsit. Quod cum ab eō esset<br>
+dictum, nihil<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_5" id = "tag61_5" href =
+"#note61_5">5</a> est dē Lūciī Scīpiōnis prōvinciā commūtātum:<br>
+itaque frāter nātū māior minōrī lēgātus in Asiam profectus est<br>
+et tam diū eum cōnsiliō operāque adiūvit, dōnec triumphum ille<br>
+et cōgnōmen Asiāticī peperisset.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_240" id =
+"line_xxi_240">240</a>
+Eōdem bellō fīlius Scīpiōnis Āfricānī captus est et ad Antiochum<br>
+dēductus. Benīgnē et līberāliter adulēscentem rēx habuit,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag61_6" id = "tag61_6" href = "#note61_6">6</a><br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_242" id = "line_xxi_242"> </a>
+quamquam ab ēius patre tum<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_7" id =
+"tag61_7" href = "#note61_7">7</a> māximē fīnibus imperiī
+pellēbātur.<br>
+Cum deinde pācem Antiochus ā Rōmānīs peteret, lēgātus ēius<br>
+Pūblium Scīpiōnem adiit eīque fīlium sine pretiō redditūrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_245" id = "line_xxi_245">245</a>
+rēgem dīxit, sī per eum pācem impetrāsset.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag61_8" id = "tag61_8" href = "#note61_8">8</a> Cuī Scīpiō
+respondit<br>
+“Abī, nūntiā rēgī, mē prō tantō mūnere grātiās<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag61_9" id = "tag61_9" href = "#note61_9">9</a> agere; sed<br>
+nunc aliam grātiam nōn possum referre, quam ut eī suādeam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag61_10" id = "tag61_10" href = "#note61_10">10</a>
+ut<br>
+bellō absistat et pācis condiciōnem nūllam recūset.” Pāx nōn<br>
+convēnit<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_11" id = "tag61_11" href =
+"#note61_11">11</a>; tamen Antiochus Scīpiōnī fīlium remīsit tantīque
+virī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_250" id = "line_xxi_250">250</a>
+māiestātem venerārī quam dolōrem suum ulcīscī māluit.</p>
+
+<p>Victō Antiochō cum praedae ratiō ā L. Scīpiōne repōscerētur,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page62" id = "page62">62</a>
+Āfricānus prōlātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_1" id = "tag62_1" href
+= "#note62_1">1</a> ab eō librum, quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_2"
+id = "tag62_2" href = "#note62_2">2</a> acceptae et expēnsae<br>
+summae continēbantur et refellī inimīcōrum accūsātiō poterat,<br>
+discerpsit, indīgnātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_3" id = "tag62_3"
+href = "#note62_3">3</a> dē eā rē dubitārī, quae sub ipsō lēgātō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_255" id = "line_xxi_255">255</a>
+administrāta esset. Quīn etiam hunc<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_4" id
+= "tag62_4" href = "#note62_4">4</a> in modum verba fēcit:<br>
+“Nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_5" id = "tag62_5" href =
+"#note62_5">5</a> est quod quaerātis, patrēs cōnscrīptī, num parvam
+pecūniam<br>
+in aerārium rettulerim, quī anteā illud Pūnicō aurō replēverim,<br>
+neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocārī. Cum<br>
+Āfricam tōtam potestātī vestrae subiēcerim, nihil ex eā praeter<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_260" id = "line_xxi_260">260</a>
+cōgnōmen rettulī. Nōn igitur mē Pūnicae, nōn frātrem meum<br>
+Asiāticae gazae avārum reddidērunt; sed uterque nostrum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag62_6" id = "tag62_6" href = "#note62_6">6</a><br>
+invidiā quam pecūniā est locuplētior.” Tam cōnstantem dēfēnsiōnem<br>
+Scīpiōnis ūniversus senātus comprobāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde Scīpiōnī Āfricānō duo tribūnī plēbis diem dīxērunt,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_265" id = "line_xxi_265">265</a>
+quod praedā ex Antiochō captā aerārium fraudāsset. Ubi causae<br>
+dīcendae diēs vēnit, Scīpiō māgnā hominum frequentiā in Forum<br>
+est dēductus. Iussus causam dīcere rōstra cōnscendit et, corōnā<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag62_7" id = "tag62_7" href = "#note62_7">7</a>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic62.png" width = "102" height = "109"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CORŌNA<br>TRIUMPHĀLIS</span>
+
+triumphālī capitī suō impositā, “Hōc ego diē”<br>
+inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperiō nostrō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_270" id = "line_xxi_270">270</a>
+inimīcissimum, māgnō proeliō vīcī in terrā<br>
+Āfricā pācemque nōbīs et victōriam peperī<br>
+īnspērābilem. Nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_8" id = "tag62_8" href =
+"#note62_8">8</a> igitur sīmus adversus deōs<br>
+ingrātī, sed cēnseō relinquāmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_9" id =
+"tag62_9" href = "#note62_9">9</a> nebulōnēs hōs<br>
+eāmusque nunc prōtinus in Capitōlium Iovī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_275" id = "line_xxi_275">275</a>
+optimō māximō supplicātum.” Ā rōstrīs in Capitōlium āscendit;<br>
+simul sē ūniversa cōntiō ab accūsātōribus āvertit et secūta
+Scīpiōnem<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page63" id = "page63">63</a>
+est, nec quisquam praeter praecōnem, quī reum citābat, cum<br>
+tribūnīs remānsit. Celebrātior is diēs favōre<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag63_1" id = "tag63_1" href = "#note63_1">1</a> hominum fuit, quam<br>
+quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_2" id = "tag63_2" href =
+"#note63_2">2</a> triumphāns dē Syphāce rēge et Carthāginiēnsibus urbem
+est<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_280" id = "line_xxi_280">280</a>
+ingressus. Inde, nē amplius tribūnīciīs iniūriīs vexārētur, in<br>
+Līternīnum concessit, ubi reliquam ēgit aetātem sine urbis
+dēsīderiō.</p>
+
+<p>Cum in Līternīnā vīllā sē continēret, complūrēs praedōnum<br>
+ducēs ad eum videndum forte cōnfluxērunt. Quōs cum ad vim<br>
+faciendam venīre exīstimāsset, praesidium servōrum in tēctō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_285" id = "line_xxi_285">285</a>
+conlocāvit aliaque parābat, quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_3" id =
+"tag63_3" href = "#note63_3">3</a> ad eōs repellendōs opus erant.<br>
+Quod ubi praedōnēs animadvertērunt, abiectīs armīs iānuae<br>
+appropinquant et clārā vōce nūntiant Scīpiōnī sē nōn vītae ēius
+hostēs,<br>
+sed virtūtis admīrātōrēs vēnisse, cōnspectum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag63_4" id = "tag63_4" href = "#note63_4">4</a> tantī virī, quasi<br>
+<a name = "line_xxi_289" id = "line_xxi_289"> </a>
+caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentēs; proinde nē<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag63_5" id = "tag63_5" href = "#note63_5">5</a> gravārētur<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_290" id = "line_xxi_290">290</a>
+sē spectandum praebēre. Haec postquam audīvit Scīpiō, forēs<br>
+reserārī eōsque intrōdūcī iussit. Illī postēs iānuae tamquam<br>
+religiōsissimam āram venerātī, cupidē Scīpiōnis dextram<br>
+apprehendērunt ac diū deōsculātī sunt; deinde positīs ante <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘vēstibulūm’">vēstibulum</ins><br>
+dōnīs laetī, quod sibi Scīpiōnem ut vidērent contigisset, domum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_295" id = "line_xxi_295">295</a>
+revertērunt. Paulō post mortuus est Scīpiō moriēnsque ab uxōre<br>
+petiit nē corpus suum Rōmam referrētur.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note52_2" id = "note52_2" href = "#tag52_2">52.2</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_africanus"><i>Āfricānus</i></a> and
+<a href = "#vocab_scipio"><i>Scīpiō</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_3" id = "note52_3" href = "#tag52_3">52.3</a>
+<b>quī cum</b>: ‘for when he.’ Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n.
+3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_4" id = "note52_4" href = "#tag52_4">52.4</a>
+‘in (the course of) the battle.’ <i>pūgna</i>, like <i>bellum</i> and
+<i>proelium</i>, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_5" id = "note52_5" href = "#tag52_5">52.5</a>
+Cf. XIX, 16.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_6" id = "note52_6" href = "#tag52_6">52.6</a>
+<b>iam iam . . . esset</b>: ‘was on the very point of falling.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_7" id = "note52_7" href = "#tag52_7">52.7</a>
+<b>interiectō corpore</b>: ‘by interposing his body.’ See <a href =
+"#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_8" id = "note52_8" href = "#tag52_8">52.8</a>
+<b>Quae pietās</b>: ‘this act of devotion.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_9" id = "note52_9" href = "#tag52_9">52.9</a>
+<b>negantēs . . . habendam</b>: ‘by saying that no account should be
+taken of him.’ For <b>negantēs</b>, see <a href =
+"#note41_15">p.&nbsp;41, n.&nbsp;15</a>. <i>ratiōnem habēre</i> is a
+phrase of mercantile life.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_10" id = "note52_10" href = "#tag52_10">52.10</a>
+Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could
+be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth year.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_11" id = "note52_11" href = "#tag52_11">52.11</a>
+impersonal pass. from <i>eō</i>: ‘they proceeded.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note52_12" id = "note52_12" href = "#tag52_12">52.12</a>
+<b>admodum adulēscentem</b>: ‘though but,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_1" id = "note53_1" href = "#tag53_1">53.1</a>
+<b>adlātum erat</b>: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been brought.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_2" id = "note53_2" href = "#tag53_2">53.2</a>
+<i>patior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_3" id = "note53_3" href = "#tag53_3">53.3</a>
+<b>quī . . . iūrāverit</b> (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional clause,
+<i>sī quis nōn iūrāverit</i>. Cf. <i>quī .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. crēderent</i>,
+<a href = "#line_xxi_35">l.&nbsp;35</a>, below.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_4" id = "note53_4" href = "#tag53_4">53.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_5" id = "note53_5" href = "#tag53_5">53.5</a>
+<b>Haud . . . sī</b>: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_6" id = "note53_6" href = "#tag53_6">53.6</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_7" id = "note53_7" href = "#tag53_7">53.7</a>
+P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively father and
+uncle of Africanus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_8" id = "note53_8" href = "#tag53_8">53.8</a>
+Sc. <i>senātuī</i> or <i>populō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_9" id = "note53_9" href = "#tag53_9">53.9</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_10" id = "note53_10" href = "#tag53_10">53.10</a>
+Subjunctive by attraction: see <a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n.
+10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_11" id = "note53_11" href = "#tag53_11">53.11</a>
+<b>inops cōnsiliī</b>: ‘at its wit’s end.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_12" id = "note53_12" href = "#tag53_12">53.12</a>
+The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fullness or the
+opposite: H&nbsp;451, 2 (399, I,&nbsp;3): M&nbsp;573: A&nbsp;218, a:
+G&nbsp;374: B&nbsp;204,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_13" id = "note53_13" href = "#tag53_13">53.13</a>
+= ‘to be a candidate.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_14" id = "note53_14" href = "#tag53_14">53.14</a>
+<b>unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset</b>; cf. <a href =
+"#note5_3">p. 5, n.&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_15" id = "note53_15" href = "#tag53_15">53.15</a>
+<b>animōrum impetus</b>: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note53_16" id = "note53_16" href = "#tag53_16">53.16</a>
+<b>populum . . . paenitēre</b>: cf. <i>Vēientēs . . . paenituisset</i>,
+XI, 13, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_1" id = "note54_1" href = "#tag54_1">54.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note42_5">p. 42, n. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_2" id = "note54_2" href = "#tag54_2">54.2</a>
+= <i>in eum locum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_3" id = "note54_3" href = "#tag54_3">54.3</a>
+<i>congerō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_4" id = "note54_4" href = "#tag54_4">54.4</a>
+<b>satis</b> often = our ‘tolerably.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_5" id = "note54_5" href = "#tag54_5">54.5</a>
+A brother of Hannibal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_6" id = "note54_6" href = "#tag54_6">54.6</a>
+<b>victum . . . expulit</b> = <i>vīcit et expulit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_7" id = "note54_7" href = "#tag54_7">54.7</a>
+= ‘<i>but</i> the captives,’ etc. Cf. <a href = "#note2_24">p. 2, n.
+24</a>, and <a href = "#note5_13">p. 5, n.&nbsp;13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_8" id = "note54_8" href = "#tag54_8">54.8</a>
+We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For
+the difference between them, see H&nbsp;473, 2, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 1 (419,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;558: A&nbsp;215, <span
+class = "smallroman">N.</span>: G&nbsp;400, <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span>&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note54_9" id = "note54_9" href = "#tag54_9">54.9</a>
+<b>id aetātis</b>: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. The
+accus. <b>id</b> is variously explained: see H&nbsp;416, 2
+(378,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;507: A&nbsp;240, <i>b</i>: G&nbsp;336, <span class
+= "smallroman">N.</span> 2; B&nbsp;185. <b>aetātis</b> is partitive gen.
+(<a href = "#note30_2">p.&nbsp;30, n.&nbsp;2</a>) with <b>id</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_1" id = "note55_1" href = "#tag55_1">55.1</a>
+Why is <b>vellet</b> subjunctive?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_2" id = "note55_2" href = "#tag55_2">55.2</a>
+<b>effūsīs</b> (<i>effundō</i>) . . . <b>lacrimīs</b>: ‘with tears of
+joy.’ How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_3" id = "note55_3" href = "#tag55_3">55.3</a>
+<b>quī . . . dēdūcerent</b>: ‘to escort him.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_4" id = "note55_4" href = "#tag55_4">55.4</a>
+<b>quō . . . appellārunt</b>: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed
+their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the leader had
+won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on
+beginning the campaign.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_5" id = "note55_5" href = "#tag55_5">55.5</a>
+‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_6" id = "note55_6" href = "#tag55_6">55.6</a>
+<b>rēgium nōmen</b> = <i>rēgis nōmen</i>, ‘the title of king.’ Cf.
+<i>nōmen imperātōris</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_80">l.&nbsp;80</a>, and
+<i>rēgis appellātiōne</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_84">l.&nbsp;84</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_7" id = "note55_7" href = "#tag55_7">55.7</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_8" id = "note55_8" href = "#tag55_8">55.8</a>
+<b>quem . . . spērāret</b>: causal rel. clause (<a href = "#note31_1">p.
+31, n. 1</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_9" id = "note55_9" href = "#tag55_9">55.9</a>
+For the two datives, see <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note55_10" id = "note55_10" href = "#tag55_10">55.10</a>
+future infinitive of <i>sum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_1" id = "note56_1" href = "#tag56_1">56.1</a>
+Son of Gisco (so also in <a href = "#line_xxi_48">l. 148</a>); to be
+carefully distinguished from the Hasdrubal of <a href =
+"#line_xxi_61">l.&nbsp;61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_2" id = "note56_2" href = "#tag56_2">56.2</a>
+Sc. <i>nāvem</i>; ‘was sailing.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_3" id = "note56_3" href = "#tag56_3">56.3</a>
+<i>= ut peteret</i>. Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_4" id = "note56_4" href = "#tag56_4">56.4</a>
+<b>Cēnātum . . . est</b> (<i>ab iīs</i>): impers. pass.; ‘they
+dined.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_5" id = "note56_5" href = "#tag56_5">56.5</a>
+<b>lectō . . . accubuērunt</b> (<i>accumbō</i>): the writer has in mind
+the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, supporting
+themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same
+couch.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_6" id = "note56_6" href = "#tag56_6">56.6</a>
+<b>iam dūdum cupiēbat</b>: ‘had long desired.’ <i>Iam diū</i>, <i>iam
+dūdum</i>, and <i>iam prīdem</i> give to the <i>present</i> the force of
+the English <i>perfect</i>, to the <i>imperfect</i> the force of the
+English <i>pluperfect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_7" id = "note56_7" href = "#tag56_7">56.7</a>
+Sc. <i>ēius</i>: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to
+face.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_8" id = "note56_8" href = "#tag56_8">56.8</a>
+<b>cultus</b> (<i>colō</i>) <b>munditiīs</b>: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’
+How literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_9" id = "note56_9" href = "#tag56_9">56.9</a>
+<b>dē . . . remissō</b>: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the
+construction, see <a href = "#note5_15">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_10" id = "note56_10" href = "#tag56_10">56.10</a>
+<i>quaerō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_11" id = "note56_11" href = "#tag56_11">56.11</a>
+<b>oblātam</b> (<i>offerō</i>): ‘now that it was at last offered.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note56_12" id = "note56_12" href = "#tag56_12">56.12</a>
+‘the legal time’; <i>lēgitima aetās</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_11">l.
+11</a>. In later days forty-three was the legal age.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_1" id = "note57_1" href = "#tag57_1">57.1</a>
+See <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_2" id = "note57_2" href = "#tag57_2">57.2</a>
+Sc. <i>diē</i>, for the gender of which, as in <i>diēs, quae dicta
+erat</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_27">l.&nbsp;127</a>, see Vocab., <a href
+= "#vocab_dies"><i>diēs</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_3" id = "note57_3" href = "#tag57_3">57.3</a>
+For mood and tense, see <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. What did
+Scipio say?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_4" id = "note57_4" href = "#tag57_4">57.4</a>
+‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid out with
+great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even
+if the stay was to last but one night.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_5" id = "note57_5" href = "#tag57_5">57.5</a>
+The participles = rel. clauses: see <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>,
+L 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note57_6" id = "note57_6" href = "#tag57_6">57.6</a>
+<b>interrogātōs</b> (sc. <i>eōs</i>) <b>. . . dīmīsit</b> =
+<i>interrogāvit (eōs) .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. et .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. dīmīsit</i>, or
+<i>cum (eōs) .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. interrogāsset, .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+dīmīsit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_1" id = "note58_1" href = "#tag58_1">58.1</a>
+= Syphax. For <i>ipse</i> referring to the principal personage, see also
+I, 5, and II,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_2" id = "note58_2" href = "#tag58_2">58.2</a>
+‘misfortune.’ So <i>fāma</i> = both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’
+<i>valētūdō</i> = both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_3" id = "note58_3" href = "#tag58_3">58.3</a>
+dat. of indir. object with <b>temperāns</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_4" id = "note58_4" href = "#tag58_4">58.4</a>
+<b>quod . . . dūxisset.</b> What does the subjunctive show?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_5" id = "note58_5" href = "#tag58_5">58.5</a>
+<b>ab . . . dūxisset</b>: cf. <a href = "#note50_4">p. 50, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_6" id = "note58_6" href = "#tag58_6">58.6</a>
+acc. of extent of space: cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D
+2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_7" id = "note58_7" href = "#tag58_7">58.7</a>
+‘motionless.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_8" id = "note58_8" href = "#tag58_8">58.8</a>
+<b>armīs . . . esse</b>: ‘that the issue must be decided by arms.’ Note
+the method employed in translating the impers. passive here and in lines
+13, 23, and 98, and apply it to <b>pūgnārī</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxi_73">l.&nbsp;173</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note58_9" id = "note58_9" href = "#tag58_9">58.9</a>
+<b>Cēterum cōnstat</b>: ‘it is, however, well known.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_1" id = "note59_1" href = "#tag59_1">59.1</a>
+<i>percellō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_2" id = "note59_2" href = "#tag59_2">59.2</a>
+Cf. <i>negantēs</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_10">l. 10</a>, and <a href =
+"#note6_20">p. 6, n. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_3" id = "note59_3" href = "#tag59_3">59.3</a>
+<b>pacta</b> (<i>pacīscor</i>) <b>essent</b>: subjunctive by attraction:
+see <a href = "#note13_10">p.&nbsp;13, n.&nbsp;10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_4" id = "note59_4" href = "#tag59_4">59.4</a>
+<i>pariō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_5" id = "note59_5" href = "#tag59_5">59.5</a>
+i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_6" id = "note59_6" href = "#tag59_6">59.6</a>
+<b>haud piget</b>: sc. <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘me’"><i>mē</i></ins>; ‘I am not ashamed.’ <i>piget</i>
+is construed exactly like <i>paenitet</i>: see
+<a href = "#note28_7">p.&nbsp;28,
+n.&nbsp;7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_7" id = "note59_7" href = "#tag59_7">59.7</a>
+Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note59_8" id = "note59_8" href = "#tag59_8">59.8</a>
+<b>id temporis</b> = <i>eō tempore</i>. Cf. note on <i>id aetātis</i>,
+<a href = "#line_xxi_66">l.&nbsp;66</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_1" id = "note60_1" href = "#tag60_1">60.1</a>
+Join <b>ē mīlitibus</b> with <b>quispiam</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxi_204">l.&nbsp;204</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_2" id = "note60_2" href = "#tag60_2">60.2</a>
+<b>in . . . iubēret</b>: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) appear
+for trial.’ <b>vadēs sistī</b> is the passive of <i>vadēs sistere</i>,
+a&nbsp;legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to make it
+effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’ <i>Sistere</i> often means ‘to
+produce in court,’ as in <a href = "#line_xxi_207">l.&nbsp;207</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_3" id = "note60_3" href = "#tag60_3">60.3</a>
+<b>sēsē sistant</b>: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear for
+trial.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_4" id = "note60_4" href = "#tag60_4">60.4</a>
+<b>Diē tertiā</b> = <i>perendiē</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_206">l.
+206</a>. In counting days, the Romans usually included the day from
+which they started.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_5" id = "note60_5" href = "#tag60_5">60.5</a>
+locative.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_6" id = "note60_6" href = "#tag60_6">60.6</a>
+Cf. n. on <i>castra mētātus est</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_40">l.
+140</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_7" id = "note60_7" href = "#tag60_7">60.7</a>
+<b>illō ēlegantius</b>: ‘more judiciously than he.’ For <b>illō</b>, see
+<a href = "#note10_18">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_8" id = "note60_8" href = "#tag60_8">60.8</a>
+Sc. <i>castrīs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_9" id = "note60_9" href = "#tag60_9">60.9</a>
+See <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>. <b>dīcerēs</b> is
+imperfect, as referring to present time; the other verbs denote past
+time.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note60_10" id = "note60_10" href = "#tag60_10">60.10</a>
+‘in that event’; = <i>sī tē vīcissem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_1" id = "note61_1" href = "#tag61_1">61.1</a>
+‘a (mere) fighter.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_2" id = "note61_2" href = "#tag61_2">61.2</a>
+<i>pariō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_3" id = "note61_3" href = "#tag61_3">61.3</a>
+This war lasted from 192 to 190.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_4" id = "note61_4" href = "#tag61_4">61.4</a>
+partitive gen. with <b>parum</b>, which is here a noun. In <a href =
+"#line_xxi_225">l.&nbsp;225</a> it was an adverb.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_5" id = "note61_5" href = "#tag61_5">61.5</a>
+<b>nihil . . . commūtātum</b>: ‘no change was made.’ Note that
+<b>nihil</b> is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that <b>commūtātum
+est</b> is impersonal.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_6" id = "note61_6" href = "#tag61_6">61.6</a>
+‘treated.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_7" id = "note61_7" href = "#tag61_7">61.7</a>
+<b>tum māximē</b>: ‘at that very moment.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_8" id = "note61_8" href = "#tag61_8">61.8</a>
+Explain mood and tense.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_9" id = "note61_9" href = "#tag61_9">61.9</a>
+Distinguish between <i>grātiās agere</i> and <i>grātiam referre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_10" id = "note61_10" href = "#tag61_10">61.10</a>
+Notice that <i>suādeō</i> = merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ is
+<i>persuādeō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note61_11" id = "note61_11" href = "#tag61_11">61.11</a>
+‘was not arranged.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_1" id = "note62_1" href = "#tag62_1">62.1</a>
+= <i>quī prōlātus erat</i>; cf. <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L
+1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_2" id = "note62_2" href = "#tag62_2">62.2</a>
+abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both with
+<b>continēbantur</b> and <b>refellī poterat</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_3" id = "note62_3" href = "#tag62_3">62.3</a>
+<b>indīgnātus . . . dubitārī</b>: ‘angry because doubts were raised.’
+For the infin. see <a href = "#note19_6">p.&nbsp;19, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_4" id = "note62_4" href = "#tag62_4">62.4</a>
+See <a href = "#note16_9">p. 16, n. 9</a>. <b>verba fēcit</b>: ‘he
+delivered a speech.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_5" id = "note62_5" href = "#tag62_5">62.5</a>
+<b>Nōn . . . quaerātis</b>: ‘there is no reason why you should ask’;
+lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H&nbsp;591, 4 (503, 1,
+<span class = "smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;836: A&nbsp;320,
+<i>a</i>: G&nbsp;631, 2: B&nbsp;283,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_6" id = "note62_6" href = "#tag62_6">62.6</a>
+<i>nostrum</i>, like <i>vestrum</i>, is regularly used only as a
+partitive gen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_7" id = "note62_7" href = "#tag62_7">62.7</a>
+A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_8" id = "note62_8" href = "#tag62_8">62.8</a>
+<b>Nē . . . sīmus</b>: cf. <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note62_9" id = "note62_9" href = "#tag62_9">62.9</a>
+(<i>ut</i>) <b>relinquāmus . . . eāmus</b> is a substantive clause of
+purpose. For the omission of <i>ut</i> see H&nbsp;565, 4 (499,&nbsp;2):
+M&nbsp;781: A&nbsp;331, <i>f</i>, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>:
+G&nbsp;546, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B&nbsp;295, 8.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_1" id = "note63_1" href = "#tag63_1">63.1</a>
+abl. of specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_2" id = "note63_2" href = "#tag63_2">63.2</a>
+<b>quō</b> (sc. <i>diē</i>) = <i>eō diē quō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_3" id = "note63_3" href = "#tag63_3">63.3</a>
+<b>quae . . . opus erant</b>: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which were a
+necessity.’ For a very different construction with <i>opus</i>, cf.
+<i>nihil opus esse .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. eō cīve</i>, XV, 22, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_4" id = "note63_4" href = "#tag63_4">63.4</a>
+<b>cōnspectum . . . expetentēs</b>: ‘craving a chance to see so great a
+man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_5" id = "note63_5" href = "#tag63_5">63.5</a>
+<b>nē . . . gravārētur</b>: the subjunctive is used here in indir.
+disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H&nbsp;642, 4 (523,
+III): M&nbsp;1023: A&nbsp;339: G&nbsp;652: B&nbsp;316.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXII" id = "selection_XXII">XXII.</a>
+Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus</h4>
+
+<p>Tiberius et Gāius Gracchī<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_6" id =
+"tag63_6" href = "#note63_6">6</a> Scīpiōnis Āfricānī<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag63_7" id = "tag63_7" href = "#note63_7">7</a> ex fīliā<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag63_8" id = "tag63_8" href = "#note63_8">8</a>
+nepōtēs<br>
+erant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spē<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page64" id = "page64">64</a>
+exācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō.<br>
+Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag64_1" id = "tag64_1" href = "#note64_1">1</a> puerīs doctī et
+Graecīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_5" id = "line_xxii_5">5</a>
+lītterīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_2" id = "tag64_2" href =
+"#note64_2">2</a> ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōs<br>
+bene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. Cum<br>
+Campāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_3" id
+= "tag64_3" href = "#note64_3">3</a> ōrnāmenta sua, illō<br>
+saeculō<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_4" id = "tag64_4" href =
+"#note64_4">4</a> pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64_5" id = "tag64_5" href = "#note64_5">5</a> Cornēlia
+trāxit<br>
+eam sermōne quoūsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_6" id = "tag64_6"
+href = "#note64_6">6</a> ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_10" id = "line_xxii_10">10</a>
+hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64_7" id = "tag64_7" href = "#note64_7">7</a><br>
+quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque<a class = "tag" href = "#note64_7">7</a>
+ā nātūrā neque<a class = "tag" href = "#note64_7">7</a> ā doctrīnā<br>
+<a name = "line_xxii_12" id = "line_xxii_12"> </a>
+dēfuit; sed<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_8" id = "tag64_8" href =
+"#note64_8">8</a> ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāre<br>
+māluērunt.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>134.</span>
+
+<p>Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit:<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_15" id = "line_xxii_15">15</a>
+populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit;<br>
+<a name = "line_xxii_16" id = "line_xxii_16"> </a>
+agrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_9" id = "tag64_9" href =
+"#note64_9">9</a> plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64_10" id = "tag64_10" href = "#note64_10">10</a><br>
+replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64_11" id = "tag64_11" href = "#note64_11">11</a>
+vellet<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page65" id = "page65">65</a>
+et palam dictitāsset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_1" id = "tag65_1"
+href = "#note65_1">1</a> interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agī<br>
+dēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_20" id = "line_xxii_20">20</a>
+patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius<br>
+Capitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtem<br>
+<a name = "line_xxii_22" id = "line_xxii_22"> </a>
+suam populō commendābat. Hōc<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_2" id =
+"tag65_2" href = "#note65_2">2</a> nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasi<br>
+diadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca,<br>
+cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_3" id = "tag65_3" href =
+"#note65_3">3</a> esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam
+cōgnātiōnī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_25" id = "line_xxii_25">25</a>
+praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvam<br>
+esse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atque<br>
+equestris<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_4" id = "tag65_4" href =
+"#note65_4">4</a> ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī
+fugiēns<br>
+dēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam,<br>
+quam glōriōsissimē dēgere<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_5" id =
+"tag65_5" href = "#note65_5">5</a> potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_30" id = "line_xxii_30">30</a>
+Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>123.</span>
+<p><a name = "line_xxii_31" id = "line_xxii_31"> </a>
+Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit.<br>
+Tribūnātum enim adeptus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_6" id = "tag65_6"
+href = "#note65_6">6</a> seu vindicandae frāternae necis,<br>
+seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīre<br>
+cōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag65_7" id = "tag65_7" href = "#note65_7">7</a> effūdit: lēgem dē<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_35" id = "line_xxii_35">35</a>
+frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag65_8" id = "tag65_8" href = "#note65_8">8</a> omnibus Ītalicīs
+dabat.<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_9" id = "tag65_9" href =
+"#note65_9">9</a><br>
+Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_10" id =
+"tag65_10" href = "#note65_10">10</a> poterant contentiōne
+obsistēbant<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page66" id = "page66">66</a>
+omnēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_1" id = "tag66_1" href =
+"#note66_1">1</a> bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag66_2" id = "tag66_2" href = "#note66_2">2</a> vir cōnsulāris. Is<br>
+cum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātā<br>
+ad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_40" id = "line_xxii_40">40</a>
+animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvit<br>
+audiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_3" id =
+"tag66_3" href = "#note66_3">3</a> tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēge<br>
+<a name = "line_xxii_42" id = "line_xxii_42"> </a>
+frūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag66_4" id = "tag66_4" href = "#note66_4">4</a> quidem,<br>
+Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_5" id =
+"tag66_5" href = "#note66_5">5</a> virītim dīvidere liceat;<br>
+sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_45" id = "line_xxii_45">45</a>
+gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicum<br>
+dissipārī.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>121.</span>
+
+<p>Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_6" id =
+"tag66_6" href = "#note66_6">6</a> vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quid<br>
+dētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximō<br>
+discrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_50" id = "line_xxii_50">50</a>
+familiā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_7" id = "tag66_7" href =
+"#note66_7">7</a> Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma
+populō,<br>
+Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag66_8" id = "tag66_8" href = "#note66_8">8</a><br>
+comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmet<br>
+ipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteā<br>
+corpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_55" id = "line_xxii_55">55</a>
+est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmium<br>
+relātum aurō<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_9" id = "tag66_9" href =
+"#note66_9">9</a> repēnsum fertur. Sunt<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag66_10" id = "tag66_10" href = "#note66_10">10</a> quī trādunt
+īnfūsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_11" id = "tag66_11" href =
+"#note66_11">11</a><br>
+plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag66_12" id = "tag66_12" href = "#note66_12">12</a></p>
+
+<p>Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, ut<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page67" id = "page67">67</a>
+in<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_1" id = "tag67_1" href =
+"#note67_1">1</a> eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur,
+Blosius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_60" id = "line_xxii_60">60</a>
+quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag67_2" id = "tag67_2" href = "#note67_2">2</a> vēnit, hanc, ut<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag67_3" id = "tag67_3" href = "#note67_3">3</a>
+sibi<br>
+īgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag67_4" id = "tag67_4" href = "#note67_4">4</a> Gracchum fēcisset,<br>
+ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul<br>
+“Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēs<br>
+subdere iussisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_5" id = "tag67_5" href
+= "#note67_5">5</a> obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_65" id = "line_xxii_65">65</a>
+propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquit<br>
+Blosius “voluisset<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a> id quidem,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag67_6" id = "tag67_6" href = "#note67_6">6</a>
+sed sī voluisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a> pāruissem.<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a>”<br>
+Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī<br>
+causā peccāveris.</p>
+
+<p>Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_70" id = "line_xxii_70">70</a>
+cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_7" id = "tag67_7" href =
+"#note67_7">7</a> alia tum<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_7">7</a> haec
+dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā,<br>
+quōmodo ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_8" id = "tag67_8" href =
+"#note67_8">8</a> ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnī<br>
+<a name = "line_xxii_72" id = "line_xxii_72"> </a>
+meae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag67_9" id = "tag67_9" href = "#note67_9">9</a><br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic67.png" width = "236" height = "162"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+AMPHORAE</span>
+
+aut eō plūs in mūneribus mē<br>
+accēpisse aut meā causā quemquam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_75" id = "line_xxii_75">75</a>
+sūmptum<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_10" id = "tag67_10" href =
+"#note67_10">10</a> fēcisse. Zōnās, quās<br>
+Rōmā proficīscēns plēnās<br>
+argentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_11" id = "tag67_11" href =
+"#note67_11">11</a> extulī, eās ex prōvinciā<br>
+inānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās,<br>
+quās vīnī<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_11">11</a> plēnās extulērunt,
+eās<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_80" id = "line_xxii_80">80</a>
+argentō<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_11">11</a> replētās domum<br>
+reportārunt.”</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note63_6" id = "note63_6" href = "#tag63_6">63.6</a>
+When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen
+is usually put in the plural.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_7" id = "note63_7" href = "#tag63_7">63.7</a>
+Africanus Maior.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note63_8" id = "note63_8" href = "#tag63_8">63.8</a>
+Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africanus. The
+Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the
+Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_1" id = "note64_1" href = "#tag64_1">64.1</a>
+<b>ā puerīs</b>: we say, ‘from <i>childhood</i>.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_2" id = "note64_2" href = "#tag64_2">64.2</a>
+‘literature’; abl. of means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_3" id = "note64_3" href = "#tag64_3">64.3</a>
+‘guest.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_4" id = "note64_4" href = "#tag64_4">64.4</a>
+<b>illō saeculō</b>: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The writer of
+these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance
+that marked the later history of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_5" id = "note64_5" href = "#tag64_5">64.5</a>
+‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches to
+<i>mulier</i> and its derivatives.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_6" id = "note64_6" href = "#tag64_6">64.6</a>
+construed here like <i>dōnec</i>, <a href = "#note39_9">p. 39, n.
+9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_7" id = "note64_7" href = "#tag64_7">64.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note28_3">p. 28, n. 3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_8" id = "note64_8" href = "#tag64_8">64.8</a>
+<b>sed . . . māluērunt</b>: this whole account of the Gracchi was
+manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or
+aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations
+of the motives of the Gracchi.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_9" id = "note64_9" href = "#tag64_9">64.9</a>
+The reference is to the <i>ager pūblicus</i>, or land gained in
+conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it
+had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing
+no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented
+any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of
+small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended
+to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The
+universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting
+the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils
+by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held
+by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the
+poorer classes.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_10" id = "note64_10" href = "#tag64_10">64.10</a>
+These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by
+removing part of the population and supplying such persons with
+lands.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note64_11" id = "note64_11" href = "#tag64_11">64.11</a>
+It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for
+two successive terms. Thus no man could be reëlected consul until ten
+years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end
+of his year as tribune, presented himself for reëlection, the
+aristocrats appealed to this rule. Gracchus might have replied that the
+rule had often been set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the
+whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_1" id = "note65_1" href = "#tag65_1">65.1</a>
+This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor
+against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and
+received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_2" id = "note65_2" href = "#tag65_2">65.2</a>
+<b>Hōc . . . pōsceret</b>: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean that he
+was demanding a kingly crown.’ <b>pōsceret</b> is subjunctive as giving
+in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf. <a href =
+"#note3_6">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_3" id = "note65_3" href = "#tag65_3">65.3</a>
+‘although.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_4" id = "note65_4" href = "#tag65_4">65.4</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_equestris"><i>equestris</i></a> and
+<a href = "#vocab_eques"><i>eques</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_5" id = "note65_5" href = "#tag65_5">65.5</a>
+<b>dēgere potuerat</b>: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf. <i>tuērī
+poterant</i>, <a href = "#line_xxii_12">l.&nbsp;12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_6" id = "note65_6" href = "#tag65_6">65.6</a>
+<i>adipīscor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_7" id = "note65_7" href = "#tag65_7">65.7</a>
+<b>aerārium effūdit</b>: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ The
+reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. This
+entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure of corn
+monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a
+constant drain upon the treasury.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_8" id = "note65_8" href = "#tag65_8">65.8</a>
+‘citizenship.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_9" id = "note65_9" href = "#tag65_9">65.9</a>
+‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes
+attempted action; cf. <i>dīvidēbat</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxii_16">l.&nbsp;16</a>, and <i>commendābat</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxii_22">l.&nbsp;22</a>. He was unable to carry the law, as the
+citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the franchise.
+The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note65_10" id = "note65_10" href = "#tag65_10">65.10</a>
+<b>quantā . . . contentiōne</b>: ‘with the greatest possible energy.’
+Cf. <i>quantō potuit apparātū</i>, IX, 39, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_1" id = "note66_1" href = "#tag66_1">66.1</a>
+<b>omnēs bonī</b>: ‘all loyal citizens.’ <i>bonī</i>, like
+<i>optimātēs</i>, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation
+of <i>aristocracy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_2" id = "note66_2" href = "#tag66_2">66.2</a>
+Sc. <i>obsistēbat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_3" id = "note66_3" href = "#tag66_3">66.3</a>
+<b>Quī . . . cōnstās</b>: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How
+literally? See (4)&nbsp;<i>quī</i> in vocabulary.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_4" id = "note66_4" href = "#tag66_4">66.4</a>
+<b>Nōlim</b>: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be unwilling.’
+The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: H&nbsp;556
+(486, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>&nbsp;1): M&nbsp;719:
+A&nbsp;311, <i>b</i>: G&nbsp;257, 2: B&nbsp;280, 1. Cf. <i>possit</i>,
+<a href = "#line_xxii_72">l.&nbsp;72</a>. Often, as here, the modesty is
+assumed ironically.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_5" id = "note66_5" href = "#tag66_5">66.5</a>
+Join with <b>liceat</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_6" id = "note66_6" href = "#tag66_6">66.6</a>
+<b>ut . . . caperet</b>: this was the formula by which the senate
+conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunctives
+<b>vidēret</b> and <b>caperet</b>, and give the words of the decree as
+passed by the senate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_7" id = "note66_7" href = "#tag66_7">66.7</a>
+here ‘household.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_8" id = "note66_8" href = "#tag66_8">66.8</a>
+<b>iam comprehenderētur</b>: ‘was on the point of being arrested.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_9" id = "note66_9" href = "#tag66_9">66.9</a>
+<b>aurō . . . fertur</b>: ‘is said to have been paid for with gold.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_10" id = "note66_10" href = "#tag66_10">66.10</a>
+<b>Sunt quī trādunt</b>: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. ‘some
+say.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_11" id = "note66_11" href = "#tag66_11">66.11</a>
+<b>infūsō plumbō</b>: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf. <a href =
+"#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to
+pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note66_12" id = "note66_12" href = "#tag66_12">66.12</a>
+= <i>explēvisse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_1" id = "note67_1" href = "#tag67_1">67.1</a>
+<b>in eōs . . . animadverterētur</b>: ‘punishment should be visited upon
+those.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_2" id = "note67_2" href = "#tag67_2">67.2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_3" id = "note67_3" href = "#tag67_3">67.3</a>
+<b>ut . . . īgnōscerētur</b>: a result clause, dependent on
+<b>causam</b>: ‘a&nbsp;reason as a result of which he <i>ought to be
+pardoned</i>.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or
+obligation and propriety.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_4" id = "note67_4" href = "#tag67_4">67.4</a>
+<b>tantī . . . fēcisset</b>: ‘he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.’
+<b>tantī</b> is a so-called gen. of price or value: H&nbsp;448, 1 (405):
+M&nbsp;576: A&nbsp;252, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;380: B&nbsp;203, 3. For
+<i>fēcisset</i>, cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p.&nbsp;14,
+n.&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_5" id = "note67_5" href = "#tag67_5">67.5</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_6" id = "note67_6" href = "#tag67_6">67.6</a>
+<b>quidem</b> emphasizes <b>id</b>. This emphasis in English would be
+indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have dreamed
+of <i>that</i>.’ Cf. <i>Nōlim quidem</i> above, <a href =
+"#line_xxii_42">l.&nbsp;42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_7" id = "note67_7" href = "#tag67_7">67.7</a>
+<b>cum . . . tum</b>: ‘not only . . . but also.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_8" id = "note67_8" href = "#tag67_8">67.8</a>
+<b>ex ūsū vestrō</b>: ‘to your interests.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_9" id = "note67_9" href = "#tag67_9">67.9</a>
+‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_10" id = "note67_10" href = "#tag67_10">67.10</a>
+<i>sūmptum facere</i> = ‘to be put to expense.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note67_11" id = "note67_11" href = "#tag67_11">67.11</a>
+Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either
+the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality expressing means.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page68" id = "page68">68</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXIII" id = "selection_XXIII">XXIII.</a>
+Gāius Marius</h4>
+
+<p>C. Marius, humilī locō nātus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_1" id =
+"tag68_1" href = "#note68_1">1</a> mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniā<br>
+duce Scīpiōne<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_2" id = "tag68_2" href =
+"#note68_2">2</a> posuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_3" id =
+"tag68_3" href = "#note68_3">3</a> Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus ob<br>
+singulārem virtūtem et impigram<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_4" id =
+"tag68_4" href = "#note68_4">4</a> ad perīcula et labōrēs
+alacritātem.<br>
+Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_5" id = "line_xxiii_5">5</a>
+quid illī<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_5" id = "tag68_5" href =
+"#note68_5">5</a> accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnum<br>
+habitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō,<br>
+“Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōs<br>
+rēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit.</p>
+
+<p>Q. Metellum<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_6" id = "tag68_6" href =
+"#note68_6">6</a> in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag68_7" id = "tag68_7" href = "#note68_7">7</a> cūius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_10" id = "line_xxiii_10">10</a>
+lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populum<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_11" id = "line_xxiii_11"> </a>
+Rōmānum crīminātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_8" id = "tag68_8" href
+= "#note68_8">8</a> est bellum dūcere<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_9"
+id = "tag68_9" href = "#note68_9">9</a>: sī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag68_10" id = "tag68_10" href = "#note68_10">10</a> sē cōnsulem<br>
+fēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē in<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>107.</span>
+potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus est<br>
+cōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_11"
+id = "tag68_11" href = "#note68_11">11</a> Bellum ab illō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_15" id = "line_xxiii_15">15</a>
+prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerat<br>
+eōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. Marius<br>
+Gaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag68_12" id = "tag68_12" href = "#note68_12">12</a> in excelsā
+rīpā<br>
+positum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit.<br>
+Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_20" id = "line_xxiii_20">20</a>
+ōrantēs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_13" id = "tag68_13" href =
+"#note68_13">13</a> Sulla<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_14" id =
+"tag68_14" href = "#note68_14">14</a> quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem
+remissus, Bocchō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page69" id = "page69">69</a>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_21" id = "line_xxiii_21"> </a>
+persuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igitur<br>
+vinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns ante<br>
+currum ēgit et in carcerem<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_1" id =
+"tag69_1" href = "#note69_1">1</a> caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum
+Iugurtha<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_24" id = "line_xxiii_24"> </a>
+dētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag69_2" id = "tag69_2" href = "#note69_2">2</a> in modum dīdūxisse<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_25" id = "line_xxiii_25">25</a>
+et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quam<br>
+frīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcere<br>
+necātus est.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic69.png" width = "467" height = "231"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+TRIUMPH</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>104.</span>
+
+<p>Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumque<br>
+eī contrā Cimbrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_3" id = "tag69_3" href =
+"#note69_3">3</a> et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_30" id = "line_xxiii_30">30</a>
+hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēs<br>
+quaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag69_4" id = "tag69_4" href = "#note69_4">4</a> in Ītaliam<br>
+remigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt.<br>
+Repulsī, quod nequīverant<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_5" id =
+"tag69_5" href = "#note69_5">5</a> precibus, armīs petere
+cōnstituunt.<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_34" id = "line_xxiii_34"> </a>
+Trēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_6" id = "tag69_6" href =
+"#note69_6">6</a> ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page70" id = "page70">70</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_35" id = "line_xxiii_35">35</a>
+Omnēs fugātī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_1" id = "tag70_1" href =
+"#note70_1">1</a> exūtī<a class = "tag" href = "#note70_1">1</a>
+castrīs. Āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_2" id = "tag70_2" href =
+"#note70_2">2</a> erat dē imperiō Rōmānō,<br>
+nisi<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_3" id = "tag70_3" href =
+"#note70_3">3</a> Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs
+Alpium<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_37" id = "line_xxiii_37"> </a>
+rādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_4" id =
+"tag70_4" href = "#note70_4">4</a> oppressit. Vallem fluviumque<br>
+medium<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_5" id = "tag70_5" href =
+"#note70_5">5</a> hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag70_6" id = "tag70_6" href = "#note70_6">6</a> aquārum nūlla cōpia.
+Aucta<br>
+necessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_40" id = "line_xxiii_40">40</a>
+exercitū Marius “Virī<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_7" id = "tag70_7"
+href = "#note70_7">7</a>” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.”<br>
+Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, ut<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic70.png" width = "104" height = "107"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+TROPAEUM</span>
+
+Rōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūs<br>
+aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum.<br>
+Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_45" id = "line_xxiii_45">45</a>
+nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximō<br>
+saltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphī<br>
+fuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiae<br>
+super tropaea ipsa ēminēbat.</p>
+
+<p>Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_50" id = "line_xxiii_50">50</a>
+cum ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_8" id = "tag70_8" href =
+"#note70_8">8</a> aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn
+ponte<br>
+nec nāvibus, sed iniectīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_9" id =
+"tag70_9" href = "#note70_9">9</a> arborum truncīs, velut aggere,<br>
+trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulem<br>
+mīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag70_10" id = "tag70_10" href = "#note70_10">10</a>
+Teutonum<br>
+enim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_11" id =
+"tag70_11" href = "#note70_11">11</a> Mariō quōs illī frātrēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_55" id = "line_xxiii_55">55</a>
+dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag70_12" id = "tag70_12" href = "#note70_12">12</a>”<br>
+inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumque<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page71" id = "page71">71</a>
+tenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_1" id =
+"tag71_1" href = "#note71_1">1</a> habērī sentientēs ultiōnem<br>
+Mariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquī<br>
+adsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_60" id = "line_xxiii_60">60</a>
+nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonum<br>
+ducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant.</p>
+
+<p>Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīs<br>
+suōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrum<br>
+dux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_65" id = "line_xxiii_65">65</a>
+imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciem<br>
+ita īnstituisset, ut pulvis<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_2" id =
+"tag71_2" href = "#note71_2">2</a> in oculōs et ōra hostium
+ferrētur,<br>
+incrēdibilī strāge<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_3" id = "tag71_3" href
+= "#note71_3">3</a> prōstrāta<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_4" id =
+"tag71_4" href = "#note71_4">4</a> est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō:
+caesa<br>
+trāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cum<br>
+uxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_70" id = "line_xxiii_70">70</a>
+dēsuper,<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_5" id = "tag71_5" href =
+"#note71_5">5</a> quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent.<br>
+Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag71_6" id = "tag71_6" href = "#note71_6">6</a> nōn<br>
+impetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_7" id =
+"tag71_7" href = "#note71_7">7</a> īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag71_8" id = "tag71_8" href = "#note71_8">8</a><br>
+concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag71_9" id = "tag71_9" href = "#note71_9">9</a><br>
+arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_75" id = "line_xxiii_75">75</a>
+eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur,<br>
+ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag71_10" id = "tag71_10" href = "#note71_10">10</a><br>
+novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_11"
+id = "tag71_11" href = "#note71_11">11</a> invīderant, cōnservātam<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag71_12" id = "tag71_12" href =
+"#note71_12">12</a><br>
+ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertium<br>
+cohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag71_13" id = "tag71_13" href = "#note71_13">13</a> contrā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_80" id = "line_xxiii_80">80</a>
+lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_14" id = "tag71_14" href =
+"#note71_14">14</a> cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē
+et<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page72" id = "page72">72</a>
+ēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verba<br>
+sē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>88.</span>
+
+<p>Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est.<br>
+Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag72_1" id = "tag72_1" href = "#note72_1">1</a> cōnsul<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_85" id = "line_xxiii_85">85</a>
+contrā Mithridātem,<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_2" id = "tag72_2" href
+= "#note72_2">2</a> rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,<br>
+tribūnus plēbis, lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_3" id = "tag72_3"
+href = "#note72_3">3</a> ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium<br>
+abrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rē<br>
+Sulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit,<br>
+Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_90" id = "line_xxiii_90">90</a>
+fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_4"
+id = "tag72_4" href = "#note72_4">4</a> Sed paulō post<br>
+repertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag72_5" id = "tag72_5" href = "#note72_5">5</a><br>
+iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectus<br>
+est. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag72_6" id = "tag72_6" href = "#note72_6">6</a> pūblicus, nātiōne<br>
+Cimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_95" id = "line_xxiii_95">95</a>
+hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,”<br>
+inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus ille<br>
+ac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdere<br>
+clāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant,<br>
+ē carcere ēmissus est.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_100" id =
+"line_xxiii_100">100</a>
+Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsem<br>
+pervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_7"
+id = "tag72_7" href = "#note72_7">7</a> sedēret, vēnit <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘ād’">ad</ins> eum<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_102" id = "line_xxiii_102"> </a>
+līctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc,<br>
+quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_8" id = "tag72_8" href =
+"#note72_8">8</a> numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag72_9" id = "tag72_9" href = "#note72_9">9</a>
+aliquod<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page73" id = "page73">73</a>
+officium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_105" id =
+"line_xxiii_105">105</a>
+nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllam<br>
+ēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrī<br>
+vellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē Gāium<br>
+Marium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīs<br>
+exemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_110" id =
+"line_xxiii_110">110</a>
+cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum ante<br>
+oculōs pōneret.</p>
+
+<p>Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus ā<br>
+Cinnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_1" id = "tag73_1" href =
+"#note73_1">1</a> in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam
+domitus.<br>
+Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_115" id =
+"line_xxiii_115">115</a>
+vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag73_2" id = "tag73_2" href = "#note73_2">2</a> suppliciōrum<br>
+generibus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illa<br>
+scelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_3" id =
+"tag73_3" href = "#note73_3">3</a> Hōc tempore admīranda sānē<br>
+populī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrum<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_119" id = "line_xxiii_119"> </a>
+domōs multitūdinī dīripiendās<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_4" id =
+"tag73_4" href = "#note73_4">4</a> obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_120" id =
+"line_xxiii_120">120</a>
+quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_5" id = "tag73_5" href =
+"#note73_5">5</a> cīvīlī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_6" id = "tag73_6"
+href = "#note73_6">6</a> lūctū praedam peteret<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note73_5">5</a>: quae quidem tam misericors<br>
+continentia plēbis tacita<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_7" id =
+"tag73_7" href = "#note73_7">7</a> quaedam crūdēlium victōrum
+vituperātiō<br>
+fuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbum<br>
+incidit et ingentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_8" id = "tag73_8" href
+= "#note73_8">8</a> omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sī<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiii_124" id = "line_xxiii_124"> </a>
+exāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag73_9" id = "tag73_9" href = "#note73_9">9</a> utrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_125" id =
+"line_xxiii_125">125</a>
+bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem pūblicam<br>
+armātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_10" id = "tag73_10" href =
+"#note73_10">10</a> servāvit, eam prīmō togātus<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note73_10">10</a> omnī genere fraudis,<br>
+postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page74" id = "page74">74</a>
+<p>Erat Marius dūrior<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_1" id = "tag74_1"
+href = "#note74_1">1</a> ad hūmānitātis<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_2"
+id = "tag74_2" href = "#note74_2">2</a> studia et ingenuārum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag74_3" id = "tag74_3" href = "#note74_3">3</a><br>
+artium contemptor. Cum <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘aēdem’">aedem</ins> Honōris dē manubiīs hostium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_130" id =
+"line_xxiii_130">130</a>
+vōvisset, sprētā<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_4" id = "tag74_4" href =
+"#note74_4">4</a> peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumque<br>
+Graecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_5" id =
+"tag74_5" href = "#note74_5">5</a> per artificem Rōmānum<br>
+cūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag74_6" id = "tag74_6" href = "#note74_6">6</a><br>
+doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis,<br>
+validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_135" id =
+"line_xxiii_135">135</a>
+secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsum<br>
+ipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluit<br>
+praebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem iūdicāret.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIV">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note68_1" id = "note68_1" href = "#tag68_1">68.1</a>
+In 157 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, near Arpinum in
+Latium.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_2" id = "note68_2" href = "#tag68_2">68.2</a>
+Sc. <i>Āfricānō Minōre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_3" id = "note68_3" href = "#tag68_3">68.3</a>
+= <i>dēposuit</i>: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_4" id = "note68_4" href = "#tag68_4">68.4</a>
+<b>impigram . . . alacritātem</b>: ‘his energetic eagerness in the
+direction of (<b>ad</b>),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to face,’
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_5" id = "note68_5" href = "#tag68_5">68.5</a>
+i.e. Scipio.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_6" id = "note68_6" href = "#tag68_6">68.6</a>
+Subject of <b>dūcere</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_11">l. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_7" id = "note68_7" href = "#tag68_7">68.7</a>
+= <i>quī missus erat</i>. Cf. <i>coeptum</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxiii_15">l. 15</a>, and <a href = "#page_xxiv">p.
+xxiv</a>,&nbsp;L1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_8" id = "note68_8" href = "#tag68_8">68.8</a>
+<b>crīminātus . . . dūcere</b>: ‘charged him with prolonging.’
+<i>crīminārī</i> is treated here as a verb of saying.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_9" id = "note68_9" href = "#tag68_9">68.9</a>
+= <i>prōdūcere</i>, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have the
+meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf.
+n.&nbsp;3 above.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_10" id = "note68_10" href = "#tag68_10">68.10</a>
+<b>sī . . . redāctūrum</b>: the words of Marius, reported in indir.
+disc. Cf. <a href = "#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>, M&nbsp;4,&nbsp;7.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_11" id = "note68_11" href = "#tag68_11">68.11</a>
+<b>in . . . suffectus</b>: ‘he was appointed to supersede Metellus.’ How
+literally?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_12" id = "note68_12" href = "#tag68_12">68.12</a>
+This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which
+separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_13" id = "note68_13" href = "#tag68_13">68.13</a>
+<b>ōrantēs</b> may be explained (1) as = <i>quī pācem ōrābant</i>
+(cf.&nbsp;n.&nbsp;7 above); or (2)&nbsp;as expressing purpose, and so =
+<i>quī pācem ōrārent</i>. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part.
+active is commonly employed, not the present.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note68_14" id = "note68_14" href = "#tag68_14">68.14</a>
+See next selection.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_1" id = "note69_1" href = "#tag69_1">69.1</a>
+The Tullianum: see illustration on <a href = "#page16">p. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_2" id = "note69_2" href = "#tag69_2">69.2</a>
+‘of one smiling.’ Join with <b>modum</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_3" id = "note69_3" href = "#tag69_3">69.3</a>
+The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as early as 113
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> Having overrun Gaul, they made
+their way to the northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman
+armies on the way (cf.&nbsp;<a href = "#line_xxiii_34">l.&nbsp;34</a>
+below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, but turned off to
+Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the natives.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_4" id = "note69_4" href = "#tag69_4">69.4</a>
+For the position of <b>cum</b>, see <a href = "#note19_8">p. 19, n.
+8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_5" id = "note69_5" href = "#tag69_5">69.5</a>
+Sc. <i>petere</i>, or better <i>adipīscī</i>, ‘to secure.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note69_6" id = "note69_6" href = "#tag69_6">69.6</a>
+Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; Q. Servilius Caepio,
+105.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_1" id = "note70_1" href = "#tag70_1">70.1</a>
+Sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_2" id = "note70_2" href = "#tag70_2">70.2</a>
+<b>Āctum . . . fuisset</b>: ‘it was all up with the Romans had there not
+been a Marius.’ For <b>erat</b> we should have expected <i>esset</i>,
+since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the mood of fact, is
+used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually was inevitable but for
+one thing. H&nbsp;581, 1 (511,&nbsp;1): M&nbsp;940: A&nbsp;308,
+<i>b</i>: G&nbsp;597, 2: B&nbsp;304,&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_3" id = "note70_3" href = "#tag70_3">70.3</a>
+<b>nisi . . . fuisset</b>: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if it
+hadn’t been for Marius.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_4" id = "note70_4" href = "#tag70_4">70.4</a>
+in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_5" id = "note70_5" href = "#tag70_5">70.5</a>
+‘that ran through (the valley).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_6" id = "note70_6" href = "#tag70_6">70.6</a>
+dat. of possession with <i>erat</i> (to be supplied). On the whole
+sentence <b>Vallem .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. cōpia</b>, see <a href =
+"#note5_13">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_7" id = "note70_7" href = "#tag70_7">70.7</a>
+<b>Virī . . . habētis</b>: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of saying
+<i>Sī virī</i> (‘true men’) <i>estis</i>, etc., i.e. the getting of
+water depends wholly on your own courage.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_8" id = "note70_8" href = "#tag70_8">70.8</a>
+‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had sought to
+enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass at the eastern
+side of the Italian Alps.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_9" id = "note70_9" href = "#tag70_9">70.9</a>
+Sc. <i>in flūmen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_10" id = "note70_10" href = "#tag70_10">70.10</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note68_13">p. 68, n. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_11" id = "note70_11" href = "#tag70_11">70.11</a>
+<b>Quaerente . . . nōmināssent</b> = two temporal clauses: ‘when Marius
+had asked .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. and they had named.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note70_12" id = "note70_12" href = "#tag70_12">70.12</a>
+‘Never mind.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_1" id = "note71_1" href = "#tag71_1">71.1</a>
+<b>sē . . . habērī</b>: ‘that they were being mocked.’ <b>lūdibriō</b>
+is a dat. of purpose: cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p.&nbsp;25,
+n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_2" id = "note71_2" href = "#tag71_2">71.2</a>
+<b>pulvis . . . ferrētur</b>: cf. <a href = "#line_xx_7">XX, lines 7 and
+8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_3" id = "note71_3" href = "#tag71_3">71.3</a>
+at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_4" id = "note71_4" href = "#tag71_4">71.4</a>
+<i>prōsternō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_5" id = "note71_5" href = "#tag71_5">71.5</a>
+‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_6" id = "note71_6" href = "#tag71_6">71.6</a>
+Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_7" id = "note71_7" href = "#tag71_7">71.7</a>
+<i>ēlīdō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_8" id = "note71_8" href = "#tag71_8">71.8</a>
+<b>mūtuīs . . . vulneribus</b>: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_9" id = "note71_9" href = "#tag71_9">71.9</a>
+<b>ab . . . pependērunt</b>: ‘hung <i>from</i> trees’ = ‘hanged
+themselves <i>to</i> trees.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_10" id = "note71_10" href = "#tag71_10">71.10</a>
+<b>ut . . . hominī</b>: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ i.e. one
+whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a man was not
+necessarily of plebeian birth.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_11" id = "note71_11" href = "#tag71_11">71.11</a>
+<b>ēvectō</b>: ‘when he had been elevated.’ <b>eī . . . ēvectō</b> may
+also be rendered ‘his elevation.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_12" id = "note71_12" href = "#tag71_12">71.12</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_13" id = "note71_13" href = "#tag71_13">71.13</a>
+The part. gives the cause of <i>dōnāverat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note71_14" id = "note71_14" href = "#tag71_14">71.14</a>
+In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of the
+<i>comitia tribūta</i>, or assembly in which the people met by
+tribes.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_1" id = "note72_1" href = "#tag72_1">72.1</a>
+See next selection.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_2" id = "note72_2" href = "#tag72_2">72.2</a>
+Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, 88-84 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, 83-81, and 74-66, till finally
+defeated by Pompey the Great. At the time referred to in the text he had
+overrun Asia Minor and had entered Greece.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_3" id = "note72_3" href = "#tag72_3">72.3</a>
+<b>lēgem . . . tulit</b>: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ i.e.
+submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was carried. In
+the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the aristocratic, Marius and
+Cinna the popular party.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_4" id = "note72_4" href = "#tag72_4">72.4</a>
+<i>dēlitēscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_5" id = "note72_5" href = "#tag72_5">72.5</a>
+<i>oblinō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_6" id = "note72_6" href = "#tag72_6">72.6</a>
+<b>servus pūblicus</b>: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the phrase
+<i>ager pūblicus</i>, <a href = "#note64_9">p.&nbsp;64,
+n.&nbsp;9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_7" id = "note72_7" href = "#tag72_7">72.7</a>
+Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_8" id = "note72_8" href = "#tag72_8">72.8</a>
+<b>quem . . . laesisset</b> (<i>laedō</i>): a causal rel. clause =
+‘since he had,’ etc.: H&nbsp;592 (517): M&nbsp;839: A&nbsp;320,
+<i>e</i>: G&nbsp;633: B&nbsp;283,&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note72_9" id = "note72_9" href = "#tag72_9">72.9</a>
+<b>tamen</b> looks back to <b>quī . . . obtinēbat</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxiii_102">l.&nbsp;102</a>. The thought is that Marius hoped for
+some kindly consideration (<b>hūmānitātis aliquod officium</b>) from
+Sextilius, though his official position would naturally constrain him to
+be hostile to an outlaw.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_1" id = "note73_1" href = "#tag73_1">73.1</a>
+L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party and enemy of
+Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own troops when he
+ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who was preparing to
+return home at the close of the first Mithridatic War.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_2" id = "note73_2" href = "#tag73_2">73.2</a>
+<b>variīs . . . adfēcit</b>: ‘he punished in various ways.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_3" id = "note73_3" href = "#tag73_3">73.3</a>
+‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_4" id = "note73_4" href = "#tag73_4">73.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note2_18">p. 2, n. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_5" id = "note73_5" href = "#tag73_5">73.5</a>
+<b>quī . . . peteret</b>: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 (503,&nbsp;I):
+M&nbsp;838: A&nbsp;320: G&nbsp;631: B&nbsp;283.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_6" id = "note73_6" href = "#tag73_6">73.6</a>
+<b>cīvīlī lūctū</b>: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to his
+fellow-citizens.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_7" id = "note73_7" href = "#tag73_7">73.7</a>
+<b>tacita . . . fuit</b>: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense
+(<b>quaedam</b>) a&nbsp;criticism,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_8" id = "note73_8" href = "#tag73_8">73.8</a>
+<b>ingentī . . . laetitiā</b>: ‘to the great joy of every one’; cf.
+<a href = "#note27_3">p.&nbsp;27, n.&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_9" id = "note73_9" href = "#tag73_9">73.9</a>
+Join with <b>facile</b>, and see <a href = "#note19_15">p. 19, n.
+15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note73_10" id = "note73_10" href = "#tag73_10">73.10</a>
+<b>armātus</b> = <i>bellō</i>; <b>togātus</b> = <i>pāce</i>. Cf. <a href
+= "#line_xxiii_25">l.&nbsp;125</a>. The toga was the regular dress of
+civilians.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_1" id = "note74_1" href = "#tag74_1">74.1</a>
+<b>Erat dūrior ad</b>: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he had no
+liking for.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_2" id = "note74_2" href = "#tag74_2">74.2</a>
+‘culture.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_3" id = "note74_3" href = "#tag74_3">74.3</a>
+<b>ingenuārum artium</b>: ‘polite accomplishments.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_4" id = "note74_4" href = "#tag74_4">74.4</a>
+<i>spernō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_5" id = "note74_5" href = "#tag74_5">74.5</a>
+abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244, <i>d</i>:
+G&nbsp;396, and&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_6" id = "note74_6" href = "#tag74_6">74.6</a>
+<b>quod . . . prōfuissent</b>: ‘because (so he declared) it had been of
+little service to its teachers in the direction of (attaining) virtue.’
+Cf. <i>quod .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. iūdicāret</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxiii_37">l.&nbsp;137</a>, and see <a href =
+"#note14_1">p.&nbsp;14, n.&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIV">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXIV" id = "selection_XXIV">XXIV.</a>
+Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla<br>
+<span class = "subhead">
+138-78 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4>
+
+<p>Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag74_7" id = "tag74_7" href = "#note74_7">7</a> obvia<br>
+“Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statim<br>
+quaesīta<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_8" id = "tag74_8" href =
+"#note74_8">8</a> quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag74_9" id = "tag74_9" href = "#note74_9">9</a></p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>107.</span>
+
+<p>Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_10" id =
+"tag74_10" href = "#note74_10">10</a> quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag74_11" id = "tag74_11" href = "#note74_11">11</a> cum<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag74_12" id = "tag74_12" href =
+"#note74_12">12</a> ūsque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_5" id = "line_xxiv_5">5</a>
+ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag74_13" id = "tag74_13" href = "#note74_13">13</a> artis<br>
+amōre inquinātam perdūxisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note74_12">12</a>
+C. Marius cōnsul molestē<br>
+tulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātus<br>
+quaestor sorte<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_14" id = "tag74_14" href =
+"#note74_14">14</a> obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam in<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page75" id = "page75">75</a>
+Āfricam vēnit, virtūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_1" id = "tag75_1"
+href = "#note75_1">1</a> ēnituit. Bellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_2"
+id = "tag75_2" href = "#note75_2">2</a> Cimbricō, lēgātus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_10" id = "line_xxiv_10">10</a>
+cōnsulis<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_3" id = "tag75_3" href =
+"#note75_3">3</a> bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus,
+pulsō<br>
+in exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_4"
+id = "tag75_4" href = "#note75_4">4</a> profectus est. Mithridātēs<br>
+enim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius,<br>
+odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_5"
+id = "tag75_5" href = "#note75_5">5</a> occupātā Asiā necātīsque<br>
+in eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_6" id =
+"tag75_6" href = "#note75_6">6</a> quōs quidem eādem diē<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_15" id = "line_xxiv_15">15</a>
+atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoque<br>
+Ītaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōs<br>
+duōbus proeliīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_7" id = "tag75_7" href =
+"#note75_7">7</a> in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus in<br>
+Asiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag75_8" id = "tag75_8" href = "#note75_8">8</a> nisi ad bellum<br>
+cīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag75_9" id = "tag75_9" href = "#note75_9">9</a> pācem compōnere<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_20" id = "line_xxiv_20">20</a>
+māluisset.<a class = "tag" href = "#note75_8">8</a> Mithridātem tamen
+pecūniā<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_10" id = "tag75_10" href =
+"#note75_10">10</a> multāvit; Asiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_11" id
+= "tag75_11" href = "#note75_11">11</a><br>
+aliīsque prōvinciīs,<a class = "tag" href = "#note75_11">11</a> quās
+occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsque<br>
+fīnibus contentum esse coēgit.</p>
+
+<p>Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_12" id =
+"tag75_12" href = "#note75_12">12</a> cum victōre exercitū Rōmam<br>
+properāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_25" id = "line_xxiv_25">25</a>
+autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictātor<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag75_13" id = "tag75_13" href =
+"#note75_13">13</a><br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>82.</span>
+creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussit<br>
+animadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīvium<br>
+in Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōs<br>
+in urbe passim, quisquis<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_14" id =
+"tag75_14" href = "#note75_14">14</a> voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret
+Fūfidius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_30" id = "line_xxiv_30">30</a>
+quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_15" id =
+"tag75_15" href = "#note75_15">15</a> essent, quibus<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note75_15">15</a> imperāret.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page76" id = "page76">76</a>
+Novō<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_1" id = "tag76_1" href =
+"#note76_1">1</a> et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag76_2" id = "tag76_2" href = "#note76_2">2</a>
+prōposuit,<br>
+quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumque<br>
+omnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina.<br>
+Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag76_3" id = "tag76_3" href = "#note76_3">3</a> eōs saevīvit, quī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_35" id = "line_xxiv_35">35</a>
+armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēs<br>
+propter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit.<br>
+Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cum<br>
+legēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum,<br>
+“Vae” inquit “miserō mihi<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_4" id =
+"tag76_4" href = "#note76_4">4</a>! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.”<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_40" id = "line_xxiv_40">40</a>
+Neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_5" id = "tag76_5" href =
+"#note76_5">5</a> longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat,<br>
+cōnfossus<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_6" id = "tag76_6" href =
+"#note76_6">6</a> est.</p>
+
+<p>Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_7" id =
+"tag76_7" href = "#note76_7">7</a> inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag76_8" id = "tag76_8" href = "#note76_8">8</a>
+sē<br>
+ēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partū<br>
+ēdidisset, puerum Faustum<a class = "tag" href = "#note76_8">8</a>
+puellamque Faustam<a class = "tag" href = "#note76_8">8</a> nōminārī
+voluit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_45" id = "line_xxiv_45">45</a>
+Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnem<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>78.</span>
+dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cum<br>
+amīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns,<br>
+cūius modo<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_9" id = "tag76_9" href =
+"#note76_9">9</a> tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōn<br>
+minus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_50" id = "line_xxiv_50">50</a>
+cōnstitit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_10" id = "tag76_10" href =
+"#note76_10">10</a> quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēns<br>
+fuit, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_11" id = "tag76_11" href =
+"#note76_11">11</a> audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūs<br>
+maledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virī<br>
+māximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīus<br>
+adulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag76_12" id = "tag76_12" href = "#note76_12">12</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page77" id = "page77">77</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_55" id = "line_xxiv_55">55</a>
+līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag77_1" id = "tag77_1" href = "#note77_1">1</a> nē quis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag77_2" id = "tag77_2" href = "#note77_2">2</a>
+posthāc<br>
+tāle imperium dēpōnat.”</p>
+
+<p>Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag77_3" id = "tag77_3" href = "#note77_3">3</a> vītam<br>
+agere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxiv_59" id = "line_xxiv_59"> </a>
+cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag77_4" id = "tag77_4" href = "#note77_4">4</a> Graecīs atque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_60" id = "line_xxiv_60">60</a>
+Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag77_5" id = "tag77_5" href = "#note77_5">5</a> ut<br>
+sēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam
+dūxerit:<br>
+nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag77_6" id = "tag77_6" href = "#note77_6">6</a><br>
+Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag77_7" id = "tag77_7" href = "#note77_7">7</a> nē quid<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note77_2">2</a> posteā<br>
+scrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_8" id
+= "tag77_8" href = "#note77_8">8</a> in iīs vērō, quae secūta<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_65" id = "line_xxiv_65">65</a>
+sunt, numquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_9" id = "tag77_9" href =
+"#note77_9">9</a> satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlis<br>
+sanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit,<br>
+sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_10" id =
+"tag77_10" href = "#note77_10">10</a>: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsī<br>
+posteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs in<br>
+flūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_70" id = "line_xxiv_70">70</a>
+corrūpit.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXV">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note74_7" id = "note74_7" href = "#tag74_7">74.7</a>
+<b>mulier obvia . . . inquit</b>: ‘a woman met them and said.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_8" id = "note74_8" href = "#tag74_8">74.8</a>
+<b>quaesīta . . . dīxisset</b>: ‘though inquiries were made as to who
+had said this.’ How literally? <b>dīxisset</b> is a subjunctive of
+indir. question dependent on <b>quaesīta</b>: cf. <a href =
+"#note3_2">p.&nbsp;3, n.&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_9" id = "note74_9" href = "#tag74_9">74.9</a>
+Cf. VIII, 43.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_10" id = "note74_10" href = "#tag74_10">74.10</a>
+Cf. XXIII, 20.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_11" id = "note74_11" href = "#tag74_11">74.11</a>
+i.e. Sulla.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_12" id = "note74_12" href = "#tag74_12">74.12</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note13_20">p. 13, n. 20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_13" id = "note74_13" href = "#tag74_13">74.13</a>
+<b>lūdicrae artis</b>: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would call ‘the
+stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome looked with disfavor
+on the theater. Since no free Roman was allowed to appear upon the
+stage, the actors were slaves or freedmen. The praetor was empowered to
+flog actors publicly at will.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note74_14" id = "note74_14" href = "#tag74_14">74.14</a>
+After the election of the quaestors their posts were assigned to them by
+lot.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_1" id = "note75_1" href = "#tag75_1">75.1</a>
+‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that Jugurtha was
+captured.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_2" id = "note75_2" href = "#tag75_2">75.2</a>
+Cf. XXIII, 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_3" id = "note75_3" href = "#tag75_3">75.3</a>
+Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_4" id = "note75_4" href = "#tag75_4">75.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note72_2">72, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_5" id = "note75_5" href = "#tag75_5">75.5</a>
+abl. of comparison with <b>īnferior</b>: cf. <a href = "#note10_18">p.
+10, n. 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_6" id = "note75_6" href = "#tag75_6">75.6</a>
+This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is variously stated
+from 80,000 to 150,000.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_7" id = "note75_7" href = "#tag75_7">75.7</a>
+At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were fought
+in&nbsp;86.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_8" id = "note75_8" href = "#tag75_8">75.8</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_9" id = "note75_9" href = "#tag75_9">75.9</a>
+<b>quālemcumque pācem</b>: ‘peace on any terms.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_10" id = "note75_10" href = "#tag75_10">75.10</a>
+abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220, <i>b</i>:
+G&nbsp;378, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 3: B&nbsp;208, 2,
+<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_11" id = "note75_11" href = "#tag75_11">75.11</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_12" id = "note75_12" href = "#tag75_12">75.12</a>
+Cf. XXIII, 113-122.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_13" id = "note75_13" href = "#tag75_13">75.13</a>
+Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former times
+(1)&nbsp;because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old dictators
+held office for six months only; (2)&nbsp;his power extended to every
+department of government, whereas formerly dictators had been created to
+accomplish some <i>one</i> object.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_14" id = "note75_14" href = "#tag75_14">75.14</a>
+<b>quisquis voluit</b> contains the subject of <b>occīdit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note75_15" id = "note75_15" href = "#tag75_15">75.15</a>
+<b>ut . . . imperāret</b>: ‘that there might be people for him (Sulla)
+to rule over.’ For <b>quibus .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. imperāret</b>, see <a href
+= "#note5_3">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_1" id = "note76_1" href = "#tag76_1">76.1</a>
+<b>Novō . . . prōposuit</b>: ‘He exposed to public view (in the Forum)
+a&nbsp;proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’
+<b>exemplō</b>: abl. of manner.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_2" id = "note76_2" href = "#tag76_2">76.2</a>
+<b>prōscrīptiōnis</b>: Latin often uses a gen. where English employs an
+adj. or a noun with adj. value.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_3" id = "note76_3" href = "#tag76_3">76.3</a>
+<b>in eōs saevīvit</b>: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_4" id = "note76_4" href = "#tag76_4">76.4</a>
+ethical dat.: H 432 (389, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2): M
+541: A&nbsp;235, <i>e</i>: G&nbsp;351: B&nbsp;188, 2, <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_5" id = "note76_5" href = "#tag76_5">76.5</a>
+<b>Neque</b> = <i>et nōn</i>, as often at the beginning of clauses.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_6" id = "note76_6" href = "#tag76_6">76.6</a>
+<i>cōnfodiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_7" id = "note76_7" href = "#tag76_7">76.7</a>
+<i>prōsternō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_8" id = "note76_8" href = "#tag76_8">76.8</a>
+These words all = ‘Lucky.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_9" id = "note76_9" href = "#tag76_9">76.9</a>
+‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_10" id = "note76_10" href = "#tag76_10">76.10</a>
+‘remained intact.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_11" id = "note76_11" href = "#tag76_11">76.11</a>
+<b>quī audēret</b> is a rel. clause of result = <i>tālis ut audēret</i>.
+It characterizes or describes the antecedent <b>adulēscēns</b>. See
+<a href = "#note73_5">p.&nbsp;73, n.&nbsp;5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note76_12" id = "note76_12" href = "#tag76_12">76.12</a>
+<b>in līmine iam</b>: ‘when he was already at (on) his own threshold,’
+i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make was not uttered till
+the last moment.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_3" id = "note77_3" href = "#tag77_3">77.3</a>
+<b>vēnandō . . . coepit</b>: cf. I, 21, <i>vēnandō . . . coepērunt</i>,
+and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_4" id = "note77_4" href = "#tag77_4">77.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note64_2">p. 64, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_5" id = "note77_5" href = "#tag77_5">77.5</a>
+<b>amāns</b> is treated here as an adj., and so construed with the gen.
+Cf. <i>cupidus voluptātum</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxiv_59">l.&nbsp;59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_6" id = "note77_6" href = "#tag77_6">77.6</a>
+‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal in the
+Forum.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_7" id = "note77_7" href = "#tag77_7">77.7</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note11_9">p. 11, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_8" id = "note77_8" href = "#tag77_8">77.8</a>
+Sc. <i>erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_9" id = "note77_9" href = "#tag77_9">77.9</a>
+<b>numquam . . . vituperandus</b> (<i>est</i>): ‘can never be blamed
+enough.’ In <i>negative</i> sentences the gerundive often conveys this
+idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see <a href =
+"#note39_11">p.&nbsp;39, n.&nbsp;11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_10" id = "note77_10" href = "#tag77_10">77.10</a>
+<i>parcō</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXV">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXV" id = "selection_XXV">XXV.</a>
+Lūcius Lūcullus</h4>
+
+<p>Lūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. In<br>
+Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag77_11" id = "tag77_11" href = "#note77_11">11</a><br>
+laude<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_12" id = "tag77_12" href =
+"#note77_12">12</a> prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag77_13" id = "tag77_13" href = "#note77_13">13</a>
+aedīlis,<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>74.</span>
+continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_14"
+id = "tag77_14" href = "#note77_14">14</a> prōmōtus est, quem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_5" id = "line_xxv_5">5</a>
+ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingenium<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page78" id = "page78">78</a>
+āgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_1" id =
+"tag78_1" href = "#note78_1">1</a> bellum missus ā senātū<br>
+<a name = "line_xxv_7" id = "line_xxv_7"> </a>
+nōn modo opīniōnem vīcit<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_2" id = "tag78_2"
+href = "#note78_2">2</a> omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrum<br>
+ducum. Idque eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_3" id = "tag78_3" href =
+"#note78_3">3</a> fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag78_4" id = "tag78_4" href = "#note78_4">4</a> imperātōria<br>
+nōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag78_5" id = "tag78_5" href = "#note78_5">5</a> operā,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_10" id = "line_xxv_10">10</a>
+quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_6" id =
+"tag78_6" href = "#note78_6">6</a> Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sed<br>
+incrēdibilis quaedam<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_7" id = "tag78_7"
+href = "#note78_7">7</a> ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag78_8" id = "tag78_8" href = "#note78_8">8</a><br>
+dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_9" id =
+"tag78_9" href = "#note78_9">9</a> et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsisset<br>
+partim in percontandō ā perītīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_10" id =
+"tag78_10" href = "#note78_10">10</a> partim in rēbus<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag78_11" id = "tag78_11" href = "#note78_11">11</a> gestīs<br>
+legendīs, in Asiam factus<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_12" id =
+"tag78_12" href = "#note78_12">12</a> imperātor vēnit, cum esset
+Rōmā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_15" id = "line_xxv_15">15</a>
+profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_13" id =
+"tag78_13" href = "#note78_13">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātem<br>
+<a name = "line_xxv_17" id = "line_xxv_17"> </a>
+saepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_14" id
+= "tag78_14" href = "#note78_14">14</a> rēgum māximum, in<br>
+Armeniā vīcit, ultimamque<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_15" id =
+"tag78_15" href = "#note78_15">15</a> bellō manum magis nōluit
+impōnere,<br>
+quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag78_16" id = "tag78_16" href = "#note78_16">16</a> et bellō paene<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_20" id = "line_xxv_20">20</a>
+invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamen<br>
+ideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam<br>
+dē Mithridāte triumphāvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_17" id =
+"tag78_17" href = "#note78_17">17</a> abiectā omnium rērum cūrā
+coepit<br>
+dēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē et<br>
+immēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag78_18" id = "tag78_18" href = "#note78_18">18</a> mare<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page79" id = "page79">79</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_25" id = "line_xxv_25">25</a>
+ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag79_1" id = "tag79_1" href = "#note79_1">1</a> marī iniēcit; in<br>
+aliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haud<br>
+īnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_2" id =
+"tag79_2" href = "#note79_2">2</a> vocāre adsuēverat.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag79_3" id = "tag79_3" href = "#note79_3">3</a></p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic79.png" width = "488" height = "279"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+VĪLLA</p>
+
+<p>Habēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_4" id
+= "tag79_4" href = "#note79_4">4</a> et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam.<br>
+Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_30" id = "line_xxv_30">30</a>
+ea habitātiō esset<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_5" id = "tag79_5" href
+= "#note79_5">5</a> quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minus<br>
+commoda vidērētur<a class = "tag" href = "#note79_5">5</a>; cuī Lūcullus
+“Putāsne” inquit “mē minus<br>
+sapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?”<br>
+Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus.<br>
+Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_6" id =
+"tag79_6" href = "#note79_6">6</a> sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_35" id = "line_xxv_35">35</a>
+graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisse<br>
+lautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note79_5">5</a> ad cēnam invītātus,<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page80" id = "page80">80</a>
+“Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullum<br>
+hodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?”</p>
+
+<p>Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_40" id = "line_xxv_40">40</a>
+multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag80_1" id = "tag80_1" href = "#note80_1">1</a> ūtendōs.<br>
+Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut ad<br>
+Mūsārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_2" id = "tag80_2" href =
+"#note80_2">2</a> aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi
+iūcundē<br>
+inter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīs<br>
+versābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_45" id = "line_xxv_45">45</a>
+ambulābat.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVI">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note77_1" id = "note77_1" href = "#tag77_1">77.1</a>
+<b>efficiet nē . . . dēpōnat</b>: ‘will prevent any one from resigning.’
+For the subjunctive <b>dēpōnat</b>, see <a href = "#note9_6">p.&nbsp;9,
+n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_2" id = "note77_2" href = "#tag77_2">77.2</a>
+The indefinite pronoun <i>quis</i> occurs chiefly after <i>sī</i>,
+<i>nisi</i>, <i>nē</i>, and <i>num</i>. Elsewhere <i>aliquis</i> is
+used.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_11" id = "note77_11" href = "#tag77_11">77.11</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note76_1">p. 76, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_12" id = "note77_12" href = "#tag77_12">77.12</a>
+‘ability.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_13" id = "note77_13" href = "#tag77_13">77.13</a>
+Sc. <i>est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note77_14" id = "note77_14" href = "#tag77_14">77.14</a>
+The offices mentioned here formed the <i>cursus honōrum</i>, or official
+career, through which all desirous of political distinction were
+required to pass. The aedileship, however, might be omitted.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_1" id = "note78_1" href = "#tag78_1">78.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note72_2">p. 72, n. 2</a>. Lucullus assumed command
+against Mithridates in 74 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_2" id = "note78_2" href = "#tag78_2">78.2</a>
+‘surpassed,’ ‘outstripped.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_3" id = "note78_3" href = "#tag78_3">78.3</a>
+causal abl., explained by <b>quod . . . exspectābātur</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_4" id = "note78_4" href = "#tag78_4">78.4</a>
+‘ability.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_5" id = "note78_5" href = "#tag78_5">78.5</a>
+<b>forēnsī operā</b>: ‘legal business,’ i.e. the practice of law. In or
+near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business places in
+general.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_6" id = "note78_6" href = "#tag78_6">78.6</a>
+<b>in Asiae pāce</b>: ‘in Asia, which was then at peace.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_7" id = "note78_7" href = "#tag78_7">78.7</a>
+<b>quīdam</b> is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which the
+writer fears may seem exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_8" id = "note78_8" href = "#tag78_8">78.8</a>
+<b>ūsūs dīsciplīnam</b>: ‘the training of experience.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_9" id = "note78_9" href = "#tag78_9">78.9</a>
+<b>iter et nāvigātiōnem</b>: ‘voyage.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_10" id = "note78_10" href = "#tag78_10">78.10</a>
+‘experts.’ Sc. <b>reī mīlitāris</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_11" id = "note78_11" href = "#tag78_11">78.11</a>
+<b>rēbus gestīs</b>: ‘history’; here, of course, military history
+especially.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_12" id = "note78_12" href = "#tag78_12">78.12</a>
+Cf. our use of the word ‘finished.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_13" id = "note78_13" href = "#tag78_13">78.13</a>
+The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had served with
+distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_14" id = "note78_14" href = "#tag78_14">78.14</a>
+King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom he had formed
+alliance.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_15" id = "note78_15" href = "#tag78_15">78.15</a>
+<b>ultimam . . . potuit</b>: ‘his failure to put the finishing touches
+(<b>ultimam manum</b>) to the war was due more to unwillingness than to
+inability.’ How literally? Here too the biographer shows his prejudice.
+Lucullus’ failure to end the war was due to the mutiny of his soldiers,
+who were weary of their incessant exertions, and angry because L. did
+not permit them to gratify their greed for plunder.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_16" id = "note78_16" href = "#tag78_16">78.16</a>
+‘(though) praiseworthy.’ <b>invictus</b> must be similarly
+translated.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_17" id = "note78_17" href = "#tag78_17">78.17</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note18_7">p. 18, n. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note78_18" id = "note78_18" href = "#tag78_18">78.18</a>
+‘convenience.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_1" id = "note79_1" href = "#tag79_1">79.1</a>
+<b>mōlēs . . . iniēcit</b>: ‘he built huge structures out into the
+sea.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_2" id = "note79_2" href = "#tag79_2">79.2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note73_10">p. 73, n. 10</a>. Xerxes, king of Persia,
+made an expedition against Greece in 480 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, in the course of which he executed certain
+important engineering works.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_3" id = "note79_3" href = "#tag79_3">79.3</a>
+<i>adsuēscō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_4" id = "note79_4" href = "#tag79_4">79.4</a>
+<b>prōspectū . . . pulcherrimam</b>: ‘with a very beautiful view and
+promenade.’ <b>prōspectū</b> and <b>ambulātiōne</b> are abl. of
+specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_5" id = "note79_5" href = "#tag79_5">79.5</a>
+Why subjunctive?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note79_6" id = "note79_6" href = "#tag79_6">79.6</a>
+<b>utpote sōlī</b> = <i>quod sōlus erat</i>. In phrases like this Latin
+suffers from the lack of a present part. to <i>sum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_1" id = "note80_1" href = "#tag80_1">80.1</a>
+<b>dedit ūtendōs</b>: i.e. loaned them. For <b>ūtendōs</b>, see <a href
+= "#note2_18">p.&nbsp;2, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_2" id = "note80_2" href = "#tag80_2">80.2</a>
+The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVI">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXVI" id = "selection_XXVI">XXVI.</a>
+Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic80.png" width = "96" height = "165"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+POMPEY</span>
+
+<p>Gnaeus Pompēius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_3" id = "tag80_3" href
+= "#note80_3">3</a> stirpis senātōriae, bellō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag80_4" id = "tag80_4" href = "#note80_4">4</a><br>
+cīvīlī sē et patrem cōnsiliō servāvit. Cum enim<br>
+Pompēī pater exercituī suō ob avāritiam esset<br>
+invīsus, factā in eum cōnspīrātiōne, Terentius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_5" id = "line_xxvi_5">5</a>
+quīdam, Gnaeī Pompēī fīliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_5" id =
+"tag80_5" href = "#note80_5">5</a> contubernālis, hunc<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag80_6" id = "tag80_6" href = "#note80_6">6</a><br>
+occīdendum suscēpit, dum<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_7" id = "tag80_7"
+href = "#note80_7">7</a> aliī tabernāculum<br>
+patris incenderent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note80_7">7</a> Quae rēs
+cum iuvenī Pompēiō<br>
+cēnantī nūntiāta esset, nihil perīculō mōtus<br>
+solitō<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_8" id = "tag80_8" href =
+"#note80_8">8</a> hilarius bibit et cum Terentiō eādem,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_10" id = "line_xxvi_10">10</a>
+quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_9" id = "tag80_9" href =
+"#note80_9">9</a> anteā, cōmitāte ūsus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus
+clam<br>
+subdūxit sē tentōriō et fīrmam patrī circumdedit cūstōdiam.<br>
+Terentius tum dēstrictō ēnse ad lectum Pompēī accessit multīsque<br>
+īctibus strāgula percussit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_10" id =
+"tag80_10" href = "#note80_10">10</a> Ortā mox sēditiōne Pompēius sē
+in<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page81" id = "page81">81</a>
+media coniēcit āgmina, mīlitēsque tumultuantēs precibus et lacrimīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_15" id = "line_xxvi_15">15</a>
+plācāvit ac ducī reconciliāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Eōdem bellō Pompēius partēs Sullae secūtus ita sē gessit ut ab<br>
+eō māximē dīligerētur. Annōs trēs et vīgintī nātus, ut Sullae<br>
+auxiliō venīret, paternī exercitūs reliquiās conlēgit, statimque<br>
+dux perītus exstitit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_1" id = "tag81_1"
+href = "#note81_1">1</a> Māgnus illīus apud mīlitem amor, māgna<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_20" id = "line_xxvi_20">20</a>
+apud omnēs admīrātiō fuit; nūllus eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_2" id
+= "tag81_2" href = "#note81_2">2</a> labor taediō,<a class = "tag" href
+= "#note81_2">2</a> nūlla<br>
+dēfatīgātiō molestiae<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_2">2</a> erat.
+Cibī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_3" id = "tag81_3" href =
+"#note81_3">3</a> vīnīque<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_3">3</a>
+temperāns, somnī parcus<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_4" id = "tag81_4"
+href = "#note81_4">4</a>;<br>
+inter mīlitēs corpus exercēns cum alacribus saltū,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag81_5" id = "tag81_5" href = "#note81_5">5</a> cum vēlōcibus<br>
+cursū,<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_5">5</a> cum validīs luctandō<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note81_5">5</a> certābat. Tum ad Sullam iter<br>
+intendit et in eō itinere trēs hostium exercitūs aut fūdit aut sibi<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_25" id = "line_xxvi_25">25</a>
+adiūnxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad sē accēdere audīvit ēgregiamque<br>
+sub sīgnīs iuventūtem āspexit, dēsiliit ex equō Pompēiumque<br>
+salūtāvit imperātōrem et posteā eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_6" id =
+"tag81_6" href = "#note81_6">6</a> venientī solēbat sellā<br>
+adsurgere et caput aperīre et equō dēscendere, quem honōrem nēminī<br>
+nisi Pompēiō tribuēbat.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_30" id = "line_xxvi_30">30</a>
+Posteā Pompēius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam ā Carbōne,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxvi_31" id = "line_xxvi_31"> </a>
+Sullae inimīcō, occupātam reciperet. Carbō comprehēnsus et ad<br>
+Pompēium ductus est: quem Pompēius, etsi Carbō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag81_7" id = "tag81_7" href = "#note81_7">7</a> muliebriter<br>
+mortem extimēscēns dēmissē et flēbiliter mortem dēprecābātur,<br>
+ad supplicium dūcī iussit. Longē moderātior fuit Pompēius ergā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_35" id = "line_xxvi_35">35</a>
+Sthenium, Siciliae cūiusdam cīvitātis prīncipem. Cum enim in<br>
+eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset, quae<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag81_8" id = "tag81_8" href = "#note81_8">8</a> sibi adversāta<br>
+fuisset, inīquē eum factūrum Sthenius exclāmāvit,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag81_9" id = "tag81_9" href = "#note81_9">9</a> sī ob ūnīus<br>
+culpam omnēs pūnīret. Interrogantī Pompēiō quisnam ille ūnus<br>
+esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “quī cīvēs meōs ad id indūxī.”<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page82" id = "page82">82</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_40" id = "line_xxvi_40">40</a>
+Tam līberā vōce dēlectātus Pompēius omnibus et Stheniō ipsī<br>
+pepercit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_1" id = "tag82_1" href =
+"#note82_1">1</a></p>
+
+<p>Trānsgressus inde in Āfricam Iarbam, Numidiae rēgem, quī<br>
+Mariī partibus favēbat, bellō persecūtus intrā diēs quadrāgintā<br>
+oppressit et Āfricam subēgit adulēscēns<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_2"
+id = "tag82_2" href = "#note82_2">2</a> quattuor et vīgintī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_45" id = "line_xxvi_45">45</a>
+annōrum. Deinde cum litterae eī ā Sullā redditae essent, quibus<br>
+exercitū<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_3" id = "tag82_3" href =
+"#note82_3">3</a> dīmissō cum ūnā legiōne successōrem exspectāre<br>
+iubēbātur, Pompēius, quamquam aegrē id ferēbat, tamen pāruit et<br>
+Rōmam revertit. Revertentī incrēdibilis hominum multitūdō<br>
+obviam īvit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excēpit et Māgnī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_50" id = "line_xxvi_50">50</a>
+cōgnōmine cōnsalūtāvit. Nihilō minus Pompēiō triumphum petentī<br>
+restitit: neque vērō eā rē ā prōpositō dēterritus est Pompēius<br>
+aususque<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_4" id = "tag82_4" href =
+"#note82_4">4</a> dīcere plūrēs adōrāre sōlem orientem quam
+occidentem:<br>
+quō dictō innuēbat Sullae potentiam minuī, suam crēscere.<br>
+Eā vōce audītā Sulla, cōnfīdentiā adulēscentis perculsus,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag82_5" id = "tag82_5" href = "#note82_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_55" id = "line_xxvi_55">55</a>
+“Triumphet! triumphet!” exclāmāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Metellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_6" id = "tag82_6" href =
+"#note82_6">6</a> iam senī<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_7" id =
+"tag82_7" href = "#note82_7">7</a> et bellum in Hispāniā sēgnius
+gerentī<br>
+conlēga datus Pompēius adversus Sertōrium variō ēventū dīmicāvit.<br>
+Māximum ibi in proeliō quōdam perīculum subiit: cum enim vir<br>
+vāstā corporis māgnitūdine impetum in eum fēcisset, Pompēius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_60" id = "line_xxvi_60">60</a>
+manum amputāvit; sed multīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_8" id =
+"tag82_8" href = "#note82_8">8</a> in eum concurrentibus vulnus in<br>
+femore accēpit et ā suīs fugientibus dēsertus in<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag82_9" id = "tag82_9" href = "#note82_9">9</a> hostium potestāte<br>
+erat. At praeter spem ēvāsit: barbarī enim equum ēius aurō<br>
+phalerīsque eximiīs īnstrūctum cēperant. Dum igitur praedam<br>
+inter sē altercantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_10" id = "tag82_10"
+href = "#note82_10">10</a> partiuntur, Pompēius eōrum manūs effūgit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_65" id = "line_xxvi_65">65</a>
+Alterō proeliō cum Metellus Pompēiō labōrantī auxiliō vēnisset,<br>
+Sertōrius recēdere coāctus dīxisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page83" id = "page83">83</a>
+supervēnisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_1" id = "tag83_1" href =
+"#note83_1">1</a> ego hunc puerum verberibus castīgātum Rōmam<br>
+dīmīsissem.”<a class = "tag" href = "#note83_1">1</a> Metellum anum
+appellābat, quia is, iam senex,<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_2" id =
+"tag83_2" href = "#note83_2">2</a> ad<br>
+mollem et effēminātam vītam dēflexerat. Sertōriō interfectō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_70" id = "line_xxvi_70">70</a>
+Pompēius Hispāniam recēpit.</p>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic83.png" width = "234" height = "130"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+NĀVIS PĪRĀTA</span>
+
+<p>Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_3" id = "tag83_3" href =
+"#note83_3">3</a> pīrātae illā tempestāte<br>
+maria omnia īnfēstārent<a class = "tag" href = "#note83_3">3</a> et
+quāsdam<br>
+etiam Ītaliae urbēs dīripuissent,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note83_3">3</a><br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>67.</span>
+ad eōs opprimendōs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_75" id = "line_xxvi_75">75</a>
+cum imperiō extraōrdināriō<br>
+missus est Pompēius. Nimiae<br>
+virī potentiae obsistēbant quīdam<br>
+ex optimātibus et imprīmīs Quīntus Catulus. Quī cum in cōntiōne<br>
+dīxisset esse quidem<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_4" id = "tag83_4"
+href = "#note83_4">4</a> praeclārum virum Cn. Pompēium, sed<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note83_4">4</a> nōn<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_80" id = "line_xxvi_80">80</a>
+esse ūnī omnia tribuenda, adiēcissetque: “Sī quid huīc acciderit,<br>
+quem in ēius locum substituētis?” summō cōnsēnsū succlāmāvit<br>
+ūniversa cōntiō, “Tē, Quīnte Catule.” Tam honōrificō cīvium<br>
+tēstimōniō victus Catulus ē cōntiōne discessit. Pompēius,<br>
+dispositīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_5" id = "tag83_5" href =
+"#note83_5">5</a> per omnēs maris recessūs nāvibus, brevī terrārum
+orbem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_85" id = "line_xxvi_85">85</a>
+illā pēste līberāvit; praedōnēs multīs locīs victōs fūdit; eōsdem<br>
+in dēditiōnem acceptōs in urbibus et agrīs procul ā marī<br>
+conlocāvit. Nihil hāc victōriā celerius, nam intrā quadrāgēsimum<br>
+diem pīrātās tōtō marī expulit.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>66.</span>
+
+<p>Cōnfectō bellō pīrāticō, Gnaeus Pompēius contrā Mithridātem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_90" id = "line_xxvi_90">90</a>
+profectus in Asiam māgnā celeritāte contendit. Proelium<br>
+cum rēge cōnserere cupiēbat, neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_6" id =
+"tag83_6" href = "#note83_6">6</a> opportūna dabātur<br>
+pūgnandī facultās, quia Mithridātēs interdiū castrīs sē continēbat,<br>
+noctū vērō haud tūtum erat congredī cum hoste in locīs īgnōtīs.<br>
+Nocte tamen aliquandō cum Pompēius Mithridātem aggressus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_95" id = "line_xxvi_95">95</a>
+esset, lūna māgnō fuit Rōmānīs adiūmentō. Quam cum Rōmānī<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page84" id = "page84">84</a>
+ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_1" id = "tag84_1" href =
+"#note84_1">1</a> tergō habērent, umbrae corporum longius prōiectae ad
+prīmōs<br>
+ūsque hostium ōrdinēs pertinēbant, unde dēceptī rēgiī mīlitēs in<br>
+umbrās, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tēla mittēbant. Victus<br>
+Mithridātēs in Pontum profūgit. Pharnacēs fīlius bellum eī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_100" id = "line_xxvi_100">100</a>
+intulit, quī, occīsīs ā patre frātribus, vītae suae ipse timēbat.<br>
+Mithridātēs ā fīliō obsessus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_2" id =
+"tag84_2" href = "#note84_2">2</a> venēnum sūmpsit; quod cum tardius<br>
+subīret, quia adversus venēna multīs anteā medicāmentīs corpus<br>
+fīrmāverat, ā mīlite Gallō, ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_3" id =
+"tag84_3" href = "#note84_3">3</a> quō ut adiuvāret sē petierat,<br>
+interfectus est.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_105" id =
+"line_xxvi_105">105</a>
+Tigrānī deinde, Armeniae rēgī, quī Mithridātis partēs secūtus<br>
+erat, Pompēius bellum intulit eumque ad dēditiōnem compulit.<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic84.png" width = "130" height = "127"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+DIADĒMA</span>
+
+Quī cum prōcubuisset ad genua Pompēī, eum<br>
+ērēxit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_4" id = "tag84_4" href =
+"#note84_4">4</a> et benīgnīs verbīs recreātum diadēma,<br>
+quod abiēcerat, capitī repōnere iussit, aequē<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag84_5" id = "tag84_5" href = "#note84_5">5</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_110" id = "line_xxvi_110">110</a>
+pulchrum esse iūdicāns et vincere rēgēs et<br>
+facere. Inde in Iūdaeam profectus Rōmānōrum<br>
+prīmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_6" id = "tag84_6" href =
+"#note84_6">6</a> Iūdaeōs domuit, Hierosolyma,<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>63.</span>
+caput gentis, cēpit, templumque iūre<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_7" id
+= "tag84_7" href = "#note84_7">7</a><br>
+victōriae ingressus est. Rēbus Asiae<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_115" id = "line_xxvi_115">115</a>
+compositīs, in Italiam versus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_8" id =
+"tag84_8" href = "#note84_8">8</a> ad urbem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag84_9" id = "tag84_9" href = "#note84_9">9</a> vēnit, nōn, ut
+plērīque<br>
+timuerant, armātus, sed dīmissō exercitū, et tertium triumphum<br>
+bīduō<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_10" id = "tag84_10" href =
+"#note84_10">10</a> dūxit. Īnsīgnis fuit multīs novīs inūsitātīsque
+ōrnāmentīs<br>
+hīc triumphus; sed nihil inlūstrius vīsum, quam quod<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag84_11" id = "tag84_11" href = "#note84_11">11</a> tribus<br>
+triumphīs trēs orbis partēs dēvictae causam praebuerant: Pompēius<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page85" id = "page85">85</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_120" id = "line_xxvi_120">120</a>
+enim, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_1" id = "tag85_1" href =
+"#note85_1">1</a> anteā contigerat nēminī, prīmum ex Āfricā,<br>
+iterum ex Eurōpā, tertiō ex Asiā triumphāvit, fēlīx opīniōne<br>
+hominum futūrus, sī, quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_2" id =
+"tag85_2" href = "#note85_2">2</a> glōriae, eundem vītae fīnem
+habuisset<br>
+neque adversam fortūnam esset expertus iam senex.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>49.</span>
+
+<p>Posteriōre enim tempore ortā inter Pompēium et Caesarem<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag85_3" id = "tag85_3" href = "#note85_3">3</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_125" id = "line_xxvi_125">125</a>
+gravī dissēnsiōne, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_4" id = "tag85_4"
+href = "#note85_4">4</a> hīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_5" id =
+"tag85_5" href = "#note85_5">5</a> superiōrem, ille<a class = "tag" href
+= "#note85_5">5</a> parem ferre<br>
+nōn posset, bellum cīvīle exārsit. Caesar īnfēstō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag85_6" id = "tag85_6" href = "#note85_6">6</a> exercitū<br>
+in Ītaliam vēnit. Pompēius, relīctā urbe ac deinde Ītaliā ipsā,<br>
+Thessaliam petit et cum eō cōnsulēs senātusque omnis: quem<br>
+īnsecūtus Caesar apud Pharsālum aciē fūdit. Victus Pompēius<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_130" id = "line_xxvi_130">130</a>
+ad Ptolemaeum, Aegyptī rēgem, cuī tūtor ā senātū datus erat,<br>
+profūgit, quī Pompēium interficī iussit. Latus Pompēī sub oculīs<br>
+uxōris et līberōrum mūcrōne cōnfossum est, caput praecīsum,<br>
+truncus in Nīlum coniectus. Deinde caput cum ānulō ad Caesarem<br>
+dēlātum est, quī eō vīsō lacrimās nōn continēns illud<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_135" id = "line_xxvi_135">135</a>
+multīs pretiōsissimīsque odōribus cremandum cūrāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Is fuit Pompēī post trēs cōnsulātūs et totidem triumphōs vītae<br>
+exitus. Erant in Pompēiō multae et māgnae virtūtēs ac praecipuē<br>
+admīranda frūgālitās. Cum eī aegrōtantī praecēpisset<br>
+medicus ut turdum ederet, negārent autem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag85_7" id = "tag85_7" href = "#note85_7">7</a> servī eam avem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_140" id = "line_xxvi_140">140</a>
+ūsquam aestīvō tempore posse reperīrī, nisi apud Lūcullum, quī<br>
+turdōs domī sagīnāret, vetuit Pompēius turdum inde petī, medicōque<br>
+dīxit: “Ergō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_8" id = "tag85_8" href =
+"#note85_8">8</a> nisi Lūcullus perditus dēliciīs esset, nōn vīveret<br>
+Pompēius?” Aliam avem, quae parābilis esset, sibi iussit<br>
+appōnī.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page86" id = "page86">86</a>
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_145" id =
+"line_xxvi_145">145</a>
+Virīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_1" id = "tag86_1" href =
+"#note86_1">1</a> doctīs māgnum honōrem habēbat Pompēius. Ex Syriā<br>
+dēcēdēns, cōnfectō bellō Mithridāticō, cum Rhodum vēnisset,<br>
+Posīdōnium cupiit audīre<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_2" id = "tag86_2"
+href = "#note86_2">2</a>; sed cum audīvisset eum graviter esse<br>
+aegrum, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_3" id = "tag86_3" href =
+"#note86_3">3</a> vehementer ēius artūs labōrārent, voluit tamen<br>
+nōbilissimum philosophum vīsere. Mōs erat ut, cōnsule<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag86_4" id = "tag86_4" href = "#note86_4">4</a> aedēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_150" id = "line_xxvi_150">150</a>
+aliquās ingressūrō, līctor forēs percuteret,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag86_5" id = "tag86_5" href = "#note86_5">5</a> admonēns cōnsulem<br>
+adesse, at Pompēius forēs Posīdōniī percutī honōris causā vetuit.<br>
+Quem ut vīdit et salūtāvit, molestē sē dīxit ferre, quod eum nōn<br>
+posset audīre. At ille “Tū vērō” inquit “potes, nec committam<br>
+ut dolor corporis efficiat<a class = "tag" href = "#note86_5">5</a> ut
+frūstrā tantus vir ad mē vēnerit.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note86_5">5</a>”<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_155" id = "line_xxvi_155">155</a>
+Itaque cubāns graviter et cōpiōsē dē hōc ipsō disputāvit: nihil<br>
+esse<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_6" id = "tag86_6" href =
+"#note86_6">6</a> bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum dīcī
+posse,<br>
+quod turpe nōn esset. Cum vērō dolōrēs ācriter eum pungerent,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxvi_158" id = "line_xxvi_158"> </a>
+saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! quamvīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag86_7" id = "tag86_7" href = "#note86_7">7</a> sīs molestus,
+numquam<br>
+tē esse malum cōnfitēbor.”</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note80_3" id = "note80_3" href = "#tag80_3">80.3</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_pompeius"><i>Pompēius</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_4" id = "note80_4" href = "#tag80_4">80.4</a>
+The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See selections
+<a href = "#selection_XXIV">XXIV</a> and <a href =
+"#selection_XXV">XXV</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_5" id = "note80_5" href = "#tag80_5">80.5</a>
+Cf. <i>iuvenī</i>, <a href = "#line_xxv_7">l. 7</a>. We should say ‘the
+younger.’ He was at this time but nineteen years of age.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_6" id = "note80_6" href = "#tag80_6">80.6</a>
+<b>hunc . . . suscēpit</b>: ‘undertook to kill him.’ How literally? For
+<b>occīdendum</b>, see <a href = "#note2_18">p.&nbsp;2,
+n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_7" id = "note80_7" href = "#tag80_7">80.7</a>
+<b>dum</b>, though meaning ‘while’ (cf. <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>,
+G 2), takes the subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc.
+Terenti said: <i>fīlium .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. suscipiam dum aliī
+incenditis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_8" id = "note80_8" href = "#tag80_8">80.8</a>
+<b>solitō hilarius</b>: ‘with (even) more gaiety than usual.’
+<b>solitō</b> is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used.
+For its case, see <a href = "#note10_18">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_9" id = "note80_9" href = "#tag80_9">80.9</a>
+<b>quā anteā</b>: sc. <i>ūsus erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note80_10" id = "note80_10" href = "#tag80_10">80.10</a>
+<i>percutiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_1" id = "note81_1" href = "#tag81_1">81.1</a>
+‘proved himself.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_2" id = "note81_2" href = "#tag81_2">81.2</a>
+See <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_3" id = "note81_3" href = "#tag81_3">81.3</a>
+objective gen. (<a href = "#note14_15">p. 14, n. 15</a>) with the part.
+<b>temperāns</b>, which here = a simple adj. So <b>somnī</b> is obj.
+gen. with <b>parcus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_4" id = "note81_4" href = "#tag81_4">81.4</a>
+Sc. <i>erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_5" id = "note81_5" href = "#tag81_5">81.5</a>
+abl. of specification.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_6" id = "note81_6" href = "#tag81_6">81.6</a>
+<b>eī venientī</b>: ‘(as a mark of respect) to him when approaching.’
+<b>eī</b> is a dat. of advantage with <b>adsurgere</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_7" id = "note81_7" href = "#tag81_7">81.7</a>
+After <b>quem</b>, whose antecedent is <b>Carbō</b>, <a href =
+"#line_xxvi_31">l.&nbsp;31</a>, this word might have been omitted
+without loss of clearness. In fact, such omission is the more usual
+construction.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_8" id = "note81_8" href = "#tag81_8">81.8</a>
+<b>quae . . . fuisset</b>: causal. Note that in forming the pluperfect
+subjunctive certain writers often use <i>fuisset</i> for
+<i>esset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note81_9" id = "note81_9" href = "#tag81_9">81.9</a>
+What were the exact words of Sthenius?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_1" id = "note82_1" href = "#tag82_1">82.1</a>
+<i>parcō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_2" id = "note82_2" href = "#tag82_2">82.2</a>
+‘(being then) a young man.’ Cf. <a href = "#note44_12">p. 44, n.
+12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_3" id = "note82_3" href = "#tag82_3">82.3</a>
+<b>exercitū dīmissō . . . exspectāre</b> = <i>exercitum dīmittere et
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. exspectāre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_4" id = "note82_4" href = "#tag82_4">82.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note13_12">p. 13, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_5" id = "note82_5" href = "#tag82_5">82.5</a>
+<i>percellō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_6" id = "note82_6" href = "#tag82_6">82.6</a>
+Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_7" id = "note82_7" href = "#tag82_7">82.7</a>
+<b>senī</b>: ‘because he was old.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_8" id = "note82_8" href = "#tag82_8">82.8</a>
+<b>multīs . . . concurrentibus</b>: the abl. abs. here denotes both time
+and cause; see <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K&nbsp;6. The
+prefix in <b>concurrentibus</b> conveys the idea of ‘from every
+side.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_9" id = "note82_9" href = "#tag82_9">82.9</a>
+<b>in . . . erat</b> = <i>ab hostibus captus est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note82_10" id = "note82_10" href = "#tag82_10">82.10</a>
+<b>altercantēs partiuntur</b>: lit., ‘wrangling they divided’ = ‘they
+wrangled about the division.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_1" id = "note83_1" href = "#tag83_1">83.1</a>
+Why subjunctive?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_2" id = "note83_2" href = "#tag83_2">83.2</a>
+‘<i>though</i> already old.’ The thought is that luxury and effeminacy
+are especially unbecoming to old age.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_3" id = "note83_3" href = "#tag83_3">83.3</a>
+See <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H 2. What is the meaning of the
+change of tense in <b>dīripuissent</b>?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_4" id = "note83_4" href = "#tag83_4">83.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note10_10">p. 10, n. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_5" id = "note83_5" href = "#tag83_5">83.5</a>
+See <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 10.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note83_6" id = "note83_6" href = "#tag83_6">83.6</a>
+<b>neque . . . facultās</b>: ‘but no opportunity,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_1" id = "note84_1" href = "#tag84_1">84.1</a>
+<b>ā tergō</b>: ‘in the rear.’ See <a href = "#note11_10">p. 11, n.
+10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_2" id = "note84_2" href = "#tag84_2">84.2</a>
+<i>obsideō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_3" id = "note84_3" href = "#tag84_3">84.3</a>
+<b>ā quō . . . petierat</b>: ‘whom he had asked to help him.’ How
+literally? <b>ut adiuvāret sē</b> is a substantive clause of purpose and
+object of <i>petierat</i>. See <a href = "#note7_20">p.&nbsp;7,
+n.&nbsp;20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_4" id = "note84_4" href = "#tag84_4">84.4</a>
+<i>ērigō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_5" id = "note84_5" href = "#tag84_5">84.5</a>
+<b>aequē . . . facere</b>: lit., ‘because he thought it an equally fine
+thing both to conquer kings and to create them.’ The expression is
+somewhat careless. We would say: ‘as glorious to create kings as to
+conquer them.’ <b>aequē pulchrum</b> is predicate, <b>et vincere
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. et facere</b> subject to <b>esse</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_6" id = "note84_6" href = "#tag84_6">84.6</a>
+<b>prīmus . . . domuit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note38_1">p. 38, n.
+1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_7" id = "note84_7" href = "#tag84_7">84.7</a>
+<b>iūre victōriae</b>: ‘by right of (i.e. on the strength of) his
+victory.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_8" id = "note84_8" href = "#tag84_8">84.8</a>
+‘turning’; lit., ‘having turned himself.’ Cf. n. on <i>cingitur</i>,
+<a href = "#line_xiii_29">XIII, l.&nbsp;29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_9" id = "note84_9" href = "#tag84_9">84.9</a>
+‘the City,’ i.e. Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_10" id = "note84_10" href = "#tag84_10">84.10</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note84_11" id = "note84_11" href = "#tag84_11">84.11</a>
+<b>quod . . . praebuerant</b>: ‘the fact that the conquest of (the)
+three parts,’ etc. Cf. <a href = "#note5_15">p.&nbsp;5, n.&nbsp;15</a>,
+and <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_1" id = "note85_1" href = "#tag85_1">85.1</a>
+‘something which’; its antecedent is the clause <b><ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘primum’">prīmum</ins> .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+triumphāvit</b> below.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_2" id = "note85_2" href = "#tag85_2">85.2</a>
+With <b>quem glōriae</b>, sc. <i>fīnem habuit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_3" id = "note85_3" href = "#tag85_3">85.3</a>
+The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_4" id = "note85_4" href = "#tag85_4">85.4</a>
+<b>quod . . . posset</b>: ‘because (as men said) the one,’ etc. For the
+subjunctive, see <a href = "#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_5" id = "note85_5" href = "#tag85_5">85.5</a>
+<b>hīc . . . ille</b>: ‘the one (Caesar) . . . the other (Pompey).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_6" id = "note85_6" href = "#tag85_6">85.6</a>
+<b>īnfēstō exercitū</b>: abl. of accompaniment: H 474, 2, <span class =
+"smallroman">N.</span> 1 (419, III, 1,&nbsp;1<ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has )):">):</ins> M&nbsp;634: A&nbsp;243, <i>a</i>, <span
+class = "smallroman">N.</span>: G&nbsp;392, <span class =
+"smallroman">R.</span> 1: B&nbsp;222,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_7" id = "note85_7" href = "#tag85_7">85.7</a>
+<b>autem</b> contrasts <b>negārent</b> with <b>praecēpisset</b>. There
+is a contrast also between <b>servī</b> and <b>medicus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note85_8" id = "note85_8" href = "#tag85_8">85.8</a>
+<b>Ergō . . . Pompēius</b>? The force of this sentence can be given only
+by a free rendering, thus: ‘Shall it be said, then, that Pompey would
+not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by his luxury?’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_1" id = "note86_1" href = "#tag86_1">86.1</a>
+<b>Virīs . . . habēbat</b>: ‘he highly honored learned men.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_2" id = "note86_2" href = "#tag86_2">86.2</a>
+<i>audiō</i>, like our ‘hear,’ is often used of listening to lectures or
+to teachers.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_3" id = "note86_3" href = "#tag86_3">86.3</a>
+<b>quod . . . labōrārent</b>: i.e. because he had the gout.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_4" id = "note86_4" href = "#tag86_4">86.4</a>
+<b>cōnsule . . . ingressūrō</b>: ‘whenever the consul,’ etc.;
+a&nbsp;temporal abl. abs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_5" id = "note86_5" href = "#tag86_5">86.5</a>
+Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see <a href =
+"#page_xix">p. xix</a>, F 3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_6" id = "note86_6" href = "#tag86_6">86.6</a>
+infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in apposition to
+<b>hōc</b>. This use of the infin. is common.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_7" id = "note86_7" href = "#tag86_7">86.7</a>
+<b>quamvīs sīs</b>: concessive subjunctive: H 586, II (515, III):
+M&nbsp;875: A&nbsp;313, <i>a</i>: G&nbsp;606: B&nbsp;308.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXVII" id = "selection_XXVII">XXVII.</a>
+Gāius Iūlius Caesar</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic86.png" width = "147" height = "198"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+CAESAR</span>
+
+<p>C. Iūlius Caesar,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_8" id = "tag86_8"
+href = "#note86_8">8</a> nōbilissimā Iūliōrum genitus<br>
+familiā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_9" id = "tag86_9" href =
+"#note86_9">9</a> annum agēns sextum et decimum patrem<br>
+āmīsit. Cornēliam, Cinnae<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_10" id =
+"tag86_10" href = "#note86_10">10</a> fīliam, dūxit uxōrem;<br>
+cūius pater cum esset Sullae inimīcissimus, is<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag86_11" id = "tag86_11" href = "#note86_11">11</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_5" id = "line_xxvii_5">5</a>
+Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiāret;<br>
+neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_12" id = "tag86_12" href =
+"#note86_12">12</a> id potuit efficere. Quā rē Caesar bonīs<br>
+spoliātus cum etiam ad necem quaererētur, mūtātā<br>
+veste nocte urbe ēlāpsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_13" id =
+"tag86_13" href = "#note86_13">13</a> est et quamquam tunc<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page87" id = "page87">87</a>
+quārtānae<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_1" id = "tag87_1" href =
+"#note87_1">1</a> morbō labōrābat, prope<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag87_2" id = "tag87_2" href = "#note87_2">2</a> per singulās noctēs
+latebrās<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_10" id = "line_xxvii_10">10</a>
+commūtāre cōgēbātur; et comprehēnsus ā Sullae lībērtō, nē<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag87_3" id = "tag87_3" href = "#note87_3">3</a> ad<br>
+Sullam perdūcerētur, vix datā<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_4" id =
+"tag87_4" href = "#note87_4">4</a> pecūniā ēvāsit. Postrēmō per<br>
+<a name = "line_xxvii_12" id = "line_xxvii_12"> </a>
+propinquōs et adfīnēs suōs veniam impetrāvit. Satis cōnstat<br>
+Sullam, cum dēprecantibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_5" id =
+"tag87_5" href = "#note87_5">5</a> amīcissimīs et ōrnātissimīs virīs<br>
+aliquamdiū dēnegāsset atque illī pertināciter contenderent,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_15" id = "line_xxvii_15">15</a>
+expūgnātum tandem prōclāmāsse, vincerent,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag87_6" id = "tag87_6" href = "#note87_6">6</a> dummodo scīrent<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag87_7" id = "tag87_7" href = "#note87_7">7</a>
+eum,<br>
+quem incolumem tantō opere cuperent, aliquandō optimātium<br>
+partibus, quās sēcum simul dēfendissent, exitiō futūrum; nam<br>
+Caesarī multōs Mariōs inesse.</p>
+
+<p>Stīpendia prīma in Asiā fēcit. In expūgnātiōne Mitylēnārum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_20" id = "line_xxvii_20">20</a>
+corōnā cīvicā dōnātus est. Mortuō Sullā, Rhodum sēcēdere<br>
+statuit, ut per otium Apollōniō Molōnī, tunc clārissimō dīcendī<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag87_8" id = "tag87_8" href = "#note87_8">8</a><br>
+magistrō, operam daret. Hūc dum trāicit, ā praedōnibus captus<br>
+est mānsitque apud eōs prope quadrāgintā diēs. Per omne autem<br>
+illud spatium ita sē gessit, ut pīrātīs pariter terrōrī
+venerātiōnīque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_25" id = "line_xxvii_25">25</a>
+esset. Comitēs interim servōsque ad expediendās pecūniās, quibus<br>
+redimerētur, dīmīsit. Vīgintī talenta pīrātae pōstulāverant: ille<br>
+quīnquāgintā datūrum sē spopondit. Quibus numerātīs cum<br>
+expositus esset in lītore, cōnfēstim Mīlētum, quae urbs proximē<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag87_9" id = "tag87_9" href = "#note87_9">9</a><br>
+aberat, properāvit ibique contrāctā classe invectus in eum locum,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_30" id = "line_xxvii_30">30</a>
+in quō ipsī praedōnēs erant, partem classis fugāvit, partem mersit,<br>
+aliquot nāvēs cēpit pīrātāsque in potestātem redāctōs eō suppliciō,<br>
+quod illīs saepe minātus inter iocum erat, adfēcit crucīque<br>
+suffīxit.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page88" id = "page88">88</a>
+<p>Quaestōrī ūlterior<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_1" id = "tag88_1"
+href = "#note88_1">1</a> Hispānia obvēnit. Quō profectus cum Alpēs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_35" id = "line_xxvii_35">35</a>
+trānsīret et ad cōnspectum pauperis cūiusdam vīcī comitēs per<br>
+iocum inter sē disputārent num illīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_2" id
+= "tag88_2" href = "#note88_2">2</a> etiam esset ambitiōnī locus,<br>
+<a name = "line_xxvii_37" id = "line_xxvii_37"> </a>
+sēriō dīxit Caesar <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘māllē’">mālle</ins> sē ibi prīmum esse, quam Rōmae secundum.<br>
+Dominātiōnis avidus<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_3" id = "tag88_3" href
+= "#note88_3">3</a> ā&nbsp;prīmā aetāte rēgnum concupīscēbat<br>
+semperque in ōre habēbat hōs Eurīpidis, Graecī poētae, versūs:</p>
+
+<div class = "verse">
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_40" id =
+"line_xxvii_40">40</a>
+Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā</p>
+<p>Violandum est. Aliīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_4" id = "tag88_4"
+href = "#note88_4">4</a> rēbus pietātem colās.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag88_5" id = "tag88_5" href = "#note88_5">5</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversā<br>
+apud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuit<br>
+<a name = "line_xxvii_44" id = "line_xxvii_44"> </a>
+et quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_45" id = "line_xxvii_45">45</a>
+āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārum<br>
+subēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmum<br>
+māiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe.</p>
+
+<p>Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvit<br>
+porticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_6"
+id = "tag88_6" href = "#note88_6">6</a> et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_50" id = "line_xxvii_50">50</a>
+et sēparātim ēdidit: quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_7" id = "tag88_7"
+href = "#note88_7">7</a> factum est ut commūnium quoque<br>
+impēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōnium<br>
+effūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag88_8" id = "tag88_8" href = "#note88_8">8</a> opus<br>
+esse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>60.</span>
+
+<p>Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag88_9" id = "tag88_9" href = "#note88_9">9</a> cum Gnaeō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_55" id = "line_xxvii_55">55</a>
+Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur in<br>
+rē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgem<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page89" id = "page89">89</a>
+tulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātus<br>
+repūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forum<br>
+vēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_60" id = "line_xxvii_60">60</a>
+in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eī<br>
+frangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rē<br>
+cum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret,<br>
+ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitrium<br>
+administrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag89_1" id = "tag89_1" href = "#note89_1">1</a> quid tēstandī
+grātiā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_65" id = "line_xxvii_65">65</a>
+sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag89_2" id = "tag89_2" href = "#note89_2">2</a> Caesare et<br>
+Bibulō’ āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_3" id = "tag89_3" href =
+"#note89_3">3</a> scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulem<br>
+nōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.</p>
+
+<p>Fūnctus<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_4" id = "tag89_4" href =
+"#note89_4">4</a> cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit.
+Gessit<br>
+autem novem<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_5" id = "tag89_5" href =
+"#note89_5">5</a> annīs, quibus<a class = "tag" href = "#note89_5">5</a>
+in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_70" id = "line_xxvii_70">70</a>
+in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnum<br>
+incolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīs<br>
+adfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā,<br>
+superātīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_6" id = "tag89_6" href =
+"#note89_6">6</a> pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag89_7" id = "tag89_7" href = "#note89_7">7</a> cum<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag89_8" id = "tag89_8" href = "#note89_8">8</a> multa<br>
+Rōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note89_8">8</a> illud<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_9" id = "tag89_9"
+href = "#note89_9">9</a> ēgregium ipsīus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_75" id = "line_xxvii_75">75</a>
+Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manū<br>
+scūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliō<br>
+proeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag89_10" id = "tag89_10" href = "#note89_10">10</a>
+conversum<br>
+faucibus comprehēnsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_11" id = "tag89_11"
+href = "#note89_11">11</a> in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramque<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page90" id = "page90">90</a>
+ad hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_80" id = "line_xxvii_80">80</a>
+cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnum<br>
+trepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>53.</span>
+
+<p>Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,<br>
+Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiam<br>
+tenēbat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_1" id = "tag90_1" href =
+"#note90_1">1</a> statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_85" id = "line_xxvii_85">85</a>
+sūspectae<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_2" id = "tag90_2" href =
+"#note90_2">2</a> Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās
+gravis,<br>
+nec hīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_3" id = "tag90_3" href =
+"#note90_3">3</a> ferēbat parem, nec ille<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note90_3">3</a> superiōrem. Itaque cum<br>
+Caesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet,<br>
+pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag90_4" id = "tag90_4" href = "#note90_4">4</a> alterum cōnsulātum<br>
+petere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_90" id = "line_xxvii_90">90</a>
+est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag90_5" id = "tag90_5" href = "#note90_5">5</a> in Ītaliam rediit
+et<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>49.</span>
+bellandum<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_6" id = "tag90_6" href =
+"#note90_6">6</a> ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag90_7" id = "tag90_7" href = "#note90_7">7</a><br>
+prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulum<br>
+cōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus ad<br>
+proximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_95" id = "line_xxvii_95">95</a>
+trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem<br>
+“Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsque<br>
+urbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsque<br>
+cōnfūgerant.</p>
+
+<p>Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_100" id =
+"line_xxvii_100">100</a>
+Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_8" id =
+"tag90_8" href = "#note90_8">8</a> oppositās classēs gravissimā
+hieme<br>
+trānsmīsit; cōpiīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_9" id = "tag90_9"
+href = "#note90_9">9</a> quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus,<br>
+cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinus<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page91" id = "page91">91</a>
+ēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clam<br>
+nāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_105" id =
+"line_xxvii_105">105</a>
+mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinus<br>
+dīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?”<br>
+inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_1" id
+= "tag91_1" href = "#note91_1">1</a> gubernātōrem cēdere<br>
+adversae tempestātī passus est, quam<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note91_1">1</a> paene obrutus esset<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note91_1">1</a><br>
+fluctibus.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+B.C.<br>48.</span>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_110" id =
+"line_xxvii_110">110</a>
+Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicō<br>
+proeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit,<br>
+Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoque<br>
+īnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontum<br>
+trānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_115" id =
+"line_xxvii_115">115</a>
+multiplicī successū<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_2" id = "tag91_2" href
+= "#note91_2">2</a> praeferōcem intrā<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_3"
+id = "tag91_3" href = "#note91_3">3</a> quīntum ab adventū diem,<br>
+quattuor, quibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_4" id = "tag91_4" href =
+"#note91_4">4</a> in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note91_4">4</a> ūnā prōflīgāvit<br>
+aciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit,<br>
+abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris ante<br>
+victum hostem esse quam vīsum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_5" id =
+"tag91_5" href = "#note91_5">5</a> Ponticō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag91_6" id = "tag91_6" href = "#note91_6">6</a> posteā triumphō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_120" id =
+"line_xxvii_120">120</a>
+trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” Deinde<br>
+Scīpiōnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_7" id = "tag91_7" href =
+"#note91_7">7</a> et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārum<br>
+partium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_8"
+id = "tag91_8" href = "#note91_8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit
+Hispāniēnse,<br>
+quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_9" id = "tag91_9"
+href = "#note91_9">9</a> fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_125" id =
+"line_xxvii_125">125</a>
+ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag91_10" id = "tag91_10" href = "#note91_10">10</a><br>
+paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag91_11" id = "tag91_11" href = "#note91_11">11</a> ex tōtō orbe
+cōnfluentibus.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page92" id = "page92">92</a>
+Sua<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_1" id = "tag92_1" href =
+"#note92_1">1</a> Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sed<br>
+nūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium,<br>
+adeō ut, plūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_2" id = "tag92_2" href =
+"#note92_2">2</a> quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_130" id =
+"line_xxvii_130">130</a>
+ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē in<br>
+eum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōn<br>
+recessūrum; proinde vidērent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_3" id =
+"tag92_3" href = "#note92_3">3</a> quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_4"
+id = "tag92_4" href = "#note92_4">4</a> et quō locō imperātōrem<br>
+dēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est.<br>
+Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_135" id =
+"line_xxvii_135">135</a>
+regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvit<br>
+et quīnquiēs triumphāvit.</p>
+
+<p>Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reī<br>
+pūblicae statum fāstōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_5" id = "tag92_5"
+href = "#note92_5">5</a> corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlis<br>
+accommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_140" id =
+"line_xxvii_140">140</a>
+et, intercalāriō<a class = "tag" href = "#note92_5">5</a> mēnse sublātō,
+ūnus diēs quārtō quōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_6" id = "tag92_6"
+href = "#note92_6">6</a> annō<br>
+intercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit.<br>
+Repetundārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_7" id = "tag92_7" href =
+"#note92_7">7</a> convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit.
+Peregrīnārum<br>
+mercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_8" id =
+"tag92_8" href = "#note92_8">8</a> praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit.<br>
+Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_145" id =
+"line_xxvii_145">145</a>
+imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūs<br>
+cīvīle ad certum modum redigere<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_9" id =
+"tag92_9" href = "#note92_9">9</a> atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiā<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page93" id = "page93">93</a>
+optima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs;<br>
+bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_1"
+id = "tag93_1" href = "#note93_1">1</a> māximās posset, pūblicāre;<br>
+siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_150" id =
+"line_xxvii_150">150</a>
+dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant,<br>
+coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.</p>
+
+<p>Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātor<br>
+enim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum ad<br>
+sē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_155" id =
+"line_xxvii_155">155</a>
+īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_2" id
+= "tag93_2" href = "#note93_2">2</a> Caesaris in omnibus bellīs<br>
+comes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā
+sedentis<br>
+prō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eō<br>
+est repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum in<br>
+eum est ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_3" id = "tag93_3" href =
+"#note93_3">3</a> sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_160" id =
+"line_xxvii_160">160</a>
+cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.</p>
+
+<p>Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. Uxor<br>
+Calpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteret<br>
+ōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_4"
+id = "tag93_4" href = "#note93_4">4</a> ut proximōs diēs<br>
+trīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_165" id =
+"line_xxvii_165">165</a>
+Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “Īdūs<br>
+Mārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?”<br>
+Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentem<br>
+cōnspīrātī speciē<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_5" id = "tag93_5" href =
+"#note93_5">5</a> officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasi<br>
+aliquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag93_6" id = "tag93_6" href = "#note93_6">6</a> ab<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag93_7" id = "tag93_7" href = "#note93_7">7</a> utrōque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_170" id =
+"line_xxvii_170">170</a>
+umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidem<br>
+vīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag93_8" id = "tag93_8" href = "#note93_8">8</a> vulnerat paulum<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page94" id = "page94">94</a>
+īnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcit<br>
+cōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein ut<br>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+March 15,<br>B.C.&nbsp;44.</span>
+animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag94_1" id = "tag94_1" href = "#note94_1">1</a> togā caput<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_175" id =
+"line_xxvii_175">175</a>
+obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. Cum<br>
+Mārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset,<br>
+dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!”</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic94.png" width = "488" height = "363"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+THE DEATH OF CAESAR</p>
+
+<p>Illud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene ex<br>
+sententiā obtigisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag94_2" id = "tag94_2"
+href = "#note94_2">2</a> Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_180" id =
+"line_xxvii_180">180</a>
+lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūnere<br>
+suō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page95" id = "page95">95</a>
+optāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō super<br>
+cēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnum<br>
+inopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_185" id =
+"line_xxvii_185">185</a>
+quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_1"
+id = "tag95_1" href = "#note95_1">1</a> morte dēfūnctus est.<br>
+Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, pars<br>
+proeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem
+violāverant,<br>
+interēmērunt.</p>
+
+<p>Quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_2" id = "tag95_2" href =
+"#note95_2">2</a> rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō,
+hōc<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_190" id =
+"line_xxvii_190">190</a>
+laudanda magis est. C.&nbsp;Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag95_3" id = "tag95_3" href = "#note95_3">3</a><br>
+clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārum<br>
+ad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_4" id =
+"tag95_4" href = "#note95_4">4</a> vidēbantur aut in dīversīs<br>
+aut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag95_5" id = "tag95_5" href = "#note95_5">5</a><br>
+forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_195" id =
+"line_xxvii_195">195</a>
+laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisi<br>
+iniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit.<br>
+Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sē<br>
+epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_6"
+id = "tag95_6" href = "#note95_6">6</a> versiculīs fāmam suam<br>
+lacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_200" id =
+"line_xxvii_200">200</a>
+in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sē<br>
+ōrātiōnēs sciēbat.</p>
+
+<p>Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_7" id
+= "tag95_7" href = "#note95_7">7</a> ōre<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note95_7">7</a> paulō<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_8" id = "tag95_8"
+href = "#note95_8">8</a> plēniōre, nigrīs<br>
+vegetīsque oculīs,<a class = "tag" href = "#note95_7">7</a> capite<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note95_7">7</a> calvō; quam calvitiī
+dēfōrmitātem,<br>
+quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_205" id =
+"line_xxvii_205">205</a>
+ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn alium<br>
+aut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag95_9" id = "tag95_9" href = "#note95_9">9</a> perpetuō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page96" id = "page96">96</a>
+gestandae. Vīnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_1" id = "tag96_1" href =
+"#note96_1">1</a> parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidem<br>
+negāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesarem<br>
+ad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_210" id =
+"line_xxvii_210">210</a>
+equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgmine<br>
+nōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seu<br>
+sōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritāte<br>
+cōnficiēbat, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_2" id = "tag96_2" href =
+"#note96_2">2</a> persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eum<br>
+morābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_215" id =
+"line_xxvii_215">215</a>
+trāiciēbat.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVIII">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note86_8" id = "note86_8" href = "#tag86_8">86.8</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_iulius"><i>Iūlius</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_9" id = "note86_9" href = "#tag86_9">86.9</a>
+ablative of source.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_10" id = "note86_10" href = "#tag86_10">86.10</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note73_1">p. 73, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_11" id = "note86_11" href = "#tag86_11">86.11</a>
+i.e. Sulla.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_12" id = "note86_12" href = "#tag86_12">86.12</a>
+<b>neque potuit</b>: ‘<i>but</i> he was not able.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note86_13" id = "note86_13" href = "#tag86_13">86.13</a>
+<i>ēlābor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_1" id = "note87_1" href = "#tag87_1">87.1</a>
+<b>quārtānae</b> (sc. <i>febris</i>) <b>. . . labōrābat</b>: ‘he was
+suffering from intermittent fever.’ <b>morbō</b> is abl. of cause.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_2" id = "note87_2" href = "#tag87_2">87.2</a>
+<b>prope . . . noctēs</b>: ‘almost every night.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_3" id = "note87_3" href = "#tag87_3">87.3</a>
+<b>nē . . . ēvāsit</b>: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped being
+surrendered to Sulla.’ <b>nē .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. perdūcerētur</b> expresses
+the purpose of <b>datā pecūniā</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_4" id = "note87_4" href = "#tag87_4">87.4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 8.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_5" id = "note87_5" href = "#tag87_5">87.5</a>
+= a rel. clause (cf. <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L 1): ‘who
+pleaded (for Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_6" id = "note87_6" href = "#tag87_6">87.6</a>
+For the subjunctive, see <a href = "#note63_5">p. 63, n. 5</a>. Sulla
+said: <i>Vincite, dummodo sciātis</i>, etc. Translate <b>prōclāmāsse
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. scīrent</b> thus: ‘cried out (bidding them) have their
+way, but at the same time to (lit. provided they) realize.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_7" id = "note87_7" href = "#tag87_7">87.7</a>
+See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_8" id = "note87_8" href = "#tag87_8">87.8</a>
+‘oratory.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note87_9" id = "note87_9" href = "#tag87_9">87.9</a>
+<i>prope abesse</i> = ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_1" id = "note88_1" href = "#tag88_1">88.1</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_hispania"><i>Hispānia</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_2" id = "note88_2" href = "#tag88_2">88.2</a>
+i.e. even in so insignificant a place.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_3" id = "note88_3" href = "#tag88_3">88.3</a>
+= <i>quod avidus erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_4" id = "note88_4" href = "#tag88_4">88.4</a>
+<b>aliīs rēbus</b>: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For the
+case, see <a href = "#note27_3">p.&nbsp;27, n.&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_5" id = "note88_5" href = "#tag88_5">88.5</a>
+The subjunctive here = an imperative: see <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31,
+n. 9</a>. Note also that <b>colās</b> is an example of the indefinite or
+universal second person, since the command is addressed, not to any
+particular individual, but to any one and every one.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_6" id = "note88_6" href = "#tag88_6">88.6</a>
+<b>lūdōs ēdidit</b>: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence of the
+games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of
+promotion to the higher offices.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_7" id = "note88_7" href = "#tag88_7">88.7</a>
+‘whereby’; abl. of means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_8" id = "note88_8" href = "#tag88_8">88.8</a>
+<b>sibi . . . sēstertium</b>: with <b>mīlliēs</b> sc. <i>centēna
+mīlia</i>, and take <b>sēstertium</b> as gen. plural from
+<i>sēstertius</i>, and dependent on <i>mīlia</i>. Translate: ‘that he
+needed 100,000,000 sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab.,
+<a href = "#vocab_sestertius"><i>sēstertius</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note88_9" id = "note88_9" href = "#tag88_9">88.9</a>
+<b>societātem . . . iūnxit</b>: this combination is called ‘The First
+Triumvirate.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_1" id = "note89_1" href = "#tag89_1">89.1</a>
+<b>sī . . . sīgnārent</b>: an instance of the iterative subjunctive (<a
+href = "#note45_2">p.&nbsp;45, n.&nbsp;2</a>) = ‘whenever they affixed
+their seals as witnesses.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_2" id = "note89_2" href = "#tag89_2">89.2</a>
+<b>cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō</b>: for this way of dating events, see
+<a href = "#selection_XIV">XIV,&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_3" id = "note89_3" href = "#tag89_3">89.3</a>
+Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_4" id = "note89_4" href = "#tag89_4">89.4</a>
+<b>fūnctus</b> (<i>fungor</i>) = <i>postquam fūnctus est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_5" id = "note89_5" href = "#tag89_5">89.5</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, C 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_6" id = "note89_6" href = "#tag89_6">89.6</a>
+Sc. <i>eīs</i>, as dat. of indirect object with <b>imperāvit</b>.
+Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_7" id = "note89_7" href = "#tag89_7">89.7</a>
+= <i>Hōc tempore</i>, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this
+whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going
+to say: <i>Hīc, cum .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum
+ēgregium fēcisse nārrant</i>, but changes the construction at
+<b>tum</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_8" id = "note89_8" href = "#tag89_8">89.8</a>
+<b>cum . . . tum</b>: cf. <a href = "#note67_7">p. 67, n. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_9" id = "note89_9" href = "#tag89_9">89.9</a>
+<b>illud</b> is explained by the clause <b>quod . . . restituit</b>. The
+episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as here
+stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar’s
+<i>Gallic War</i>. Cf. also Longfellow’s <i>Courtship of Miles
+Standish</i>,&nbsp;II.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_10" id = "note89_10" href = "#tag89_10">89.10</a>
+<b>iam conversum</b> = <i>quī iam conversus erat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note89_11" id = "note89_11" href = "#tag89_11">89.11</a>
+<b>comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit</b> = <i>comprehendit et . . .
+dētrāxit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_1" id = "note90_1" href = "#tag90_1">90.1</a>
+‘preserved.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_2" id = "note90_2" href = "#tag90_2">90.2</a>
+Sc. <i>erant</i>; also <i>erat</i> with <b>gravis</b>. Through the
+influence of <b>iam prīdem</b> both verbs have the force of Eng.
+pluperfects: H&nbsp;535, 1 (469,&nbsp;2): M&nbsp;738: A&nbsp;277,
+<i>b</i>: G&nbsp;234: B&nbsp;260,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_3" id = "note90_3" href = "#tag90_3">90.3</a>
+Point out the chiasmus (<a href = "#note21_15">p. 21, n. 15</a>) in
+<b>Caesaris . . . superiōrem</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_4" id = "note90_4" href = "#tag90_4">90.4</a>
+The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy in person
+at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand
+for the consulship in 49 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_5" id = "note90_5" href = "#tag90_5">90.5</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_6" id = "note90_6" href = "#tag90_6">90.6</a>
+<b>bellandum</b> (sc. <i>esse</i>): an impersonal passive: ‘that war was
+necessary.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_7" id = "note90_7" href = "#tag90_7">90.7</a>
+<b>quī . . . erat</b>: this river also formed the boundary between Italy
+proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a
+position of open hostility to the government.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_8" id = "note90_8" href = "#tag90_8">90.8</a>
+= <i>per</i>, ‘through the midst of.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note90_9" id = "note90_9" href = "#tag90_9">90.9</a>
+<b>cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus</b>: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because his
+forces .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_1" id = "note91_1" href = "#tag91_1">91.1</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G 4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_2" id = "note91_2" href = "#tag91_2">91.2</a>
+abl. both of cause and means. Join with <b>praeferōcem</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_3" id = "note91_3" href = "#tag91_3">91.3</a>
+<b>intrā . . . vēnit</b>: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) within
+four hours after he caught sight of him.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_4" id = "note91_4" href = "#tag91_4">91.4</a>
+See <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, C 2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_5" id = "note91_5" href = "#tag91_5">91.5</a>
+Strictly, we ought to have <i>ante victum esse quam vīsus esset</i>, the
+subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. Caesar said: <i>ante
+victus est quam vīsus</i> (<i>est</i>). The infinitive <b>vīsum</b>
+(<i>esse</i>) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitive
+<b>victum esse</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_6" id = "note91_6" href = "#tag91_6">91.6</a>
+<b>Ponticō . . . triumphō</b>: i.e. the procession in which he
+celebrated his victory in Pontus. <b>triumphō</b> is dat. with
+<b>praetulit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_7" id = "note91_7" href = "#tag91_7">91.7</a>
+Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_8" id = "note91_8" href = "#tag91_8">91.8</a>
+at Thapsus, 46 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_9" id = "note91_9" href = "#tag91_9">91.9</a>
+Cf. XXVI, 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_10" id = "note91_10" href = "#tag91_10">91.10</a>
+<b>auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus</b>: the abl. abs. denotes both cause
+and attendant circumstance.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note91_11" id = "note91_11" href = "#tag91_11">91.11</a>
+= <i>eōrum quī sequēbantur</i>. Cf. <i>volentibus</i>, XIII, 97.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_1" id = "note92_1" href = "#tag92_1">92.1</a>
+‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_2" id = "note92_2" href = "#tag92_2">92.2</a>
+<b>plūs . . . Mārte</b>: ‘since the battle was more than doubtful.’ The
+battle was fought at Munda, 45 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_3" id = "note92_3" href = "#tag92_3">92.3</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#note63_5">p. 63, n. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_4" id = "note92_4" href = "#tag92_4">92.4</a>
+= <i>quālem</i>. So <b>quō</b> = <i>quālī</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_5" id = "note92_5" href = "#tag92_5">92.5</a>
+<b>fāstōs corrēxit</b>: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the
+year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year
+contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months
+coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every
+two years an extra month, called a <i>mēnsis intercalāris</i>, should be
+added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and
+contained alternately 22 and 23 days. This arrangement made the average
+length of the year 366-1/4 days. A&nbsp;further cause of confusion was
+the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for
+political reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the
+error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is
+almost identical with that in use to-day.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_6" id = "note92_6" href = "#tag92_6">92.6</a>
+from <i>quisque</i>: ‘each,’ ‘every.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_7" id = "note92_7" href = "#tag92_7">92.7</a>
+Sc. <i>rērum</i>. <i>rēs repetundae</i> was a technical term for
+‘extortion.’ For the gen., see <a href = "#note36_8">p.&nbsp;36,
+n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_8" id = "note92_8" href = "#tag92_8">92.8</a>
+A <i>lēx sumptuāria</i> was a law regulating the sums of money which
+might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to
+check extravagance in dress and at banquets.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note92_9" id = "note92_9" href = "#tag92_9">92.9</a>
+The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the clauses in which
+they stand are in apposition to <i>plūra ac māiōra</i>, <a href =
+"#line_xxvii_44">l.&nbsp;144</a>. See <a href = "#note86_5">p.&nbsp;86,
+n.&nbsp;5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_1" id = "note93_1" href = "#tag93_1">93.1</a>
+<b>quās . . . pūblicāre</b>: ‘to throw open to the public as large
+libraries as possible.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_2" id = "note93_2" href = "#tag93_2">93.2</a>
+The celebrated Mark Antony.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_3" id = "note93_3" href = "#tag93_3">93.3</a>
+<b>ā . . . virīs</b>: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case of
+<b>virīs</b>, see <a href = "#note10_18">p.&nbsp;10, n.&nbsp;18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_4" id = "note93_4" href = "#tag93_4">93.4</a>
+‘had warned him,’ <i>not</i> ‘had predicted’: hence it may be construed
+with a substantive clause of purpose (<b>ut&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+cavēret</b>) as its object.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_5" id = "note93_5" href = "#tag93_5">93.5</a>
+<b>speciē officiī</b>: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf. <i>per
+speciem vēnandī</i>, XIX,&nbsp;60.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_6" id = "note93_6" href = "#tag93_6">93.6</a>
+Sc. <i>eī</i>: dat. of interest.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_7" id = "note93_7" href = "#tag93_7">93.7</a>
+‘by’; cf. <a href = "#note11_10">p. 11, n. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note93_8" id = "note93_8" href = "#tag93_8">93.8</a>
+<b>adversum</b> (sc. <i>eum</i>) <b>vulnerat</b>: ‘wounds him in front.’
+The wound was in the shoulder. For <b>adversum</b> as = an adverbial
+phrase, cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p.&nbsp;4, n.&nbsp;4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note94_1" id = "note94_1" href = "#tag94_1">94.1</a>
+‘assailed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note94_2" id = "note94_2" href = "#tag94_2">94.2</a>
+<i>obtingō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_1" id = "note95_1" href = "#tag95_1">95.1</a>
+<b>suā morte</b>: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_2" id = "note95_2" href = "#tag95_2">95.2</a>
+<b>Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis</b>: ‘The rarer . . . the more
+praiseworthy.’ <b>Quō</b> and <b>hōc</b> are ablative of the degree of
+difference (a&nbsp;variety of the ablative of means): cf. <a href =
+"#note39_12">p.&nbsp;39, n.&nbsp;12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_3" id = "note95_3" href = "#tag95_3">95.3</a>
+i.e. over his fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_4" id = "note95_4" href = "#tag95_4">95.4</a>
+<b>quī . . . partibus</b>: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. How
+literally? With <b>dīversīs</b> sc. <i>Pompēiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_5" id = "note95_5" href = "#tag95_5">95.5</a>
+<b>nē . . . darent</b>: ‘that they might not by any chance give occasion
+to vigorous measures,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_6" id = "note95_6" href = "#tag95_6">95.6</a>
+<b>cūius . . . īgnōrābat</b>: ‘by whose verses, as he very well knew,
+his own fair fame had been wounded.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_7" id = "note95_7" href = "#tag95_7">95.7</a>
+ablatives of characteristic.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_8" id = "note95_8" href = "#tag95_8">95.8</a>
+<b>paulō plēniōre</b>: ‘somewhat full.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note95_9" id = "note95_9" href = "#tag95_9">95.9</a>
+Sc. <i>corōnae</i>, and cf. the frequent omission of <i>manus</i> with
+<i>dextra</i> and <i>sinistra</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_1" id = "note96_1" href = "#tag96_1">96.1</a>
+<b>Vīnī parcissimum</b>: cf. <i>Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī
+parcus</i>, XXVI, 21, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_2" id = "note96_2" href = "#tag96_2">96.2</a>
+<b>ut . . . praevenīret</b> expresses result, not purpose.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVIII">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXVIII" id = "selection_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a>
+Mārcus Tullius Cicerō</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic96.png" width = "110" height = "168"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘CICERO’">CICERŌ</ins></span>
+
+<p>Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī,<br>
+quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēius<br>
+avīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_3" id = "tag96_3" href =
+"#note96_3">3</a> ūnus verrūcam<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_4" id =
+"tag96_4" href = "#note96_4">4</a> in extrēmō nāsō<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag96_5" id = "tag96_5" href = "#note96_5">5</a> sitam<br>
+habuit, ciceris<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_6" id = "tag96_6" href =
+"#note96_6">6</a> grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_5" id = "line_xxviii_5">5</a>
+Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdam<br>
+ut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam”<br>
+inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrum<br>
+<a name = "line_xxviii_8" id = "line_xxviii_8"> </a>
+nōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patre<br>
+Rōmam missus, ubi<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_7" id = "tag96_7" href =
+"#note96_7">7</a> celeberrimōrum magistrōrum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_10" id =
+"line_xxviii_10">10</a>
+scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis ad<br>
+hūmānitātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_8" id = "tag96_8" href =
+"#note96_8">8</a> solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cum<br>
+praeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut,<br>
+cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag96_9" id = "tag96_9" href = "#note96_9">9</a><br>
+nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_15" id =
+"line_xxviii_15">15</a>
+repertī esse dīcantur.</p>
+
+<p>Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viam<br>
+mūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtō<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page97" id = "page97">97</a>
+animō in ēius studium incubuit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_1" id =
+"tag97_1" href = "#note97_1">1</a> in quō quidem ita versātus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag97_2" id = "tag97_2" href = "#note97_2">2</a> est,<br>
+ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag97_3" id = "tag97_3" href = "#note97_3">3</a> causās perōrārent,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag97_4" id = "tag97_4" href =
+"#note97_4">4</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_20" id =
+"line_xxviii_20">20</a>
+studiōsē sectārētur,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_5" id = "tag97_5"
+href = "#note97_5">5</a> sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sē<br>
+exercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag97_6" id = "tag97_6" href = "#note97_6">6</a> adversus Sullānōs<br>
+ostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, ob<br>
+Chrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_7" id =
+"tag97_7" href = "#note97_7">7</a> quī in ēius adversāriīs erat,
+potentiam<br>
+nēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_25" id =
+"line_xxviii_25">25</a>
+ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quō<br>
+invidiam veritus<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_8" id = "tag97_8" href =
+"#note97_8">8</a> Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochum<br>
+philosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodum<br>
+sē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag97_9" id = "tag97_9" href = "#note97_9">9</a><br>
+magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_30" id =
+"line_xxviii_30">30</a>
+flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laude<br>
+prīvārētur.<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_10" id = "tag97_10" href =
+"#note97_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūra<br>
+aut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag97_11" id = "tag97_11" href = "#note97_11">11</a><br>
+difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_35" id =
+"line_xxviii_35">35</a>
+urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag97_12" id = "tag97_12" href =
+"#note97_12">12</a><br>
+ēius expertī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_13" id = "tag97_13" href =
+"#note97_13">13</a> māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllī<br>
+umquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīs<br>
+dīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag97_14" id = "tag97_14" href = "#note97_14">14</a> et
+esset<br>
+et habērētur prīnceps.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_40" id =
+"line_xxviii_40">40</a>
+Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārī<br>
+virtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_15"
+id = "tag97_15" href = "#note97_15">15</a> Catilīnae proavum,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag97_16" id = "tag97_16" href = "#note97_16">16</a><br>
+M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert. Stīpendia<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag97_17" id = "tag97_17" href =
+"#note97_17">17</a><br>
+is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag97_18" id = "tag97_18" href = "#note97_18">18</a> dextram<br>
+manum perdidit: stīpendiīs<a class = "tag" href = "#note97_18">18</a>
+duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est:<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_45" id =
+"line_xxviii_45">45</a>
+ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag97_19" id = "tag97_19" href = "#note97_19">19</a> posteā<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page98" id = "page98">98</a>
+stīpendiīs dēbilis<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_1" id = "tag98_1" href
+= "#note98_1">1</a> mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag98_2" id = "tag98_2" href = "#note98_2">2</a><br>
+vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag98_3" id = "tag98_3" href = "#note98_3">3</a> nōn diē in<br>
+catēnīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_4" id = "tag98_4" href =
+"#note98_4">4</a> aut compedibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_5" id =
+"tag98_5" href = "#note98_5">5</a> cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā
+quater<br>
+pūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag98_6" id = "tag98_6" href = "#note98_6">6</a> Dextram sibi<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_50" id =
+"line_xxviii_50">50</a>
+ferream fēcit eāque religātā<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_7" id =
+"tag98_7" href = "#note98_7">7</a> proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōne<br>
+exēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliā<br>
+cēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre,<br>
+Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam.</p>
+
+<p>Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag98_8" id = "tag98_8" href = "#note98_8">8</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_55" id =
+"line_xxviii_55">55</a>
+scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiā<br>
+multōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandī<br>
+cupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūs<br>
+repulsam<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_9" id = "tag98_9" href =
+"#note98_9">9</a> passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum
+cōnfodere,<br>
+cōnsulēs trucīdāre,<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_10" id = "tag98_10"
+href = "#note98_10">10</a> urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium
+cōnstituerat.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_60" id =
+"line_xxviii_60">60</a>
+Āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_11" id = "tag98_11" href =
+"#note98_11">11</a> erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa
+coniūrātiō<br>
+in<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_12" id = "tag98_12" href =
+"#note98_12">12</a> Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum
+alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_13" id = "tag98_13" href =
+"#note98_13">13</a><br>
+indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_14" id
+= "tag98_14" href = "#note98_14">14</a> oppressit. Cum Cicerō,<br>
+habitō senātū, in praesentem reum<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_15" id =
+"tag98_15" href = "#note98_15">15</a> perōrāsset, Catilīna,
+incendium<br>
+suum ruīnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_16" id = "tag98_16" href =
+"#note98_16">16</a> sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_65" id =
+"line_xxviii_65">65</a>
+et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrus<br>
+urbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī in<br>
+carcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium,<br>
+iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag98_17" id = "tag98_17" href = "#note98_17">17</a> prāvō<br>
+cōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_70" id =
+"line_xxviii_70">70</a>
+ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag98_18" id = "tag98_18" href = "#note98_18">18</a><br>
+nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus<br>
+Catilīnam genuisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_19" id = "tag98_19"
+href = "#note98_19">19</a></p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page99" id = "page99">99</a>
+<p>Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīs<br>
+Rōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_75" id =
+"line_xxviii_75">75</a>
+dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit;<br>
+quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag99_1" id = "tag99_1" href = "#note99_1">1</a><br>
+tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag99_2" id = "tag99_2" href = "#note99_2">2</a> repertus<br>
+est: pulcherrimā morte,<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_3" id = "tag99_3"
+href = "#note99_3">3</a> sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātus<br>
+populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_80" id =
+"line_xxviii_80">80</a>
+ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriae<br>
+servandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāsset<br>
+adversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectō<br>
+incendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōs<br>
+āvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_85" id =
+"line_xxviii_85">85</a>
+salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meae<br>
+clārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae.<br>
+Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantum<br>
+dare ingeniō meō, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_4" id = "tag99_4"
+href = "#note99_4">4</a> dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illā<br>
+turbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.”</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_90" id =
+"line_xxviii_90">90</a>
+Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis,<br>
+quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_5" id =
+"tag99_5" href = "#note99_5">5</a> causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag99_6" id = "tag99_6" href =
+"#note99_6">6</a><br>
+tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_7" id =
+"tag99_7" href = "#note99_7">7</a> mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur.<br>
+Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbe<br>
+cēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_95" id =
+"line_xxviii_95">95</a>
+flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut Mārcō<br>
+Tulliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_8" id = "tag99_8" href =
+"#note99_8">8</a> īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et
+vīllās<br>
+incendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē
+populus<br>
+Rōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit et<br>
+māximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est.<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page100" id = "page100">100</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_100" id =
+"line_xxviii_100">100</a>
+Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit,<br>
+accidit iūcundius. Obviam<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_1" id =
+"tag100_1" href = "#note100_1">1</a> eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est:
+domus<br>
+ēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est.</p>
+
+<p>Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortae<br>
+sunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_2" id =
+"tag100_2" href = "#note100_2">2</a> nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse
+vidērētur.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_105" id =
+"line_xxviii_105">105</a>
+Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_3"
+id = "tag100_3" href = "#note100_3">3</a> ut eōs inter sē
+reconciliāret<br>
+et ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrum<br>
+ad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est.<br>
+Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quō<br>
+interfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag100_4" id = "tag100_4" href = "#note100_4">4</a> Antōnium<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_110" id =
+"line_xxviii_110">110</a>
+impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sēd’">Sed</ins>
+Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag100_5" id = "tag100_5" href = "#note100_5">5</a> Cicerōnem iam<br>
+diū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag100_6" id = "tag100_6" href = "#note100_6">6</a><br>
+itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indeque<br>
+nāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_115" id =
+"line_xxviii_115">115</a>
+in altum prōvectum cum modo<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_7" id =
+"tag100_7" href = "#note100_7">7</a> ventī adversī rettulissent,
+modo<br>
+ipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag100_8" id = "tag100_8" href = "#note100_8">8</a> tandem eum<br>
+et fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit<br>
+“in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus
+percussōribus,<br>
+servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum,<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic100.png" width = "135" height = "96"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+LECTĪCA.</span>
+
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_120" id =
+"line_xxviii_120">120</a>
+ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_9" id = "tag100_9"
+href = "#note100_9">9</a> et quiētōs patī, quod<br>
+sors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag100_10" id = "tag100_10" href = "#note100_10">10</a><br>
+ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_11" id =
+"tag100_11" href = "#note100_11">11</a> praebentī<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note100_10">10</a><br>
+caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae;<br>
+caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_125" id =
+"line_xxviii_125">125</a>
+iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum.</p>
+
+<p>Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsa<br>
+commīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbat<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page101" id = "page101">101</a>
+Cicerō et plūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_1" id = "tag101_1" href =
+"#note101_1">1</a> operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō.<br>
+Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_130" id =
+"line_xxviii_130">130</a>
+nōn sē angōribus<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_2" id = "tag101_2" href
+= "#note101_2">2</a> dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus.<br>
+Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatque<br>
+sē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cum<br>
+animus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās posse<br>
+dēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_135" id =
+"line_xxviii_135">135</a>
+temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad
+scrībendum:<br>
+atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_3" id =
+"tag101_3" href = "#note101_3">3</a> aliquid prōdesse<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag101_4" id = "tag101_4" href = "#note101_4">4</a> posset,<br>
+ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevī<br>
+tempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stante<br>
+scrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_5" id =
+"tag101_5" href = "#note101_5">5</a> et Latīnārum litterārum parēns<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_140" id =
+"line_xxviii_140">140</a>
+ēvāsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_6" id = "tag101_6" href =
+"#note101_6">6</a> pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent
+nōn<br>
+sōlum ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_7" id = "tag101_7" href =
+"#note101_7">7</a> malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag101_8" id = "tag101_8" href =
+"#note101_8">8</a> ex<br>
+hīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī.</p>
+
+<p>Multa exstant facētē<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_9" id =
+"tag101_9" href = "#note101_9">9</a> ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum,
+generum<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_10" id = "tag101_10" href =
+"#note101_10">10</a><br>
+suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_145" id =
+"line_xxviii_145">145</a>
+“Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”&mdash;Mātrōna<br>
+quaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sē<br>
+trīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit<br>
+“nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”&mdash;Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuō<br>
+diē<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_11" id = "tag101_11" href =
+"#note101_11">11</a> Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā
+in<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_150" id =
+"line_xxviii_150">150</a>
+reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrent<br>
+salūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeat<br>
+magistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag101_12" id = "tag101_12" href =
+"#note101_12">12</a><br>
+vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōn<br>
+vīderit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_13" id = "tag101_13" href =
+"#note101_13">13</a>”</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIX">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p>The following selections have been edited for rapid reading or
+reading at sight:</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_3" id = "note96_3" href = "#tag96_3">96.3</a>
+‘ancestors.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_4" id = "note96_4" href = "#tag96_4">96.4</a>
+‘wart.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_5" id = "note96_5" href = "#tag96_5">96.5</a>
+‘nose’; cf. <i>nasal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_6" id = "note96_6" href = "#tag96_6">96.6</a>
+<b>ciceris grānō</b>: ‘a tiny chickpea.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_7" id = "note96_7" href = "#tag96_7">96.7</a>
+= <i>ut</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_8" id = "note96_8" href = "#tag96_8">96.8</a>
+‘culture.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note96_9" id = "note96_9" href = "#tag96_9">96.9</a>
+‘had spread.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_1" id = "note97_1" href = "#tag97_1">97.1</a>
+‘applied himself.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_2" id = "note97_2" href = "#tag97_2">97.2</a>
+‘engaged.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_3" id = "note97_3" href = "#tag97_3">97.3</a>
+‘courts.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_4" id = "note97_4" href = "#tag97_4">97.4</a>
+‘pleaded.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_5" id = "note97_5" href = "#tag97_5">97.5</a>
+‘followed,’ ‘courted’ (cf. <i>sequor</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_6" id = "note97_6" href = "#tag97_6">97.6</a>
+‘independence.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_7" id = "note97_7" href = "#tag97_7">97.7</a>
+‘freedman.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_8" id = "note97_8" href = "#tag97_8">97.8</a>
+‘fearing.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_9" id = "note97_9" href = "#tag97_9">97.9</a>
+‘most eloquent.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_10" id = "note97_10" href = "#tag97_10">97.10</a>
+‘was being deprived.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_11" id = "note97_11" href = "#tag97_11">97.11</a>
+<b>annōnae difficultās</b>: ‘a lack of corn.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_12" id = "note97_12" href = "#tag97_12">97.12</a>
+‘courtesy.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_13" id = "note97_13" href = "#tag97_13">97.13</a>
+‘having had proof of.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_14" id = "note97_14" href = "#tag97_14">97.14</a>
+‘lawyers.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_15" id = "note97_15" href = "#tag97_15">97.15</a>
+‘crushed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_16" id = "note97_16" href = "#tag97_16">97.16</a>
+‘great-grandfather.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_17" id = "note97_17" href = "#tag97_17">97.17</a>
+Cf. XXVII, 19.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_18" id = "note97_18" href = "#tag97_18">97.18</a>
+‘campaign.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note97_19" id = "note97_19" href = "#tag97_19">97.19</a>
+<b>que</b> here = ‘but.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_1" id = "note98_1" href = "#tag98_1">98.1</a>
+‘<i>though</i> disabled.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_2" id = "note98_2" href = "#tag98_2">98.2</a>
+<b>bis . . . profugus</b> = <i>bis vincula ēius profūgit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_3" id = "note98_3" href = "#tag98_3">98.3</a>
+<b>nūllō nōn</b>: ‘every.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_4" id = "note98_4" href = "#tag98_4">98.4</a>
+‘chains.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_5" id = "note98_5" href = "#tag98_5">98.5</a>
+‘shackles.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_6" id = "note98_6" href = "#tag98_6">98.6</a>
+‘slain’; lit., ‘stabbed from below.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_7" id = "note98_7" href = "#tag98_7">98.7</a>
+‘fastened’ (to the stump of his arm).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_8" id = "note98_8" href = "#tag98_8">98.8</a>
+‘great-grandson.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_9" id = "note98_9" href = "#tag98_9">98.9</a>
+‘defeat’; a technical term of Roman politics.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_10" id = "note98_10" href = "#tag98_10">98.10</a>
+‘butcher.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_11" id = "note98_11" href = "#tag98_11">98.11</a>
+<b>Āctum erat dē</b>: ‘it would have been all up with.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_12" id = "note98_12" href = "#tag98_12">98.12</a>
+<b>in . . . incidisset</b>: ‘happened in the days of.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_13" id = "note98_13" href = "#tag98_13">98.13</a>
+Cicero.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_14" id = "note98_14" href = "#tag98_14">98.14</a>
+‘prowess.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_15" id = "note98_15" href = "#tag98_15">98.15</a>
+‘culprit.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_16" id = "note98_16" href = "#tag98_16">98.16</a>
+‘by a general downfall.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_17" id = "note98_17" href = "#tag98_17">98.17</a>
+<ins class = "correction" title = "‘ missing"> ‘</ins>conspicuous’;
+lit., ‘shining.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_18" id = "note98_18" href = "#tag98_18">98.18</a>
+‘having first said.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note98_19" id = "note98_19" href = "#tag98_19">98.19</a>
+from <i>gīgnō</i>, ‘to beget.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_1" id = "note99_1" href = "#tag99_1">99.1</a>
+‘life.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_2" id = "note99_2" href = "#tag99_2">99.2</a>
+‘corpses.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_3" id = "note99_3" href = "#tag99_3">99.3</a>
+Sc. <i>concidisset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_4" id = "note99_4" href = "#tag99_4">99.4</a>
+<b>ut . . . dīspexerim</b>: ‘(as to say) that I should have of my own
+accord clearly perceived.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_5" id = "note99_5" href = "#tag99_5">99.5</a>
+<b>indictā causā</b>: ‘with their cause unpleaded,’ i.e. without giving
+them a trial.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_6" id = "note99_6" href = "#tag99_6">99.6</a>
+‘mourning.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_7" id = "note99_7" href = "#tag99_7">99.7</a>
+<b>veste mūtātā</b>: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which was
+white, for darker robes of mourning.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note99_8" id = "note99_8" href = "#tag99_8">99.8</a>
+<b>Tulliō . . . interdīcerētur</b>: lit., ‘that a ban should be laid on
+Tullius in respect of fire and water,’ i.e. that he should be outlawed,
+and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the necessaries of
+life.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_1" id = "note100_1" href = "#tag100_1">100.1</a>
+<b>Obviam . . . est</b>: ‘all went to meet him.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_2" id = "note100_2" href = "#tag100_2">100.2</a>
+‘trouble.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_3" id = "note100_3" href = "#tag100_3">100.3</a>
+‘strove.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_4" id = "note100_4" href = "#tag100_4">100.4</a>
+‘cherished,’ ‘supported.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_5" id = "note100_5" href = "#tag100_5">100.5</a>
+The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_6" id = "note100_6" href = "#tag100_6">100.6</a>
+<b>trānsversīs itineribus</b>: i.e. by out of the way paths.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_7" id = "note100_7" href = "#tag100_7">100.7</a>
+<b>modo . . . modo</b>: ‘now . . . now.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_8" id = "note100_8" href = "#tag100_8">100.8</a>
+‘disgust.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_9" id = "note100_9" href = "#tag100_9">100.9</a>
+‘litter,’ ‘sedan chair.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_10" id = "note100_10" href =
+"#tag100_10">100.10</a>
+‘leaning out’; sc. <i>eī</i>, dat. of disadvantage with <b>praecīsum
+est</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note100_11" id = "note100_11" href =
+"#tag100_11">100.11</a>
+‘neck.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_1" id = "note101_1" href = "#tag101_1">101.1</a>
+<b>plūs . . . scrībendō</b>: ‘he devoted more of his time to practical
+affairs than to literature.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_2" id = "note101_2" href = "#tag101_2">101.2</a>
+‘sorrow.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_3" id = "note101_3" href = "#tag101_3">101.3</a>
+<b>etiam ōtiōsus</b>: ‘even though at ease,’ i.e. not burdened with
+official duties. <b>ōtiōsus</b> here, as often = <i>prīvātus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_4" id = "note101_4" href = "#tag101_4">101.4</a>
+‘benefit.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_5" id = "note101_5" href = "#tag101_5">101.5</a>
+‘eloquence.’ Sc. <b>Latīnae</b>, to be derived from
+<b>Latīnārum</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_6" id = "note101_6" href = "#tag101_6">101.6</a>
+‘became.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_7" id = "note101_7" href = "#tag101_7">101.7</a>
+<b>ex . . . oportēre</b>: we should say, ‘of two evils choose the
+less.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_8" id = "note101_8" href = "#tag101_8">101.8</a>
+‘extract’; lit., ‘pluck.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_9" id = "note101_9" href = "#tag101_9">101.9</a>
+‘wittily.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_10" id = "note101_10" href =
+"#tag101_10">101.10</a>
+‘son-in-law.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_11" id = "note101_11" href =
+"#tag101_11">101.11</a>
+On this day the consuls went out of office.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_12" id = "note101_12" href =
+"#tag101_12">101.12</a>
+‘wondrous.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note101_13" id = "note101_13" href =
+"#tag101_13">101.13</a>
+causal subjunctive.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page102" id = "page102">102</a>
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIX">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXIX" id = "selection_XXIX">XXIX.</a>
+Mārcus Brūtus</h4>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic102.png" width = "110" height = "165"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+BRŪTUS</span>
+
+<p>M. Brūtus, ex illā gente, quae Rōmā Tarquiniōs<br>
+ēiēcerat, oriundus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_1" id = "tag102_1"
+href = "#note102_1">1</a> Athēnīs philosophiam,<br>
+Rhodī ēloquentiam didicit. Ēius pater, quī Sullae<br>
+partibus adversābātur, iussū Pompēī interfectus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_5" id = "line_xxix_5">5</a>
+erat, unde Brūtus cum eō gravēs gesserat<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag102_2" id = "tag102_2" href = "#note102_2">2</a><br>
+simultātēs. Bellō tamen cīvīlī Pompēī causam,<br>
+quod iūstior vidērētur, secūtus dolōrem suum reī<br>
+pūblicae ūtilitātī posthabuit. Victō Pompēiō<br>
+Brūtus ā Caesare servātus est et praetor etiam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_10" id = "line_xxix_10">10</a>
+factus. Posteā vērō, cum Caesar superbiā ēlātus senātum<br>
+contemnere et rēgnum adfectāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_3" id =
+"tag102_3" href = "#note102_3">3</a> coepisset, populus, praesentī
+statū<br>
+haud laetus, vindicem<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_4" id = "tag102_4"
+href = "#note102_4">4</a> lībērtātis requīrēbat. Subscrīpsēre quīdam<br>
+L. Brūtī<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_5" id = "tag102_5" href =
+"#note102_5">5</a> statuae: “Utinam<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_6" id
+= "tag102_6" href = "#note102_6">6</a> vīverēs!” Item ipsīus
+Caesaris<br>
+statuae: “Brūtus, quia rēgēs ēiēcit, prīmus cōnsul factus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_15" id = "line_xxix_15">15</a>
+est; hīc, quia cōnsulēs ēiēcit, postrēmō rēx factus est.” Īnscrīptum<br>
+quoque est M. Brūtī praetōris tribūnālī: “Dormīs,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag102_7" id = "tag102_7" href = "#note102_7">7</a> Brūte!”</p>
+
+<p>Cōgnitā populī Rōmānī voluntāte, Brūtus adversus Caesarem<br>
+cōnspīrāvit. Prīdiē quam Caesar est occīsus, Porcia, Brūtī uxor,<br>
+Catōnis fīlia, cōnsiliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_8" id =
+"tag102_8" href = "#note102_8">8</a> cōnscia, ēgressō cubiculum<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag102_9" id = "tag102_9" href = "#note102_9">9</a>
+Brūtō,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_20" id = "line_xxix_20">20</a>
+cultellum<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_10" id = "tag102_10" href =
+"#note102_10">10</a> tōnsōrium quasi unguium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag102_11" id = "tag102_11" href = "#note102_11">11</a> resecandōrum
+causā popōscit<br>
+eōque velut forte ēlāpsō sē vulnerāvit. Clāmōre deinde ancillārum<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag102_12" id = "tag102_12" href =
+"#note102_12">12</a><br>
+in cubiculum revocātus obiūrgāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_13" id =
+"tag102_13" href = "#note102_13">13</a> eam coepit, quod tōnsōris<br>
+praeripuisset officium. Cuī sēcrētō Porcia “Nōn est” inquit<br>
+“hōc temerārium<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_14" id = "tag102_14" href
+= "#note102_14">14</a> factum meum, sed in tālī statū nostrō meī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_25" id = "line_xxix_25">25</a>
+ergā tē amōris certissimum indicium. Experīrī enim voluī, sī<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag102_15" id = "tag102_15" href =
+"#note102_15">15</a><br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page103" id = "page103">103</a>
+tibi prōpositum ex sententiā parum cessisset, quam aequō animō<br>
+mē ferrō essem interēmptūra.” Quibus verbīs audītīs Brūtus ad<br>
+caelum manūs et oculōs sustulisse dīcitur et exclāmāvisse: “Utinam<br>
+<a name = "line_xxix_29" id = "line_xxix_29"> </a>
+dīgnus tālī cōniuge marītus vidērī possem!”</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_30" id = "line_xxix_30">30</a>
+Interfectō Caesare, cum Antōnius vestem ēius sanguinolentam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag103_1" id = "tag103_1" href = "#note103_1">1</a><br>
+ostentāns populum velutī furōre quōdam adversus coniūrātōs<br>
+īnflammāsset, Brūtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem<br>
+Philippōs adversus Antōnium et Octāviānum dīmicāvit. Victus<br>
+aciē, cum in tumulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_2" id = "tag103_2"
+href = "#note103_2">2</a> sē nocte recēpisset, audītā Cassiī morte,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_35" id = "line_xxix_35">35</a>
+nē in hostium manūs venīret, ūnī ex comitibus latus trānsfodiendum<br>
+praebuit. Antōnius Brūtī corpus lībertō suō sepeliendum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag103_3" id = "tag103_3" href = "#note103_3">3</a><br>
+trādidit, quōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_4" id = "tag103_4" href
+= "#note103_4">4</a> honōrātius cremārētur, inicī eī suum<br>
+palūdāmentum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_5" id = "tag103_5" href =
+"#note103_5">5</a> iussit, iacentem<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_6" id
+= "tag103_6" href = "#note103_6">6</a> nōn hostem, sed cīvem
+dēpositō<br>
+exīstimāns odiō. Cumque interceptum ā lībertō palūdāmentum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_40" id = "line_xxix_40">40</a>
+comperisset, īrā percitus<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_7" id =
+"tag103_7" href = "#note103_7">7</a> prōtinus in eum animadvertit,
+praefātus:<br>
+“Quid? tū īgnōrāstī cūius tibi virī sepultūram commīsissem?”<br>
+Nōn eadem fuit Octāviānī ergā Brūtum moderātiō, is<br>
+enim āvulsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_8" id = "tag103_8" href =
+"#note103_8">8</a> Brūtī caput Rōmam mīsit, ut Gāī Caesaris<br>
+statuae subicerētur. Porcia cum victum et interēmptum virum suum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_45" id = "line_xxix_45">45</a>
+cōgnōvisset, quia ferrum nōn dabātur, ārdentēs ōre carbōnes<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag103_9" id = "tag103_9" href = "#note103_9">9</a><br>
+hausit, virīlem patris<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_10" id =
+"tag103_10" href = "#note103_10">10</a> exitum mulier<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag103_11" id = "tag103_11" href = "#note103_11">11</a> imitāta
+novō mortis<br>
+genere.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">
+<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXX">next
+selection</a>.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note102_1" id = "note102_1" href = "#tag102_1">102.1</a>
+= <i>ortus, nātus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_2" id = "note102_2" href = "#tag102_2">102.2</a>
+<i>simultātēs gerere</i> = ‘to carry on a feud.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_3" id = "note102_3" href = "#tag102_3">102.3</a>
+‘to aim at.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_4" id = "note102_4" href = "#tag102_4">102.4</a>
+‘champion.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_5" id = "note102_5" href = "#tag102_5">102.5</a>
+The Brutus of selection IX.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_6" id = "note102_6" href = "#tag102_6">102.6</a>
+<b>Utinam vīverēs!</b> ‘O that you were yet alive.’ The subjunctive here
+expresses a wish or prayer; cf. <a href =
+"#line_xxix_29">l.&nbsp;29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_7" id = "note102_7" href = "#tag102_7">102.7</a>
+‘you’re fast asleep.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_8" id = "note102_8" href = "#tag102_8">102.8</a>
+<b>cōnsiliī cōnscia</b>: ‘who was aware of,’ etc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_9" id = "note102_9" href = "#tag102_9">102.9</a>
+‘sleeping-room.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_10" id = "note102_10" href =
+"#tag102_10">102.10</a>
+<b>cultellum tōnsōrium</b>: ‘a barber’s knife.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_11" id = "note102_11" href =
+"#tag102_11">102.11</a>
+‘nails.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_12" id = "note102_12" href =
+"#tag102_12">102.12</a>
+‘maids.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_13" id = "note102_13" href =
+"#tag102_13">102.13</a>
+‘scold.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_14" id = "note102_14" href =
+"#tag102_14">102.14</a>
+‘heedless,’ ‘random.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note102_15" id = "note102_15" href =
+"#tag102_15">102.15</a>
+<b>sī . . . cessisset</b>: ‘if your plan did not turn out according to
+your expectations.’ Join with what follows.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_1" id = "note103_1" href = "#tag103_1">103.1</a>
+‘bloody.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_2" id = "note103_2" href = "#tag103_2">103.2</a>
+‘hill.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_3" id = "note103_3" href = "#tag103_3">103.3</a>
+<i>sepelīre</i> = ‘to dispose of a body,’ whether by burial or by
+cremation.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_4" id = "note103_4" href = "#tag103_4">103.4</a>
+<b>quōque</b> = ‘and in order that.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_5" id = "note103_5" href = "#tag103_5">103.5</a>
+‘cloak.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_6" id = "note103_6" href = "#tag103_6">103.6</a>
+‘the dead man.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_7" id = "note103_7" href = "#tag103_7">103.7</a>
+‘thoroughly aroused.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_8" id = "note103_8" href = "#tag103_8">103.8</a>
+‘torn (from the body).’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_9" id = "note103_9" href = "#tag103_9">103.9</a>
+‘coals.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_10" id = "note103_10" href =
+"#tag103_10">103.10</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_cato"><i>Catō</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_11" id = "note103_11" href =
+"#tag103_11">103.11</a>
+‘woman though she was.’</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXX">Text-only version</a>
+<a name = "selection_XXX" id = "selection_XXX">XXX.</a>
+Octāviānus Caesar Augustus</h4>
+
+<p>Octāviānus, Iūliae, Gāī Caesaris sorōris, nepōs, quārtum annum<br>
+agēns patrem āmīsit. Ab avunculō adoptātus profectum eum in<br>
+Hispāniās<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_12" id = "tag103_12" href =
+"#note103_12">12</a> adversus Gnaeī Pompēī līberōs secūtus est.
+Deinde<br>
+ab eō Apollōniam missus studiīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_13" id =
+"tag103_13" href = "#note103_13">13</a> vacāvit. Utque prīmum
+occīsum<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page104" id = "page104">104</a>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_5" id = "line_xxx_5">5</a>
+Caesarem hērēdemque sē comperit, in urbem regressus<br>
+hērēditātem adiit, nōmen Caesaris sūmpsit conlēctōque veterānōrum<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic104.png" width = "131" height = "167"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+YOUNG AUGUSTUS</span>
+
+exercitū opem Decimō<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_1" id = "tag104_1"
+href = "#note104_1">1</a> Brūtō tulit, quī ab<br>
+Antōniō Mutinae obsidēbātur. Cum autem<br>
+urbis aditū prohibērētur, ut Brūtum dē omnibus<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_10" id = "line_xxx_10">10</a>
+rēbus certiōrem faceret, prīmō lītterās<br>
+mīsit plumbeīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_2" id = "tag104_2" href =
+"#note104_2">2</a> lāminīs īnscrīptās, quās ad<br>
+bracchium<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_3" id = "tag104_3" href =
+"#note104_3">3</a> religātās ūrīnātōrēs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag104_4" id = "tag104_4" href = "#note104_4">4</a> Scultennam<br>
+amnem trānsnantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_5" id = "tag104_5" href
+= "#note104_5">5</a> ad Brūtum dēferēbant.<br>
+Quīn et avibus internūntiīs ūtēbātur. Columbīs<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag104_6" id = "tag104_6" href = "#note104_6">6</a><br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_15" id = "line_xxx_15">15</a>
+enim, quās inclūsās ante famē<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_7" id =
+"tag104_7" href = "#note104_7">7</a> adfēcerat,<br>
+epistulās ad collum religābat eāsque ā proximō moenibus locō<br>
+ēmittēbat. Illae, lūcis cibīque avidae, altissima aedificiōrum<br>
+petentēs excipiēbantur ā Decimō Brūtō, quī eō modō dē omnibus<br>
+rēbus certior fīēbat, utique<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_8" id =
+"tag104_8" href = "#note104_8">8</a> postquam dispositō quibusdam
+locīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_20" id = "line_xxx_20">20</a>
+cibō columbās illūc dēvolāre īnstituerat.</p>
+
+<p>Bellum Mutinēnse Octāviānus duōbus proeliīs cōnfēcit, quōrum<br>
+in alterō nōn ducis modo, sed mīlitis etiam fūnctus est officiō<br>
+atque in mediā dīmicātiōne, aquiliferō legiōnis suae graviter<br>
+sauciō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_9" id = "tag104_9" href =
+"#note104_9">9</a> aquilam umerīs subīsse diūque fertur portāsse.
+Posteā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_25" id = "line_xxx_25">25</a>
+reconciliātā cum Antōniō grātiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_10" id =
+"tag104_10" href = "#note104_10">10</a>iūnctīsque cum eō cōpiīs, ut<br>
+Gāī Caesaris necem ulcīscerētur, ad urbem hostīliter accessit<br>
+mīsitque quī nōmine exercitūs sibi cōnsulātum dēpōscerent.<br>
+Cunctante senātū centuriō, prīnceps lēgātiōnis, rēiectō sagulō,<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag104_11" id = "tag104_11" href =
+"#note104_11">11</a><br>
+ostendēns gladiī capulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_12" id =
+"tag104_12" href = "#note104_12">12</a> nōn dubitāvit<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag104_13" id = "tag104_13" href = "#note104_13">13</a> in Cūriā
+dīcere: “Hīc<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_30" id = "line_xxx_30">30</a>
+faciet, sī vōs nōn fēceritis.”</p>
+
+<p>Ita cum Octāviānus vīcēsimō aetātis annō cōnsulātum invāsisset,<br>
+pācem fēcit cum Antōniō et Lepidō, ita ut triumvirī reī<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page105" id = "page105">105</a>
+pūblicae cōnstituendae per quīnquennium essent ipse et Lepidus<br>
+et Antōnius, et ut suōs quisque inimīcōs prōscrīberent. Quae<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_35" id = "line_xxx_35">35</a>
+prōscrīptiō Sullānā longē crūdēlior fuit. Exstant autem ex eā<br>
+multa vel extrēmae impietātis vel mīrae fideī āc cōnstantiae<br>
+exempla. T. Tōranius, triumvirōrum partēs secūtus, prōscrīptī<br>
+patris suī, praetōriī et ōrnātī virī, latebrās, aetātem notāsque<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag105_1" id = "tag105_1" href = "#note105_1">1</a><br>
+corporis, quibus āgnōscī posset, centuriōnibus ēdidit, quī eum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_40" id = "line_xxx_40">40</a>
+persecūtī sunt. Alius quīdam cum prōscrīptum sē cōgnōvisset,<br>
+ad clientem suum cōnfūgit; sed fīlius ēius per ipsa vēstīgia<br>
+patris mīlitibus ductīs occīdendum eum in cōnspectū suō obiēcit.</p>
+
+<p>Cum C. Plōtius Plancus ā triumvirīs prōscrīptus in regiōne<br>
+Salernitānā<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_2" id = "tag105_2" href =
+"#note105_2">2</a> latēret, servī ēius, comprehēnsī multumque āc diū<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_45" id = "line_xxx_45">45</a>
+tortī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_3" id = "tag105_3" href =
+"#note105_3">3</a> negābant sē scīre ubi dominus esset. Nōn sustinuit
+deinde<br>
+Plancus tam fidēlēs tamque bonī exemplī servōs ulterius cruciārī;<br>
+sed prōcessit in medium iugulumque gladiīs mīlitum obiēcit.<br>
+Senātōris cūiusdam servus cum ad dominum prōscrīptum occīdendum<br>
+mīlitēs advēnisse cōgnōsset, commūtātā cum eō veste,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_50" id = "line_xxx_50">50</a>
+permūtātō etiam ānulō, illum postīcō<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_4"
+id = "tag105_4" href = "#note105_4">4</a> clam ēmīsit, sē autem in<br>
+cubiculum ad lectulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_5" id = "tag105_5"
+href = "#note105_5">5</a> recēpit et ut dominum occīdī passus est.<br>
+“Quantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_6" id = "tag105_6" href =
+"#note105_6">6</a> virī est” addit Seneca,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag105_7" id = "tag105_7" href = "#note105_7">7</a> “cum praemia
+prōditiōnis<br>
+ingentia ostendantur, praemium fideī mortem concupīscere!”</p>
+
+<p>Octāviānus deinde M. Brūtum, interfectōrem Caesaris, bellō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_55" id = "line_xxx_55">55</a>
+persecūtus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplicī<br>
+proeliō trānsēgit; quōrum priōre castrīs exūtus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag105_8" id = "tag105_8" href = "#note105_8">8</a> vix fugā
+ēvāsit.<br>
+Victor acerbissimē sē gessit: in nōbilissimum quemque captīvum<br>
+nōn sine verbōrum contumēliā saeviit. Ūnī suppliciter sepultūram<br>
+precantī respondisse dīcitur iam istam in volucrum fore<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_60" id = "line_xxx_60">60</a>
+potestāte. Aliōs, patrem et fīlium, prō vītā rogantēs sortīrī<br>
+fertur iussisse ut alterutrī<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_9" id =
+"tag105_9" href = "#note105_9">9</a> concēderētur, ac cum, patre
+quia<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page106" id = "page106">106</a>
+sē obtulerat occīsō, fīlius quoque voluntāriā occubuisset nece,<br>
+spectāsse utrumque morientem. Ōrāre veniam vel excūsāre sē<br>
+cōnantibus, ūnā vōce occurrēbat<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_1" id =
+"tag106_1" href = "#note106_1">1</a> moriendum esse. Scrībunt<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_65" id = "line_xxx_65">65</a>
+quīdam trecentōs ex dēditīciīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_2" id =
+"tag106_2" href = "#note106_2">2</a> ēlēctōs ad āram dīvō<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag106_3" id = "tag106_3" href = "#note106_3">3</a>
+Iūliō<br>
+exstrūctam Īdibus Mārtiīs hostiārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_4" id
+= "tag106_4" href = "#note106_4">4</a> mōre mactātōs.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag106_5" id = "tag106_5" href = "#note106_5">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Abaliēnātus posteā est ab Antōniō, quod is, repudiātā Octāviā<br>
+sorōre, Cleopatram, Aegyptī rēgīnam, dūxisset uxōrem: quae quidem<br>
+mulier cum Antōniō lūxū et dēliciīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_6" id
+= "tag106_6" href = "#note106_6">6</a> certābat. Ūnā sē cēnā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_70" id = "line_xxx_70">70</a>
+centiēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_7" id = "tag106_7" href =
+"#note106_7">7</a> sēstertium absūmptūram aliquandō dīxerat.
+Cupiēbat<br>
+dīscere Antōnius, sed fierī posse nōn arbitrābātur. Posterō igitur<br>
+diē māgnificam<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_8" id = "tag106_8" href =
+"#note106_8">8</a> aliās cēnam, sed cottīdiānam Antōniō apposuit<br>
+inrīdentī, quod prōmissō stāre nōn potuisset. At illa īnferrī<br>
+mēnsam<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_9" id = "tag106_9" href =
+"#note106_9">9</a> secundam iussit. Ex praeceptō ministrī ūnum
+tantum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_75" id = "line_xxx_75">75</a>
+vās ante eam posuēre acētī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_10" id =
+"tag106_10" href = "#note106_10">10</a> cūius asperitās vīsque
+margarītās<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_11" id = "tag106_11" href =
+"#note106_11">11</a><br>
+resolvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_12" id = "tag106_12" href =
+"#note106_12">12</a> Exspectante igitur Antōniō quidnam esset
+āctūra,<br>
+margarītam, quam auribus gerēbat, dētrāxit et acētō liquefactam<br>
+absorbuit. Victum Antōnium omnēs, quī aderant,<br>
+prōnūntiāvērunt.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_80" id = "line_xxx_80">80</a>
+Octāviānus cum Antōniō apud Actium, quī locus est in Ēpīrō,<br>
+nāvālī proeliō dīmicāvit. Victum et fugientem persecūtus Aegyptum<br>
+petiit, et Alexandrēam, quō Antōnius cum Cleopatrā cōnfūgerat,<br>
+obsēdit. Antōnius in ultimā rērum dēspērātiōne, cum<br>
+habitū rēgis in soliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_13" id =
+"tag106_13" href = "#note106_13">13</a> rēgālī sēdisset, mortem sibi
+ipse cōnscīvit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_85" id = "line_xxx_85">85</a>
+Cleopatra, quam Octāviānus, Alexandrēā in potestātem redāctā,<br>
+māgnō opere cupiēbat vīvam comprehendī triumphōque servārī,<br>
+aspidem<a class = "tag error" name = "tag106_14" id = "tag106_14" href =
+"#note106_14" title = "text reads ‘13’">14</a> sibi adferendam cūrāvit
+ēiusque morsū periit. Cleopatrae<br>
+mortuae commūnem cum Antōniō sepultūram tribuit.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page107" id = "page107">107</a>
+<p>Tandem Octāviānus, hostibus victīs sōlus imperiō potītus,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_90" id = "line_xxx_90">90</a>
+clēmentem sē exhibuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_1" id = "tag107_1"
+href = "#note107_1">1</a> Omnia deinceps in eō plēna mānsuētūdinis<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag107_2" id = "tag107_2" href =
+"#note107_2">2</a><br>
+et hūmānitātis. Multīs īgnōvit vel iīs quī saepe graviter<br>
+eum offenderant. Reversus in Ītaliam triumphāns Rōmam<br>
+ingressus est. Tum bellīs tōtō orbe compositīs Iānī geminī portās<br>
+suā manū clausit, quae bis tantum anteā clausae fuerant, prīmum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_95" id = "line_xxx_95">95</a>
+sub Numā rēge, iterum post prīmum Pūnicum bellum. Tunc<br>
+omnēs praeteritōrum malōrum oblīviō cēpit populusque Rōmānus<br>
+praesentis ōtiī laetitiā perfruēbātur. Octāviānō māximī honōrēs<br>
+ā senātū dēlātī sunt. Ipse Augustus cōgnōminātus et in honōrem<br>
+ēius mēnsis Sextīlis<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_3" id = "tag107_3"
+href = "#note107_3">3</a> eōdem nōmine appellātus est, quod illō<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_100" id = "line_xxx_100">100</a>
+mēnse bellīs cīvīlibus fīnis esset impositus. Patris patriae<br>
+cōgnōmen ūniversī māximō cōnsēnsū dētulērunt eī. Dēferentibus<br>
+lacrimāns respondit Augustus hīs verbīs: “Compos<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag107_4" id = "tag107_4" href = "#note107_4">4</a> factus<br>
+vōtōrum meōrum, patrēs conscrīptī, quid habeō aliud, quod deōs<br>
+immortālēs precer, quam ut hunc cōnsēnsum vestrum ad ultimum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_105" id = "line_xxx_105">105</a>
+vītae fīnem mihi perferre liceat!”</p>
+
+<p>Dictātūram māgnā vī offerente populō dēprecātus est. Dominī<br>
+appellātiōnem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribuī ēdictō vetuit.<br>
+Immō<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_5" id = "tag107_5" href =
+"#note107_5">5</a> dē restituendā rē pūblicā nōn semel cōgitāvit,
+sed<br>
+reputāns et sē prīvātum nōn sine perīculō fore, et rem pūblicam<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_110" id = "line_xxx_110">110</a>
+plūrium arbitriō commissum<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_6" id =
+"tag107_6" href = "#note107_6">6</a> īrī, summam retinuit
+potestātem,<br>
+id vērō studuit nē quem novī statūs paenitēret. Bene dē iīs<br>
+etiam, quōs adversāriōs expertus erat, et sentiēbat et loquēbātur.<br>
+Legentem aliquandō ūnum ē nepōtibus invēnit; cumque puer<br>
+territus volūmen Cicerōnis, quod manū tenēbat, veste tegeret,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_115" id = "line_xxx_115">115</a>
+Augustus librum cēpit eōque statim redditō, “Hīc vir,” inquit<br>
+“fīlī mī, doctus fuit et patriae amāns.”</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page108" id = "page108">108</a>
+<p>Pedibus saepe per urbem incēdēbat summāque cōmitāte adeuntēs<br>
+excipiēbat. Convēnit<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_1" id = "tag108_1"
+href = "#note108_1">1</a> aliquandō eum veterānus mīles, quī<br>
+vocātus in iūs perīclitābātur rogāvitque ut sibi adesset. Statim<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_120" id = "line_xxx_120">120</a>
+Augustus ūnum ē comitātū<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_2" id =
+"tag108_2" href = "#note108_2">2</a> suō ēlēgit advocātum, quī
+lītigātōrem<br>
+commendāret. Tum veterānus exclāmāvit: “At nōn ego,<br>
+tē perīclitante bellō Actiacō, vicārium<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag108_3" id = "tag108_3" href = "#note108_3">3</a> quaesīvī, sed ipse
+prō tē<br>
+pūgnāvī,” simulque dētēxit cicātrīcēs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_4"
+id = "tag108_4" href = "#note108_4">4</a> Ērubuit<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag108_5" id = "tag108_5" href = "#note108_5">5</a> Augustus<br>
+atque ipse vēnit in advocātiōnem.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_125" id =
+"line_xxx_125">125</a>
+Cum post Actiacam victōriam Octāviānus Rōmam reverterētur,<br>
+occurrit eī inter grātulantēs opifex<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_6"
+id = "tag108_6" href = "#note108_6">6</a> quīdam corvum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag108_7" id = "tag108_7" href = "#note108_7">7</a> tenēns,<br>
+quem īnstituerat haec dīcere: “Avē,<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_8" id
+= "tag108_8" href = "#note108_8">8</a> Caesar, victor, imperātor!”<br>
+Mīrātus Caesar officiōsam avem vīgintī mīlibus nummōrum<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag108_9" id = "tag108_9" href = "#note108_9">9</a> ēmit.<br>
+Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illā līberālitāte pervēnerat,<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_130" id = "line_xxx_130">130</a>
+adfīrmāvit Caesarī habēre illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre<br>
+cōgerētur rogāvit. Adlātus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:<br>
+“Avē, Antōnī, victor, imperātor!” Nihil exasperātus Caesar<br>
+satis dūxit iubēre illum dīvidere dōnātīvum<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag108_10" id = "tag108_10" href = "#note108_10">10</a> cum
+contubernālī.<br>
+Salūtātus similiter ā psittacō<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_11" id =
+"tag108_11" href = "#note108_11">11</a> emī eum iussit.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_135" id =
+"line_xxx_135">135</a>
+Exemplum sūtōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_12" id = "tag108_12"
+href = "#note108_12">12</a> pauperem sollicitāvit ut corvum
+īnstitueret<br>
+ad parem salūtātiōnem. Quī impendiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_13"
+id = "tag108_13" href = "#note108_13">13</a> exhaustus saepe ad<br>
+avem nōn respondentem dīcere solēbat “Opera et impēnsa<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note108_13">13</a><br>
+periit<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_14" id = "tag108_14" href =
+"#note108_14">14</a>!” Aliquandō tamen corvus coepit dīcere dictam<br>
+salūtātiōnem. Hāc audītā, dum trānsit, Augustus respondit: “Satis<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_140" id = "line_xxx_140">140</a>
+domī tālium salūtātōrum habeō.” Superfuit corvō memoria, ut<br>
+et illa, quibus dominum querentem solēbat audīre, subtexeret<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag108_15" id = "tag108_15" href =
+"#note108_15">15</a>:<br>
+“Opera et impēnsa periit.” Ad quod Caesar rīsit emīque avem<br>
+iussit, quantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_16" id = "tag108_16" href
+= "#note108_16">16</a> nūllam ante ēmerat.</p>
+
+<p>Solēbat Graeculus quīdam dēscendentī ē palātiō Caesarī
+honōrificum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_145" id = "line_xxx_145">145</a>
+aliquod epigramma porrigere.<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_17" id =
+"tag108_17" href = "#note108_17">17</a> Id cum frūstrā saepe
+fēcisset<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page109" id = "page109">109</a>
+et tamen rūrsus eum idem factūrum dūxisset Augustus, breve<br>
+suā manū in chartā<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_1" id = "tag109_1"
+href = "#note109_1">1</a> exarāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_2" id
+= "tag109_2" href = "#note109_2">2</a> Graecum epigramma et Graeculō<br>
+advenientī obviam mīsit. Ille inter legendum laudāre<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag109_3" id = "tag109_3" href = "#note109_3">3</a> mīrārīque<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note109_3">3</a><br>
+tam<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_4" id = "tag109_4" href =
+"#note109_4">4</a> vōce quam<a class = "tag" href = "#note109_4">4</a>
+vultū gestūque. Deinde cum accessisset<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_150" id = "line_xxx_150">150</a>
+ad sellam, quā Caesar vehēbātur, dēmissā in pauperem crumēnam<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag109_5" id = "tag109_5" href = "#note109_5">5</a><br>
+manū paucōs dēnāriōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_6" id = "tag109_6"
+href = "#note109_6">6</a> prōtulit, quōs prīncipī daret, dīxitque<br>
+sē plūs datūrum fuisse, sī plūs habuisset. Secūtō omnium<br>
+rīsū, dispēnsātōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_7" id = "tag109_7"
+href = "#note109_7">7</a> Caesar vocāvit et satis grandem pecūniae<br>
+summam numerārī Graeculō iussit.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_155" id =
+"line_xxx_155">155</a>
+Augustus ferē nūllī sē invītantī negābat. Exceptus igitur ā<br>
+quōdam cēnā satis parcā et paene cottīdiānā, hōc tantum<br>
+īnsusurrāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_8" id = "tag109_8" href =
+"#note109_8">8</a>: “Nōn putābam mē tibi esse tam familiārem.” Cum<br>
+aliquandō apud Pōlliōnem quendam cēnāret frēgissetque ūnus ē<br>
+servīs vās crystallinum, rapī eum ad mortem Pōlliō iussit et<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_160" id = "line_xxx_160">160</a>
+obicī mūraenīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_9" id = "tag109_9" href =
+"#note109_9">9</a> quās ingēns piscīna<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag109_10" id = "tag109_10" href = "#note109_10">10</a> continēbat.
+Ēvāsit ē manibus<br>
+puer et ad pedēs Caesaris cōnfūgit, nihil aliud petītūrus quam<br>
+ut aliter perīret nec ēsca<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_11" id =
+"tag109_11" href = "#note109_11">11</a> piscium fieret. Mōtus est novō
+crūdēlitātis<br>
+genere Caesar et illum quidem mittī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_12"
+id = "tag109_12" href = "#note109_12">12</a> crystallina autem<br>
+omnia cōram sē frangī iussit complērīque piscīnam.</p>
+
+<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_165" id =
+"line_xxx_165">165</a>
+Augustus in quādam vīllā aegrōtāns noctēs inquiētās agēbat,<br>
+rumpente somnum ēius crēbrō noctuae<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_13"
+id = "tag109_13" href = "#note109_13">13</a> cantū. Quā molestiā cum<br>
+līberārī sē vehementer cupere sīgnificāsset, mīles quīdam, aucupiī<br>
+perītus, noctuam prehendendam cūrāvit, vīvamque Augustō attulit,<br>
+spē ingentis praemiī. Cuī cum Augustus mīlle nummōs<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag109_14" id = "tag109_14" href = "#note109_14">14</a> darī<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_170" id = "line_xxx_170">170</a>
+iussisset, ille minus dīgnum praemium exīstimāns dīcere ausus est:<br>
+“Mālō ut vīvat,” et avem dīmīsit. Imperātōrī nec ad īrāscendum<br>
+causa deerat nec ad ulcīscendum potestās: hanc tamen iniūriam<br>
+aequō animō tulit Augustus hominemque impūnītum abīre passus est.</p>
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page110" id = "page110">110</a>
+<p>Augustus amīcitiās neque facile admīsit et cōnstantissimē
+retinuit.<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_175" id = "line_xxx_175">175</a>
+Imprīmīs familiārem habuit Maecēnātem, equitem Rōmānum;<br>
+quī eā, quā apud prīncipem valēbat, grātiā ita semper ūsus<br>
+est, ut prōdesset omnibus, quibus posset, nocēret nēminī. Iūs<br>
+aliquandō dīcēbat Augustus et multōs capite damnātūrus vidēbātur.<br>
+
+<span class = "figfloat">
+<img src = "images/pic110.png" width = "182" height = "346"
+alt = "see caption"><br>
+AUGUSTUS</span>
+
+Aderat tum Maecēnās, quī per<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_180" id = "line_xxx_180">180</a>
+circumstantium turbam perrumpere et<br>
+ad tribūnal propius accēdere cōnābātur.<br>
+Quod cum frūstrā tentāsset, haec verba<br>
+in tabellā scrīpsit: “Surge tandem,<br>
+carnifex<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_1" id = "tag110_1" href =
+"#note110_1">1</a>!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_185" id = "line_xxx_185">185</a>
+prōiēcit. Quā lēctā is statim surrēxit<br>
+neque quisquam est morte multātus.</p>
+
+<p>Habitāvit Augustus in aedibus modicīs,<br>
+neque laxitāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_2" id = "tag110_2" href =
+"#note110_2">2</a> neque cultū<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_3" id =
+"tag110_3" href = "#note110_3">3</a> cōnspicuīs,<br>
+ac per annōs amplius quadrāgintā<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_190" id = "line_xxx_190">190</a>
+in eōdem cubiculō hieme et aestāte<br>
+mānsit. Suppellex<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_4" id = "tag110_4" href
+= "#note110_4">4</a> quoque ēius vix<br>
+prīvātae ēlegantiae erat. Rārō veste<br>
+aliā ūsus est quam cōnfectā ab uxōre,<br>
+sorōre, fīliā neptibusque.<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_5" id =
+"tag110_5" href = "#note110_5">5</a> Item tamen<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_195" id = "line_xxx_195">195</a>
+Rōmam, quam prō māiestāte imperiī nōn<br>
+satis ōrnātam invēnerat, adeō excoluit, ut iūre glōriārētur<br>
+marmoream sē relinquere, quam laterīciam<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag110_6" id = "tag110_6" href = "#note110_6">6</a> accēpisset.</p>
+
+<p>Fōrmā fuit Augustus eximiā et per omnēs aetātis gradūs<br>
+venustissimā. Erat tamen omnis lēnōciniī<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag110_7" id = "tag110_7" href = "#note110_7">7</a> neglegēns et in
+capite<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_200" id = "line_xxx_200">200</a>
+cōmendō tam incūriōsus, ut eō ipsō tempore, quō illud tōnsōribus<br>
+committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrīberet.</p>
+
+<p>Paucīs annīs antequam morerētur, gravissimam in Germāniā<br>
+accēpit clādem, tribus legiōnibus cum duce Vārō lēgātīsque et<br>
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page111" id = "page111">111</a>
+auxiliīs omnibus caesīs. Hāc nūntiātā excubiās<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag111_1" id = "tag111_1" href = "#note111_1">1</a> per urbem<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_205" id = "line_xxx_205">205</a>
+indīxit, nē quis tumultus exsisteret, et māgnōs lūdōs Iovī optimō<br>
+māximō vōvit, sī rēs pūblica in meliōrem statum vertisset. Adeō<br>
+dēnique<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_2" id = "tag111_2" href =
+"#note111_2">2</a> cōnsternātum ferunt, ut, per continuōs mēnsēs
+barbā<br>
+capillōque submissō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_3" id = "tag111_3"
+href = "#note111_3">3</a> caput interdum foribus inlīderet,
+vōciferāns:<br>
+“Quīntilī Vāre, legiōnēs redde!” diemque clādis quotannīs<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_210" id = "line_xxx_210">210</a>
+maestum habuerit ac lūgubrem.</p>
+
+<p>Tandem adflīctā valētūdine in Campāniam concessit, ubi, remissō<br>
+ad ōtium animō, nūllō hilaritātis genere abstinuit. Suprēmō vītae<br>
+diē petītō speculō<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_4" id = "tag111_4"
+href = "#note111_4">4</a> capillum sibi cōmī iussit et amīcōs
+circumstantēs<br>
+percontātus ecquid iīs vidērētur mīmum<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_5"
+id = "tag111_5" href = "#note111_5">5</a> vītae commodē<br>
+<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_215" id = "line_xxx_215">215</a>
+trānsēgisse, adiēcit solitam clausulam<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_6"
+id = "tag111_6" href = "#note111_6">6</a>: “Ēdite strepitum vōsque<br>
+omnēs cum gaudiō applaudite.” Obiit Nōlae sextum et<br>
+septuāgēsimum annum agēns.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note103_12" id = "note103_12" href =
+"#tag103_12">103.12</a>
+See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_hispania"><i>Hispānia</i></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note103_13" id = "note103_13" href =
+"#tag103_13">103.13</a>
+<b>studiīs vacābat</b>: ‘had time for (i.e. devoted himself to)
+study.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_1" id = "note104_1" href = "#tag104_1">104.1</a>
+At Caesar’s death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony carried a
+law allotting this province to himself, and then undertook to expel
+Brutus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_2" id = "note104_2" href = "#tag104_2">104.2</a>
+<b>plumbeīs lāminīs</b>: ‘leaden plates.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_3" id = "note104_3" href = "#tag104_3">104.3</a>
+‘arm.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_4" id = "note104_4" href = "#tag104_4">104.4</a>
+‘divers.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_5" id = "note104_5" href = "#tag104_5">104.5</a>
+‘by swimming across.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_6" id = "note104_6" href = "#tag104_6">104.6</a>
+‘doves.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_7" id = "note104_7" href = "#tag104_7">104.7</a>
+‘hunger.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_8" id = "note104_8" href = "#tag104_8">104.8</a>
+‘especially.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_9" id = "note104_9" href = "#tag104_9">104.9</a>
+‘(being) wounded.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_10" id = "note104_10" href =
+"#tag104_10">104.10</a>
+= <i>amīcitiā</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_11" id = "note104_11" href =
+"#tag104_11">104.11</a>
+‘cloak.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_12" id = "note104_12" href =
+"#tag104_12">104.12</a>
+‘hilt.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note104_13" id = "note104_13" href =
+"#tag104_13">104.13</a>
+‘hesitate.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_1" id = "note105_1" href = "#tag105_1">105.1</a>
+‘marks.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_2" id = "note105_2" href = "#tag105_2">105.2</a>
+‘of Salernum,’ a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_3" id = "note105_3" href = "#tag105_3">105.3</a>
+‘though tortured.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_4" id = "note105_4" href = "#tag105_4">105.4</a>
+‘by a back door.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_5" id = "note105_5" href = "#tag105_5">105.5</a>
+‘couch.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_6" id = "note105_6" href = "#tag105_6">105.6</a>
+<b>Quantī . . . est</b>: ‘What marvelous manhood it shows.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_7" id = "note105_7" href = "#tag105_7">105.7</a>
+A philosopher of the first century <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_8" id = "note105_8" href = "#tag105_8">105.8</a>
+‘stripped of.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note105_9" id = "note105_9" href = "#tag105_9">105.9</a>
+‘to one or the other,’ i.e. to one, but not to both.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_1" id = "note106_1" href = "#tag106_1">106.1</a>
+‘he met,’ i.e. he answered.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_2" id = "note106_2" href = "#tag106_2">106.2</a>
+‘prisoners of war.’ Cf. <i>dēdere</i>, ‘to surrender.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_3" id = "note106_3" href = "#tag106_3">106.3</a>
+Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after his death.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_4" id = "note106_4" href = "#tag106_4">106.4</a>
+‘sacrificial victims.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_5" id = "note106_5" href = "#tag106_5">106.5</a>
+‘slaughtered.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_6" id = "note106_6" href = "#tag106_6">106.6</a>
+‘pleasure.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_7" id = "note106_7" href = "#tag106_7">106.7</a>
+<b>centiēs</b> (sc. <i>centēna mīlia</i>) <b>sēstertium</b> = ‘ten
+million sesterces,’ or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. <a href
+= "#note88_8">p.&nbsp;88, n.&nbsp;8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_8" id = "note106_8" href = "#tag106_8">106.8</a>
+<b>māgnificam . . . Antōniō</b>: ‘under other circumstances truly
+splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_9" id = "note106_9" href = "#tag106_9">106.9</a>
+‘course.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_10" id = "note106_10" href =
+"#tag106_10">106.10</a>
+‘vinegar.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_11" id = "note106_11" href =
+"#tag106_11">106.11</a>
+‘pearls.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_12" id = "note106_12" href =
+"#tag106_12">106.12</a>
+‘melts,’ ‘dissolves.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_13" id = "note106_13" href =
+"#tag106_13">106.13</a>
+‘throne.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note106_14" id = "note106_14" href =
+"#tag106_14">106.14</a>
+‘asp.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_1" id = "note107_1" href = "#tag107_1">107.1</a>
+= <i>ostendit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_2" id = "note107_2" href = "#tag107_2">107.2</a>
+‘gentleness.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_3" id = "note107_3" href = "#tag107_3">107.3</a>
+‘the sixth,’ counting from March, with which, it is said, the Roman year
+originally began.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_4" id = "note107_4" href = "#tag107_4">107.4</a>
+<b>Compos . . . meōrum</b>: ‘Now that I have gained my heart’s desire,’
+which had been to avenge his uncle’s death.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_5" id = "note107_5" href = "#tag107_5">107.5</a>
+‘Nay.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note107_6" id = "note107_6" href = "#tag107_6">107.6</a>
+<b>commissum īrī</b> is fut. infin. pass. of <i>committō</i>, and = ‘was
+sure to be (lit. was going to&nbsp;be) handed over,’ i.e. if he
+resigned.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_1" id = "note108_1" href = "#tag108_1">108.1</a>
+‘met.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_2" id = "note108_2" href = "#tag108_2">108.2</a>
+‘retinue.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_3" id = "note108_3" href = "#tag108_3">108.3</a>
+‘substitute.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_4" id = "note108_4" href = "#tag108_4">108.4</a>
+‘wounds.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_5" id = "note108_5" href = "#tag108_5">108.5</a>
+‘blushed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_6" id = "note108_6" href = "#tag108_6">108.6</a>
+‘artisan.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_7" id = "note108_7" href = "#tag108_7">108.7</a>
+‘raven.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_8" id = "note108_8" href = "#tag108_8">108.8</a>
+‘Hail!’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_9" id = "note108_9" href = "#tag108_9">108.9</a>
+= <i>sēstertiōrum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_10" id = "note108_10" href =
+"#tag108_10">108.10</a>
+= <i>dōnum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_11" id = "note108_11" href =
+"#tag108_11">108.11</a>
+‘parrot.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_12" id = "note108_12" href =
+"#tag108_12">108.12</a>
+‘cobbler.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_13" id = "note108_13" href =
+"#tag108_13">108.13</a>
+‘outlay.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_14" id = "note108_14" href =
+"#tag108_14">108.14</a>
+‘have come to naught.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_15" id = "note108_15" href =
+"#tag108_15">108.15</a>
+‘added’: lit., ‘wove in.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_16" id = "note108_16" href =
+"#tag108_16">108.16</a>
+<b>quantī . . . ēmerat</b>: ‘at a higher price than he had paid
+before.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note108_17" id = "note108_17" href =
+"#tag108_17">108.17</a>
+‘offer.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_1" id = "note109_1" href = "#tag109_1">109.1</a>
+‘paper.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_2" id = "note109_2" href = "#tag109_2">109.2</a>
+‘scratched off,’ ‘wrote.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_3" id = "note109_3" href = "#tag109_3">109.3</a>
+Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it is
+especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated by an
+imperfect or perfect indicative.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_4" id = "note109_4" href = "#tag109_4">109.4</a>
+= <i>et . . . et</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_5" id = "note109_5" href = "#tag109_5">109.5</a>
+‘purse.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_6" id = "note109_6" href = "#tag109_6">109.6</a>
+‘francs.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_7" id = "note109_7" href = "#tag109_7">109.7</a>
+‘steward.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_8" id = "note109_8" href = "#tag109_8">109.8</a>
+‘whispered.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_9" id = "note109_9" href = "#tag109_9">109.9</a>
+‘eels.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_10" id = "note109_10" href =
+"#tag109_10">109.10</a>
+‘fish-pond.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_11" id = "note109_11" href =
+"#tag109_11">109.11</a>
+‘food.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_12" id = "note109_12" href =
+"#tag109_12">109.12</a>
+‘freed.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_13" id = "note109_13" href =
+"#tag109_13">109.13</a>
+‘night-owl.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note109_14" id = "note109_14" href =
+"#tag109_14">109.14</a>
+= <i>sēstertiōs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_1" id = "note110_1" href = "#tag110_1">110.1</a>
+‘executioner,’ ‘butcher.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_2" id = "note110_2" href = "#tag110_2">110.2</a>
+‘size.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_3" id = "note110_3" href = "#tag110_3">110.3</a>
+‘style.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_4" id = "note110_4" href = "#tag110_4">110.4</a>
+‘furniture.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_5" id = "note110_5" href = "#tag110_5">110.5</a>
+‘granddaughters.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_6" id = "note110_6" href = "#tag110_6">110.6</a>
+‘made of brick.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note110_7" id = "note110_7" href = "#tag110_7">110.7</a>
+‘finery.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_1" id = "note111_1" href = "#tag111_1">111.1</a>
+<b>excubiās . . . indīxit</b>: ‘ordered watches to be set.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_2" id = "note111_2" href = "#tag111_2">111.2</a>
+Often used like our ‘to cut a long story short,’ ‘in short.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_3" id = "note111_3" href = "#tag111_3">111.3</a>
+<b>barbā . . . submissō</b>: ‘letting his beard grow.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_4" id = "note111_4" href = "#tag111_4">111.4</a>
+‘mirror’ (of metal, generally bronze or silver).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_5" id = "note111_5" href = "#tag111_5">111.5</a>
+‘comedy.’</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note111_6" id = "note111_6" href = "#tag111_6">111.6</a>
+‘conclusion.’ Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of the actors
+to the spectators to grant them ‘loud and prolonged applause.’</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/pic111.png" width = "247" height = "175"
+alt = "Roman Eagle: SPQR" title = "SPQR"></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class = "section exercises">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page112" id = "page112">112</a>
+<h3><a name = "exercises" id = "exercises">
+EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square
+brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the ‘Caution’ on <a href =
+"#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>. The section numbers refer to the selections.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_I" id = "ex_I">I.</a><br>
+Apposition.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and
+Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a&nbsp;priestess of Vesta. 3. The
+boys were thrown into the river. 4. A&nbsp;shepherd of the king<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag_i_1" id = "tag_i_1" href = "#note_i_1">1</a> carried
+them to his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus,
+when grown,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_i_2" id = "tag_i_2" href =
+"#note_i_2">2</a> was caught by (some) robbers.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_i_3" id = "tag_i_3" href = "#note_i_3">3</a> 7. They thus accused
+him: “You have trespassed on the king’s lands.” 8. A&nbsp;dispute arose
+between the brothers. 9. Romulus said: “I&nbsp;shall give my name to the
+new city.” 10. Which of them leaped over the wall?</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_i_1" id = "note_i_1" href = "#tag_i_1">1</a>
+Use adj.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_i_2" id = "note_i_2" href = "#tag_i_2">2</a>
+See <a href = "#note2_19">p. 2, n. 19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_i_3" id = "note_i_3" href = "#tag_i_3">3</a>
+H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_II" id = "ex_II">II.</a><br>
+Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_ii_1" id = "tag_ii_1" href = "#note_ii_1">1</a> the city which
+Romulus had founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The
+envoys that the king sent were nowhere kindly received.
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page113" id = "page113">113</a>
+4. The tribes to which he sent did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of
+those who gathered had not seen Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized
+were the children of the Sabines, who now undertook war. 7. (While)
+advancing to battle, the Romans carried (their) shields on (their) left
+arms. 8. The Sabines killed Hostilius (while he was) fighting very
+bravely. 9. The Romans fell fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple
+in honor<a class = "tag" name = "tag_ii_2" id = "tag_ii_2" href =
+"#note_ii_2">2</a> of Romulus and worshiped him as a god.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_ii_1" id = "note_ii_1" href = "#tag_ii_1">1</a>
+<i>ad</i> with acc.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_ii_2" id = "note_ii_2" href = "#tag_ii_2">2</a>
+See <a href = "#note8_1">p. 8, n. 1</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_III" id = "ex_III">III.</a><br>
+Expressions of place; extent of time.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he
+come? From Cures, [from] a&nbsp;city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do
+at Rome? 4. He established many religious customs and had many useful
+laws passed. 5. A&nbsp;shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There)
+was a smith in Rome<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iii_1" id = "tag_iii_1"
+href = "#note_iii_1">1</a> who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7.
+The Romans had peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected
+in honor of Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_iii_1" id = "note_iii_1" href = "#tag_iii_1">1</a>
+Locative case.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_IV" id = "ex_IV">IV.</a><br>
+Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.</h5>
+
+<p>1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more
+warlike king. 2. War<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_1" id = "tag_iv_1"
+href = "#note_iv_1">1</a> having broken<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_iv_1">1</a> out between the Romans and the Sabines, the dispute
+was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii and the Horatii. 3.
+The young men took up arms and [arms having been taken up]<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note_iv_1">1</a> advanced to battle. 4. At a given<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_2" id = "tag_iv_2" href =
+"#note_iv_2">2</a> signal,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_iv_2">2</a>
+with drawn swords, they rushed
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page114" id = "page114">114</a>
+together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans falling], the Alban
+army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius began to weep when she
+saw her lover’s cloak. 7. He drew his sword and stabbed the girl who
+forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her country. 8. When Tullus
+learned of the treachery of the Alban general, in anger<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag_iv_3" id = "tag_iv_3" href = "#note_iv_3">3</a> he ordered
+him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared against the Sabines.<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_4" id = "tag_iv_4" href =
+"#note_iv_4">4</a> 10. Very many young men were in military service,
+a&nbsp;few were at home. 11. Tullus<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_5" id
+= "tag_iv_5" href = "#note_iv_5">5</a> Hostilius, who succeeded Numa,
+liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_iv_1" id = "note_iv_1" href = "#tag_iv_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_iv_2" id = "note_iv_2" href = "#tag_iv_2">2</a>
+See <a class = "error" href = "#line_ii_12" title = "in selection II">p.
+5, l. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_iv_3" id = "note_iv_3" href = "#tag_iv_3">3</a>
+Use participle.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_iv_4" id = "note_iv_4" href = "#tag_iv_4">4</a>
+H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_iv_5" id = "note_iv_5" href = "#tag_iv_5">5</a>
+H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_V" id = "ex_V">V.</a><br>
+Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag_v_1" id = "tag_v_1" href = "#note_v_1">1</a> in justice and
+piety, but was more warlike. 2. During<a class = "tag" name = "tag_v_2"
+id = "tag_v_2" href = "#note_v_2">2</a> his reign<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_v_2">2</a> a&nbsp;raid was made on the Roman territory by the
+Latins. 3. When the king heard of this [which having been learned], he
+declared war against them. 4. Having defeated the Latins, he destroyed
+their towns and transferred the citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a
+wall around the city, but this wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings
+of Rome, two were distinguished in war, two in peace.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_v_1" id = "note_v_1" href = "#tag_v_1">1</a>
+H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_v_2" id = "note_v_2" href = "#tag_v_2">2</a>
+Abl. abs.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_VI" id = "ex_VI">VI.</a><br>
+Direct and indirect questions.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus
+died,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_v_2">2</a> Tarquin was made guardian
+of his children. 3. Thus he obtained the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome
+a celebrated augur. 5. The king once asked him whether he could cut a
+whetstone with a razor. Can<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vi_1" id =
+"tag_vi_1" href = "#note_vi_1">1</a> you cut a whetstone with&nbsp;a
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page115" id = "page115">115</a>
+razor? 7. You cannot<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vi_2" id = "tag_vi_2"
+href = "#note_vi_2">2</a> cut a whetstone with a razor, can you? 8. The
+sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could commit a crime. 9.
+Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_vi_3" id = "tag_vi_3" href = "#note_vi_3">3</a> the palace and<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note_vi_3">3</a> began to bawl out. 11. One of
+them killed the king with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an
+atrocious crime?</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_vi_1" id = "note_vi_1" href = "#tag_vi_1">1</a>
+H. 378, 2 (351, 1, <span class = "smallroman">N</span>. 1); M. 698; A.
+210, <i>a</i>; G. 454; B. 162, <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_vi_2" id = "note_vi_2" href = "#tag_vi_2">2</a>
+H. 378 (351, 1, <span class = "smallroman">N</span>. 3); M. 701; A. 210,
+<i>c</i>; G. 456; B. 162, <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_vi_3" id = "note_vi_3" href = "#tag_vi_3">3</a>
+See <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_VII" id = "ex_VII">VII.</a><br>
+Ablative of source; ablative of quality.</h5>
+
+<p>1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne.
+2. He was born of a woman<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vii_1" id =
+"tag_vii_1" href = "#note_vii_1">1</a> of rank, who, however, was a
+slave in Tarquin’s house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil
+advising] he was brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was
+a young man of great bravery,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_vii_1">1</a>
+and became the king’s son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius’s daughters was
+gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin’s sons were of like character. 7. The
+king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8. Tullia was a woman of
+base character and did not love her father. 9. The people asked Tullia
+what she had done.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vii_2" id = "tag_vii_2"
+href = "#note_vii_2">2</a></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_vii_1" id = "note_vii_1" href = "#tag_vii_1">1</a>
+Abl. Why?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_vii_2" id = "note_vii_2" href = "#tag_vii_2">2</a>
+See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_VIII" id = "ex_VIII">VIII.</a><br>
+Temporal clauses with <i>cum</i>; ablative of price.</h5>
+
+<p>1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus
+had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he
+learned of the silence<a class = "tag" name = "tag_viii_1" id =
+"tag_viii_1" href = "#note_viii_1">1</a> and act of his father, he
+killed the chief men of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised
+his own wife, it was decided to find out who was the best. 5. When
+Lucretia had summoned her husband<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_viii_1">1</a> and father,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_viii_1">1</a> she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old woman
+once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an enormous
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page116" id = "page116">116</a>
+price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had burned six
+books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_viii_1" id = "note_viii_1" href = "#tag_viii_1">1</a>
+Abl. abs.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_IX" id = "ex_IX">IX.</a><br>
+Causal clauses with <i>cum</i>; purpose clauses with <i>ut</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate,
+for he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with
+Tarquin’s sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to
+Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister
+of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors,
+they were put to death. 6. In order to regain<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_ix_1" id = "tag_ix_1" href = "#note_ix_1">1</a> his throne, Tarquin
+undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag_ix_2" id = "tag_ix_2" href = "#note_ix_2">2</a>
+reconnoitre,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_ix_2">2</a> met the enemy. 8.
+Brutus and Aruns fell in the first charge. 9. Since one consul had been
+slain, the other returned to the city alone.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_ix_1" id = "note_ix_1" href = "#tag_ix_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#line_i_3">p. 1, l. 3</a> and <a href = "#note1_5">n.
+5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_ix_2" id = "note_ix_2" href = "#tag_ix_2">2</a>
+Express in two ways; cf. <a href = "#line_ix_30">l. 30</a>, and
+<b>ageret</b>, <a href = "#line_ix_26">l.&nbsp;26</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_X" id = "ex_X">X.</a><br>
+Causal clauses with <i>quod</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the
+enemy, because (as&nbsp;he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because
+he did not know which was<a class = "tag" name = "tag_x_1" id =
+"tag_x_1" href = "#note_x_1">1</a> the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To
+punish the hand which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted
+altar. 4. After this he was called Scaevola.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_x_1" id = "note_x_1" href = "#tag_x_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XI" id = "ex_XI">XI.</a><br>
+Dative of possessor; construction with <i>paenitet</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The
+Fabian gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page117" id = "page117">117</a>
+at its own expense. 3. The senate thanked the consul because he had
+provided for this war. 4. When they arrived at the river Cremera, they
+established a fortified post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The
+Veientes soon repented of the peace they had secured and renewed the
+war. 6. The Fabians roamed about in order to lay waste the enemy’s
+territory. 7. They were entrapped in an ambush and all slain.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XII" id = "ex_XII">XII.</a><br>
+Relative clauses of purpose.</h5>
+
+<p>1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the
+Decemvir. 2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found
+that he could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for
+slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xii_1" id = "tag_xii_1" href =
+"#note_xii_1">1</a> her off by force. 4. The girl’s friends sent a
+messenger to carry the news<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xii_1">1</a>
+to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5.
+Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people.
+6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and
+killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xii_1" id = "note_xii_1" href = "#tag_xii_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XIII" id = "ex_XIII">XIII.</a><br>
+Complementary infinitive; genitive with <i>oblivīscor</i>;<br>
+hortatory subjunctive.</h5>
+
+<p>1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of)
+Manlius, because with great severity he had banished his son to the
+country. 2. When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he
+hastened to Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this]
+filial devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father
+repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying
+on war with the
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page118" id = "page118">118</a>
+Romans, a Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the bravest Roman.
+5. “Let him come on,” said Titus Manlius, who was now tribune of the
+soldiers, “that I may show him which of us is the braver.” 6. Between
+the two lines they joined<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_1" id =
+"tag_xiii_1" href = "#note_xiii_1">1</a> in close<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xiii_1">1</a> combat,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xiii_1">1</a>
+and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his
+gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was
+afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without
+the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a
+single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be
+put to death because he had disobeyed<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xiii_2" id = "tag_xiii_2" href = "#note_xiii_2">2</a> his
+commander. 10. The young man’s companions did not forget the father’s
+cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso was also a man of great sternness. 12. He
+once ordered a soldier to be put to death on the charge of murdering a
+comrade. 13. The comrade had not been murdered and soon appeared in
+camp. 14. When they returned to Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily
+ordered both the comrades and the centurion who had been placed in
+charge of the execution to be put to death. 15. Another Manlius was
+guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward his son. 16. The Macedonians sent
+ambassadors to complain<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_3" id =
+"tag_xiii_3" href = "#note_xiii_3">3</a> about his son Silanus. 17.
+Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was granted by the
+senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he forbade his
+son to return to his home. 19. The next day<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xiii_4" id = "tag_xiii_4" href = "#note_xiii_4">4</a> the young man
+committed<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_5" id = "tag_xiii_5" href =
+"#note_xiii_5">5</a> suicide.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xiii_5">5</a></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xiii_1" id = "note_xiii_1" href = "#tag_xiii_1">1</a>
+See <a class = "error" href = "#line_iv_14" title = "in selection IV">p.
+11, l. 14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xiii_2" id = "note_xiii_2" href = "#tag_xiii_2">2</a>
+The reason is that of the father, not the writer.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xiii_3" id = "note_xiii_3" href = "#tag_xiii_3">3</a>
+Cf. <b>conquestum</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_82">l. 82</a>, with <b>quī
+dēpōsceret</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_7">XII, l.&nbsp;7</a>, and express
+in two ways.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xiii_4" id = "note_xiii_4" href = "#tag_xiii_4">4</a>
+H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xiii_5" id = "note_xiii_5" href = "#tag_xiii_5">5</a>
+See <a href = "#line_xii_30">XII, l. 30</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XIV" id = "ex_XIV">XIV.</a><br>
+Construction of <i>medius</i>, <i>summus</i>, etc.</h5>
+
+<p>1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of
+a hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page119" id = "page119">119</a>
+in safety through the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he
+sacrificed himself in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget
+this brave man.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XV" id = "ex_XV">XV.</a><br>
+Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with <i>opus</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. “The Samnites are our enemies,” said Curius; “let us set out
+against them.” 2. Immediately he set out, and, having<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag_xv_1" id = "tag_xv_1" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> conquered<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> the Samnites,<a class = "tag"
+href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> he took a large amount of land and many
+captives [men]. 3. He swore (that there) was<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xv_2" id = "tag_xv_2" href = "#note_xv_2">2</a> none [nothing] of
+the booty in his house. 4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to
+have brought] a&nbsp;great weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned<a
+class = "tag" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> their gold<a class = "tag" href
+= "#note_xv_1">1</a> (and) said that he could not be bribed. 6. He told
+the senate that he was contented with seven jugera of land. 7. He
+afterwards sold into slavery a young man who refused to serve in the
+army [military service]. 8. The young man saw that the tribunes could
+not help him [not to be able to be for an aid to him]. 9. After he had
+destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he returned to Rome in triumph
+[triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus was slain by a woman of
+Argos.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xv_3" id = "tag_xv_3" href =
+"#note_xv_3">3</a> 11. So the Romans<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xv_4"
+id = "tag_xv_4" href = "#note_xv_4">4</a> did not need the aid<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag_xv_5" id = "tag_xv_5" href = "#note_xv_5">5</a> of
+Curius again.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xv_1" id = "note_xv_1" href = "#tag_xv_1">1</a>
+Abl. abs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xv_2" id = "note_xv_2" href = "#tag_xv_2">2</a>
+See <a href = "#note7_16">p. 7, n. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xv_3" id = "note_xv_3" href = "#tag_xv_3">3</a>
+Use adj.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xv_4" id = "note_xv_4" href = "#tag_xv_4">4</a>
+Dat. of poss.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xv_5" id = "note_xv_5" href = "#tag_xv_5">5</a>
+Cf. <b>cīve</b>, <a href = "#line_xv_22">l. 22</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XVI" id = "ex_XVI">XVI.</a><br>
+<i>Nē</i> with verbs of fearing; ablative with <i>ūtor</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians
+in a naval battle. 2. He used grappling<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xvi_1" id = "tag_xvi_1" href = "#note_xvi_1">1</a> irons<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note_xvi_1">1</a> to seize and hold the enemy’s ships. 3.
+He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans would have an easy
+victory [victory&nbsp;to
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page120" id = "page120">120</a>
+be about to be easy to the Romans]. 4. He now set<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xvi_2" id = "tag_xvi_2" href = "#note_xvi_2">2</a> out boldly into
+the midst<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvi_3" id = "tag_xvi_3" href =
+"#note_xvi_3">3</a> of the enemy’s fleet, and captured many of their
+ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with this victory. 6. The
+Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be supreme on land and
+sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians, by a shrewd trick
+escaped punishment for losing his fleet.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xvi_1" id = "note_xvi_1" href = "#tag_xvi_1">1</a>
+Cf. <b>quō</b>, <a href = "#page36">p. 36, l. 4</a> and <a href =
+"#note36_10">n. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvi_2" id = "note_xvi_2" href = "#tag_xvi_2">2</a>
+Use participle.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvi_3" id = "note_xvi_3" href = "#tag_xvi_3">3</a>
+See <a href = "#ex_XIV">Ex. XIV</a>, sentence 2.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XVII" id = "ex_XVII">XVII.</a><br>
+Gerundive with <i>esse</i>; ablative of separation; ablative with
+comparatives.</h5>
+
+<p>1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came
+to negotiate<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_1" id = "tag_xvii_1" href
+= "#note_xvii_1">1</a> [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_2" id = "tag_xvii_2" href =
+"#note_xvii_2">2</a> he had come<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xvii_2">2</a> treacherously and was not in earnest in his
+negotiations [did not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_3" id = "tag_xvii_3" href =
+"#note_xvii_3">3</a> he would be arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus
+relieved him of his fear<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_4" id =
+"tag_xvii_4" href = "#note_xvii_4">4</a> and told him that the Romans
+did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa, Regulus<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xvii_5" id = "tag_xvii_5" href = "#note_xvii_5">5</a> had<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag_xvii_6" id = "tag_xvii_6" href = "#note_xvii_6">6</a>
+to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous serpent. 6. As its
+scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was compelled to use
+the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed. 8. When Regulus
+learned that the senate had extended his command to the next year, he
+asked that his successor should be sent at once.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xvii_7" id = "tag_xvii_7" href = "#note_xvii_7">7</a> 9. He said
+that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife and
+children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and
+children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this
+anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles,
+Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was
+sent from Carthage
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page121" id = "page121">121</a>
+to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about exchanging] prisoners. 13.
+When the senate ordered him to state his opinion, he said that the
+Carthaginian captives ought not to be returned. 14. He thought that they
+were better generals than the Romans.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xvii_8" id = "tag_xvii_8" href = "#note_xvii_8">8</a> 15. As<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_9" id = "tag_xvii_9" href =
+"#note_xvii_9">9</a> he had given<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xvii_9">9</a> his oath,<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xvii_9">9</a> he returned to Carthage and was put to death with
+terrible torture.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_1" id = "note_xvii_1" href = "#tag_xvii_1">1</a>
+Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text. Express
+this in as many ways as you can.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_2" id = "note_xvii_2" href = "#tag_xvii_2">2</a>
+See <a href = "#note7_16">p. 7, n. 16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_3" id = "note_xvii_3" href = "#tag_xvii_3">3</a>
+See <a href = "#note38_12">p. 38, n. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_4" id = "note_xvii_4" href = "#tag_xvii_4">4</a>
+Abl. Why?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_5" id = "note_xvii_5" href = "#tag_xvii_5">5</a>
+H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189, 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_6" id = "note_xvii_6" href = "#tag_xvii_6">6</a>
+See <a href = "#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_7" id = "note_xvii_7" href = "#tag_xvii_7">7</a>
+<b>statim.</b></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_8" id = "note_xvii_8" href = "#tag_xvii_8">8</a>
+See <b>Āfrīs</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_10">l. 10</a>, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xvii_9" id = "note_xvii_9" href = "#tag_xvii_9">9</a>
+Abl. abs.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XVIII" id = "ex_XVIII">XVIII.</a><br>
+Ablative of time.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Appius Claudius was no<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_1" id =
+"tag_xviii_1" href = "#note_xviii_1">1</a> better than the preceding
+generals, who did not boast that they would sink the enemy’s fleet (on)
+the first day<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_2" id = "tag_xviii_2"
+href = "#note_xviii_2">2</a> of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed
+him that the chickens would not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. “Let<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_3" id = "tag_xviii_3" href =
+"#note_xviii_3">3</a> them drink then,” said Appius, and ordered them to
+be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he was defeated, and
+many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards committed suicide,
+for he knew that he would be put to death by the people. 6. Upon his
+sister, too, a&nbsp;heavy fine had<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_4"
+id = "tag_xviii_4" href = "#note_xviii_4">4</a> to be imposed.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xviii_1" id = "note_xviii_1" href =
+"#tag_xviii_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#line_xvii_10">XVII, l. 10</a>, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xviii_2" id = "note_xviii_2" href =
+"#tag_xviii_2">2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIII">Ex. XIII</a>, sent. 19.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xviii_3" id = "note_xviii_3" href =
+"#tag_xviii_3">3</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIII">Ex. XIII</a>, sent. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xviii_4" id = "note_xviii_4" href =
+"#tag_xviii_4">4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#ex_XVII">Ex. XVII</a>, sent. 5.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XIX" id = "ex_XIX">XIX.</a><br>
+Purpose clauses with <i>quō</i>; ablative with <i>potior</i>; unreal
+conditions;<br>
+<i>quīn</i> clauses; ablative with <i>dīgnus</i>.</h5>
+
+<p>1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath
+of undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he
+stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said
+that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. “Give which you please,”
+replied the Carthaginians. 5. “I&nbsp;give war,” said Fabius. [“War,”
+said Fabius, “I&nbsp;give.”]
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page122" id = "page122">122</a>
+6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by Hannibal, Fabius was
+sent against him. 7. Changing<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_1" id =
+"tag_xix_1" href = "#note_xix_1">1</a> the policy<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xix_1">1</a> of the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did
+not come to an engagement with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some
+trifling successes, his soldiers had begun to have more confidence in
+their valor and fortune, he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9.
+Fabius thought that he could not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_2" id = "tag_xix_2" href =
+"#note_xix_2">2</a> cautious Fabius was,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xix_3" id = "tag_xix_3" href = "#note_xix_3">3</a> and got out
+(of&nbsp;the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag_xix_4" id = "tag_xix_4" href = "#note_xix_4">4</a> the master of
+horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against
+the dictator in order to obtain greater authority<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xix_5" id = "tag_xix_5" href = "#note_xix_5">5</a> himself. 13.
+When he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by
+Fabius. 14. Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better
+than his own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum
+to Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and
+the young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with
+his army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xix_6" id = "tag_xix_6" href = "#note_xix_6">6</a> year<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note_xix_6">6</a> it was lost. 18. If he had not used
+cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When an old man, Fabius, at
+the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse which he was riding out
+of respect for the rank of his son, then consul. 20. “If you were not
+consul,” said he, “I&nbsp;should not dismount.” 21. No one doubts that
+Fabius was worthy of the name <i>Maximus</i>. 22. At that time the
+Romans needed<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_7" id = "tag_xix_7" href =
+"#note_xix_7">7</a> a&nbsp;cautious general.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xix_1" id = "note_xix_1" href = "#tag_xix_1">1</a>
+Abl. abs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_2" id = "note_xix_2" href = "#tag_xix_2">2</a>
+<b>quam.</b></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_3" id = "note_xix_3" href = "#tag_xix_3">3</a>
+See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_4" id = "note_xix_4" href = "#tag_xix_4">4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#line_xix_43">l. 43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_5" id = "note_xix_5" href = "#tag_xix_5">5</a>
+Cf. <b>Tarentō</b>, <a href = "#line_xix_58">l. 58</a>, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_6" id = "note_xix_6" href = "#tag_xix_6">6</a>
+See <a href = "#line_xix_88">l. 88</a>, and <a href =
+"#note_xviii_4">Ex. XVIII, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xix_7" id = "note_xix_7" href = "#tag_xix_7">7</a>
+See <a href = "#ex_XV">Ex. XV</a>, sent. 11.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XX" id = "ex_XX">XX.</a><br>
+Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive
+genitive.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Varro was so rash that,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_1" id =
+"tag_xx_1" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> although he was opposed by his
+colleague, he formed<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> his army
+in line and gave<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> the signal
+for
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page123" id = "page123">123</a>
+battle. 2. In the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune
+urged<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_2" id = "tag_xx_2" href =
+"#note_xx_2">2</a> Paulus to take<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xx_2">2</a> his horse and flee.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xx_2">2</a> 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to perish with
+his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal’s victory,
+they sent messengers to congratulate him.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xx_3" id = "tag_xx_3" href = "#note_xx_3">3</a> 5. Maharbal<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag_xx_4" id = "tag_xx_4" href = "#note_xx_4">4</a> did
+not like<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_4">4</a> the advice of the
+others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew (how) to conquer, but did not know
+(how) to make use of a victory. 7. Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy
+the luxuries of Campania. 8. The terror at Rome was so great that they
+did not delay an instant. 9. No one doubted that<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xx_5" id = "tag_xx_5" href = "#note_xx_5">5</a> Hannibal would
+come<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_5">5</a> with his victorious army.
+10. If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been
+captured. 11. Though Varro survived the battle,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xx_6" id = "tag_xx_6" href = "#note_xx_6">6</a> he thought that he
+was not worthy of office<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_7" id =
+"tag_xx_7" href = "#note_xx_7">7</a> again. 12. As the soldiers did not
+have enough weapons,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_8" id = "tag_xx_8"
+href = "#note_xx_8">8</a> they took down from the temples the ancient
+spoils of the enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xx_9" id = "tag_xx_9" href = "#note_xx_9">9</a> whom Hannibal had
+sent to Rome to offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not
+return. 14. The senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in
+chains [bound]. 15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured
+when armed.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xx_1" id = "note_xx_1" href = "#tag_xx_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#note10_9">p. 10, n. 9</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_2" id = "note_xx_2" href = "#tag_xx_2">2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#line_xx_26">lines 26 and 27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_3" id = "note_xx_3" href = "#tag_xx_3">3</a>
+H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_4" id = "note_xx_4" href = "#tag_xx_4">4</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIX">Ex. XIX</a>, sent. 11.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_5" id = "note_xx_5" href = "#tag_xx_5">5</a>
+See <a href = "#note39_4">p. 39, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_6" id = "note_xx_6" href = "#tag_xx_6">6</a>
+See <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_7" id = "note_xx_7" href = "#tag_xx_7">7</a>
+See <a href = "#ex_XIX">Ex. XIX</a>, sent. 21.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_8" id = "note_xx_8" href = "#tag_xx_8">8</a>
+H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xx_9" id = "note_xx_9" href = "#tag_xx_9">9</a>
+Cf. with n. 7 ūnus ex ēius praefectīs, <a href =
+"#line_xx_27">l.&nbsp;27</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XXI" id = "ex_XXI">XXI.</a><br>
+Concessive clauses with <i>cum</i>; genitive of characteristic; causal
+relative clauses;<br>
+gerundive with <i>ad</i>; accusative of extent.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus,
+if his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not
+yet twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of
+years] to be a candidate for<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_1" id =
+"tag_xxi_1" href = "#note_xxi_1">1</a> the aedileship. 3. After the
+battle of Cannae, some young men
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page124" id = "page124">124</a>
+of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy. 4. Scipio hastened to
+their meeting-place, and, although<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_2" id
+= "tag_xxi_2" href = "#note_xxi_2">2</a> he was alone, he forced them to
+give<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_3" id = "tag_xxi_3" href =
+"#note_xxi_3">3</a> up their conspiracy.<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xxi_3">3</a> 5. After the Romans had suffered two defeats in
+Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul and sent thither. 6. Here he
+prosecuted the war with such wisdom and bravery that he earned the
+approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he was worthy of the honor? 8.
+He gained possession of a large amount of money and arms, but let the
+Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He did not doubt that in this way
+he would secure for the Romans the favor of the Spanish [conciliate the
+Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the captive Africans he found a boy of
+remarkable beauty,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_4" id = "tag_xxi_4"
+href = "#note_xxi_4">4</a> who said that his grandfather was the king of
+Numidia, and that he had crossed over into Spain with his uncle
+Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11. Scipio freed the boy, and
+thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12. When the Spaniards wanted
+to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain from that title. 13. After
+Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio, who had<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag_xxi_5" id = "tag_xxi_5" href = "#note_xxi_5">5</a> long been
+planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent Laelius, whose<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag_xxi_6" id = "tag_xxi_6" href = "#note_xxi_6">6</a>
+friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of the African chiefs.
+14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself, and it is said that he
+met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to have been] at the court
+of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those chiefs were eager to form
+an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan, therefore, was easily carried
+out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily shrank from so great a war
+themselves, still they were willing to furnish horses and arms. 18.
+Although they were wealthy, they were not (men) of great bravery. 19. In
+Africa the Romans fought with such determination that in a short time
+the Carthaginians recalled
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page125" id = "page125">125</a>
+Hannibal from Italy to defend his country. 20. A battle was fought [it
+was fought] at Zama, a&nbsp;town five days’ march from Carthage. 21. The
+Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for
+peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_7" id = "tag_xxi_7" href =
+"#note_xxi_7">7</a> his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to
+meet him. 24. Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his
+age, but he was also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_8" id = "tag_xxi_8" href =
+"#note_xxi_8">8</a> 25. The old writers say that he used to visit
+[resort to] the capitol every day, to consult with Jupiter about the
+public interests. 26. At Ephesus he<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_9"
+id = "tag_xxi_9" href = "#note_xxi_9">9</a> afterwards had a
+conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that Hannibal
+acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders. 28. When
+the senate seemed on the point<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_10" id =
+"tag_xxi_10" href = "#note_xxi_10">10</a> of transferring the conduct of
+the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because
+(as&nbsp;was thought) the former<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_11" id
+= "tag_xxi_11" href = "#note_xxi_11">11</a> had too little courage and
+too little wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his
+brother’s lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family.
+30. After Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from
+Lucius Scipio an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31.
+He said that he had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his
+integrity ought not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus
+himself was afterwards summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very
+day on which the battle of Zama had been fought.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xxi_12" id = "tag_xxi_12" href = "#note_xxi_12">12</a> 33. When
+ordered to plead his cause, he mounted the rostrum and said: “Let us
+offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose aid we obtained<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xxi_13" id = "tag_xxi_13" href = "#note_xxi_13">13</a> so great a
+victory.” 34. As the whole assembly followed him he was relieved from
+the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon afterward Scipio retired to the
+country and never returned to Rome.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_1" id = "note_xxi_1" href = "#tag_xxi_1">1</a>
+Use <b>ad</b> with gerundive or gerund.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_2" id = "note_xxi_2" href = "#tag_xxi_2">2</a>
+H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_3" id = "note_xxi_3" href = "#tag_xxi_3">3</a>
+Cf. <i>inceptō dēsisterent</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_14">l. 14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_4" id = "note_xxi_4" href = "#tag_xxi_4">4</a>
+Cf. lines 51 and 64.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_5" id = "note_xxi_5" href = "#tag_xxi_5">5</a>
+See <a href = "#note56_6">p. 56, n. 6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_6" id = "note_xxi_6" href = "#tag_xxi_6">6</a>
+See <a href = "#note55_8">p. 55, n. 8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_7" id = "note_xxi_7" href = "#tag_xxi_7">7</a>
+See <a href = "#line_xiii_59">XIII, l. 59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_8" id = "note_xxi_8" href = "#tag_xxi_8">8</a>
+<i>religiō</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_9" id = "note_xxi_9" href = "#tag_xxi_9">9</a>
+Use dat. of poss. with <b>esse</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_10" id = "note_xxi_10" href =
+"#tag_xxi_10">10</a>
+Use future participle.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_11" id = "note_xxi_11" href =
+"#tag_xxi_11">11</a>
+<i>ille</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_12" id = "note_xxi_12" href =
+"#tag_xxi_12">12</a>
+See sent. 20, and <a href = "#note56_4">p. 56, n. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxi_13" id = "note_xxi_13" href =
+"#tag_xxi_13">13</a>
+See <a href = "#note55_8">p. 55, n. 8</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page126" id = "page126">126</a>
+<h5><a name = "ex_XXII" id = "ex_XXII">XXII.</a><br>
+Future conditions.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio
+Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was
+able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a
+guest at her house, that she<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxii_1" id =
+"tag_xxii_1" href = "#note_xxii_1">1</a> too had some very beautiful
+jewels. 4. Everybody knows that Cornelia’s jewels were her sons. 5. She
+has justly been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6.
+Though her sons were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the
+nobles thought that they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the
+Gracchi thought more of [preferred] their country’s safety than [to]
+their own lives. 8. Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the
+senate thought that he was preparing for himself a way to regal power.
+9. So Nasica urged<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxii_2" id = "tag_xxii_2"
+href = "#note_xxii_2">2</a> all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When
+Gracchus saw that the senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was
+killed by a broken piece of a bench. 11. Caius had the same<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag_xxii_3" id = "tag_xxii_3" href = "#note_xxii_3">3</a>
+love for the common people as<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xxii_3">3</a> his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they
+opposed his plans because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. “If
+the law about distributing grain to the common people is<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag_xxii_4" id = "tag_xxii_4" href = "#note_xxii_4">4</a>
+passed,” said Piso, “I&nbsp;shall come with the others to get the
+grain.” 14. Finally this was decreed by the senate: “Let the consul see
+that the republic receive no harm.” 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his
+household and took possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to
+flight he ordered his slave to kill him that he might not be arrested.
+17. Such was the fate of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best
+sons of the Roman republic.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xxii_1" id = "note_xxii_1" href = "#tag_xxii_1">1</a>
+Use dat. of poss.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxii_2" id = "note_xxii_2" href = "#tag_xxii_2">2</a>
+Cf. <a href = "#ex_XX">Ex. XX</a>, sent. 2, and note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxii_3" id = "note_xxii_3" href = "#tag_xxii_3">3</a>
+Cf. <b>īdem quī</b>, <a href = "#line_xxii_31">l. 31</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxii_4" id = "note_xxii_4" href = "#tag_xxii_4">4</a>
+See <a href = "#line_xvii_10">XVII, l. 10</a>, and note.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page127" id = "page127">127</a>
+<h5><a name = "ex_XXIII" id = "ex_XXIII">XXIII.</a><br>
+Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.</h5>
+
+<p>1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this
+(question) of Scipio. 2. If anything happens<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag_xxiii_1" id = "tag_xxiii_1" href = "#note_xxiii_1">1</a> to you,
+what equally great commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied
+that Marius would be a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha
+it is said that he made charges against Metellus so that he might be
+appointed commander himself. 5. If you make me consul, I&nbsp;will
+shortly bring Jugurtha under the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he
+persuaded the people to make<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_2" id =
+"tag_xxiii_2" href = "#note_xxiii_2">2</a> him consul. 7. After Jugurtha
+had been conquered, he carried on war with the Cimbri and Teutones. 8.
+His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them against the enemy. 9. The
+battle was fought right at the foot of the Alps. 10. As the Romans<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_3" id = "tag_xxiii_3" href =
+"#note_xxiii_3">3</a> had no water, Marius told his soldiers that, if
+they conquered<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_4" id = "tag_xxiii_4"
+href = "#note_xxiii_4">4</a> the enemy, they would have abundance of
+water. 11. It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less
+blood than water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the
+slain. 12. The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to
+Marius to ask him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_5" id = "tag_xxiii_5" href =
+"#note_xxiii_5">5</a> with the same fate<a class = "tag" href =
+"#note_xxiii_5">5</a> which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next
+day a battle was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag_xxiii_6" id = "tag_xxiii_6" href =
+"#note_xxiii_6">6</a> followed. 15. When the women saw that they were
+defeated they strangled their babes and killed themselves. 16. Marius
+envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war against Mithridates had
+been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what Marius had done, he
+returned to Rome with his army and drove him into exile. 18. While
+Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page128" id = "page128">128</a>
+and thrown into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill
+him, whether he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out
+for Asia, Marius, who was a few days’ journey from the city, returned
+and renewed the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of
+the state, he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His
+death afforded the Romans<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_7" id =
+"tag_xxiii_7" href = "#note_xxiii_7">7</a> more joy than his victory at
+Aquae Sextiae.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_1" id = "note_xxiii_1" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_1">1</a>
+See <a href = "#note40_1">p. 40, n. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_2" id = "note_xxiii_2" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_2">2</a>
+Cf. <b>ut trāderet</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_21">l. 21</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_3" id = "note_xxiii_3" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_3">3</a>
+Dat. Why?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_4" id = "note_xxiii_4" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_4">4</a>
+Cf. <b>sī fēcissent</b>, etc., <a href = "#line_xxiii_11">l. 11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_5" id = "note_xxiii_5" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_5">5</a>
+Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and 58.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_6" id = "note_xxiii_6" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_6">6</a>
+Cf. <b>dictū</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_24">l. 124</a>, and <a href =
+"#note19_15">p. 19, n. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxiii_7" id = "note_xxiii_7" href =
+"#tag_xxiii_7">7</a>
+<b>Dative.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "ex_XXIV" id = "ex_XXIV">XXIV.</a><br>
+Relative clause of characteristic.</h5>
+
+<p>1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a
+blessing to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the
+Sibylline books to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had
+been chosen quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military
+ability was soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of
+Pontus, and would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled
+to Italy. 6. When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished
+with death all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who
+ventured to advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he
+had killed all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should
+govern]. 9. He wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had
+money. 10. When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were
+so crushed that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of
+literary men and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a
+reward to a wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition
+that he should write nothing thereafter.</p>
+
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page129" id = "page129">129</a>
+<h5><a name = "ex_XXV" id = "ex_XXV">XXV.</a><br>
+Genitive with adjectives.</h5>
+
+<p>1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is
+stated by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law
+practice and was untrained in the art<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_1"
+id = "tag_xxv_1" href = "#note_xxv_1">1</a> of war. 3. But in the war
+with Mithridates he surpassed even<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_2" id
+= "tag_xxv_2" href = "#note_xxv_2">2</a> experts in this art.<a class =
+"tag" href = "#note_xxv_1">1</a> 4. All say that he was exceedingly fond
+of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for the reason that he had
+been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not the only one of the
+Romans to<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_3" id = "tag_xxv_3" href =
+"#note_xxv_3">3</a> squander his money in building villas. 7. He used to
+dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8. Though fond of
+banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great library, which
+was always open to the public.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_xxv_1" id = "note_xxv_1" href = "#tag_xxv_1">1</a>
+H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, <i>a</i>; G. 374; B.
+204,&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxv_2" id = "note_xxv_2" href = "#tag_xxv_2">2</a>
+Cf. <b>mare ipsum</b>, <a href = "#line_xxv_25">l. 25</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_xxv_3" id = "note_xxv_3" href = "#tag_xxv_3">3</a>
+See <a href = "#note76_11">p. 76, n. 11</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/foldout_thumb.jpg" width = "564" height = "430"
+alt = "map of Mediterranean"></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "mynote">
+<a href = "images/foldout_large.jpg" target = "_blank">
+larger view</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class = "section">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page130" id = "page130">130</a>
+<h3>ABBREVIATIONS</h3>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations">
+<tr>
+<td>abl.</td>
+<td>= ablative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>abs.</td>
+<td>= absolute.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>acc.</td>
+<td>= accusative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>act.</td>
+<td>= active.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>adj.</td>
+<td>= adjective.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>adv.</td>
+<td>= adverb.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>cf.</td>
+<td>= compare.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>comp.</td>
+<td>= comparative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>conj.</td>
+<td>= conjunction.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dat.</td>
+<td>= dative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>def.</td>
+<td>= defective.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dem.</td>
+<td>= demonstrative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>desid.</td>
+<td>= desiderative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dim.</td>
+<td>= diminutive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>disc.</td>
+<td>= discourse.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>e.g.</td>
+<td>= for example.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>encl.</td>
+<td>= enclitic.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>esp.</td>
+<td>= especially.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations">
+<tr>
+<td>f.</td>
+<td><p>= feminine,<br>following.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>freq.</td>
+<td>= frequentative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>gen.</td>
+<td>= genitive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>i.e.</td>
+<td>= that is.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>imperf.</td>
+<td>= imperfect.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>impers.</td>
+<td>= impersonal.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>indef.</td>
+<td>= indefinite.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>indir.</td>
+<td>= indirect.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>insep.</td>
+<td>= inseparable.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>interj.</td>
+<td>= interjection.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>interr.</td>
+<td>= interrogative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>intrans.</td>
+<td>= intransitive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>l.</td>
+<td>= line.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>m.</td>
+<td>= masculine.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>n.</td>
+<td>= neuter, note.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>nom.</td>
+<td>= nominative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>num.</td>
+<td>= numeral.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations">
+<tr>
+<td>obj.</td>
+<td>= objective.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>orig.</td>
+<td>= originally.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>p.</td>
+<td>= page.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>part.</td>
+<td><p>= participle,<br>partitive.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pass.</td>
+<td>= passive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>perf.</td>
+<td>= perfect.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pers.</td>
+<td>= personal.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pl.</td>
+<td>= plural.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>poss.</td>
+<td>= possessive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>prep.</td>
+<td>= preposition.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pres.</td>
+<td>= present.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pron.</td>
+<td><p>= pronoun,<br>pronominal.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>rel.</td>
+<td>= relative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sc.</td>
+<td>= supply.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sup.</td>
+<td>= superlative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>trans.</td>
+<td>= transitive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "notation allclear">
+The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. <b>flīgō</b> and <b>speciō</b>,
+indicates that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound
+verbs are defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To
+this practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1)&nbsp;When neither
+the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the
+text, and (2)&nbsp;in the case of certain verbs like <b>sūmō</b> and
+<b>surgō</b>, which, though themselves compounds, came to be regarded
+virtually as simple verbs and served as the base of further
+compounds.</p>
+
+<p class = "notation">
+The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself
+when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary.
+This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and
+render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "section vocab">
+
+<a class = "pagenum" name = "page131" id = "page131">131</a>
+<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab">VOCABULARY</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9"
+alt = "----"></p>
+
+<p class = "mynote center">
+&emsp;
+&nbsp;A&nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_B">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_C">&nbsp;C&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_D">&nbsp;D&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_E">&nbsp;E&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_F">&nbsp;F&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_G">&nbsp;G&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_H">&nbsp;H&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_I">&nbsp;I&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_K">&nbsp;K&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_L">&nbsp;L&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_M">&nbsp;M&nbsp;</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocab_N">&nbsp;N&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_O">&nbsp;O&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_P">&nbsp;P&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_Q">&nbsp;Q&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_R">&nbsp;R&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_S">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_T">&nbsp;T&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_U">&nbsp;U&nbsp;</a>
+<a href = "#vocab_V">&nbsp;V&nbsp;</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><b>A.</b>, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen <i>Aulus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ab" id = "vocab_ab"><b>ā, ab, abs</b></a>, prep.
+with abl.; (1) of place, <i>from, away from, out of</i>; (2)&nbsp;of
+time, <i>from, since, after</i>; (3)&nbsp;of agency, <i>by</i>;
+(4)&nbsp;of separation, source, cause, <i>from, through, because of</i>;
+in composition, <i>off, away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>aliēnus</b>], <i>to
+remove, alienate, estrange</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abdicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>abdō</b>], adj., <i>hidden,
+concealed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abluō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>luō</b>, <i>to wash</i>],
+<i>to wash, cleanse, purify</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abnuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ab"><b>ā</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abscēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abscindō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scindo"><b>scindō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>absum</b>], adj., <i>absent,
+away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absolvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_solvo"><b>solvō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>sorbeō</b>, <i>to
+swallow</i>], <i>to swallow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abstinentia, ae</b> [<b>abstineō</b>], f., <i>abstinence,
+self-restraint, integrity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abstineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>abstrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>absūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ac</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_atque"><b>atque</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_acca" id = "vocab_acca"><b>Acca, ae</b></a>, f.,
+praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus.</p>
+
+<p><b>accēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_candeo"><b>candeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cingo"><b>cingō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>acciō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>cieō</b>, <i>to set in
+motion</i>], <i>to summon, invite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>acclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>commodus</b>], <i>to
+fit to, adjust, regulate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accūsātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>accūsō</b>], f., <i>accusation,
+prosecution</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accūsātor, ōris</b> [<b>accūsō</b>], m., <i>accuser,
+prosecutor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to call
+to trial, accuse, blame</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, comp. <b>ācrior</b>, sup. <b>ācerrimus</b>,
+adj., <i>sharp, bitter, piercing</i>; <i>keen, eager, vigorous,
+fierce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>acerbē</b> [<b>acerbus</b>, <i>bitter</i>], adv., <i>bitterly,
+cruelly, severely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>acerbitās, ātis</b> [<b>acerbus</b>, <i>bitter</i>], f.,
+<i>harshness, severity, unkindness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>acētum, ī</b> [cf. <b>ācer</b>], n., <i>vinegar</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">132a</span>
+<p><b>aciēs, ēī</b> [cf. <b>ācer</b>], f., <i>a sharp point</i> of a
+sword or dagger; <i>a battle line</i> (conceived of as a sword point);
+<i>battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ācriter</b>, comp. <b>ācrius</b>, sup. <b>ācerrimē</b>
+[<b>ācer</b>], adv., <i>sharply, spiritedly, fiercely,
+grievously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Actiacus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Actium</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Actium, ī</b>, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in
+31 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, Octavianus defeated Antony
+and Cleopatra in a naval battle.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad</b>, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, <i>to, towards, to the
+house of, at, near</i>; (2)&nbsp;of time, <i>up to, towards, until, at</i>;
+<ins class = "correction" title = "(3) missing">(3)</ins>&nbsp;of purpose,
+<i>to, in order to, for, for the sake of</i>; (4)&nbsp;of other
+relations, <i>according to, at</i>. In composition, it = <i>to,
+towards</i>, and also denotes <i>addition</i> and <i>intensity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adamō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>amō</b>, <i>to
+love</i>], <i>to love earnestly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>addīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>addō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>addūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>adeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>adeō</b> [<b>ad</b> + (2) <b>eō</b>], adv., <i>to this point,
+so very, so, to such a degree, actually</i>; <b>atque adeō</b>, <i>and
+in fact</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adequitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_equito"><b>equitō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to
+strive after, aspire&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adfīnis, is</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>fīnis</b>], m., <i>a relative</i>
+(by&nbsp;marriage).</p>
+
+<p><b>adfīrmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adflātus, ūs</b> [<b>adflō</b>], m., <i>a blast, breath; effluvia,
+exhalation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adflīctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>adflīgō</b>], adj., <i>shattered,
+weakened, wretched</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adhortātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>adhortor</b>, <i>to encourage</i>], f.,
+<i>encouragement, exhortation</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">132b</span>
+<p><b>adiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>apīscor</b>, <i>to
+reach</i>], <i>to gain by effort, get, acquire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aditus, ūs</b> [(1) <b>adeō</b>], m., <i>approach, access</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adiūmentum</b> [orig. <b>adiuvāmentum</b>, from <b>adiuvō</b>],
+n., <i>help, aid, service</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adiungō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iungo"><b>iungō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>iuvō</b>, <i>to
+help</i>], <i>to aid, help</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adloquor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_loquor"><b>loquor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>administrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>ministrō</b>, <i>to
+manage</i>], <i>to manage, direct, govern, regulate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admīrābilis, e</b> [<b>admīror</b>], adj., <i>admirable,
+wonderful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admīrandus</b> [<b>admīror</b>], adj., <i>marvelous, wonderful,
+strange</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admīrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>admīror</b>], f., <i>wonder,
+admiration</i>; <i>surprise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admīrātor, ōris</b> [<b>admīror</b>], m., <i>admirer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admīror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>mīror</b>, <i>to marvel
+at</i>], <i>to marvel at, admire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admodum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>up to the full
+limit, very, exceedingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admoneō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moneo"><b>moneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>admoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adnuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>olēscō</b>,
+<i>to grow</i>], <i>to grow up, become mature, reach manhood</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adoperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adoptō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_opto"><b>optō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adōrnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oro"><b>ōrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adquīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsentātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>adsentor</b>, <i>to agree with, to
+flatter</i>], f., <i>flattery</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">133a</span>
+<p><b>adsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsiduus</b> [<b>adsideō</b>], adj., <i>incessant, repeated,
+continued</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsīgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_signo"><b>sīgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adspiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsuēscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adsurgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_surgo"><b>surgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adulēscēns, entis</b> [<b>adolēscō</b>], m. and f., <i>a young
+man</i> or <i>woman</i> (usually applied to persons between the ages of
+fifteen and thirty).</p>
+
+<p><b>adulēscentia, ae</b> [<b>adulēscēns</b>], f., <i>youth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adulēscentulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>adulēscēns</b>], m., <i>a very
+young man, stripling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adūlor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to flatter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adultus</b> [orig. part. of <b>adolēscō</b>], adj., <i>grown up,
+mature, adult</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>advehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adventō, āre, āvī</b>, &mdash; [freq. of <b>adveniō</b>], <i>to
+advance, approach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adventus, ūs</b> [<b>adveniō</b>], m., <i>coming, approach,
+arrival</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adversārius, ī</b> [<b>adversor</b>], m., <i>opponent,
+enemy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adversor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>adversus</b>], <i>to oppose,
+withstand, resist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adversus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>turned towards,
+facing, in front</i>; <i>opposed, adverse, unfavorable</i>. As noun,
+<b>adversum, ī</b>, n., <i>misfortune, calamity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>adversus</b> and <b>adversum</b>, prep. with acc., <i>in
+opposition to, against, towards</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>advocātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>advocō</b>], f., <i>advocacy, legal
+assistance</i>; <b>in advocātiōnem venīre</b>, <i>to come to one’s aid
+in court</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>advocātus, ī</b> [<b>advocō</b>], m., <i>adviser,
+advocate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>advocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">133b</span>
+<p><b>aedēs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_aedis"><b>aedis</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aedificium, ī</b> [<b>aedificō</b>], n., <i>a building</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aedis</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to
+build</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aedīlis, is</b> [<b>aedis</b>], m., <i>aedile, commissioner of
+public works</i>, the name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number,
+charged with the care of the streets and public buildings, the
+regulation of the markets, and the duty of distributing the corn which
+the state furnished to the poor. They took care, also, of the records of
+the senate and other documents, and superintended the performance of
+certain public games.</p>
+
+<p><b>aedīlitās, ātis</b> [<b>aedīlis</b>], f., <i>aedileship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_aedis" id = "vocab_aedis"><b>aedis</b></a> or
+<b>aedēs, is</b>, f., in sing., <i>temple</i>; in pl., <i>house,
+dwelling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aedituus, ī</b> [<b>aedis</b> + <b>tueor</b>], m., <i>keeper of a
+temple, sexton</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, adj., <i>sick, ill, feeble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aegrē</b> [<b>aeger</b>], adv., <i>painfully, with difficulty,
+scarcely</i>; <b>aegrē ferre</b>, <i>to be vexed at, take amiss</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aegritūdō, inis</b> [<b>aeger</b>], f., <i>sickness</i>; <i>grief,
+vexation, mortification</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aegrōtō, āre, āvī</b>, &mdash; [<b>aeger</b>], <i>to be ill</i> or
+<i>feeble, lie sick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aegyptus, ī</b>, m., <i>Egypt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aemilius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_paulus"><b>Paulus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aemulātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>aemulor</b>, <i>to rival</i>], f.,
+<i>rivalry, competition</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aequālis, e</b> [<b>aequus</b>], adj., <i>equal, like</i> (esp. in
+age). As noun, m., <i>comrade, companion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aequē</b> [<b>aequus</b>], adv., <i>equally</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aequitās, ātis</b> [<b>aequus</b>], f., <i>evenness, fairness,
+justice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aequō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aequus</b>], <i>to make even, place
+on an equality</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aequus</b>, adj., <i>even, level</i>; <i>fair, just</i>; <b>aequō
+animō</b>, <i>patiently</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">134a</span>
+<p><b>aerārium, ī</b> [<b>aes</b>], n., <i>state treasury</i>; <i>public
+money</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aes, aeris</b>, n., <i>copper, bronze</i>; <i>money</i> (first
+coined of bronze); <b>aes aliēnum</b>, <i>debt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aestās, ātis</b>, f., <i>summer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aestīvus</b> [<b>aestās</b>], adj., <i>of summer, summer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aetās, ātis</b>, f., <i>time of life, life, age, youth, old
+age</i>; <i>period, time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aeternum</b> [acc. sing. neut. of <b>aeternus</b>,
+<i>eternal</i>], adv., <i>eternally, forever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Āfer, Āfrī</b>, m., <i>an African</i>, esp. an inhabitant of
+Carthage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Āfrica, ae</b>, f., <i>Africa</i>, esp. that part of it which lay
+near Carthage.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_africanus" id =
+"vocab_africanus"><b>Āfricānus</b></a>, adj., <i>African</i>. As noun,
+<b>Āfricānus, ī</b>, m., the cognomen bestowed on Publius Cornelius
+Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See <a href =
+"#vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>agedum</b>, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory
+subjunctive, <i>come on! come! quick!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>agellus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>ager</b>], m., <i>a little field, small
+estate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ager, agrī</b>, m., <i>field, farm, estate</i>; <i>territory,
+land, district</i>; <i>the country</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>agger, eris</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>gerō</b>], m., <i>mass</i> (esp.
+of earth and brushwood), <i>mound, rampart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aggredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_agito" id = "vocab_agito"><b>agitō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>agō</b>], <i>drive violently hither and
+thither</i>; <i>discuss, consider, meditate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think, reflect,
+consider</i>; <i>plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex</b> + <b>con&mdash;excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think
+out, devise</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>āgmen, inis</b> [<b>agō</b>], n., <i>an army</i> (on the march),
+<i>marching column</i>; <i>troop, array</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ago" id = "vocab_ago"><b>agō, agere, ēgī,
+āctus</b></a>, <i>to set in motion, drive, lead</i>; <i>act, do,
+perform</i>; <i>treat, deal, arrange</i>; <i>spend, pass</i>
+(of&nbsp;time); <b>āctum est dē</b>, <i>it was all up with</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">134b</span>
+<b>augurium agere</b>, <i>to perform the augural ceremonies</i>;
+<b>cōnsulem agere</b>, <i>to act the consul</i>, <b>dēlēctum agere</b>,
+<i>to hold a levy</i>; <b>grātiās agere</b>, <i>to feel thankful</i>;
+<b>triumphum agere</b>, <i>to celebrate a triumph</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>drive, urge, compel,
+constrain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus</b>, <i>drive together,
+collect</i>; <i>compel, force</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēgō, ere, dēgī, &mdash;&mdash;</b>, <i>pass, spend</i>
+(of time).</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive out</i>;
+<i>finish</i>; <i>pass, spend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to finish, accomplish,
+play</i> (a&nbsp;part); <i>set forth, relate, describe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive back, force,
+reduce, bring</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive under, conquer,
+subdue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to finish, settle,
+perform</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>agrestis, e</b> [<b>ager</b>], adj., <i>of the fields</i>;
+<i>rustic</i>; <i>countrified, rude, uncouth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āiō, ais, ait, āiunt</b> [def. verb], <i>to say</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alacer, cris, cre</b>, adj., <i>lively, nimble, quick</i>; often =
+an adv., <i>eagerly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alacritās, ātis</b> [<b>alacer</b>], f., <i>liveliness, eagerness,
+spirit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alba</b> or <b>Alba Longa</b> (sc. <b>urbs</b>), f., an ancient
+town of the Latins.</p>
+
+<p><b>Albānus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Alba, Alban</i>. As noun,
+<b>Albānus, ī</b>, m., <i>an inhabitant of Alba</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ālea, ae</b>, f., <i>game of dice</i>; <i>die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alexander, drī</b>, m., <i>Alexander the Great</i>, king of
+Macedonia from 336 to 323 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and
+conqueror of Persia.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alexandrēa, ae</b>, f., <i>Alexandria</i>, a city in Egypt, at the
+mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliās</b> [<b>alius</b>], adv., <i>at another time, under other
+circumstances</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alibī</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>ibi</b>], adv., <i>elsewhere, in
+other places</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">135a</span>
+<p><b>aliēnus</b> [<b>alius</b>], adj., <i>belonging to another,
+another’s</i>; <b>aes aliēnum</b>, <i>debt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alimentum, ī</b> [<b>alō</b>], n., <i>nourishment</i>; in plur.,
+<i>food, provisions</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliōquī</b>, adv., <i>in other respects, otherwise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquamdiū</b> [<b>aliquis</b> + <b>diū</b>], adv., <i>for a
+while, for some time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquandō</b> [<b>aliquis</b>], adv., <i>at some time or other,
+once, on a certain occasion</i>; <i>at length, at last</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquantus</b>, adj., <i>some, considerable</i>. As noun,
+<b>aliquantum, ī</b>, n., <i>a little, something</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquī, aliqua, aliquod</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quī</b>], indef.
+pron. adj., <i>some one or other, some, any</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquis, qua, quid</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quis</b>], indef. pron.,
+<i>some one, something</i>; <i>any one, anything</i>; <i>some, any</i>.
+As noun, <b>aliquid</b>, n., <i>something, anything</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquot</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quot</b>], indef. indecl. adj.,
+<i>some, several</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliquotiēns</b> [<b>aliquot</b>], adv., <i>several times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aliter</b> [<b>alius</b>], adv., <i>otherwise,
+differently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alius, a, ud</b> (gen. <b>alīus</b>, dat. <b>aliī</b>), pron.
+adj., <i>another, other, different</i>; <b>alius .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+alius</b>, <i>one .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. one, one .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. another</i>;
+<b>aliī .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. aliī</b>, <i>some .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+others</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to feed, nourish, support, keep</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alpēs, ium</b>, f., <i>the Alps</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>altāria, ium</b>, pl. n., <i>an altar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alter, altera, alterum</b> (gen. <b>alterīus</b>, dat.
+<b>alterī</b>), pron. adj., <i>one of two, the other, the second</i>;
+<b>alter .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. alter</b>, <i>the one .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. the
+other</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>altercor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>alter</b>], <i>to dispute,
+wrangle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alteruter, utra, utrum</b> (gen. <b>alterutrīus</b>, dat.
+<b>alterutrī</b>), pron. adj., <i>one or the other of two, one</i>
+(only) <i>of two</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>altus</b> [<b>alō</b>], adj., <i>high, lofty</i>; <i>deep</i>. As
+<span class = "pagenum">135b</span>
+noun, <b>altum, ī</b>, n., <i>the deep sea, the deep</i>; sup.
+<b>altissimum, ī</b>, n., <i>top</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alveus, ī</b>, m., <i>a basket, trough</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>am, amb, ambi</b>, insep. prefix (seen in <b>amputō</b>),
+<i>around, on both sides</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amāns, antis</b> [part. of <b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj.,
+<i>loving, fond</i>; with gen., <i>fond of, devoted&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ambitiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ambiō</b>, <i>to go around</i>], f.,
+<i>canvassing for public office, ambition</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ambō, ae, ō</b>, adj., <i>both</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ambulātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ambulō</b>], f., <i>a walk,
+promenade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ambulo" id = "vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō, āre, āvī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to walk, stroll</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;deambulō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to walk, stroll,
+promenade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inambulō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to walk up and
+down, stroll</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>amīcitia, ae</b> [<b>amīcus</b>], f., <i>friendship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amictus</b> [orig. part. of <b>amiciō</b>, <i>to wrap about</i>],
+adj., <i>clothed in, clad&nbsp;in</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amīcus</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj.,
+<i>friendly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amīcus, ī</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], m., <i>a
+friend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amnis, is</b>, m., <i>river, torrent, stream</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amor, ōris</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], m., <i>love,
+passion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āmoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amphora, ae</b>, f., <i>a two-handled jar</i>. It held about six
+gallons.</p>
+
+<p><b>amplector, ī, amplexus sum</b>, <i>to twine around,
+embrace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>amplus</b>], <i>to enlarge, widen,
+extend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amplius</b> [comp. of <b>amplus</b>], indecl. adj. and adv.,
+<i>further, more, besides</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amplus</b>, adj., <i>great, large</i>; <i>noble,
+distinguished</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>amputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Amūlius, ī</b>, m., <i>Amūlius</i>, son of Proca, a legendary king
+of Alba Longa.</p>
+
+<p><b>anceps, ancipitis</b> [<b>ambi</b> + <b>caput</b>], adj.,
+<i>two-headed</i>; <i>doubtful, hazardous</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">136a</span>
+<p><b>ancīle, is</b>, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of
+a guitar.</p>
+
+<p><b>ancilla, ae</b>, f., <i>a maid-servant, maid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ancus" id = "vocab_ancus"><b>Ancus, ī</b></a>, m.,
+the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>angō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>squeeze, choke</i>; <i>vex,
+annoy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>angor, ōris</b> [<b>angō</b>], m., <i>vexation, sorrow,
+anguish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anguis, is</b> [<b>angō</b>], m. and f., <i>a snake</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>angulus, ī</b> [<b>angō</b>], m., <i>corner, nook</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>angustiae, ārum</b> [<b>angustus</b>], f., <i>narrowness, narrow
+place, narrow pass</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>angustus</b> [<b>angō</b>], adj., <i>narrow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anima, ae</b>, f., <i>air, breath, soul, life</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus</b> [<b>animus</b> +
+<b>advertō</b>], <i>to turn the mind to, perceive, notice</i>; <b>in
+aliquem animadvertere</b>, <i>to punish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>animal, ālis</b> [<b>anima</b>], n., <i>a living thing, an
+animal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>animus, ī</b>, m., <i>mind, soul, reason</i>; <i>courage,
+spirit</i>; <i>temper, disposition</i>; in plur., <i>affections,
+allegiance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aniō, Aniēnis</b>, m., a tributary of the Tiber.</p>
+
+<p><b>annālis, is</b> [<b>annus</b>], adj., <i>yearly, annual</i>. As
+noun, <b>Annālēs</b> (sc.&nbsp;<i>librī</i>), <i>year-books,
+records</i>; strictly brief abstracts of contemporary events kept in
+early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and exposed to view on a
+white-washed plank set up at his official residence. <b>Annālēs</b> is a
+frequent title of Latin historical works.</p>
+
+<p><b>annōna, ae</b> [<b>annus</b>], f., <i>the year’s crop</i>, esp. of
+grain; <i>corn supply</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>annus, ī</b>, m., <i>a year</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ante</b> (1) adv.; of space, <i>before, in front of</i>; of time,
+<i>before, previously, ago</i>; (2)&nbsp;prep. with acc., both of space
+and time, <i>in front of, before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anteā</b> [<b>ante</b>], adv., <i>before, formerly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>antecēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anteeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">136b</span>
+<p><b>antequam</b> or <b>ante . . . quam</b>, conj., <i>before,
+until</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_antiochus" id = "vocab_antiochus"><b>Antiochus,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>Antiochus</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190.</p>
+
+<p>2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero
+heard at Athens in 79 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>antīquus</b>, adj., <i>ancient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_antonius" id = "vocab_antonius"><b>Antōnius,
+ī</b></a>, m., a Roman gentile name.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>M. Antōnius</i>, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the
+second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and killed himself the following
+year.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>C. Antōnius Hybrida</i>, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with
+Cicero, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;63.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ānulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>ānus</b>, <i>a circle</i>], m., <i>a
+finger ring</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anus, ūs</b>, f., <i>an old woman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anxius</b> [<b>angō</b>], adj., <i>anxious, troubled</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aper, aprī</b>, m., <i>a wild boar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>apertē</b> [<b>apertus</b>], adv., <i>openly, plainly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>apertus</b> [orig. part. of <b>aperiō</b>], adj., <i>open,
+manifest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Apollō, inis</b>, m., <i>Apollo</i>, the Greek god (worshiped by
+the Romans also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief
+shrine was at Delphi, in Greece.</p>
+
+<p><b>Apollōnia, ae</b>, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> it was a famous seat of learning.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_apollonius" id = "vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>Apollōnius</i>, surnamed <i>Molō</i>, under whom
+Cicero studied rhetoric at Rhodes.</p>
+
+<p><b>apparātus, ūs</b>, m., <i>equipment, preparation</i>; <i>splendor,
+pomp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>appāreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pareo"><b>pāreō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>appellātiō, ōnis</b> [(2) <b>appellō</b>], f., <i>name,
+title</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">137a</span>
+
+<p>(1) <b>appellō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>appellō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Appennīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Apennines</i>, a range of mountains
+in Italy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Appius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian
+gens.</p>
+
+<p><b>applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>plaudō</b>,
+<i>to clap the hands</i>], <i>to applaud</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>appōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>apprehendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>approbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_probo"><b>probō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>appropinquō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b> [<b>ad</b> +
+<b>propinquus</b>], <i>to draw near, approach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aptē</b> [<b>aptus</b>], adv., <i>fitly, neatly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aptus</b>, adj., <i>fitted, suited for, adapted to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>apud</b>, prep. with acc.; of place, <i>near</i>; of persons,
+<i>with, among, in the presence of, at the house of</i>; with the name
+of an author, <i>in the works&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Āpūlia, ae</b>, f., <i>Apulia</i>, a district in the southeastern
+part of Italy.</p>
+
+<p><b>aqua, ae</b>, f., <i>water</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aquila, ae</b>, f., <i>an eagle</i>; <i>standard</i> (a metal
+eagle, elevated upon a pole).</p>
+
+<p><b>aquilifer, ferī</b> [<b>aquila</b> + <b>ferō</b>], m., <i>standard
+bearer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āra, ae</b>, f., <i>an altar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbiter, trī</b>, m., <i>witness, judge, umpire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbitrium, ī</b> [<b>arbiter</b>], n., <i>judgment, decision</i>;
+<i>will, caprice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbitror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>arbiter</b>], <i>to think,
+believe, consider</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbor, oris</b>, f., <i>a tree</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arca, ae</b> [<b>arceō</b>], f., <i>chest, box</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_arceo" id = "vocab_arceo"><b>arceō, ēre, uī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to shut up, inclose</i>; <i>hinder, prevent</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;coerceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to confine closely, shut
+in</i>; <i>restrain, check</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exerceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to exercise, drill,
+employ</i>; <b>lēgem exercēre</b>, <i>to enforce a law</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to cause to come, summon, send
+for</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">137b</span>
+<p><b>Ardea, ae</b>, f., <i>Ardea</i>, a town in Latium, about eighteen
+miles south of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>ārdēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn,
+glow</i>], adj., <i>glowing, fiery, bright</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ārdor, ōris</b> [<b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn, glow</i>], m., <i>heat,
+glow</i>; <i>zeal, enthusiasm, fire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>argentum, ī</b>, n., <i>silver</i>; <i>money</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Argī, ōrum</b>, m., <i>Argos</i>, a city in the northeastern part
+of the Peloponnesus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Argīvus</b>, adj., of <i>Argos, Argive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arguō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to show, prove</i>; <i>charge, accuse,
+blame</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āridus</b> [<b>āreō</b>, <i>to be dry</i>], adj., <i>dry,
+arid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arma, ōrum</b>, n. pl., <i>arms, weapons</i> (esp. for defense);
+<i>warfare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>armātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>armō</b>], adj., <i>armed, in full
+armor</i>. As noun, <b>armātī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>armed men,
+soldiers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Armenia, ae</b>, f., <i>Armenia</i>, a country in Asia, southeast
+of the Black Sea.</p>
+
+<p><b>armilla, ae</b> [<b>armus</b>, <i>shoulder, arm</i>], f., <i>a
+bracelet, armlet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>armō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>arma</b>], <i>to arm, equip</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Arpīnum, ī</b>, n., <i>Arpinum</i>, a town of the Volsci, fifty
+miles southeast of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.</p>
+
+<p><b>ars, artis</b>, f., <i>skill, art, knowledge</i>;
+<i>accomplishment</i>, esp. in pl.; <i>device, stratagem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>artifex, icis</b> [<b>ars</b> + <b>faciō</b>], m., <i>workman,
+artist, builder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>artūs, uum</b>, m. pl., <i>joints, limbs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ārūns, untis</b>, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.</p>
+
+<p><b>arx, arcis</b> [<b>arceō</b>], f., <i>citadel, stronghold</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_as" id = "vocab_as"><b>ās, assis</b></a>, m., <i>an
+as</i>, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a&nbsp;pound of copper, but
+finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a cent.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">138a</span>
+<p><b>āscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Asia, ae</b>, f., <i>Asia</i>, esp. Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>Asiāticus</b>, adj., <i>Asiatic</i>. As noun, <b>Asiāticus, ī</b>,
+m., (cognomen of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.</p>
+
+<p><b>asper, aspera, asperum</b>, adj., <i>rough, bitter, sharp</i>;
+<i>harsh, violent, severe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>asperitās, ātis</b> [<b>asper</b>], f., <i>roughness,
+harshness</i>; <i>acidity</i> (of&nbsp;vinegar).</p>
+
+<p><b>āspernor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sperno"><b>spernō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aspis, idis</b>, f., <i>an asp, viper</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āstūtia, ae</b> [<b>āstūtus</b>], f., <i>shrewdness, smartness,
+cleverness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āstūtus</b> [<b>āstū</b>, <i>cunning</i>], adj., <i>smart, clever,
+shrewd, cunning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>asȳlum, ī</b>, n., <i>place of refuge, asylum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>at</b>, conj., <i>but, but yet, nevertheless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Athēnae, ārum</b>, f. plur., <i>Athens</i>, the chief city of
+Greece, situated in Attica, in the southeastern part of central
+Greece.</p>
+
+<p><b>Athesis, is</b>, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius
+defeated the Cimbri in 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Atīlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_regulus"><b>Rēgulus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_atque" id = "vocab_atque"><b>atque, ac</b></a>,
+conj., <i>and, and also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>atquī</b>, conj., <i>and yet, but yet, yet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>atrōciter</b> [<b>atrōx</b>], adv., <i>fiercely, cruelly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>atrōx, ōcis</b>, adj., <i>savage, fierce, cruel, horrible</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>attentus</b>, adj., <i>attentive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>attonitus</b> [<b>attonō</b>, <i>to thunder at</i>], adj.,
+<i>thunder-struck, awe-struck, overwhelmed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_attus" id = "vocab_attus"><b>Attus, ī</b></a>, m.,
+<i>Attus Nāvius</i>, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.</p>
+
+<p><b>auctor, ōris</b> [<b>augeō</b>], m., <i>producer, originator,
+cause</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>auctōritās, ātis</b> [<b>auctor</b>], f., <i>authority, power</i>;
+<i>influence, weight, dignity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aucupium, ī</b> [<b>avis</b> + <b>capiō</b>], n.,
+<i>bird-catching, fowling</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">138b</span>
+<p><b>audācia, ae</b> [<b>audāx</b>, <i>bold</i>], f., <i>boldness,
+daring</i>; <i>rashness, presumption</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>audeō, ēre, ausus sum</b>, <i>to venture, dare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_audio" id = "vocab_audio"><b>audiō, īre, īvī,
+ītus</b></a>, <i>to hear, listen to</i>; <b>dictō audiēns esse</b>,
+<i>to obey</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to hear clearly,
+distinguish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>auferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aufugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus</b>, <i>to increase, enlarge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>augur, uris</b> [<b>avis</b>], m., <i>an augur, soothsayer</i>,
+a&nbsp;priest whose business it was to take the <i>auspicia</i>. See
+<a href = "#vocab_auspicium"><b>auspicium</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>augurium, ī</b> [<b>augur</b>], n., <i>observance of omens,
+divination</i>; <b>augurium agere</b>, <i>to perform the augural
+ceremonies</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>augustus</b> [<b>augeō</b>], adj., <i>majestic, venerable,
+imposing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_augustus" id = "vocab_augustus"><b>Augustus,
+ī</b></a> [<b>augustus</b>], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 27, and after him to all the
+Roman emperors.</p>
+
+<p><b>aureus</b> [<b>aurum</b>], adj., <i>golden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>auris, is</b>, f., <i>ear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aurum, ī</b>, n., <i>gold</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_auspicium" id = "vocab_auspicium"><b>auspicium,
+ī</b></a> [<b>avis</b> + <b>*speciō</b>], n., <i>divination</i> by
+noting the flight or cries of birds. In taking the <b>auspicia</b>,
+<i>auspices</i>, the augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or
+disapproved a proposed course of conduct.</p>
+
+<p><b>aut</b>, conj., <i>or</i>; <b>aut . . . aut</b>, <i>either
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;or</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>autem</b>, conj., always postpositive, <i>but, however,
+moreover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>auxilium, ī</b> [<b>augeō</b>], n., <i>help, aid</i>; plur.,
+<i>auxiliary troops</i> (usually foreign and light-armed troops).</p>
+
+<p><b>avāritia, ae</b> [<b>avārus</b>], f., <i>greed, avarice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avārus</b>, adj., <i>greedy, grasping, covetous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>vellō</b>, <i>to
+pluck</i>], <i>to tear off</i> or <i>away, sever</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">139a</span>
+<p><b>Aventīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Aventine</i>, one
+of the seven hills of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aventīnus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>on the Aventine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aveō, ēre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fare well</i>, used only in
+the imperative <b>avē!</b> <i>hail! welcome! greetings!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>āversor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>āvertō</b>], <i>to scorn,
+repulse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avidē</b> [<b>avidus</b>], adv., <i>eagerly, greedily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avidus</b>, adj., <i>desirous, eager, greedy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avis, is</b>, f., <i>bird</i>; <i>sign, omen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avītus</b> [<b>avus</b>], adj., <i>ancestral</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āvolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avunculus</b> [dim. of <b>avus</b>], m., <i>uncle, mother’s
+brother</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>avus, ī</b>, m., <i>grandfather, ancestor</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_B" id = "vocab_B" href = "#vocab">B</a></p>
+
+<p><b>baculum, ī</b>, n., <i>a staff, stick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bagrada(s), ae</b>, m., a river near Carthage.</p>
+
+<p><b>ballista, ae</b>, f., <i>the ballista</i>, a military engine for
+hurling stones.</p>
+
+<p><b>balneum, ī</b>, n., <i>bath, bathing-place</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>barba, ae</b>, f., <i>beard</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>barbarus</b>, adj., <i>foreign, uncivilized, barbarous</i>. As
+noun, <b>barbarī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>foreigners, barbarians</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bellātor, ōris</b> [<b>bellō</b>], m., <i>fighter, brawler</i>;
+<i>warrior, soldier</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bellicōsus</b> [<b>bellicus</b>, <i>warlike</i>], adj.,
+<i>warlike</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_bello" id = "vocab_bello"><b>bellō, āre, āvī,
+ātum</b></a> [<b>bellum</b>], <i>to wage war, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to wage war again,
+rebel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bellum, ī</b> (orig. <b>duellum</b>, from <b>duo</b>), n., <i>war,
+warfare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bēlua, ae</b>, f., <i>a wild beast</i>; of a person, <i>beast,
+brute, monster</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_bene" id = "vocab_bene"><b>bene</b></a>
+[<b>bonus</b>], adv., <i>well, successfully</i>; comp. <b>melius</b>,
+sup. <b>optimē</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">139b</span>
+<p><b>beneficium, ī</b> [<b>bene</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>favor,
+kindness, service</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>benevolentia, ae</b> [<b>bene</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>], f., <i>good
+will, kindly feeling</i>; <i>favor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>benīgnē</b> [<b>benīgnus</b>], adv., <i>kindly,
+courteously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>benīgnus</b>, adj., <i>kind, favorable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bibliothēca, ae</b>, f., <i>library</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bibō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to drink</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_bibulus" id = "vocab_bibulus"><b>Bibulus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>L. Calpurnius</i>, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>bīduum, ī</b> [<b>bis</b> + <b>diēs</b>], n., <i>a period of two
+days, two days’ time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bis</b> [orig. <b>duis</b>; cf. <b>duo</b><ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has parenthesis">],</ins> num. adv.,
+<i>twice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blanditia, ae</b>, f., <i>flattery</i>; in pl., <i>blandishments,
+allurements</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Blosius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Blosius Cūmānus</i>,
+a&nbsp;friend of C.&nbsp;Gracchus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bocchus, ī</b>, m., <i>Bocchus</i>, king of the Gaetuli, and ally
+of Jugurtha.</p>
+
+<p><b>Boiorix, icis</b>, m., <i>Boiorix</i>, chief of the Cimbri,
+defeated by Marius, 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_bonus" id = "vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>, comp.
+<b>melior</b>, sup. <b>optimus</b>, adj., <i>good</i>; as noun, <b>bonī,
+ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>good men, loyal citizens</i>; <b>bona, ōrum</b>, n.
+pl., <i>goods, possessions</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bōs, bovis</b>, m. and f., <i>ox, cow</i>; pl., <i>cattle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bracchium, ī</b>, n., <i>forearm, arm</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brevī</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_brevis"><b>brevis</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_brevis" id = "vocab_brevis"><b>brevis, e</b></a>,
+adj., <i>short</i>; <b>brevī</b> (sc. <b>tempore</b>), adv., <i>in a
+little while, soon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Britannī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the inhabitants of England, the
+Britons</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Brundisium, ī</b>, n., <i>Brundisium</i>, a seaport in
+southeastern Italy, the regular point of embarkation for Greece.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_brutus" id = "vocab_brutus"><b>Brūtus, ī</b></a>,
+m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+1. <i>L. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius
+Superbus, and consul with Collatinus in 509 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+2. <i>M. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140a</span>
+<p class = "subentry">
+3. <i>D. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but
+afterwards one of his murderers.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_bulla" id = "vocab_bulla"><b>bulla, ae</b></a>, f.,
+an <i>amulet</i> or <i>charm</i> for the neck, commonly of gold, though
+often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid aside
+with the <i>toga praetexta</i> (see <a href =
+"#vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a>), and consecrated to the
+<i>Larēs</i>, or gods of the hearth.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_C" id = "vocab_C" href = "#vocab">C</a></p>
+
+<p><b>C</b>, orig. = English <i>G</i>, later = both <i>C</i> and
+<i>G</i>, finally = <i>C</i> alone; with proper names = <i>Gāius</i>,
+a&nbsp;Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>cadāver, eris</b> [<b>cadō</b>], n., <i>a corpse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cado" id = "vocab_cado"><b>cadō, ere, cecidī,
+cāsūrus</b></a>, <i>to fall</i>; <i>fall dead, be killed, die</i>;
+<i>happen</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accidō, ere, cidī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to happen, befall,
+come to pass</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;concidō, ere, cidī,&mdash;</b>, <i>to fall, be slain,
+perish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;incidō, ere, cidī,&mdash;</b>, <i>fall, fall into</i> or
+<i>on, meet</i>; <i>happen, occur</i>; <b>incidere in aliquem</b>, <i>to
+happen in the time of anybody</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;occidō, ere, cidī, &mdash;</b>, <i>fall down, fall,
+perish</i>; <i>set</i> (of&nbsp;the sun).</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;recidō, ere, cidī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fall back,
+return</i>; <i>fall</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>caedēs, is</b> [<b>caedō</b>], f., <i>slaughter, massacre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_caedo" id = "vocab_caedo"><b>caedō, ere, cecīdī,
+caesus</b></a>, <i>to cut, cut to pieces</i>; <i>kill, conquer,
+rout</i>; <b>virgīs caedere</b>, <i>to flog</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ob&mdash;occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut down, kill,
+slay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praecīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut short, cut
+off</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>caelestis, e</b> [<b>caelum</b>], adj., <i>from heaven, heavenly,
+celestial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caelius, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Caelian hill</i>, one
+of the seven hills of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>caelum, ī</b>, n., <i>the sky, heavens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>caenōsus</b> [<b>caenum</b>], adj., <i>foul, filthy</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140b</span>
+<p><b>caenum, ī</b>, n., <i>mud, filth, mire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_caesar" id = "vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar, aris</b></a>,
+m., <i>Caesar</i>, a family name in the Julian gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>C. Iūlius Caesar</i>, the famous dictator, born 100 <span class
+= "smallroman">B.C.</span>, quaestor in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62,
+consul in 59; conquered Gaul, 58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey
+and his supporters, 49-46; created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered,
+March 15,&nbsp;44.</p>
+
+<p>2. The grandson of Caesar’s sister, <i>C. Octāvius</i>, was adopted
+by Caesar, and henceforth known as <i>C.&nbsp;Iūlius Caesar
+Octāviānus</i>. He was born 63 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>,
+formed the second triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus in 44; with
+Antony’s help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Caesar, in
+42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium, in 31, and became sole
+master of the Roman world, which he ruled till his death in 14 <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> See also <b>Augustus</b>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>caesariēs, &mdash;</b>, acc. <b>em</b>, f., <i>hair</i> (of the
+head), <i>locks</i> (only in sing.).</p>
+
+<p><b>calamitās, ātis</b>, f., <i>calamity, disaster</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>calcar, āris</b>, n., <i>a spur</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>callidus</b>, adj., <i>shrewd, cunning, sly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calpurnia, ae</b>, f., <i>Calpurnia</i>, daughter of L. Calpurnius
+Piso, and wife of Julius Caesar.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calpurnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_bibulus"><b>Bibulus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>calvitium, ī</b> [<b>calvus</b>], n., <i>baldness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>calvus</b>, adj., <i>bald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calvus, ī</b> [<b>calvus</b>], m., cognomen of <i>C. Licinius
+Macer Calvus</i>, poet and orator, 82-47 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Camers, ertis</b>, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of
+Umbria, a&nbsp;district in Central Italy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Campānia, ae</b>, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south
+of Latium.</p>
+
+<p><b>Campānus</b>, adj., <i>Campanian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_campus" id = "vocab_campus"><b>campus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>a field</i>, especially the
+<span class = "pagenum">141a</span>
+<b>Campus Mārtius</b>, a plain lying between the Capitoline Hill and the
+Tiber, and thus orig. outside the walls. It was used as a place of
+exercise, as a parade ground and place for reviews. Later, elections
+were held there.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_candeo" id = "vocab_candeo"><b>candeō, ēre, uī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to shine, glow</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accendō, ere, ī, cēnsus</b>, <i>to set fire to, kindle,
+burn</i>; <i>arouse, fire, anger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;incendō, ere, ī, cēnsus</b>, <i>to set on fire</i>;
+<i>arouse, excite</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>candidus</b> [<b>candeō</b>], adj., <i>white</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canīnius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Canīnius Rēbilus</i>,
+consul for a few hours on December 31, 45 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>canis, is</b>, m. and f., <i>a dog</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cannae, ārum</b>, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern
+Italy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cannēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Cannae</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cano" id = "vocab_cano"><b>canō, ere, cecinī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to sing, chant, play</i>; <i>sound, give
+signal</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>prae&mdash;praecinō, ere, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to play before</i>
+(one).</p>
+
+<p><b>cantus, ūs</b> [<b>canō</b>], m., <i>song</i>; <i>note,
+cry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canusium, ī</b>, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.</p>
+
+<p><b>capesso, ere, īvī, ītus</b> [desid. of <b>capiō</b>], <i>to take
+eagerly, seize, resort&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>capillus, ī</b> [<b>caput</b>], m., <i>the hair</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_capio" id = "vocab_capio"><b>capiō, ere, cēpī,
+captus</b></a>, <i>to take, seize, capture</i>; <b>cōnsilium capere</b>,
+<i>to form a plan</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take to one’s self,
+receive, adopt</i>; <i>meet with, welcome</i>; <i>understand,
+interpret</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;concipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take in, imagine,
+conceive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take in, catch,
+deceive, cheat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take out,
+appropriate, overhear</i>; <i>receive, greet</i>; <i>await,
+confront</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">141b</span>
+<p><b>in&mdash;incipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take up, begin,
+undertake</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intercipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to seize in
+passing, steal, usurp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptum</b>, <i>direct, bid,
+order</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take back,
+recover</i>; <i>take, receive</i>; <b>sē recipere</b>, <i>to retreat,
+withdraw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take up,
+undertake, assume, succeed&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Capitōlīnus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to the Capitol</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capitōlium, ī</b>, n., <i>the Capitol</i>, the chief temple of
+Jupiter in Rome; often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the
+<i>Mōns Capitōlīnus</i>, the citadel of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>capra, ae</b>, f., <i>a she-goat</i>; <b>Caprae palūs</b>, <i>Goat
+Swamp</i>, in the Campus Martius.</p>
+
+<p><b>captīvus</b> [<b>capiō</b>], adj., <i>captive</i>; as noun,
+<b>captīvus, ī</b>, m., <i>a prisoner, captive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>captō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>capiō</b>], <i>to seize
+eagerly, strive to seize, strive for</i>; <i>take in, deceive,
+trap</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capua, ae</b>, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.</p>
+
+<p><b>capulus, ī</b> [<b>capiō</b>], m., <i>hilt, handle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>caput, itis</b>, n., <i>the head, life</i>; <i>head</i> or
+<i>capital</i> of a nation; <b>capite damnāre</b>, <i>to condemn to
+death</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>carbō, inis</b>, m., <i>a coal, charcoal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carbō, inis</b>, m., <i>C. Papīrius</i>, an enemy of Sulla,
+defeated by Pompey.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_carcer" id = "vocab_carcer"><b>carcer, eris</b></a>,
+n., <i>a prison</i>, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by Ancus
+Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the ‘Mamertine Prison.’ It
+lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards the Forum.
+The historian Sallust thus describes it: “In the prison there is a place
+called the <i>Tulliānum</i>, about twelve feet
+<span class = "pagenum">142a</span>
+below the surface of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and
+above it there is a room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a
+disgusting and horrible place on account of the filth, the darkness, and
+the stench.”</p>
+
+<p><b>carnifex, ficis</b> [<b>carō</b>, <i>flesh</i> + <b>faciō</b>],
+m., <i>executioner, butcher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>carpentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a two-wheeled carriage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_carpo" id = "vocab_carpo"><b>carpō, ere, sī,
+tus</b></a>, <i>to pluck, tear</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dis&mdash;discerpō, ere, sī, tus</b>, <i>to pluck</i> or <i>tear
+in pieces</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;excerpō, ere, sī, tus</b>, <i>to pluck out, choose,
+select</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Carthāginiēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Carthaginian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_carthago" id = "vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō,
+inis</b></a>, f., <i>Carthage</i>, a city on the northern coast of
+Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carthāgō Nova</b>, f., <i>New Carthage</i>, a city on the east
+coast of Spain, founded by the Carthaginians.</p>
+
+<p><b>cārus</b>, adj., <i>dear, beloved</i>; <i>costly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>casa, ae</b>, f., <i>a hut, cottage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Casca, ae</b>, m., <i>C. Servīlius</i>, one of the murderers of
+Julius Caesar.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cassius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Cassius Longīnus</i>,
+one of the foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>castellum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>castrum</b>], n., <i>a stronghold,
+castle, fort</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>castīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>castus</b>, <i>pure</i> +
+<b>agō</b>], <i>to correct, punish, chastise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>castrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a fortified place</i>; pl., <b>castra,
+ōrum</b>, <i>a camp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cāsus, ūs</b> [<b>cadō</b>], m., <i>that which befalls, accident,
+chance</i>; <i>misfortune, calamity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>catapulta, ae</b>, f., <i>an engine for hurling arrows,
+catapult</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>catēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a chain, fetter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_catilina" id = "vocab_catilina"><b>Catilīna,
+ae</b></a>, m., <i>L. Sergius</i>, who conspired against the state
+during Cicero’s consulship, 63 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>catīllus, ī</b>, m., <i>a small dish, plate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cato" id = "vocab_cato"><b>Catō, ōnis</b></a>, m.,
+<i>M. Porcius</i>, called <i>Uticēnsis</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">142b</span>
+because he committed suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of
+Thapsus 46 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_catullus" id = "vocab_catullus"><b>Catullus,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>C. Valerius</i>, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>catulus, ī</b>, m., <i>a young animal, cub</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Catulus, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Lutātius</i>, who in 67 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> opposed the grant of extraordinary powers to
+Pompey for the war with the pirates.</p>
+
+<p><b>cauda, ae</b>, f., <i>tail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>causa, ae</b>, f., <i>cause, reason, occasion</i>; <i>case at
+law</i>; <b>causā</b> (with preceding gen.), <i>for the sake of</i>,
+a&nbsp;common expression of purpose; <b>causam dīcere</b>, <i>to plead a
+case</i> in court.</p>
+
+<p><b>cautus</b> [orig. part. of <b>caveō</b>], adj., <i>careful, wary,
+cautious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cavea, ae</b> [<b>cavus</b>, <i>hollow</i>], f., <i>a
+cage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>caveō, ēre, cāvī, cautus</b>, <i>to be on one’s guard, beware,
+guard against</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cedo" id = "vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō, ere, cessī,
+cessum</b></a>, <i>to go, move</i>; <i>to go from, retire</i>; <i>yield,
+submit</i>; <b>ex sententiā cēdere</b>, <i>to turn out to one’s
+satisfaction</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abscēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go away,
+withdraw, depart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come
+to, move towards, approach</i>; <i>be added</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ante&mdash;antecēdō, ere, cessī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to go before,
+precede.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to withdraw, retire,
+depart</i>; <i>yield, submit</i>; <i>allow, grant, concede</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to go away, withdraw,
+depart</i>; <i>to die</i> (sc.&nbsp;<b>vītā</b>).</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;discēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to go away,
+depart</i>; <i>come off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to advance,
+approach</i>; <i>march</i>; <i>move slowly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go
+before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">143a</span>
+<i>to move forward, advance, make progress</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;recēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to move back,
+withdraw, retire, retreat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sē&mdash;sēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to retire,
+withdraw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;succēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to follow,
+succeed</i>; <i>be successful</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>celeber, bris, bre</b>, adj., <i>famous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>celebrātus</b> [part. of <b>celebrō</b>, <i>to throng</i>], adj.,
+of a place, <i>thronged, frequented</i>; of persons, places, or things,
+<i>famous, brilliant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>celer, eris, ere</b>, adj., <i>swift, quick, lively</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>celeritās, ātis</b> [<b>celer</b>], f., <i>swiftness, speed,
+alertness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>celeriter</b> [<b>celer</b>], adv., <i>quickly, soon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cella, ae</b>, f., <i>chamber, sanctuary, shrine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to hide, conceal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Celtibērī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the Celtiberi</i>, a tribe in
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēna, ae</b>, f., <i>dinner</i>, the principal meal of the Romans,
+taken about three o’clock.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>cēna</b>], <i>to dine, eat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēnseō, ēre, uī, us</b>, <i>to rate, value</i>; <i>be of the
+opinion, think</i>; <i>determine, decide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cēnseō</b>], m., <i>an enumeration</i> and
+<i>classification of the people</i> according to wealth, <i>a
+census</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>centiēs</b> [<b>centum</b>], adv., <i>a hundred times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>centum</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>a hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>centuria, ae</b> [<b>centum</b>], f., <i>a division of the army or
+the people</i>, containing a hundred persons, <i>a century</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>centuriō, ōnis</b> [<b>centuria</b>], m., <i>a commander of a
+century, centurion, captain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cerno" id = "vocab_cerno"><b>cernō, ere, crēvī,
+certus</b></a> [<b>crētus</b>], <i>to
+<span class = "pagenum">143b</span>
+separate</i>; <i>see, perceive</i>; <i>decide, determine</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to decide,
+determine</i>; <i>decree, vote, entrust</i> (by&nbsp;a decree);
+<i>contend, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sē&mdash;sēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to separate,
+divide</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>certāmen, inis</b> [<b>certō</b>], n., <i>match, trial</i> of
+skill or strength; <i>contest, battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>certātim</b> [<b>certō</b>], adv., <i>in rivalry,
+zealously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>certē</b> [<b>certus</b>], adv., <i>certainly, surely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>certō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>certus</b>], <i>to vie with,
+contend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>certus</b> [orig. part. of <b>cernō</b>], adj., <i>determined,
+fixed</i>; <i>certain, definite, specified, assured</i>; <b>certiōrem
+facere</b>, <i>to inform</i>; <b>certior fierī</b>, <i>to be
+informed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cervīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>neck, throat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cessō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>cēdō</b>], <i>to be
+inactive, loiter, delay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēterum</b> [<b>cēterus</b>], adv. and conj., <i>for the rest,
+but, moreover, besides</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cēterī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>the rest, the other, the
+others</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>charta, ae</b>, f., <i>writing material, paper, sheet</i>
+(of&nbsp;Egyptian papyrus).</p>
+
+<p><b>Chrȳsogonus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Cornēlius</i>, a freedman of
+Sulla.</p>
+
+<p><b>cibārius</b> [<b>cibus</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to food</i>;
+<b>rēs cibāria</b>, <i>provisions</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cibus, ī</b>, m., <i>food, victuals</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cicātrīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>a scar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cicer, ciceris</b>, n., <i>a pea, chickpea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cicero" id = "vocab_cicero"><b>Cicerō, ōnis</b></a>
+[<b>cicer</b>], m., cognomen of <i>M. Tullius Cicerō</i>, the famous
+orator, born at Arpinum, 106 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>;
+quaestor in Sicily, 75; praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony’s
+order in&nbsp;43.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cimber, brī</b>, m., <i>a Cimbrian</i>, one of the Cimbri, the
+Teutonic tribe which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was
+defeated by Marius in 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Cimbricus</b>, adj., <i>Cimbrian</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">144a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_cingo" id = "vocab_cingo"><b>cingō, ere, cinxī,
+cinctus</b></a>, <i>to encircle, surround</i>; <i>gird, gird on,
+equip</i>; <b>obsidiōne cingere</b>, <i>to blockade, besiege</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus</b>, <i>to gird, gird on,
+equip, arm</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;succingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus</b>, <i>to gird, arm,
+equip</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>cinis, eris</b>, m., <i>ashes</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cinna" id = "vocab_cinna"><b>Cinna, ae</b></a>, m.,
+<i>L. Cornēlius</i>, leader with Marius of the popular party.</p>
+
+<p><b>circā</b>, adv. and prep, with acc., <i>around, round about,
+throughout</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circum</b>, adv. and prep, with acc., <i>around, about</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circumdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circumfundō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circumstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circumveniō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circus, ī</b>, m., <i>a circle, enclosure</i> for athletic sports,
+esp. chariot-races; <b>Circus Māximus</b>: see <a href =
+"#note18_6">p.&nbsp;18, n.&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>citerior, ōris</b>, adj., <i>on this side, hither, nearer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cito" id = "vocab_cito"><b>citō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>cieō</b>, <i>to set in motion</i>], <i>to
+rouse, urge on</i>; <i>summon</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;concitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to rouse, excite</i>;
+<i>move, instigate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;excitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call or bring
+forth</i>; <i>rouse, excite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;incitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>urge on, arouse,
+incite</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_civicus" id = "vocab_civicus"><b>cīvicus</b></a>
+[<b>cīvis</b>], adj., <i>of citizens, civic</i>; <b>cīvica corōna</b>,
+<i>the civic crown</i>, given to a soldier who saved the life of a
+citizen in battle.</p>
+
+<p><b>cīvīlis, e</b> [<b>cīvis</b>], adj., <i>of citizens, civil,
+civic</i>; <i>courteous, polite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cīvis, is</b>, m., <i>citizen, fellow-citizen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cīvitās, ātis</b> [<b>cīvis</b>], f., <i>citizenship</i>;
+<i>state, body of citizens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clādēs, is</b>, f., <i>disaster, overthrow, defeat</i>; <b>clādem
+accipere</b>, <i>to sustain a defeat</i>; <b>clāde adficere</b>, <i>to
+defeat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clam</b> [<b>cēlō</b>], adv., <i>secretly</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">144b</span>
+<p><b>clāmitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>clāmō</b>], <i>to cry
+aloud, shout loudly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_clamo" id = "vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to shout</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to shout loudly,
+exclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;conclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>cry out together,
+shout</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to cry out, shout aloud,
+exclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>shout loudly</i>; <i>cry
+out to, call upon, appeal&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to call, cry out,
+proclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;succlāmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to shout in answer, to
+answer loudly</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>clāmor, ōris</b> [<b>clāmō</b>], m., <i>shout, cry, noise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clandestīnus</b> [<b>clam</b>], adj., <i>secret</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clangor, ōris</b>, m., <i>noise, clash, clang</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clārus</b>, adj., <i>bright</i>; <i>famous, renowned</i>; of
+sound, <i>clear, loud</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>classicum, ī</b> [<b>classis</b>], n. (sc. <b>sīgnum</b>),
+<i>battle signal</i> on the trumpet.</p>
+
+<p><b>classis, is</b>, f., <i>a class</i> or <i>division of
+citizens</i>; <i>a fleet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Claudia, ae</b>, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_claudius" id = "vocab_claudius"><b>Claudius,
+ī</b></a>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Appius Claudius</i>, one of the Decemvirs of 451 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Appius Claudius Pulcher</i>, consul in 249 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and defeated in a naval battle off Drepanum in
+Sicily.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_claudo" id = "vocab_claudo"><b>claudō, ere, clausī,
+clausus</b></a>, <i>to shut, close</i>; <i>shut in, imprison</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut out,
+exclude</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut in,
+enclose</i>; <i>imprison</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>clausula, ae</b> [<b>claudō</b>], f., <i>conclusion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clāvus, ī</b>, m., <i>a nail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clēmēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>gentle, kindly, merciful</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">145a</span>
+<p><b>clēmenter</b> [<b>clēmēns</b>], adv., <i>quietly, mercifully,
+mildly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>clēmentia, ae</b> [<b>clēmēns</b>], f., <i>mercifulness,
+forbearance, kindness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cleopatra, ae</b>, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her
+wit and beauty. She lived 69-30 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cliens" id = "vocab_cliens"><b>cliēns, entis</b></a>
+[orig. <b>cluēns</b>, from <b>clueō</b>, <i>to hear</i>], m., <i>a
+vassal, dependent, client</i>. The <b>clientēs</b> attached themselves
+to some patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and
+was practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound
+to respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp.
+in ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for
+his daughters.</p>
+
+<p><b>clīvus, ī</b>, m., <i>ascent, slope, hill</i>; <b>Clīvus
+Capitōlīnus</b>, a&nbsp;street running up from the Forum to the
+Capitol.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clōdius, ī</b>, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of
+<i>P.&nbsp;Clōdius Pulcher</i>, Cicero’s enemy, who, as tribune of the
+people, brought about his banishment.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clypea, ae</b>, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cn.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Gnaeus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coepī, coepisse, coeptus</b>, <i>to begin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coerceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_arceo"><b>arceō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgitātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgitō</b>], f., <i>thought,
+consideration, plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_agito"><b>agitō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgnātus</b>], f., <i>blood relationship,
+ties of blood</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnātus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>(g)nāscor</b>], adj., <i>related by
+blood</i>; as noun, <i>a kinsman, blood relation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnitiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgnōscō</b>], f., <i>a legal
+investigation, judicial hearing</i>; <b>cōgnitiōnem īnstituere</b>,
+<i>to hold a hearing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnōmen, inis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], n., a name
+added to the individual and
+<span class = "pagenum">145b</span>
+clan names of a person; <i>a surname</i>, either as a title of honor, as
+<b>Āfricānus, Māgnus, Torquātus</b>, or as a nickname, as <b>Cicerō</b>.
+<i>Cōgnōmina</i> served to distinguish different families of the same
+gens.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnōminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>cōgnōmen</b>], <i>to surname,
+call</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cohors, ortis</b>, f., <i>cohort, company</i> (the tenth part of a
+legion). See <a href = "#vocab_legio"><b>legiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Collātia, ae</b>, f., a Sabine town near Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Collātīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Tarquinius</i>, the husband of
+Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>collis, is</b>, m., <i>a hill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>collum, ī</b>, n., <i>neck</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_colo" id = "vocab_colo"><b>colō, ere, uī,
+cultus</b></a>, to <i>till, cultivate</i>; <i>dwell in</i>; <i>practice,
+cherish</i>; <i>clothe, adorn</i>; <i>honor, esteem</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;excolō, ere, uī, cultus</b>, <i>to cultivate, improve,
+adorn</i>; <i>refine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;incolō, ere, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to dwell, dwell in,
+live</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>colōnia, ae</b> [<b>colō</b>], f., <i>a colony,
+settlement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>columba, ae</b>, f., <i>a dove, pigeon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_com" id = "vocab_com"><b>com, con, co</b></a>, forms
+of the prep. <b>cum</b>, found only in compound words. See <a href =
+"#vocab_cum"><b>cum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>combūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comes, itis</b> [<b>con</b> + (1) <b>eō</b>], m., <i>companion,
+comrade</i>; <i>attendant, follower</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōmitās, ātis</b> [<b>cōmis</b>, <i>courteous</i>], f.,
+<i>courtesy, kindness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comitātus, ūs</b> [<b>comitor</b>], m., <i>escort, train</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comitium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + (1) <b>eō</b>], n., <i>the
+Comitium</i>, a&nbsp;place adjoining the Forum Romanum, where the voters
+assembled; <b>comitia, ōrum</b>, <i>the comitia</i>, an assembly of the
+people (esp. for elections); <i>election</i>; <b>comitia indīcere</b>,
+<i>to set a date for an election</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">146a</span>
+<p><b>comitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>comes</b>], <i>to
+accompany</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commeātus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a furlough</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mando"><b>mandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commigrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_migro"><b>migrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commīlitō, ōnis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>mīles</b>], m.,
+<i>fellow-soldier, comrade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comminus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>manus</b>], adv., <i>hand to hand,
+at close quarters</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>committō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commodē</b> [<b>commodus</b>], adv., <i>properly, fittingly,
+rightly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commodus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>modus</b>], adj., <i>in due measure,
+suitable, fit, convenient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commūniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_munio"><b>mūniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commūnis, e</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>mūnus</b>], adj., <i>common,
+joint, general</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commūniter</b> [<b>commūnis</b>], adv., <i>in common,
+together</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>commūtō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_muto"><b>mūtō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compār, paris</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>pār</b>], adj., <i>equal to,
+like</i>; <i>fitting, suitable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comparō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_paro"><b>parō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compēs, edis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>pēs</b>], f., usually in the
+pl., <i>shackles, fetters</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>complector, ī, plexus sum</b>, <i>to embrace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>complōrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>complōrō</b>, <i>to bewail</i>], f.,
+<i>lamentation, wailing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>complūrēs, a</b> or <b>ia</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>plūs</b>], adj.,
+<i>several, many, very many</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compos, potis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], adj.,
+<i>master of</i>; <b>vōtī compos fierī</b>, <i>to gain one’s heart’s
+desire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>compositum, ī</b> [<b>compōnō</b>], n., <i>agreement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comprehendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>comprobō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_probo"><b>probō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>computō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">146b</span>
+<p><b>con</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_com"><b>com</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_concilio" id = "vocab_concilio"><b>conciliō, āre,
+āvī, ātus</b></a> [<b>concilium</b>], <i>to bring together,
+conciliate</i>; <i>win over, secure</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to reunite,
+reconcile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concilium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>calō</b>, <i>to call</i>], n.,
+<i>assembly, gathering</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concordia, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>cor</b>, <i>heart</i>], f.,
+<i>union, harmony, concord</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concupīscō, ere, cupīvī, cupītus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>cupiō</b>],
+<i>to desire greatly, crave</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>concursus, ūs</b> [<b>concurrō</b>], m., <i>a concourse,
+throng</i>; <i>attack, charge, onset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>condemnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_damno"><b>damnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>condiciō, ōnis</b> [<b>condīcō</b>, <i>to agree</i>], f.,
+<i>agreement, stipulation, terms</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>condō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>condūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfertus</b> [part. of <b>cōnferciō</b>, <i>to stuff
+together</i>], adj., <i>crowded, dense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfessiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōnfiteor</b>], f., <i>confession,
+acknowledgment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfēstim</b>, adv., <i>immediately, at once</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfīdentia, ae</b> [<b>cōnfīdō</b>, <i>to trust</i>], f.,
+<i>boldness, assurance, confidence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfīrmātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>cōnfīrmō</b>], adj.,
+<i>courageous, resolute</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfīrmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfiteor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_fateor"><b>fateor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnflagrō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>flagrō</b>,
+<i>to burn</i>], <i>to burn, be destroyed</i> (by&nbsp;fire).</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfluō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fluo"><b>fluō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnfodiō</b><ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,">,
+</ins>see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">147a</span>
+<p><b>cōnfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>congerō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_gero"><b>gerō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>congredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>congressus, ūs</b> [<b>congredior</b>], m., <i>meeting, interview,
+encounter, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>congruō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to agree, tally</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniungō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iungo"><b>iungō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_coniunx" id = "vocab_coniunx"><b>coniunx</b></a> or
+<b>coniux</b> [<b>coniungō</b>], m. and f., <i>married person, husband,
+wife</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniūrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>coniūrō</b>], f., <i>a conspiracy,
+plot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniūrātī, ōrum</b> [orig. part. of <b>coniūrō</b>], m. pl.,
+<i>conspirators</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iuro"><b>iūrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coniux</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_coniunx"><b>coniunx</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conlaudō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laudo"><b>laudō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conlēga, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>legō</b>], m., <i>one chosen at
+the same time, a&nbsp;colleague</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conlocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_loco"><b>locō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conloquium, ī</b> [<b>conloquor</b>], n., <i>an interview,
+conference</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conloquor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_loquor"><b>loquor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, to <i>attempt, try</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conqueror</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_queror"><b>queror</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conquīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsalūtō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_saluto"><b>salūtō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnscendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnscientia, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sciō</b>], f.,
+<i>consciousness, knowledge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnscīscō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnscius</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sciō</b>], adj., <i>acquainted with,
+aware&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnscrībō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_conscriptus" id =
+"vocab_conscriptus"><b>cōnscrīptus</b></a> [orig. part. of
+<b>cōnscrībō</b>], adj., <i>enrolled</i>; <b>patrēs cōnscrīptī</b>, the
+official title of the senators. Roman writers took this phrase as =
+<b>patrēs et cōnscrīptī</b>, explaining <b>patrēs</b> as
+<i>patricians</i>, of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and
+<b>cōnscrīptī</b> as denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate
+in 509 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, after the expulsion of
+the kings. It may, however, = <i>enrolled patricians</i>, to
+<span class = "pagenum">147b</span>
+distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in
+the senate.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsecrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsentiō</b>], m., <i>united opinion,
+consent, agreement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsentiō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sentio"><b>sentiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsequor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnservō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_servo"><b>servō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to look at closely, examine,
+reflect, consider</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsilium, ī</b> [cf. <b>cōnsulō</b>], n., <i>plan, scheme</i>;
+<i>judgment, wit, sense, shrewdness</i>; <b>cōnsilium capere</b> or
+<b>inīre</b>, <i>to plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsobrīnus, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>soror</b>], m.,
+<i>first-cousin, cousin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsōlor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sōlor</b>, <i>to
+comfort</i>], <i>to comfort, cheer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnspectus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnspiciō</b>], m., <i>sight, view</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnspiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnspicuus</b> [<b>cōnspiciō</b>], adj., <i>in plain sight,
+conspicuous, remarkable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnspīrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōnspīrō</b>, <i>to breathe together,
+plot</i>], f., <i>a plot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnspīrātī, ōrum</b> [<b>cōnspīrō</b>, <i>to plot</i>], m. pl.,
+<i>conspirators</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnstāns, antis</b> [orig. part. of <b>cōnstō</b>], adj., <i>of
+strong character, firm, resolute</i>; <i>steadfast, consistent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnstanter</b> [<b>cōnstāns</b>], adv., <i>firmly, resolutely,
+steadfastly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnstantia, ae</b> [<b>cōnstāns</b>], f., a typical Roman virtue,
+<i>strength of character, steadiness of purpose, firmness</i>;
+<i>courage, faithfulness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsternō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sterno"><b>sternō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnstituō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsuēscō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>cōnsuētus</b>, part. of
+<b>cōnsuēscō</b>], f., <i>habit, custom</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">148a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_consul" id = "vocab_consul"><b>cōnsul, ulis</b></a>,
+m., <i>a consul</i>, the title given to the two highest officials of the
+Roman republic. The office was created in 509 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;At first its powers were equal to those of
+the kings, except in religious matters. Later, certain of these powers
+were transferred to other magistrates. The consuls were elected
+annually; their joint names were used in giving dates. At the close of
+their official term, the consuls usually governed a province for a year
+as proconsuls.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsulāris, e</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], adj., <i>of consular rank</i>;
+as noun, <i>an ex-consul</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsulātus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>consulship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to take counsel, deliberate</i>;
+<i>to take counsel with, to consult</i>; <b>graviter cōnsulere</b>,
+<i>to take vigorous measures</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsultō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>cōnsulō</b>], <i>to take
+counsel, deliberate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnsūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus</b>, <i>to despise, scorn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contemptor, ōris</b> [<b>contemnō</b>], m., <i>one who despises,
+scorner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contentiō, ōnis</b> [<b>contendō</b>], f., <i>straining, effort,
+energy</i>; <i>dispute, strife</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contentus</b> [orig. part. of <b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>content,
+satisfied with</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>continentia, ae</b> [<b>contineō</b>], f., <i>self-restraint,
+moderation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tango"><b>tangō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>continuō</b> [<b>continuus</b>], adv., <i>forthwith,
+straightway</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>continuus</b> [<b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>uninterrupted,
+continuous, successive, incessant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōntiō, ōnis</b> [orig. <b>co(n)ventiō</b>, from <b>conveniō</b>],
+f., <i>an assembly, meeting</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contrā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>against, contrary to</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">148b</span>
+<p><b>contrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contrārius</b> [<b>contrā</b>], adj., <i>opposite,
+contrary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contubernālis, is</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>taberna</b>, <i>a
+tent</i>], m., <i>tent-companion, comrade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contumēlia, ae</b>, f., <i>insult, reproach, abuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contundō</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>tundō</b>, <i>to beat, strike</i>],
+<i>to crush, destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>contus, ī</b>, m., <i>a pole, pike</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōnūbium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>nūbō</b>], n., <i>marriage, right
+of intermarriage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>convalēscō, ere, valuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>valeō</b>],
+<i>to begin to be well, recover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conveniēns, entis</b> [<b>conveniō</b>], adj., <i>agreeing or
+consistent with, befitting</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>conveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>convertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>convincō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vinco"><b>vincō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>convīvium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>vīvō</b>], n., <i>a
+feast</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>convocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coorior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orior"><b>orior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cophinus, ī</b>, m., <i>a basket</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōpia, ae</b> [<b>co(n)</b> + <b>ops</b>], f., <i>abundance,
+supply</i>; <i>opportunity</i>; in pl., <i>resources, forces,
+troops</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōpiōsē</b> [<b>cōpiōsus</b>], adv., <i>abundantly</i>; <i>of
+speech, fluently, eloquently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōpiōsus</b> [<b>cōpia</b>], adj., <i>abounding in, well
+supplied</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>coquus, ī</b>, m., <i>a cook</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōram</b> [<b>co(n)</b> + <b>ōs</b>], adv., <i>before one’s eyes,
+in person</i>; prep. with abl., <i>before, in the
+presence&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corium, ī</b>, n., <i>skin, hide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cornelia" id = "vocab_cornelia"><b>Cornēlia,
+ae</b></a>, f., <i>Cornelia</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. A daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the
+Gracchi.</p>
+
+<p>2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Cornēlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a very important Roman gens.
+See <a href = "#vocab_cinna"><b>Cinna</b></a>,
+<a href = "#vocab_cossus"><b>Cossus</b></a>,
+<a href = "#vocab_lentulus"><b>Lentulus</b></a>,
+<a href = "#vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō</b></a>,
+and <a href = "#vocab_sulla"><b>Sulla</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cornū, ūs</b>, n., <i>horn</i>; <i>wing</i> (of an army).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">149a</span>
+<p><b>corōna, ae</b>, f., <i>a crown, garland</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_civicus"><b>cīvicus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corpus, oris</b>, n., <i>a body</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corrumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>corruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_corvus" id = "vocab_corvus"><b>corvus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>a raven</i>. In XVI. 3 it may be translated
+<i>grappling-iron</i>, though the reference is rather to a wooden
+boarding bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the
+ship. In battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and
+held there by a sharp iron spike in its under side.</p>
+
+<p><b>cōs, cōtis</b>, f., <i>flint stone, whetstone</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cossus" id = "vocab_cossus"><b>Cossus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>A. Cornēlius</i>, consul in 343 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>cottīdiānus</b> [<b>cottīdiē</b>, <i>daily</i>], adj.,
+<i>daily</i>; <i>usual, customary</i>; <i>everyday, commonplace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crassus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Licinius</i>, called <i>Dīves</i>
+because of his enormous wealth; consul in 70 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60;
+defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>crēber, bra, brum</b>, adj., <i>crowded, numerous,
+incessant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus</b>, <i>to lend, entrust to</i>;
+<i>believe in, trust</i>; <i>believe, think</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cremera, ae</b>, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.</p>
+
+<p><b>cremō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to burn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cremōna, ae</b>, f., a town on the river Po.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_creo" id = "vocab_creo"><b>creō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to make, create</i>; <i>to choose, elect</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;recreō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to renew, revive,
+encourage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cresco" id = "vocab_cresco"><b>crēscō, ere, crēvī,
+crētus</b></a>, <i>to grow, increase</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>in&mdash;incrēscō, ere, crēvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to grow upon</i>;
+<i>grow, increase</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crīminor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>crīmen</b>, <i>a
+<span class = "pagenum">149b</span>
+charge</i>], <i>to complain of, denounce</i>; with infin., <i>to
+charge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crīnis, is</b>, m., <i>hair</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cruciātus, ūs</b> [<b>cruciō</b>], m., <i>torture,
+torment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cruciō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>crux</b>], <i>to crucify, torture,
+torment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crūdēlis, e</b>, adj., <i>cruel, unfeeling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crūdēlitās, ātis</b> [<b>crūdēlis</b>], f., <i>cruelty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cruentus</b> [cf. <b>cruor</b>], adj., <i>blood-stained</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crumēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a purse, money bag</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cruor, ōris</b>, m., <i>running blood, gore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crūs</b>, <b>crūris</b>, n., <i>a leg</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crux</b>, <b>crucis</b>, f., <i>cross, gallows</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>crystallinus</b> [<b>crystallum</b>, <i>crystal</i>], adj., <i>of
+crystal</i>; as noun, <b>crystallinum, ī</b> (sc.&nbsp;<b>vās</b>), n.,
+<i>a vase of crystal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cubiculum, ī</b> [<b>cubō</b>], n., <i>a bedchamber</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cubo" id = "vocab_cubo"><b>cubō, āre, uī,
+itum</b></a>, <i>to lie down, recline</i>; <i>to lie sick</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;recubō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to lie on one’s back,
+lie, recline</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cūiās, ātis</b>, interr. pron., <i>of what country?
+whence?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>culpa, ae</b>, ī., <i>fault, guilt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cultellus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>culter</b>], m., <i>a small
+knife</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>culter, trī</b>, m., <i>knife, dagger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cultus, ūs</b> [<b>colō</b>], m., <i>cultivation; refinement,
+luxury</i>; <i>mode of living, style</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cum" id = "vocab_cum"><b>cum</b></a>, prep. with
+abl., <i>with, together with, at the same time with</i>. In composition
+the forms <b>com, con</b>, and <b>co</b> are used, and denote
+(1)&nbsp;accompaniment, (2)&nbsp;intensity.</p>
+
+<p><b>cum</b>, conj.; of time, <i>when, while, whenever</i>; of cause,
+<i>since</i>; of concession, <i>although</i>; <b>cum .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+tum</b>, <i>both .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. and, not only .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. but
+also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_cumbo" id = "vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>, an old
+verb, same root as <b>cubō</b>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to lie or
+recline</i> (esp. at table).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">150a</span>
+<p><b>in&mdash;incumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to lie or lean
+upon</i>; <i>devote one’s self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;occumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to fall</i> (in
+death), <i>die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to fall forward,
+fall prostrate</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>cunctātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cunctor</b>], f., <i>delay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cunctātor, ōris</b> [<b>cunctor</b>], m., <i>Delayer</i>,
+a&nbsp;name given to Q.&nbsp;Fabius Maximus.</p>
+
+<p><b>cunctor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to delay, linger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cupidē</b> [<b>cupidus</b>], adv., <i>eagerly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cupiditās, ātis</b> [<b>cupidus</b>], f., <i>craving, desire,
+eagerness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cupīdō, inis</b> [cf. <b>cupidus</b>], f., <i>desire, craving,
+greed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cupidus</b> [<b>cupiō</b>], adj., <i>desirous, fond</i>;
+<i>greedy, covetous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cupiō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to crave, desire,
+covet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cūr</b>, adv., <i>why? for what reason?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>cūra, ae</b>, f., <i>care, anxiety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Curēs, īum</b>, f. pl., a Sabine town.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cūria, ae</b>, f., <i>a curia, ward</i>, one of the ten divisions
+into which each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; <i>council
+chamber</i>, esp. the Roman <i>Senate-house</i>, either the <i>Cūria
+Hostīlia</i>, adjoining the Forum on the north side, or the <i>Cūria
+Pompēia</i>, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar
+was murdered.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cūriātius, ī</b>, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought
+with the Horatii.</p>
+
+<p><b>Curius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>Mānius Curius Dentātus</i>,
+a&nbsp;famous Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of
+life. He died in 270 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_curo" id = "vocab_curo"><b>cūrō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>cūra</b>], <i>to care for, attend to</i>; with
+gerundive and infin., <i>see to it that, take care that</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>prō&mdash;prōcūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, to <i>care for, attend to</i>;
+of omens, <i>to avert by sacrifices</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">150b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_curro" id = "vocab_curro"><b>currō, ere, cucurrī,
+cursum</b></a>, <i>to run</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;accurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run, to,
+hasten towards</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;concurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run
+together</i>; <i>to rush together</i> (in&nbsp;battle), <i>charge,
+fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēcurrō, ere, (cu)curri, cursum</b>, <i>to run down,
+hasten down</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;discurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run in
+different directions</i>; <i>wander, roam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;occurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run to meet,
+meet</i>; <i>withstand, oppose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;succurrō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to run to, help,
+aid</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>currus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>a chariot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cursus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>running</i>; <i>journey,
+passage, course</i>; <i>speed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>curūlis, e</b> [<b>currus</b>], adj., <i>of a chariot</i>.
+<b>Sella curūlis</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sella"><b>sella</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cūstōdia, ae</b> [<b>cūstōs</b>], f., <i>watching</i>;
+<i>guard-house, prison</i>; pl., <i>pickets, watchmen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cūstōdiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>cūstōs</b>], <i>to watch, guard,
+defend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>cūstōs, ōdis</b>, m. and f., <i>guardian, protector</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cȳrus, ī</b>, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, founder of the Persian empire.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_D" id = "vocab_D" href = "#vocab">D</a></p>
+
+<p><b>D.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Decimus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dācī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the Dacians</i>, a people living on the
+north of the Danube.</p>
+
+<p><b>damnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>damnō</b>], f., <i>condemnation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_damno" id = "vocab_damno"><b>damnō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to judge guilty, condemn</i>; <b>capite damnāre</b>,
+<i>to condemn to death</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;condemnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to find guilty, condemn,
+sentence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē</b>, prep, with abl.; of place, <i>from, down from, out of</i>;
+of time, <i>after, during</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">151a</span>
+of cause, <i>in consequence of, through</i>; of relation, <i>concerning,
+in respect to</i>. In compounds it generally denotes thoroughness, but
+occasionally has negative force.</p>
+
+<p><b>dea, ae</b>, f., <i>a goddess</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deambulō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēbeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēbilis</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>habilis</b>], adj., <i>weak, disabled,
+helpless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_december" id = "vocab_december"><b>december, bris,
+bre</b></a>, adj., <i>tenth</i>; as noun, <b>December</b>
+(sc.&nbsp;<b>mēnsis</b>), m., <i>December, the tenth month</i> (counting
+from March, with which the Roman year originally began).</p>
+
+<p><b>decemvir, ī</b> [<b>decem</b> + <b>vir</b>], m., <i>a member of a
+commission of ten men, a&nbsp;decemvir</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēcernō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cerno"><b>cernō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decet, ēre, uit</b>, impers., <i>it is fitting</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decimus</b> [<b>decem</b>], num. adj., <i>tenth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Decimus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēcipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Decius, ī</b>, m., the gentile name of <i>P. Decius Mūs</i>,
+consul <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 340.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēclārō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>clārus</b>], <i>to
+make clear, disclose</i>; <i>show, declare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>decus</b>], <i>to adorn,
+deck</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēcurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decus, oris</b>, n., <i>grace, glory, honor, splendor,
+ornament</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēcutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēditīcius, ī</b> [<b>dēditus</b>], m., <i>a captive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēdō</b>], f., <i>a surrender</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>dēdō</b>], adj.,
+<i>surrendered</i>; <b>devoted to, addicted to</b>. As noun, <b>dēditus,
+ī</b>, m., <i>a captive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfatīgātiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>weariness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfēnsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēfendō</b>], f., <i>a defense</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">151b</span>
+<p><b>dēfēnsor, ōris</b> [<b>dēfendō</b>], m., <i>a defender</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfessus</b>, adj., <i>worn out, weary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deflectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flecto"><b>flectō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfōrmitās, ātis</b> [<b>dēfōrmis</b>, <i>ugly</i>], f.,
+<i>ugliness, disfigurement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēfungor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fungor"><b>fungor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēhonestō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>honestō</b>
+(cf.&nbsp;<b>honōs</b>), <i>to honor</i>], <i>to disgrace,
+dishonor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dein</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_deinde"><b>deinde</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deinceps</b>, adv., <i>one after the other, in succession</i>;
+<i>next</i>; <i>thereafter, in the future</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_deinde" id = "vocab_deinde"><b>deinde</b></a> or
+<b>dein</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., <i>subsequently</i>;
+<i>then, next</i>; <i>thereafter, from that time&nbsp;on</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlēctō, āre, āvi, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>laciō</b>], to
+<i>delight, please, entertain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlēctus</b> [orig. part. of (1) <b>dēligō</b>], adj., <i>picked,
+choice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlēctus, ūs</b> [(1) <b>dēligō</b>], m., <i>a picking out,
+a&nbsp;levy, draft</i>; <b>dēlēctum agere</b> or <b>habēre</b>, <i>to
+hold a levy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to blot out, destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlīberābundus</b> [<b>dēlīberō</b>], adj., <i>pondering,
+reflecting</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlīberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>lībra</b>, <i>a
+balance</i>], <i>to weigh</i> (consider) <i>well, deliberate,
+ponder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlicātē</b> [<b>dēlicātus</b>], adv., <i>luxuriously,
+effeminately</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēlicātus</b> [cf. <b>dēliciae</b>], adj., <i>devoted to pleasure,
+luxurious, effeminate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēliciae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>delights, pleasure, luxury</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>dēligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>dēligō, āre</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>delīrō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>līra</b>, <i>a
+furrow</i>], <i>to be crazy</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">152a</span>
+<p><b>dēlitēscō, ere, lituī, &mdash;</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>lateō</b>,
+<i>to hide</i>], <i>lie hid, be concealed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Delphi, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Delphi</i>, a town of Phocis in
+Central Greece, renowned for its oracle of Apollo.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēmissē</b> [<b>dēmissus</b>, <i>modest</i>], adv., <i>modestly,
+humbly, abjectly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēmoror</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moror"><b>moror</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēmum</b>, adv., <i>at last, finally</i>; <b>tum dēmum</b>,
+<i>then at last, not till then</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēnārius, ī</b>, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10,
+afterwards to 16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēnegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nego"><b>negō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēnique</b>, adv., <i>thereafter, thereupon</i>; <i>at last,
+finally</i>; <i>briefly, in short</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēnūntiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēnuō</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>novō</b>], adv., <i>anew, again</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deōsculor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_osculor"><b>ōsculor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēpereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pereo"><b>pereō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēpōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēpōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēprecor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_precor"><b>precor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēprehendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dērīdeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēscīscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsīderium, ī</b> [<b>dēsīderō</b>], n., <i>longing, yearning</i>;
+<i>regret</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to long for</i>; <i>require,
+need</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsipiēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>dēsipiō</b>], adj.,
+<i>foolish, silly</i>. As noun, <b>dēsipiēns, entis</b>, m., <i>a fool,
+madman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sapio"><b>sapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēspērātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēspērō</b>], f., <i>despair,
+desperation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēspērō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spero"><b>spērō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēspiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">152b</span>
+<p><b>dēspondeō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēstinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make fast, fix</i>; <i>resolve,
+design, plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēstringō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_stringo"><b>stringō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēsuper</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>super</b>], adv., <i>from
+above</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dētegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tego"><b>tegō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēterreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_terreo"><b>terreō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dētineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dētrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dētrēctō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> neg. + <b>trāctō</b>,
+<i>to handle, manage</i>], <i>to decline, shirk</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dētrīmentum, ī</b> [<b>dēterō</b>, <i>to rub away</i>], n.,
+<i>loss, damage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deus, ī</b>, m., <i>a god, divinity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēvincō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vinco"><b>vincō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēvolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēvoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voveo"><b>voveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dexter, era, erum</b>, and <b>tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>right</i>.
+As noun, <b>dextra</b> (sc.&nbsp;<b>manus</b>), f., <i>the right
+hand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diadēma, atis</b>, n., <i>a royal crown, diadem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Diāna, ae</b>, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the
+Romans with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_dico" id = "vocab_dico"><b>dīcō, ere, dīxī,
+dictus</b></a>, <i>to say, speak</i>; <i>call, name</i>; <i>appoint</i>;
+<b>causam dīcere</b>, <i>to plead a case</i>; <b>diem dīcere alicuī</b>,
+<i>to bring a complaint against some one</i>; <b>iūs dīcere</b>, <i>to
+administer justice, hold court</i>; <b>multam dīcere</b>, <i>to impose a
+fine</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;addīcō, <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘ēre’">ere</ins>, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to be propitious to,
+assent</i>; with acc., <i>to adjudge, award</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ē&mdash;ēdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to make known,
+proclaim</i>; <i>order, command</i>; <b>diem ēdīcere</b>, <i>to set a
+day</i> (by&nbsp;public proclamation).</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to proclaim,
+announce</i>; <i>appoint</i>; <i>impose, inflict</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">153a</span>
+<p><b>inter&mdash;interdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictum</b>, <i>to forbid,
+prohibit, exclude</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praedīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to foretell,
+prophesy</i>; <i>warn, admonish</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_dico2" id = "vocab_dico2"><b>dicō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to declare</i>; <i>dedicate, consecrate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abdicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to disown, reject</i>;
+<b>sē abdicāre</b>, <i>to resign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;indicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make known,
+reveal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praedicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to say openly, assert,
+declare</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_dictator" id = "vocab_dictator"><b>dictātor,
+ōris</b></a> [<b>dictō</b>, <i>to order</i>], m., <i>a dictator</i>,
+a&nbsp;magistrate usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He
+was named by one of the consuls, after the senate had declared the
+appointment of a dictator necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the
+term of his office was limited to six months.</p>
+
+<p><b>dictātūra, ae</b> [<b>dictātor</b>], f., <i>dictatorship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dictitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>dīcō</b>], <i>to say
+often, assert, insist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dictum, ī</b> [<b>dīcō</b>], n., <i>saying, word, remark</i>;
+<i>command</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_dies" id = "vocab_dies"><b>diēs, ēī</b></a>, m. and
+(sometimes in sing.) f., <i>a day</i>; <b>in diēs</b>, <i>from day to
+day</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum</b> [<b>dis</b> neg. + <b>fīdō</b>, <i>to
+trust</i>], <i>to distrust, doubt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diffluō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fluo"><b>fluō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīgnitās, ātis</b> [<b>dīgnus</b>], f., <i>worth, high
+character</i>; <i>eminence, rank, reputation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīgnus</b>, adj., <i>worthy, deserving of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīgredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīligenter</b> [<b>dīligō</b>], adv., <i>industriously,
+diligently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīligentia, ae</b> [<b>dīligō</b>], f., <i>carefulness, diligence,
+industry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīlūcēscō, ere, lūxī, &mdash;</b> [cf. <b>lūx</b>], <i>to grow
+light, dawn</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">153b</span>
+<p><b>dīmicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dīmicō</b>], f., <i>a fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīrimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_dis" id = "vocab_dis"><b>dīs, dītis</b></a>, comp.
+<b>dītior</b>, sup. <b>dītissimus</b>, adj., <i>rich, wealthy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis</b> or <b>dī</b>, inseparable prefix, <i>apart, asunder</i>;
+sometimes negative, <i>not</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>discēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>discerpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_carpo"><b>carpō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīsciplīna, ae</b> [<b>dīscō</b>], f., <i>teaching, training,
+discipline</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīscipulus, ī</b> [<b>dīscō</b>], m., <i>a pupil</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīscō, ere, didicī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to learn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>discrīmen, inis</b> [<b>discernō</b>, <i>to divide</i>], n.,
+<i>difference</i>; <i>turning-point, decision</i>; <i>peril,
+crisis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>discurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>disertus</b> [<b>disserō</b>], adj., <i>eloquent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dispēnsātor, ōris</b> [<b>dispēnsō</b>, <i>to manage</i>], m.,
+<i>manager, steward, treasurer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīspiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>displiceō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_placeo"><b>placeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dispōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>disputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dissēnsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dissentiō</b>, <i>to disagree</i>], f.,
+<i>disagreement, strife</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>disserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dissimilis, e</b> [<b>dis</b> neg. + <b>similis</b>], adj.,
+<i>unlike</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dissimulō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_simulo"><b>simulō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dissipō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to scatter, squander,
+dissipate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dissuādeō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>distrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>distribuō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_tribuo"><b>tribuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dītior, dītissimus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_dis"><b>dīs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dīs</b>], <i>to enrich</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diū</b>, adv., <i>for a long time, long</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diuturnus</b> [<b>diū</b>], adj., <i>prolonged, long</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīversus</b> [<b>dīvertō</b>], adj., <i>turned different
+<span class = "pagenum">154a</span>
+ways, opposite, contrary</i>; <b>in dīversa</b>, <i>apart,
+asunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus</b>, <i>to divide, separate,
+distribute</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvīnitus</b> [<b>dīvīnus</b>], adv., <i>by divine agency,
+providentially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvīnus</b> [<b>dīvus</b>], adj., <i>godlike, divine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvitiae, ārum</b> [<b>dives</b>, <i>rich</i>], pl. f.,
+<i>wealth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīvus</b>, adj., <i>godlike, deified</i>; often applied to the
+Roman emperors after death.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_do" id = "vocab_do"><b>dō, dare, dedī,
+datus</b></a>, <i>to put, place</i>; <i>give, present, entrust</i>;
+<b>operam dare</b>, <i>to pay attention</i>; <b>poenās dare</b>, <i>to
+suffer punishment</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put away, hide,
+conceal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;addō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put or join to,
+add</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circumdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to place around, surround,
+enclose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;condō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put together, found,
+build</i>; <i>put away, hide</i>; <i>sheathe</i> (a&nbsp;sword).</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give up,
+surrender</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give out, give</i>;
+<i>give birth to, bear</i>; <i>publish, announce, reveal</i>;
+<i>perform</i>; <b>lūdōs ēdere</b>, <i>to celebrate games</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;indō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put in or on, give,
+confer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to lose, destroy, ruin,
+waste</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give</i> or <i>put
+forth, make known</i>; <i>hand down, record</i>; <i>betray</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;reddō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give back, restore,
+return</i>; <i>deliver</i> (a&nbsp;letter); <i>render</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put under,
+apply</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trādō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give over, give
+up, surrender</i>; <i>hand
+<span class = "pagenum">154b</span>
+down, report, relate</i>; <i>hand over, entrust</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_doceo" id = "vocab_doceo"><b>doceō, ēre, uī,
+tus</b></a>, <i>to teach, point out</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ē&mdash;ēdoceō, ēre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to teach thoroughly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>doctor, ōris</b> [<b>doceō</b>], m., <i>teacher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>doctrīna, ae</b> [<b>doceō</b>], f., <i>instruction</i>;
+<i>learning, training</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>doctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>doceō</b>], adj., <i>educated,
+learned, skilled</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dolor, ōris</b> [<b>doleō</b>, <i>to feel pain</i>], m., <i>pain,
+grief, resentment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dolōsē</b> [<b>dolus</b>], adv., <i>craftily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dolus, ī</b>, m., <i>craft, trickery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>domicilium, ī</b> [<b>domus</b>], n., <i>dwelling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dominātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dominor</b>], f., <i>rule, supremacy,
+dominion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dominātus, ūs</b> [<b>dominor</b>, <i>to rule</i>], m., <i>rule,
+sway, mastery, command</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dominus, ī</b>, m., <b>master</b> (esp. of slaves), <i>ruler,
+lord</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>domō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to tame, subdue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>domus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a house, home</i>; loc. <b>domī</b>, <i>at
+home</i>; acc. <b>domum</b>, <i>homewards, home</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōnātīvum, ī</b> [<b>dōnō</b>], n., <i>a gift</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōnec</b>, conj., <i>while, until, as long as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dōnum</b>], <i>to give,
+present</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōnum, ī</b> [<b>dō</b>], n., <i>a gift, present</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dormiō, īre, īvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to sleep</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dorsum, ī</b>, n., <i>back</i> (of an animal); <i>range</i> or
+<i>ridge</i> (of&nbsp;a mountain).</p>
+
+<p><b>dōs, dōtis</b> [<b>dō</b>], f., <i>dowry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōtālis, e</b> [<b>dōs</b>], adj., of a dowry; <b>dōtālia
+dōna</b>, <i>wedding presents</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dubitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>dubius</b>], <i>to doubt, waver,
+hesitate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dubius</b>, adj., <i>doubtful, uncertain</i>; <b>in dubium
+vocāre</b>, <i>to call in question</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ducentī, ae, a</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>two
+hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_duco" id = "vocab_duco"><b>dūcō, ere, dūxī,
+ductus</b></a>, <i>to lead</i>; <i>prolong</i>; <i>consider, reckon</i>;
+<b>fossam dūcere</b>, <i>to build a ditch</i>; <b>fūnus dūcere</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">155a</span>
+<i>to celebrate a funeral</i>; <b>uxōrem dūcere</b>, <i>to
+marry</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead off</i> or
+<i>away, drag off, remove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead to, bring</i>;
+<i>induce, influence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;condūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to bring
+together</i>; <i>contribute to, serve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> (away);
+<i>attend, escort</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or <i>draw
+apart, separate, open</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ē&mdash;ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead forth</i> or
+<i>out</i>; <i>bring up, rear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or <i>bring
+in, introduce</i>; <i>lead, induce, influence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intrō&mdash;intrōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or
+<i>bring in, usher in, admit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead, conduct,
+escort</i>; <i>pursue</i>; <i>spend, pass</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or
+<i>escort back, accompany</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sē&mdash;sēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead apart</i> or
+<i>aside</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or
+<i>draw away</i> (secretly), <i>withdraw, remove</i>; <i>hide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trādūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or
+<i>carry across, transport</i>; <i>spend, pass</i> (time).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>dūdum</b>, adv., <i>a while ago</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Duīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>C.</i>, a Roman general who defeated the
+Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>dum</b>, adverbial particle found only in compounds, <i>a
+while</i>; with negatives, <i>yet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>dum</b>, conj., <i>while, until</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dummodo</b> [<b>dum</b> + <b>modo</b>], conj.,
+<i>provided</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>duo, ae, o</b>, num. adj., <i>two</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">155b</span>
+<p><b>duodecim</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>decem</b>], num. adj.,
+<i>twelve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>duodēnī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>twelve each, twelve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>duplex, icis</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold</i>],
+adj., <i>twofold, double</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>duplicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>duplex</b>], <i>to double,
+repeat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dūrus</b>], <i>to harden</i>;
+<i>endure, hold out, last</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dūrus</b>, adj., <i>hard, rough</i>; <i>rude, uncultivated</i>;
+<i>unfeeling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dux, ducis</b> [<b>dūcō</b>], m., <i>leader, guide</i>;
+<i>commander, general</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dȳrrachium, ī</b>, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the
+Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_E" id = "vocab_E" href = "#vocab">E</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ex"><b>ex</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ecquid</b>, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question,
+<i>at all?</i> (2)&nbsp;in indir. question, <i>whether</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēdīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēdictum, ī</b> [<b>ēdīcō</b>], n., <i>proclamation, edict</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>ēdō</b>], adj., <i>high</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>edō, ere (ēsse), ēsī, ēsus</b>, <i>to eat, consume</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēdoceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_doceo"><b>doceō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēducātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ēducō</b>], f., <i>training,
+education</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēducō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ēdūcō</b>], <i>to bring up, rear,
+train, educate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>effēminātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>effēminō</b>, <i>to make
+womanish</i>], adj., <i>womanish</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>efferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>efferō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ferus</b>], <i>to
+render wild</i> or <i>savage</i>; <i>madden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>efficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>efflāgitō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_flagito"><b>flāgitō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>effugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>effundō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>egeō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be lacking</i>; <i>to be
+poor</i> or <i>in need</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">156a</span>
+<p><b>Egeria, ae</b>, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received
+revelations.</p>
+
+<p><b>ego, meī</b>, pers. pron., <i>I</i>; pl., <b>nōs</b>,
+<i>we</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēgredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēgregiē</b> [<b>ēgregius</b>], adv., <i>excellently, exceedingly,
+strikingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēgregius</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>grex</b>], adj., <i>select,
+distinguished, excellent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlabōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laboro"><b>labōrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlanguēscō, ere, ēlanguī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to grow faint</i> or
+<i>feeble</i>; <i>slacken, abate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlātus</b> [orig. part. of (1) <b>efferō</b>], adj., <i>high</i>;
+<i>elated, exalted, puffed&nbsp;up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēleganter</b> [<b>ēlegāns</b>, <i>choice</i>], adv., <i>with good
+judgment, judiciously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlegantia, ae</b> [<b>ēlegāns</b>, <i>choice</i>], f., <i>taste,
+refinement, elegance, grace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>elephantus, ī</b>, m., <i>the elephant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laedo"><b>laedō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēloquentia, ae</b> [<b>ēloquor</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f.,
+<i>eloquence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēmineō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand out, tower up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_emo" id = "vocab_emo"><b>emō, ere, ēmī,
+ēmptus</b></a>, <i>to take</i>; <i>buy, purchase</i>; <i>gain,
+acquire</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōmō, ere, cōmpsī, cōmptus</b>, <i>to bring together,
+arrange, dress</i> (the hair), <i>comb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīrimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take apart,
+separate</i>; <b>rēs dīrimere</b>, <i>to adjust matters</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;eximo, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take out, remove</i>;
+<i>free, release</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;interimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take from the
+midst</i> (of&nbsp;men), <i>kill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to buy back, ransom</i>;
+<i>replace</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ēn</b>, interj., <i>lo! behold! see!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>enim</b>, conj., always postpositive,
+<span class = "pagenum">156b</span>
+<i>namely, in fact, you know</i>; <i>for, because</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēniteō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_niteo"><b>niteō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēnītor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nitor"><b>nītor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēnsis, is</b>, m., <i>a sword</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_eo" id = "vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō, īre, īvī (iī),
+itūrus</b></a>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come, walk, march</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go away,
+depart</i>; <b>abīre in</b>, <i>pass into, change into</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come
+to, approach, visit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ante&mdash;anteeō, īre, īvī (iī), &mdash;</b>, <i>to go
+before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē</b> + <b>per&mdash;dēpereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to
+die, perish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come
+forth</i>; <i>retire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;ineō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to enter, begin</i>;
+<b>cōnsilium inīre</b>, <i>to form a plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish,
+die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intrō&mdash;introeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to
+enter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go to meet</i>;
+<i>perform</i>; <i>perish, die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;pereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish,
+disappear, die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeter&mdash;praetereō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go</i> or
+<i>pass by</i>; <i>omit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come
+back, return</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to come</i> or <i>go
+up to, go under, encounter, face</i> (danger); <b>venēnum subit</b>,
+<i>the poison spreads</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;transeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to cross</i>
+(over); <i>pass&nbsp;by</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>(2) <b>eō</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>for that reason, therefore</i>;
+<i>to that place, thither</i>; <i>to that degree, so far</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ephesius</b>, adj., <i>Ephesian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ephesus, ī</b>, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia
+Minor.</p>
+
+<p><b>epigramma, atis</b>, n., <i>epigram, poem</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">157a</span>
+<p><b>Ēpīrus, ī</b>, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of
+Greece proper.</p>
+
+<p><b>epistula, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>epulor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>epulum</b>], <i>to feast</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>epulum, ī</b>, n. (pl., <b>epulae, ārum</b>, f.), <i>a feast,
+banquet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_eques" id = "vocab_eques"><b>eques, itis</b></a>
+[<b>equus</b>], m., <i>a horseman, cavalryman</i>; <i>knight</i>, or
+member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights
+established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the
+number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by
+the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term
+<i>equitēs</i> included not only those who actually served in the army,
+but also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of
+Augustus was set at about $15,000.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_equestris" id = "vocab_equestris"><b>equester, tris,
+tre</b></a> [<b>equus</b>], adj., <i>of the knights, knightly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_equito" id = "vocab_equito"><b>equitō, āre, āvī,
+&mdash;</b></a> [<b>equus</b>], <i>to ride</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;adequitō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to ride to,
+ride&nbsp;up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>equus, ī</b>, m., <i>a horse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērēctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>ērigō</b>], adj., <i>upright,
+erect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>towards, to, with respect
+to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergō</b>, adv., expressing an inference, like <i>now, well, then,
+therefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>error, ōris</b> [<b>errō</b>, <i>to wander</i>], m., <i>wandering,
+error, mistake</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērubēscō, ere, ērubuī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to grow red, blush</i>;
+<i>feel ashamed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērudiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>rudis</b>], <i>to
+polish, educate, train</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēsca, ae</b> [<b>edō</b>], f., <i>food, bait</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ēsquilīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>collis</b>), <i>the Esquiline
+<span class = "pagenum">157b</span>
+Hill</i>, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>et</b>, (1) adv., <i>also, too, even</i>; (2) conj., <i>and, and
+yet, but</i>; <b>et .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. et</b>, <i>both .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+and</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>etiam</b> [<b>et</b> + <b>iam</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and also,
+also, even</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Etrūria, ae</b>, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of
+Latium.</p>
+
+<p><b>Etrūscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Etruscans</i>, the people of
+Etruria.</p>
+
+<p><b>etsī</b> [<b>et</b> + <b>sī</b>], conj., <i>even if,
+although</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Eurīpidēs, is</b>, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Eurōpa, ae</b>, f., <i>Europe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēvādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vado"><b>vādō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēvehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēventus, ūs</b> [<b>ēveniō</b>, <i>to come out</i>], m.,
+<i>outcome, result</i>; <i>occurrence, event</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ex" id = "vocab_ex"><b>ex</b></a>, before consonants
+often <b>ē</b>, prep. with abl.; of place, <i>out of</i> (the
+midst&nbsp;of), <i>from</i>; of cause, <i>in consequence of, because
+of</i>; <i>according to</i>; in compounds, <i>forth, out</i>;
+<i>thoroughly</i>; <i>not</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exāctor, ōris</b> [<b>exigō</b>, <i>to exact</i>], m., <i>exactor,
+enforcer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exāminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>exāmen</b>, <i>means of
+weighing</i>], <i>to weigh, examine, compare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>anima</b>], <i>to put
+out of breath, kill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, &mdash;</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ārdēscō</b>,
+intens. of <b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn, glow</i>], <i>to blaze
+forth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exarō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>arō</b>, <i>to
+plow</i>], <i>to scratch off, compose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exasperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>asper</b>], <i>to
+roughen, irritate, provoke</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exaudiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_audio"><b>audiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excelsus</b>, adj., <i>lofty, high</i>; as noun, <b>excelsum,
+ī</b>, n., <i>elevated station</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excerpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_carpo"><b>carpō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excidium, ī</b>, n., <i>downfall, ruin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158a</span>
+<p><b>excitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exclūdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_claudo"><b>claudō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excōgitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_agito"><b>agitō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_colo"><b>colō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excubiae, ārum</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>cubō</b>], pl. f., <i>a lying
+out on guard</i>; <i>the watch, watchmen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excūsātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>excūsō</b>], f., <i>excuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to free
+from trial, excuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>excutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exemplum, ī</b> [<b>eximō</b>], n., <i>specimen, example,
+precedent, warning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exerceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_arceo"><b>arceō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exercitus, ūs</b> [<b>exerceō</b>], m., <i>an army</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exhauriō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_haurio"><b>hauriō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exhorrēscō, ere, horruī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to shudder at, shrink
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exiguus</b> [<b>exigō</b>, <i>to weigh exactly</i>], adj.,
+<i>scanty, short, brief</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>eximius</b> [<b>eximō</b>], adj., <i>choice, distinguished,
+remarkable, excellent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>eximō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>aestimō</b>, <i>to
+value</i>], <i>to value</i>; <i>think, believe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exitium, ī</b> [<b>exeō</b>], n., <i>destruction, ruin,
+death</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exitus, ūs</b> [<b>exeō</b>], m., <i>outcome, close</i>;
+<i>departure</i>; <i>end of life, death</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exorior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orior"><b>orior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expediō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>pēs</b>], <i>to
+set free, extricate</i>; <i>procure, obtain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pendo"><b>pendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>experīmentum, ī</b> [<b>experior</b>], n., <i>proof, test,
+trial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>experior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to test, try</i>; <i>find out,
+learn, experience</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expetō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_peto"><b>petō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expīlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to plunder, rob</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>piō</b>, <i>to
+appease</i>],
+<span class = "pagenum">158b</span>
+<i>to make amends for, atone for</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>explōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to reconnoiter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expositiō, ōnis</b> [<b>expōnō</b>], f., <i>exposure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expūgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>expūgnō</b>], f., <b>a taking by storm,
+storming, capture</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>expūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exquīsītus</b> [<b>exquīrō</b>, <i>to seek out</i>], adj.,
+<i>carefully sought out, special</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exsecrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exsequiae, ārum</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>sequor</b>], pl. f.,
+<i>funeral procession, funeral</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exsilium, ī</b>, n., <i>banishment, exile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exspectātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>exspectō</b>], f., <i>expectation,
+anticipation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exspectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_specto"><b>spectō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exspīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exstinguō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exstruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_struo"><b>struō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exsultō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salto"><b>saltō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extemplō</b> [<b>ex</b> + dim. of <b>tempus</b>], adv., <i>on the
+instant, at once, forthwith</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_exter" id = "vocab_exter"><b>exter</b></a> or
+<b>exterus, tera, terum</b>, adj., <i>outer, foreign</i>; comp.
+<b>exterior</b>; sup. <b>extrēmus</b>, <i>outermost, extreme</i>;
+<i>last, furthermost</i>; <i>last part&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extimēscō, ere, timuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>*timēscō</b>,
+inceptive of <b>timeō</b>], <i>to fear</i> or <i>dread greatly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extrā</b> [<b>exter</b>], (1) adv., <i>on the outside,
+without</i>; (2)&nbsp;prep, with acc., <i>outside of, beyond</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extraōrdinārius</b> [<b>extrā</b> + <b>ōrdō</b>], adj., <i>out of
+the common run, uncommon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>extrēmus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_exter"><b>exter</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to draw or pull off, lay aside</i>;
+<i>strip, despoil</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>exūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">159a</span>
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_F" id = "vocab_F" href = "#vocab">F</a></p>
+
+<p><b>faber, fabrī</b>, m., <i>a workman</i> (in hard materials),
+<i>smith, carpenter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fabius, ī</b>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fabricō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [cf. <b>faber</b>], <i>to make, build,
+construct</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fābula, ae</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>story,
+play</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>facētē</b> [<b>facētus</b>, <i>witty</i>], adv.,
+<b>wittily</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>facile</b> [<b>facilis</b>], adv., <i>easily</i>; <i>readily,
+willingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>facilis, e</b> [<b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>easy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>facinus, oris</b> [<b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a deed</i>;
+<i>crime</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_facio" id = "vocab_facio"><b>faciō, facere, fēcī,
+factus</b></a>, <i>to make, do, perform</i>; <i>choose, appoint</i>;
+<b>stīpendia facere</b>, <i>to serve a campaign</i>; <b>sūmptum
+facere</b>, <i>to spend</i>; <b>verba facere</b>, <i>to speak</i>;
+<b>vim facere</b>, <i>to use violence</i>; pass., <b>fīō, fierī, factus
+sum</b>, <i>to be done, occur, take place, happen</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do something to,
+affect</i>; <i>treat, visit with</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do
+thoroughly</i>; <i>complete, prepare</i>; <i>accomplish, make</i>;
+<i>exhaust, kill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectum</b>, <i>withdraw, revolt</i>;
+<i>fail, disappear, give out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to work out, bring to
+pass, accomplish</i>; <i>make, render, cause, effect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to stain, dye</i>;
+<i>pollute, taint</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to kill</i>;
+<i>murder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do thoroughly,
+execute, accomplish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;sufficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to put under</i>, or
+<i>in place of, appoint as successor, substitute</i>; intrans.,
+<i>suffice, be sufficient</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>factiō, ōnis</b> [<b>faciō</b>], f., <i>party, faction</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>factum, ī</b> [<b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a deed, act</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">159b</span>
+<p><b>facultās, ātis</b> [<b>facilis</b>], f., <i>means,
+opportunity</i>; <i>ability, skill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fācundia, ae</b> [<b>fācundus</b>, <i>eloquent</i>], f.,
+<i>eloquence, oratory</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Falernus</b>, adj., <i>Falernian</i>; <b>ager Falernus</b>, <ins
+class = "correction" title = "italicized as shown"><i>a famous
+wine-growing district in Campania</i></ins>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fāma, ae</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>talk, report,
+rumor</i>; <i>tradition</i>; <i>fame, reputation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>famēs, is</b>, f., <b>hunger</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>familia, ae</b> [<b>famulus</b>, <i>a slave</i>], f., <i>the
+slaves in a household</i>; <i>family, house, race</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>familiāris, e</b> [<b>familia</b>], adj., <i>belonging to a
+household, private, intimate, friendly</i>; <i>well-known</i>; <b>rēs
+familiāris</b>, <i>private property</i>. As noun, m., <i>an intimate
+friend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>familiāritās, ātis</b> [<b>familiāris</b>], f., <i>friendship,
+intimacy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fāmōsus</b> [<b>fāma</b>], adj., <i>famous</i>; <i>notorious</i>;
+<i>scurrilous, slanderous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>famula, ae</b>, f., <i>a slave-woman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fānum, ī</b>, n., <i>a shrine, temple</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fascis, is</b>, m., <i>a bundle</i>; pl., <i>the fasces</i>,
+a&nbsp;bundle of rods carried by the lictors before various magistrates.
+Outside of Rome an axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were
+typical of the magistrate’s power to punish, even to the extent of
+inflicting the death penalty. See <a href =
+"#vocab_lictor"><b>līctor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fāstī, ōrum</b> [<b>fāstus</b>], pl. m., <i>a register</i>, esp.
+of business days, also of officers, triumphs, etc.; <i>the
+calendar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fastus" id = "vocab_fastus"><b>fāstus</b></a>
+[<b>fās</b>, <i>right</i>], adj., <i>not forbidden, legal</i>; <b>diēs
+fāstus</b>, a&nbsp;day on which it was legal to hold court,
+a&nbsp;business day.</p>
+
+<p><b>fātālis, e</b> [<b>fātum</b>, <i>fate</i>], adj., <i>fateful,
+fatal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fateor" id = "vocab_fateor"><b>fateor, ērī, fassus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to confess</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnfiteor, ērī, fessus sum</b>, <i>to confess freely,
+acknowledge, avow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;profiteor, ērī, fessus sum</b>, <i>to declare publicly,
+avow</i>; <b>nōmen profitērī</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">160a</span>
+<i>to avow one’s self a candidate</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>faucēs, ium</b>, pl. f., <i>throat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Faustulus, ī</b>, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and
+Remus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Faustus, ī</b> [<b>faveō</b>], m., <i>the Lucky</i>, a name given
+by Sulla to his son.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fausta, ae</b> [<b>faveō</b>], f., <i>the Lucky</i>, a name given
+by Sulla to his daughter.</p>
+
+<p><b>faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus</b>, <i>to favor, support</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>favor, ōris</b> [<b>faveō</b>], m., <i>favor, good will</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fax, facis</b>, f., <i>torch, firebrand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fēlīcitās, ātis</b> [<b>fēlīx</b>], f., <i>good fortune, luck,
+happiness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fēlīx, īcis</b>, adj., <i>lucky, fortunate, happy</i>. As noun,
+m., cognomen of <b>Sulla</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fēmina, ae</b>, f., <i>a woman, female</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>femur, femoris</b>, n., <i>the thigh</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fendo" id = "vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō, ere</b></a>,
+<i>to strike</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēfendō, ere, ī, fēnsus</b>, <i>to ward off, repel</i>;
+<i>defend, protect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;offendō, ere, ī, fēnsus</b>, <i>to strike against,
+displease, vex</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ferē</b>, adv., <i>almost, about</i> (esp. with numbers).</p>
+
+<p><b>feriō, īre, percussī, percussus</b>, <i>to strike</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fermē</b> [for <b>ferimē</b>, sup. of <b>ferē</b>], adv.,
+<i>almost, about</i> (esp. with numbers).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fero" id = "vocab_fero"><b>ferō, ferre, tulī,
+lātus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry, take</i>; <i>bear, endure, suffer</i>;
+<i>say, report, tell</i>; pass., <i>to be borne, rush</i>; <b>aegrē,
+indīgnē</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to take amiss</i>; <b>lēgem
+ferre</b>, <i>to propose a law</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus</b>, <i>to take</i> or
+<i>carry away, remove</i>; <i>steal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus</b>, <i>to bring to,
+offer, give</i>; <i>announce, report</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring together,
+collect</i>; <i>devote,
+<span class = "pagenum">160b</span>
+apply</i>; <i>bestow</i>; <b>sē cōnferre</b>, <i>betake one’s
+self,&nbsp;go</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring</i> or
+<i>carry down</i> or <i>to, carry off, remove</i>; <i>give, offer</i>;
+<i>report</i>; <b>rem dēferre ad populum</b>, <i>to submit a matter to
+the people</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus</b>, <i>to carry out, take
+away</i>; <i>lift up, puff up, elate, exalt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring in, upon</i>,
+or <i>against</i>; <b>bellum īnferre</b>, <i>to wage</i> (offensive)
+<i>war</i>; <b>sīgna īnferre</b>, <i>to advance against</i>; <b>sē
+īnferre</b>, <i>to betake one’s self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus</b>, <i>to bring before,
+offer, present</i>; <i>expose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear or carry
+through, carry</i>; <i>retain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or
+<i>put before</i>; <i>set before, prefer, rate higher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or
+<i>bring forth, produce</i>; <i>cite, quote</i>; <i>make known,
+mention</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;referō, ferre, rettulī, relātus</b>, <i>to bear</i> or
+<i>bring back</i>; <i>give back, return, repay</i>; <i>lift, raise</i>;
+<i>count, reckon</i>; <b>sē referre</b>, <i>to betake one’s
+self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear</i> or
+<i>take over</i> or <i>across</i>, <i>transport</i>; <i>transfer,
+shift</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ferōx, ōcis</b> [<b>ferus</b>], adj., <i>bold, confident</i>;
+<i>high-strung, warlike</i>; <i>fierce, cruel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ferreus</b> [<b>ferrum</b>], adj., <i>of iron, iron</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ferrum, ī</b>, n., <i>iron</i>; <i>an iron tool</i>, as a
+<i>sword, axe, dagger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ferus</b>, adj., <i>wild, barbarous, cruel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fessus</b>, adj., <i>tired, weary</i>; <i>weak, feeble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fēstīnō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to hasten, hurry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fētiālis, is</b> (sc. <b>sacerdōs</b>), m., <i>an ambassador,
+treaty priest</i>, who negotiated
+<span class = "pagenum">161a</span>
+treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fetialis" id = "vocab_fetialis"><b>Fētiālis,
+e</b></a>, adj., <i>pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial</i> (see
+preceding word).</p>
+
+<p><b>fīdēliter</b> [<b>fīdēlis</b>, <i>faithful</i>], adv.,
+<i>faithfully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fīdēnātēs, ium</b>, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town
+on the Tiber, five miles north of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>fidēs, fideī</b>, f., <i>good faith, integrity</i>; <i>trust,
+belief, credence</i>; <i>pledge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīdūcia, ae</b> [<b>fīdus</b>, <i>faithful</i>], f., <i>trust,
+confidence, reliance</i>; <i>courage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_figo" id = "vocab_figo"><b>fīgō, ere, fīxī,
+fīxus</b></a>, <i>to fix, fasten</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to fasten</i>, esp.
+<i>to fasten</i> (to&nbsp;the ground) <i>with amazement,
+astonish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;suffīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to fasten beneath</i>
+or <i>on</i>; <b>crucī suffīgere</b>, <i>to crucify</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to pierce through,
+transfix, stab</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fīlia, ae</b>, f., <i>daughter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>son</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fingō, ere, finxī, fīctus</b>, <i>to form, invent</i>; <i>feign,
+pretend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], <i>to limit, bound</i>;
+<i>finish, end, settle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīnis, is</b>, m., <i>boundary, limit, end</i>; pl. m.,
+<i>territory</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīnitimus</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], adj., <i>neighboring</i>; as noun,
+<b>fīnitimī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>neighbors</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_firmo" id = "vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>fīrmus</b>], <i>to make firm, strengthen</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to strengthen</i>;
+<i>assert, declare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to strengthen, ratify,
+confirm</i>; <i>assert</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fīrmus</b>, adj., <i>strong, powerful</i>; <i>trusty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_flagito" id = "vocab_flagito"><b>flāgitō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to demand</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;efflāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to demand vigorously</i>
+or <i>earnestly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_flamen" id = "vocab_flamen"><b>flāmen, inis</b></a>,
+m., <i>a Flamen</i>, a priest devoted to the service of a particular
+<span class = "pagenum">161b</span>
+god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make sacrifices
+and to watch the sacred fire of the god.</p>
+
+<p><b>flamma, ae</b>, f., <i>flame, fire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>flēbiliter</b> [<b>flēbilis</b>, <i>mournful</i>], adv.,
+<i>mournfully, tearfully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_flecto" id = "vocab_flecto"><b>flectō, ere, flexī,
+flexus</b></a>, <i>to bend, turn</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēflectō, ere, flexī, flexus</b>, <i>to bend</i> or
+<i>turn aside</i> or <i>away, turn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnflectō, ere, flexī, flexus</b>, <i>to bend, curb,
+relax</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus</b>, <i>to weep</i>; <i>bewail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fligo" id = "vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō, ere</b></a>,
+<i>to strike</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to dash against</i>
+or <i>down</i>; <i>afflict, ruin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to dash together,
+contend, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dash down,
+overcome</i> (in&nbsp;battle).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_flo" id = "vocab_flo"><b>flō, flāre, flāvī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to blow</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adflō, flāre, flāvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to blow towards,
+blow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnflō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blow up, kindle,
+cause</i>; <b>aes aliēnum cōnflāre</b>, <i>to contract debt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnflō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blow up,
+inflate</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>flōrēns, entis</b> [<b>flōreō</b>], adj., <i>blooming,
+flourishing</i>; <b>flōrēns iuventa</b>, <i>youthful beauty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>flōreō, ēre, uī</b>, &mdash; [<b>flōs</b>, <i>a flower</i>], <i>to
+bloom, flourish, prosper</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fluctus, ūs</b> [<b>fluō</b>], m., <i>wave, billow, flood</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>flūmen, inis</b> [<b>fluō</b>], n., <i>stream, river</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fluo" id = "vocab_fluo"><b>fluō, ere, fluxī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to flow</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flow</i> or
+<i>stream together, assemble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;diffluō, ere, fluxī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flow in
+different directions, melt away, disappear</i>; <b>ōtiō et lūxū
+diffluere</b>, <i>to abandon one’s self to ease and luxury</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fluvius, ī</b> [<b>fluō</b>], m., <i>a stream, river</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>foculus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>focus</b>], m., <i>a fire-pan,
+brazier</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>focus, ī</b>, m., <i>fireplace, hearth</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">162a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_fodio" id = "vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō, ere, fōdī,
+fossus</b></a>, <i>to dig</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to stab,
+pierce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;suffodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to dig beneath,
+undermine, tunnel</i>; <i>stab beneath</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to pierce, stab,
+slash</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>foedē</b> [<b>foedus</b>, <i>foul</i>], adv., <i>foully,
+basely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>foederātus</b> [<b>foedus</b>], adj., <i>leagued</i> or <i>allied
+with</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>foedus, eris</b>, n., <i>a treaty, alliance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fōns, fontis</b>, m., <i>a spring, fountain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>forās</b> [<b>*fora</b>, <i>a door</i>; cf. <b>foris</b>], adv.,
+<i>out of doors, forth, out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fore</b>, fut. infin. of <b>sum</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>forēnsis, e</b> [<b>forum</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>in the
+forum, forensic</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>foris, is</b>, f., <i>a door</i>; usually in pl.</p>
+
+<p><b>fōrma, ae</b>, f., <i>form, figure, beauty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>formīdolōsus</b> [<b>formīdō</b>, <i>dread</i>], adj.,
+<i>dreadful, terrible</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fors, fortis</b> (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., <i>chance,
+accident, good fortune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fortāsse</b> [<b>fors</b>], adv., <i>perhaps, possibly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>forte</b> [abl. of <b>fors</b>], adv., <i>by chance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fortis, e</b>, adj., <i>strong, brave</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fortiter</b> [<b>fortis</b>], adv., <i>bravely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fortitūdō, inis</b> [<b>fortis</b>], f., <i>bravery,
+resolution</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fortūna, ae</b> [<b>fors</b>], f., <i>luck, fortune</i> (whether
+good or ill); personified, <i>the goddess of fortune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_forum" id = "vocab_forum"><b>Forum, ī</b></a> [cf.
+<b>forīs</b>, <i>out of doors</i>], n., <i>an out-of-door place, market,
+Forum</i>; esp. the <i>Forum Rōmānum</i> between the Capitoline and
+Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and
+business life of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>fossa, ae</b> [<b>fodiō</b>], f., <i>a ditch</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_foveo" id = "vocab_foveo"><b>foveō, ēre, fōvī,
+fōtus</b></a>, <i>to warm, cherish, favor</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;refoveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus</b>, <i>to restore, refresh,
+revive</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">162b</span>
+<p><b>frāgmentum, ī</b> [<b>frangō</b>], n., <i>fragment, bit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fragor, ōris</b> [<b>frangō</b>], m., <i>noise</i>, esp.
+<i>thunder peal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_frango" id = "vocab_frango"><b>frangō, ere, frēgī,
+frāctus</b></a>, <i>to break in pieces, break</i>; <i>subdue,
+overcome</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;refringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>to break up</i> or
+<i>open</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frāter, tris</b>, m., <i>brother</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frāternus</b> [<b>frāter</b>], adj., <i>brother’s,
+brotherly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fraudō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>fraus</b>], <i>to cheat,
+rob</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fraus, fraudis</b>, f., <i>foul play, treachery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frendō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to gnash the teeth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frēnum, ī</b>, n., <i>bridle, curb, rein</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frequēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>crowded, frequent</i>; <i>in great
+numbers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frequenter</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], adv., <i>often</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frequentia, ae</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], f., <i>crowd,
+throng</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frīgidus</b> [<b>frīgeō</b>, <i>to be cold</i>], adj.,
+<i>cold</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frūgālitās, ātis</b> [<b>frūgālis</b>, <i>thrifty</i>], f.,
+<i>thrift, economy, frugality</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frūmentārius</b> [<b>frūmentum</b>], adj., <i>concerning corn</i>;
+<b>rēs frūmentāria</b>, <i>the corn supply</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frūmentum, ī</b> [<b>fruor</b>], n., <i>grain, corn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fruor" id = "vocab_fruor"><b>fruor, fruī, frūctus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to use, enjoy</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>per&mdash;perfruor, fruī, frūctus sum</b>, <i>to enjoy
+thoroughly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frūstrā</b>, adv., <i>in vain, fruitlessly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fufetius" id = "vocab_fufetius"><b>Fūfetius,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>Mettius Fūfetius</i>, leader of the Albans against
+Tullius Hostilius.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fūfidius, ī</b>, m., a follower of Sulla.</p>
+
+<p><b>fuga, ae</b>, f., <i>flight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fugio" id = "vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō, ere, fūgī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to flee, flee from</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;aufugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flee from, run
+away, escape</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flee for
+refuge</i>; <i>resort&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;effugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to escape</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;profugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flee,
+escape</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">163a</span>
+<p><b>re&mdash;refugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flee back,
+escape</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsfugiō, ere, fūgī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flee to the
+other side, go over to the enemy, desert</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fugō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>fugiō</b>], <i>to put to flight,
+rout</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flash, gleam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fulmen, inis</b> [<b>fulgeō</b>], n., <i>lightning flash,
+thunderbolt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fulvius, ī</b>, m., <i>A. Fulvius</i>, who put his son to death
+because he joined Catiline’s conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p><b>fūnāle, is</b> [<b>fūnis</b>, <i>a cord</i>], n., <i>a
+torch</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fundo" id = "vocab_fundo"><b>fundō, ere, fūdī,
+fūsus</b></a>, <i>to pour, pour out, shed</i>; <i>rout, scatter</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>circum&mdash;circumfundo, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour
+about</i>; pass., <i>to surround</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;effundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour out</i>;
+<i>scatter, squander, lavish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;profundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour forth or out,
+squander, waste</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>fundus, ī</b>, m., <i>farm, estate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_fungor" id = "vocab_fungor"><b>fungor, ī, fūnctus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to perform, discharge, serve through</i>
+(an&nbsp;office).</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēfungor, ī, fūnctus sum</b>, <i>to perform, finish</i>;
+<i>to die</i> (sc.&nbsp;<b>vītā</b>).</p>
+
+<p><b>fūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>burial, funeral rites</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>furēns, entis</b> [orig. part, of <b>furō</b>, <i>to rave</i>],
+adj., <i>furious, raging</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_furius" id = "vocab_furius"><b>Fūrius, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>P. Fūrius Philus</i>, who revealed the plan of certain nobles to
+leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.</p>
+
+<p><b>furor, ōris</b> [<b>furō</b>, <i>to rave</i>], m., <i>rage,
+madness, fury</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fūrtō</b> [abl. of <b>fūrtum</b>, <i>theft</i>], adv.,
+<i>stealthily, secretly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>futūrus</b> [orig. fut. part, of <b>sum</b>], adj., <i>coming,
+future</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_G" id = "vocab_G" href = "#vocab">G</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Gabiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gabīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">163b</span>
+<p><b>Gadēs, ium</b>, pl. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain
+(modern Cadiz).</p>
+
+<p><b>Gaetulī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Gaetuli</i>, a tribe of northern
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gāius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gallia, ae</b>, f., <i>Gaul</i>, which included modern France,
+Belgium and Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of
+the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gallus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Gaul</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gaudium, ī</b>, n., <i>joy, gladness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gaurus, ī</b>, m., <i>a mountain of Campania</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gaza, ae</b>, f., <i>treasure, riches</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geminātus</b>, adj., <i>doubled, twofold</i>;
+<i>consecutive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geminus</b>, adj., <i>twin, twofold</i>. As noun, <b>geminī,
+ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>twins</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemō, ere, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to sigh, groan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gener, generī</b>, m., <i>a son-in-law</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>genitus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_gigno"><b>gīgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gēns, gentis</b>, f., <i>a gens</i> or <i>clan</i>, consisting of
+a number of families claiming a common lineage, and having certain
+religious rites in common; <i>tribe, people, nation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>genū, ūs</b>, n., <i>knee</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>genus, eris</b>, n., <i>race, family, stock, birth</i>; <i>kind,
+class, sort</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Germānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Germans</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Germānia, ae</b>, f., <i>Germany</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_gero" id = "vocab_gero"><b>gerō, ere, gessī,
+gestus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry</i>; <i>wear</i>; <i>carry on, wage,
+manage</i>; <i>perform, do</i>; <b>sē gerere</b>, <i>to conduct one’s
+self, behave</i>; <b>rem pūblicam gerere</b>, <i>to administer the
+state</i>; <b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits, history</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;congerō, ere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>to bring</i> or <i>heap
+together, collect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gestō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>gerō</b>], <i>to bear,
+carry, wear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gestus, ūs</b> [<b>gerō</b>], m., <i>bearing</i>;
+<i>gesture</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_gigno" id = "vocab_gigno"><b>gīgnō, ere, genuī,
+genitus</b></a>, <i>to produce, beget</i>; <b>genitus</b>,
+<i>born&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gladius, ī</b>, m., <i>a sword</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>glōria, ae</b>, f., <i>glory, fame, renown</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">164a</span>
+<p><b>glōrior, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to boast, brag, pride one’s
+self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>glōriōsē</b> [<b>glōria</b>], adv., <i>gloriously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gnaeus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_gracchus" id = "vocab_gracchus"><b>Gracchus,
+ī</b></a>, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus</i>, tribune of the people in 133 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>2. <i>C. Semprōnius Gracchus</i>, brother of (1), and tribune in 123
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; killed in 121.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_gradior" id = "vocab_gradior"><b>gradior, gradī,
+gressus sum</b></a>, <i>to walk, step</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;aggredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to approach, attack,
+assail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;congredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to meet</i>; <i>join
+battle, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go apart or away,
+depart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>march
+out</i> or <i>away</i>; <i>disembark</i>. (The verb is construed with
+the abl., the abl. with <b>ex</b>, or the acc.).</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;ingredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to enter, advance,
+proceed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go forth</i> or
+<i>on, advance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;regredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go back, return,
+retreat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to step over</i>
+or <i>across, cross</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>gradus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a step</i>; <i>stage, period, degree</i>;
+pl., <i>steps, stairs</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Graecia, ae</b>, f., <i>Greece</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Graeculus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>Graecus</b>], m., <i>a poor</i> or
+<i>paltry Greek</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Graecus</b>, adj., <i>Greek, Grecian</i>. As noun, <b>Graecus,
+ī</b>, m., <i>a Greek</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grānum, ī</b>, n., <i>a grain, seed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>graphium, ī</b>, n., <i>stylus</i> (of metal) for writing,
+<i>pen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grātia, ae</b> [<b>grātus</b>], f., <i>favor, regard, credit</i>;
+<i>influence</i>; <i>return, thanks, gratitude</i>; <b>grātiam
+habēre</b>, <i>to feel thankful</i>; <b>grātiās agere</b>, <i>to show
+<span class = "pagenum">164b</span>
+gratitude, thank</i>; <b>grātiam referre</b>, <i>to repay a favor</i>;
+<b>grātiā</b>, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose,
+<i>for the sake&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grātulor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>grātus</b>], <i>to show joy,
+congratulate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grātus</b>, adj., <i>pleasing, dear, acceptable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gravis, e</b>, adj., <i>heavy, severe, difficult</i>; <i>weighty,
+important</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gravitās, ātis</b> [<b>gravis</b>], f., <i>weight</i>; <i>dignity,
+influence, importance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>graviter</b> [<b>gravis</b>], adv., <i>weightily</i>;
+<i>vigorously, seriously, with dignity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gravor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>gravis</b>], <i>to be burdened</i>;
+<i>take amiss, grudge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grex, gregis</b>, f., <i>herd, common herd</i>; <i>band,
+company</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gubernātor, ōris</b> [<b>gubernō</b>, <i>to steer</i>], m.,
+<i>helmsman, pilot</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_H" id = "vocab_H" href = "#vocab">H</a></p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_habeo" id = "vocab_habeo"><b>habeō, ēre, uī,
+itus</b></a>, <i>to have, hold, keep</i>; <i>consider, regard, treat,
+use</i>; <i>render</i> (honor, etc.); <b>ōrātiōnem habēre</b>, <i>to
+deliver a speech</i>; <b>lūdibriō habēre</b>, <i>to mock</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold to</i> or
+<i>toward, apply, employ</i>; <i>employ as counsel, consult</i>;
+<i>summon, invite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to withhold, owe</i>;
+<b>dēbet, dēbuit</b> + inf., <i>ought, must, should</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold forth, show,
+display, exhibit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold</i> or <i>draw in,
+restrain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>post&mdash;posthabeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to place after</i>
+(i.e. lower than), <i>rate lower, esteem less</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praebeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold forth, offer,
+grant, supply, furnish</i>; <b>aurēs praebēre</b>, <i>to listen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prohibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to check, keep off</i>;
+<i>hinder, prevent</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">165a</span>
+<p><b>habilis, e</b> [<b>habeō</b>], adj., <i>handy, easily
+wielded</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>habitātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>habitō</b>], f.,
+<i>dwelling-place</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>habitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>habeō</b>], <i>to
+inhabit</i>; <i>dwell, live</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>habitus, ūs</b> [<b>habeō</b>], m., <i>state, condition</i>;
+<i>habit, dress, attire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hālitus, ūs</b>, m., <i>breath</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hamilcar, aris</b>, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of
+Hannibal&nbsp;(2).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_hannibal" id = "vocab_hannibal"><b>Hannibal,
+alis</b></a>, m., a Carthaginian name.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>2. The son of Hamilcar, born <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>
+247. He invaded Italy in 218, but was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202;
+he then fled to the East, and died in 183.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Hannō, ōnis</b>, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by
+Regulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>haruspex, icis</b>, m., <i>a soothsayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_hasdrubal" id = "vocab_hasdrubal"><b>Hasdrubal,
+alis</b></a>, m., a Carthaginian name.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against
+Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the
+Metaurus in Italy, 207 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and
+Africa.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>hasta, ae</b>, f., <i>a spear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>haud</b>, adv., <i>by no means, not, not at all</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_haurio" id = "vocab_haurio"><b>hauriō, īre, hausī,
+haustus</b></a>, <i>to drink, swallow</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus</b>, <i>to empty, exhaust</i>;
+<i>ruin, impoverish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Herculēs, is</b>, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength
+and marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p><b>hērēs, ēdis</b>, m., <i>an heir</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hīc, haec, hōc</b>, dem. pron., <i>this, the following, the
+latter</i>; <i>he, she,&nbsp;it</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">165b</span>
+<p><b>hīc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>here, hereupon, at this
+point</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hiems, hiemis</b>, f., <i>winter, storm</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hierosolyma, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>Jerusalem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hilarē</b> [<b>hilarus</b>, <i>merry</i>], adv., <i>merrily,
+cheerfully, gaily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hilaritās, ātis</b> [<b>hilaris</b>, <i>merry</i>], f.,
+<i>merriment, gaiety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hinc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>from this place</i> or <i>time,
+hence</i>; <b>hinc&mdash;hinc</b>, <i>on this side .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. on
+that, on the one side .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. on the other</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hirundō, inis</b>, f., <i>a swallow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_hispania" id = "vocab_hispania"><b>Hispānia,
+ae</b></a>, f., <i>Spain</i> (including Portugal). It was divided into
+two provinces, <i>Hispānia Citerior</i> and <i>Hispānia
+Ūlterior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hispāniēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Spanish, in Spain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hispānus</b>, adj., <i>Spanish</i>. As noun, <b>Hispānus, ī</b>,
+m., <i>a Spaniard</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hodiē</b> [<b>hō(c)</b> + <b>diē</b>], adv., <i>to-day</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>homō, inis</b>, m. and f., <i>a human being, man</i>;
+<b>hominēs</b>, <i>mankind, the world</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honestē</b> [<b>honestus</b>], adv., <i>honorably</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honestus</b> [<b>honōs</b>], adj., <i>honored, respected</i>;
+<i>honorable, right, virtuous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honōrātē</b> [<b>honōrātus</b>, <i>honored</i>], adv.,
+<i>honorably, with respect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honōrificus</b> [<b>honōs</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>that does
+honor, complimentary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>honōs</b>], <i>to honor, do
+honor&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honōs</b> or <b>honor, ōris</b>, m., <i>honor, respect,
+esteem</i>; <i>public office</i>; personified, <i>Honor</i>
+(a&nbsp;deity).</p>
+
+<p><b>hōra, ae</b>, f., <i>hour</i>, the twelfth part of the day
+(sunrise to sunset) or night.</p>
+
+<p><b>Horātius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p>
+
+<p><b>horreō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand on end, bristle</i>;
+<i>shudder at, shrink from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>horror, ōris</b> [<b>horreō</b>], m., <i>dread, terror,
+horror</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hortātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>hortor</b>], f., <i>encouragement,
+exhortation</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">166a</span>
+<p><b>hortor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to exhort, urge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hortus, ī</b>, m., <i>a garden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hospes, itis</b>, m., <i>entertainer, host</i>; <i>guest,
+friend</i>; <i>stranger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hospita, ae</b> [<b>hospes</b>], f., <i>a stranger</i>;
+<i>guest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hospitium, ī</b> [<b>hospes</b>], n., <i>entertainment,
+hospitality</i>; <i>lodgings, inn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hostia, ae</b>, f., <i>an animal for sacrifice, victim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hostīlis, e</b> [<b>hostis</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>from the
+enemy, hostile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hostīliter</b> [<b>hostīlis</b>], adv., <i>in hostile
+manner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_hostilius" id = "vocab_hostilius"><b>Hostīlius,
+ī</b></a>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Hostus Hostīlius</i>, a general of the time of Romulus.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Tullus Hostīlius</i>, third king of Rome.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>hostis, is</b>, m., <i>an enemy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>to this place, hither</i>; <b>hūc
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. illūc</b>, <i>hither .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. thither</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūiuscemodī</b> [<b>hīc</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>of this</i>
+(i.e. the following) <i>kind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūmānitās, ātis</b> [<b>hūmānus</b>], f., <i>humanity,
+kindliness</i>; <i>refinement, culture</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūmānus</b> [<b>homō</b>], adj., <i>human, of man</i>; <i>kind,
+refined, cultured</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>humilis, e</b> [<b>humus</b>, <i>the ground</i>], adj.,
+<i>low</i>; <i>lowly, humble, common</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_I" id = "vocab_I" href = "#vocab">I</a></p>
+
+<p><b>iaceō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to lie, lie prostrate</i> or
+<i>dead</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iacio" id = "vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō, iacere, iēcī,
+iactus</b></a>, <i>to throw, cast, hurl</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw down,
+away</i>, or <i>aside, lay aside</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw to, add</i>
+or <i>join to, add</i> (in&nbsp;speech).</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;coniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">166b</span>
+<i>to throw together, unite</i>; <i>hurl, throw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or
+<i>hurl down, bring down</i>; <i>lay low, dislodge, destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to cast</i> or
+<i>drive out, expel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;iniciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw in</i>;
+<i>put in</i> or <i>on, lay</i>; <i>inspire, suggest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or
+<i>place between, interpose; intervene</i> (in&nbsp;pass.).</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw before, put
+in the way</i>; <i>put in the hands of, turn over</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw forth,
+fling out, throw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;rēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw back,
+repel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or
+<i>place under</i>; <i>hand up</i>; <i>present, submit</i>;
+<i>subdue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>super&mdash;superiaciō, ere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw across,
+let down</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or
+<i>carry across, transport</i>; <i>pierce, penetrate, transfix</i>;
+<i>go</i> or <i>pass over, cross</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>iactātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>iactō</b>], f., <i>tossing, motion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iactitō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [freq. of <b>iactō</b>], <i>to
+boast, brag</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iactō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to push</i> or <i>toss about</i>;
+<i>boast of, take pride&nbsp;in</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iam" id = "vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>, adv.,
+<i>already, by this time, now</i>; <i>soon, presently</i>; <b>iam
+iam</b>, <i>already, at that very moment</i>; <b>iam dūdum</b> or <b>iam
+prīdem</b>, <i>long ago, long since</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iam dūdum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iāniculum, ī</b>, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.</p>
+
+<p><b>iānua, ae</b>, f., <i>a door, entrance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iānus, ī</b>, m., <b>Janus</b>, an old Latin divinity, who
+presided over all beginnings;
+<span class = "pagenum">167a</span>
+commonly represented with two faces.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iarbās, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern
+Morocco).</p>
+
+<p><b>ibi</b>, adv., <i>there, on that side</i>; <i>then,
+thereupon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ibīdem</b> [<b>ibi</b>], adv., <i>in the same place, on the
+spot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īcō, ere, īcī, īctus</b>, <i>to strike</i>; <b>foedus īcere</b>,
+<i>to strike</i> (conclude) <i>a treaty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īctus, ūs</b> [<b>īcō</b>], m., <i>blow, stroke, wound</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īdem, eadem, idem</b>, dem. pron., <i>the same</i>; often best
+rendered by adv., <i>also, too, besides</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ideō</b>, adv., <i>for that reason, therefore</i>; <i>with
+this</i> (that) <i>purpose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Īdūs, uum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Ides</i>, or middle of the month;
+the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other
+months.</p>
+
+<p><b>igitur</b>, adv., <i>then, therefore, accordingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnāvia, ae</b> [<b>īgnāvus</b>, <i>idle</i>], f., <i>idleness,
+sloth</i>; <i>worthlessness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnis, is</b>, m., <i>fire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnōminia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], f.,
+<i>dishonor, disgrace, degradation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>not to know</i>; <i>to be ignorant
+of, be unacquainted with</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īgnōtus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>(g)nōtus</b>], adj., <i>unknown,
+unfamiliar, strange</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īlicō</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>locō</b>], adv., <i>on the spot, at
+once, immediately</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ille, illa, illud</b>, dem. pron., <i>that, yonder</i>; <i>he,
+she, it</i>; <i>the famous, the</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>illīc</b> [<b>ille</b>], adv., <i>there, yonder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>illūc</b> [<b>ille</b>], adv., <i>to that place, thither</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imāgō, inis</b>, f., <i>likeness, semblance, image</i>;
+<i>statue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imbellis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>bellum</b>], adj., <i>unfit
+for war, unwarlike, cowardly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imber, bris</b>, m., <i>rain, shower</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imbuō, ere, ī, būtus</b>, <i>to wet, moisten</i>; <i>inspire,
+imbue</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">167b</span>
+<p><b>imitor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to imitate, copy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immātūrus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mātūrus</b>, <i>ripe</i>],
+adj., <i>unripe</i>; <i>untimely, premature</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immēnsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mētior</b>, <i>to measure</i>],
+adj., <i>immeasurable, vast, immense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immineō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to overhang, threaten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immō</b>, adv., <i>by no means, nay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immolō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>mola</b>, <i>meal</i>],
+<i>to sprinkle</i> (a&nbsp;victim) <i>with sacrificial meal,
+sacrifice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immortālis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mortālis</b>], adj.,
+<i>immortal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>immōtus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mōtus</b>, part of <b>moveō</b>],
+adj., <i>unmoved, motionless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impār, paris</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pār</b>], adj.,
+<i>unequal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impatiēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>patiēns</b>], adj.,
+<i>impatient, intolerant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impendium, ī</b> [<b>impendō</b>, <i>to expend</i>], n.,
+<i>outlay, cost, expense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impēnsa, ae</b> [<b>impendō</b>, <i>to expend</i>], f., <i>outlay,
+cost, expense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imperātor, ōris</b> [<b>imperō</b>], m., <i>commander-in-chief,
+general</i>; <i>emperor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imperātōrius</b> [<b>imperātor</b>], adj., <i>of a
+general</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imperfectus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>perfectus</b>, part. of
+<b>perficiō</b>], adj., <i>unfinished</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imperium, ī</b> [<b>imperō</b>], n., <i>a command, order</i>;
+<i>military authority</i>; <i>sovereignty, supremacy</i>; <i>the
+state</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imperō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to command, order</i>; <i>rule,
+govern</i>; <i>levy, demand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to gain by asking, obtain,
+procure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impetus, ūs</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>petō</b>], m., <i>an attack,
+onset</i>; <i>impulse, excitement</i>; <i>violence, energy,
+fury</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impietās, ātis</b> [<b>impius</b>], f., <i>irreverence,
+impiety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impiger, gra, grum</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>piger</b>,
+<i>lazy</i>], adj., <i>active, energetic</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">168a</span>
+<p><b>impius</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>pius</b>], adj., <i>irreverent, wicked,
+undutiful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>implicō, āre, āvī</b> or <b>uī, ātus</b> or <b>itus</b> [<b>in</b>
++ <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold</i>], <i>to fold in, envelop</i>; <i>involve,
+attack</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>implōrō, āre, āvī<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">,
+</ins>ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>plōrō</b>, <i>to wail, lament</i>], <i>to
+beg, beseech, implore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imprīmīs</b> [= <b>in prīmīs</b>], adv., <i>especially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>imprōvīsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>prōvideō</b>], adj.,
+<i>unforeseen, unexpected</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impūbēs, eris</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pūbēs</b>, <i>full
+grown</i>], adj., <i>youthful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>impūnītus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pūniō</b>], adj.,
+<i>unpunished</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in</b>, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, <i>into, to, on, upon,
+towards, against</i>; of purpose, <i>for, with a view to</i>; of other
+relations, <i>respecting, according to</i>; <b>in diēs</b>, <i>day by
+day</i>; (2)&nbsp;with abl.; of place, <i>in, on, upon, in the midst of,
+among</i>; of time, <i>in, in the course of, during</i>; of other
+relations, <i>in the case of, respecting, according&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in</b>, <i>not</i>, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or
+participles, negatives or reverses their meaning.</p>
+
+<p><b>inaestimābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>aestimō</b>, <i>to
+reckon</i>], <i>inestimable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inambulō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inānis, e</b>, adj., <i>empty</i>; <i>vain, idle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inaudītus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>audītus</b>, part. of
+<b>audiō</b>], adj., <i>unheard of, strange</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incautus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cautus</b>, <i>wary</i>], adj.,
+<i>unsuspecting, off one’s guard</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incendium, ī</b> [<b>incendō</b>], n., <i>fire,
+conflagration</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_candeo"><b>candeō</b></a>·</p>
+
+<p><b>inceptum, ī</b> [<b>incipiō</b>], n., <i>beginning, attempt</i>;
+<i>undertaking, purpose</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">168b</span>
+<p><b>incertus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>certus</b>], adj., <i>uncertain,
+doubtful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incēssō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [freq. of <b>incēdō</b>], <i>to
+assail, attack</i>; <i>rail&nbsp;at</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inclīnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>*clīnō</b>, <i>to
+lean</i>], (1)&nbsp;trans., <i>to cause to lean, bend, turn</i>;
+(2)&nbsp;intrans., <i>lean, incline</i>; <i>yield, give way</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inclitus</b>, adj., <i>famous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inclūdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_claudo"><b>claudō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incōgnitus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cōgnitus</b>, part. of
+<b>cōgnōscō</b>], adj., <i>unknown</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incola, ae</b> [<b>incolō</b>], m., <i>inhabitant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_colo"><b>colō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incolumis, e</b>, adj., <i>safe, unharmed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incōnstantia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cōnstantia</b>], f.,
+<i>changeableness, fickleness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incrēdibilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>crēdō</b>], adj.,
+<i>beyond belief, incredible</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>increpō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to sound, resound</i>; <i>scold,
+upbraid</i>; <i>exclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incrēscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cresco"><b>crēscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incūriōsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cūriōsus</b>, <i>careful</i>],
+adj., <i>careless, negligent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>incursiō, ōnis</b> [<b>incurrō</b>, <i>to attack</i>], f.,
+<i>onset, attack, raid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inde</b>, adv., <i>from that place</i> or <i>time, thence</i>;
+<i>thereupon</i>; <i>from that circumstance, therefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>index, icis</b> [<b>indicō</b>], m., <i>mark, sign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indicium, ī</b> [<b>indicō</b>], n., <i>sign, indication,
+evidence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indīcō</b> see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indictus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>dictus</b>, part of
+<b>dīcō</b>], adj., <i>unsaid</i>; <i>unplead</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indīgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>indīgnor</b>, <i>to be angry</i>], f.,
+<i>displeasure, anger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indīgnē</b> [<b>indīgnus</b>], adv., <i>unworthily</i>;
+<i>angrily</i>; <b>indīgnē ferre</b> <i>to take</i> (<i>it</i>)
+<i>amiss</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169a</span>
+<p><b>indīgnor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>indīgnus</b>], <i>to think
+unworthy</i>; <i>be angry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indīgnus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>dīgnus</b>], adj., <i>unworthy
+of, unfit for</i> (with abl.).</p>
+
+<p><b>indō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indolēs, is</b>, f., <i>inborn quality, natural gifts</i>;
+<i>character, nature, spirit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>indūstria, ae</b> [<b>indūstrius</b>, <i>active</i>], f.,
+<i>diligence, activity, industry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inermis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>arma</b>], adj., <i>unarmed,
+defenseless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfacētē</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>facētē</b>], adv., <i>without
+wit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfāns, antis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>fāns</b>, part. of
+<b>fārī</b>, <i>to speak</i>], adj., <i>not speaking, speechless</i>; as
+noun, m. and f., <i>an infant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfēlīx, īcis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>fēlīx</b>], adj.,
+<i>unfortunate, disastrous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnferior, ōris</b> [comp. of <b>īnferus</b>, <i>low</i>], adj.,
+<i>lower, inferior</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfēstō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>īnfēstus</b>], <i>to annoy,
+disturb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfēstus</b>, adj., <i>hostile, threatening</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnflammō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>flamma</b>], <i>to
+kindle, arouse, excite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnflātus</b> [<b>īnflō</b>], adj., <i>blown up, inflated</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnflectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flecto"><b>flectō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>fōrma</b>], <i>to
+shape, mould, fashion</i>; <i>train, instruct</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnfrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>below, beneath</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingemīscō, ere, gemuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>gemīscō</b>,
+incep. of <b>gemō</b>], <i>to groan over, groan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingenium, ī</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>gīgnō</b>], n., <i>natural gifts,
+nature</i>; <i>ability, intellect, wit</i>; <i>character,
+disposition</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>large, huge, great</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingenuus</b>, adj., <i>free-born</i>; <i>noble, liberal</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169b</span>
+<p><b>ingrātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>grātus</b>], adj.,
+<i>unpleasant, thankless, ungrateful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iniciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inimīcitia, ae</b> [<b>inimīcus</b>], f., <i>enmity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inimīcus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>amīcus</b>], adj.,
+<i>unfriendly, hostile</i>; as noun, <i>a personal enemy, foe</i>, as
+distinguished from <b>hostis</b>, <i>a public enemy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inīquē</b> [<b>inīquus</b>, <i>unjust</i>], adv.,
+<i>unjustly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>initium, ī</b> [<b>ineō</b>], n., <i>beginning</i>; <b>initiō</b>,
+abl. as adv., <i>at the outset, at first</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iniūria, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>iūs</b>], f., <i>wrong,
+injustice</i>; <i>insult, injury</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(<b>iniussus, ūs</b>) [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>iubeō</b>], m., found in
+abl. only, <i>without orders</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inlīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laedo"><b>laedō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inlūstris, e</b>, adj., <i>bright, clear</i>; <i>famous,
+renowned</i> (cf.&nbsp;<b>clārus</b>).</p>
+
+<p><b>innītor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nitor"><b>nītor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innocentia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>noceō</b>], f.,
+<i>harmlessness, innocence, integrity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innōtēscō, ere, nōtuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>nōtēscō</b>,
+<i>to become known</i>], <i>to become known</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innoxius</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>noxius</b>, <i>harmful</i>],
+adj., <i>harmless, blameless, innocent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innumerābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>numerō</b>, <i>to
+count</i>], adj., <i>beyond number, countless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innumerus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>numerus</b>], adj.,
+<i>countless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>innuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inopia, ae</b> [<b>inops</b>], f., <i>want, scarcity, need,
+poverty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inopīnātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>opīnor</b>, <i>to think</i>],
+adj., <i>unexpected</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inops, opis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>ops</b>], adj., <i>without
+resources, helpless, poor, needy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inquam</b>, def. verb, <i>I say</i>. <ins class = "correction"
+title = "printed as shown">See <b>297</b>, II, 2</ins>: 144, <i>b</i>:
+<i>175</i>,&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><b>inquiētus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>quiētus</b>], adj.,
+<i>restless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to stain, defile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inrīdeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">170a</span>
+<p><b>inrīsus, ūs</b> [<b>inrīdeō</b>], m., <i>derision,
+mockery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnscientia, ae</b> [<b>īnsciēns</b>, <i>ignorant</i>], adj.,
+<i>ignorance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnscius</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>sciō</b>], adj., <i>ignorant,
+unaware</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsidiae, ārum</b> [<b>īnsideō</b>], pl. f., <i>ambush</i>;
+<i>trap</i>; <i>artifice, plot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsidior, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>īnsidiae</b>], <i>to lie in wait
+for, plot against</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsīgne, is</b> [<b>īnsīgnis</b>], n., <i>a mark, badge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsīgnis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>sīgnum</b>], adj., <i>marked,
+conspicuous, noted, famous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsinuō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>sinus</b>, <i>fold,
+coil</i>], <i>to push or thrust&nbsp;in</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsitus</b> [<b>inserō</b>, <i>to implant</i>], adj., <i>inborn,
+innate, ingrafted</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsolēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>solēns</b>, part. of
+<b>soleō</b>], adj., <i>unusual, haughty, insolent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsolenter</b> [<b>īnsolēns</b>], adv., <i>haughtily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsolentia, ae</b> [<b>īnsolēns</b>], f., <i>unusual</i> or
+<i>extravagant conduct, insolence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnspērābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>spērō</b>], adj.,
+<i>unhoped for, unexpected</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnspiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnstituō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnstitūtum, ī</b> [<b>īnstituō</b>], n., <i>institution</i>;
+<i>habit, custom</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnstrūmentum, ī</b> [<b>īnstruō</b>], n., <i>tool</i>;
+<i>collectively, stock of tools, plant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnstruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_struo"><b>struō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsusurrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>susurrus</b>, <i>a
+whisper</i>], <i>to whisper to, suggest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īnsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intāctus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>tāctus</b>, part. of
+<b>tangō</b>], adj., <i>untouched, uninjured</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>integer, gra, grum</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + root <b>tag</b> in
+<b>tangō</b>], adj., <i>untouched, uninjured</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">170b</span>
+<b>integer<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins>ā</b>,
+<i>free from, untouched by</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intellegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intempestus</b>, adj., <i>stormy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intentus</b> [orig. part. of <b>intendō</b>], adj., <i>attentive,
+intent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter</b>, prep. with acc.; of place, <i>between, among</i>; of
+time, <i>during</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intercalārius</b> [<b>intercalō</b>], adj., <i>intercalary,
+inserted in the calendar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intercalō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to intercalate, insert in the
+calendar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intercipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interdīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interdiū</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>diū</b>], adv., <i>by day</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interdum</b> [<b>inter</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], adv., <i>between
+whiles, now and then, sometimes</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intereā</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in the meantime,
+meanwhile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interfector, ōris</b> [<b>interficiō</b>], m., <i>slayer,
+assassin, murderer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intericiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interim</b>, adv., <i>meanwhile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interitus, ūs</b> [<b>intereō</b>], m., <i>overthrow, death,
+destruction</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>internūntius, ī</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>nūntius</b>], m.,
+<i>go-between, messenger</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interpretor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to explain, interpret</i>;
+<i>maintain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>interrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intersum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intervāllum, ī</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>vāllum</b>], n.,
+<i>interval</i> (of&nbsp;time or space), <i>distance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intervertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intimus</b>, adj., <i>inmost, deepest</i>; <i>close,
+intimate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intolerābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>tolerō</b>, <i>to
+bear</i>], adj., <i>unendurable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>inside of, within,
+during</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">171a</span>
+<p><b>intrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>intrō</b>, adv., <i>within</i>],
+<i>to enter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intrōdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>introeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a><ins class
+= "correction" title = ". missing">.</ins></p>
+
+<p><b>intueor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tueor"><b>tueor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>intumēscō, ere, tumuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>tumēscō</b>,
+incep. of <b>tumeō</b>, <i>to be swollen</i>], <i>to swell,
+rise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inundō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>undō</b>, <i>to rise in
+waves</i>], <i>to deluge, flood</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inūsitātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>ūsitātus</b>, <i>usual</i>],
+adj., <i>unusual, unfamiliar, novel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vado"><b>vādō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invalidus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>validus</b>], adj., <i>weak,
+feeble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invicem, in vicem</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_vicis"><b>vicis</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invictus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>victus</b>, part. of
+<b>vincō</b>], adj., <i>unconquerable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_video"><b>videō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invidia, ae</b> [<b>invideō</b>], f., <i>envy</i>; <i>ill-will,
+odium, unpopularity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invidiōsus</b> [<b>invidia</b>], adj., <i>envious</i>; <i>exciting
+envy, unpopular, hateful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inviolātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>violō</b>], adj.,
+<i>unhurt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invīsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>invideō</b>], adj., <i>hated,
+hateful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to invite, ask, summon</i>;
+<i>feast, entertain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>invītus</b>, adj., <i>unwilling, on compulsion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iocus, ī</b> (pl. also <b>ioca</b>), m., <i>a jest, joke</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ipse, a, um</b>, <i>himself, herself, itself, themselves</i>;
+often best rendered by <i>very, mere, in person, even, actually</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īra, ae</b>, f., <i>anger, passion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īrāscor, ī, īrātus sum</b> [<b>īra</b>], <i>to be</i> or <i>become
+angry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īrātus</b> [orig<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">.
+</ins>part. of <b>īrāscor</b>], adj., <i>angered, enraged</i>; <i>in
+anger, angrily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>is, ea, id</b>, dem. pron., <i>this</i> or <i>that</i>; <i>he,
+she, it</i>; <i>such</i> (esp. before <b>ut</b> with <b>subj.</b>).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">171b</span>
+<p><b>iste, a, ud</b>, gen. <b>istīus</b>, dat. <b>istī</b>, <i>that of
+yours, your</i>; <i>that, this</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ita</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>in this way, so, thus, as
+follows</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ītalia, ae</b>, f., <i>Italy</i>. The name did not include the
+basin of the Po (Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ītalicus, ī</b>, m., <i>an Italian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>itaque</b> [<b>ita</b> + <b>que</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and so,
+therefore, as a consequence, accordingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>item</b>, adv., <i>besides, likewise, also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iter, itineris</b> [<b>eō, īre</b>], n., <i>a journey, march</i>;
+<i>road, highway</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iterum</b>, adv., <i>a second time, again</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iuba, ae</b>, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated
+by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;46.</p>
+
+<p><b>iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus</b>, <i>to order, command</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūcundē</b> [<b>iūcundus</b>], adv., <i>agreeably, pleasantly,
+delightfully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūcundus</b>, adj., <i>pleasing, agreeable, charming,
+delightful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iudaea, ae</b>, f., <i>Judaea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iudaeus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Jew</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūdex, icis</b> [<b>iūs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], m., <i>a judge,
+juror</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūdicium, ī</b> [<b>iūdex</b>], n., <i>judgment, decision</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>iūdex</b>], <i>to examine
+judicially, judge, adjudge</i>; <i>think, consider</i>; <i>declare,
+resolve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūgerum, ī</b>, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an
+English acre; <i>an acre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iugulum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>iugum</b>], n., <i>throat,
+neck</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iugum" id = "vocab_iugum"><b>iugum, ī</b></a>
+[<b>iungō</b>], n., <i>a yoke, collar</i>; <i>mountain summit, range of
+mountains</i>; <i>a military yoke</i>, formed by fixing two spears
+upright in the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends.
+Beneath such a yoke the Romans made their
+<span class = "pagenum">172a</span>
+conquered enemies pass, in token of complete surrender of liberty and
+life to their conquerors.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iugurtha, ae</b>, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with
+Rome 111 to 106 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated by
+Marius.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iugurthīnus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>with Jugurtha,
+Jugurthine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iulia" id = "vocab_iulia"><b>Iūlia, ae</b></a>, f.,
+<i>Julia</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.</p>
+
+<p>2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor
+Augustus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iulius" id = "vocab_iulius"><b>Iūlius, ī</b></a>,
+m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iungo" id = "vocab_iungo"><b>iungō, ere, iūnxī,
+iūnctus</b></a>, <i>to join together, unite, bind, fasten, yoke</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to join</i> or
+<i>add to, attach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;coniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to fasten
+together, join, unite</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>iūnior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iuvenis"><b>iuvenis</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iūnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_brutus"><b>Brūtus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Iuppiter, Iovis</b>, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig.
+a&nbsp;personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning,
+rain, and storms.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūre</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ius"><b>iūs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iuro" id = "vocab_iuro"><b>iūrō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>iūs</b>], <i>to take an oath, swear</i>;
+<i>swear&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;cōniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take an oath together,
+conspire, plot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ius" id = "vocab_ius"><b>iūs, iūris</b></a>, n.,
+<i>right, justice, law</i>; <i>court of justice, trial in court</i>;
+abl. <b>iūre</b> as adv., <i>rightly, justly</i>; <b>in iūs vocāre</b>,
+<i>to summon into court, bring to trial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iūsiūrandum, ī</b> [<b>iūs</b> + <b>iūrō</b>], n., <i>an
+oath</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(<b>iussus, ūs</b>) [<b>iubeō</b>], m., <i>order, command</i> (found
+only in abl. sing.).</p>
+
+<p><b>iūstitia, ae</b> [<b>iūs</b>], f., <i>justice,
+uprightness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_iuvenis" id = "vocab_iuvenis"><b>iuvenis,
+is</b></a>, comp. <b>iūnior</b>, sup. <b>minimus nātū</b>, adj.,
+<i>young</i>. As noun,
+<span class = "pagenum">172b</span>
+<b>iuvenis, is</b>, m., <i>young person, youth</i> (between 17
+and&nbsp;45); <b>iuvenēs</b> or <b>iūniōrēs</b>, <i>the fighting
+men</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iuventa, ae</b> [<b>iuvenis</b>], f., <i>youth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iuventūs, ūtis</b> [<b>iuvenis</b>], f., <i>youth</i>;
+collectively, <i>young people</i>, esp. <i>fighting men</i>. Cf.
+<b>iuvenis</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_K" id = "vocab_K" href = "#vocab">K</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Kalendae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Kalends</i>, or the first day
+of the month.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_L" id = "vocab_L" href = "#vocab">L</a></p>
+
+<p><b>labor, ōris</b>, m., <i>labor, toil</i>; <i>hardship,
+distress</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_labor" id = "vocab_labor"><b>lābor, ī, lāpsus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to slip</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to glide down</i>;
+<i>slip</i> or <i>fall down, fall</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to slip away, glide off,
+escape</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to fall down</i>;
+<i>slip, stumble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;relābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to slip</i> or <i>sink
+back</i>; <i>flow back, subside</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>labōriōsē</b> [<b>labōriōsus</b>, <i>toilsome</i>], adv.,
+<i>laboriously, carefully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_laboro" id = "vocab_laboro"><b>labōrō, āre, āvī,
+ātum</b></a>, <i>to labor, toil</i>; <i>be hard pressed, suffer, be
+afflicted</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;ēlabōrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to labor, toil,
+endeavor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lacedaemonius, ī</b>, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta,
+the chief city of Laconia, a&nbsp;district of Southern Greece.</p>
+
+<p><b>lacerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate,
+wound</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_lacio" id = "vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō, ere</b></a>,
+<i>to entice</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adliciō, ere, lexī, lectus</b>, <i>to entice, win over,
+attract</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēliciō, ere, uī, itus</b>, <i>to draw forth, call
+down</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus</b><ins class = "correction"
+title = ", missing">, </ins><i>to entice, allure, win over</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">173a</span>
+<p><b>lacrima, ae</b>, f., <i>a tear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lacrimābundus</b> [<b>lacrimō</b>, <i>to weep</i>], adj.,
+<i>weeping</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_laedo" id = "vocab_laedo"><b>laedō, ere, laesī,
+laesus</b></a>, <i>to hurt, injure</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus</b>, <i>to dash out</i>;
+<i>shatter, crush</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus</b>, <i>to dash against</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Laelius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Laelius</i>, a friend of
+Scipio Africanus.</p>
+
+<p><b>laetitia, ae</b> [<b>laetus</b>], f., <i>joy, exultation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laetus</b>, adj., <i>joyful, glad, cheerful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laevus</b>, adj., <i>left</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lambō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to lick, lap</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lāmenta, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>lamentations</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lāmina, ae</b>, f., <i>a thin plate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lāna, ae</b>, f., <i>wool</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lancea, ae</b>, f., <i>a spear, lance, dart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lānificium, ī</b> [<b>lānā</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>spinning,
+weaving</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lanius, ī</b>, m., <i>a butcher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lapideus</b> [<b>lapis</b>], adj., <i>of stone, stone</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lapis, idis</b>, m., <i>a stone</i>; <i>milestone</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laqueus, ī</b>, m., <i>noose, halter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lārentia, ae</b>, f., see <a href =
+"#vocab_acca"><b>Acca</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>largītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>largior</b>, <i>to bribe</i>], f.,
+<i>liberality</i>; <i>bribery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>latebra, ae</b><ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">,
+</ins>[<b>lateō</b>, <i>to lie hid</i>], f., <i>hiding place</i>
+(usually only in&nbsp;pl.).</p>
+
+<p><b>laterīcius</b> [<b>later</b>, <i>a brick</i>], adj., <i>made of
+brick, brick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Latīnus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Latium, Latin</i>; as noun,
+<b>Latīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>an inhabitant of Latium, a&nbsp;Latin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lātrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bark at</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>latrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>robber, brigand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>latus, eris</b>, n., <i>side</i>; <i>flank</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laudābilis, e</b> [<b>laudō</b>], adj., <i>praiseworthy,
+commendable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laudandus</b> [gerundive of <b>laudō</b>], adj., <i>praiseworthy,
+commendable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_laudo" id = "vocab_laudo"><b>laudō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to praise, extol</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;conlaudō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to praise very highly,
+extol</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">173b</span>
+<p><b>laurea, ae</b> (sc. <b>corōna</b>), f., <i>a laurel wreath</i> or
+<i>crown</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laus, laudis</b>, f., <i>praise, fame, glory</i>; <i>ability</i>
+(as&nbsp;that which excites praise). <b>laudibus ferre</b>, <i>to
+extol</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lautus</b> [part. of <b>lavō</b>, <i>to wash</i>], adj.,
+<i>well-washed, neat</i>; <i>elegant, splendid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laxitās, ātis</b> [<b>laxus</b>, <i>roomy</i>], f.,
+<i>spaciousness, roominess, size</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lectīca, ae</b> [<b>lectus</b>], f., <i>a litter, sedan chair,
+palanquin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lectulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>lectus</b>], m., <i>a small couch,
+bed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lectus, ī</b>, m., <i>a couch, bed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēgātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>lēgō</b>, to commission], f., <i>embassy,
+legation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēgātus, ī</b> [<b>lēgō</b>, <i>to commission</i>], m., <i>one
+specially commissioned, ambassador, envoy</i>; <i>a deputy,
+lieutenant</i>, an officer next in command to the <b>imperātor</b>, who
+selected him subject to the approval of the senate. Often several
+attended the general, serving in turn, acting as his counsellors, and
+commanding in his absence.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_legio" id = "vocab_legio"><b>legiō, ōnis</b></a>
+[<b>legō</b>], f., <i>a legion</i>, containing from four to six thousand
+men; <b>legiōnēs</b>, <i>the infantry</i>, as distinct from the
+cavalry.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēgitimus</b> [<b>lēx</b>], adj., <i>fixed by law, legal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_lego" id = "vocab_lego"><b>legō, ere, lēgī,
+lēctus</b></a>, <i>to gather, collect</i>; <i>select, appoint,
+choose</i>; <i>read</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;conligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to collect,
+gather</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to choose, select</i>;
+<i>levy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b>, <i>to single out, esteem,
+love, prize</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to pick out, choose,
+select</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intellegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b>, <i>learn</i>;
+<i>perceive, understand</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>lēniter</b> [<b>lēnis</b>, <i>soft, gentle</i>], adv., <i>softly,
+mildly, lightly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēnōcinium, ī</b>, n., <i>excessive finery</i> or <i>nicety in
+dress</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">174a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_lentulus" id = "vocab_lentulus"><b>Lentulus,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>P. Cornēlius Lentulus Dolābella</i>, a&nbsp;son-in-law
+of Cicero.</p>
+
+<p><b>lentus</b>, adj., <i>pliant, tough</i>; <i>slow, sluggish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lepidus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Aemilius</i>, consul with Caesar, <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 46; a&nbsp;member, with Octavianus and
+Antony, of the second triumvirate.</p>
+
+<p><b>lētālis, e</b> [<b>lētum</b>, <i>death</i>], adj., <i>deadly,
+fatal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>levis, e</b>, adj., <i>light, slight, trivial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>leviter</b> [<b>levis</b>], adv., <i>lightly, slightly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēx, lēgis</b>, f., <i>law, decree</i>; <i>term,
+condition</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>libēns, entis</b> [<b>libet</b>, <i>it pleases</i>], adj.,
+<i>willing</i>; <i>with good will</i> or <i>pleasure, gladly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>libenter</b> [<b>libēns</b>], adv., <i>gladly, willingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līber, lībera, līberum</b>, adj., <i>free</i>; <i>generous</i>;
+<i>outspoken, frank</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liber, librī</b>, m., <i>a book</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līberālitās, ātis</b> [<b>līberālis</b>, <i>generous</i>], f.,
+<i>generosity, kindness</i>; <i>a gift</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līberāliter</b> [<b>līberālis</b>, <i>generous</i>], adv.,
+<i>kindly, generously, graciously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līberī, ōrum</b> [<b>līber</b>], pl. m., <i>children</i>; properly
+the free persons of the family as distinct from the slaves.</p>
+
+<p><b>līberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>līber</b>], <i>to set free,
+free</i>; <i>acquit, absolve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lībertās, ātis</b> [<b>līber</b>], f., <i>freedom,
+independence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lībertus, ī</b> [<b>līber</b>], m., <i>a freedman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>libīdō, inis</b> [<b>libet</b>, <i>it pleases</i>], f.,
+<i>pleasure</i>; <i>lust, wantonness, passion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lībrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>lībra</b>, <i>a balance</i>], <i>to
+balance, poise, brandish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>licentia, ae</b> [<b>licet</b>], f., <i>freedom, license</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>licet, ēre, uit</b> or <b>itum est</b>, impers., <i>it is
+allowed</i> or <i>permitted</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_lictor" id = "vocab_lictor"><b>līctor, ōris</b></a>,
+m., <i>a lictor</i>, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig. attendants
+of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls, and
+praetors. They accompanied these
+<span class = "pagenum">174b</span>
+magistrates whenever they appeared in public, and cleared the way before
+them. They also carried the fasces, and executed criminal sentences.</p>
+
+<p><b>līgneus</b> [<b>līgnum</b>, <i>wood</i>], adj., <i>wooden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ligo" id = "vocab_ligo"><b>ligō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to bind</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adligō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind to, bind fast,
+bind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēligō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind to, tie,
+fasten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;religō, āre, avī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind, fasten</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>līmen, inis</b>, n., <i>threshold, doorstep</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līneāmentum, ī</b> [<b>līnea</b>, <i>a line</i>], n., <i>a
+line</i>; <i>feature, lineament</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lingua, ae</b>, f., <i>tongue</i>; <i>language</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liquefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus</b> [<b>liqueō</b>, <i>to be
+liquid</i> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to melt, dissolve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Līternīnus</b>, adj., <i>at Literum</i>, a town of Campania. As
+noun, <b>Līternīnum, ī</b> (sc.&nbsp;<b>praedium</b>, <i>an estate</i>),
+n., an estate of Scipio Africanus Maior at Liternum.</p>
+
+<p><b>lītigātor, ōris</b> [<b>līs</b>, <i>lawsuit</i> + <b>agō</b>], m.,
+<i>a party to a lawsuit, litigant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>littera, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i> (of the alphabet); in pl.,
+<i>a letter, epistle</i>; <i>literature</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>litterātus</b> [<b>littera</b>], adj., <i>lettered, educated,
+learned</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lītus, oris</b>, n., (sea)<i>shore, beach, strand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_livius" id = "vocab_livius"><b>Līvius, ī</b></a>,
+m., gentile name of <i>M. Līvius Salīnātor</i>, who commanded the
+garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_loco" id = "vocab_loco"><b>locō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>locus</b>], <i>to place, put</i>; <i>contract for, let,
+lease</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to place, arrange, station,
+establish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>locuplēs, ētis</b> [<b>locus</b> + <b>plēnus</b>], adj., <i>rich
+in lands, rich</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>locus, ī</b>, m. (pl., <b>locī</b> and <b>loca</b>), <i>a place,
+spot</i>; <i>locality, region</i>; <i>position, station, post</i>;
+<i>room, opportunity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>longē</b> [<b>longus</b>], adv., <i>a long way</i> or <i>distance,
+at a distance</i>; <i>far, by far</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">175a</span>
+<p><b>longinquus</b> [<b>longus</b>], adj., <i>remote, distant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>longus</b>, adj., <i>long</i>; <i>distant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_loquor" id = "vocab_loquor"><b>loquor, ī, locūtus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to speak, talk, say</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adloquor, ī, locūtus sum</b>, <i>to speak to,
+address</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;conloquor, ī, locūtus sum</b>, <i>to talk with,
+converse, confer</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>lōrīca, ae</b> [<b>lōrum</b>], f., <i>a corselet</i> of leather,
+<i>coat of mail</i>; <b>squāmārum lōrīca</b>, <i>armor-like covering of
+scales</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lōrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a leather thong</i> or <i>strap</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lūcius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lucrētia, ae</b>, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman
+matron of the olden time.</p>
+
+<p><b>luctor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wrestle, struggle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūctus, ūs</b> [<b>lūgeō</b>], m., <i>grief, sorrow,
+mourning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lūcullus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Licinius</i>, born about 110 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, consul 74; conducted the war against
+Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself to a life of luxury,
+dying in 57 or&nbsp;56.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a sacred grove, grove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūdibrium, ī</b> [<b>lūdus</b>], n., <i>laughing-stock, jest</i>;
+<i>mockery, derision</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūdicer, cra, crum</b> [<b>lūdus</b>], adj., <i>playful,
+sportive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūdus, ī</b>, m., <i>play, sport</i>; <i>a game</i>, esp.
+(in&nbsp;pl.) <i>the public games</i>, consisting of chariot races,
+gladiatorial combats, and theatrical performances.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus</b>, <i>to grieve</i>; <i>grieve for,
+mourn, lament</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūgubris, e</b> [<b>lūgeō</b>], adj., <i>mournful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūmen, inis</b> [cf. <b>lux</b>], n., <i>light</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūna, ae</b> [cf. <b>lūx</b>], f., <i>the moon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lupa, ae</b>, f., <i>a she-wolf</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūstrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to purify, cleanse</i>; <i>to
+review, inspect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūx, lūcis</b>, f., <i>light, daylight, day</i>; <b>prīmā
+lūce</b>, <i>at dawn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūxuria, ae</b> [<b>lūxus</b>], f., <i>luxury, excess</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">175b</span>
+<p><b>lūxus, ūs</b>, m., <i>excess, luxury, self-indulgence</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_M" id = "vocab_M" href = "#vocab">M</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Macedō, onis</b>, m., <i>a Macedonian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Macedonia, ae</b>, f., <i>Macedonia</i>, an extensive country
+north of Greece. Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks.
+Under Alexander the Great it became the chief power of the ancient
+world.</p>
+
+<p><b>māchina, ae</b>, f., <i>machine</i> or <i>engine of war</i>; <i>a
+contrivance, trick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mactō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to offer as sacrifice, kill,
+slaughter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mactus</b>, adj., <i>worshiped, glorified</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maecēnās, ātis</b>, m., <i>C. Cilnius</i>, the close friend of
+Augustus and his chief adviser in civil affairs.</p>
+
+<p><b>maestus</b>, adj., <i>sad, gloomy, mournful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_magis" id = "vocab_magis"><b>magis</b></a>, comp.,
+adv., <i>in a greater degree</i>; <i>more, rather</i>; sup.
+<b>māximē</b> [<b>māximus</b>], <i>in the highest degree,
+particularly</i>; <i>exceedingly, very</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_magister" id = "vocab_magister"><b>magister,
+trī</b></a>, m., <i>master, chief</i>; <i>teacher</i>; <b>magister
+equitum</b>, <i>Master of the Horse</i>, an officer appointed by a
+dictator as his lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had
+especial command of the cavalry.</p>
+
+<p><b>magistrātus, ūs</b> [<b>magister</b>], m., <i>civil office,
+magistracy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māgnificē</b> [<b>māgnificus</b>], adv., in good sense,
+<i>grandly</i>; in bad sense, <i>in lordly fashion, haughtily,
+proudly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māgnificentia, ae</b> [<b>māgnificus</b>], f., <i>splendor,
+grandeur</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māgnificus</b> [<b>māgnus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>splendid,
+magnificent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māgnitūdō, inis</b> [<b>māgnus</b>], f., <i>greatness,
+size</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_magnus" id = "vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>, comp.
+<b>māior</b>, sup. <b>māximus</b>, adj., <i>great, large</i>;
+<b>māior</b> or <b>māximus</b> (sc.&nbsp;<b>nātū</b>), <i>elder,
+eldest</i>. As noun, <b>Māgnus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Great</i>, cognomen
+<span class = "pagenum">176a</span>
+of Pompey; <b>māiōrēs</b> (sc. <b>nātū</b>), pl. m.,
+<i>ancestors</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maharbal, alis</b>, m., <i>a Carthaginian general</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māiestās, ātis</b> [cf. <b>māior</b>], f., <i>greatness,
+dignity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māior, māius</b>, gen. <b>māiōris</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>male</b> [<b>malus</b>], comp. <b>pēius</b>, sup. <b>pessimē</b>,
+adv., <i>badly, ill, unsuccessfully</i>; <i>feebly, barely,
+scarcely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>maledictum, ī</b> [<b>male</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], n., <i>a
+curse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mālō, mālle, māluī</b> [<b>magis</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>], <i>to
+prefer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_malus" id = "vocab_malus"><b>malus</b></a>, comp.
+<b>pēior</b>, sup. <b>pessimus</b>, adj., <i>bad, wicked</i>; <i>evil,
+unfortunate</i>. As noun, <b>malum, ī</b>, n., <i>evil, misfortune,
+trouble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Māmurius, ī</b>, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.</p>
+
+<p><b>mandātum, ī</b> [<b>mandō</b>], n., <i>an order, command</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_mando" id = "vocab_mando"><b>mandō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>manus</b> + <b>dō</b>], <i>to hand over, commit,
+entrust</i>; <i>order, command</i>; <b>lītterīs mandāre</b>, <i>to
+write</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;commendō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to commit, entrust</i>;
+<i>assist, defend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māne</b>, adv., <i>early in the morning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_maneo" id = "vocab_maneo"><b>maneō, ēre, mānsī,
+mānsūrus</b></a>, <i>to remain, stay, tarry</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;remaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus</b>, <i>to stay behind,
+remain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_manes" id = "vocab_manes"><b>Mānēs, ium</b></a>, pl.
+m., <i>the deified spirits of the dead</i>, to whom sacrifice was
+regularly made.</p>
+
+<p><b>manifēstus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>*fendō</b>], adj., <i>clear,
+manifest, evident</i>; <i>exposed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manipulus, ī</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>*pleō</b>] m., <i>a company of
+soldiers, maniple</i> (one third of a cohort). The standard of the
+maniple orig. bore (it&nbsp;is said) a&nbsp;<i>handful</i> of hay.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mānius, ī</b>, m., abbreviated <b>M’.</b>, a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">176b</span>
+<p><b>Mānliānus</b>, adj., <i>Manlian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mānlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href =
+"#vocab_torquatus"><b>Torquātus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mānō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to flow, trickle</i>; <i>to
+flow</i> or <i>stream abroad, spread</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mānsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>mānsuētus</b>, <i>tame</i>], f.,
+<i>mildness, gentleness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manubiae, ārum</b> [<b>manus</b>], pl. f., <i>prize-money, booty,
+plunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>mittō</b>],
+<i>to set free, emancipate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manus, ūs</b>, f., <i>hand, arm</i>; <b>ferreae manūs</b>,
+<i>grappling irons</i> (see <a href =
+"#vocab_corvus"><b>corvus</b></a>); <i>force, strength, prowess</i>;
+<i>band, troop</i>; <b>manūs cōnserere</b>, <i>to join battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mārcus, ī</b>, m., a common praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mārcius, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_ancus"><b>Ancus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mare, is</b>, n., <i>the sea</i>; <b>Mare Superum</b>, <i>the
+Upper</i> or <i>Adriatic Sea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>margarīta, ae</b>, f., <i>a pearl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>maritimus</b> [<b>mare</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to the sea, sea,
+maritime</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>marītus, ī</b>, m., <i>husband</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Marius, ī</b>, m., <i>C.</i>, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; conquered Jugurtha, 106; was
+seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri in 101; died
+in&nbsp;86.</p>
+
+<p><b>marmor, oris</b>, n., <i>marble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>marmoreus</b> [<b>marmor</b>], adj., <i>marble, of marble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mārs, Mārtis</b>, m., <i>Mars</i>, the Roman god of war; <i>war,
+battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mārtius</b> [<b>Mārs</b>], adj., <i>of March</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Masinissa, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus
+Maior, in Africa, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 202. He reigned
+till 148.</p>
+
+<p><b>Massīva, ae</b>, m., nephew of Masinissa.</p>
+
+<p><b>māter, mātris</b>, f., <i>mother</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māternus</b> [<b>māter</b>], adj., <i>of a mother, mother’s</i>;
+<i>maternal, on the mother’s side</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mātrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>māter</b>], n., <i>marriage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mātrōna, ae</b> [<b>māter</b>], f., <i>a married woman, wife,
+matron</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">177a</span>
+<p><b>Maurī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Moors</i>, inhabitants of Mauretania,
+the modern Morocco.</p>
+
+<p><b>māximē</b> [<b>māximus</b>], adv., see <a href =
+"#vocab_magis"><b>magis</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māximus</b>, adj., see <a href =
+"#vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_maximus" id = "vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus, ī</b></a>,
+m., a Roman cognomen.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus</i>, consul 343 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Q. Fabius Māximus</i>, a famous general opposed to Hannibal,
+surnamed <i>Cunctātor</i>, from his caution. He was five times consul,
+and died in 203.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>medicāmentum, ī</b> [<b>medicō</b>, <i>to heal</i>], n., <i>drug,
+potion</i>; <i>antidote, cure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>medicus, ī</b> [<b>medeor</b>, <i>to heal</i>], m., <i>a
+physician, surgeon, doctor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meditor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to reflect upon, consider</i>;
+<i>plan, devise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>medius</b>, adj., <i>in the middle, middle, midst of</i>. As noun,
+<b>medium, ī</b>, n., <i>the middle, midst, intervening space</i>; <b>in
+mediō</b>, <i>in the midst of, between</i>; <b>in medium prōferre</b>,
+<i>to bring out, produce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>melior, ius</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b>, adj., see <a href =
+"#vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>melius</b>, adv., see <a href = "#vocab_bene"><b>bene</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Memmius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Memmius Gemellus</i>, an
+opponent of Julius Caesar.</p>
+
+<p><b>memorābilis, e</b> [<b>memorō</b>], adj., <i>worth telling,
+remarkable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>memoria, ae</b> [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], f., <i>memory</i>;
+<i>record, account</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>memorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], <i>to
+bring to mind, relate</i>; <i>say, tell</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mēns, mentis</b>, f., <i>the mind, intellectual faculties</i>;
+<i>thought, purpose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mēnsa, ae</b>, f., <i>table</i>; <i>course</i> (at dinner).</p>
+
+<p><b>mēnsis, is</b>, m., <i>a month</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mentiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>mention</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mercor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>merx</b>], <i>to buy,
+purchase</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mereō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to earn, deserve, merit</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">177b</span>
+<p><b>mergō, ere, mersī, mersus</b>, <i>to dip, plunge in</i>;
+<i>sink</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meritō</b> [<b>meritum</b>, <i>desert</i>], adv., <i>deservedly,
+justly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>merx, mercis</b>, f., <i>goods, wares, merchandise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_metellus" id = "vocab_metellus"><b>Metellus,
+ī</b></a>, m., a Roman cognomen.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>L. Caecilius Metellus</i>, one of the young nobles who, after
+the battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus</i>, called <i>Numidicus</i>, because of
+the success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded
+by Marius.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius</i>, consul <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 80. He fought against Sertorius.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>mētor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to measure off, mark out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mettius, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_fufetius"><b>Fūfetius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>metus, ūs</b>, m., <i>fear, dread, terror</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meus</b>, adj., <i>my, mine</i>. As noun, <b>meī, meōrum</b>, pl.
+m., <i>my friends, my followers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mī</b>, vocative sing. of <b>meus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>micō, āre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to quiver, flash, gleam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_migro" id = "vocab_migro"><b>migrō, āre, āvī,
+ātum</b></a>, <i>to remove, migrate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;commigrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to change one’s home,
+move, migrate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;remigrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to journey</i> (back),
+<i>return</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>mīles, itis</b>, m., <i>a soldier, fellow-soldier</i>; as
+collective noun, <i>soldiery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mīlētus, ī</b>, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīlitāris, e</b> [<b>mīles</b>], adj., <i>soldierly, military</i>;
+<b>rēs mīlitāris</b>, <i>the art of war, military tactics</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīlitia, ae</b> [<b>mīles</b>], f., <i>military service, war</i>;
+<b>mīlitiae</b>, loc., <i>in the field, abroad</i>, opposed to
+<b>domī</b>, <i>at home</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to be a soldier, serve in war,
+fight</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">178a</span>
+<p><b>mīlle</b>, indecl. adj., <i>a thousand</i>; as noun, <b>mīlia</b>,
+pl. n., <i>thousands</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīlliēs</b> [<b>mīlle</b>], adv., <i>a thousand times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīmus, ī</b>, m., <i>farce, comedy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minimē</b> [<b>minimus</b>], adv., see <a href =
+"#vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minister, trī</b>, m., <i>attendant, servant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>minor</b>], <i>to
+threaten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minor, us</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_parvus"><b>parvus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to threaten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Minucius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Minucius Rūfus, magister equitum</i>
+under Q.&nbsp;Fabius Maximus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Minturnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a town between Campania and
+Latium.</p>
+
+<p><b>minuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>minus</b>], <i>to diminish,
+lessen</i>; <i>weaken</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minus</b>, adv., see <a href =
+"#vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīrābilis, e</b> [<b>mīror</b>], adj., <i>wonderful, strange,
+amazing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīrāculum, ī</b> [<b>mīror</b>], n., <i>a wonder, marvel,
+miracle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīrificus</b> [<b>mīrus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj.,
+<i>wonderful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wonder, marvel at</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīrus</b>, adj., <i>wonderful, marvelous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>miser, era, erum</b>, adj., <i>wretched, unfortunate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>misericordia, ae</b> [<b>misericors</b>], f., <i>pity, compassion,
+mercy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>misericors, cordis</b> [<b>misereō</b>, <i>to pity</i> +
+<b>cor</b>, <i>heart</i>], adj., <i>tender-hearted, merciful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>missiō, ōnis</b> [<b>mittō</b>], f., <i>release from service,
+discharge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mithridātēs</b>, is, m., surnamed <i>the Great</i>, king of
+Pontus, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 120-63.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mithridāticus</b>, adj., <i>Mithridatic</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mītigō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>mītis</b> + <b>agō</b>], <i>to make
+gentle, soften, civilize</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mītis, e</b>, adj., <i>mild, gentle, kind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_mitto" id = "vocab_mitto"><b>mittō, ere, mīsī,
+missus</b></a>, <i>send, despatch, dismiss</i>; <i>throw, hurl,
+shoot</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send away, let go,
+lose</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">178b</span>
+<p><b>ad&mdash;admittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to admit,
+receive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;committō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or
+<i>bring together, join</i>; <i>entrust, commit, bring</i> (it)
+<i>about, cause, allow</i>; <b>pūgnam</b> or <b>proelium committere</b>,
+<i>to begin battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or <i>let
+down, cast down, let fall</i>; <i>put</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> (away),
+<i>dismiss</i>; <i>give up, abandon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send forth</i> or
+<i>out</i>; <i>hurl, cast</i>; <i>utter</i>; <i>let loose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;immittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send in, admit</i>;
+<i>send, hurl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;omittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to lay aside</i>;
+<i>neglect, omit</i>; <i>pass over, say nothing of</i>; <i>lose sight
+of, let slip</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;permittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to let pass</i>;
+<i>permit, allow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to put forward</i>;
+<i>promise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;remittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send back</i>;
+<i>yield, give up</i>; <i>remit, grant exemption from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re + prō&mdash;reprōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to promise in
+return</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;submittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or
+<i>let down</i>; <i>let grow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or
+<i>put across</i>, <i>make to cross</i>; <i>despatch</i>; intrans.,
+<i>to go across, cross</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Mitylēnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the
+Aegean Sea.</p>
+
+<p><b>moderātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>moderor</b>, <i>to set bounds to</i>], f.,
+<i>self-control, moderation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>moderātus</b> [<b>moderor</b>, <i>to check</i>], adj., <i>within
+bounds, moderate, merciful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>modicus</b> [<b>modus</b>], adj., <i>moderate, modest</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">179a</span>
+<p><b>modius, ī</b> [<b>modus</b>], m., <i>a measure</i>; <i>a
+peck</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>modo</b> [<b>modus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>; <i>just now,
+lately</i>; <b>modo .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. modo</b>, <i>at one time
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. at another, now .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. now</i>; <b>nōn; modo
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed etiam</b>, <i>not only .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. but
+also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>modus, ī</b>, m., <i>measure, limit, end</i>; <i>way, manner</i>;
+<i>measure, strains</i> (of&nbsp;music).</p>
+
+<p><b>moenia, ium</b>, pl. n., <i>defensive walls, city walls,
+fortifications</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōlēs, is</b>, f., <i>mass, weight, bulk</i>; <i>massive
+structure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>molestē</b> [<b>molestus</b>], adv., <i>with difficulty</i> or
+<i>vexation</i>; <b>aegrē</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to take amiss,
+be vexed</i>&nbsp;(at).</p>
+
+<p><b>molestia, ae</b> [<b>molestus</b>], f., <i>trouble, annoyance,
+burden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>molestus</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>], adj., <i>troublesome, annoying,
+vexatious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōlior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>], <i>to struggle,
+toil</i>; <i>undertake, attempt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mollis, e</b>, adj., <i>soft, tender</i>; <i>effeminate,
+unmanly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>molliter</b> [<b>mollis</b>], adv., <i>effeminately,
+luxuriously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Molō, ōnis</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōmentum, ī</b> [<b>moveō</b>], n., <i>movement</i>; <i>cause,
+circumstance</i>; (sc.&nbsp;<b>temporis</b>), <i>moment,
+instant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_moneo" id = "vocab_moneo"><b>moneō, ēre, uī,
+itus</b></a>, <i>to remind, admonish</i>; <i>advise, warn</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;admoneō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to remind, admonish,
+warn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>monitus, ūs</b> [<b>moneō</b>], m., <i>warning, counsel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōns, montis</b>, m., <i>a mountain, height, hill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōnstrum, ī</b> [<b>moneō</b>], n., <i>a warning, omen</i>;
+<i>strange being, monster</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mora, ae</b>, f., <i>delay, policy of delay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>morbus, ī</b>, m., <i>sickness, disease</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>morior, morī, mortuus sum</b>, <i>to die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_moror" id = "vocab_moror"><b>moror, ārī, ātus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to delay, linger, tarry</i>; with acc., <i>to hinder,
+impede</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">179b</span>
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēmoror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to linger, tarry,
+remain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mors, mortis</b>, f., <i>death</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>morsus, ūs</b> [<b>mordeō</b>, <i>to bite</i>], m., <i>bite</i>;
+<i>pain, sting, agony</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mortālis, e</b> [<b>mors</b>], adj., <i>mortal, human</i>; as
+noun, <i>mortālis, is</i>, m., <i>a man, mortal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mortuus</b> [part. of <b>morior</b>], adj., <i>dead</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōs, mōris</b>, m., <i>a habit, custom</i>; <i>manner,
+fashion</i>; pl., <i>customs, character</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mōtus, ūs</b> [<b>moveō</b>], m., <i>movement, agitation, tumult,
+insurrection</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_moveo" id = "vocab_moveo"><b>moveō, ēre, mōvī,
+mōtus</b></a>, <i>to stir, move, remove</i>; <i>affect, arouse</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;āmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to take away,
+remove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;admoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move towards</i>;
+<i>bring near</i>; <i>offer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move
+thoroughly</i>; <i>agitate, excite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;permoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move deeply,
+excite, influence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move forward,
+promote, advance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to thrust aside,
+remove, dislodge</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>mox</b>, adv., <i>soon, presently</i>; <i>thereupon, next</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mūcrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>sword-point, sword</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>muliebriter</b> [<b>muliebris</b>, <i>womanish</i>], adv., <i>like
+a woman, in womanish fashion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mulier, ieris</b>, f., <i>a woman, wife</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>muliercula, ae</b> [dim. of <b>mulier</b>], f., a (little, i.e.)
+<i>young woman, girl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mūliō, ōnis</b> [<b>mūlus</b>, <i>a mule</i>], m., <i>a
+mule-driver</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>multa, ae</b>, f., <i>a fine, penalty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>multiplex, icis</b> [<b>multus</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to
+fold</i>], adj., <i>manifold, many</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>multitūdō, inis</b> [<b>multus</b>], f., <i>a multitude,
+throng</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>multō</b> [<b>multus</b>], adv., <i>by far, much</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">180a</span>
+<p><b>multō, āre<ins class = "correction" title = ", invisible">,
+</ins>āvī, ātus</b> [<b>multa</b>], <i>to fine, punish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>multum</b> [<b>multus</b>], adv., <i>much</i>; <i>greatly,
+severely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_multus" id = "vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>, comp.
+<b>plūs</b>, sup. <b>plūrimus</b>, adj., <i>much, many a</i>; in pl.,
+<i>many</i>; <b>plūrēs</b>, <i>several</i>; often used as noun in all
+three degrees.</p>
+
+<p><b>munditia, ae</b> [<b>mundus</b>, <i>neat</i>], f., <i>neatness,
+elegance, niceness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_munio" id = "vocab_munio"><b>mūniō, īre, īvī (iī),
+ītus</b></a>, <i>to fortify, protect</i>; <i>open up, build</i>
+(a&nbsp;road).</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;commūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to fortify strongly,
+intrench</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>service</i>; <i>present, gift</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>muraena, ae</b>, f., <i>an eel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mūrus, ī</b>, m., <i>city wall, wall</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mūsae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Muses</i>, the goddesses of the
+liberal arts, esp. music and poetry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mutina, ae</b>, f., <i>Mutina</i> (now Modena), a city in
+Cisalpine Gaul, south of the&nbsp;Po.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mutinēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Mutina</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_muto" id = "vocab_muto"><b>mūtō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to change, alter</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;commūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to alter, change</i>;
+<i>exchange</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;permūtō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b>, <i>to change throughout,
+exchange, interchange</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>mūtuus</b> [<b>mūtō</b>], adj., <i>mutual</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_N" id = "vocab_N" href = "#vocab">N</a></p>
+
+<p><b>nam</b>, conj. (1) causal, <i>for, because, inasmuch as</i>;
+(2)&nbsp;explanatory, <i>you know, indeed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nancīscor, ī, nactus sum</b>, <i>to get</i> (by accident),
+<i>happen upon, find, meet with</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nārrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to narrate, tell</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāscor, ī, nātus sum</b>, <i>to be born</i>; <i>spring from,
+arise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nasica" id = "vocab_nasica"><b>Nāsīca, ae</b></a>,
+m., cognomen of <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō</i>, opponent of
+Tiberius Gracchus.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">180b</span>
+<p><b>nāsus, ī</b>, m., <i>the nose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], f., <i>birth, race</i>; <i>tribe,
+nation, people</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nātūra, ae</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], f., <i>nature, character,
+disposition</i>; personified, <i>Nature</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>nāscor</b>], adj., lit. <i>born</i>;
+with <b>annōs</b>, <i>old</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(<b>nātus, ūs</b>) [<b>nāscor</b>], m., <i>birth, age</i> (found only
+in abl. sing.).</p>
+
+<p><b>naufragium, ī</b> [<b>nāvis</b> + <b>frangō</b>], n.,
+<i>shipwreck</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāvālis, e</b> [<b>nāvis</b>], adj., <i>naval</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāvicula, ae</b> [dim. of <b>nāvis</b>], f., <i>a small vessel,
+boat, skiff</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāvigātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāvigō</b>, <i>to sail</i>], f.,
+<i>voyage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāvigium, ī</b> [<b>nāvigō</b>, <i>to sail</i>], n., <i>ship,
+boat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāvis, is</b>, f., <i>a ship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nāvius, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_attus"><b>Attus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_navo" id = "vocab_navo"><b>nāvō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>(g)nāvus</b>, <i>busy</i>], <i>to do with zeal</i>;
+<b>operam nāvāre</b>, <i>to render vigorous aid, act with vigor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ne" id = "vocab_ne"><b>nē</b></a>, (1) adv.,
+<i>not</i>; <b>nē . . . quidem</b>, <i>not even, not at all</i>;
+(2)&nbsp;conj., <i>in order that not, not to, for fear that,
+lest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ne</b>, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions,
+and then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2)&nbsp;as
+conj. with indirect questions, <i>whether</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nebulō, ōnis</b> [<b>nebula</b>, <i>mist</i>], m., <i>a worthless
+fellow, good-for-naught, scamp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nec</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_neque"><b>neque</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>necessārius</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], adj.,
+<i>necessary, indispensable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>necessitās, ātis</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], f.,
+<i>necessity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>necō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nex</b>], <i>to kill, slay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nefārius</b> [<b>nefās</b>, <i>a crime</i>], adj., <i>wicked,
+impious, nefarious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nefastus" id = "vocab_nefastus"><b>nefāstus</b></a>
+[<b>nefās</b>, <i>a crime</i>], adj., <i>unhallowed</i>; <b>diēs
+nefāstus</b>, a&nbsp;day on
+<span class = "pagenum">181a</span>
+which no public business could be transacted.</p>
+
+<p><b>neglegēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>neglegō</b>], adj.,
+<i>heedless, careless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>neglegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b> [<b>nec</b> + <b>legō</b>], <i>to
+disregard, despise, neglect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nego" id = "vocab_nego"><b>negō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to say no</i>; <i>deny, refuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēnegō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to say no, deny</i>;
+<i>refuse, reject</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nēmō</b>, gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, dat. <b>nēminī</b>, acc.
+<b>nēminem</b>, abl. <b>nūllō</b>; pl. not found [<b>nē</b> +
+<b>homō</b>], m. and f., <i>no one, nobody</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nemus, oris</b>, n., <i>a grove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nepōs, ōtis</b>, m., <i>grandson, descendant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>neptis, is</b>, f., <i>granddaughter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_neque" id = "vocab_neque"><b>neque</b></a> or
+<b>nec</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>que</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and not, but
+not, nor, nor yet</i>; <b>neque</b> or <b>nec .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. neque</b>
+or <b>nec</b>, <i>neither .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. nor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nequeō, īre, īvī, &mdash;</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>queō</b>, <i>to be
+able</i>], <i>to be unable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nē . . . quidem</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ne"><b>nē</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nesciō, īre, īvī (iī), &mdash;</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>sciō</b>],
+<i>not know, to be ignorant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>neuter, tra, trum</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>uter</b>], adj.,
+<i>neither</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nex, necis</b>, f., <i>death</i>; <i>murder, slaughter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nī</b>, conj., <i>if not, unless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niger, gra, grum</b>, adj., <i>black</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nihil</b> or <b>nīl</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>hīlum</b>, <i>a
+trifle</i>], n. indecl., <i>nothing</i>; acc. often as adv., <i>in no
+wise, not at all, not</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nihilum, ī</b> [older form of <b>nihil</b>], n., <i>nothing</i>;
+abl. <b>nihilō</b>, as adv., <i>not at all</i>; <b>nihilō minus</b>,
+<i>none the less</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nihildum</b> [<b>nihil</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], n. indecl.,
+<i>nothing as yet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nīlus, ī</b>, m., <i>the river Nile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nīmīrum</b>, adv., <i>without doubt, surely, truly,
+plainly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nimium</b> [<b>nimius</b>], adv., <i>excessively</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nimius</b>, adj., <i>beyond measure, excessive, too much, too
+great</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">181b</span>
+<p><b>nisi</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>sī</b>], conj., <i>if not, unless,
+except</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_niteo" id = "vocab_niteo"><b>niteō, ēre, uī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to shine, glitter</i>; <i>be conspicuous,
+flourish</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;ēniteō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to shine forth</i>; <i>be
+distinguished</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nitor" id = "vocab_nitor"><b>nītor, ī, nīsus</b></a>
+or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>lean</i> or <i>rest upon</i>; <i>to exert one’s
+self, strive</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēnītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to strive,
+struggle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;innītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to lean
+upon, support one’s self&nbsp;by</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_no" id = "vocab_no"><b>nō, nāre, nāvī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to swim</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>trāns&mdash;trānō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to swim across</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōbilis, e</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>known, noted, famous</i>;
+<i>high-born, noble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōbilitās, ātis</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], f., <i>fame, renown</i>;
+<i>high birth</i>; <i>the nobility, nobles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōbilitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], <i>to make
+known</i> or <i>famous, glorify, dignify</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>noceo, ēre, uī, itūrus</b>, <i>to hurt, injure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>noctū</b> [abl. of <b>*noctus</b> = <b>nox</b>], adv., <i>by
+night</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>noctua, ae</b> [<b>nox</b>], f., <i>night-owl, owl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nocturnus</b> [<b>nox</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>by night,
+nocturnal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nōla, ae</b>, f., a town of Campania.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, &mdash;</b> [<b>nōn</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>],
+<i>to be unwilling, not wish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōmen, inis</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], n., <i>a name</i>, esp. the
+gentile name; <b>nōmina dare</b> or <b>profitērī</b>, <i>to
+volunteer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōmen</b>], <i>to name,
+designate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōn</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>oenum</b> = <b>ūnum</b>], adv., <i>not,
+not at all</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōnāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ninety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōndum</b> [<b>nōn</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], adv., <i>not
+yet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōnnūllus</b> [<b>nōn</b> + <b>nūllus</b>], adj., <i>some,
+several</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōnnumquam</b> [<b>nōn</b> + <b>numquam</b>], adv., <i>sometimes,
+at times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nosco" id = "vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō, ere, nōvī,
+nōtus</b></a>, <i>to come to know,
+<span class = "pagenum">182a</span>
+become acquainted with</i>; in perf., plup.; and fut. perf., <i>to
+know</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus</b>, <i>to recognize</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōgnōscō, ere, cognōvī, cōgnitus</b>, <i>to learn,
+perceive, understand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īgnōscō, ere, īgnōvī, īgnōtus</b>, <i>to overlook,
+pardon, forgive</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>nota, ae</b> [cf. <b>nōscō</b>], f., <i>a mark, sign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōtus</b> [orig. part. of <b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>well-known,
+familiar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>novācula, ae</b>, f., <i>a razor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>novem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>nine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>novus</b>, adj., <i>new, fresh, young, recent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nox, noctis</b>, f., <i>night</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūbēs, is</b>, f., <i>a cloud</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptum</b>, <i>to veil one’s self, be married,
+wed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nūdus</b>], <i>to strip,
+bare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūdus</b>, adj., <i>naked, lightly clad</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūllus</b>, gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, dat. <b>nūllī</b> [<b>nē</b> +
+<b>ūllus</b>], adj., <i>none, no</i>; as noun, <i>no one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>num</b>, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions
+expecting a negative answer, <i>not so .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. is it?</i>
+(2)&nbsp;in indir. questions, <i>whether,&nbsp;if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numa, ae</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_pompilius"><b>Pompilius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>numerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>numerus</b>], <i>to count out</i>
+(money), <i>pay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>numerus, ī</b>, m., <i>number, quantity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numida, ae</b>, m., <i>a Numidian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numidia, ae</b>, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of
+Carthage; now Algiers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numidicus</b>, adj., <i>Numidian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Numitor, ōris</b>, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of
+Romulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>nummus, ī</b>, m., <i>a piece of money, coin</i>, esp. the
+<b>sēstertius</b>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_sestertius"><b>sēstertius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>numquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>umquam</b>, <i>ever</i>], adv.,
+<i>never</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nunc</b>, adv., <i>at the present moment, now</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">182b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_nuntio" id = "vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>nūntius</b>], <i>to announce, inform, report</i>;
+<i>bid, urge, direct</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to announce, declare,
+proclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to announce,
+declare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;renūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to send</i> or <i>bring
+back word, report, announce</i>; with dat., <i>to refuse,
+decline</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>nūntius, ī</b>, m., <i>a messenger</i>; <i>message
+tidings</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_nuo" id = "vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō, nuere</b></a>, <i>to
+nod</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abnuō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to refuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adnuō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to nod assent to, agree
+to</i>; <i>agree, promise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;innuō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to signal by a nod, hint,
+intimate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;renuō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to nod refusal,
+refuse</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>nūper</b>, adv., <i>lately, recently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nurus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a daughter-in-law</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūsquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>ūsquam</b>], adv., <i>nowhere, in no
+place</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūtō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>*nuō</b>], <i>to nod</i>; of
+an army, <i>to waver, be ready to give way</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nūtrīx, īcis</b> [<b>nūtriō</b>, <i>to nourish</i>], f., <i>a
+nurse</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_O" id = "vocab_O" href = "#vocab">O</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ob</b>, prep. with acc., <i>to, towards</i>; <i>for, on account
+of, by reason of</i>; in composition, <i>towards, against, at,
+before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obiūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to berate, scold</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_oblino" id = "vocab_oblino"><b>oblinō, ere, lēvī,
+litus</b></a> [<b>ob</b> + <b>linō</b>, <i>to smear</i>], <i>to daub,
+smear, defile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oblitus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oblino"><b>oblinō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oblītus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_obliviscor"><b>oblīvīscor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oblīviō, ōnis</b> [cf. <b>oblīvīscor</b>], f.,
+<i>forgetfulness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_obliviscor" id = "vocab_obliviscor"><b>oblīvīscor,
+ī, oblītus sum</b></a>, <i>to forget</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obnoxius</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>noxa</b>, <i>harm</i>], adj.,
+<i>liable to punishment</i>; <i>liable, exposed</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">183a</span>
+<p><b>obruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obses, idis</b>, m., <i>a hostage, surety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obsidiō, ōnis</b> [<b>obsideō</b>], f., <i>a siege</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obstrepō, ere, uī, &mdash;</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>strepō</b>, <i>to
+make a noise</i>], <i>to rail at, roar&nbsp;at</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obstupēscō, ere, stupuī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to become amazed, be
+struck dumb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obtineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obtingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tango"><b>tangō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obtrēctātor, ōris</b> [<b>obtrēctō</b>, <i>to under-rate</i>], m.,
+<i>detractor, traducer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obtruncō, āre, &mdash;, ātus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>truncō</b>, <i>to
+maim</i>; cf. <b>truncus</b>], <i>to lop off</i>; <i>kill, slay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obviam</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>via</b>], adv., <i>across one’s path,
+in the way, towards</i>; <b>obviam īre, prōgredī</b> or <b>venīre</b>,
+<i>to go to meet</i>; <b>obviam esse</b> or <b>fierī</b>, <i>to
+meet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obvius</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>via</b>], adj., <i>in the way,
+meeting</i>; with <b>esse, fierī</b>, or <b>venīre</b>, <i>to
+meet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>obvolvō, ere, ī, volūtus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>volvō</b>, <i>to
+roll</i>], <i>to wrap round, envelop, cover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occāsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>occidō</b>], f., <i>fitting time,
+opportunity, chance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occāsus, ūs</b> [<b>occidō</b>], m., <i>downfall</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_caedo"><b>caedō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occupō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>capiō</b>], <i>to take
+possession of, seize</i>; <i>attack</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>occurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Octāvia, ae</b>, f., <i>sister of Octavianus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Octāviānus, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_augustus"><b>Augustus</b></a> and <a href =
+"#vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>octō</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>eight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>octōgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>eighty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oculus, ī</b>, m., <i>the eye</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>odium, ī</b>, n., <i>hatred, grudge, aversion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>odor, ōris</b>, m., <i>smell, perfume</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>offendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">183b</span>
+<p><b>offēnsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>offendō</b>], adj., <i>vexed,
+displeased, offended</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>offerō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>officiōsus</b> [<b>officium</b>], adj., <i>courteous,
+obliging</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>officium, ī</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>service,
+kindness, favor</i>; <i>duty, office</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōlim</b> [<b>ole</b>, old form of <b>ille</b>], adv.,
+<i>formerly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>omittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>omnīnō</b> [<b>omnis</b>], adv., <i>in all, altogether</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>omnis, e</b>, adj., <i>each, every, all, the whole</i>; <b>omnēs
+ad ūnum</b>, <i>all to a man</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>opera, ae</b> [<b>opus</b>], f., <i>work, labor, pains, aid</i>;
+<b>operam dare</b>, <i>to devote pains to</i>; <b>operam nāvāre</b>, see
+<a href = "#vocab_navo"><b>nāvō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>opifex, ficis</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], m., <i>workman,
+artisan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Opīmius, ī</b>, m., <i>Lūcius</i>, consul 121 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and opponent of C.&nbsp;Gracchus.</p>
+
+<p><b>opīniō, ōnis</b> [<b>opīnor</b>, <i>to think</i>], f., <i>opinion,
+fancy, belief</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oportet, ēre, uit</b>, impers., <i>it is necessary</i> or
+<i>proper, it befits</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oppidum, ī</b>, n., <i>a walled town, city</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oppleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oppōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>opportūnus</b>, adj., <i>fit, suitable, convenient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>opprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oppūgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>oppūgnō</b>], f., <i>assault, attack,
+siege, storming</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oppūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>(ops), opīs</b>, f., <i>aid, help</i>; in pl., <i>power,
+influence</i>; <i>means, wealth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>optimātēs, um</b> or <b>ium</b> [<b>optimus</b>], pl. m., <i>the
+aristocrats, the nobles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>optimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>optiō, ōnis</b> [<b>optō</b>], f., <i>choice, option</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_opto" id = "vocab_opto"><b>optō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to choose, select</i>; <i>wish</i> or <i>pray for,
+desire</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take to one’s self by
+choice, adopt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>opulentus</b> [<b>ops</b>], adj., <i>rich, wealthy</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">184a</span>
+<p><b>opus, eris</b>, n., <i>work, labor</i>; <i>need, necessity</i>;
+<b>opus est</b> with abl., <i>there is need of</i>; <b>māgnō opere</b>,
+<i>greatly</i>; <b>tantō opere</b>, <i>so greatly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrāculum, ī</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], n., <i>an oracle</i>; <i>a
+prophecy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], f., <i>a speech, oration,
+discourse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrātor, ōris</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], m., <i>speaker, pleader,
+ambassador</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>orbis, is</b>, m., <i>ring, circle, orbit</i>; <b>orbis
+terrārum</b> (or&nbsp;<b>orbis</b> alone), <i>the world</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>orbus</b>, adj., <i>bereft</i> (of parents or children),
+<i>parentless, childless</i>. As noun, <b>orbus, ī</b>, m., <i>an
+orphan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ōrdō</b>], <i>to set in order,
+arrange, adjust, regulate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrdior, īrī<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">,
+</ins>ōrsus sum</b>, <i>to begin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrdō, inis</b>, f., <i>row, series, arrangement, order</i>;
+<i>bank</i> or <i>tier of oars</i>; <i>class, rank</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oriēns, entis</b> [part. of <b>orior</b>], m. (sc. <b>sōl</b>),
+<i>the rising sun</i>; <i>the East, Orient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_orior" id = "vocab_orior"><b>orior, īrī, tus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to arise, begin</i>; <i>to spring from, be descended
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;coorior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to arise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exorior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to arise, rise,
+begin</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>oriundus</b> [<b>orior</b>], adj., <i>descended, sprung
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrnāmentum, ī</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], n., <i>preparation</i>;
+<i>decoration, ornament, jewel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrnātus</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], adj., <i>fitted out, equipped</i>; of
+men, <i>distinguished, illustrious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōrnātus, ūs</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], m., <i>dress, fine attire</i>;
+<i>decoration, ornament</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_orno" id = "vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to fit out, equip</i>; <i>adorn, decorate,
+beautify</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to equip, provide</i>;
+<i>adorn, beautify</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to incite secretly,
+bribe</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_oro" id = "vocab_oro"><b>ōrō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to speak, plead, treat</i>; <i>entreat, beseech,
+pray</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">184b</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad<ins class = "correction" title = "dash missing">&mdash;</ins>adōrō,
+āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to supplicate</i>;
+<i>worship, reverence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to speak, plead</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ōs, ōris</b>, n., <i>mouth, face</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_osculor" id = "vocab_osculor"><b>ōsculor, ārī, ātus
+sum</b></a> [<b>ōsculum</b>, <i>a kiss</i>], <i>to kiss</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;deōsculor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to kiss</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ostendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ostentō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>ostendō</b>], <i>to show,
+exhibit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ōstia, ae</b> [<b>ōs</b>], f., <i>Ostia</i>, a town at the Tiber’s
+mouth, the sea-port of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōtiōsē</b> [<b>ōtiōsus</b>], adv., <i>leisurely, idly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōtiōsus</b> [<b>ōtium</b>], adj., <i>at leisure, idle</i>; <i>in
+retirement</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, not in office).</p>
+
+<p><b>ōtium, ī</b>, n., <i>leisure, ease, idleness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ovō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to exult, rejoice</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_P" id = "vocab_P" href = "#vocab">P</a></p>
+
+<p><b>P.</b>, abbreviation of the name <i>Pūblius</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pācātus</b> [<b>pācō</b>, <i>to subdue</i>], adj., <i>pacified,
+subdued, at peace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pacīscor, ī, pactus sum</b>, <i>to agree together, bargain,
+stipulate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>paene</b>, adv., <i>almost, nearly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>paenitet, ēre, uit, &mdash;</b>, impers., <i>it grieves, it
+repents</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>palam</b>, adv., <i>openly, publicly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Palātium, ī</b>, n., <i>the Palatine Hill</i>. Since Augustus had
+his palace there, <b>palātium</b> came to mean <i>palace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pālor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to roam abroad, scatter,
+straggle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>palpebrae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the eyelids</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>palūdāmentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a military cloak, cloak</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pālus, ī</b>, m., <i>a stake, post</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>palūs, ūdis</b>, f., <i>swamp, marsh, pool</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pandō, ere, ī, passus</b>, <i>to spread out, unfold</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>papāver, eris</b>, n., <i>poppy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pār, paris</b>, adj., <i>equal, like, similar</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">185a</span>
+<i>well-matched</i>. As noun, <i>an equal, mate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parābilis, e</b> [<b>parō</b>], adj., <i>easily obtainable,
+readily procured</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parcō, ere, pepercī</b>, and <b>parsī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to
+spare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parcus</b> [<b>parcō</b>], adj., <i>sparing, frugal,
+temperate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parēns, entis</b> [part. of <b>pariō</b>], m. and f., <i>a parent,
+a&nbsp;father</i> or <i>mother</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pareo" id = "vocab_pareo"><b>pāreō, ēre, uī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to appear</i> (esp. in answer to a command),
+<i>obey</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;appāreō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to become visible,
+appear</i>; <i>be plain</i> or <i>evident</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pario" id = "vocab_pario"><b>pariō, ere, peperī,
+partus</b></a>, <i>to give birth to, bring forth, produce</i>;
+<i>acquire, obtain, procure</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;aperiō, īre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to uncover, bare</i>;
+<i>open, disclose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad</b> + <b>op&mdash;adoperiō, īre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to cover,
+veil</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;comperiō, īre, ī, tus</b>, <i>to find out,
+learn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus</b>, <i>to find</i>
+(again), <i>meet with, discover</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>pariter</b> [<b>pār</b>], adv., <i>equally, alike</i>;
+<i>likewise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_paro" id = "vocab_paro"><b>parō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to make ready, prepare</i>; <i>resolve, plan</i>;
+<i>get, acquire</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;comparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to prepare, make ready</i>;
+<i>obtain, procure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parricīdium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b> + <b>caedō</b>], n., <i>murder of
+a father, parricide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pars, partis</b>, f., <i>a part, portion</i>; <i>direction</i>;
+<i>a side, faction, political party</i> (both sing. and&nbsp;pl.); <i>a
+character, role</i> (esp. in&nbsp;pl.).</p>
+
+<p><b>Parthī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Parthians</i>, a people in Asia,
+southeast of the Caspian Sea. In the second century <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> they overran the country to the east of the
+Euphrates. They were brave
+<span class = "pagenum">185b</span>
+warriors and skillful archers, and successfully resisted the Roman
+power.</p>
+
+<p><b>partim</b> [<b>pars</b>], adv., <i>partly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>partior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>pars</b>], <i>to distribute,
+divide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>partus, ūs</b> [<b>pariō</b>], m., <i>a bringing forth, delivery,
+birth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_parum" id = "vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>, adv.,
+<i>too little, not enough</i>; comp. <b>minus</b>, <i>less, by no means,
+not</i>; sup. <b>minimē</b>, <i>least of all, by no means, not at
+all</i>. As noun, <b>parum</b>, indecl. n., <i>too little, not
+enough</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>parvulus</b> [dim. of <b>parvus</b>], adj., <i>very small,
+tiny</i>. As noun, <b>parvulus, ī</b>, m., <i>a small child,
+infant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_parvus" id = "vocab_parvus"><b>parvus</b></a>, adj.,
+<i>little, small</i>; comp. <b>minor</b>, <i>smaller, less</i>;
+<i>younger</i> (sc.&nbsp;<b>nātū</b>); sup. <b>minimus</b>, <i>smallest,
+least</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus</b>, <i>to feed</i>; of animals, <i>to
+graze, browse</i> (esp. in pass. and supine).</p>
+
+<p><b>passim</b> [<b>passus</b>, part. of <b>pandō</b>], adv., <i>in
+every direction, everywhere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pāstor, ōris</b> [<b>pāscō</b>], m., <i>herdsman,
+shepherd</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patefaciō</b> [<b>pateō</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to lay open,
+disclose, bring to light</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pateō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be open</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pater, patris</b>, m., <i>father</i>; pl., <b>patrēs</b> or
+<b>patrēs cōnscrīptī</b>, <i>the senators</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_conscriptus"><b>cōnscrīptus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>paternus</b> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of a father, fatherly,
+father’s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patiēns, entis</b> [<b>patior</b>], adj., <i>able to endure, long
+suffering, patient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patior, ī, passus sum</b>, <i>to suffer, bear, endure</i>;
+<i>experience</i>; <i>allow, permit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patria, ae</b> [<b>pater</b>], f., <i>fatherland, native
+land</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_patricius" id =
+"vocab_patricius"><b>patricius</b></a> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of
+fatherly dignity, patrician, noble</i>. As noun, <b>patriciī, ōrum</b>,
+pl. m., <i>the nobles, patricians</i>, the descendants of the orig.
+settlers of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>patrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>], n., <i>inheritance, patrimony,
+property</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">186a</span>
+<p><b>patrius</b> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of a father,
+father’s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to carry out, perform,
+execute</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>patrōnus, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>], m., <i>defender, patron</i>;
+<i>pleader, advocate, lawyer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>paucus</b>, adj., <i>few, little</i> (chiefly in pl.).</p>
+
+<p><b>paulātim</b> [<b>paulum</b>], adv., <i>little by little, by
+degrees, gradually</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>paulō</b> and <b>paulum</b> [<b>paulus</b>, <i>little</i>], adv.,
+<i>by a little, somewhat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_paulus" id = "vocab_paulus"><b>Paulus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>L. Aemilius</i>, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;In the latter year he fell at
+Cannae, and was hence regarded as a national hero.</p>
+
+<p><b>pauper, eris</b>, adj., <i>poor</i>; <i>scanty, small</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pauperculus</b> [dim. of <b>pauper</b>], adj., <i>quite
+poor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pavidus</b> [<b>paveō</b>, <i>to be afraid</i>], adj.,
+<i>trembling, fearful, frightened</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pavor, ōris</b> [<b>paveō</b>, <i>to be afraid</i>], m.,
+<i>terror, fear, dread</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pāx, pācis</b>, f., <i>peace</i>; <i>treaty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peccātum, ī</b> [<b>peccō</b>], n., <i>an error, fault,
+sin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peccō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to do wrong, act amiss, err,
+sin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pectus, oris</b>, n., <i>breast, bosom, heart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pecūnia, ae</b> [<b>pecus</b>], f., <i>money, property</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pecus, oris</b>, n., <i>cattle, flock, herd</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pedes, itis</b> [<b>pēs</b>], m., <i>a foot-soldier</i>;
+collectively, <i>foot-soldiers, infantry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pello" id = "vocab_pello"><b>pellō, ere, pepulī,
+pulsus</b></a>, <i>to drive out</i> or <i>away, expel</i>; <i>defeat,
+rout</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;</b>(1) <b>appellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive
+towards, steer for, direct</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;</b>(2) <b>appellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call</i>
+(by&nbsp;name), <i>address</i>; <i>appeal to, call upon</i>; <i>name,
+term, mention</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;</b>(1) <b>compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive
+together</i>; <i>force, compel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;</b>(2) <b>compellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to
+address</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">186b</span>
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out</i> or
+<i>away, expel, dislodge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out, expel,
+banish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive, force,
+induce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive forward</i>
+or <i>away</i>; <i>incite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repellō, ere, reppulī, repulsus</b>, <i>to drive back,
+shake off, repulse, reject</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>pendeō, ēre, pependī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to hang, be suspended</i>;
+<i>hang one’s self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pendo" id = "vocab_pendo"><b>pendō, ere, pependī,
+pēnsus</b></a>, <i>to weigh, pay</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expendō, ere, ī, pēnsus</b>, <i>to weigh</i> or <i>pay
+out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;rependō, ere, ī, pēnsus</b>, <i>to pay for, purchase</i>;
+used esp. of buying a thing with its weight in money.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>penitus</b>, adv., <i>inwardly, within</i>; <i>deeply,
+completely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per</b>, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, <i>through, across,
+over, throughout</i>; (2)&nbsp;of time, <i>through, during</i>;
+(3)&nbsp;of means or agency, <i>by means of, by the agency of,
+through</i>; (4)&nbsp;often in adv. phrases, <b>per iocum</b>,
+<i>jokingly</i>, <b>per ōtium</b>, <i>quietly</i>, <b>per
+intervālla</b>, <i>at intervals</i>; in composition, <i>thoroughly,
+very</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peragō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peragrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>ager</b>], <i>to
+wander through, roam over, traverse, scour</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peramoenus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>amoenus</b>, <i>lovely</i>], adj.,
+<i>very lovely, charming</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>percellō, ere, culī, culsus</b>, <i>to smite, strike</i>;
+<i>overturn, upset</i>; <i>dishearten, discourage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_percieo" id = "vocab_percieo"><b>percieō, ciēre,
+cīvī, citus</b></a> [<b>per</b> + <b>cieō</b>, <i>to stir up</i>], <i>to
+arouse thoroughly, excite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>percitus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_percieo"><b>percieō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>percontor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to ask, question</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">187a</span>
+<p><b>percussor, ōris</b> [<b>percutiō</b>], m., <i>murderer,
+assassin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>percutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>peregrīnus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>ager</b>], adj., <i>from foreign
+parts, foreign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perendiē</b>, adv., <i>on the day after tomorrow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perennis, e</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>annus</b>], adj.,
+<i>perennial</i>; <i>perpetual, never-failing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pereo" id = "vocab_pereo"><b>pereō</b></a>, see
+<a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perfidia, ae</b> [<b>perfidus</b>], f., <i>treachery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perfidus</b>, adj., <i>faithless, treacherous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perforō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>forō</b>, <i>to
+bore</i>], <i>to bore through, pierce</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perfruor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fruor"><b>fruor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perfuga, ae</b> [<b>perfugiō</b>], m., <i>a fugitive, deserter,
+refugee</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pergō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perīclitor, āri, ātus sum</b> [<b>perīculum</b>], <i>to try,
+test</i>; intrans., <i>to be in danger, incur risk</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perīculōsus</b> [<b>perīculum</b>], adj., <i>perilous,
+dangerous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perīculum, ī</b>, n., <i>trial</i>; <i>danger, peril</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perītus</b>, adj., <i>experienced, skilled, expert</i>. As noun,
+<b>perītus, ī</b>, m., <i>an expert</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>permittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>permoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>permultus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>multus</b>], adj., <i>very much,
+very many</i>. As noun, <b>permultum, ī</b>, n., <i>a great deal</i>;
+<b>permultī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>very many</i> (persons).</p>
+
+<p><b>permūtō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_muto"><b>mūtō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perniciēs, ēī</b>, f., <i>destruction, ruin, overthrow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perniciōsus</b> [<b>perniciēs</b>], adj., <i>dangerous,
+destructive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oro"><b>ōrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">187b</span>
+<p><b>perpetuō</b> [abl. of <b>perpetuus</b>], adv., <i>continually,
+forever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perpetuus</b>, adj., <i>continuous, uninterrupted</i>; <b>in
+perpetuum</b>, <i>forever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perrumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>persaepe</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>saepe</b>], adv., <i>very
+often</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perscrībō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>persequor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perstringō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_stringo"><b>stringō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>persuādeō</b><ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">,
+</ins>see <a href = "#vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pertaesus</b> [orig. part. of <b>pertaedet</b>, <i>it wearies,
+disgusts</i>], adj., <i>disgusted with, sick&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pertināciter</b> [<b>pertināx</b>, <i>persistent</i>], adv.,
+<i>persistently, stubbornly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pertineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pertrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perturbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>turbō</b>, <i>to
+disturb</i>], <i>to confuse, disturb, upset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>perveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pēs, pedis</b>, m., <i>the foot</i>; <i>a foot</i> (in
+measurements).</p>
+
+<p><b>pessimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_malus"><b>malus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pēstifer, fera, ferum</b> [<b>pēstis</b> + <b>ferō</b>], adj.,
+<i>baneful, destructive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pēstilēns, entis</b> [<b>pēstis</b>], adj., <i>baneful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pēstilentia, ae</b> [<b>pēstilēns</b>], f., <i>pest, plague,
+disease</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pēstis, is</b>, f., <i>plague, pest</i>; <i>curse, bane</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>petītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>petō</b>], f., <i>candidacy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_peto" id = "vocab_peto"><b>petō, ere, īvī (iī),
+ītus</b></a>, <i>to strive for, seek</i>; <i>beg, ask, request</i>;
+<i>assail, attack</i>; intrans., <i>to be a candidate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expetō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to seek, desire,
+crave</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repetō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to seek again, try to get
+back, demand back</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>phalerae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>a metal breastplate</i> (esp. for
+horses), <i>trappings</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pharnacēs, is</b>, m., <i>a son of Mithridates</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pharsālicus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Pharsalus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pharsālus, ī</b>, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar
+defeated Pompey, 48 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Philippī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Macedonia,
+<span class = "pagenum">188a</span>
+near which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony,
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;42.</p>
+
+<p><b>philosophia, ae</b>, f., <i>philosophy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>philosophus, ī</b>, m., <i>a philosopher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Philus, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_furius"><b>Fūrius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pietās, ātis</b> [<b>pius</b>, <i>dutiful</i>], f.,
+<i>conscientiousness, dutiful conduct, devotion, piety</i>; <i>filial
+affection, loyalty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>piget, ēre, uit</b> and <b>itum est</b>, impers., <i>it pains,
+grieves, disgusts</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pīgnus, oris</b>, n., <i>pledge, security</i>; <i>assurance,
+proof</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pilleus, ī</b>, m., <i>a</i> (close-fitting) <i>cap</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pinguis, e</b>, adj., <i>fat, sleek</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pīrāta, ae</b>, m., <i>a sea-robber, pirate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pīrāticus</b> [<b>pīrāta</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>with</i>
+(against) <i>the pirates</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>piscīna, ae</b> [<b>piscis</b>], f., <i>a fish-pond</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>piscis, is</b>, m., <i>a fish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_piso" id = "vocab_piso"><b>Pīsō, ōnis</b></a>, m., a
+cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Cn.</i> (<i>Calpurnius</i>) <i>Pīsō</i>, mentioned in XIII, 64,
+as a type of excessive rigor and severity.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>L. Calpurnius Pīsō Frūgī</i>, consul 133 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>; opponent of C.&nbsp;Gracchus in 121; author of
+a historical work called <i>Annālēs</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Placentia, ae</b>, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_placeo" id = "vocab_placeo"><b>placeō, ēre, uī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to please, be agreeable to</i>; <i>seem best to</i>;
+impers., <b>placet, uit</b> or <b>placitum est</b>, with dat., <i>to be
+resolved&nbsp;by</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dis&mdash;displiceō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to displease</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>placidē</b> [<b>placidus</b>, <i>calm</i>], adv., <i>calmly,
+quietly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plācō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to soothe, appease</i>;
+<i>conciliate, reconcile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plāga, ae</b>, f., <i>a stroke, blow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_plancus" id = "vocab_plancus"><b>Plancus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>C. Plōtius Plancus</i>, proscribed by the Second Triumvirate.</p>
+
+<p><b>plaustrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a wagon, cart</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">188b</span>
+<p><b>plausus, ūs</b> [<b>plaudō</b>, <i>to clap the hands</i>] m.,
+<i>applause, acclamations</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plēbēius</b> [<b>plēbs</b>], adj., <i>plebeian</i>. As noun,
+<b>plēbēī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the plebeians</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_plebs"><b>plēbs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_plebs" id = "vocab_plebs"><b>plēbs, plēbis</b></a>,
+f., <i>the common people, rabble</i>; <i>the plebeians</i>, or the
+population that grew up round the patricians (see <a href =
+"#vocab_patricius"><b>patricius</b></a>) from such causes as the
+settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation of slaves.</p>
+
+<p><b>plectō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to beat, punish</i> (usually
+in pass.).</p>
+
+<p><b>plēnus</b> [cf. <b>*pleō</b>], adj., <i>full, full of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pleo" id = "vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō, plēre, plēvī,
+plētus</b></a>, <i>to fill</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>com&mdash;compleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill</i> (to the
+brim): <i>complete</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill up, fill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;impleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;oppleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill</i>;
+<i>cover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill again, refill,
+fill&nbsp;up</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>plērīque, aeque, aque</b>, adj., <i>very many, most</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Plīnius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Plīnius Secundus</i>, commonly known as
+<i>Pliny the Elder</i>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 23-79. He
+wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called <i>Historia Nātūrālis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Plōtius, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_plancus"><b>Plancus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plumbeus</b> [<b>plumbum</b>], adj., <i>leaden</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plumbum, ī</b>, n., <i>lead</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plūrimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>plūs, plūris</b>, adj., see <a href =
+"#vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>poena, ae</b>, f., <i>compensation, punishment, penalty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Poenī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Phoenicians, Carthaginians</i>
+(see <a href = "#vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p><b>poēta, ae</b>, m., <i>a poet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pōlliō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>Vedius Pōlliō</i>, punished by Augustus
+for cruelty to a slave.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pompēiānus</b>, adj., <i>Pompey’s, Pompeian</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">189a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_pompeius" id = "vocab_pompeius"><b>Pompēius,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>Cn. Pompēius</i>, surnamed <i>Māgnus</i>; born <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 106, he was consul in 70, having fought
+Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the pirates in 67, Mithridates in
+66, and formed the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus in 60. He
+was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus in Thessaly, and soon after
+murdered.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pompilius" id = "vocab_pompilius"><b>Pompilius,
+ī</b></a>, m., <b>Numa Pompilius</b>, second king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pompōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Pompōnius</i>, tribune of the people
+in 362 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Pomptīnus</b>, adj., <i>Pomptine</i>; <b>palūdēs Pomptīnae</b>,
+<i>the Pomptine Marshes</i> in Latium, southeast of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>pondus, eris</b> [<b>pendō</b>,], n., <i>weight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pono" id = "vocab_pono"><b>pōnō, ere, posuī,
+positus</b></a>, <i>to put down, place, set, deposit</i>; <i>serve</i>
+(at&nbsp;meals); <i>spend</i>; <i>set up, build</i>; <b>castra
+pōnere</b>, <i>to pitch a camp</i>; <b>rudīmentum pōnere</b>, <i>to lay
+aside</i> (i.e. get through) <i>the first steps, to learn</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;appōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set before,
+serve</i> (at&nbsp;table).</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;compōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange,
+settle</i>; <i>conclude, finish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to lay down</i> or
+<i>aside, put down</i>; <i>stop</i>; <i>arrange, establish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange, array,
+dispose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set</i> or <i>put
+forth</i>; <i>land, disembark</i>; <i>expose, abandon</i>; <i>relate,
+explain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;impōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to place</i> or
+<i>put upon</i> or <i>in</i>; <b>lēgēs impōnere</b>, <i>to dictate
+terms</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;oppōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put in the way,
+set against, oppose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set over, put
+in charge&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōpōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put</i> or
+<i>set forth</i>; <i>expose&nbsp;to
+<span class = "pagenum">189b</span>
+view, submit</i>; <i>propose, offer</i>; <i>resolve, determine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put back, replace,
+restore</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>pōns, pontis</b>, m., <i>a bridge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ponticulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>pōns</b>], m., <i>a little
+bridge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ponticus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Pontus, Pontic</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pontus, ī</b>, m., <i>Pontus</i>, a country in Asia Minor, south
+of the Black Sea.</p>
+
+<p><b>populāris, is</b> [<b>populus</b>], m., <i>a
+fellow-countryman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>populor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to lay waste, ravage,
+plunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>populus, ī</b>, m., <i>a people, nation</i>; collectively, <i>the
+people, the citizens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Porcia, ae</b>, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see <a href =
+"#vocab_cato"><b>Catō</b></a>), and wife of M.&nbsp;Brutus.</p>
+
+<p><b>porrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Porsena, ae</b>, m., <i>Porsena</i>, a king of Clusium in
+Etruria.</p>
+
+<p><b>porta, ae</b>, f., <i>a city gate, gate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>portendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>porticus, ūs</b> [<b>porta</b>], f., <i>a colonnade, arcade,
+portico</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_porto" id = "vocab_porto"><b>portō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry, bring</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;reportō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bring back</i>; <i>carry
+off or away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>portōrium, ī</b> [<b>portus</b>], n., <i>a tax, duty,
+tariff</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>portus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a harbor, haven</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_posco" id = "vocab_posco"><b>pōscō, ere, popōscī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to ask, demand</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēpōscō, ere, popōscī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to demand
+urgently, claim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expōscō, ere, popōscī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to demand,
+claim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repōscō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to demand</i>
+(back), <i>claim</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Posīdōnius, ī</b>, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with
+Cicero and Pompey.</p>
+
+<p><b>possum, posse, potuī, &mdash;</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>
+<span class = "pagenum">190a</span>
++ <b>sum</b>], <i>to be able, can</i>; <i>have influence, be
+strong</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>post</b>, (1) adv., <i>after, later, afterwards</i>; (2) prep,
+with acc., <i>after, behind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>posteā</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>afterwards</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_posterus" id = "vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a>
+[<b>post</b>], adj., <i>following, next</i>; comp. <b>posterior, us</b>,
+gen. <b>ōris</b>, <i>later</i>; sup. <b>postrēmus</b>, <i>last,
+lowest</i>; <b>in posterum</b>, <i>for the future</i>; <b>ad
+postrēmum</b>, <i>finally</i>; <b>postrēmō</b>, <i>at last, finally</i>.
+As noun, <b>posterī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>descendants,
+posterity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>posthabeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>posthāc</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>hereafter,
+thereafter, in the future</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postīcum, ī</b> [<b>postīcus</b>, <i>in the rear</i>], n., <i>a
+back door</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postis, is</b>, m., <i>a door-post, post</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postquam</b> or <b>post . . . quam</b> [<b>post</b> +
+<b>quam</b>], conj., <i>after, when</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postrēmō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postrēmus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>postrīdiē</b> [<b>posterus</b> + <b>diēs</b>], adv., <i>on the
+following day, next day</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pōstulātum, ī</b> [<b>pōstulō</b>], n., <i>a demand,
+request</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pōstulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to request, demand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>potēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>possum</b>], adj., <i>able,
+mighty, influential</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>potentātus, ūs</b> [<b>potēns</b>], m., <i>power, authority,
+dominion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>potentia, ae</b> [<b>potēns</b>], f., <i>power, might</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>potestās, ātis</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], f., <i>might,
+power</i> (esp. that of a magistrate); <i>dominion, rule</i>;
+<i>opportunity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>potior, īrī, ītus sum</b>, <i>to become master of, obtain,
+acquire, get</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae</b>, prep, with abl., <i>before, in front of</i>; <i>in
+comparison with</i>; in composition, <i>before, very</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeacūtus</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>acūtus</b>, <i>sharp</i>], adj.,
+<i>sharp at the end, pointed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praebeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">190b</span>
+<p><b>praeceptor, ōris</b> [<b>praecipiō</b>], m., <i>teacher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeceptum, ī</b> [<b>praecipiō</b>], n., <i>teaching, maxim,
+rule</i>; <i>command, order</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_caedo"><b>caedō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecinō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cano"><b>canō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecipuē</b> [<b>praecipuus</b>, <i>special</i>], adv.,
+<i>chiefly, principally, especially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeclārē</b> [<b>praeclārus</b>], adv., <i>gloriously,
+excellently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeclārus</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>clārus</b>], adj., <i>very
+bright</i> or <i>brilliant, excellent, distinguished</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praecō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a crier, herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeda, ae</b>, f., <i>booty, spoil, plunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praedicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>praedicō</b>], f., <i>a public
+proclamation, statement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praedicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praedīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praedō, ōnis</b> [<b>praeda</b>], m., <i>one that makes</i>
+(gains) <i>booty, robber</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praefectus, ī</b> [<b>praeficiō</b>, <i>to place in command</i>],
+m., <i>a leader, commander</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeferōx, ōcis</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>ferōx</b>], adj.,
+<i>insolent, full of confidence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praefor, fārī, fātus sum</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>for</b>, <i>to
+speak</i>], <i>to say by way of preface</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praelūceō, ēre, lūxī, &mdash;</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>lūceō</b>,
+<i>to shine</i>], <i>to shine before, light the way before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praemium, ī</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>emō</b>], n., <i>reward,
+prize</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praepōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praesēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>praesum</b>], adj.,
+<i>present, at hand</i>; <i>face to face</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praesidium, ī</b> [<b>praesideō</b>, <i>to defend</i>], n.,
+<i>help, aid, defense</i>; <i>defensive force, garrison</i>; <i>fort,
+post, station</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praestō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praesum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeter</b>, prep, with acc., <i>past, beyond</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">191a</span>
+<i>contrary to, against</i>; <i>besides, except</i>; in composition,
+<i>past, beyond</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praetereā</b> [<b>praeter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in addition
+to this, besides, moreover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praetereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeteritus</b> [orig. part. of <b>praetereō</b>], adj.,
+<i>past</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_praetextus" id =
+"vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a> [orig. part. of
+<b>praetexō</b>, <i>to edge, border</i>], adj., <i>bordered, edged</i>.
+As noun, <b>praetexta, ae</b> (sc.&nbsp;<b>toga</b>), f., <i>the toga
+praetexta</i>, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and
+by free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they
+became of age and assumed the <i>toga virīlis</i>, which was wholly
+white.</p>
+
+<p><b>praetor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>praeitor</b>, from <b>prae</b> +
+(1)&nbsp;<b>eō</b>], m., <i>a leader, commander</i>; among the Romans,
+<i>a praetor</i> or magistrate, whose especial business was the
+administration of justice. After Sulla’s time eight or more were elected
+annually. The praetors often served in command of armies, esp. in the
+provinces, and after acting as judges in Rome, were regularly assigned
+to duty in the provinces with the title of <i>prōpraetor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praetōrius</b> [<b>praetor</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging
+to the general, the general’s</i>; <i>praetorian</i>. As noun,
+<b>praetōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>a man of praetorian rank, an
+ex-praetor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>praeveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prandium, ī</b>, n., <i>lunch</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prātum, ī</b>, n., <i>a field, meadow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prāvus</b>, adj., <i>crooked, wrong</i>; <i>perverse,
+wicked</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_precor" id = "vocab_precor"><b>precor, ārī, ātus
+sum</b></a> [<b>prex</b>], <i>to ask, beg, beseech</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to plead against, plead,
+avert by prayer</i>; <i>decline</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_prehendo" id = "vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō, ere, ī,
+prehēnsus</b></a>, <i>to grasp, seize, catch</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">191b</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;apprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to lay hold of, seize,
+grasp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;comprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to seize, catch,
+arrest</i>; <i>understand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to seize, catch</i>;
+<i>surprise, detect, discover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to hold back,
+check</i>; <i>blame, criticise, reprove</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_premo" id = "vocab_premo"><b>premō, ere, pressī,
+pressus</b></a>, <i>to press</i>; <i>press hard, crush</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;comprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to restrain,
+check, crush</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to press</i> or
+<i>force out</i>; <i>utter, express</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to crush utterly,
+overpower, overwhelm, master</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;reprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to press</i> or
+<i>keep back, check, restrain</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>pretiōsus</b> [<b>pretium</b>], adj., <i>of great value, costly,
+precious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pretium, ī</b>, n., <i>money value, price</i>; <i>money</i>;
+<i>recompense, reward</i>; <b>operae pretium est</b>, <i>it is worth
+while</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prex, precis</b>, f., <i>a prayer, entreaty</i> (chiefly
+in&nbsp;pl.).</p>
+
+<p><b>prīdem</b>, adv., <i>long since, long ago</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīdiē</b> [<b>pri(or)</b> + <b>diē</b>], adv., <i>the day
+before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīmōrēs, um</b> [<b>prīmus</b>], pl. m., <i>first men, chiefs,
+nobles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīmum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīmus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīnceps, ipis</b> [<b>prīmus</b> + <b>capiō</b>], adj., <i>first,
+foremost</i>. As noun, m., <i>leading man, chief, leader</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīncipium, ī</b> [<b>prīnceps</b>], n., <i>beginning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_prior" id = "vocab_prior"><b>prior, us</b></a>, gen.
+<b>priōris</b>, comp. adj., <i>foremost, first, prior</i>; sup.
+<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first, foremost</i>; <b>prīmō, prīmum</b>, <i>at
+first, first</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">192a</span>
+<p><b>Prīscus, ī</b>, m., cognomen of <i>Tarquinius Prīscus</i>, the
+fifth king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>prius</b> [neuter of <b>prior</b>], adv., <i>before, sooner,
+previously, first of all</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>priusquam</b> or <b>prius . . . quam</b> [<b>prius</b> +
+<b>quam</b>], conj., <i>earlier than, before</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīvātim</b> [<b>prīvātus</b>], adv., <i>individually</i>; <i>by
+one’s self, privately</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīvātus</b> [<b>prīvō</b>], adj., <i>personal, private,
+individual</i>. As noun, <b>prīvātus, ī</b>, m., <i>a man in private
+life, a&nbsp;private citizen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīvō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bereave, deprive, rob</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō</b>, prep. with abl., <i>in front of, before</i>; <i>in behalf
+of, for</i>; <i>instead of</i>; <i>in comparison with, in accordance
+with</i>; in composition, <i>forth, for</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō</b>, interj., <i>O! ah! alas! Heavens!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>proavus, ī</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>avus</b>], m.,
+<i>great-grandfather</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_probo" id = "vocab_probo"><b>probō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>probus</b>, <i>good</i>], <i>to test</i> (and find
+good), <i>approve, commend</i>; <i>show, prove</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;approbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to approve fully,
+favor</i>; <i>show, demonstrate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;comprobō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to approve,
+sanction</i>; <i>confirm</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Proca, ae</b>, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and
+Amulius.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>procella, ae</b>, f., <i>a strong wind</i>; <i>storm</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōcēritās, ātis</b> [<b>prōcērus</b>, <i>tall</i>], f.,
+<i>height, tallness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōcōnsul, is</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>in place of</i> +
+<b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>a proconsul, governor of a province</i>. See
+<a href = "#vocab_consul"><b>cōnsul</b></a> (end).</p>
+
+<p><b>procul</b>, adv., <i>in the distance, afar</i>; with abl., <i>far
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Proculus, ī</b>, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus
+appeared to him after his death.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōcumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōcūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curo"><b>cūrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">192b</span>
+<p><b>prōdigium, ī</b>, n., <i>an omen, portent</i>; <i>strange being,
+prodigy, monster</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōdō</b>], f., <i>treason</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōditor, ōris</b> [<b>prōdō</b>], m., <i>a traitor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proelior, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>proelium</b>], <i>to fight, wage
+war</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proelium, ī</b>, n., <i>a battle, combat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profectō</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>factum</b>], adv., <i>indeed, in
+truth, certainly, to be sure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proficīscor, ī, profectus sum</b>, <i>to set out, proceed</i>;
+<i>depart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profiteor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_fateor"><b>fateor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profugus, ī</b> [<b>profugiō</b>], m., <i>a fugitive,
+exile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profundō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>profūsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>profundō</b>], adj., <i>lavish,
+extravagant, profuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōgredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prohibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proinde</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., <i>hence,
+therefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmineō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to project, extend, lean
+out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmissus</b> [orig. part. of <b>prōmittō</b>], adj., <i>hanging
+down, long, flowing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmissum, ī</b> [<b>prōmittō</b>], n., <i>a promise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmptē</b> [<b>prōmptus</b>], adv., <i>quickly, readily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōmptus</b> [<b>prōmō</b>, <i>to put forth</i>], adj.,
+<i>visible, at hand</i>; <i>ready, alert, prompt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pronepōs, ōtis</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>nepōs</b>], m.,
+<i>great-grandson</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōnūntiō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>propāgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to propagate, increase,
+prolong</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_prope" id = "vocab_prope"><b>prope</b></a>, adv.,
+<i>near by</i>; <i>nearly, almost</i> (esp. with numbers): comp.
+<b>propius</b>; sup. <b>proximē</b>, <i>nearest, next</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">193a</span>
+<p><b>prōpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>properō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>properus</b>, <i>quick</i>], <i>to
+speed, hasten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>propinquus</b> [<b>prope</b>], adj., <i>neighboring, near</i>; as
+noun, <i>a relative</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_propior" id = "vocab_propior"><b>propior</b></a>
+[<b>prope</b>], comp. adj., <i>nearer</i>; sup. <b>proximus</b>,
+<i>nearest, next</i>; <i>latest, last</i>; <i>next, following</i>; <b>in
+proximō</b>, <i>near by</i>. As noun, <b>proximī, ōrum</b>, pl. m.,
+<i>bystanders</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōpōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōpositum, ī</b> [<b>prōpōnō</b>], n., <i>plan, purpose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>propriē</b> [<b>proprius</b>], adv., <i>peculiarly,
+especially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proprius</b>, adj., <i>own, one’s own</i>; with gen. or dat.,
+<i>peculiar to, characteristic&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>propter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on account of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōscrībō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōscrīptiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōscrībō</b>], f., <i>a notice of
+sale</i>; <i>proscription, confiscation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsequor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōspectus, ūs</b> [<b>prōspiciō</b>, <i>to look forward</i>], m.,
+<i>view, prospect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsperē</b> [<b>prōsperus</b>], adv., <i>propitiously,
+successfully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsperus</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>spēs</b>], adj., <i>according to
+one’s hopes, favorable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsternō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sterno"><b>sternō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōtendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōtinus</b>, adv., <i>right on, continuously</i>; <i>at once,
+immediately</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōvehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōvincia, ae</b>, f., <i>a province</i> (i.e. a territory outside
+of Italy under Roman government); <i>sphere of operations</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prōvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proximē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prope"><b>prope</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>proximus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_propior"><b>propior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prūdēns, entis</b> [orig. <b>prōvidēns</b>, part.
+<span class = "pagenum">193b</span>
+of <b>prōvideō</b>, <i>to see ahead</i>], adj., <i>fore-seeing,
+skillful, clever, prudent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prūdentia, ae</b> [<b>prūdēns</b>], f., <i>foresight, practical
+wisdom, good sense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>psittacus, ī</b>, m., <i>a parrot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ptolemaeus, ī</b>, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after
+the time of Alexander the Great.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūblicē</b> [<b>pūblicus</b>], adv., <i>in the name of</i>
+(by&nbsp;order&nbsp;of) <i>the state, publicly, officially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūblicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūblicus</b>], <i>to open to the
+public, make public</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūblicus</b> [orig. <b>populicus</b>: cf. <b>populus</b>], adj.,
+<i>belonging to the people</i> (state), <i>public</i>; <i>official</i>.
+As noun, <b>pūblicum, ī</b>, n., <i>the state treasury</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pūblius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>pudor, ōris</b>, m., <i>modesty, shame, hesitancy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>puella, ae</b> [dim. of <b>puer</b>], f., <i>a girl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>puer, puerī</b>, m., <i>a child</i>; <i>boy</i>; <i>slave</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>puerīlis, e</b> [<b>puer</b>], adj., <i>boyish, youthful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pueritia, ae</b> [<b>puer</b>], f., <i>childhood</i>; <i>boyhood,
+youth</i> (extending usually to the 17th year).</p>
+
+<p><b>pugiō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a dagger, dirk</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūgna, ae</b>, f., <i>a combat, fight, battle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūgnāx, ācis</b> [<b>pūgna</b>], adj., <i>fond of fighting,
+combative</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_pugno" id = "vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō, āre, āvī,
+ātum</b></a>, <i>to fight</i>; <i>oppose, resist</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take by storm,
+capture</i>; <i>overpower, prevail upon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;impūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight against, oppose,
+attack</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight against,
+assault, besiege</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;repūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight back, oppose,
+resist</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>pulcher, chra, chrum</b>, adj., <i>beautiful</i>; <i>excellent,
+illustrious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pulcher, chrī</b>, m., <i>P. Claudius</i>, a son of A. Claudius
+Caecus, consul 249 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">194a</span>
+<p><b>pullārius, ī</b> [<b>pullus</b>], m., <i>keeper of the sacred
+chickens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pullus, ī</b>, m., <i>a young animal</i>; <i>chicken</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pulvis, eris</b>, m., <i>dust</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pungō, ere, pupugī, punctus</b>, <i>to strike, prick,
+puncture</i>; <i>sting, torment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pūnicus</b>, adj., <i>Phoenician, Punic</i>; <i>Carthaginian</i>
+(see <a href = "#vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p><b>pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>poena</b>], <i>to punish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūrus</b>, <i>clean</i> +
+<b>agō</b>], <i>to make clean</i>; <i>clear away, excuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_puto" id = "vocab_puto"><b>putō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to cleanse</i> (vines by cutting); <i>consider, think,
+suppose</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>am&mdash;amputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cut all round, cut
+away, lop off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;computō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to sum up, reckon,
+compute</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;disputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to weigh, examine</i>;
+<i>discuss</i>; <i>argue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;reputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think over, reflect on,
+reflect</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Pȳrēnaeus, ī</b> (sc. <b>mōns</b>), m., <i>the Pyrenees</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pyrrhus, ī</b>, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with
+Tarentum, and invaded Italy, 280-275 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_Q" id = "vocab_Q" href = "#vocab">Q</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Q.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Quīntus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quadrāgēsimus</b> [<b>quadrāgintā</b>], num. adj.,
+<i>fortieth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quadrāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>forty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quadrīgae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a <i>four-horse team</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quadringentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quattuor</b> + <b>centum</b>], num.
+adj., <i>four hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_quaero" id = "vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō, ere,
+quaesīvī, quaesītus</b></a>, <i>to seek</i>; <i>ask</i>; <i>get,
+gain</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus</b>, <i>to acquire, get,
+gain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;conquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus</b>, <i>to seek</i> or
+<i>search fo</i>; <i>hunt&nbsp;up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;requīrō, ere, quīsīvī (iī), quīsītus</b>, <i>to seek</i>
+or <i>search for</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">194b</span>
+<p><b>quaesō, ere, īvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to seek</i>; <i>beg,
+pray</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quaestor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>quaesītor</b>; cf. <b>quaerō,
+quaesō</b>], m., <i>quaestor, quartermaster</i>, a&nbsp;name given to
+certain magistrates who had the care of public monies and military
+supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces.</p>
+
+<p><b>quaestūra, ae</b> [<b>quaestor</b>], f., <i>the
+quaestorship</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quālis, e</b>, adj., (1) interrog., <i>of what kind? what sort
+of?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel., <i>of such a kind, such as,&nbsp;as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quāliscumque, quālecumque</b>, adj., <i>of whatsoever kind, of any
+kind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quam</b> [(1) <b>quis</b>], adv., <i>how, how much</i>; after a
+comp., <i>than</i>; with a sup., <i>as possible</i>; <b>quam prīmum</b>,
+<i>as soon as possible</i>; <b>quamdiū</b>, <i>as long as</i>; <b>tam
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. quam</b>, <i>as .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. so, not only
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quamquam</b>, conj., <i>although, even if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quamvīs</b> [<b>quam</b> + <b>vīs</b>, from <b>volō</b>], adv. and
+conj., <i>howevermuch, although</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quandōquidem</b> [<b>quandō</b>, <i>since</i> + <b>quidem</b>],
+conj., <i>since indeed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quantus</b> [<b>quam</b>], adj., (1) interr., <i>how great? how
+much?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel., correl. to <b>tantus</b>, <i>as great
+as,&nbsp;as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quantum</b>, adv., <i>how much? how far?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>quāpropter</b> [(1) <b>quis</b> + <b>propter</b>], adv.;
+(1)&nbsp;interr., <i>why? wherefore?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel., <i>for which
+reason, wherefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quāre</b> [<b>quā</b> + <b>rē</b>], adv., (1) interr., <i>why?</i>
+(2)&nbsp;rel., <i>for which reason, wherefore, therefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quārtāna, ae</b> [<b>quārtus</b>], f. (sc. <b>febris</b>,
+<i>fever</i>), a&nbsp;fever or ague recurring every fourth day.</p>
+
+<p><b>quārtus</b> [<b>quattuor</b>], num. adj., <i>fourth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quasī</b>, adv. and conj., <i>as if, just as if, as though,
+ostensibly</i>; <i>on the ground that</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quater</b>, adv., <i>four times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_quatio" id = "vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō, ere, &mdash;,
+quassus</b></a>, <i>to shake, strike</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">195a</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē<ins class = "correction" title = "dash missing">&mdash;</ins>dēcutiō,
+ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to shake off</i> or <i>down, strike off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;excutiō, ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to shake off, fling
+off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to strike through,
+pierce</i>; <i>smite, strike</i>; <i>kill, slay</i>; <i>overwhelm,
+shock</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>quattuor</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>four</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>que</b>, conj., enclitic, <i>and, and yet, but</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_queror" id = "vocab_queror"><b>queror, ī, questus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to complain</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;conqueror, ī, questus sum</b>, <i>to complain bitterly,
+lament, deplore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>questus, ūs</b> [<b>queror</b>], m., <i>complaint, lament</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>quī, quae, quod</b>, interr. pron., used adjectively,
+<i>which? what? what kind of?</i> See (1)&nbsp;<b>quis</b>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>quī, quae, quod</b>, rel. pron., <i>who, which, what,
+that</i>; <i>whoever, whatever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_qui3" id = "vocab_qui3">(3) <b>quī, quae</b></a>, or
+<b>qua, quod</b>, indef. pron., used adjectively, <i>any, some</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(4) <b>quī</b> [old abl. of (1) <b>quī</b>], adv., <i>how?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>quia</b>, conj., <i>because, since</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque</b>, indef. rel. pron.,
+<i>whoever, whichever, whatever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīdam, quaedam, quiddam</b>, and as adj., <b>quoddam</b>, indef.
+pron., <i>a certain one, somebody</i>; <i>a certain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quidem</b>, adv., <i>indeed, in fact, to be sure</i>; <b>nē
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. quidem</b>, <i>not even, not at all</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quiēs, ētis</b>, f., <i>rest, sleep, quiet, respite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quiētus</b> [orig. part, of <b>quiēscō</b>, <i>to be at rest</i>],
+<i>quiet, peaceful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīn</b> [(4) <b>quī</b> + <b>nē</b>], conj., <i>how not? why
+not</i>; <i>that, that not, but that</i>; <b>quīn et</b> or
+<b>etiam</b>, <i>nay more</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_quintilius" id = "vocab_quintilius"><b>Quīntilius,
+ī</b></a>, m., gentile name of <i>P. Quīntilius Vārus</i>, an officer of
+Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans,
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>&nbsp;9.</p>
+
+<p><b>Quīntīlis, is</b> [<b>Quīntus</b>], m. (sc. <b>mēnsis</b>),
+<span class = "pagenum">195b</span>
+<i>July</i>, the fifth month (counting from March. See <a href =
+"#vocab_december"><b>December</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p><b>quīndecemvir, ī</b> [<b>quīndecem</b>, <i>fifteen</i> +
+<b>vir</b>], m., <i>a member of a board of fifteen men</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīngentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quīnque</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj.,
+<i>five hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīnquāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>fifty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīnque</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>five</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīnquennium, ī</b> [<b>quīnque</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>a
+period of five years</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīnquiēs</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], adv., <i>five times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīntus</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], num. adj., <i>fifth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Quīntus, ī</b>, m., a praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīppe</b>, adv., <i>indeed, as you see, surely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Quirīnālis, is</b> (sc. <b>collis</b>), m., <i>the Quirinal</i>,
+one of the hills of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Quirīnus, ī</b>, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and
+deification.</p>
+
+<p><b>Quirītēs, ium</b> [<b>Curēs</b>], pl. m., orig. <i>the people of
+Cures</i>; later, the name used to denote the Romans in their civil
+capacity, hence: <i>citizens, Romans</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_romanus"><b>Rōmānī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>quis, quid</b>, interr. pron. used substantively, <i>who?
+which? what?</i> See (1)&nbsp;<b>quī</b>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>quis, qua, quid</b>, indef. pron. used substantively, <i>some
+one, any one</i>; <i>something, anything</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_qui3">(3)&nbsp;<b>quī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quisnam, quaenam, quidnam</b> [(1) <b>quis</b> + <b>nam</b>],
+interr. pron., <i>who</i> or <i>what in the world? who? which?
+what?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam</b> and <b>quidpiam</b>, indef.
+pron., <i>some, any, some one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quisquam, quaequam, quicquam</b>, indef. pron., adj. or noun,
+<i>any one, anything, any</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quisque, quaeque, quidque</b> or <b>quodque</b>, indef. pron.,
+noun or adj., <i>each, every, each one, every one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quisquis, quicquid</b>, indef. pron., <i>whoever, whatever, every
+one who, everything which</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quō</b> [<b>quī</b>], adv. and conj. As adv.,
+<span class = "pagenum">196a</span>
+(1)&nbsp;interr., <i>whither</i>? (2) rel., <i>whither</i>; as conj.,
+<i>in order that, that, that thereby</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quōcumque</b>, adv., <i>whithersoever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quod</b>, conj., <i>because, that, in that</i>; <i>as to the fact
+that, so far as</i>; <b>quod sī</b>, <i>but&nbsp;if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quōmodo</b> [(1) <b>quī</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., (1) interr.,
+<i>how?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel., <i>in the manner that,&nbsp;as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quondam</b>, adv., <i>once, formerly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quoniam</b> [<b>quom</b> (= <b>cum</b>, <i>since</i>) +
+<b>iam</b>], conj., <i>since, because, seeing that</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quoque</b>, conj., <i>also, too</i> (placed after the word it
+emphasizes).</p>
+
+<p><b>quōrsum</b> or <b>quōrsus</b> [orig. <b>quōversus</b>; <b>quō</b>
++ <b>vertō</b>], adv., <i>whither?</i></p>
+
+<p><b>quotannīs</b> [<b>quot</b> + <b>annus</b>], adv., <i>each year,
+yearly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quoūsque</b> [<b>quō</b> + <b>ūsque</b>, <i>until</i>], adv.,
+(1)&nbsp;interr., <i>until what time?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel.,
+<i>until</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_R" id = "vocab_R" href = "#vocab">R</a></p>
+
+<p><b>radius, ī</b>, m., <i>a staff, rod</i>; <i>beam, ray</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>radīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>a root</i>; <i>foot, base</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rapīna, ae</b> [<b>rapiō</b>], f., <i>robbery, pillage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rapio" id = "vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō, ere, rapuī,
+raptus</b></a>, <i>to seize</i> and <i>carry off, drag off</i>;
+<i>plunder, destroy</i>; <i>hasten, hurry</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to take away forcibly,
+drag off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to snatch quickly,
+seize</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;corripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to seize, catch
+up</i>; <b>morbō corripī</b>, <i>to fall sick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to tear apart</i>;
+<i>ravage, plunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praeripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to snatch away,
+carry off</i> or <i>away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to fling forth</i>;
+with <b>sē</b>, <i>rush</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>rārō</b> [<b>rārus</b>], adv., <i>seldom, rarely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rārus</b>, adj., <i>thin</i>; <i>scattered, rare</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">196b</span>
+<p><b>ratiō, ōnis</b> [<b>reor</b>], f., <i>reckoning, calculation,
+account</i>; <i>method, plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ratis, is</b>, f., <i>a raft, boat, vessel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re</b> or <b>red</b>, insep. prefix, <i>again, back</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rebellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_bello"><b>bellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>receptus, ūs</b> [<b>recipiō</b>], m., <i>a retreat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recessus, ūs</b> [<b>recēdō</b>], m., <i>nook, corner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reciperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to regain, recover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reconciliō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_concilio"><b>conciliō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_creo"><b>creō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēctē</b> [<b>rēctus</b> (part. of <b>regō</b>), <i>straight,
+right</i>], adv., <i>rightly, duly, well</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recubō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cubo"><b>cubō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to
+decline, refuse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reddō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>redeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>redigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>redimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>redintegrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>red</b> + <b>integer</b>],
+<i>to make whole again, renew</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reditus, ūs</b> [<b>redeō</b>], m., <i>a going</i> (or coming)
+<i>back, return</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>redūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>refellō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>fallō</b>, <i>to
+deceive</i>], <i>to prove false, refute, disprove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>referō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>refoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_foveo"><b>foveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>refringō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_frango"><b>frangō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>refugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgālis, e</b> [<b>rēx</b>], adj., <i>kinglike, royal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgia, ae</b> [<b>rēgius</b>], f. (sc. <b>domus</b>), <i>a
+palace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgīna, ae</b> [<b>rēx</b>], f., <i>a queen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>regiō, ōnis</b> [<b>regō</b>], f., <i>district, region</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgius</b> [<b>rēx</b>], adj., <i>kingly, royal, king’s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>rēgnum</b>], <i>to be king</i>;
+<i>rule, govern</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēgnum, ī</b> [<b>rēx</b>], n., <i>kingly government, sovereignty,
+sway</i>; <i>a kingdom</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rego" id = "vocab_rego"><b>regō, ere, rēxī,
+rēctus</b></a>, <i>to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">197a</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to straighten,
+correct, improve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to guide, steer,
+direct</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ērigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to raise</i> or <i>lift
+up</i>; <i>stir up, arouse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus</b>, <i>to go straight
+on, proceed, hasten</i>; with acc., <i>pursue with vigor, perform</i>;
+<b>partēs pergere</b>, <i>to play the rōle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>por</b> (= <b>prō</b>)<b>&mdash;porrigō, ere, porrēxī,
+porrēctus</b>, <i>to spread</i> or <i>stretch out</i>; <i>hold forth,
+offer, present</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>regredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_regulus" id = "vocab_regulus"><b>Rēgulus, ī</b></a>,
+m., <i>M. Atīlius</i>, consul in 256 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated in Africa and taken prisoner by the
+Carthaginians, 255.</p>
+
+<p><b>rēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>relābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>relēgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>lēgō</b>, <i>to
+send</i>], <i>to send out of the way, remove</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>religiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>sense of duty</i>; <i>religion, devotion
+to the gods</i>; <i>scruple</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>religiōsus</b> [<b>religiō</b>], adj., <i>careful, scrupulous</i>;
+<i>sacred, holy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>religō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>linquō</b>, <i>to
+leave</i>], <i>to leave behind, leave</i>; <i>bequeath</i>; <i>appoint
+by will</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reliquiae, ārum</b> [<b>relinquō</b>], pl. f., <i>remainder,
+remnant, residue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reliquus</b> [cf. <b>relinquō</b>], adj., <i>remaining,
+rest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>remaneō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_maneo"><b>maneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>remedium, ī</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>medeor</b>, <i>to cure</i>], n.,
+<i>a cure, remedy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>remigrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_migro"><b>migrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>remittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>remūneror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>mūnerō</b>, <i>to
+reward</i>], <i>to reward, repay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Remus, ī</b>, m., the brother of Romulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>renovō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>novus</b>], <i>to
+renew, restore, revive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>renūntiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">197b</span>
+<p><b>renuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reor, rērī, ratus sum</b>, <i>to reckon</i>; <i>think,
+suppose</i>; <b>ratus</b>, <i>thinking</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rependō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pendo"><b>pendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repente</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adv., <i>suddenly,
+unexpectedly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repentīnus</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adj., <i>sudden,
+unexpected</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repetō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_peto"><b>petō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reportō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_porto"><b>portō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reprehendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reprōmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cast off, divorce</i>;
+<i>reject, scorn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>repulsa, ae</b> [<b>repellō</b>], f., <i>rejection, repulse</i>;
+<i>a defeat at the polls</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>requīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_res" id = "vocab_res"><b>rēs, reī</b></a>, f.,
+<i>thing, matter</i>; <i>affair, deed, exploit, event</i>;
+<i>circumstance</i>; <i>a story</i>; <i>property, fortune</i>;
+<i>trouble</i>; <b>rēs familiāris</b>, <i>private property</i>; <b>rēs
+pūblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth, state</i>; <b>rēs gestae</b>,
+<i>exploits</i>; <b>rēs repetundae</b>, <i>extortion</i>; <b>rē
+vērā</b>, <i>in reality, in truth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>resecō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_seco"><b>secō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reserō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>sērō</b>, <i>to
+bolt</i>], <i>to unlock, open</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>resīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>resistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>resolvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_solvo"><b>solvō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>respergō, ere, spersī, spersus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>spargō</b>,
+<i>to strew, sprinkle</i>], <i>to besprinkle, bespatter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>respiciō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>respīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>respondeō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>respōnsum, ī</b> [<b>respondeō</b>], n., <i>answer, reply</i>,
+esp. of an oracle; <i>warning</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">198a</span>
+<p><b>rēs pūblica</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_res"><b>rēs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>restinguō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>restituō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>retineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>retrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reus, ī</b>, m., <i>defendant, accused person, prisoner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>revertor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>revīvīscō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>vīvēscō</b>,
+inceptive of <b>vīvō</b>], <i>to come to life again</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>revocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>,</p>
+
+<p><b>rēx, rēgis</b> [cf. <b>regō</b>], m., <i>king, monarch</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rhea" id = "vocab_rhea"><b>Rhēa, ae</b></a>, f.,
+<i>Rhēa</i>, also called <i>Rhēa Silvia</i>, mother of Romulus and
+Remus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rhēnus, ī</b>, m., the river Rhine.</p>
+
+<p><b>rhētor, oris</b>, m., <i>a teacher of oratory, rhetorician</i>;
+<i>orator</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rhodus, ī</b>, f., <i>Rhodes</i>, a large island off the coast of
+Asia Minor, famous for its schools of rhetoric (see <a href =
+"#vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius</b></a>), its colossal statue of
+Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rideo" id = "vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō, ēre, rīsī,
+rīsus</b></a>, <i>to smile, laugh</i>; <i>laugh at, mock</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dērīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus</b>, <i>to laugh at, mock,
+deride</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inrīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus</b>, <i>to jeer at, mock,
+ridicule</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>rigō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to wet, moisten</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rigor, ōris</b>, m., <i>severity, rigor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīpa, ae</b>, f., <i>a bank</i> (of a river).</p>
+
+<p><b>rīsus, ūs</b> [<b>rīdeō</b>], m., <i>laughter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rītē</b> [cf. <b>rītus</b>], adv., <i>with due ceremonies, duly,
+fitly, properly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rītus, ūs</b>, m., <i>religious ceremony, rite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rixa, ae</b>, f., <i>a quarrel</i> (of blows), <i>brawl</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rōbur, oris</b>, n., <i>hard wood, oak</i>; <i>strength, vigor,
+power</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rogo" id = "vocab_rogo"><b>rogō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to ask, inquire</i>; <i>request, implore</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to repeal, annul</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">198b</span>
+<p><b>inter&mdash;interrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to ask,
+question</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to prolong,
+extend</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Rōma, ae</b>, f., <i>Rome</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_romanus" id = "vocab_romanus"><b>Rōmānus</b></a>,
+adj., <i>Roman</i>; as noun, <b>Rōmānus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Roman</i>;
+<b>Rōmānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Romans</i>, the name given to the
+Romans in their military capacity.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rōmulus, ī</b>, m., <i>Romulus</i>, founder and first king of
+Rome, son of Rhea and Mars.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rōscius, ī</b>, m., <i>Sextus Rōscius</i>, defended by Cicero on a
+capital charge.</p>
+
+<p><b>rōstrum, ī</b> [<b>rōdō</b>, <i>to gnaw</i>], n., <i>the beak</i>
+or <i>ram of a ship</i>; pl., <i>the Rostra</i>, or speaker’s platform
+in the Forum (adorned with beaks of captured ships).</p>
+
+<p><b>Rubicō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>the Rubicon</i>, a river in the
+northeastern part of Italy.</p>
+
+<p><b>rudīmentum, ī</b> [<b>rudis</b>], n., <i>first attempt,
+beginning</i>. See <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rudis, e</b>, adj., <i>uncouth, unpolished</i>; <i>ignorant,
+rude</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ruīna, ae</b> [<b>ruō</b>], f., <i>downfall, ruin,
+destruction</i>; pl., <i>a fallen building, ruins</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūmor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a story, report, rumor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_rumpo" id = "vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō, ere, rūpī,
+ruptus</b></a>, <i>to break, destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to destroy</i>;
+<i>seduce, bribe, corrupt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum</b><ins class = "correction"
+title = ", missing">, </ins><i>to break forth</i> or <i>out, burst
+forth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to break through,
+force a way through, get across</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ruo" id = "vocab_ruo"><b>ruō, ere, ī, tus</b></a>,
+<i>to fall</i>; <i>rush, hasten</i>; with acc., <i>to cause to fall,
+overthrow</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;corruō, ere, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fall</i> (in
+battle).</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to tear apart, overthrow,
+destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">199a</span>
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to cast out</i>; <i>dig up,
+destroy utterly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inruō, ēre, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to rush in, make an
+attack</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to overwhelm, hide,
+bury</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>rūpēs, is</b> [<b>rumpō</b>], f., <i>a rock, cliff</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūrsus</b> or <b>rūrsum</b> [orig. <b>revorsus</b>; cf.
+<b>revertō</b>], adv., <i>back</i>; <i>again</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūs, rūris</b>, n., <i>the country</i>; pl., <i>the fields</i>;
+<b>rūrī</b>, <i>in the country</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūsticor, āri, ātus sum</b> [<b>rūs</b>], <i>to live in the
+country</i>; <i>take a vacation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūsticus</b> [<b>rūs</b>], adj., <i>rural, rustic</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_S" id = "vocab_S" href = "#vocab">S</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Sabīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Sabines</i>, a race in central
+Italy, adjoining Latium on the north.</p>
+
+<p><b>sacer, cra, crum</b>, adj., <i>holy, sacred</i>; as noun,
+<b>sacrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a holy thing, sacred vessel</i>; pl.,
+<i>religious rites, sacrifices</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sacerdōs, ōtis</b> [<b>sacer</b>], m. and f., <i>priest,
+priestess</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sacrārium, ī</b> [<b>sacer</b>], n., <i>sanctuary, shrine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sacrificium, ī</b> [<b>sacer</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a
+sacrifice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sacro" id = "vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to set apart</i>; <i>bless</i>; <i>curse</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dedicate,
+consecrate, devote</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exsecror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to curse, abhor</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>saeculum, ī</b>, n., <i>a race</i>; <i>generation, age,
+time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saepe</b>, adv., <i>frequently, often</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītum</b> [<b>saevus</b>], <i>to be
+fierce</i> or <i>cruel, rage</i>; <b>saevīre in aliquem</b>, <i>to treat
+any one cruelly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saevitia, ae</b> [<b>saevus</b>], f., <i>fury, cruelty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saevus</b>, adj., <i>raging, fierce, cruel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sagīnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sagīna</b>, <i>stuffing</i>], <i>to
+fatten</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">199b</span>
+<p><b>sagulum, ī</b>, n., <i>a short military cloak</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Saguntus, ī</b>, f., and <b>Saguntum, ī</b>, n., <i>Saguntum</i>,
+a&nbsp;town on the east coast of Spain.</p>
+
+<p><b>Salernitānus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>near Salernum</i> (modern
+Salerno), a&nbsp;town in Campania.</p>
+
+<p><b>Saliī, ōrum</b> [<b>saliō</b>], pl. m., <i>the Salii</i> or
+<i>Leapers</i>, the dancing priests of Mars.</p>
+
+<p><b>Salīnātor, ōris</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_livius"><b>Līvius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_salio" id = "vocab_salio"><b>saliō, īre, uī,
+tus</b></a>, <i>to leap</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēsiliō, īre, uī, sultum</b>, <i>to leap down</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnsiliō, īre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to leap up</i> or
+<i>on, mount</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōsiliō, īre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to leap</i> or
+<i>spring forward</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānsiliō, īre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to leap across,
+jump over</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>saltem</b>, adv., <i>at least, at all events</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_salto" id = "vocab_salto"><b>saltō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>saliō</b>], <i>to dance, leap</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;exsultō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to leap, dance</i> (esp.
+with joy), <i>exult, rejoice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saltus, ūs</b> [<b>saliō</b>], m., <i>a leap, bound</i>;
+<i>leaping, jumping</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saltus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine,
+pass</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salūbris, e</b> [<b>salūs</b>], adj., <i>health-giving, wholesome,
+healthy</i>; <i>beneficial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salūs, ūtis</b>, f., <i>health, vigor</i>; <i>safety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salūtātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>salūtō</b>], f., <i>greeting,
+salutation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salūtātor, ōris</b> [<b>salūtō</b>], m., <i>saluter,
+visitor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_saluto" id = "vocab_saluto"><b>salūtō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>salūs</b>], <i>to wish one health, greet, salute,
+visit</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;cōnsalūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to greet</i> or <i>salute
+warmly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salveō, ēre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b> [<b>salvus</b>], <i>to be
+well</i>; imperative, <b>salvē, salvēte</b>, <i>hail! greetings!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>salvus</b>, adj., <i>well, sound, safe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sambūceus</b> [<b>sambūcus</b>, <i>an elder-tree</i>], adj., <i>of
+elder, elder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Samnītēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the Samnites</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">200a</span>
+a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of
+Latium.</p>
+
+<p><b>sānē</b> [<b>sānus</b>, <i>sound</i>], adv., <i>indeed, truly, by
+all means</i>; <i>certainly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sanguinolentus</b> [<b>sanguis</b>], adj., <i>bloody</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sanguis, inis</b>, m., <i>blood</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sapio" id = "vocab_sapio"><b>sapiō, ere, īvī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to taste</i>; <i>to have taste</i> or
+<i>understanding</i>; <i>be wise</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēsipiō, ere, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be foolish</i> or
+<i>crazy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sapiēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>sapiō</b>], adj., <i>wise,
+sensible, discreet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sapientia, ae</b> [<b>sapiēns</b>], f., <i>wisdom</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sardinia, ae</b>, f., an island between Italy and Spain.</p>
+
+<p><b>sarmentum, ī</b> [<b>sarpō</b>, <i>to prune</i>], n., <i>a
+twig</i>; pl., <i>brushwood, fagots</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>satis</b>, adv., <i>enough</i>; <i>tolerably, quite</i>; as noun,
+n., <i>enough, sufficiency</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>satisfaciō, ere, fēcī, factum</b> [<b>satis</b> + <b>faciō</b>],
+<i>to satisfy, make reparation</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saucius</b>, adj., <i>wounded, hurt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>saxum, ī</b>, n., <i>a stone, rock, boulder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scamnum, ī</b>, n., <i>a bench, stool</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_scando" id = "vocab_scando"><b>scandō, ere, &mdash;,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to climb, mount</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;āscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to climb up, mount,
+ascend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to mount, ascend</i>;
+<i>go on board</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsum</b>, <i>to climb</i> or <i>come
+down, descend</i>; <i>dismount</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to mount,
+ascend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns&mdash;trānscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to climb</i> or
+<i>pass over, cross</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>scapha, ae</b>, f., <i>a light boat, skiff</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scelerātus</b> [<b>scelus</b>], adj., <i>wicked, impious,
+accursed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scelestē</b> [<b>scelestus</b>, <i>impious</i>], adv.,
+<i>wickedly, impiously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scelus, eris</b>, n., <i>wicked deed, sin, crime</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schola, ae</b>, f., <i>leisure, leisure for learning</i>; <i>place
+of learning, school</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">200b</span>
+<p><b>scīlicet</b> [<b>scīre</b> + <b>licet</b>], adv., <i>plainly, of
+course, doubtless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_scindo" id = "vocab_scindo"><b>scindō, ere, scidī,
+scissus</b></a>, <i>to cut, tear, rend, split</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ab&mdash;abscindō, ere, scidī, scissus</b>, <i>to cut</i> or <i>tear
+off, hew off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>to know, understand</i>; with
+infin., <i>to know how</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_scipio" id = "vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō, ōnis</b></a>,
+m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome, belonging
+to the Cornelian gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 218 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus and the
+Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain, in 212.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Māior</i>, son of (1), born <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 237; commanded in Spain 210-206; consul
+in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202. He died about 183 <span class
+= "smallroman">B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>3. <i>L. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, brother of (2), consul in <span class
+= "smallroman">B.C.</span> 190. After defeating Antiochus at Magnesia,
+he received the cognomen <i>Asiāticus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Minor</i>, captured Carthage,
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 146; took Numantia, in Spain,
+133; died in 129.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō</i>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_nasica"><b>Nāsīca</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Q. Metellus Pius Scīpiō</i>, father-in-law of Pompey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>scīscitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>scīscō</b>], <i>to ask,
+inquire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_scisco" id = "vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō, ere, scīvī,
+scītus</b></a> [<b>sciō</b>], <i>to seek to know</i>; <i>approve, enact,
+decree</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>to approve of,
+decree</i>; <b>mortem sibi cōnscīscere</b>, <i>to commit
+suicide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītum</b>, <i>to withdraw, desert,
+revolt</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>scrība, ae</b> [<b>scrībō</b>], m., <i>a clerk, secretary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_scribo" id = "vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō, ere, scrīpsī,
+scrīptus</b></a>, <i>to write</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">201a</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to add, include,
+enroll</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to enroll,
+enlist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to copy off,
+sketch, describe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to mark off,
+divide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īn&mdash;īnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write on,
+inscribe&nbsp;on</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write
+out</i> (in&nbsp;full).</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to offer for
+sale</i>; <i>proscribe, outlaw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write
+beneath</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>scrīnium, ī</b>, n., <i>a case, box</i> (esp. for books or
+papers).</p>
+
+<p><b>scrīptor, ōris</b> [<b>scrībō</b>], m., <i>a writer, author</i>;
+<i>narrator</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Scultenna, ae</b>, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.</p>
+
+<p><b>scūtum, ī</b>, n., <i>a shield</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>sē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>sē</b> or <b>sēd</b>, insep. prefix, <i>apart, away
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēcernō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cerno"><b>cernō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_seco" id = "vocab_seco"><b>secō, āre, uī,
+tus</b></a>, <i>to cut</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>re&mdash;resecō, āre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to cut loose</i> or
+<i>off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēcrētus</b> [part. of <b>sēcernō</b>], adj., <i>separate</i>;
+<i>hidden, concealed</i>; <i>secret</i>; abl. <b>sēcrētō</b> as adv.,
+<i>secretly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sector, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>sequor</b>], <i>to follow
+eagerly, pursue, seek the society&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>secundus</b> [<b>sequor</b>], adj., <i>following, second</i>;
+<i>favorable, fortunate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>secūris, is</b> [<b>secō</b>], f., <i>an axe, hatchet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_secus" id = "vocab_secus"><b>secus</b></a>, comp.
+<b>sētius</b>, adv., <i>otherwise, differently</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sed</b>, conj., <i>but, on the contrary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēdecim</b> [<b>sex</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj.,
+<i>sixteen</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">201b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_sedeo" id = "vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō, ēre, sēdī,
+sessum</b></a>, <i>to sit</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>to sit at</i> or
+<i>beside, besiege</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, with dat., <i>to sit in,
+on</i>, or <i>upon</i>; with acc., <i>to settle on, occupy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>block, besiege,
+beset</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sēdēs, is</b> [cf. <b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>seat, chair</i>;
+<i>residence, abode</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>sēd</b> + <b>itiō</b>, from <b>eō, īre</b>],
+f., <i>dissension, rebellion, revolt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēdulitās, ātis</b> [<b>sēdulus</b>, <i>earnest</i>], f.,
+<i>earnestness, persistency</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēdulō</b> [abl. of <b>sēdulus</b>, <i>earnest</i>], adv.,
+<i>earnestly, busily</i>; <i>purposely, deliberately</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēgnis, ē</b>, adj., <i>slow, tardy, sluggish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēgniter</b> [<b>sēgnis</b>], adv., <i>without spirit</i> or
+<i>vigor, lazily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sella" id = "vocab_sella"><b>sella, ae</b></a>
+[<b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>a seat, chair</i>; <b>sella curūlis</b>,
+a&nbsp;portable stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a
+camp-stool. Such chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved,
+and inlaid with ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right
+to use this chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to
+curule aediles, praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.</p>
+
+<p><b>semel</b>, adv., <i>once, once for all</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēmet</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>semper</b>, adv., <i>always, continually</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sempiternus</b> [<b>semper</b>], adj., <i>eternal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Semprōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>Ti. Semprōnius Longus</i>, defeated by
+Hannibal at the Trebia <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 218.</p>
+
+<p><b>senātor, ōris</b> [<b>senātus</b>], m., <i>a senator</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senātōrius</b> [<b>senātor</b>], adj., <i>senatorial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senātus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>senex</b>], m., <i>council of elders,
+senate</i>, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called
+together by the king when he desired
+<span class = "pagenum">202a</span>
+advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.</p>
+
+<p><b>Seneca, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Annaeus Seneca</i>, the Stoic
+philosopher, tutor of the Emperor Nero.</p>
+
+<p><b>senecta, ae</b> [<b>senex</b>], f., <i>old age</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senectūs, ūtis</b> [<b>senex</b>], f., <i>old age</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_senex" id = "vocab_senex"><b>senex</b></a>, gen.
+<b>senis</b>, adj., <i>old</i>; comp. <b>senior</b>, <i>elder</i>; sup.
+<b>māximus</b> (<b>nātū</b>), <i>eldest</i>. As noun, <b>senex,
+senis</b>, m., <i>an old man</i>; <b>seniōrēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the
+elders</i> (men over&nbsp;45).</p>
+
+<p><b>senior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_senex"><b>senex</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senium, ī</b> [<b>senex</b>], n., <i>old age, decay</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sententia, ae</b> [<b>sentiō</b>], f., <i>opinion, thought</i>;
+<i>wish, inclination</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sentio" id = "vocab_sentio"><b>sentiō, īre, sēnsī,
+sēnsus</b></a>, <i>to discern by sense, feel</i>; <i>see, perceive</i>;
+<b>bene sentīre dē</b>, <i>to think well&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsum</b>, <i>to agree</i>;
+<i>conspire, plot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēparātim</b> [(2) <b>sē</b> + <b>parō</b>], adv., <i>separately,
+apart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus</b>, <i>to bury, inter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>septem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>seven</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>septēnī, ae, a</b> [<b>septem</b>], num. adj., <i>seven each,
+seven apiece</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Septimulēius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Septimulēius</i> of Anagnia in
+Latium, a&nbsp;friend of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for
+gold.</p>
+
+<p><b>septimus</b> [<b>septem</b>], num. adj., <i>seventh</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>septirēmis, e</b> [<b>septem</b> + <b>rēmus</b>, <i>oar</i>], f.
+(sc.&nbsp;<b>nāvis</b>), <i>a ship with seven banks</i> or <i>tiers of
+oars</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>septuāgēsimus</b> [<b>septuāgintā</b>, <i>seventy</i>], num. adj.,
+<i>seventieth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sepultūra, ae</b> [<b>sepeliō</b>], f., <i>burial,
+funeral</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sequor" id = "vocab_sequor"><b>sequor, ī, secūtus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to follow</i>; <i>favor</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow up,
+overtake</i>; <i>gain, attain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow,
+overtake</i>; <i>attain, acquire</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">202b</span>
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to pursue,
+overtake</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to comply with, yield
+to, submit&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;persequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow
+persistently, pursue, hound</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow, accompany,
+escort</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow after,
+follow</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sergius" id = "vocab_sergius"><b>Sergius, ī</b></a>,
+m., a Roman gentile name.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>L. Sergius Catilīna</i>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_catilina"><b>Catilīna</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>M. Sergius Catilīna</i>, grandfather of (1).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sēriō</b> [abl. of <b>sērius</b>], adv., <i>in earnest, seriously,
+in good faith</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sērius</b>, adj., <i>grave, serious, earnest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sermō, ōnis</b> [<b>serō</b>], m., <i>talk, conversation</i>;
+<i>speech</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sero" id = "vocab_sero"><b>serō, ere, &mdash;,
+tus</b></a>, <i>to bind together</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to join</i>; <b>manūs</b>
+or <b>pūgnam cōnserere</b>, <i>to join battle, fight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to leave, abandon</i>;
+<i>forsake, neglect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;disserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to speak, discourse,
+harangue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to thrust out</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sērō</b> [abl. of <b>sērus</b>, <i>late</i>], adv., <i>late, too
+late</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sertōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>Quīntus</i>, an officer in the army of
+Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 82, and maintained himself at the head of an
+independent force till his death in&nbsp;72.</p>
+
+<p><b>serva, ae</b> [<b>servus</b>], f., <i>a slave woman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>servīlis, e</b> [<b>servus</b>], adj., <i>of a slave</i>;
+<i>slavish, servile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>servitūs, ūtis</b> [<b>servus</b>], f., <i>slavery</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Servius, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_tullius"><b>Tullius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_servo" id = "vocab_servo"><b>servō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to save, preserve, watch</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>con&mdash;cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to keep safe,
+preserve</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">203a</span>
+<p><b>servus, ī</b>, m., <i>a slave</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēse</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sestertius" id = "vocab_sestertius"><b>sēstertius,
+ī</b></a> [<b>sēmis</b>, <i>half</i> + <b>tertius</b>], m.
+(sc.&nbsp;<b>nummus</b>), <i>a sesterce</i>, a&nbsp;small silver coin
+equivalent orig. to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four
+cents. See <a href = "#vocab_as"><b>ās</b></a>. In naming large sums of
+money the Romans speak of ‘so many times a hundred thousand
+<i>sēstertiī</i>’ (<i>centēna mīlia sēstertium</i>).</p>
+
+<p><b>sētius</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_secus"><b>secus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seu</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sive"><b>sīve</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sevērē</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], adv., <i>gravely, severely, sternly,
+strictly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sevēritās, ātis</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], f., <i>sternness,
+strictness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sevērus</b>, adj., <i>stern, strict, severe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sex</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>six</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sexāgintā</b>, num. adj., <i>sixty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sextīlis, e</b>, adj., <i>of the sixth month</i>. As noun,
+<b>Sextīlis, is</b>, m. (sc.&nbsp;<b>mēnsis</b>), <i>August</i>. See
+<a href = "#vocab_december"><b>December</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sextīlius, ī</b>, m., praetor in Africa in <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 88.</p>
+
+<p><b>sextus</b> [<b>sex</b>], num. adj., <i>sixth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sextus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>sī</b>, conj., <i>if, whether</i>; <b>quod sī</b>, <i>but
+if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibi</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sībilus, ī</b>, m., <i>a hissing, whistling</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sibyllīnus</b> [<b>Sibylla</b>, <i>a Sibyl, prophetess</i>], adj.,
+<i>pertaining to the Sibyls, Sibylline</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīc</b>, adv., <i>in this way, thus, so</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>siccō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>siccus</b>], <i>to drain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>siccus</b>, adj., <i>dry</i>. As noun, <b>siccum, ī</b>, n.,
+<i>the dry ground</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sicilia, ae</b>, f., <i>Sicily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Siculus</b>, adj., <i>Sicilian</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sido" id = "vocab_sido"><b>sīdō, sīdere, &mdash;,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to seat one’s self, sit down</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsīdō, ere, sēdī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to seat one’s self,
+sit down</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessum</b>, <i>to sit down</i>;
+<i>settle, encamp</i>; <i>take a position</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">203b</span>
+<p><b>re&mdash;resīdō, ere, sēdī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to settle down, sink,
+subside</i>; <i>abate, grow calm</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sīgnum</b> + <b>faciō</b>],
+<i>to make signs, show</i>; <i>point out, indicate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_signo" id = "vocab_signo"><b>sīgnō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>sīgnum</b>], <i>to set a mark on</i>; <i>sign, seal</i>
+(a&nbsp;document).</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;adsīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to allot, award,
+assign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīgnum, ī</b>, n., <i>sign, signal</i>; <i>military standard,
+ensign</i>; <i>statue, image</i>; <b>sīgna īnferre alicuī</b>, <i>to
+advance against</i> or <i>attack any one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sīlānus, ī</b>, m., <i>D. Iūnius Sīlānus Mānliānus</i>, praetor in
+Macedonia <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 142.</p>
+
+<p><b>silēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>sileō</b>, <i>to be
+still</i>], adj., <i>still, quiet, silent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>silentium, ī</b> [<b>silēns</b>], n., <i>stillness, quiet,
+silence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>silva, ae</b>, f., <i>a wood, forest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Silvia, ae</b>, f., see <a href =
+"#vocab_rhea"><b>Rhēa</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>similis, e</b>, adj., <i>like, similar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>similiter</b> [<b>similis</b>], adv., <i>in like manner,
+similarly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>similitūdō, inis</b> [<b>similis</b>], f., <i>likeness,
+resemblance, similarity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>simul</b>, adv., <i>at the same time</i>; <b>simul atque</b> or
+<b>āc</b>, <i>as soon&nbsp;as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_simulo" id = "vocab_simulo"><b>simulō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>similis</b>], <i>to make like, copy</i>; <i>feign,
+pretend</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dis&mdash;dissimulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to disguise, conceal,
+dissemble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>simultās, ātis</b> [<b>simul</b>], f., <i>enmity, hatred</i>;
+<b>simultātēs gerere</b>, <i>to carry on a feud</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sine</b>, prep, with abl., <i>without</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>singulāris, e</b> [<b>singulī</b>], adj., <i>one by one, single,
+individual</i>; <i>remarkable, singular, unparalleled</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>singulī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>one at a time, one apiece,
+single</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinister, tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>left</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinō, ere, sīvī, situs</b>, <i>to put, place</i>; <i>permit,
+let</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a curve, hollow, fold</i>; <i>fold
+<span class = "pagenum">204a</span>
+of the toga</i> (as it crosses the breast), <i>pocket</i>;
+<i>bosom</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sisto" id = "vocab_sisto"><b>sistō, ere, stitī,
+status</b></a>, trans., <i>to cause to stand, place, set</i>; intrans.,
+<i>stand</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;absistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to withdraw, cease,
+desist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand, take
+position</i> (of&nbsp;an army); <i>stop, halt</i>; <i>be firm, endure,
+continue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēsistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand off from,
+cease, desist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exsistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to step forth</i>;
+<i>come to be, become, arise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obsistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand in the way
+of, resist, oppose</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;resistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to oppose,
+withstand, resist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;subsistō, ere, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to take a stand,
+remain, tarry</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>situs</b> [orig. part. of <b>sinō</b>], adj., <i>placed, situate,
+lying</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>situs, ūs</b> [<b>sinō</b>], m., <i>location, site</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sive" id = "vocab_sive"><b>sīve</b></a> or
+<b>seu</b>, conj., <i>or, or if, whether</i>; <b>sīve .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+sīve</b> or <b>seu .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. seu</b>, <i>whether .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+or, if .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. or&nbsp;if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōbrius</b>, adj., <i>sober, temperate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>socer, socerī</b>, m., <i>a father-in-law</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>societās, ātis</b> [<b>socius</b>], f., <i>fellowship,
+association</i>; <i>alliance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sociō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>socius</b>], <i>to join, unite</i>;
+<i>hold in common, share, divide</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>socius, ī</b>, m., <i>fellow, comrade, ally</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sodālis, is</b>, m., <i>companion, associate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōl, sōlis</b>, m., <i>the sun</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>soleō, ēre, itus sum</b>, <i>to be wont, be accustomed,
+use</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōlitārius</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], adj., <i>lonely, isolated</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōlitūdō, inis</b> [<b>solus</b>], f., <i>loneliness</i>;
+<i>lonely place, wilderness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>solitus</b> [<b>soleō</b>], adj., <i>wonted, usual,
+accustomed</i>; as noun, <b>solitum, ī</b>, n., <i>the customary, the
+usual</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>solium, ī</b>, n., <i>chair of state, throne</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sollemnis, e</b>, adj., <i>religiously fixed, holy,
+sacred</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">204b</span>
+<p><b>sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sollicitus</b>,
+<i>troubled</i>], <i>to stir up, arouse, excite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōlum</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>; <b>nōn . . . sōlum
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sed .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. etiam</b>, <i>not only
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōlus</b>, adj., <i>alone, single-handed, single, only</i>;
+<i>lonely, solitary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_solvo" id = "vocab_solvo"><b>solvō, ere, ī,
+solūtus</b></a>, <i>to loosen, unbind</i>; <i>let down</i>; <i>impair,
+destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;absolvō, ere, ī, solūtus</b>, <i>to set free,
+release</i>; <i>acquit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;resolvō, ere, ī, solūtus</b>, <i>to loosen</i>;
+<i>dissolve, melt</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>somnium, ī</b> [<b>somnus</b>], n., <i>a dream, vision</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>somnus, ī</b>, m., <i>sleep</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sonitus, ūs</b> [<b>sonō</b>, <i>to resound</i>], m., <i>sound,
+crash, noise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sōpiō, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘īro’">īre</ins>,
+īvī (iī), ītus</b> [cf. <b>sopor</b>, <i>a deep sleep</i>], <i>to put
+to sleep</i>; pass., <i>to sleep</i>; <b>sōpītī</b>, <i>buried in
+slumber</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>soror, ōris</b>, f., <i>a sister</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sorōrius</b> [<b>soror</b>], adj., <i>of a sister,
+sister’s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sors, sortis</b>, f., <i>lot, fate, destiny</i>; <i>decision by
+lot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sortior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>sors</b>], <i>to cast lots</i>;
+<i>obtain by lot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spatium, ī</b>, n., <i>space, room</i>; <i>distance</i>; <i>period
+of time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>speciēs, &mdash;</b>, acc. em, abl. <b>ē</b> [<b>*speciō</b>], f.,
+<i>sight, appearance</i>; <i>semblance, pretense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_specio" id = "vocab_specio"><b>*speciō, ere, spexī,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to look</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look at,
+examine, inspect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to catch sight
+of, spy</i>; <i>see</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look down upon,
+despise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīs&mdash;dīspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to descry,
+perceive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look into,
+examine, consider</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;respiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">205a</span>
+<i>to look back</i> (<i>at</i>), <i>gaze at, consider</i>; <i>regard,
+respect</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>spectāculum, ī</b> [<b>spectō</b>], n., <i>show, sight,
+spectacle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spectātor, ōris</b> [<b>spectō</b>], m., <i>spectator</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_specto" id = "vocab_specto"><b>spectō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>*speciō</b>], <i>to look at, watch,
+behold</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ex&mdash;exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, trans., <i>to look out for,
+await, expect</i>; intrans., <i>wait, wait to see</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>speculātor, ōris</b> [<b>speculor</b>], m., <i>a lookout, spy,
+scout</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>speculor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>specula</b>, <i>a
+watch-tower</i>], <i>to spy out, examine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>speculum, ī</b> [<b>*speciō</b>], n., <i>a looking-glass,
+mirror</i> (usually of metal).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sperno" id = "vocab_sperno"><b>spernō, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘ēre’">ere</ins>, sprēvī,
+sprētus</b></a>, <i>to set aside, despise, scorn</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ab&mdash;āspernor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to disdain, despise,
+scorn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_spero" id = "vocab_spero"><b>spērō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [<b>spēs</b>], <i>to hope</i> (for), <i>look for,
+expect</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to lose hope, despair,
+despair&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spēs, speī</b>, f., <i>hope, expectation</i>; <i>promise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spīritus, ūs</b> [<b>spīrō</b>], m., <i>breath</i>;
+<i>disposition, lofty spirit, ambition, pride</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_spiro" id = "vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a>, <i>to breathe</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exspīrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to breathe out</i>;
+<i>die, expire</i> (sc.&nbsp;<b>animam</b>).</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;respīrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to breathe back</i> or
+<i>out, breathe</i> (again); intrans., <i>to recover breath,
+revive</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>splendor, ōris</b> [<b>splendeō</b>, <i>to shine</i>], m.,
+<i>brightness, splendor, magnificence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spoliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>spolium</b>], <i>to strip, rob,
+plunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spolium, ī</b>, n., <i>booty, spoil</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_spondeo" id = "vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō, ēre,
+spopondī, spōnsus</b></a>, <i>to promise</i> (sacredly),
+<i>agree</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēspondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus</b>, <i>to promise in
+marriage, betroth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">205b</span>
+<i>to answer, reply</i>; <i>correspond to, agree with</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>spōnsus, ī</b> [<b>spondeō</b>], m., <i>a lover, betrothed
+man</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sponte</b> [abl. of <b>*spōns</b>, <i>free will</i>], f.,
+<i>voluntarily</i>; with <b>meā, tuā</b>, or <b>suā</b>, <i>of my,
+your</i>, or <i>his own free will</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spūrinna, ae</b>, m., <i>Vestritius Spūrinna</i>, an augur of the
+time of Julius Caesar.</p>
+
+<p><b>squāma, ae</b>, f., <i>scale</i> (of fish or snake).</p>
+
+<p><b>statim</b> [cf. <b>stō</b>], adv., <i>instantly, at once</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>statiō, ōnis</b> [<b>stō</b>], f., <i>station, post</i>; <i>picket
+line, guard</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>statua, ae</b> [<b>statuō</b>], f., <i>a statue, image</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_statuo" id = "vocab_statuo"><b>statuō, ere, ī,
+ūtus</b></a> [<b>stō</b>], <i>to cause to stand, set up, place</i>;
+<i>determine</i>; <i>determine on, appoint, arrange</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up, erect</i>;
+<i>set in order, organize</i>; <i>arrange, appoint</i>;
+<i>resolve</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set in place,
+arrange</i>; <i>found, establish</i>; <i>determine, undertake,
+begin</i>; <i>train, teach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;restituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up again, replace,
+restore, reinstate</i>; <i>repair, remedy, save</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub&mdash;substituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to put in place of,
+substitute</i>; <i>put</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>statūra, ae</b> [<b>stō</b>], f., <i>size, height,
+stature</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>status, ūs</b> [<b>stō</b>], m., <i>state, condition,
+rank</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stercus, oris</b>, n., <i>dung, manure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sthenius, ī</b>, m., <i>a Sicilian chief</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sterno" id = "vocab_sterno"><b>sternō, ere, strāvī,
+strātus</b></a>, <i>to spread out, scatter</i>; <i>lay low</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsternō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to terrify, frighten,
+confound</i>; <i>move deeply, affect powerfully</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōsternō, ere, strāvī, strātus</b>, <i>to overthrow,
+destroy</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>stimulus, ī</b>, m., <i>goad</i>; <i>sharp point, prick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_stinguo" id = "vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō, ere,
+&mdash;, &mdash;</b></a>, <i>to quench</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">206a</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus</b>, <i>to
+extinguish</i>; <i>destroy, kill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;restinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus</b>, <i>to quench,
+extinguish, destroy</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>stīpendium, ī</b> [<b>stips</b>, <i>gift</i> + <b>pendō</b>], n.,
+<i>a payment</i>; <i>salary, pay</i>; <i>campaign</i>; <b>stīpendia
+facere</b> or <b>merēre</b>, <i>to serve a campaign</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stirps, stirpis</b>, f., <i>stock, race</i>; <i>offspring,
+progeny</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sto" id = "vocab_sto"><b>stō, stāre, stetī,
+statum</b></a>, <i>to stand</i>; <i>stand firm, abide</i>; <b>stāre
+prōmissō</b>, <i>to stand by</i> (lit., <i>on</i>) <i>one’s
+promise</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>circum&mdash;circumstō, āre, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stand
+about, surround</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnstō, āre, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to agree</i>;
+<i>stand firm, be fixed</i>; <i>consist of</i>; <b>cōnstat</b>, <i>it is
+agreed, it is well known, it is certain</i>; <b>sibi cōnstāre</b>, <i>to
+be consistent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exstō, āre, stitī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be extant, remain,
+exist</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praestō, āre, stitī, stitus</b>, intrans., <i>to stand
+before, surpass, excel</i>; trans., <i>to show, make, render</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>stolidē</b> [<b>stolidus</b>, <i>stupid</i>], adv.,
+<i>stupidly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strāgēs, is</b> [<b>sternō</b>], f., <i>overthrow, ruin,
+defeat</i>; <i>massacre</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strāgulum, ī</b> [<b>sternō</b>], n., <i>coverlet,
+bedspread</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strēnuus</b>, adj., <i>brisk, active, vigorous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strepitus, ūs</b> [<b>strepō</b>, <i>to make a noise</i>], m.,
+<i>noise, din, crash</i>; <i>applause</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_stringo" id = "vocab_stringo"><b>stringō, ere,
+strinxī, strictus</b></a>, <i>to draw</i> or <i>bind tight</i>, <i>press
+together, graze</i>; <i>draw, unsheathe</i> (a&nbsp;sword or
+dagger).</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus</b>, <i>to draw,
+unsheathe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus</b>, <i>to touch,
+graze</i>; <i>thrill, run through</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_struo" id = "vocab_struo"><b>struō, ere, strūxī,
+strūctus</b></a>, <i>to pile up, arrange</i>; <i>build, erect</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus</b>, <i>to pile</i> or
+<i>heap up, build</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">206b</span>
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus</b>, <i>to build</i>;
+<i>arrange, draw up</i> or <i>array</i> (troops); <i>make ready, equip,
+fit out</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>studiōsē</b> [<b>studiōsus</b>, <i>eager</i>], adv., <i>eagerly,
+zealously</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>studium, ī</b> [<b>studeō</b>, <i>to be eager</i>], n., <i>zeal,
+enthusiasm</i>; <i>desire, pursuit, study</i>; <i>good-will,
+affection</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stultitia, ae</b> [<b>stultus</b>], f., <i>folly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stultus</b>, adj., <i>foolish, silly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stupēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>stupeō</b>], adj., <i>dazed,
+confused, dumbfounded</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stupeō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be struck senseless, be
+amazed</i> or <i>astounded</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_suadeo" id = "vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō, ēre, suāsī,
+suāsūrus</b></a>, <i>to advise, urge, exhort</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dissuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus</b>, <i>to advise against,
+oppose</i> (by&nbsp;argument).</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;persuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus</b>, <i>to persuade,
+induce</i>; <i>convince</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sub</b>, prep. with (1) acc., <i>under, towards, until, after</i>;
+(2)&nbsp;with abl., <i>under, beneath, at the foot of, close to</i>;
+<i>in the reign of</i>; in composition, <i>under, somewhat</i>; <i>in
+place of</i>; <i>underhandedly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subitus</b> [<b>subeō</b>], adj., <i>sudden, unexpected</i>; abl.
+<b>subitō</b> as adv., <i>on short notice, suddenly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sublātus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tollo"><b>tollō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sublicius</b> [<b>sublica</b>, <i>a pile</i>], adj., <i>consisting
+of</i> or <i>resting on piles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sublīmis, e</b>, adj., <i>uplifted, lofty</i>; <i>on high, through
+the sky</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>submittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>submoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subolēs, is</b>, f., <i>a sprout, shoot</i>; <i>offspring,
+issue</i>; <i>race</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subōrnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">207a</span>
+<p><b>subscrībō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subsellium, ī</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>sella</b>], n., <i>a low bench,
+seat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subsequor</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subsidium, ī</b> [cf. <b>subsīdō</b>, <i>to lie in wait</i>], n.,
+<i>reserve troops</i>; <i>aid, help</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>substituō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>subtexō, ere, uī, tus</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>texō</b>, <i>to
+weave</i>], <i>to weave under, join</i>; <i>subjoin, add</i>
+(in&nbsp;speech).</p>
+
+<p><b>succēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>succēssor, ōris</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>follower,
+successor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>succēssus, ūs</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>favorable outcome,
+success</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>succingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cingo"><b>cingō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>succlāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>succurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_suesco" id = "vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō, ere, suēvī,
+suētus</b></a>, <i>to become accustomed to</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus</b>, <i>to accustom one’s
+self to, be wont</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus</b>, <i>to become
+accustomed</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sufficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suffīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suffōcō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>fauces</b>, <i>the
+throat</i>], <i>to choke, strangle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suffodiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suffrāgātor, ōris</b> [<b>suffrāgor</b>, <i>to vote for</i>], m.,
+<i>supporter, partisan, follower</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suffrāgium, ī</b>, n., <i>a voting tablet, vote, ballot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sui" id = "vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a> gen.,
+<b>sibi</b> dat., <b>sē</b> acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron., sing.
+and pl., <i>himself, herself, itself, themselves</i>; <b>sēse,
+sēmet</b>, strengthened forms of <b>sē</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sulla" id = "vocab_sulla"><b>Sulla, ae</b></a>, m.,
+a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>L. Cornēlius Sulla</i>, surnamed Fēlīx, born <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 138; consul in 88; commanded against
+Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and again in 83, 82, becoming
+master of Italy.
+<span class = "pagenum">207b</span>
+He was then chosen perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the
+constitution. He resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next
+year.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>P. Cornēlius Sulla</i>, nephew of (1), defended in 62 <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> by Cicero from a charge of complicity
+in Catiline’s conspiracy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Sullānus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>by Sulla, Sullan</i>; as noun,
+<b>Sullānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the followers of Sulla</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sulpicius, ī</b>, m., <i>Ser. Sulpicius Rūfus</i>, tribune of the
+people in 88 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and a supporter of
+Marius.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sum" id = "vocab_sum"><b>sum, esse, fuī,
+futūrus</b></a>, <i>to be, exist, live</i>; with gen., <i>belong to, be
+the part of</i>; <i>be true, be so</i>; <i>happen, take place</i>; with
+dat., <i>have, possess</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;absum, esse, āfuī</b>, <i>to be away</i> or <i>absent, be
+far from</i>; <b>prope abesse</b>, <i>to be at no great distance, be
+near</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsum, esse, adfuī</b>, <i>to be present</i> or
+<i>near</i>; <i>to aid</i> (esp. in court).</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēsum, deesse, dēfuī</b>, <i>to be away</i> or
+<i>absent</i>; <i>be wanting</i>; <i>fail</i>; <i>to miss, let
+slip</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;īnsum, inesse, īnfuī</b>, <i>to be in</i> or <i>on</i>;
+<i>belong&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intersum, esse, fuī</b>, <i>to be present at, take
+part&nbsp;in</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praesum, praeesse, fuī</b>, <i>to be over</i> or
+<i>before</i>; <i>rule, govern, be in command&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī</b>, <i>to benefit, profit,
+aid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>super&mdash;supersum, esse, fuī</b>, <i>to be over</i> and
+<i>above, remain</i>; <i>survive, outlive</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>summa, ae</b> [<b>summus</b>], f., <i>top, summit</i>; <i>chief
+point</i> or <i>place, supremacy</i>; <i>total, amount, sum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>summus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_sumo" id = "vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō, ere, sūmpsī,
+sūmptus</b></a> [<b>sub</b> + <b>emō</b>], <i>to take up, take,
+choose</i>; <i>enter upon, begin</i>; <i>spend</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">208a</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;absūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up,
+consume</i>; <i>spend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to take to one’s
+self, receive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up,
+spend</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>sūmptuārius</b> [<b>sūmptus</b>], adj., <i>relating to expense,
+sumptuary</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūmptus, ūs</b> [<b>sūmō</b>], m., <i>outlay, expense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supellex, supellectilis</b>, f., <i>household stuff,
+furniture</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>super</b>, prep. (1) with acc., <i>over, above, upon, in addition
+to</i>; <i>during</i>; (2)&nbsp;with abl., <i>over, upon, beyond, in
+addition&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superbē</b> [<b>superbus</b>], adv., <i>haughtily, proudly,
+arrogantly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superbia, ae</b> [<b>superbus</b>], f., <i>pride,
+arrogance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superbus</b> [<b>super</b>], adj., <i>haughty, proud, arrogant,
+insolent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Superbus, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_tarquinius"><b>Tarquinius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superiaciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b> [<b>superus</b>], <i>to pass
+over, cross</i>; <i>overcome, subdue, conquer</i>; <i>excel,
+surpass</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supersum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_superus" id = "vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a>
+[<b>super</b>], adj., <i>above, upper, higher</i>; comp.
+<b>superior</b>, <i>higher, superior, earlier</i>; as noun, <i>a
+superior</i>; sup. <b>suprēmus</b>, <i>highest, topmost, last</i>, or
+<b>summus</b>, <i>highest, greatest, extreme, most distinguished</i>;
+<i>often the highest part of, top of</i>; <b>Mare Superum</b>, <i>the
+Upper</i> or <i>Adriatic Sea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>superveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supervīvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vivo"><b>vīvō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supplex, icis</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold,
+bend</i>], adj., bending the knees in entreaty, <i>begging,
+suppliant</i>; as noun, <i>a suppliant</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suppliciter</b> [<b>supplex</b>], adv., <i>suppliantly,
+humbly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supplicium, ī</b> [<b>supplex</b>], n., <i>a kneeling
+<span class = "pagenum">208b</span>
+down</i> (as suppliant, or to receive punishment); <i>punishment,
+execution</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>supplicō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>supplex</b>], <i>to kneel
+down</i>; <i>entreat, beseech</i>; <i>pray, worship</i>;
+<i>thank</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suprā</b> [<b>super</b>], adv., <i>above</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_surgo" id = "vocab_surgo"><b>surgō, ere, surrēxī,
+surrēctum</b></a> [<b>sub</b> + <b>regō</b>], <i>to stand up, rise,
+arise</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>ad&mdash;adsurgō, ere, surrēxī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to rise up,
+arise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suscipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūspectus</b> [orig. part. of <b>sūspiciō</b>, <i>to suspect</i>],
+adj., <i>mistrusted, suspected</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suspendium, ī</b>, n., <i>hanging</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sustineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūtor, ōris</b> [<b>suō</b>, <i>to sew, stitch</i>], m., <i>a
+shoemaker, cobbler</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suus</b> [<b>suī</b>], adj., <i>his own, her own, its own, their
+own</i>; <i>his, her, its, their</i>; as noun, <b>suī, ōrum</b>, pl. m.,
+<i>his</i> (their) <i>friends, followers, soldiers</i> or
+<i>fellow-citizens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Syphāx, ācis</b>, m., a prince of Numidia.</p>
+
+<p><b>Syria, ae</b>, f., <i>Syria</i>, a country on the eastern coast of
+the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_T" id = "vocab_T" href = "#vocab">T</a></p>
+
+<p><b>T.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Titus</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tabella, ae</b> [dim. of <b>tabula</b>], f., <i>a small board,
+writing tablet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>taberna, ae</b>, f., <i>stall, shop</i> (of boards); <i>hut,
+tent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tabernāculum, ī</b> [<b>taberna</b>], n., <i>a tent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tabula, ae</b>, f., <i>a board, plank</i>; <i>picture</i>
+(sc.&nbsp;<b>picta</b>, <i>painted</i>); <i>writing tablet</i>;
+<i>record, list</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>taceō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be silent, say nothing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tacitus</b> [<b>taceō</b>], adj., <i>silent, secret</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>taedium, ī</b> [<b>taedet</b>, <i>it wearies</i>], n.,
+<i>weariness, disgust, loathing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>talentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a talent</i>, a Greek money measure, worth
+about $1100.</p>
+
+<p><b>tālis, e</b>, adj., such, <i>of such a kind</i>; <b>tālis
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. quālis</b>, <i>such .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;as</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">209a</span>
+<p><b>tam</b>, adv., <i>to such a degree, so much, as much, so</i>;
+<b>tam .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. quam</b>, <i>as .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. so, not only
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tamdiū</b>, adv., <i>so long</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tamen</b>, adv., <i>yet, still, for all that, all the same,
+however, nevertheless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tamquam</b>, conj., <i>as if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tanaquil, īlis</b>, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.</p>
+
+<p><b>tandem</b>, adv., <i>at length, at last, finally</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tango" id = "vocab_tango"><b>tangō, ere, tetigī
+tāctus</b></a>, <i>to touch</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus</b>, with acc., <i>to
+touch</i>; with dat., <i>to occur to, fall to lot of, befall</i>;
+<i>happen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obtingō, ere, tigī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fall to the lot
+of, befall</i>; <i>occur</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>tantum</b> [<b>tantus</b>], adv., <i>so much</i> (and no more),
+<i>only, merely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tantummodō</b> [<b>tantum</b> + <b>modō</b>], adv., <i>only,
+merely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tantus</b>, adj., <i>so great, such</i>; as noun, <b>tantum,
+ī</b>, n., <i>so much</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tardē</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], adv., <i>slowly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tarditās, ātis</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], f., <i>slowness,
+sluggishness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tardō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], <i>to
+delay, hinder, impede</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tarentīnus</b>, adj., of <i>Tarentum, Tarentine</i>; as noun,
+<b>Tarentīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Tarentum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tarentum, ī</b>, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern
+coast of Italy; modern <i>Taranto</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tarpēia, ae</b>, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tarpēius</b>, adj., <i>of Tarpeia, Tarpeian</i>; <b>rūpēs
+Tarpēia</b>, <i>the Tarpeian</i> rock, a&nbsp;part of the Capitoline
+Hill, on the side toward the Forum.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>Tarquiniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Etruria.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>Tarquiniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Tarquin family, the
+Tarquins</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tarquinius" id = "vocab_tarquinius"><b>Tarquinius,
+ī</b></a>, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from
+Etruria.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">209b</span>
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Tarquinius Prīscus</i>, the fifth king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Tarquinius Superbus</i>, the last king of Rome, expelled <span
+class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 509.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Sextus Tarquinius</i>, son of (2).</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>L. Tarquinius Collātinus</i>, cousin of (3), and husband of
+Lucretia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Tatius, ī</b>, m., <b>Titus Tatius</b>, a Sabine king, and joint
+ruler with Romulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>tēctum, ī</b> [<b>tegō</b>], n., <i>a covering, roof</i>;
+<i>covered structure, house</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tego" id = "vocab_tego"><b>tegō, ere, tēxī,
+tēctus</b></a>, <i>to cover</i>; <i>hide, conceal</i>; <i>defend,
+guard</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus</b>, <i>to uncover, expose</i>;
+<i>betray</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tēgula, ae</b> [<b>tego</b>], f., <i>roof tile, tile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tēlum, ī</b>, n., <i>missile</i>; <i>spear, javelin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>temerārius</b> [<b>temerē</b>], adj., <i>heedless, rash,
+reckless</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>temerē</b>, adv., <i>blindly, rashly, heedlessly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>temeritās, ātis</b> [<b>temerē</b>], f., <i>rashness,
+heedlessness, temerity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>temperāns, antis</b> [orig. part. of <b>temperō</b>], adj.,
+<i>moderate, temperate, sober</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>temperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>tempus</b>], <i>to set bounds to,
+restrain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tempestās, ātis</b> [<b>tempus</b>], f., <i>point</i> or <i>period
+of time; storm, tempest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>templum, ī</b>, n., <i>a sacred spot</i>; <i>temple</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tempus, oris</b>, n., <i>time, period, season</i>; <i>opportunity,
+occasion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tendo" id = "vocab_tendo"><b>tendō, ere, tetendī,
+tentus</b></a> and <b>tēnsus</b>, <i>to spread out, stretch</i>;
+<b>īnsidiās tendere</b>, <i>to lay a trap for, plot against</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>con&mdash;contendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch</i>;
+<i>exert one’s self, strive, insist</i>; <i>hasten, march
+quickly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;intendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch, stretch,
+towards</i>; <i>aim, direct</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob(s)&mdash;ostendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch out,
+show</i>; <i>produce, furnish</i>; <i>disclose, make known</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>por (= prō)&mdash;portendō, ere, ī,
+<span class = "pagenum">210a</span>
+tentus</b>, <i>to point out, indicate</i>; <i>foreshadow,
+portend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōtendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch out,
+extend</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>tenebrae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>darkness, gloom</i>; <i>a hiding
+place</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tenebricōsus</b> [<b>tenebrae</b>], adj., <i>dark, gloomy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_teneo" id = "vocab_teneo"><b>teneō, ēre, uī,
+tentus</b></a>, <i>to hold, keep</i>; <i>possess</i>; <i>maintain,
+guard, defend</i>; <i>seize</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold back</i> or
+<i>from</i>; <i>keep aloof from</i>; <i>refrain from, abstain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;contineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to keep, hold,
+contain</i>; <i>restrain, rule, curb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dētineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold back</i> or
+<i>off</i>; <i>detain, hinder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold, possess</i>;
+<i>rule, govern</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;pertineō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to stretch out,
+extend</i>; <i>reach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;retineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to keep</i> or
+<i>hold</i> (back), <i>retain, detain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sub(s)&mdash;sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold up,
+support, sustain</i>; <i>bear, endure</i>; <i>hold in check,
+restrain</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>tentō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>tendō</b>], <i>to touch,
+handle</i>; <i>try, attempt</i>; <i>sound, try to win over</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tentōrium, ī</b> [<b>tendō</b>], n., <i>a tent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ter</b>, num. adv., <i>thrice, three times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Terentius, ī</b>, m., a Roman gentile name. See <a href =
+"#vocab_varro"><b>Varrō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Terentius, ī</b>, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.</p>
+
+<p><b>tergiversor, ārī, &mdash;</b> [<b>tergum</b> + <b>vertō</b>],
+<i>to twist and turn, shuffle, evade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tergum, ī</b>, n., <i>back, rear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ternī, ae, a</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], num. adj., <i>three on each
+side, by threes, three</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>terō, ere, trīvī, trītus</b>, <i>to rub, wear away</i>; <i>waste,
+kill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>terra, ae</b>, f., <i>the earth, ground</i>; <i>land</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">210b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_terreo" id = "vocab_terreo"><b>terreō, ēre, uī,
+itus</b></a>, <i>to frighten, alarm, terrify</i>; <i>deter</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to frighten off, deter, keep
+from</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>terribilis, e</b> [<b>terreō</b>], adj., <i>frightful,
+dreadful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>terror, ōris</b> [<b>terreō</b>], m., <i>fear, panic</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tertius</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], adj., <i>third</i>; abl. n.
+<b>tertiō</b> as adv., <i>the third time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tēstimōnium, ī</b> [<b>tēstis</b>, <i>a witness</i>], n.,
+<i>evidence, testimony, proof</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tēstor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>tēstis</b>, <i>a witness</i>], <i>to
+bear witness, be a witness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Teutobochus, ī</b>, m., a chief of the Teutones.</p>
+
+<p><b>Teutonēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the Teutones</i>, a Germanic people
+which invaded Italy, but was defeated by Marius.</p>
+
+<p><b>thēsaurus, ī</b>, m., <i>a treasure, hoard</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thessalia, ae</b>, f., <i>Thessaly</i>, a large district in the
+northeastern part of Greece.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ti.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Tiberius</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tiberis, is</b>, m., <i>the river Tiber</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tiberius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tīcinus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Ticinus</i>, a river in Cisalpine Gaul,
+tributary to the&nbsp;Po.</p>
+
+<p><b>tigillum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>tīgnum</b>, <i>beam</i>], n., <i>a
+little beam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tigrānēs, is</b>, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of
+Mithridates.</p>
+
+<p><b>timeō, ēre, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be afraid, fear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>timidus</b> [<b>timeō</b>], adj., <i>fearful, timid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tīrōcinium, ī</b> [<b>tīrō</b>, <i>a raw recruit</i>], n., <i>a
+soldier’s first campaign</i>; <i>military inexperience</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>titulus, ī</b>, m., <i>inscription, placard, notice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Titus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_toga" id = "vocab_toga"><b>toga, ae</b></a>, f.,
+<i>the toga</i>, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. See also
+<a href = "#vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>togātus</b> [<b>toga</b>], adj., <i>clad in the toga</i>; <i>in
+peaceful garb, unarmed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tollo" id = "vocab_tollo"><b>tollō, ere, sustulī,
+sublātus</b></a>, <i>to lift, raise, take up</i>; <i>remove,
+abolish</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">211a</span>
+<p><b>tonitrus, ūs</b> [<b>tonō</b>, <i>to thunder</i>], m., <i>thunder,
+peal of thunder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōnsor, ōris</b> [<b>tondeō</b>, <i>to shear</i>], m., <i>a
+barber</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōnsōrius</b> [<b>tōnsor</b>], adj., <i>of a barber,
+barber’s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tōranius, ī</b>, m., <i>Titus</i>, who betrayed his father to the
+second triumvirate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_torquatus" id = "vocab_torquatus"><b>Torquātus,
+ī</b></a> [<b>torquis</b>], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian
+gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>T. Mānlius Torquātus</i>, dictator in 353 and 349 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span>, consul 347, 344, and 340.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>T. Mānlius Torquātus</i>, son of (1), put to death by his
+father for disobedience of orders.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>torqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus</b>, <i>to turn, twist</i>;
+<i>torture, torment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>torquis, is</b> [<b>torqueō</b>], m., <i>a twisted collar,
+necklace</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>torvē</b> [<b>torvus</b>, <i>grim</i>], adv., <i>sternly,
+grimly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tot</b>, indecl. adj., <i>so many</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>totidem</b> [<b>tot</b>], indecl. adj., <i>just as many, the same
+number&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>totiēns</b> [<b>tot</b>], adv., <i>so many times, so
+often</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōtus</b>, gen. <b>tōtīus</b>, dat. <b>tōtī</b>, adj., <i>all, all
+the, the whole, entire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trādūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_traho" id = "vocab_traho"><b>trahō, ere, trāxī,
+trāctus</b></a>, <i>to draw, drag</i>; <i>detain</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;abstrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to drag off</i> or
+<i>away</i>; <i>carry off</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw together,
+collect, assemble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or
+<i>strip off, remove</i>; <i>drag</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to pull asunder,
+part, separate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or
+<i>pull out</i>; <i>prolong, waste</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;pertrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw along,
+drag</i>; <i>lead</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">211b</span>
+<p><b>re&mdash;retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b><ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has . for ,">, </ins><i>to draw</i> or <i>drag
+back</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>trāiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_no"><b>nō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trāns</b>, prep. with acc., <i>across, beyond, over</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānscendō</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānseō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>transferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsfīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsfodiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsgredior</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trānsversus</b> [<b>trāns</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>turned
+across, crosswise</i>; <i>out of the way</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Trasumēnus, ī</b>, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of
+Hannibal’s victory over the Romans in <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 217.</p>
+
+<p><b>Trebia, ae</b>, f., <i>the Trebia</i>, a small tributary of the
+Po, near Placentia.</p>
+
+<p><b>trecentēsimus</b> [<b>trecentī</b>], num. adj., <i>three
+hundredth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trecentī, ae, a</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj.,
+<i>three hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tredecim</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj.,
+<i>thirteen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tremō, ere, uī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to quake, tremble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trepidātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>trepidō</b>], f., <i>alarm,
+confusion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trepidō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be in alarm</i> or
+<i>confusion</i>; <i>tremble, waver</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trēs, tria</b>, num. adj., <i>three</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tribūnal, ālis</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], n., <i>a judgment seat,
+tribunal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tribūnātus, ūs</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], m., <i>the tribuneship,
+office of tribune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tribūnīcius</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], adj., <i>of a tribune,
+tribunitial</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tribūnus, ī</b> [<b>tribus</b>], m., <i>chief of a tribe,
+tribune</i>; <b>tribūnus mīlitum</b> or <b>mīlitāris</b>, <i>military
+tribune, captain</i>, one of the minor officers of a legion,
+<span class = "pagenum">212a</span>
+six in number; <b>tribūnus plēbis</b>, <i>tribune of the people</i>,
+elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> to protect the plebeians against the
+patricians. Ten <i>tribūnī plēbis</i> were elected annually. Their
+persons were sacred.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tribuo" id = "vocab_tribuo"><b>tribuō, ere, ī,
+ūtus</b></a> [<b>tribus</b>], <i>to assign, grant, give</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dis&mdash;distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to divide, distribute,
+apportion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tribus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], f., <i>a tribe</i> (orig. a
+third part of the people).</p>
+
+<p><b>tribūtum, ī</b> [<b>tribuō</b>], n., <i>tax, tribute</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triennium, ī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>the space of
+three years, three years</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trigeminī, ae, a</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>geminus</b>], adj., <i>born
+three at a birth</i>; as noun, pl. m., <i>triplets</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trīgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>thirty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trīstis, e</b>, adj., <i>sad, sorrowful</i>; <i>stern,
+severe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triumphālis, e</b> [<b>triumphus</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to a
+triumph, triumphal</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triumphō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>triumphus</b>], <i>to celebrate a
+triumph, triumph</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_triumphus" id = "vocab_triumphus"><b>triumphus,
+ī</b></a>, m., <i>a triumph</i>, the splendid procession in which the
+victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the
+spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the
+Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to
+the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.</p>
+
+<p><b>triumvir, virī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>vir</b>], m., <i>a
+triumvir</i>, one of a board of three commissioners.</p>
+
+<p><b>tropaeum, ī</b>, n., <i>a trophy, sign of victory</i>, made
+usually by fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.</p>
+
+<p><b>trucīdō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cut to pieces, slaughter,
+butcher</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>truncus, ī</b>, m., <i>stem, trunk</i> (of a tree); <i>trunk,
+body</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">212b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_tu" id = "vocab_tu"><b>tū, tuī</b></a>, pl. <b>vōs,
+vestrum</b> or <b>vestrī</b>, pers. pron., <i>thou, you</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tueor" id = "vocab_tueor"><b>tueor, ērī, itus
+sum</b></a>, <i>to look at, watch</i>; <i>defend, protect</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>in&mdash;intueor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to look closely at or upon,
+gaze&nbsp;at</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_tullius" id = "vocab_tullius"><b>Tullius, ī</b></a>,
+m., the name of a Roman gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>Servius Tullius</i>, sixth king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>M. Tullius Cicerō</i>, the orator. See <a href =
+"#vocab_cicero"><b>Cicerō</b></a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Tullus, ī</b>, m., praenomen of <i>Tullus Hostīlius</i>, third
+king of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>tum</b>, adv., <i>then, at that time</i>; <i>thereupon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>tumultus</b>], <i>to make a
+disturbance, riot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tumultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a disturbance, uproar</i>; <i>rebellion,
+riot</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tumulus, ī</b> [<b>tumeō</b>, <i>to swell</i>], m., <i>a hillock,
+mound, hill</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tunc</b>, adv., <i>then, at that time</i>; <i>accordingly,
+thereupon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>turba, ae</b>, f., <i>a hubbub, crowd, throng</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>turbulentus</b> [<b>turba</b>], adj., <i>stormy, confused,
+troubled</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>turdus, ī</b>, m., <i>a thrush, fieldfare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>turma, ae</b>, f., <i>a troop</i> or <i>squadron</i> (of
+cavalry).</p>
+
+<p><b>turpis, e</b>, adj., <i>ugly</i>; <i>base, dishonorable</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>turris, is</b>, m., <i>tower, castle</i>; <i>howdah</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tūs, tūris</b>, n., <i>incense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tūtēla, ae</b> [<b>tueor</b>], f., <i>protection,
+guardianship</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>tūtor, ōris</b> [<b>tueor</b>], m., <i>protector,
+guardian</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>tūtor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>tueor</b>], <i>to guard,
+protect</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tūtus</b> [orig. part. of <b>tueor</b>], adj., <i>safe</i>;
+<b>tūtō</b>, abl. as adv., <i>safely</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_U" id = "vocab_U" href = "#vocab">U</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ūber, eris</b>, n., <i>teat, dug, udder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ubi</b>, interr. adv., <i>where? when?</i> As
+<span class = "pagenum">213a</span>
+conj. interr. and rel., <i>where, when</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ulcīscor, ī, ultus sum</b>, <i>to punish, avenge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūllus</b>, gen. <b>ūllīus</b>, adj., <i>any, any one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_ulterior" id = "vocab_ulterior"><b>ulterior,
+ius</b></a>, gen. <b>ōrīs</b> [<b>ultrā</b>], adj., <i>farther,
+remoter</i>; sup. <b>ultimus</b>, <i>farthest, last, utmost,
+greatest</i>; <b>ultima manus</b>, <i>finishing touches</i>;
+<b>ulterius</b>, adv., <i>beyond, farther, more, longer</i>;
+<b>ultimum</b>, adv., <i>for the last time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ultimum, ultimus</b>, see <a href =
+"#vocab_ulterior"><b>ulterior</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ultiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ulcīscor</b>], f., <i>revenge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ultrā</b>, adv., and prep. with acc., <i>on the other side,
+beyond</i>; <b>ultrā fidem</b>, <i>incredibly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ultrō</b>, adv., <i>of one’s own accord, voluntarily</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>umbra, ae</b>, f., <i>shadow, shade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>umerus, ī</b>, m., <i>the shoulder</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>umquam</b>, adv., <i>at any time, ever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>unde</b>, adv. (1) interr., <i>whence? from whom, from which?</i>
+(2)&nbsp;rel., <i>whence, from whom, from which</i>;
+<i>wherefore</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūndecim</b> [<b>ūnus</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj.,
+<i>eleven</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>undique</b>, adv., <i>from all sides</i>; <i>on all sides,
+everywhere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>unguis, is</b>, m., <i>a</i> (finger) <i>nail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūniversus</b> [<b>ūnus</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>all in one,
+whole, entire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūnus</b>, gen. <b>unīus</b>, adj., <i>one, only, sole, alone</i>;
+<b>ūnus quisque</b>, <i>each one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>urbānus</b> [<b>urbs</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>in the city</i>,
+esp. <i>in Rome</i>; <i>refined, witty</i>; as noun, <b>urbānī,
+ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>city people</i>; <i>town wits</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>urbs, urbis</b>, f., <i>a city</i>; The City (Rome).</p>
+
+<p><b>ūrīnātor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a diver</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūrna, ae</b> [<b>ūrō</b>], f., <i>a vessel, urn</i> (of baked
+clay).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_uro" id = "vocab_uro"><b>ūrō, ere, ūssī,
+ūstus</b></a>, <i>to burn</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>co</b> + <b>amb(i)&mdash;combūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn
+up, consume</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">213b</span>
+<p><b>dē&mdash;deūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn up,
+consume</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;exūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn up,
+consume</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>ūsquam</b>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūsque</b>, adv., <i>all the way, right on, continuously,
+even</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūsūrpō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ūsus</b> + <b>rapiō</b>], <i>to
+make use of, enjoy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūsus, ūs</b> [<b>ūtor</b>], m., <i>use, employment</i>;
+<i>experience, training</i>; <i>profit, advantage, convenience</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ut</b>, adv., interr., <i>how? in what way?</i> rel., <i>as, just
+as</i>; <i>since, seeing that</i>; <b>ut .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. ita</b>,
+<i>just as .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;so</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ut</b>, conj., (1) with indic., <i>when</i>; <b>ut prīmum</b>,
+<i>as soon as</i>; (2)&nbsp;with subj. of purpose, <i>in order that,
+that</i>; of result, <i>so that, that</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>uter, utris</b>, m., <i>leather bag, skin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(2) <b>uter, utra, utrum</b>, adj., (1) interr., <i>which of (the)
+two?</i> (2)&nbsp;rel., <i>whichever one</i> (of&nbsp;the two).</p>
+
+<p><b>uterque, traque, trumque</b> [<b>uter</b> + <b>que</b>], adj.,
+<i>each</i> (of&nbsp;the two), <i>both</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūtilis, e</b> [<b>ūtor</b>], adj., <i>useful, helpful</i>;
+<i>profitable, expedient</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūtilitās, ātis</b> [<b>ūtilis</b>], f., <i>profit,
+advantage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>utinam</b>, adv., <i>oh that! would that!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>utique</b>, adv., <i>at any rate, surely</i>;
+<i>especially</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum</b>, <i>make use of, employ</i>; <i>enjoy,
+take advantage of</i>; <b>aliquid ūtendum dare</b>, <i>to lend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>utpote</b>, adv., <i>seeing that, inasmuch as, since</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>utrimque</b> [<b>uterque</b>], adv., <i>from</i> or <i>on both
+sides, on either hand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>uxor, ōris</b>, f., <i>a wife</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_V" id = "vocab_V" href = "#vocab">V</a></p>
+
+<p><b>vacō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to be empty, be free</i> (e.g.
+from labor), <i>have leisure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vacuus</b> [<b>vacō</b>], adj., <i>empty, unoccupied</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">214a</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_vado" id = "vocab_vado"><b>vādō, ere, &mdash;,
+&mdash;</b></a>, <i>to go, rush</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus</b>, <i>to go forth</i> or
+<i>away</i>; <i>get away, escape</i>; <i>get to be, become</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsum</b>, <i>to enter</i>;
+<i>attack</i>; <i>seize, take possession&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>vae</b>, interj., <i>oh! alas! woe!</i></p>
+
+<p><b>vāgītus, ūs</b> [<b>vāgiō</b>, <i>to cry</i>], m., <i>squalling,
+crying</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>valeō, ēre, uī, itūrus</b>, <i>to be well</i> or <i>strong</i>;
+<i>have power</i> or <i>influence, prevail</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_valerius" id = "vocab_valerius"><b>Valerius,
+ī</b></a>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p>1. <i>M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus</b></a> (1).</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>C. Valerius Catullus</i>. See <a href =
+"#vocab_catullus"><b>Catullus</b></a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>valētūdō, inis</b> [<b>valeō</b>], f., <i>health</i> (good or
+bad); <i>good health</i>; <i>sickness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>validus</b> [<b>valeō</b>], adj., <i>strong, stout;
+powerful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vallēs</b>, or <b>vallis, is</b>, f., <i>valley, vale</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vāllum, ī</b>, n., <i>stockade, rampart, wall</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vānus</b>, adj., <i>empty, idle</i>; <i>ostentatious,
+vain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>varius</b>, adj., <i>various, different, diverse</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>varix, icis</b>, m., <i>a dilated vein</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_varro" id = "vocab_varro"><b>Varrō, ōnis</b></a>,
+m., <i>C. Terentius Varrō</i>, consul in 219 and 216; defeated at
+Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vārus, ī</b>, m., see <a href =
+"#vocab_quintilius"><b>Quīntilius</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vas, vadis</b>, m., <i>bail, security</i>; <i>surety</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vās, vāsis</b> (pl. <b>vāsa, ōrum</b>), n., <i>a vessel,
+dish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vāstus</b>], <i>to lay waste,
+devastate, destroy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vāstus</b>, adj., <i>empty, waste</i>; <i>immense, huge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vegetus</b> [<b>vegeō</b>, <i>to quicken</i>], adj., <i>lively,
+animated</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vehementer</b> [<b>vehemēns</b>, <i>earnest</i>], adv.,
+<i>earnestly, seriously, severely</i>; <i>exceedingly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_veho" id = "vocab_veho"><b>vehō, ere, vexī,
+vectus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry,
+<span class = "pagenum">214b</span>
+convey</i>; in pass., with <b>nāvī</b> or <b>equō</b>, <i>to sail,
+ride</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;advehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or
+<i>bring to, bring</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to lift, raise,
+elevate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;invehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry in</i> or
+<i>to</i>; in pass., <i>ride into, sail&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōvehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry forward</i>;
+in pass., <i>to sail, proceed</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Vēientēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Veii</i>, a town in
+Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>vel</b> [old imperative of (1) <b>volō</b>], adv. and conj.,
+<i>even</i>; <i>or, or else</i>; <b>vel .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. vel</b>,
+<i>either .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;or</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cover up, veil</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēlōcitās, ātis</b> [<b>vēlōx</b>], f., <i>speed,
+swiftness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēlōx, ōcis</b>, adj., <i>swift, fleet, quick</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>velut</b> or <b>velutī</b>, adv., <i>just as if, as if</i>;
+<i>ostensibly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēnābulum, ī</b> [<b>vēnor</b>], n., <i>a hunting spear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>vēnor</b>], f., <i>hunting</i>; <i>a hunting
+spectacle</i>, in which wild beasts fought against men, or against one
+another.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēndō, ere, didī, ditus</b> [contr. from vēnumdō], <i>to
+sell</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>venēnum, ī</b>, n., <i>poison</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>venerātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>veneror</b>], f., <i>respect,
+reverence</i>; <i>an object of reverence</i> or <i>awe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>veneror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to reverence, worship, revere,
+respect, honor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>venia, ae</b>, f., <i>indulgence, favor, pardon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_venio" id = "vocab_venio"><b>veniō, īre, vēnī,
+ventum</b></a>, <i>to come, go</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ad&mdash;adveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to, reach,
+arrive at, arrive</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>circum&mdash;circumveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to surround,
+beset</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come together,
+assemble</i>; with
+<span class = "pagenum">215a</span>
+acc., <i>to meet</i>; <b>convenit</b>, impers., <i>it is agreed, an
+arrangement is made</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>in&mdash;inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come upon, find,
+discover</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ob&mdash;obveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come</i> or <i>go
+to meet</i>; <i>befall, occur to</i>; <i>fall to the
+lot&nbsp;of</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>per&mdash;perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to,
+reach</i>; <i>penetrate, attain&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prae&mdash;praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come before,
+get start of, anticipate, outstrip</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>super&mdash;superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to the
+rescue, arrive</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>vēnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to hunt, chase</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>venter, tris</b>, m., <i>the stomach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ventitō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b> [freq. of <b>veniō</b>], <i>to
+come</i> or <i>go often, resort</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ventus, ī</b>, m., <i>wind</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēnumdō, dare, dedī, datus</b> [<b>vēnum</b>, <i>sale</i> +
+<b>dō</b>], <i>to sell</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Venusia, ae</b>, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and
+Lucania.</p>
+
+<p><b>venustus</b> [<b>venus</b>, <i>grace</i>], adj., <i>charming,
+graceful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verber, eris</b>, n., <i>a lash, whip</i>; <i>blow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verbum, ī</b>, n., <i>a word</i>; <i>saying, phrase</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vērē</b> [<b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truthfully, truly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verēcundia, ae</b> [<b>vereor</b>], f., <i>modesty, shame</i>;
+<i>respect, reverence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vereor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to feel awe of, respect</i>;
+<i>fear, be afraid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vērō</b> [abl. of <b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truly, heartily</i>;
+<i>in truth, indeed, however, but</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verrūca, ae</b>, f., <i>a wart, pimple</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>versiculus</b> [dim. of <b>versus</b>], m., <i>a little verse</i>;
+<i>a line</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>versō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vertō</b>], <i>to twist,
+turn</i>; pass., <i>to dwell, abide, be</i>; <i>employ one’s self,
+conduct one’s self</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>versus, ūs</b> [<b>vertō</b>], m., <i>a verse, line</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vertex, icis</b> [<b>vertō</b>], m., <i>summit, peak,
+crest</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">215b</span>
+<p><a name = "vocab_verto" id = "vocab_verto"><b>vertō, ere, ī,
+versus</b></a>, <i>to turn, change</i>; in pass., <i>turn about,
+return</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;āvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn away</i> or
+<i>aside, avert, divert</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;convertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn round,
+change</i>; <i>turn, direct</i>; <i>divert, misuse</i>;
+<b>conversus</b>, <i>turning</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dis&mdash;dīvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn away</i> or
+<i>aside</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to overturn, destroy,
+ruin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inter&mdash;intervertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn aside</i>;
+<i>embezzle, misappropriate</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;revertor, ī, revertī</b> or (less often) <b>reversus
+sum</b>, <i>to return</i>; <i>revert, recur</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>vērum</b> [<b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truly, certainly</i>;
+<i>but</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vērus</b>, adj., <i>true, real, genuine</i>. For <b>rē vērā</b>,
+see <a href = "#vocab_res"><b>rēs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vescor, ī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to eat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vesper, erī</b>, m., <i>evening</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vesta, ae</b>, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family
+and the state. A&nbsp;fire was kept burning continually in her temple
+near the Forum, which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn,
+since the Romans believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely
+connected with the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not
+allowed to marry during their term of office.</p>
+
+<p><b>vester, tra, trum</b> [orig. <b>voster</b>; cf. <b>vōs</b>], poss.
+pron. adj., <i>your, yours</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēstibulum, ī</b>, n., <i>vestibule, entrance</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vēstīgium, ī</b>, n., <i>footstep, footprint</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vestis, is</b>, f., <i>clothing, garments</i>; <i>a robe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>veterānus</b> [<b>vetus</b>], adj., <i>old, veteran</i>. As noun,
+<b>veterānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>veteran soldiers, veterans</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vetō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>not allow, forbid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vetus, eris</b>, adj., <i>old, aged</i>; <i>of a former time,
+ancient</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">216a</span>
+<p><b>vexō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vehō</b>], <i>to shake</i>;
+<i>trouble, disturb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>via, ae</b>, f., <i>highway, road</i>; <i>passage, march,
+journey</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vicārius, ī</b> [<b>vicis</b>], m., <i>a substitute,
+proxy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīcēsimus</b> [cf. <b>vīgintī</b>], num. adj.,
+<i>twentieth</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīciēs</b> [cf. <b>vīgintī</b>], num. adv., <i>twenty
+times</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīcīnus</b> [<b>vīcus</b>], adj., <i>neighboring, near</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(<a name = "vocab_vicis" id = "vocab_vicis"><b>vicis</b></a>),
+<b>is</b> (nom. wanting), f., <i>alternation, change, succession</i>;
+<b>in vicem</b>, <i>in turn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>victor, ōris</b> [<b>vincō</b>], m., <i>conqueror, victor</i>; as
+adj., <i>victorious</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>victōria, ae</b> [<b>victor</b>], f., <i>victory</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a street</i>; <i>village, town</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vidēlicet</b> [<b>vidēre</b> + <b>licet</b>], adv., <i>you see,
+clearly</i>; <i>of course, that&nbsp;is</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_video" id = "vocab_video"><b>videō, ēre, vīdī,
+vīsus</b></a>, <i>to see, perceive, understand</i>; in pass.,
+<i>seem</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>in&mdash;invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>to look askance at, to
+envy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vigil, vigilis</b>, adj., <i>wakeful, alert</i>; as noun, <i>a
+watchman, sentinel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vigilantia, ae</b> [<b>vigil</b>], f., <i>wakefulness, vigilance,
+watchfulness</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vigilia, ae</b> [<b>vigil</b>], f., <i>wakefulness</i>; <i>a
+watch</i> (a&nbsp;fourth part of the night).</p>
+
+<p><b>vīgintī</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>twenty</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīlicus, ī</b> [<b>vīlla</b>], m., <i>overseer, steward</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīlla, ae</b>, f., <i>a country house, villa</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīminālis, e</b> [<b>vīmen</b>, <i>an osier</i>], adj., <i>of
+osiers</i>; as noun, <b>Vīminālis, is</b>, m. (sc.&nbsp;<b>collis</b>),
+<i>the Viminal Hill</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus</b>, <i>to bind, fetter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_vinco" id = "vocab_vinco"><b>vincō, ere, vīcī,
+victus</b></a>, <i>to conquer, defeat</i>; <i>surpass</i>; intrans.,
+<i>prevail</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>to conquer completely,
+subdue</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinculum, ī</b> [<b>vinciō</b>], n., <i>a bond</i>; in pl.,
+<i>bonds, chains, jail</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">216b</span>
+<p><b>vindex, icis</b>, m., <i>champion, protector</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vindicō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b> [<b>vīs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>],
+<i>to claim</i>; <i>protect</i>; <i>avenge</i>; <i>punish</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīnum, ī</b>, n., <i>wine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>violentus</b> [<b>vīs</b>], adj., <i>violent, impetuous</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>violō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vīs</b>], <i>to injure</i>;
+<i>dishonor, outrage</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vir, virī</b>, m., <i>a man, hero</i>; <i>husband</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīrēs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vis"><b>vīs</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>virga, ae</b>, f., <i>a rod, scourge</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virgīnia, ae</b>, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by
+Appius Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 449.</p>
+
+<p><b>Virgīnius, ī</b>, m., <i>L.</i>, the father of Virginia, consul in
+<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 449.</p>
+
+<p><b>virgō, inis</b>, f., <i>young girl, maiden, virgin</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>virīlis, e</b> [<b>vir</b>], adj., <i>manly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>virītim</b> [<b>vir</b>], adv., <i>man by man, singly,
+individually</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>virtūs, ūtis</b> [<b>vir</b>], f., <i>manliness, strength,
+bravery</i>; <i>ability</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_vis" id = "vocab_vis"><b>vīs</b></a>, gen. and dat.
+wanting, acc. <b>vim</b>, abl. <b>vī</b>, f., <i>strength, force</i>;
+<i>hostile force, violence</i>; <i>quantity, number</i>; pl.,
+<b>vīrēs</b>, <i>energy, vigor, resources</i>; <b>vim facere</b>, <i>to
+use violence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīsō, ere, ī, us</b> [freq. of <b>videō</b>], <i>to go to see,
+visit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīsus, ūs</b> [<b>videō</b>], m., <i>appearance, vision</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīta, ae</b> [cf. <b>vīvō</b>], f., <i>life</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vitium, ī</b> [<b>vieō</b>, <i>to twist</i>], n., <i>a fault,
+failing, vice</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vituperandus</b> [gerundive of <b>vituperō</b>], adj.,
+<i>blameworthy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vituperātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>vituperō</b>], f., <i>censure,
+criticism</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vituperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blame, censure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_vivo" id = "vocab_vivo"><b>vīvō, ere, vīxī,
+vīctum</b></a>, <i>to live</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>super&mdash;supervīvō, ere, vīxī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to live beyond,
+outlive, survive</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">217a</span>
+<p><b>vīvus</b> [<b>vīvō</b>], adj., <i>living, alive</i>; of water,
+<i>running</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vix</b>, adv., <i>with difficulty, hardly, scarcely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vōciferor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>vōx</b> + <b>ferō</b>], <i>to cry
+out, shout, exclaim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vocitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vocō</b>], <i>to call
+repeatedly</i> or <i>loudly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_voco" id = "vocab_voco"><b>vocō, āre, āvī,
+ātus</b></a> [cf. <b>vōx</b>], <i>to call, summon, name</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;āvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call off</i>, or
+<i>away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ad&mdash;advocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call to</i> (one),
+<i>summon</i>; <i>call together</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>con&mdash;convocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call together,
+summon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ex&mdash;ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call forth</i> or
+<i>out, summon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>prō&mdash;prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call forth,
+challenge</i>; <i>appeal&nbsp;to</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>re&mdash;revocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call back, call again,
+recall</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>volitō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b> [freq. of (2) <b>volō</b>], <i>flit
+about</i>; <i>fly, hasten</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <b>volō, velle, voluī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to wish</i>; <i>be
+willing</i>; <i>be minded, determine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_volo2" id = "vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō, āre, āvī,
+ātūrus</b></a>, <i>to fly</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "subentry">
+<p><b>ab&mdash;āvolō, āre, āvī, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fly</i> or <i>hasten
+away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dē&mdash;dēvolō, āre, &mdash;, &mdash;</b>, <i>to fly down,
+fly</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Volscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern
+part of Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in <span class =
+"smallroman">B.C.</span> 338.</p>
+
+<p><b>volucer, cris, cre</b> [(2) <b>volō</b>], adj., <i>flying,
+winged</i>; as noun, f. (sc.&nbsp;<b>avis</b>), <i>a bird</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>volūmen, inis</b> [<b>volvō</b>, <i>to roll</i>], n., <i>roll of
+writing, scroll, volume, book</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>voluntārius</b> [<b>voluntās</b>], adj., <i>of free will,
+voluntary</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">217b</span>
+<p><b>voluntās, ātis</b> [(1) <b>volō</b>], f., <i>will, wish, desire,
+inclination</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>voluptās, ātis</b>, f., <i>pleasure, enjoyment</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vōs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tu"><b>tū</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vōtum, ī</b> [<b>voveō</b>], n., <i>a vow, wish, prayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_voveo" id = "vocab_voveo"><b>voveō, ēre, vōvī,
+vōtus</b></a>, <i>to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "subentry">
+<b>dē&mdash;dēvoveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus</b>, <i>to consecrate, doom,
+devote</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vōx, vōcis</b>, f., <i>voice, sound, tone</i>; <i>cry, call</i>;
+<i>saying, speech</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vulgāris, e</b> [<b>vulgus</b>], adj., <i>commonplace, ordinary,
+vulgar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vulgō</b> [<b>vulgus</b>], adv., <i>commonly, popularly,
+generally</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vulgus, ī</b>, n., <i>the masses, multitude, the common
+people</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vulnus</b>], <i>to wound, hurt,
+injure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vulnus, eris</b>, n., <i>a wound</i>; <i>blow, misfortune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vultur, uris</b>, m., <i>a vulture</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>the expression of the face, features,
+countenance</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_X" id = "vocab_X" href = "#vocab">X</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Xanthippus, ī</b>, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the
+Carthaginians defeated Regulus in <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>
+255.</p>
+
+<p><b>Xenophōn, ōntis</b>, m., <i>Xenophon</i>, an Athenian general and
+author, who lived about <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>
+440-350.</p>
+
+<p><b>Xerxēs, is</b>, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at
+Salamis <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 480.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "vocab_Z" id = "vocab_Z" href = "#vocab">Z</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Zama, ae</b>, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.</p>
+
+<p><b>zōna, ae</b>, f., <i>a girdle, belt</i>; <i>money belt</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class = "section">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">218</span>
+<h3>REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR</h3>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp’s Viri
+Romae</p>
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "refs" summary = "references to Harkness">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Note</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>489</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>568</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>446, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>429</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>639</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>476</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">18</td>
+<td>622</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>649, II.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>418</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>595</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+<td>480</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+<td>533, 4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td>532, 3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>475</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>477, I.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>598</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>590</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>205, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+<td>396, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">20</td>
+<td>633</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>646</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td>615</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>600, II.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td>642</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">17</td>
+<td>473, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">20</td>
+<td>565</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>462</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>568</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>430</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>429</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>570</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td>417</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">18</td>
+<td>471</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>417</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>605, I.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">23</td>
+<td>454</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">13</td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>652, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+<td class = "number">13</td>
+<td>568, 7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td>440, 1 and 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>484, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>559, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">17</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>427</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+<td>451, 1</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!-- end div float -->
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "refs" summary = "references to Harkness">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Note</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">18</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>584</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">17</td>
+<td>440, 3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">19</td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td>424</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">20</td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+<td>603, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>426</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">21</td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>611, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+<td>473, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+<td>666, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">23</td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>467</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">24</td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>478</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>565</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">25</td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>433</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>483</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">27</td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>489, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>588, II.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td>430</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">28</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>457</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>425, 4, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">13</td>
+<td>484, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">30</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>441</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>426, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">31</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>592, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>559, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+<td>576</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>454</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">13</td>
+<td>426</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">34</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>426</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">35</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>489</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>497, 4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>456</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>477, I.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">18</td>
+<td>476, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>477, III.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">38</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>497 and 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>567</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">39</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>595, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>479</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>473, 3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">42</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>399, 5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">44</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>428, 3</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!-- end div float -->
+
+<div class = "float">
+<table class = "refs" summary = "references to Harkness">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Note</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">47</td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>579 and <span class = "smallroman">N.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">48</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>481</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>499</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">49</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>83, 5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>561, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>626, 3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">53</td>
+<td class = "number">12</td>
+<td>451, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">54</td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>473, 2, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>416, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">62</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>591, 4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">9</td>
+<td>565, 4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">63</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>642, 4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">66</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>556</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">67</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>448, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">70</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>581, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+<td>592</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">73</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>591, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">74</td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td>470, 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">75</td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td>456, 3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">76</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>432</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>474, 2, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>586, II.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">87</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>587</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">90</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>535,<ins class = "correction" title = "missing 1"> 1</ins></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">112</td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>468</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">114</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>429</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td>426, 1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>434</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+<td>378, 2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">115</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>378</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">118</td>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td>486</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">120</td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>431</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">123</td>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td>426, 2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td>440, 5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">124</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>598</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "page">
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+<td>451, 1</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!-- end div float -->
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class = "section pub_ads">
+
+<a name = "ads" id = "ads">&nbsp;</a>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+The parenthetical numbers shown as page numbers were printed at the
+bottom of each page. Most are in sequential order.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(237)</span>
+
+<h2>Harkness’s New Latin Grammars</h2>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<h5>A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Cloth-leather binding. &nbsp; 12mo, 464 pages
+<span class = "price sans">$1.25</span></p>
+
+<h5>A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Cloth-leather binding. &nbsp; 12mo, 254 pages
+<span class = "price sans">.80</span></p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+By <span class = "smallcaps">Albert Harkness</span>, Ph.D., LL.D.,
+Professor Emeritus in Brown University.</p>
+
+<p>These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which
+has made the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and
+teachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological
+science, and embody the results of the author’s large experience in
+teaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the
+suggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of
+Historical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of
+simplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical
+needs of the student and of the class room,&mdash;qualities that have
+always characterized the Harkness Grammars,&mdash;have been preserved
+and even intensified in these new books.</p>
+
+<p>The Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the
+class room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to
+present systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts
+and laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the
+needs of the advanced student.</p>
+
+<p>The Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who
+prefer to begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not
+contemplate a collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the
+convenience and interest of the student have been carefully consulted.
+The paradigms, rules, and discussions have in general been introduced in
+the exact form and language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it
+may at any time be supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the
+two books is also alike.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt
+of the price by the Publishers</i>:</p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(241)</span>
+
+<h2>Latin Prose Writing</h2>
+
+<p class = "center sans extended">
+WITH FULL INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON IDIOM</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.<br>
+Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.<br>
+Instructor in Latin in Yale University</p>
+
+<p class = "inset sans">Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages
+<span class = "price">
+Price $1.00</span></p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>The present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing
+of average passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to
+write isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the
+book assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is
+ready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The
+authors have based their exercises on Caesar’s Gallic War Books III and
+IV, Nepos’s Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero’s Manilian Law and
+Archias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are
+usually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the
+individual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or
+two constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at
+any time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for
+instance, being taken up at the very beginning.</p>
+
+<p>While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any
+exercise are supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is
+based, yet enough variation from the language of the model is required
+to give the pupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions.
+By this means the pupil’s power of observation is increased, his
+interest is quickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember
+the word much better than if he found it ready at hand in a
+dictionary.</p>
+
+<p>A number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been
+inserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests
+and occasional examinations<ins class = "correction" title =
+". missing">. </ins>The notes accompanying some of the papers belong to
+the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes of words
+and constructions, and of English words and phrases with references to
+sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(248)</span>
+<h1>Pearson’s<br>
+Essentials of Latin<br>
+for Beginners</h1>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "smaller">
+BY</span><br>
+HENRY C. PEARSON <span class = "smaller">
+Horace Mann School, Teachers’ College, Columbia University</span></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "smallcaps smaller">Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages</span> <span
+class = "larger">Price, 90 Cents</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class = "firstword"><span class = "dropcap">T</span>his</span>
+book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read
+Caesar’s Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are
+devoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first
+seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before
+he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and
+satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain
+principles of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their
+pupils during the first year’s work. They are independent of one another
+and of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order
+that the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted.</p>
+
+<p>The work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which
+will commend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various
+simplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest
+care has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating
+principles in the simplest forms.</p>
+
+<p class = "double">&emsp;</p>
+
+<table class = "advert serif" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center giant" colspan = "3">
+<b>American Book Company</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>NEW YORK</td>
+<td class = "center">CINCINNATI</td>
+<td class = "right">CHICAGO</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(256)</span>
+<p class = "center"><b><i>REVISED EDITION</i></b></p>
+
+<h2><span class = "extended"><b>VIRGIL’S AENEID</b></span></h2>
+
+<p>With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by <b>HENRY S.
+FRIEZE</b>, late Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan.
+Revised by <b>WALTER DENNISON</b>, Professor of Latin in the University
+of Michigan.</p>
+
+<table class = "advert boldf" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">First Six Books</span></td>
+<td class = "dots right"><span class = "opaque">$1.30</span></td>
+<td>&emsp;</td>
+<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Complete</span></td>
+<td class = "dots right"><span class = "opaque">$1.50</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "smaller">
+<td class = "right" colspan = "2">Complete Text Edition</td>
+<td class = "right dots" colspan = "2"><span class =
+"opaque">$0.50</span></td>
+<td>&emsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>This Work</b> differs in many respects from the former edition.
+Such changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to
+make the book conform to modern demands, and many important additions
+have also been made.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Introduction</b> has been enlarged by the addition of sections
+on the life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter,
+manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Text</b> has been corrected to conform to the readings that
+have become established, and the spellings are in accord with the
+evidence of inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of
+early assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the
+first two books are fully indicated.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Notes</b> have been thoroughly revised and largely added to.
+The old grammar references are corrected and new ones
+(to&nbsp;Harkness’s Complete, Lane &amp; Morgan’s, and Bennett’s
+Grammars) added. The literary appreciation of the poet is increased by
+parallel quotations from English literature. The irregularities of
+scansion in each book are also given with sufficient explanations.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Vocabulary</b> has been made as simple as possible and
+includes only those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound
+words are not indicated separately when they appear unmodified in the
+compound form. The principal parts of verbs are given which are
+understood to be in actual use.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Illustrations</b> for the most part are new and fresh, and
+have been selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in
+the interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the
+wanderings of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and
+a full-page facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the
+Codex Palatinus.</p>
+
+<h3><b>American Book Company, Publishers</b></h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(260)</span>
+
+<h3>Cicero’s Orations</h3>
+
+<p class = "center larger">
+AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS</p>
+
+<p class = "center smaller">
+EDITED BY</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. President of the University of
+Chicago</p>
+
+<p class = "center smaller">
+AND</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M. Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy</p>
+
+<p class = "sans">Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and
+Illustrations.
+<span class = "price">Price, $1.30</span></p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>This edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all
+the orations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is
+intended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of
+secondary and preparatory schools.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Orations</span> have been arranged in the order
+in which it is thought they can be read to the best advantage and
+include, besides the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo,
+Marcellus, and Ligarius, Pompey’s Commission, and the Fourteenth
+Philippic.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Letters</span> have been selected with special
+reference to their fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose
+they have no equal in Roman literature.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Introduction</span> includes a well balanced
+life of Cicero with a just estimate of his standing and character and
+many helpful features which will give the student a comprehensive
+knowledge of Roman life and politics.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Notes</span> suggest rather than tell the
+student and help him to get, instead of getting for him, that
+acquaintance with the orator and with the language which is the result
+of true study.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Vocabulary</span> shows great care and
+thoroughness and meets the requirements of the average student.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "sans">The Maps</span> are accurate and drawn especially
+for this work and the Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate
+both text and time.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(265)</span>
+
+<h3>Latin Literature of the Empire</h3>
+
+<p class = "center sans larger">
+Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "smallcaps">By ALFRED GUDEMAN</span>, Ph.D.<br>
+Associate Professor of Classical Philology, University of
+Pennsylvania</p>
+
+<p class = "center sans">In Two Volumes. &nbsp; Cloth, 12mo. &nbsp; Per
+Volume, $1.80</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Vol. I&mdash;Prose.</span> Selections from
+Velleius, Curtius, Seneca Rhetor<ins class = "correction" title =
+"text has . for ,">, </ins>Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius,
+including Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus,
+Pliny the Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius,
+Apuleius&mdash;Ammianus Marcellinus, and Boethius.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Vol. II&mdash;Poetry.</span> Pseudo
+Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius, Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan,
+Valerius Flaccus, Seneca, the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius,
+Silius Italicus, Martial, Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and
+Claudianus.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have
+hitherto, with a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from
+the classical curricula of colleges and universities.</p>
+
+<p>The present collection has been made primarily for the use of
+students in higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found
+useful as collateral reading in connection with lectures on classical
+literature, and will also furnish suitable material for sight
+reading.</p>
+
+<p>The selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently
+worthy of perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give
+a continuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the
+author at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the
+deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical
+appendices.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(266)</span>
+<h3>Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions</h3>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<span class = "smallcaps">By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr.</span>, Ph.D.<br>
+Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University</p>
+
+<p class = "sans">Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous
+illustrations and exact reproductions of inscriptions
+<span class = "price">Price, $3 50</span></p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>This work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in
+Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch
+of archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the
+belief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the
+equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has
+become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form
+at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies.</p>
+
+<p>A distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its
+illustrations,&mdash;there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of
+inscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice
+in reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions,
+showing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the
+inscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography
+and valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies of Egbert’s Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any
+address on receipt of the price by the Publishers:</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(258)</span>
+
+<h3><span class = "extended">First Latin Readings</span></h3>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">An Equivalent for Caesar</p>
+
+<p class = "center smaller">
+BY</p>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "center smaller">
+AND</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+G. M. WHICHER, M.A. Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute,
+Brooklyn, N.Y.</p>
+
+<p class = "center sans">Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages.
+&emsp; &emsp; Price, $1.25</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p>This work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new
+first reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting
+material for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar’s
+Commentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin
+course.</p>
+
+<p>It is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student’s first
+reading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes
+first; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead
+of a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a
+narrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other
+departments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than
+Caesar’s Commentaries.</p>
+
+<p>The selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen
+with reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and,
+as far as possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not
+with reference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal
+classical construction.</p>
+
+<p>Exercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each
+author represented, have been prepared, and are included in the
+book.</p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address
+on receipt of the price by the Publishers:</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(278)</span>
+
+<h3>Latin Dictionaries</h3>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<h5>HARPER’S LATIN DICTIONARY</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Founded on the translation of “Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon.” Edited by
+<span class = "smallcaps">E. A. Andrews</span>, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged,
+and in great part Rewritten by <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T.
+Lewis</span>, Ph.D., and <span class = "smallcaps">Charles Short</span>,
+LL.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Royal Octavo, 2030 pages
+<span class = "price">
+Sheep, <span class = "sans">$6.50</span>; Full Russia, <span class =
+"sans">$10.00</span></span></p>
+
+<p>The translation of Dr. Freund’s great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by
+the late Dr. E.&nbsp;A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from
+that time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and
+America. Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which
+lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in
+philological study and research, and is in every respect the most
+complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published.</p>
+
+
+<h5>LEWIS’S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS</h5>
+
+<p>By <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T. Lewis</span>, Ph.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Large Octavo, 1200 pages
+<span class = "price">
+Cloth, <span class = "sans">$4 50</span>; Half Leather, <span class =
+"sans">$5.00</span></span></p>
+
+<p>This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and
+independent work, designed to include all of the student’s needs, after
+acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin
+authors commonly read in school.</p>
+
+
+<h5>LEWIS’S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+By <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T. Lewis</span>, Ph.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Crown Octavo, 952 pages. &nbsp; Half Leather
+<span class = "price sans">$2.00</span></p>
+
+<p>This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in
+secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second
+years’ work in colleges.</p>
+
+
+<h5>SMITH’S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By <span class =
+"smallcaps">William Smith, LL.D.</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Theophilus D. Hall, M.A.</span>, Fellow of University
+College, London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Royal Octavo, 765 pages. &nbsp; Sheep
+<span class = "price sans">$4.00</span></p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">(310)</span>
+
+<h3>Greek Dictionaries</h3>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry George
+Liddell</span>, D.D., and <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Scott</span>,
+D.D., assisted by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry Drisler</span>, LL.D.
+&nbsp; Large Quarto, 1794 pages. &nbsp; Sheep
+<span class = "price sans">$10.00</span></p>
+
+<p>The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised,
+and large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the
+co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been
+entirely rewritten.</p>
+
+
+<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON&mdash;Intermediate</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Revised Edition. &nbsp; Large Octavo, 910 pages.
+<span class = "price">
+Cloth, <span class = "sans">$3.50</span>; Half Leather, <span class =
+"sans">$4.00</span></span></p>
+
+<p>This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the
+ordinary requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller
+abridged edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large
+Lexicon, and contains a large amount of new matter.</p>
+
+
+<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON&mdash;Abridged</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Revised Edition. &nbsp; Crown Octavo, 832 pages.
+<span class = "price">
+Half Leather <span class = "sans">$1.25</span></span></p>
+
+<p>This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary
+and College Preparatory Schools.</p>
+
+
+<h5>THAYER’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised, and
+Enlarged by <span class = "smallcaps">Joseph Henry Thayer</span>, D.D.,
+LL.D. &nbsp; Royal Quarto, 727 pages
+<span class = "price">
+Cloth, <span class = "sans">$5.00</span>; Half Leather, <span class =
+"sans">$6.50</span></span></p>
+
+<p>This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest
+researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces
+historically the signification and use of all words used in the New
+Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and
+sacred usage.</p>
+
+
+<h5>YONGE’S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+By <span class = "smallcaps">C. D. Yonge</span>. Edited by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry Drisler</span>, LL.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+Royal Octavo, 903 pages. &nbsp; Sheep
+<span class = "price sans">$4.50</span></p>
+
+
+<h5>AUTENRIETH’S HOMERIC DICTIONARY</h5>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+Translated and Edited by <span class = "smallcaps">Robert P.
+Keep</span>, Ph.D. New Edition. Revised by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Isaac Flagg</span>, Ph.D.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+12mo, 312 pages. &nbsp; Illustrated. &nbsp; Cloth
+<span class = "price sans">$1.10</span></p>
+
+<hr class = "small">
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price<ins
+class = "correction" title = ". missing">.&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+
+<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5">
+American Book Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New York</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td>
+<td class = "center">•</td>
+<td class = "right">Chicago</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+<!-- end div pub_ads -->
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Selections from Viri Romae, by 
+Charles François L'Homond
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 33311-h.htm or 33311-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/3/1/33311/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/33311-h/images/decline1.png b/33311-h/images/decline1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1536cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/decline1.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/decline2.png b/33311-h/images/decline2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..827f0a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/decline2.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/dots.gif b/33311-h/images/dots.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9102e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/dots.gif
diff --git a/33311-h/images/foldout_large.jpg b/33311-h/images/foldout_large.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae986c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/foldout_large.jpg
diff --git a/33311-h/images/foldout_thumb.jpg b/33311-h/images/foldout_thumb.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6c7063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/foldout_thumb.jpg
diff --git a/33311-h/images/frontis_large.jpg b/33311-h/images/frontis_large.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3441c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/frontis_large.jpg
diff --git a/33311-h/images/frontis_thumb.jpg b/33311-h/images/frontis_thumb.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149675f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/frontis_thumb.jpg
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic100.png b/33311-h/images/pic100.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab0fe0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic100.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic102.png b/33311-h/images/pic102.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c7c33a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic102.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic104.png b/33311-h/images/pic104.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc7b2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic104.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic110.png b/33311-h/images/pic110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9049980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic110.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic111.png b/33311-h/images/pic111.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32902b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic111.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic13.png b/33311-h/images/pic13.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce074c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic13.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic15.png b/33311-h/images/pic15.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7933647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic15.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic16.png b/33311-h/images/pic16.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74d6c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic16.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic18.png b/33311-h/images/pic18.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..222c353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic18.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic20.png b/33311-h/images/pic20.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ff4c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic20.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic21.png b/33311-h/images/pic21.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68720c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic21.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic22.png b/33311-h/images/pic22.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4868ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic22.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic26.png b/33311-h/images/pic26.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b847024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic26.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic2a.png b/33311-h/images/pic2a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..427c06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic2a.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic2b.png b/33311-h/images/pic2b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b331305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic2b.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic3.png b/33311-h/images/pic3.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3797ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic3.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic31.png b/33311-h/images/pic31.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f34ec3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic31.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic32.png b/33311-h/images/pic32.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1be2975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic32.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic33.png b/33311-h/images/pic33.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12819e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic33.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic35.png b/33311-h/images/pic35.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a6917d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic35.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic37.png b/33311-h/images/pic37.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc41614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic37.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic38a.png b/33311-h/images/pic38a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..add89fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic38a.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic38b.png b/33311-h/images/pic38b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..114261b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic38b.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic4.png b/33311-h/images/pic4.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ddb793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic4.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic43.png b/33311-h/images/pic43.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..444f7bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic43.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic44.png b/33311-h/images/pic44.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91d282a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic44.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic49.png b/33311-h/images/pic49.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2034d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic49.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic5.png b/33311-h/images/pic5.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b15f024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic5.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic51.png b/33311-h/images/pic51.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e29a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic51.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic52.png b/33311-h/images/pic52.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e249e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic52.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic59.png b/33311-h/images/pic59.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce4aba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic59.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic6.png b/33311-h/images/pic6.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e24b3b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic6.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic62.png b/33311-h/images/pic62.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..863c48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic62.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic67.png b/33311-h/images/pic67.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd5904f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic67.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic69.png b/33311-h/images/pic69.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d969fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic69.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic7.png b/33311-h/images/pic7.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34ad7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic7.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic70.png b/33311-h/images/pic70.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4834d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic70.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic79.png b/33311-h/images/pic79.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fc0005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic79.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic8.png b/33311-h/images/pic8.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..959b0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic8.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic80.png b/33311-h/images/pic80.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..624dcc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic80.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic83.png b/33311-h/images/pic83.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c385d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic83.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic84.png b/33311-h/images/pic84.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3274bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic84.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic86.png b/33311-h/images/pic86.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcf1f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic86.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic94.png b/33311-h/images/pic94.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3706496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic94.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic96.png b/33311-h/images/pic96.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637ecf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic96.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic9a.png b/33311-h/images/pic9a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..826a0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic9a.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic9b.png b/33311-h/images/pic9b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14ce0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic9b.png
diff --git a/33311-h/images/pic_xxviii.png b/33311-h/images/pic_xxviii.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b512a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33311-h/images/pic_xxviii.png
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d781f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #33311 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33311)